OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hujja

A term used in Shi'i terminology, "hujja" means "proof [implied: proof of God]." It is usually used to refer to a single individual in any given human era who represents God's "proof" to humanity. The hujja is an Islamic prophet or an Imam who possess a relationship with God that is greater than anyone else. The Imam who is the hujja of his time functions as the ultimate mediator between God and humanity, giving the Imam the greatest precedence for interpretation of the Qur'an. As the mediator between God and humanity, the Imam is the only one who can properly resolve conflicting interpretations of the Qur'an's words, giving the Imam ultimate authority over divine knowledge. In Twelver shi'ism the title "hujja" is specifically applied to the Twelfth Imam who is believed to be in hiding and is attributed with the tradition of using Shi'i hadith to guide the religious community. The word Imam and hujja do not necessarily refer to the same person because an Imam may not be hujja but may keep the title of Imam.

## Alleged proof of Hujja

The Imam that is hujja is hujja for several reasons in Shi'i Qur'an interpretation and Shi'i hadith. The first is presented by the Imam's role as mediator between God and humanity. The divine appointment of the Imam, according to Shi'i belief, was passed down from Muhammad to 'Ali and his sons al-Hasan and al-Husayn, who passed it onto their sons and so on. Therefore, it is believed that only those who are members of Muhammad's family line are hujja.
The second supposed proof an Imam is hujja is that "he is a channel of divine grace which comes to him inwardly from the suprasensible realm".
The third proof an Imam is hujja is based on the Imam's immunity from the pollution of human sin. The Imam is such a divine spiritual figure he is free from committing human error or misinterpreting the Qur'an, which would otherwise lead to human error and sin. For a man who does commit sin is not fit to lead for he can spread sin and is therefore denied the rank of Imam and therefore cannot possess hujja. Only those who are free from error can be considered divinely touched and therefore are hujja and entitled to the Imamate.
The fourth reason is said to be that God's grace keeps his creatures towards obedience and keeps them away from disobedience. However, if God orders man to do something he knows man cannot do or will have difficulty doing, he would contradict His own aim. Therefore, God gives humanity hujja to help lead man toward God and his spiritual greatness.
The last justification of the hujja comes from the idea that without the hujja the world would not exist. "The world cannot exist even for a moment without the imam who is the hujja of God. If the imam were to be taken away from the earth even for an hour, the earth would swallow up its inhabitants just as the sea swallows its people".
# Hypogeal germination

Hypogeal germination (from Ancient Greek ὑπόγειος [hupógeios] 'below ground', from ὑπό [hupó] 'below' and γῆ [gê] 'earth, ground') is a botanical term indicating that the germination of a plant takes place below the ground. An example of a plant with hypogeal germination is the pea (Pisum sativum). The opposite of hypogeal is epigeal (above-ground germination).

## Germination

Hypogeal germination implies that the cotyledons stay below the ground. The epicotyl (part of the stem above the cotyledon) grows, while the hypocotyl (part of the stem below the cotyledon) remains the same in length. In this way, the epicotyl pushes the plumule above the ground.
Normally, the cotyledon is fleshy, and contains many nutrients that are used for germination.
Because the cotyledon stays below the ground, it is much less vulnerable to, for example, night-frost or grazing. The evolutionary strategy is that the plant produces a relatively low number of seeds, but each seed has a bigger chance of surviving.
Plants that show hypogeal germination need relatively little in the way of external nutrients to grow, therefore they are more frequent on nutrient-poor soils. The plants also need less sunlight, so they can be found more often in the middle of forests, where there is much competition to reach the sunlight.
Plants that show hypogeal germination grow relatively slowly, especially in the first phase. In areas that are regularly flooded, they need more time between floodings to develop. On the other hand, they are more resistant when a flooding takes place. After the slower first phase, the plant develops faster than plants that show epigeal germination.
It is possible that within the same genus one species shows hypogeal germination while another species shows epigeal germination. Some genera in which this happens are:
* Phaseolus: the runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus) shows hypogeal germination, whereas the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) shows epigeal germination
* Lilium: see Lily seed germination types
* Araucaria: species in the section Araucaria show hypogeal germination, whereas species in the section Eutacta show epigeal germination

## Phanerocotylar vs. cryptocotylar

In 1965, botanist James A. Duke introduced the terms cryptocotylar ("hidden cotyledon") and phanerocotylar ("visible cotyledon") as synonyms for hypogeal and epigeal respectively, because he didn't consider these terms etymologically correct. Later, it was discovered that there are rare cases of species where the germination is epigeal and cryptocotylar such as Rollinia salicifolia. Therefore, divisions have been proposed that take both factors into account.
# The Story with Martha MacCallum

The Story with Martha MacCallum, known as The Story, is an American television news/talk program on Fox News Channel hosted by Martha MacCallum. Episodes air live from 3 p.m. ET/2 p.m. CT on Monday through Friday. The show has been a part of the Fox News program lineup since January 9, 2017. In January 2021, the program moved from 7PM to the 3PM hour. Fill-in hosts for MacCallum include Trace Gallagher, Harris Faulkner, Gillian Turner, and Shannon Bream.

## History

The show debuted under the title The First 100 Days with the premise of chronicling the presidential transition and beginning of the administration of Donald Trump. The show was renamed to reflect the end of the Trump administration's first hundred days on May 1, 2017, now focusing on a more broad news format with news analysis and interviews.
The Story with Martha MacCallum is broadcast from Studio F at 1211 Avenue of the Americas (also known as the News Corp. Building), New York City.
In January 2021, the program moved from 7PM to the 3PM hour, opening the 7PM hour to an opinion-based program called Fox News Primetime. In January 2022 Jesse Watters was named the permanent host of the hour with a new show called Jesse Watters Primetime.

## Ratings

In the first month it aired, the show averaged 3.5 million viewers, up 79% compared to On the Record with Greta Van Susteren, which had occupied the same time slot the year prior. Since then, the program has averaged approximately three million viewers. In late 2020 and early 2021, ratings were around one million viewers.
# Ignazio Guidi

Ignazio Guidi (1844 – 18 April 1935) was an Italian orientalist. He became professor at the University of Rome. He is known as a Hebraist and for many translations.
He learned semitic languages from Pius Zingerle and Father Vincenti, and taught himself Ge'ez.
He discovered the Khuzistan Chronicle, and edited the Chronicle of Edessa.
He also edited for the first time a letter of Simeon of Beth Arsham about the martyrs of Najran, the oldest evidence for this historical event.
He was the student of the Ethiopian scholar Däbtära Keflä-Giorgis, who played a "crucial role as teacher of the person who could be described as the father of Ethiopian studies in Italy, Ignazio Guidi."

## Works

* 1881: La lettera di Simeone vescovo di Bêth-Arśâm sopra i Martiri omeriti. Roma, Salviucci.
* 1890: Al-Istidrāk ‘alā Sībawayh by Abū Bakr al-Zubaydī. Rome.
* 1895: Il "Gadla 'Aragâwî" : memoria del socio Ignazio Guidi : letta nella seduta del 21 giugno 1891. Roma : Tip. della R. Accademia dei Lincei.
* 1897: Il Fetha Nagast o "Legislazione dei Ref", Codice ecclesiastico e civile di Abissinia pubblicato da Ignazio Guidi. Roma: Casa editr. italiana.
* 1900: (with: Rudolf-Ernst Brünnow, et al.) Tables alphabétiques du Kitâb al-aġânî ... Leiden, E.J. Brill.
* 1901: (with: Francesco Gallina & Enrico Cerulli) Vocabolario amarico-italiano. Roma: Casa Editrice Italiana.
* 1903: Chronica minora. 2 vols. (Corpus scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium) Lipsiae: Harrassowitz.
* 1903: Annales Iohannis I, Iyāsu I, Bakāffā. Parisiis : E Typographeo Reipublicae.
* 1931: Storia della letteratura etiopica
# Frances Aparicio

Frances Aparicio is the author of Listening to Salsa: Gender, Latin Popular Music, and Puerto Rican Cultures (ISBN 978-0-8195-6308-8). She is also the co-author of Musical Migrations: Transnationalism and Cultural Hybridity in Latin/o America, Volume I and Tropicalizations: Transcultural Representations of Latinidad (Re-Encounters with Colonialism). She is the editor of several books including Latino Voices. She has been a professor at Northwestern University and University of Illinois at Chicago, where she directed the Latina/Latino Studies Program.
She was born Frances Rivera in Santurce, Puerto Rico on December 11, 1955. She moved to the United States to earn her bachelor's at Indiana University Bloomington. She earned a Ph.D. at Harvard University. She is an editorial advisory board member of Chasqui, a Latin American and Latinx literature, philosophy, and arts journal.
# 1971 Richmond Spiders football team

The 1971 Richmond Spiders football team was an American football team that represented the University of Richmond as a member of the Southern Conference (SoCon) during the 1971 NCAA University Division football season. In their sixth season under head coach Frank Jones, Richmond compiled an 5–6 record, with a mark of 5–1 in conference play, finishing as SoCon co-champion. In the postseason, the Spiders lost to Toledo in the Tangerine Bowl.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 11 | North Carolina* | City StadiumRichmond, VA | L 0–28 | 16,000 |
| September 25 | West Virginia* | City StadiumRichmond, VA | L 3–16 | 11,000 |
| October 2 | Boston College* | City StadiumRichmond, VA | L 0–24 | 6,500 |
| October 9 | at East Carolina | Ficklen Memorial StadiumGreenville, NC | W 14–7 | 14,235 |
| October 16 | VMI | City StadiumRichmond, VA (rivalry) | W 21–6 | 10,000 |
| October 23 | Furman | City StadiumRichmond, VA | W 20–0 | 5,500 |
| October 30 | at Southern Miss* | Faulkner FieldHattiesburg, MS | L 24–31 | 10,000 |
| November 6 | The Citadel | City StadiumRichmond, VA | L 11–21 | 8,000 |
| November 13 | at Davidson | Richardson StadiumDavidson, NC | W 14–7 | 2,800 |
| November 20 | at William & Mary | Cary FieldWilliamsburg, VA (rivalry) | W 21–19 | 13,000 |
| December 28 | vs. No. 14 Toledo | Tangerine BowlOrlando, FL (Tangerine Bowl) | L 3–28 | 16,750 |
| *Non-conference gameRankings from AP Poll released prior to the game ||||||
# 1971 Southern Jaguars football team

The 1971 Southern Jaguars football team represented Southern University as a member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) during the 1971 NCAA College Division football season. Led by third-year head coach Alva Tabor, the Jaguars compiled an overall record of 3–7, with a conference record of 1–5, and finished tied for sixth in the SWAC.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 18 | Texas Southern | University StadiumBaton Rouge, LA | L 0–21 | 18,023 |
| September 25 | at Prairie View A&M | AstrodomeHouston, TX | L 3–21 | 17,747 |
| October 2 | Mississippi Valley State | University StadiumBaton Rouge, LA | W 14–0 | 15,009 |
| October 9 | Arkansas AM&N* | University StadiumBaton Rouge, LA | L 27–28 | 23,103 |
| October 16 | at Jackson State | Mississippi Veterans Memorial StadiumJackson, MS (rivalry) | L 28–49 | 13,000 |
| October 23 | Alcorn A&M | University StadiumBaton Rouge, LA | L 14–30 | 13,363 |
| October 30 | No. 7 Tennessee State* | University StadiumBaton Rouge, LA | L 16–27 | 19,451 |
| November 13 | at Florida A&M* | Bragg Memorial StadiumTallahassee, FL | W 13–9 | 11,903 |
| November 20 | at Grambling | Grambling StadiumGrambling, LA (rivalry) | L 3–31 | 33,897–33,981 |
| November 27 | North Carolina A&T* | University StadiumBaton Rouge, LA | W 24–16 | 3,871–5,691 |
| *Non-conference gameHomecomingRankings from AP Poll released prior to the game ||||||
# List of countries and territories where Romanian is an official language

This is a list of countries and territories and organisations where Romanian is an official language:

## Countries where Romanian is an official language

| Country | Population | Native Romanian speakers | Est. total speakers | Status of Romanian | More info |
| Moldova | 3,461,380 (2014) | 70.2% | 2,560,000 | Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Moldova | Languages of Moldova |
| Romania | 21,640,168 (2014) | 90.7% | 19,900,000 | Constitution of Romania, art. 13 | Languages of Romania |

## Regions where Romanian is an official language

| Region | Country | Status | Population | Native Romanian speakers | Status of Romanian | More info |
| Gagauzia | Moldova | Autonomous region | 155,646 (2004) | 3.9% | Statute of Gagauzia, art. 3§1 | Languages of Gagauzia |
| Transnistria | Moldova | De facto independent | 555,347 (2004) | 32.1% | Statute of the Settlements from the Left Bank (Transnistria), art. 6§1 (Latin) Constitution of Transnistria, art. 12 (Cyrillic) | Languages of Transnistria |
| Vojvodina | Serbia | Autonomous region | 1,931,809 (2011) | 1.45% | Statute of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, art. 26 | Romanian language in Serbia |
Romanian has been declared a "regional language" alongside Ukrainian in Hertsa Raion of Ukraine as well as in other villages of Chernivtsi and Zakarpattia oblasts, as per the 2012 legislation on languages in Ukraine.

## Organisations with Romanian as an official language

| Organisation | Members | Status of Romanian | More info |
| European Union | Romania and other 26 states | Regulation No. 1 of the EC | Languages of the European Union |
| Latin Union | Moldova, Romania and other 34 states | Convention of Madrid, 1954 | Romance languages |
| Monastic community of Mount Athos | Romanian Orthodox Church and other Eastern Rite churches | Language of religious service | |

## Countries where Romanian is taught in schools

* Romanian is taught in 13 schools in the Belgian cities of: Brussels, Liège and Mons.
* Romanian is taught in two schools in the Irish capital Dublin.
* Romanian is taught in 228 schools in the Italian regions of: Abruzzo, Apulia, Emilia-Romagna, Campania, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Lazio, Lombardy, Marche, Molise, Piedmont, Sardinia, Sicily, Trento, Tuscany, Umbria and Veneto.
* Romanian is taught in five schools in the Portuguese cities of: Lisbon, Loulé and Setúbal.
* Romanian is taught in 328 schools in the Spanish communities of: Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Basque Country, Canary Islands, Cantabria, Castile and León, Castilla-La Mancha, Catalonia, La Rioja, Madrid, Murcia, Navarre and Valencia.
* In parts of Ukraine where Romanians constitute a significant share of the local population (districts in Chernivtsi, Odesa and Zakarpattia oblasts) Romanian is taught in schools as a primary language and there are Romanian-language newspapers, TV, and radio broadcasting. The University of Chernivtsi trains teachers for Romanian schools in the fields of Romanian philology, mathematics and physics.
# List of Dallas Desperados seasons

This is a list of seasons completed by the Dallas Desperados. The Desperados were a professional arena football franchise of the Arena Football League (AFL), based in Dallas, Texas. The team was established in 2002. They qualified for the playoffs five times, winning three division championships, but never appeared in the ArenaBowl. In the 2007 season, Dallas went 15–1, a league record for wins, but were upset in the divisional round of the playoffs by sixth seeded Columbus, a team that had won only seven games during the regular season. Prior to the 2009 season, the AFL announced that it had suspended operations indefinitely and canceled the 2009 season. The franchise did not return when the league resumed operations in 2010. The Desperados played their home games at American Airlines Center.
| ArenaBowl Champions | ArenaBowl Appearance | Division Champions | Playoff Berth |
| Season | League | Conference | Division | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Postseason results |
| Season | League | Conference | Division | Finish | Wins | Losses | Ties | Postseason results |
| Dallas Desperados |||||||||
| 2002 | AFL | American | Western | 4th | 7 | 7 | 0 | Won Wild Card Round (Indiana) 47–46 Lost Quarterfinals (Chicago) 60–47 |
| 2003 | AFL | American | Central | 1st | 10 | 6 | 0 | Lost Wild Card Round (Georgia) 49–45 |
| 2004 | AFL | National | Eastern | 3rd | 6 | 10 | 0 | |
| 2005 | AFL | National | Eastern | 2nd | 8 | 7 | 1 | |
| 2006 | AFL | National | Eastern | 1st | 13 | 3 | 0 | Won Divisional Round (Georgia) 62–27 Lost Conference Championship (Orlando) 45–28 |
| 2007 | AFL | National | Eastern | 1st | 15 | 1 | 0 | Lost Divisional Round (Columbus) 66–59 |
| 2008 | AFL | National | Eastern | 2nd | 12 | 4 | 0 | Lost Wild Card Round (New York) 77–63 |
| 2009 | The AFL suspended operations for the 2009 season. | The AFL suspended operations for the 2009 season. | The AFL suspended operations for the 2009 season. | The AFL suspended operations for the 2009 season. | The AFL suspended operations for the 2009 season. | The AFL suspended operations for the 2009 season. | The AFL suspended operations for the 2009 season. | The AFL suspended operations for the 2009 season. |
| Total | Total | Total | Total | Total | 71 | 38 | 1 | (includes only regular season) | (includes only regular season) |
| Total | Total | Total | Total | Total | 2 | 5 | — | (includes only the postseason) | (includes only the postseason) |
| Total | Total | Total | Total | Total | 73 | 43 | 1 | (includes both regular season and postseason) | (includes both regular season and postseason) |
# Saint-Samson-sur-Rance

Saint-Samson-sur-Rance (French pronunciation:, literally Saint-Samson on Rance; Breton: Sant-Samzun) is a commune in the Côtes-d'Armor department of Brittany in northwestern France.

## Geography

Saint-Samson-sur-Rance is located on the banks of the Rance river, near the town of Dinan, about 20 miles (32 km) from Dinard and Saint-Malo, and 45 minutes from Saint-Brieuc and Rennes by car.

## Toponymy

The locality is named after Saint Samson of Dol.

## History

The presence of the menhir de la Tremblais indicates that humans have lived in this area since at least the Neolithic.
In the Middle Ages, the parish of Saint-Samson-jouxte-Livet, enclosed in the Bishopric of Saint-Malo, was part of the Ancient Diocese of Dol.
In 1790, during the French Revolution, the parish was named Saint-Samson and elected as a commune.
On 25 July 1962 the commune was renamed to Saint-Samson-sur-Rance.

## Population

Inhabitants of Saint-Samson-sur-Rance are called samsonnais in French.

## Gallery

* Exterior of the Saint Samson church
* Saint Samson depicted in stained glass in the Saint Samson church
* Town hall
# Finite extensions of local fields

In algebraic number theory, through completion, the study of ramification of a prime ideal can often be reduced to the case of local fields where a more detailed analysis can be carried out with the aid of tools such as ramification groups.
In this article, a local field is non-archimedean and has finite residue field.

## Unramified extension

Let $L/K$ be a finite Galois extension of nonarchimedean local fields with finite residue fields $\ell /k$ and Galois group $G$. Then the following are equivalent.
* (i) $L/K$ is unramified.
* (ii) ${\mathcal {O}}_{L}/{\mathfrak {p}}{\mathcal {O}}_{L}$ is a field, where ${\mathfrak {p}}$ is the maximal ideal of ${\mathcal {O}}_{K}$.
* (iii) $[L:K]=[\ell :k]$
* (iv) The inertia subgroup of $G$ is trivial.
* (v) If $\pi$ is a uniformizing element of $K$, then $\pi$ is also a uniformizing element of $L$.
When $L/K$ is unramified, by (iv) (or (iii)), G can be identified with $\operatorname {Gal} (\ell /k)$, which is finite cyclic.
The above implies that there is an equivalence of categories between the finite unramified extensions of a local field K and finite separable extensions of the residue field of K.

## Totally ramified extension

Again, let $L/K$ be a finite Galois extension of nonarchimedean local fields with finite residue fields $l/k$ and Galois group $G$. The following are equivalent.
* $L/K$ is totally ramified.
* $G$ coincides with its inertia subgroup.
* $L=K[\pi ]$ where $\pi$ is a root of an Eisenstein polynomial.
* The norm $N(L/K)$ contains a uniformizer of $K$.
# Battle of Antukyah

The Battle of Antukyah was fought in 1531 between Adal Sultanate forces under Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi and the Abyssinian army under Eslamu. Huntingford has located Antukyah about 89 kilometres (55 miles) south of Lake Hayq, at the edge of the Ethiopian Highlands, in the modern district of Antsokiya and Gemza.
Despite the care Eslamu took in deploying his men, and the number of them, the Ethiopian army panicked and fled when the Imam's cannons cut down thousands of them, during the pursuit Garad Hirabu pursued the Abyssinians with the Malassay and confronting the Abyssinian army three weeks later at the Battle of Zari. According to sixteenth century Adal writer of Futuh al-Habasha Arab Faqīh, the number of dead and wounded was comparable to the previous Battle of Shimbra Kure.