# Snouck Hurgronje & Louijsse

Trade company of Steven Matthijs Snouck Hurgronje and Abraham Louijsse (1766–1788) which operated from Middelburg and Flushing (Dutch Republic) and was specialized in textile-, ivory- and slave trade and interloping affairs.

## Abraham Louijsse

Abraham Louijsse (1741–1805) was the grandson of Abraham Louijsse senior and son of honorary pensioner Johannes Louijsse (1711–1793), who was also chairman of the Zeeuwsch Genootschap der Wetenschappen (Zeeland Society of Sciences). Abraham was married to Anna Maria van Wingerden. As regent, he was a patron of the hospital for men and women, owned several plantations in Surinam and was alderman and councilor of Flushing (1769–1770, 1786). He played an important role in the celebration of the second centenary of the Revolt against the Spanish in the city (April 6, 1572). Because he was a patriot, the windows of one of his houses were smashed during the Orange uprising of 1787. Until 1779 he lived on the corner of the then Pottekaai (the current Wilhelminastraat) and the Nieuwstraat. From 1786 onwards he lived three houses further than his original address, at number 21. Abraham Louijsse prevented a plundering of Flushing when Orange-minded sailors from the navy attacked the invading French. By granting the province an interest-free advance of a ton in gold, the sailors could be paid their wages and provided with travel money. Shortly afterwards, the trading company of Johannes Louijsse & Zoon collapsed.

## Steven Matthijs Snouck Hurgronje

Steven Matthijs Snouck Hurgronje (Flushing, October 18, 1741 – Middelburg, January 29, 1788) was shipowner, councilor (1770–1776, 1779–1780, 1783–1784, 1786), alderman (1777–1778, 1781–1782) and treasurer (1780) of Middelburg. Hij lived in the Lange Singelstraat. In 1762 he changed his name from Hurgronje to Snouck Hurgronje and on September 4, 1766, he married Anna Catharina Elias in Middelburg (after whom he also named a ship). The couple had two children: Jacob Lodewijk (1778–1845) and Adriaan Isaac (1780–1849), but he may have had three more children. Steven Matthijs Snouck Hurgronje was director of the Zeeland Chamber of the Dutch East India Company from 1780 to 1788. He also was director of the Sociëteit ter Navigatie op Essequebo en annexe Rivieren from 1772 to 1780 (SNER) in which he owned 3.000 guilders worth of shares and he wrote the philosophical thesis De calculo Minervae (Delft, 1758). During the years that he lived in Flushing he owned a house on the Nieuwe Timmerwerf, near the Dock. The activities of the company of Snouck Hurgronje & Abraham Louijsse took place in Flushing from around 1766, but were moved to Middelburg in the autumn of 1780. Six years later, in 1786, the company moved back to Flushing, which gave a boost to the economy of the city.

## Trade Company of Snouck Hurgronje & Louijsse

For slave traders, it was very important to know which products were wanted in Africa. Snouck Hurgronje & Louijsse were specialists when it came to knowledge about the textile trade to Africa. The export to Africa could be divided into seven goods: guns, gunpowder, textiles, alcoholic beverages, pottery and glass, copper and iron and knives, beads and some other products. A lot of gunpowder and weapons were taken to Guinea, while much more textiles were taken to Loango-Angola. The MCC often bought textiles at the VOC autumn auctions, but also did this from private individuals. Some of them were involved in both textile sales and the slave trade. Snouck Hurgronje & Louijsse, for example, supplied textiles and traded themselves mainly on the Loango-Angola coast, where textiles were important commodities. The company bought textiles in both England and France. The trading company Snouck Hurgronje & Louijsse also engaged in interloping on the West. Around 1765, the firm Bengers & Zoon acted as a trading agent for the MCC from St. Eustatius They also operated on behalf of Snouck Hurgronje & Louijsse. The American Revolution caused a great demand for weapons and ammunition, which were first obtained in the Dutch Republic and then were shipped via West Africa and St. Eustatius. The Walcheren gunpowder mill Eendracht (Unity) increased its production from 170,848 pounds in 1776 to 367,535 pounds in 1779. Snouck Hurgronje & Louijsse from Flushing in 1777 shipped 3,000 barrels of gunpowder and 750 firearms to St. Eustatius in the ship Hoop (Hope) in 1777 and on June 7, 1784, immediately after the end of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War, they bought another 34.236 pounds of gunpowder from the Zeeland Admiralty.

## Slave trade

In addition to slave trade, Snouck Hurgronje & Louijsse were involved in all kinds of activities. In 1766 they equipped their first slave ship. Both built up a fleet of several ships and in the following decade focused on the slave trade with Loango-Angola. In addition, they bought textiles for the slave voyages, but they also supplied this to other Walcheren companies.
The company of Snouck Hurgronje & Louijsse undertook a total of 32 registered slave voyages. During 30 voyages 8,426 captives were transported across the Atlantic Ocean, bringing the estimated total to 11.235 for his company. After Snouck Hurgronje died, Abraham Louijsse continued these activities together with Jan Swart under the name Johannes Louijsse & Zoon.
Slave voyages equipped by Snouck Hurgronje & Louijsse, 1767-1788
| Nr. | Year | ID voyage | Ship | Captain | Departure | Purchase | Destiny | People sold |
| 1 | 1767 | 10839 | Maria | Jansen, Jan | Flushing | Malembo | Surinam | 269 |
| 2 | 1769 | 10840 | Maria | Jansen, Jan | Flushing | Congo | Surinam | 210 |
| 3 | 1770 | 10428 | Anna en Catharina | Heere, C.M. de | Flushing | Africa | Surinam | 276 |
| 4 | 1770 | 10671 | Herstelder | Stap, Pieter | Flushing | Congo | Essequebo | unknown |
| 5 | 1771 | 10841 | Maria | Jansen, Jan | Flushing | Congo | Surinam | 250 |
| 6 | 1771 | 11101 | Vlissingse Hoofdnegotie | Dankers, Joost | Flushing | ‘Windward Coast’, Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, Benin | Essequebo | 280 |
| 7 | 1772 | 10429 | Anna en Catharina | Stuurling, Laurens | Flushing | Malembo | America | unknown |
| 8 | 1772 | 10672 | Herstelder | Stap, Pieter | Flushing | Elmina | Surinam | 300 |
| 9 | 1772 | 10842 | Maria | Jansen, Jan | Flushing | Cabinda | Surinam | 260 |
| 10 | 1773 | 10430 | Anna en Catharina | Stuurling, Laurens | Flushing | Malembo | Caribbean Sea | unknown |
| 11 | 1773 | 10795 | Lammerenburg | Noels, Andries | Flushing | Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, Benin | Surinam | 210 |
| 12 | 1774 | 10843 | Maria | Pieters, Carel | Flushing | Congo | Curaçao | 260 |
| 13 | 1774 | 10995 | Sara Suzanna Maria | Dankers, Joost | Flushing | ‘Windward Coast’, Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, Benin | Curaçao | 300 |
| 14 | 1775 | 10844 | Maria | Pieters, Carel | Flushing | Congo | St. Eustatius | 280 |
| 15 | 1775 | 10431 | Anna en Catharina | Stuurling, Laurens | Flushing | Congo | Demerara | 230 |
| 16 | 1775 | 10796 | Lammerenburg | Noels, Andries | Flushing | “Windward Coast”, Bight of Biafra, Gulf of Guinea | America | 150 |
| 17 | 1777 | 10996 | Sara Suzanna Maria | Dankers, Joost | Flushing | ‘Windward Coast’, Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, Benin | Surinam | 300 |
| 18 | 1778 | 10845 | Maria | Pieters, Carel | Flushing | ‘Windward Coast’, Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, Benin | Essequebo | 200 |
| 19 | 1779 | 10682 | Hoop | Magnus, Carel en Dankers, Joost | Flushing | ‘Windward Coast’ | Essequebo | 200 |
| 20 | 1779 | 11068 | Verwachting | Noels, Andries | Flushing | ‘Windward Coast’, Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, Benin | St. Eustatius | 300 |
| 21 | 1780 | 10901 | Jonge Nicolaas Jan | Reichtert, Frans, Breedau, Carel | Flushing | Cape Coast Castle | Essequebo | unknown |
| 22 | 1780 | 10997 | Sara Suzanna Maria | Dankers, Joost | Flushing | ‘Windward Coast’, Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, Benin | Surinam | 348 |
| 23 | 1780 | 11142 | Westcapelle | Moelaart, Gijsbrecht | Flushing | Congo | St. Eustatius | 443 |
| 24 | 1781 | 10536 | Eendracht | Udemans, Pieter Gideon | Flushing | ‘Windward Coast’, Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, Benin | unknown | unknown |
| 25 | 1782 | 11110 | Vrijheid | Pieters, Carel | Flushing | Afrika | Demerara | unknown |
| 26 | 1784 | 10902 | Jonge Nicolaas Jan | Magnus, Carel | Flushing | Elmina | Demerara | 180 |
| 27 | 1785 | 10683 | Hoop | Udemans, Pieter Gideon | Flushing | Elmina | Surinam | 300 |
| 28 | 1785 | 11181 | Zeefortuin | Baas, Isaac den, Muijen, Cornelis van | Flushing | Elmina | Demerara | 215 |
| 29 | 1785 | 11070 | Verwachting | Noels, Andries | Flushing | Elmina | Demerara | unknown |
| 30 | 1787 | 10613 | Goede Hoop | Muijen, Cornelis van | Zeeland | Africa | Demerara | 427 |
| 31 | 1787 | 11077 | Vigilantie | Dankers, Joost | Flushing | Congo | America | 300 |
| 32 | 1788 | 11185 | Zeenimph | Pieters, Carel | Flushing | Africa | Demerara | 350 |
Slave voyages equipped after the death of Snouck Hurgronje (1788) in company with Jan Swart under the name of Johannes Louijsse & Zoon, 1789-1793
| Nr. | Year | ID voyage | Ship | Captain | Departure | Purchase | Destiny | People sold |
| 33 | 1789 | 11701 | Verwachting | Moelaart, Gijsbrecht | Flushing | Elmina | Demerara | 301 |
| 34 | 1790 | 10614 | Goede Hoop | Muijen, Cornelis van | Rotterdam | Elmina | unknown | unknown |
| 35 | 1791 | 11078 | Vigilantie | Sellow, C. van | Flushing | ‘Windward Coast’, Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, Benin | America | unknown |
| 36 | 1791 | 11072 | Verwachting | Moelaart, Gijsbrecht | Flushing | Congo | America | 300 |
| 37 | 1791 | 10611 | Goed Voornemen | Tol, Casper | Amsterdam | Elmina | Surinam | 276 |
| 38 | 1791 | 11186 | Zeenimph | Pieters, Carel | Flushing | Congo | Demerara | 379 |
| 39 | 1793 | 11079 | Vigilantie | Sellow, C. van | Flushing | Elmina | Spanish Caribbean | 294 |
| 40 | 1793 | 10612 | Goed Voornemen | Tol, Casper | Zeeland | Elmina | Surinam | 308 |
Source for both tables: Slave Voyages.org, consulted March 3–4, 2025; Postma, The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade 1600-1815, passim; Priester, De Nederlandse houding ten aanzien van de slavenhandel en slavernij, 1596-1863, passim; The National Archives, Kew, HCA 30, inv.nr. 321, Attestation Carel Breedau, Augustus 28, 1780.

## Company buildings

Abraham Louijsse owned a barley- and hulling mill that he had founded in 1771 together with broker, shipowner and slave trader Jan van der der Woordt. This was sold again in 1775. Together with his father he operated the trading company Johannes Louijsse & Zoon. A firm that was probably already active in Flushing before 1780. In 1782 however, the office operated from a building on the Rotterdamsekaai in Middelburg. During the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780–1784) this trading company maintained interlooping affairs with Great Brittain in tobacco and gin. In addition to their shipping activities, Snouck Hurgronje & Louijsse were joint accountants for the Flushing gunpowder mill Zeefortuin (Sea Fortune). The trading company was also active in the ivory trade. Johannes Louijsse was even considered an expert in the field of ivory. From September 1779, the company owned an ivory comb- and ivory turning company’, where the ivory imported from Guinea was processed into various objects. The ivory trade by Johannes Louijsse & Zoon had existed for some time, and by far the most ivory was not processed in the factory but traded immediately. After Snouck Hurgronje's death in 1788, the slave trade activities were brought under the flag of Johannes Louijsse & Zoon. Steven Matthijs and Abraham Louijsse had bought a warehouse together on the Nieuwedijk in Flushing on June 17, 1766, for forty Pound Flemish (240 guilders). The seller of this house was John Rainbard.

## Sources
### Literature

* Victor Enthoven, ‘That abominable nest of Pirates. St. Eustatius and the North Americans, 1680-1780’, in: Early American Studies 10/2 (2012) 264–290.
* Johan Francke, ‘Deesen zaak dient … in allen opzigten op het secreetsten gehouden te worden.’ Het plan van Hogguer & De Galz voor een illegale slavenreis via Angola naar Saint-Domingue (1781) (Zoutelande, 2020).
* ___________ , ’Al die willen te kaap’ren varen.’ De Nederlandse commissievaart tijdens de Vierde Engelse Oorlog, 1780-1784 (Zutphen 2019).
* Wim Klooster, Illicit Riches. Dutch trade in the Caribean 1648-1795 (Leiden, 1998).
* Gerhard de Kok, Walcherse ketens. De trans-Atlantische slavenhandel en de economie van Walcheren, 1755-1780. Phd thesis Leiden University ([S.l.], 2019).
* Ruud Paesie, Societeyt van Essequebo. Op- en ondergang van een coöperatieve scheepvaartonderneming, 1771-1788 (Flushing, 2017).
* Johannes Menne Postma, The Dutch in the Atlantic Slave Trade 1600-1815 (Cambridge, 1990).
* L.R. Priester, De Nederlandse houding ten aanzien van de slavenhandel en slavernij, 1596-1863. Het gedrag van de slavenhandelaren van de Commercie Compagnie van Middelburg in de 18e eeuw (Middelburg, 1987).

### Sites

* Slave Voyages.org. Consulted March 3-4, 2025.

### Archival material

Zeeuws Archief, Middelburg (the Netherlands)
* 98 Family Snouck Hurgronje, 1641-1943
** 1.1.3 Steven Matthijs (Snouck) Hurgronje (1741-1788) and Anna Catharina Elias (1746-1796), inv. nrs. 63-75.
*** Afdeling II
** 6 Steven Matthijs Snouck Hurgronje (1741-1788), inv. nrs. 225-235.
* 508 Rekenkamer C
* 511 Rekenkamer D
National Archives, Kew (UK).
* Zee(uw)post, there: TNA, HCA 30, inv.nrs. 321, 339-340, 352, 6 letters of and from Steven Matthijs Snouck Hurgronje and/or Abraham Louijsse, September 1780 - Januari 1781 and attestation Carel Breedau, Augustus 28, 1780.
Content in this edit is translated from the original Dutch article at: nl:Snouck Hurgronje & Louijsse; see its history for attribution.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Francke, ‘Deesen zaak dient … in alen opzigten op het secreetsten gehouden te worden’, 5.
* ↑ Ibidem, 5-6.
* ↑ Zeeuws Archief, entrance 511, Rekenkamer D, inv.nr. 60461 and ’’Nieuw Nederlands Biografisch Woordenboek’’, Volume III, lemma Steven Mathijs Snouck Hurgonje
* ↑ Sociëteit ter Navigatie op Essequebo en annexe Rivieren, lemma in Encyclopedia of Zeeland.
* ↑ Paesie, Societeyt van Essequebo, 39, 41, 136.
* ↑ Francke, ‘Deesen zaak dient … in alen opzigten op het secreetsten gehouden te worden,’ 6.
* ↑ De Kok, Walcherse ketens, 148-149; Francke, Al die willen te kaap’ren varen, 132-133
* ↑ Zeeuws Archief, entrance 508, Rekenkamer C, inv.nr. 8050, fol. 42 verso; Enthoven, ‘That abominable nest of Pirates’, 264-266.
* ↑ De Kok, Walcherse ketens, 50-53.
* ↑ Slave Voyages.org. Search for Hurgronje and Louysse as shipowner. Consulted March 3-4, 2025.
* ↑ Francke, ‘Deesen zaak dient … in allen opzigten op het secreetsten gehouden te worden’, 5-6.
* ↑ Ibidem, 6-7; De Kok, Walcherse ketens, 47-49.
* ↑ Zeeuws Archief, entrance 511, Rekenkamer D, inv.nr. 69451. Real Estate transports Middelburg, 1757-1805