OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pulse-per-second signal

A pulse per second (PPS or 1PPS) is an electrical signal that has a width of less than one second and a sharply rising or abruptly falling edge that accurately repeats once per second. PPS signals are output by radio beacons, frequency standards, other types of precision oscillators and some GPS receivers. Precision clocks are sometimes manufactured by interfacing a PPS signal generator to processing equipment that aligns the PPS signal to the UTC second and converts it to a useful display. Atomic clocks usually have an external PPS output, although internally they may operate at 9,192,631,770 Hz. PPS signals have an accuracy ranging from 12 picoseconds to a few microseconds per second, or 2.0 nanoseconds to a few milliseconds per day based on the resolution and accuracy of the device generating the signal.

## Physical representation

PPS signals are usually generated as a TTL signal capable of driving a 1-kiloohm load. Some sources use line drivers in order to be capable of driving 50-ohm transmission lines. Because of the broad frequency contents, along the transmission line can have a significant impact on the shape of the PPS signal due to dispersion and after delivery effects of the dielectric of the transmission line. It is common to set t$_0$ at the voltage level of the steepest slope of a PPS signal. PPS signals are therefore notoriously unreliable when time transfer accuracies better than a nanosecond are needed, although the stability of a PPS signal can reach into the picosecond regime depending on the generating device.

## Uses

PPS signals are used for precise timekeeping and time measurement. One increasingly common use is in computer timekeeping, including NTP. Because GPS is considered a stratum-0 source, a common use for the PPS signal is to connect it to a PC using a low-latency, low-jitter wire connection and allow a program to synchronize to it. This makes the PC a stratum-1 time source. Note that because the PPS signal does not specify the time, but merely the start of a second, one must combine the PPS functionality with another time source that provides the full date and time in order to ascertain the time both accurately and precisely.
# Taper burn mark

Taper burn marks are deep flame shaped scorch marks often found on the timber beams of early modern houses. They were originally thought to have been accidental scorches from a taper candle, but research suggests that most marks may have been made deliberately, as there is clear patterning of the activity. They are theorised to have been made as part of a folk superstition, then thought to protect the building from fire and lightning.
They are often found around entrances to the home such as fireplaces, doors and windows.
Over 80 such marks have been discovered in the Tower of London.
# Ussing chamber

An Ussing chamber is an apparatus for measuring epithelial membrane properties. It can detect and quantify transport and barrier functions of living tissue. The Ussing chamber was invented by the Danish zoologist and physiologist Hans Henriksen Ussing in 1946.
The technique is used to measure the short-circuit current as an indicator of net ion transport taking place across an epithelium. Ussing chambers are used to measure ion transport in native tissue, such as gut mucosa, and in a monolayer of cells grown on permeable supports.

## Function

The Ussing chamber provides a system to measure the transport of ions, nutrients, and drugs across various epithelial tissues, (although can generate false-negative results for lipophilic substances). It consists of two halves separated by the epithelia (sheet of mucosa or monolayer of epithelial cells grown on permeable supports). Epithelia are polar in nature, i.e., they have an apical or mucosal side and a basolateral or serosal side. An Ussing chamber can isolate the apical side from the basolateral side. The two half chambers are filled with equal amounts of symmetrical Ringer solution to remove chemical, mechanical or electrical driving forces. Ion transport takes place across any epithelium. Transport may be in either direction. Ion transport produces a potential difference (voltage difference) across the epithelium. The voltage is measured using two voltage electrodes placed near the tissue/epithelium. This voltage is cancelled out by injecting current, using two other current electrodes placed away from the epithelium. This short-circuit current (Isc) is the measure of net ion transport.
Measuring epithelial ion transport is helped by Ussing chambers. The voltage result from this ion transport is easy to accurately measure. The epithelium pumps ions from one side to the other and the ions leak back through so-called tight junctions that are situated between the epithelial cells. To measure ion transport, an external current is applied. Simply cancelling the voltage underestimates the true value. This is corrected by a short circuit at the voltage measuring electrodes. The resistance between the external voltage electrodes must be considered. The Isc underestimates the ion transport: the error can be as much as 10-fold. The type of chambers suggested by Ussing produces large errors. This error is often estimated by measuring the voltage without tissue present, leading to uncertain values. Better methods involve using alternating current in the form of sinuous-shaped current using several frequencies, square wave pulses, sharp impulses and random noise.

## Types

The main types of Ussing chamber systems are:
* The Classic chamber system (as designed by Ussing).
* The Self-contained chamber system (the full apparatus within a single block)
* The Multi-channel chamber system (2 to 24 independent chambers combined)
# 1984 Clemson Tigers football team

The 1984 Clemson Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Clemson University in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) during the 1984 NCAA Division I-A football season. In its seventh season under head coach Danny Ford, the team compiled a 7–4 record (5–2 on the field against conference opponents, but officially 0–0), and outscored opponents by a total of 346 to 215. The team played its home games at Memorial Stadium in Clemson, South Carolina.
The 1984 season was Clemson's final season on probation for violation of recruiting rules. The probation was imposed by the NCAA and ACC on November 21, 1982, and expired on January 2, 1985. As a result of the probation, the 1984 Clemson team was ineligible for the ACC championship and postseason play, and their games against ACC opponents were not counted in the official league standings.
Quarterback Mike Eppley and defensive tackle William Perry were the team captains. The team's statistical leaders included quarterback Mike Eppley with 1,484 passing yards, Stacey Driver with 627 rushing yards, Terrance Roulhac with 512 receiving yards, and placekicker Donald Igwebuike with 89 points scored (16 field goals, 41 extra points).

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Rank | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 1 | 1:00 p.m. | Appalachian State* | No. 4 | Memorial StadiumClemson, SC | W 40–7 | 75,398 |
| September 8 | 7:00 p.m. | at Virginia | No. 3 | Scott StadiumCharlottesville, VA | W 55–0 | 38,676 |
| September 22 | 1:30 p.m. | at No. 20 Georgia* | No. 2 | Sanford StadiumAthens, GA (rivalry) | L 23–26 | 82,122 |
| September 29 | 1:30 p.m. | at No. 18 Georgia Tech | No. 13 | Grant FieldAtlanta, GA (rivalry) | L 21–28 | 57,704 |
| October 6 | 1:00 p.m. | North Carolina | | Memorial StadiumClemson, SC | W 20–12 | 80,111 |
| October 20 | 1:00 p.m. | Duke | | Memorial StadiumClemson, SC | W 54–21 | 80,617 |
| October 27 | 1:00 p.m. | at NC State | | Carter–Finley StadiumRaleigh, NC (Textile Bowl) | W 35–24 | 44,100 |
| November 3 | 1:00 p.m. | Wake Forest | | Memorial StadiumClemson, SC | W 37–14 | 71,697 |
| November 10 | 1:00 p.m. | Virginia Tech* | | Memorial StadiumClemson, SC | W 17–10 | 77,754 |
| November 17 | 1:00 p.m. | at Maryland | No. 20 | Memorial StadiumBaltimore, MD | L 23–41 | 60,575 |
| November 24 | 1:00 p.m. | No. 9 South Carolina* | | Memorial StadiumClemson, SC (rivalry) | L 21–22 | 80,500 |
| *Non-conference gameHomecomingRankings from AP Poll released prior to the gameAll times are in Eastern time ||||||||

## 1985 NFL Draft

| Player | Position | Round | Pick | NFL club |
| William Perry | Defensive tackle | 1 | 22 | Chicago Bears |
| Tyrone Davis | Cornerback | 3 | 58 | New York Giants |
| Dale Hatcher | Punter | 3 | 77 | Los Angeles Rams |
| K. D. Dunn | Tight end | 5 | 116 | St. Louis Cardinals |
| Reggie Pleasant | Defensive back | 6 | 152 | Atlanta Falcons |
| Donald Igwebuike | Kicker | 10 | 260 | Tampa Bay Buccaneers |
# Waldo E. Koop

Waldo E. Koop (1920–1990) was a writer on the history of the American West, a researcher, and author of publications about Billy the Kid and "Rowdy Joe" Lowe.

## Family

Waldo E. Koop was the son of John K. Koop and Katie Schmidt of Harvey County, Kansas. His father was a store keeper for a railroad, and his mother operated a laundry at home. He married Bette J. Young.

## Career

As a career, Waldo E. Koop was an engineer for Boeing. He was called one of the nation's finest researchers by local and state historians, and was credited in the series of Time Life books on the Old West for his research on gunfighters. Koop discovered that Henry McCarty, later known as Billy the Kid, spent time in Wichita, Kansas, where he saw his first gunfight. He published his findings in 1965 in the book, Billy the Kid: the Trail of a Kansas Legend.

## Publications

* Billy the Kid, The Trail of a Kansas Legend (Trail Guide), by Waldo E. Koop, 1965
* Rowdy Joe Lowe: Gambler With a Gun, by Joseph G. Rosa and Waldo E. Koop, Oct. 1989
* Book Review: ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WESTERN GUNFIGHTERS, The Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 20, No. 4, by Waldo E. Koop, 1979
* Waldo Koop Research Collection, by Waldo E. Koop, 1965-1990
# Theodore Jellison House

The Theodore Jellison House, also known locally as the Stone House, is a historic house on River Road in eastern Calais, Maine. Built in 1825, it is one of the oldest surviving residences in the town, and an impressive local example of granite construction. Theodore Jellison, its builder, was a local owner of granite quarries. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

## Description and history

The Jellison House stands on the south bank of the St. Croix River, about 2 miles (3.2 km) east of the center of Calais, and is accessed via a tree-lined lane running north from River Road (United States Route 1). It is a 1+1⁄2-story masonry structure, built out of roughly-dressed granite blocks, giving walls that are 26 inches (66 cm) thick. Its gabled roof is oriented north–south, and there is a shed-roof porch on the east side and a cross-gabled wood-frame addition extending to the west. The house is built on the sloping bank of the river, and exposes a full basement story on its north side, where an entrance faces the stone remains of a wharf. Its south side is its main facade, with the entrance set in the leftmost of three bays on the ground floor, and two windows at the attic level.
The house was built in 1825 by Theodore Jellison, a businessman who owned a number of area granite quarries. He apparently built the house and wharf to demonstrate the utility of product he was selling. Jellison also apparently harbored the idea that this area would eventually become the center of Calais, but this did not come to pass.
# Pope Sixtus I

Pope Sixtus I (Greek: Σίξτος), also spelled Xystus, a Roman of Greek descent, was the bishop of Rome from c. 117 or 119 to his death c. 126 or 128. He succeeded Alexander I and was in turn succeeded by Telesphorus. His feast is celebrated on 6 April.

## Name

Older sources use the spelling Xystus (from the Greek ξυστός, xystos, "shaved") in reference to the first three popes of that name. Pope Sixtus I was also the sixth Pope after Peter, leading to questions as to whether the name "Sixtus" is derived from sextus, Latin for "sixth".
The "Xystus" mentioned in the Catholic Canon of the Mass is Xystus II, not Xystus I.

## Biography

Some authorities agree that he reigned about ten years. According to the Liberian Catalogue of popes, he served the Church during the reign of Hadrian "from the consulate of Niger and Apronianus until that of Verus III and Ambibulus", that is, from 117 to 126. Eusebius states in his Historia Ecclesiastica that Sixtus I reigned from 119 to 128, which is repeated in the Latin translation of his Chronicon. However, the Armenian translation dates Telesphorus’ accession to 124. Eusebius himself begins to show internal inconsitencies for the chronology of this period; Richard Adelbert Lipsius compares the available sources and asserts that Sixtus died between around 125, after a tenure of 10 years. Like most of his predecessors, Sixtus I was believed to have been buried near Peter's grave on Vatican Hill, although there are differing traditions concerning where his body lies today. In Alife, there is a Romanesque crypt, which houses the relics of Pope Sixtus I, brought there by Rainulf III. Alban Butler (Lives of the Saints, 6 April) states that Clement X gave some of his relics to Cardinal de Retz, who placed them in the Abbey of Saint Michael in Lorraine.

### Liturgical codification

Sixtus I instituted several Catholic liturgical and administrative traditions. According to the Liber Pontificalis (ed. Duchesne, I.128), he passed the following three ordinances:
* that none but sacred ministers are allowed to touch the sacred vessels;
* that bishops who have been summoned to the Holy See shall, upon their return, not be received by their diocese except on presenting Apostolic letters;
* that after the Preface in the Mass, the priest shall recite the Sanctus with the people.
# 1956 Northeast Louisiana State Indians football team

The 1956 Northeast Louisiana State Indians football team was an American football team that represented Northeast Louisiana State College (now known as the University of Louisiana at Monroe) in the Gulf States Conference during the 1956 college football season. In their third year under head coach Devone Payne, the team compiled a 8–2 record. In October, McNeese State announced it would forfeit all Gulf States games after an ineligible player competed to start the season. This included their October 20 victory over the Indians.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result |
| September 15 | at Southeastern Louisiana | Strawberry StadiumHammond, LA | L 0–35 |
| September 22 | Stephen F. Austin* | Brown StadiumMonroe, LA | W 21–7 |
| September 29 | at Delta State* | Delta FieldCleveland, MS | W 20–12 |
| October 6 | at Southwestern Louisiana | McNaspy StadiumLafayette, LA (rivalry) | W 45–19 |
| October 13 | Southern State (AR)* | Brown StadiumMonroe, LA | W 33–7 |
| October 20 | at McNeese State | Wildcat StadiumLake Charles, LA | W 0–12 (forfeit victory) |
| October 27 | Livingston State* | Brown StadiumMonroe, LA | W 53–7 |
| November 3 | Northwestern State | Brown StadiumMonroe, LA (rivalry) | L 7–24 |
| November 10 | at Louisiana College | Alumni StadiumPineville, LA | W 34–32 |
| November 17 | Louisiana Tech | Brown StadiumMonroe, LA (rivalry) | W 7–0 |
| *Non-conference game |||||
# Elizabeth Miller (academic)

Elizabeth Russell Miller (February 26, 1939 – January 2, 2022) was a Canadian Professor Emerita at Memorial University of Newfoundland. She resided in Toronto. In her early academic career, she focused on Newfoundland literature, primarily the life and work of her father, well-known Newfoundland author and humorist Ted Russell. Beginning in 1990, her major field of research was Bram Stoker's novel Dracula, its author, sources and influence. She published several books on the subject, including Reflections on Dracula, Dracula: Sense & Nonsense, a volume on Dracula for the Dictionary of Literary Biography and, most recently, Bram Stoker's Notes for Dracula: A Facsimile Edition with Robert Eighteen-Bisang. She founded the Dracula Research Centre (now offline) and was the founding editor of the Journal of Dracula Studies now at Kutztown University of Pennsylvania.

## Honours and awards
### Literary awards

* Lord Ruthven Award: Dracula: Sense & Nonsense - Best non-fiction book in vampire subgenre for 2000
* U.K. Dracula Society "Children of the Night" Award - Dracula: Sense & Nonsense - best book in horror/supernatural genre published in U.K. in 2000
* Lord Ruthven Award: Bram Stoker's Notes for Dracula: A Facsimile Edition (with Robert Eighteen-Bisang) - Best non-fiction book in vampire subgenre for 2008.
* Lifetime Achievement Award (The Bernard Davies Award), Dracula Society, 2012

### Personal awards

* President’s Award for Distinguished Teaching Memorial University, 1992
* Baroness of the House of Dracula Honorary title bestowed on Elizabeth Miller by the Transylvanian Society of Dracula, Romania, 1995
* Daughter of the Town of Aref Honorary title bestowed on Elizabeth Miller by the mayor of Aref, Romania, in 2000
# MacBASIC

MacBASIC was a programming language and interactive environment designed by Apple Computer for the original Macintosh computer. It was developed by original Macintosh team member Donn Denman, with help from fellow Apple programmers Marianne Hsiung, Larry Kenyon, and Bryan Stearns, as part of the original Macintosh development effort starting in late 1981. Andy Hertzfeld said, "A BASIC interpreter would be important, to allow users to write their own programs. We decided we should write it ourselves, instead of relying on a third party, because it was important for the BASIC programs to be able to take advantage of the Macintosh UI, and we didn't trust a third party to 'get it' enough to do it right."
MacBASIC was released as beta software in 1985, and was adopted for use in places such as the Dartmouth College computer science department, for use in an introductory programming course. In August 1985, Apple abruptly ended the project, annoying book publishers that had published three books on the language with cooperation from the company. Apple discontinued MacBASIC as part of a deal with Microsoft to extend the license for Applesoft BASIC on the Apple II. Although Apple retracted MacBASIC, unlicensed copies of the software and manual still circulated, but because MacBASIC was no longer supported by Apple and was not designed to be 32-bit clean, interest eventually died out.
Benchmarks published in Washington Apple Pi Journal suggested that MacBASIC had better performance as compared to Microsoft's MS BASIC for Macintosh. The language included modern looping control structures, user-defined functions, graphics, and access to the Macintosh Toolbox. The development environment supported multiple programs running simultaneously with symbolic debugging including breakpoints and single-step execution.
# Cleidothaerus

Cleidothaerus albidus is a bivalve mollusc of the family Cleidothaeridae, the only member of its genus and family. It is endemic to southeast Australia and the North Island of New Zealand, including the Chatham Islands.
# 1996 State of the Union Address

The 1996 State of the Union Address was given by the 42nd president of the United States, Bill Clinton, on January 23, 1996, at 9:00 p.m. EST, in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives to the 104th United States Congress. It was Clinton's third State of the Union Address and his fourth speech to a joint session of the United States Congress. Presiding over this joint session was the House speaker, Newt Gingrich, accompanied by Al Gore, the vice president, in his capacity as the president of the Senate.
This speech occurred shortly after the federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996 which had resulted from disagreements on the 1996 United States federal budget.
President Clinton discussed the economy and declared that "the era of big government is over," and continued, "but we cannot go back to the time when our citizens were left to fend for themselves. We must go forward as one America, one nation working together, to meet the challenges we face together. Self-reliance and teamwork are not opposing virtues -- we must have both." The president discussed welfare reform, the V-chip, education, community policing, crime, the environment, foreign relations, and the federal budget.
The Republican Party response was delivered by Senate Majority Leader Bob Dole of Kansas (who would go on to face Clinton in the 1996 presidential election). Dole stated that "[President Clinton] is the chief obstacle to a balanced budget and the balanced budget amendment... While the President's words speak of change, his deeds are a contradiction. President Clinton claims to embrace the future while clinging to the policies of the past."
Donna Shalala, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, served as the designated survivor.
# 1995 State of the Union Address

The 1995 State of the Union Address was given by the 42nd president of the United States, Bill Clinton, on January 24, 1995, at 9:00 p.m. EST, in the chamber of the United States House of Representatives to the 104th United States Congress. It was Clinton's second State of the Union Address and his third speech to a joint session of the United States Congress. Presiding over this joint session was the House speaker, Newt Gingrich, accompanied by Al Gore, the vice president, in his capacity as the president of the Senate.
It was the first address to a Republican-controlled Congress since 1954. This was also the first time a Republican Speaker sat in the chair since 1954.
The president discussed his proposals of a New Covenant vision for a smaller government and proposing tax reductions. The president also discussed crime, the Brady Bill and the Assault Weapons Ban, illegal immigration, and the minimum wage. Regarding foreign policy, he urged assistance in Mexico's economic crisis, additional disarmament in cooperation with Russia and other international treaties, stopping North Korea's nuclear weapons program, legislation to fight terrorists, and peace between Israel and its neighbors. Discussion of the failed attempt to overhaul health care was refocused on more limited efforts to protect coverage for those who have health insurance and expand coverage for children.
The speech lasted nearly 1 hour and 25 minutes and consisted of 9,190 words. In terms of word count it is the longest State of the Union speech in history.
The president acknowledged many Americans of past and present in his speech. Among them were:
* Newt Gingrich, the new Speaker of the House
* Ronald Reagan, who similarly had been president while Congress was controlled by the opposing party; also in the past year he announced his Alzheimer's disease diagnosis
* Jacklyn H. Lucas, who was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during World War II
The Republican Party response was delivered by Governor Christine Todd Whitman of New Jersey. This was the first response given exclusively by a state governor and, delivered in Trenton, the first outside Washington, DC.
Conservative William Kristol called the address the "most conservative State of the Union by a Democratic president in history."
Federico Peña, the Secretary of Transportation, served as the designated survivor.

## Immigration

In his 1995 State of the Union address, President Bill Clinton said: “All Americans … are rightly disturbed by the large numbers of illegal aliens entering our country. The jobs they hold might otherwise be held by citizens or legal immigrants. The public service they use impose burdens on our taxpayers.”