# Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership

The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) is a twelve member trade and economic integration agreement.

## History
### TPP

The CPTPP evolved from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) abbreviated as TPP11 or TPP-11, an agreement which was never ratified due to the withdrawal of the United States.
The TPP had been signed on 4 February 2016 but never entered into force, as the U.S. withdrew from the agreement soon after the election of President Donald Trump. All other TPP signatories agreed in May 2017 to revive the agreement, with Shinzo Abe's administration in Japan widely reported as taking the leading role in place of the U.S.

### Establishment of the CPTPP

In January 2018, the CPTPP was created as a succeeding agreement, retaining two-thirds of its predecessor's provisions; 22 measures favored by the U.S. but contested by other signatories were suspended, while the threshold for enactment was lowered so as not to require U.S. accession.
The agreement to establish the CPTPP was signed on 8 March 2018 by Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam, with the ceremony held in Santiago, Chile. The agreement specifies that its provisions enter into effect 60 days after ratification by at least half the signatories (six of the eleven participating countries). On 31 October 2018, Australia was the sixth nation to ratify the agreement; it subsequently came into force for the initial six ratifying countries on 30 December 2018.

## Negotiations

During the round of negotiations held concurrently with the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum in Vietnam in November 2017, the Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau refused to sign the agreement in principle, stating reservations about the provisions on culture and automotives. Media outlets in Australia, New Zealand, and Japan, which strongly supported quick movement on a deal, strongly criticized what they portrayed as Canadian sabotage.
Canada insisted that cultural and language rights, specifically related to its French-speaking minority, be protected.
However, Canada's major reservation was a conflict between the percentage of a vehicle that must originate in a CPTPP member nation to enter tariff-free, which was 45% under the original TPP language and 62.5% under the NAFTA agreement. Japan, which is a major automobile part exporter, strongly supported lower requirements. In January 2018, Canada announced that it would sign the CPTPP after obtaining binding side letters on culture with every other CPTPP member country, as well as bilateral agreements with Japan, Malaysia, and Australia related to non-tariff barriers. Canada's Auto Parts Manufacturers' Association sharply criticized increasing the percentages of automobile parts that may be imported tariff-free, noting that the United States was moving in the opposite direction by demanding stricter importation standards in the NAFTA renegotiation, later USMCA.
In February 2019, Canada's Jim Carr, Minister of International Trade Diversification, delivered a keynote address at a seminar concerning CPTPP - Expanding Your Business Horizons, reaching out to businesses stating the utilisation of the agreement provides a bridge that will enable people, goods and services to be shared more easily.

## Chapters
### TPP modification and incorporation

The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) incorporates most of the provisions of the abandoned Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement, using mutatis mutandis. Several clauses within Article 30 of the TPP were suspended for the CPTPP, including:
* Accession (30.4)
* Entry into Force (30.5)
* Withdrawal (30.6)
* Authentic Texts (30.8).
The final text of CPTPP was mostly identical to the original TPP, except for some provisions advanced by the United States under the TPP, but not supported by the other members. In the intellectual property chapter, copyright and patent terms were shortened relative to TPP, and standards for digital IP protections were eliminated. Provisions allowing use of investor–state dispute settlements for investment agreements and authorizations were also rescinded. In summary, the CPTPP amends aspects of the following TPP chapters:
* Chapter 9: Investment
* Chapter 10: Cross-Border Trade in Services
* Chapter 11: Financial Services
* Chapter 13: Telecommunications
* Chapter 15: Government Procurement
* Chapter 18: Intellectual Property
* Chapter 20: Environment
* Chapter 26: Transparency and Anti-Corruption.

### CPTPP Chapters

There are currently 30 chapters in the CPTPP Agreement listed below:
| No | Area | No | Area |
| Chapter 1 | Initial Provisions and General Definitions | Chapter 16 | Competition Policy |
| Chapter 2 | National Treatment and Market Access for Goods | Chapter 17 | State-Owned Enterprises and Designated Monopolies |
| Chapter 3 | Rules of Origin and Origin Procedures | Chapter 18 | Intellectual Property |
| Chapter 4 | Textile and Apparel Goods | Chapter 19 | Labour |
| Chapter 5 | Customs Administration and Trade Facilitation | Chapter 20 | Environment |
| Chapter 6 | Trade Remedies | Chapter 21 | Cooperation and Capacity Building |
| Chapter 7 | Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures | Chapter 22 | Competitiveness and Business Facilitation |
| Chapter 8 | Technical Barriers to Trade | Chapter 23 | Development |
| Chapter 9 | Investment | Chapter 24 | Small and Medium-sized Enterprises |
| Chapter 10 | Cross-Border Trade in Services | Chapter 25 | Regulatory Coherence |
| Chapter 11 | Financial Services | Chapter 26 | Transparency and Anti-corruption |
| Chapter 12 | Temporary Entry for Business Persons | Chapter 27 | Administrative and Institutional Provisions |
| Chapter 13 | Telecommunications | Chapter 28 | Dispute Settlemen |
| Chapter 14 | Electronic Commerce | Chapter 28 | Exceptions and General Provisions |
| Chapter 15 | Government Procurement | Chapter 30 | Final Provisions |

#### Chapter 2: Goods

The chapter on goods requires the elimination of most tariffs between members and the final elimination of approx 99% of tariff lines.

#### Chapter 14: E-commerce

The e-commerce chapter of the CPTPP mandates that signatories adopt or at the very least maintain laws for consumer protection with the aim to fight fraud and deceptive commercial activities.

#### Chapter 17: State Owned Enterprise

The chapter on state-owned enterprises (SOEs) requires signatories to share information about SOEs with each other, with the intent of engaging with the issue of state intervention in markets. It includes the most detailed standards for intellectual property of any trade agreement, as well as protections against Intellectual property infringement against corporations operating abroad.

## Membership

The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership consists of twelve members: Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, United Kingdom and Vietnam.

## CPTPP Commission

The CPTPP Commission is the decision-making body of the CPTPP, which was established when the CPTPP entered into force on 30 December 2018. The official languages of CPTPP are English, French, and Spanish; English is used prevailing in the case of conflict or divergence. The CPTPP commission in 2024 is chaired by Canada.
CPTPP Commission meetings :
| No. | Year | Date | Country | City | Host leader |
| 1 | 2019 | 19 January | Japan | Tokyo | Prime Minister Shinzo Abe |
| 2 | 2019 | 9 October | New Zealand | Auckland | Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern |
| 3 | 2020 | 5 August | Mexico | Virtual meeting | President Andrés Manuel López Obrador |
| 4 | 2021 | 2 June | Japan | Virtual meeting | Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga |
| 5 | 2021 | 1 September | Japan | Virtual meeting | Prime Minister Yoshihide Suga |
| 6 | 2022 | 8 October | Singapore | Singapore | Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong |
| 7 | 2023 | 16 July | New Zealand | Auckland | Prime Minister Chris Hipkins |
| 8 | 2024 | 28 November | Canada | Vancouver | Prime Minister Justin Trudeau |
1st CPTPP Commission (2019) Representatives from the eleven CPTPP signatories participated in the 1st CPTPP Commission meeting held in Tokyo on 19 January 2019, which decided:
* A decision about the chairing and administrative arrangements for the commission and special transitional arrangements for 2019;
* A decision to establish the accession process for interested economies to join the CPTPP; Annex
* A decision to create rules of procedure and a code of conduct for disputes involving Parties to the; Annex; Annex I
* A decision to create a code of conduct for investor-State dispute settlement.; Annex* Members of the CPTPP Commission also issued a joint ministerial statement on 19 January 2019.
2nd CPTPP Commission (2019) The 2nd CPTPP Commission meeting was held on 9 October 2019 in Auckland, New Zealand. Alongside the commission, the following Committees met for the first time in Auckland: Trade in Goods; Rules of Origin; Agricultural Trade; Technical Barriers to Trade; Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures; Small and Medium Sized Enterprises; State Owned Enterprises; Development; Cooperation and Capacity Building; Competitiveness and Business Facilitation; Environment; and the Labour Council. The Commission adopted two formal decisions, (i) on its Rules of Procedure under Article 27.4 and (ii) to establish a Roster of Panel Chairs as provided for under Article 28.11.
3rd CPTPP Commission (2020) The 3rd CPTPP Commission meeting was held virtually and hosted by Mexico on 5 August 2020.
4th CPTPP Commission (2021) The 4th CPTPP Commission meeting was held virtually and hosted by Japan on 2 June 2021. The Commission decided to move forward with the application of the United Kingdom as an aspirant economy.
5th CPTPP Commission (2021) The 5th CPTPP Commission meeting was held virtually and hosted by Japan on 1 September 2021. The Commission decided to establish a Committee on Electronic Commerce composed of government representatives of each Party.
6th CPTPP Commission (2022) The 6th CPTPP Commission meeting was held on 8 October 2022 and hosted by Singapore.
7th CPTPP Commission (2023) The 7th CPTPP Commission meeting was held on 16 July 2023 in Auckland, New Zealand. The commission decided to establish a Committee on Customs Administration and Trade Facilitation. The meeting included the formal signing of the accession of the United Kingdom.
8th CPTPP Commission (2024) The 8th CPTPP Commission meeting was held on 28 November 2024 in Vancouver, Canada. The Commission decided to move forward with the application of Costa Rica as an aspirant economy.

## Enlargement

CPTPP rules require all twelve signatories to agree to the admission of additional members. Article 34 of CPTPP states that "any State or separate customs territory that is a member of APEC, and any other State or separate customs territory as the Parties may agree" are eligible accede to the agreement.
Current applicants
| Country | Status | Application | Negotiations opened |
| Costa Rica | Invitation to join received | 11 August 2022 | 29 November 2024 |
| China | Formal application submitted | 16 September 2021 | |
| Taiwan | Formal application submitted under the name of "The Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (TPKM)." | 22 September 2021 | |
| Ecuador | Formal application submitted | 29 December 2021 | |
| Uruguay | Formal application submitted | 1 December 2022 | |
| Ukraine | Formal application submitted | 5 May 2023 | |
| Indonesia | Formal application submitted | 19 September 2024 | |

### Applicants
#### China

Chinese leaders have made aspirational statements about joining the TPP since 2013.$^{:177}$ In May 2020, China's Premier Li Keqiang said that China was willing to consider joining CPTPP. Meanwhile, China's leader Xi Jinping said at an Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit in November 2020 that China would "actively consider" joining CPTPP.
In December 2020, Japan Foreign Minister Toshimitsu Motegi has said that "TPP-11 sets high standards for regulations on e-commerce, intellectual property and state-owned enterprises", suggesting the amount of government intervention in the Chinese economy will not meet CPTPP requirements.
China's application to CPTPP is unlikely to gain traction. Although not a member of CPTPP, the U.S. can exercise the "poison pill" within the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement that prevents Canada and Mexico from voting in favour of the Chinese application.
On 16 September 2021, China formally applied to join CPTPP.

##### CPTPP Members' Reactions to China's Application

Japan Economy Minister Yasutoshi Nishimura was quoted by Reuters: "Japan believes that it's necessary to determine whether China, which submitted a request to join the TPP-11, is ready to meet its extremely high standards"; indicating that Japan would not support the Chinese application under the current circumstances.
Former Australian Trade Minister Dan Tehan indicated that Australia would oppose China's application until China halts trade strikes against Australian exports and resumes minister-to-minister contacts with the Australian government. Also, Australia has lodged disputes against China in the WTO on restrictions imposed by China on exports of barley and wine.

#### Costa Rica

Costa Rica filed its application to join the CPTPP trade pact on 11 August 2022. Costa Rica was invited to begin accession talks by CPTPP, an Accession Working Group for Costa Rica to be chaired by Peru and vice-chaired by Canada and New Zealand.

#### Ecuador

Ecuador filed its application to join the CPTPP trade pact on 29 December 2021 as the country moves to reduce its reliance on oil and diversify its economy through exports.

#### Indonesia

Indonesia initially showed the least interest of three linked ASEAN members to apply to CPTPP, however continued to monitor the developments of the trade bloc, with Indonesian ambassador to the US Rosan Roeslani leaving the door open but clarifying that Indonesia was not in the process of applying to CPTPP at that time. In October 2023, Jakarta Globe reported that the primary reason for Indonesia's lack of interest in CPTPP was due to the government's policy of reducing imported goods in its public procurement in order to develop its domestic industry, which is incompatible with CPTPP requirements for members to eliminate over 98 percent of tariffs in the free trade area. In December 2023, Chief Economic Affairs Minister Airlangga Hartarto heavily discussed CPTPP with British Trade Envoy to Indonesia, Richard Graham; this meeting occurred a few months after the UK signed the accession protocols to join CPTPP. In April 2024, Hartarto conveyed Indonesia's interest in joining CPTPP to British Minister of State for Indo-Pacific Anne-Marie Trevelyan during a meeting in London; Trevelyan emphasised that the UK supported Indonesia's bids to join the OECD and CPTPP. On 3 June 2024, Hartarto announced that Indonesia would apply to join CPTPP in 2024, as it would be a faster method to gain access to new markets, highlighting the UK and Mexico, than negotiating individual bilateral agreements. Indonesia filed its application to join the CPTPP trade pact on 19 September 2024.

#### Taiwan

Taiwan applied to join CPTPP on 22 September 2021.
It had previously expressed interest to join TPP in 2016. After TPP's evolution to CPTPP in 2018, Taiwan indicated its will to continue efforts to join CPTPP. In December 2020, the Taiwanese government stated that it would submit an application to join CPTPP following the conclusion of informal consultations with existing members. In February 2021 again, Taiwan indicated its will to apply to join CPTPP at an appropriate time. A few days after China submitted its request to join the CPTPP, Taiwan sent its own request to join the CPTPP, a move that has been one of the main policy objectives of Tsai Ing-wen's government.

#### Ukraine

On 1 May 2023, the Ukrainian government announced its intention for the accession of Ukraine to CPTPP. Ukraine aims to accelerate its efforts to restore its economy severely damaged by the Russian invasion. Canadian Trade Minister Mary Ng expressed support for Ukraine's application. Ukraine submitted a formal request to join the trade bloc on 5 May 2023.

#### Uruguay

Uruguay filed its application to join the CPTPP trade pact on 1 December 2022. Uruguay's application received backlash from Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay, of which make up the Mercosur trade bloc, particularly following President Lacelle Pou opening negotiations for a free trade agreement with China and signalling his willingness to cut deals with other countries. Paraguay's Foreign Minister Julio Arriola responded by stating that "Mercosur member states should negotiate as a bloc and via consensus and we continue in that line,” citing the organization's founding treaties.

### Expressed interest

Several countries have expressed interest in joining CPTPP since the revisions from TPP, including Colombia, Philippines, South Korea, and Thailand.

#### Philippines

The Philippines' interest in the CPTPP has remained, but the consultative process and legal analysis of the terms necessary for accession have been drawn out. The Philippines previously wanted to join the TPP in 2016 under Benigno Aquino, who said that the country stood to gain from becoming a member of the trade pact. Philippine Ambassador to the U.S. Jose Manuel Romualdez later clarified that the US withdrawal from TPP pushed the Philippines' application to CPTPP down the agenda, yet China's interest in acceding to CPTPP has made the trade bloc more attractive for the Philippines. In July 2024, Trade Undersecretary Allan Gepty announced that the Philippines would apply for membership of CPTPP by the end of the year.

#### South Korea

In January 2021, South Korea's Moon administration announced it would seek to join CPTPP. The country will examine sanitary and phytosanitary measures, fisheries subsidies, digital trade and guidelines related to state-run enterprises to meet the requirements that CPTPP has suggested. The South Korean government formally announced it will begin its application to join CPTPP in December 2021.

#### Thailand

In November 2021, a Thai government official stated that Thailand aimed to join talks on membership of CPTPP, which had been viewed as a method to boost the Thai economy, additionally it would increase the competitivity of Thai goods against rivals, notably Malaysia and Vietnam, in sectors such as agricultural and electronic industries. Foreign Minister Don Pramudwinai was expected to submit a letter of intent for the country to apply to join the pact to the cabinet for its approval. A campaign against joining the pact called "#NoCPTPP" which has gathered 400,000 signatures has demanded the prime minister to not consider joining the pact. Thailand has remained interested in joining CPTPP as part of its free trade agreement strategy to expand its trade and investment opportunities with various partners around the world, however has not submitted a formal application.

#### United States

On 25 January 2018, U.S. President Donald Trump in an interview announced his interest in possibly rejoining the TPP if it were a "substantially better deal" for the United States. He had withdrawn the U.S. from the original agreement in January 2017. On 12 April 2018, he told the White House National Economic Council Director Larry Kudlow and U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer to look into joining CPTPP. U.S. Wheat Associates President Vince Peterson had said in December 2018 that American wheat exporters could face an "imminent collapse" in their 53% market share in Japan due to exclusion from CPTPP. Peterson added, "Our competitors in Australia and Canada will now benefit from those [CPTPP] provisions, as U.S. farmers watch helplessly." The National Cattlemen's Beef Association stated that exports of beef to Japan, America's largest export market, would be at a serious disadvantage to Australian exporters, whose tariffs on exports to Japan would be cut by 27.5% during the first year of CPTPP.
In December 2020, a bipartisan group of U.S. policy experts, Richard L. Armitage and Joseph S. Nye Jr., called for Washington to join the CPTPP, but this call was rejected by Secretary of Commerce Gina Raimondo when meeting Japanese government leaders on 15 November 2021. Raimondo stated that the Biden administration would not be joining CPTPP but instead planned to create a new trade framework as an alternative to CPTPP in the Indo-Pacific region.

## Trade

The CPTPP members have combined economies representing 14.4 percent of global gross domestic product, at approximately US$15.8 trillion as of 2024, making the CPTPP one of the world's largest free trade areas by GDP, along with the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement, the European single market, and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.
In 2020 goods trade between CPTPP member states accounted for around 15% exports and around 17% of imports.

## Responses

Economist José Gabriel Palma [es] has criticized the treaty for severely restricting the sovereignty of the signatories. Signatories are subject to international courts and have restrictions on what their state-owned enterprises can do. According to Palma the treaty makes it difficult for countries to implement policies aimed to diversify exports thus becoming a so-called middle income trap. Palma also accuses that the treaty is reinforcing unequal relations by being drafted to reflect the laws of the United States.
In the case of Chile, Palma holds the treaty is redundant regarding the possibilities of trade as Chile already has trade treaties with ten of its members. On the contrary, economist Klaus Schmidt–Hebbel consider that the CPTPP "deepening" of already existing trade relations of Chile is a point in favour of it. In the view of Schmidt-Hebbel approving the treaty is important for the post-Covid economic recovery of Chile and wholly in line with the economic policies of Chile since the 1990s.
In mid November 2021 the Waitangi Tribunal, a standing commission of inquiry established in 1975 to investigate the New Zealand Crown's breaches of the Treaty of Waitangi, found that the Crown had failed to meet its Treaty obligations to protect Māori interests as part of the CPTPP but acknowledged that several major changes occurred in the negotiation process. While the Tribunal was satisfied that the Crown's engagement with Māori over the CPTPP and secrecy had been resolved through negotiation, it ruled there were significant risks to Māori in the e-commerce provisions of the CPTPP and data sovereignty. Following an earlier 2016 Tribunal ruling, a Māori advisory committee called Te Taumata had been established while a second body known as Ngā Toki Whakarururanga was established as a result of the mediation agreement.