# Large quasar group

Part of a series on :
Physical cosmology :
Big Bang · Universe
Age of the universe
Chronology of the universe :
Early universe
Inflation · Nucleosynthesis
Backgrounds
Gravitational wave (GWB)
Microwave (CMB) · Neutrino (CNB) :
Expansion · Future
Hubble's law · Redshift
Expansion of the universe
FLRW metric · Friedmann equations
Lambda-CDM model
Future of an expanding universe
Ultimate fate of the universe :
Components · Structure
Components
Dark energy · Dark matter
Photons · Baryons
Structure
Shape of the universe
Galaxy filament · Galaxy formation
Large quasar group
Large-scale structure
Reionization · Structure formation :
Experiments
Black Hole Initiative (BHI)
BOOMERanG
Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)
Dark Energy Survey
Planck space observatory
Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)
2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF")
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) :
Scientists
Aaronson
Alfvén
Alpher
Copernicus
de Sitter
Dicke
Ehlers
Einstein
Ellis
Friedmann
Galileo
Gamow
Guth
Hawking
Hubble
Huygens
Kepler
Lemaître
Mather
Newton
Penrose
Penzias
Rubin
Schmidt
Smoot
Suntzeff
Sunyaev
Tolman
Wilson
Zeldovich
List of cosmologists :
Subject history
Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation
History of the Big Bang theory
Timeline of cosmological theories :
Category
Astronomy portal :
vte :
A large quasar group (LQG) is a collection of quasars (a form of supermassive black hole active galactic nuclei) that form what are thought to constitute the largest astronomical structures in the observable universe. LQGs are thought to be precursors to the sheets, walls and filaments of galaxies found in the relatively nearby universe.

## Prominent LQGs

On January 11, 2013, the discovery of the Huge-LQG was announced by the University of Central Lancashire, as the largest known structure in the universe by that time. It is composed of 74 quasars and has a minimum diameter of 1.4 billion light-years, but over 4 billion light-years at its widest point. According to researcher and author, Roger Clowes, the existence of structures with the size of LQGs was believed theoretically impossible. Cosmological structures had been believed to have a size limit of approximately 1.2 billion light-years.

## List of LQGs

Redshift, represented by "z," is a fundamental concept in astrophysics. It measures how much the light from celestial objects shift as they move away from Earth. A higher redshift value means the object is farther away in the universe.
Large Quasar Groups :
| LQG | Date | Mean Distance | Dimension | # of quasars | Notes |
| Webster LQG (LQG 1) | 1982 | z=0.37 | 100 Mpc | 5 | First LQG discovered. At the time of its discovery, it was the largest structure known. |
| Crampton–Cowley–Hartwick LQG (LQG 2, CCH LQG, Komberg-Kravtsov-Lukash LQG 10) | 1987 | z=1.11 | 60 Mpc | 28 | Second LQG discovered |
| Clowes–Campusano LQG (U1.28, CCLQG, LQG 3) | 1991 | z=1.28 | longest dimension: 630 Mpc | 34 | Third LQG discovered |
| U1.90 | 1995 | z=1.9 | 120 Mpc/h | 10 | Discovered by Graham, Clowes, Campusano. |
| 7Sf Group (U0.19) | 1995 | z=0.19 | 60 Mpc/h | 7 | Discovered by Graham, Clowes, Campusano; this is a grouping of 7 Seyfert galaxies. |
| Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 1 | 1996 | z=0.6 | R=96 Mpc/h | 12 | Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash. |
| Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 2 | 1996 | z=0.6 | R=111 Mpc/h | 12 | Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash. |
| Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 3 | 1996 | z=1.3 | R=123 Mpc/h | 14 | Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash. |
| Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 4 | 1996 | z=1.9 | R=104 Mpc/h | 14 | Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash. |
| Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 5 | 1996 | z=1.7 | R=146 Mpc/h | 13 | Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash. |
| Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 6 | 1996 | z=1.5 | R=94 Mpc/h | 10 | Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash. |
| Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 7 | 1996 | z=1.9 | R=92 Mpc/h | 10 | Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash. |
| Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 8 | 1996 | z=2.1 | R=104 Mpc/h | 12 | Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash. |
| Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 9 | 1996 | z=1.9 | R=66 Mpc/h | 18 | Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash. |
| Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 11 | 1996 | z=0.7 | R=157 Mpc/h | 11 | Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash. |
| Komberg–Kravtsov–Lukash LQG 12 | 1996 | z=1.2 | R=155 Mpc/h | 14 | Discovered by Komberg, Kravtsov, Lukash. |
| Newman LQG (U1.54) | 1998 | z=1.54 | 150 Mpc/h | 21 | Discovered by P.R. Newman et al. This structure is parallel to the CCLQG, with its discovery, suggesting that the cellular structure of sheets and voids already existed in this era, as found in later void bubbles and walls of galaxies., |
| Tesch–Engels LQG | 2000 | z=0.27 | 140 Mpc/h | 7 | The first X-ray selected LQG. |
| U1.11 | 2011 | z=1.11 | longest dimension: 780 Mpc | 38 | |
| Huge-LQG (U1.27) | 2013 | z=1.27 | characteristic size: 500 Mpc longest dimension: 1240 Mpc | 73 | The largest structure known in the observable universe until it was eclipsed by the Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall found one year later. |