# Appleton, Wisconsin

Appleton (Menominee: Ahkōnemeh) is a city in Outagamie County, Wisconsin, United States, and its county seat. A small portion of the city also extends into Calumet and Winnebago counties. It is situated on the Fox River, 30 miles (48 km) southwest of Green Bay and 100 miles (160 km) north of Milwaukee. As of the 2020 census, it had a population of 75,644, making it the sixth-most populous city in Wisconsin. It is the principal city of the Appleton metropolitan statistical area, which had 243,147 residents in 2020 and is included in the greater Fox Cities region of Wisconsin.
Appleton serves as the heart of the Fox River Valley, which is home to Lawrence University, the Fox Cities Exhibition Center, Fox Cities Performing Arts Center, Fox River Mall, Neuroscience Group Field at Fox Cities Stadium, Appleton International Airport, and the Valley's two major hospitals: St. Elizabeth Hospital and ThedaCare Regional Medical Center–Appleton. It also hosts regional events such as Octoberfest and the Mile of Music.

## History
### Native American history

The territory where Appleton is today was formerly occupied by the Ho-Chunk and the Menominee. The Menominee Nation ceded the territory to the United States in the Treaty of the Cedars in 1836. In the Menominee language, Appleton is known as Ahkōnemeh, or "watches for them place".
The first European settlers in Appleton were fur traders seeking to do business with Fox River Valley Native Americans. Hippolyte Grignon built the White Heron in 1835 to house his family and serve as an inn and trading post.

### European settlement

Appleton was settled in 1847. It was founded as three unincorporated villages along the Fox River. From south to north along the river, these were Grand Chute, Appleton, and Lawesburg. In 1853, the three were merged into the single incorporated Village of Appleton. John F. Johnston was the first resident and village president. Lawrence University, also founded in 1847, was backed financially by Amos A. Lawrence and originally known as the Lawrence Institute. Samuel Appleton, Lawrence's father-in-law from New England who never visited Wisconsin, donated $10,000 to the newly founded college library, and the town took his name in appreciation.
The paper industry, beginning with the building of the first paper mill in the city in 1853, has been at the forefront of the development of Appleton. In order to provide electricity to the paper industry, the nation's first hydro-electric central station, the Vulcan Street Plant on the Fox River, began operation on September 30, 1882. The power plant also powered the Hearthstone House, the first residence in the world powered by a centrally located hydroelectric station using the Edison system.
Shortly thereafter, in August 1886, Appleton was the site for another national first, the operation of a commercially successful electric streetcar company. Electric lights replaced gas lamps on College Avenue in 1912. Appleton also had the first telephone in Wisconsin, and the first incandescent light in any city outside of the East Coast.
The community was incorporated as a city on March 2, 1857, with Amos Story as its first mayor. Early in the 20th century, it adopted the commission form of government. In 1890, 11,869 people lived in Appleton; in 1900, there were 15,085; in 1910, 16,773; in 1920, 19,571; and in 1940, 28,436.
Significant annexations to the city, taken from the Town of Grand Chute, were performed in the next two decades. The first, the "Glendale" district, was completed on November 8, 1941, growing Appleton north past Glendale Avenue. Another became official on December 22, 1950, after multi-year disputes, when the unincorporated villages of Bell Heights and Whispering Pines were annexed into the city from Grand Chute. Bell Heights added new area to the northwest edge of Appleton, and Whispering Pines, to the northeast, would include land where Appleton Memorial Hospital would later be built. Bell Heights and Whispering Pines increased the population of the city by ten percent, and its area by twenty percent, overnight.
Appleton's tallest building, the 222 Building was built in 1952. The Valley Fair Shopping Center, built in 1954, laid claim to being the first enclosed shopping mall in the United States, although this claim is disputed by other malls. In 2007 most of the structure was demolished, leaving only its east wing and a movie theater. A Pick 'n Save Food Center now stands in its place.
From approximately 1930–1970, Appleton was a sundown town: black people were not allowed to stay overnight, and none lived within its city limits by 1930. In 1936, the Institute of Paper Chemistry tried to hire the famous African-American chemist Percy Julian, but could not figure out how to do this without running afoul of what was stated as "an arcane law on the City of Appleton's books". A fight over Julian's employment ensued, and he was hired by Glidden in Chicago instead. Appleton's sundown status was largely de facto and not de jure; it stood by unwritten consensus and enforcement, such as by police strongly encouraging black people to leave town after dark. A partial exception was made for opera singer Marian Anderson when she sang at Lawrence University in 1941; she was allowed to stay overnight in the Conway Hotel, but even then was not allowed to eat dinner in public.
Following the Flint water crisis, a report of Wisconsin Rust Belt cities showed high levels of lead contamination in the water of Appleton, with children under the age of 1 testing positive for lead. With a state average of 1.9 per 100 for this age group, Appleton tested at 4.5 per 100 for the same age group.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 24.82 square miles (64.28 km$^2$), of which, 24.33 square miles (63.01 km$^2$) is land and 0.49 square miles (1.27 km$^2$) is water.

### Climate

Appleton has a humid continental climate typical of Wisconsin. Summers are warm to hot and winters are rather cold in comparison. Precipitation is relatively moderate compared to other areas close to the Great Lakes, which means lesser snowfall in winter than in many other cold areas.
A dew point of 90 °F (32 °C) was observed at Appleton at 5 p.m. on July 13, 1995. This is tied for the second highest dew point ever observed in the United States and coincides with the 1995 Chicago heat wave.
Being inland from Lake Michigan, Appleton is prone to temperature extremes. The hottest temperature recorded was 107 °F (42 °C) during the 1936 Dust Bowl and the coldest was −32 °F (−36 °C) in 1929. The coldest maximum on record is −20 °F (−29 °C) set in 1994 and the warmest minimum being 82 °F (28 °C) in 1912. On average, the coldest maximum temperature of the year during the normals between 1991 and 2020 was at a frigid 1 °F (−17 °C) and the warmest minimum averaged 73 °F (23 °C).
Climate data for Appleton, Wisconsin (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 55 (13) | 68 (20) | 83 (28) | 89 (32) | 95 (35) | 101 (38) | 107 (42) | 103 (39) | 101 (38) | 89 (32) | 75 (24) | 64 (18) | 107 (42) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 43 (6) | 47 (8) | 64 (18) | 76 (24) | 86 (30) | 91 (33) | 92 (33) | 90 (32) | 87 (31) | 78 (26) | 62 (17) | 48 (9) | 94 (34) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 25.4 (−3.7) | 29.1 (−1.6) | 40.6 (4.8) | 54.0 (12.2) | 67.2 (19.6) | 77.0 (25.0) | 81.5 (27.5) | 79.3 (26.3) | 71.9 (22.2) | 57.8 (14.3) | 43.4 (6.3) | 30.7 (−0.7) | 54.8 (12.7) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 17.7 (−7.9) | 20.4 (−6.4) | 31.4 (−0.3) | 44.0 (6.7) | 56.8 (13.8) | 66.8 (19.3) | 71.4 (21.9) | 69.5 (20.8) | 61.3 (16.3) | 48.6 (9.2) | 35.5 (1.9) | 23.8 (−4.6) | 45.6 (7.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 10.0 (−12.2) | 11.7 (−11.3) | 22.1 (−5.5) | 33.9 (1.1) | 46.4 (8.0) | 56.6 (13.7) | 61.3 (16.3) | 59.8 (15.4) | 50.8 (10.4) | 39.3 (4.1) | 27.6 (−2.4) | 16.8 (−8.4) | 36.4 (2.4) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −10 (−23) | −7 (−22) | 2 (−17) | 19 (−7) | 31 (−1) | 42 (6) | 50 (10) | 47 (8) | 35 (2) | 25 (−4) | 12 (−11) | −3 (−19) | −14 (−26) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −30 (−34) | −32 (−36) | −21 (−29) | 7 (−14) | 23 (−5) | 34 (1) | 41 (5) | 35 (2) | 25 (−4) | 15 (−9) | −7 (−22) | −23 (−31) | −32 (−36) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 1.36 (35) | 1.13 (29) | 1.92 (49) | 3.24 (82) | 3.64 (92) | 4.65 (118) | 3.78 (96) | 3.58 (91) | 3.18 (81) | 2.84 (72) | 2.07 (53) | 1.76 (45) | 33.15 (842) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 12.6 (32) | 11.2 (28) | 7.2 (18) | 4.0 (10) | 0.1 (0.25) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.3 (0.76) | 2.4 (6.1) | 11.6 (29) | 49.4 (125) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 9.2 | 8.5 | 9.2 | 11.6 | 11.9 | 11.5 | 11.1 | 10.5 | 9.8 | 10.6 | 8.8 | 9.9 | 122.6 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 8.2 | 7.7 | 5.0 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 2.8 | 7.7 | 34.0 |
| Source: NOAA ||||||||||||||

## Demographics

Appleton is the principal city of the Appleton–Oshkosh–Neenah CSA, a Combined Statistical Area which includes the Appleton (Calumet and Outagamie counties) and Oshkosh–Neenah (Winnebago County) metropolitan areas, which had a combined population of 392,660 at the 2010 census and an estimated population of 409,881 as of 2019.
According to the 2020 census, 62,899 of the city's population lived in Outagamie County, 11,304 lived in Calumet County, and 1,441 lived in Winnebago County.

### 2020 census

As of the census of 2020, the city's population was 75,644. The population density was 3,051.5 inhabitants per square mile (1,178.2/km$^2$). There were 31,747 housing units at an average density of 1,280.7 units per square mile (494.5 units/km$^2$). Ethnically, the population was 7.3% Hispanic or Latino of any race. When grouping both Hispanic and non-Hispanic people together by race, the city was 80.1% White, 6.4% Asian, 3.13% Black or African American, 0.9% Native American, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.2% from other races, and 6.5% from two or more races.
The 2020 census population of the city included 318 people incarcerated in adult correctional facilities and 1,275 people in student housing.
According to the American Community Survey estimates for 2016–2020, the median income for a household in the city was $61,475, and the median income for a family was $76,791. Male full-time workers had a median income of $51,431 versus $41,564 for female workers. The per capita income for the city was $33,282. About 7.8% of families and 10.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.8% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over. Of the population age 25 and over, 92.6% were high school graduates or higher and 33.6% had a bachelor's degree or higher.

### 2010 census

As of the 2010 census, there were 72,623 people, 28,874 households, and 18,271 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,984.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,152.5/km$^2$). There were 30,348 housing units at an average density of 1,247.3 units per square mile (481.6 units/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the city was 87.5% White, 1.7% African American, 0.7% Native American, 5.9% Asian, 2.2% from other races, and 2.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 5.0% of the population.
There were 28,874 households, of which 33.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.7% were non-families. 29.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 3.04.
The median age in the city was 35.3 years. 25% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.7% were from 25 to 44; 26.1% were from 45 to 64; and 11.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.5% male and 50.5% female.

### Hmong community

Per the 2022 American Community Survey five-year estimates, the Hmong population was 2,965 comprising over 70% of the city's Asian population.

### Crime

FBI crime statistics for 2019 list the crime rate (per 100,000 population) for Appleton as follows
| Crime | Appleton | Wisconsin | United States |
| Violent crime | 275.6 | 293.2 | 366.7 |
| Murder | 2.7 | 3 | 5 |
| Forcible rape | 42.8 | 38.8 | 42.6 |
| Robbery | 30.8 | 51.4 | 81.6 |
| Aggravated assault | 199.3 | 200 | 250.2 |
| Property crime | 1,435.3 | 1,471.4 | 2,109.9 |
| Burglary | 143.1 | 217.6 | 340.5 |
| Larceny-theft | 1,217.3 | 1,127 | 1,549.5 |
| Motor vehicle theft | 74.9 | 126.8 | 219.9 |

## Economy
### Largest employers

As of 2020, the largest employers in the city were:
| Rank | Employer | # of employees | Percentage of total city employment |
| 1 | St. Elizabeth Hospital/Ascension Health | 5,172 | 14% |
| 2 | Thrivent Financial | 2,000 | 5.4% |
| 3 | Appleton Area School District | 1,918 | 5.2% |
| 4 | Miller Electric | 1,400 | 3.8% |
| 5 | ThedaCare Regional Medical Center–Appleton | 1,184 | 3.2% |
| 6 | Outagamie County | 1,147 | 3.1% |
| 7 | Appvion, Inc. | 1,000 | 2.7% |
| 8 | West Business Services | 1,000 | 2.7% |
| 9 | Valley Packaging Industries | 999 | 2.7% |
| 10 | Walmart | 725 | 2% |
Corporations headquartered in Appleton include:
* ASP, Inc.
* Fleet Farm
* John Birch Society
* Miller Electric

### Healthcare

The city is served by two hospitals:
* ThedaCare Regional Medical Center–Appleton
* St. Elizabeth Hospital

## Arts and culture

Appleton tourist attractions include the Hearthstone Historic House Museum, the four-story mansion that was the first house in US to be powered by hydroelectricity at its completion in 1881. The History Museum at the Castle contains exhibits on Fox River Valley history, including a gallery showcasing Edna Ferber, a Harry Houdini exhibit, and other traveling exhibits. The J. B. Courtney Woolen Mills is a preserved site showcasing the area's historical manufacturing roots.
The Fox Cities Exhibition Center is a prominent venue for conventions and events. The Fox Cities Performing Arts Center is a key location for performing arts, hosting a wide range of theater, musical, and dance performances. The Gardens of the Fox Cities, a public botanical garden, showcases the seasonal beauty of plants and gardens in Wisconsin. The Trout Museum of Art features a variety of visual art exhibits, contributing to the region's cultural landscape. The John Hart Whorton House is an example of local historic architecture.
Houdini Plaza, on the corner of College Avenue and Appleton Street, has been referred to as the 'front yard' of downtown Appleton. It holds roughly 55 events each year, including summer concerts and part of the downtown farmers market.
The Atlas Science Center, formerly Paper Discovery Center, was a museum and workshop center focused on papermaking and the history of the paper industry in the area. It was first conceived in 1999 as part of the Paper Industry International Hall of Fame, Inc. The Kimberly-Clark Corporation donated its former Atlas Mill on the Fox River in Appleton to house the center, and after it was opened in February 2005, its programs included hands-on work experience, tours, and general information on papermaking. The center closed in November 2024 and donated its remaining assets.

## Parks and recreation

The city of Appleton has 24 neighborhood parks and four community parks in its park system. The neighborhood parks range in size from 2 acres (0.81 ha) to 16 acres (6.5 ha), while the community parks range in size from 25 acres (10 ha) to 139 acres (56 ha). Goodland Field is a historic site associated with local baseball, while the Neuroscience Group Field at Fox Cities Stadium serves as the home of the minor league Wisconsin Timber Rattlers.
Memorial Park is the largest of the community parks, covering 139 acres (56 ha). The park's facilities include: seven baseball/softball fields, playground equipment, an indoor ice skating rink, a sledding hill, a picnic pavilion, a catch-and-release fishing pond, grills, and a warming shelter. The park provides a firework display for the Appleton community during the 4th of July holiday.
City Park, established in 1882, is the oldest park in the Appleton park system. The Trout Museum of Art uses the park for its Art in the Park showcase. The show features over 200 artists that attract over 25,000 art enthusiasts annually. Pierce Park is the site of weekly Appleton City Band concerts held during the summer, and of the annual Appleton Old Car Show and Swap Meet. Pierce Park and Telulah Park each feature a disc-golf course. Erb Park and Mead Park each feature a public aquatics facility. Jones Park is the site of the finish line for the Santa Scamper run held during the annual Appleton Christmas Parade, and features an outdoor hockey rink in the winter.

## Government

Appleton is governed via the mayor-council system. The mayor appoints department heads, subject to council approval. The city attorney is elected every four years in a citywide vote. The council, known as the common council or city council, consists of 15 members, called alderpersons, all of whom are elected to two-year terms from individual districts.
The current mayor of Appleton, Jake Woodford, was elected in 2020 to his first four-year term. The first mayor of Appleton was Amos Story, elected in April 1857. The longest-serving mayor was Timothy Hanna, who served from 1996 through 2020.

### Mayors

Partial of list of Appleton's past mayors:
Mayors of Appleton, Wisconsin, since incorporation :
| Order | Term start | Term end | Mayor | Notes |
| 1 | 1857 | 1859 | Amos Story | |
| 2 | 1859 | 1860 | Alvin Foster | |
| 3 | 1860 | 1862 | Robert R. Bateman | |
| 4 | 1862 | 1865 | William Johnson | |
| 5 | 1865 | 1866 | R. Z. Mason | |
| 6 | 1866 | 1867 | James Gilmore | |
| 7 | 1867 | 1868 | Robert R. Bateman | |
| 8 | 1868 | 1870 | George N. Richmond | |
| 9 | 1870 | 1871 | Augustus L. Smith | |
| 10 | 1871 | 1872 | George N. Richmond | |
| 11 | 1872 | 1873 | E. C. Goff | |
| 12 | 1873 | 1875 | S. R. Willy | |
| 13 | 1875 | 1875 | Peter Esselburn | |
| 14 | 1875 | 1877 | J. E. Harriman | |
| 15 | 1877 | 1878 | Joseph H. Marston | |
| 16 | 1878 | 1879 | James Ryan | |
| 17 | 1879 | 1880 | Orson W. Clark | |
| 18 | 1880 | 1882 | Humphrey Pierce | |
| 19 | 1882 | 1883 | Joseph H. Marston | |
| 20 | 1883 | 1887 | G. N. Richmond | |
| 21 | 1887 | 1889 | Rush Winslow | |
| 22 | 1889 | 1892 | Alfred H. Levings | |
| 23 | 1892 | 1893 | Rush Winslow | |
| 24 | 1893 | 1894 | Humphrey Pierce | |
| 25 | 1894 | 1897 | Peter Thom | |
| 26 | 1897 | 1900 | Herman Erb Jr. | |
| 27 | 1900 | 1904 | David Hammel | |
| 28 | 1904 | 1906 | Frank W. Harriman | |
| 29 | 1906 | 1908 | David Hammel | |
| 30 | 1908 | 1910 | Bernard C. Wolter | |
| 31 | 1910 | 1913 | James V. Canavan | Died in office, Dec. 1913. |
| 32 | 1914 | 1917 | August Knuppel | Won Feb. 1914 special election. |
| 33 | 1917 | 1918 | John Faville | |
| 34 | 1918 | 1922 | J. Austin Hawes | |
| 35 | 1922 | 1924 | Henry Reuter | |
| 36 | 1924 | 1926 | John Goodland Jr. | |
| 37 | 1926 | 1930 | Albert Rule | |
| 38 | 1930 | 1946 | John Goodland Jr. | |
| 39 | 1946 | 1958 | Robert Roemer | |
| 40 | 1958 | 1966 | Clarence Mitchell | |
| 41 | 1966 | 1972 | George Buckley | |
| 42 | 1972 | 1980 | James Sutherland | |
| 43 | 1980 | 1992 | Dorothy Johnson | |
| 44 | 1992 | 1996 | Richard DeBroux | |
| 45 | 1996 | 2020 | Timothy Hanna | |
| 46 | 2020 | Current | Jake Woodford | |

### Congressional representation

Appleton is represented by Ron Johnson (R) and Tammy Baldwin (D) in the United States Senate. It is currently unrepresented in the House of Representatives, after Mike Gallagher resigned in March 2024. In the Wisconsin state legislature, Appleton is divided among four State Assembly Districts (3rd, 55th, 56th, 57th) and two State Senate Districts (1st, 19th). As of the 2018–2019 legislative session, the following representatives serve these districts:
* 3rd Assembly District: Ron Tusler (R–Harrison)
* 55th Assembly District: Nate Gustafson (R–Neenah)
* 56th Assembly District: David Murphy (R–Greenville)
* 57th Assembly District: Lee Snodgrass (D–Appleton)
* 1st Senate District: André Jacque (R–DePere)
* 19th Senate District: Rachael Cabral-Guevara (R–Fox Crossing)

## Education

Appleton is served by the Appleton Area School District, which has three high schools, four middle schools, seventeen elementary schools, and sixteen charter schools. The district's main public high schools are Appleton East, Appleton North, and Appleton West.
Appleton has two parochial high schools: Roman Catholic Xavier High School and Fox Valley Lutheran High School. Appleton also has charter high schools, including: Fox Cities Leadership Academy, Renaissance Academy, Appleton Technical Academy, and Tesla Engineering.
Appleton is home to Lawrence University, a private liberal arts college, and Fox Valley Technical College. Globe University, Concordia University Wisconsin, and Rasmussen College have branch campuses in the city. Located in nearby Menasha, is the University of Wisconsin–Fox Valley, which is set to close on June 30th 2025. University of Wisconsin-Fox Valley is a two-year campus of the University of Wisconsin System. Art is important and taught in local school districts.
In recent years, Appleton has emerged as a center for innovation in technology education, particularly in the area of K–12 technology education: the student-driven Appleton Youth Education Initiative has partnered with Microsoft Philanthropies, Plexus Corp., Miron Construction, Schneider National, and Stellar Blue Technologies to organize the Appleton Tech Clinic and HackAppleton, a popular annual hackathon that draws students from all over Wisconsin.
The city and surrounding area are served by the Appleton Public Library, which was chartered by the city in 1897 and as of 2010 has a collection of over 600,000 items. The library offers free wifi as well as printing and faxing for a small fee.

## Infrastructure
### Transportation

The city owns Valley Transit, a network of bus lines serving the Fox Valley. Amtrak Thruway and Lamers Bus Lines offer intercity buses serving such locations as Green Bay, Madison, Oshkosh, Fond du Lac, Milwaukee, and Chicago.
In April 2021, Bird Rides launched a pilot program with 100 rentable electric scooters that users can operate throughout most of the city. In 2024, the city cut ties with Bird Rides, citing scooter parking concerns and concerns regarding Bird Rides' financial viability. The founder of the company Travis VanderZanden grew up in the Appleton area.
Roads include:
* Interstate 41
* US 10
* US 41
* WIS 47
* WIS 96
* WIS 125
* WIS 441

### Rail

Appleton is crisscrossed by the former main lines of the Chicago and North Western Railway (southwest-northeast) and the Milwaukee, Lake Shore and Western Railway (roughly southeast–northwest, and now largely abandoned except for local service to area paper mills and other industries). A north-south branch of the former Wisconsin Central Railroad passes on the west side of the city. All rail service is now operated by Canadian National Railway. Appleton has no intercity passenger rail service, although studies are being undertaken on the feasibility of extending Amtrak rail service to the Fox Cities and Green Bay.

### Airport

The Appleton International Airport is 6 miles (9.7 km) west of downtown Appleton. With four major airlines, the airport has an annual volume of over one million passengers.

## Sister cities

Appleton is twinned with:
* Chinandega, Chinandega Department, Nicaragua
* Kan'onji, Kagawa, Japan