# Collaboration in the German-occupied Soviet Union

A large number of Soviet citizens of various ethnicities collaborated with Nazi Germany during World War II. It is estimated that the number of Soviet collaborators with the Nazi German military was around 1 million.

## Aftermath of the German invasion

Mass collaboration ensued after the German invasion of the Soviet Union of 1941, Operation Barbarossa. The two main forms of mass collaboration in the Nazi-occupied territories were both military in nature. It is estimated that anywhere between 600,000 and 1,400,000 Soviets (Russians and non-Russians) were “military collaborators” with the Wehrmacht in some way either as Hiwis (or Hilfswillige) or in some other capacity, including 275,000 to 350,000 "Muslim and Caucasian”. Ahead of the subsequent implementation of the more oppressive administrative methods by the SS. As much as 20% of the German manpower (when including Hiwis) in Soviet Russia was composed of former Soviet citizens, about half of whom were ethnic Russians. The Ukrainian collaborationist forces comprised an estimated 180,000 volunteers serving with units scattered all over Europe. The second type of mass collaboration was the formation of indigenous security formations (majority ethnic Russian) running into hundreds of thousands and possibly more than 1 million (250,000 volunteers in the East Legions alone). Military collaboration – wrote Alex Alexiev – took place in truly unprecedented numbers suggesting that, more often than not, the Germans were perceived at first as the lesser of two evils compared to the USSR by the non-Russian citizens of the Soviet Union.
   In the autumn of 1941, Field Marshal von Bock had sent to Hitler's Headquarters a detailed project for the organization of a Liberation Army of some 200,000 Russian volunteers, and for the formation of a local government in the province of Smolensk. It was returned in November 1941 with the notation that "such thoughts cannot be discussed with the Führer," and that "politics are not the prerogatives of Army Group Commanders." Of course, Field-Marshal Keitel, who wrote this notation, did not show the project to Hitler.

## Russian collaborationism
### White émigré military formations

* First Russian National Army (earlier Sonderdivision Russland)
* Russian National People's Army (RNNA)
* Russian Protective Corps

### Vlasov Movement

* Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia (KONR)
** Russian Liberation Army (ROA)
* National Alliance of Russian Solidarists (NTS), actively involved in the Russian Liberation Movement, although opposed the Nazis. NTS contributed to ROA, and some of the ROA leading figures, like Fyodor Truhin, were important members of NTS.

### RONA and Lokot Autonomy

The Russian Liberation People's Army (Русская освободительная национальная армия, РОНА; in Latin, RONA), later reformed as Waffen-Sturmbrigade "RONA" and nicknamed the "Kaminski Brigade" after its commander, Waffen-Brigadefuhrer Bronislav Kaminski, was a collaborationist force originally formed from a Nazi-led militia unit in the "Lokot Republic" (Lokot Autonomy), a small puppet regime set up by the Germans to see if a Russian puppet government would be reliable. Kaminski and the leader of the government and the founder of National Socialist Labor Party of Russia, Konstantin Voskoboinik, killed by partisans in 1942, formed a unit that had a strength of 10,000—15,000. As the Red Army advanced, the Kaminski troops were forced to retreat into Belarus, and then into Poland in 1944. There, the RONA was reorganized into an SS brigade, the majority of whom were Russians, with the rest comprising other Soviet ethnicities including Ukrainians, Belarusians and Azerbaijanis. In August, 1,700 brigade troops under Major Yuri Frolov were sent to Warsaw to quell an uprising. During it, the RONA troops became infamous for their atrocities, committing murder, rape, and theft. Some were reported to have left the combat zone with carts full of stolen goods. About 400 soldiers were lost in combat, including Frolov.
At the end of August, Bronislav Kaminski was killed. His death was surrounded with mystery as, while official records state that he was killed by Polish partisans, it is believed that Kaminski was executed by the SS. The reasons are thought to be his unit's war crimes and/or now that Heinrich Himmler supported the Russian Liberation Army of General Andrey Vlasov, he wanted to eliminate a potential rival. The rest of the brigade was reformed into the 29th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS "RONA", which was disbanded in November 1944. Its remaining 3,000–4,000 members were sent to join Vlasov's army.

### Other

* Russian People's Labour Party
* GULAG Operation
* Union for the Struggle Against Bolshevism led by Mikhail Oktan

## Ukrainian collaborationism
### Political formations

* Ukrainian National Government (OUN-B), but after an attempt to restore the Ukrainian State with the Act of restoration of the Ukrainian state on 30th June 1941 many OUN-B leaders were sent to concentration camps and those who remained at large declared war on Nazi Germany.
* Ukrainian National Council [pl; ru; uk] (headed by Mykola Velychkivsky; OUN-M)
* Ukrainian Central Committee [pl; ru; uk] (headed by Volodymyr Kubijovyč)
* Ukrainian National Committee (1945)

### Ukrainian police and military formations

* 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Galician)
* Nachtigall Battalion
* Roland Battalion
* Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
* Ukrainian Legion of Self-Defense
* Ukrainian Liberation Army
* Ukrainian National Army, headed by Ukrainian National Committee
* Ukrainian People's Militsiya

## Belarusian collaborationism

* Belarusian National Socialist Party [be; de; it]
* Belarusian Independence Party
* Zuyev Republic

### Generalbezirk Weißruthenien

* Belarusian Auxiliary Police
* Belarusian Central Council
** Belarusian Home Defence
** Union of Belarusian Youth
* Belarus Newspaper

## Other
### Cossacks

* 1st Cossack Cavalry Division
* XV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps

### Eastern Europe and Asia

* 162nd Turkestan Division
* Armenian Legion
* Azerbaijani Legion
* Georgian Legion
* Caucasian-Mohammedan Legion
* North Caucasian Legion
* Kalmykian Cavalry Corps
* Tatar Legions
* Turkestan Legion
* Idel Ural Legion