# List of former European colonies

This is a list of former European colonies.
The European countries which had the most colonies throughout history were: United Kingdom (130), France (90), Portugal (52), Spain (44), Netherlands (29), Germany (20), Russia (17), Denmark (9), Sweden (8), Italy (7), Norway (6), Belgium (3), and Courland (2).

## North America
### Northern and Central America
#### Denmark

* Greenland
* Danish West Indies

#### France

* New France
** Louisiana
** Canada
* Newfoundland
* Île-Royale (Cape Breton Island)
* Saint-Domingue (Haiti)
* Acadia
* Quebec
* Guadeloupe

#### Great Britain

* British America (New Britain)
** Canada
*** Island of St. John
*** Rupert's Land (A private estate stretching from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains, and from the prairies to the Arctic Circle.)
*** Lower Canada
**** Province of Quebec
*** Upper Canada
*** Newfoundland Colony
** "Thirteen Colonies" (The United States of America)
*** New England Colonies:
**** Province of Massachusetts Bay
**** Province of New Hampshire
**** Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
**** Connecticut Colony
*** Province of New York
*** Province of New Jersey
*** Province of Pennsylvania
*** Delaware Colony
*** Province of Maryland
*** Colony of Virginia
*** Province of North Carolina
*** Province of South Carolina
*** Province of Georgia
** Other North American colonies
*** Province of East Florida
*** Province of West Florida
*** Indian Reserve
*** Middle Colonies
*** Chesapeake Colonies
*** Southern Colonies
*** Oregon Country (disputed with France)
* British Honduras
* Mosquito Coast
* Bay Islands

#### Iceland

* Greenland
* Vinland (Newfoundland?)

#### Netherlands

* New Netherland (Nieuw-Amsterdam / New York)

#### Norway

* Greenland

#### Portugal

* Claim to Labrador
* Claim and settlement in Terra Nova (Newfoundland)

#### Russia

* Fort Ross, California
* Kauai
* Russian Alaska

#### Scotland

* Nova Scotia

#### Spain

* Mexico (1521)
* Viceroyalty of New Spain (1535–1821)
** Las Californias
** Nuevo Reino de León
** Nuevo Santander
** Nueva Vizcaya
** Santa Fe de Nuevo México
** Nueva Extremadura
** Nueva Galicia
** Captaincy General of Cuba
** Puerto Rico
** Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic)
** Captaincy General of Guatemala
** Costa Rica
** El Salvador
** East Florida and West Florida
** Settlement at Nootka, near Vancouver Island, Canada

#### Sweden

* New Sweden

#### Sweden-Norway

* Sverdrup Islands (Claimed) (1902–1905)

### Caribbean
#### Brandenburg

* St Thomas

#### Courland

* New Courland (Tobago)

#### Denmark-Norway

* Saint John
* Saint Thomas
* Saint Croix

#### France

* Anguilla
* Antigua and Barbuda
* Dominica
* Grenada
* Montserrat
* Nevis
* Saint Christophe (St Kitts)
* Saint Croix
* Saint-Domingue (Hispaniola)
* Sainte-Lucia (St Lucia)
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Sint Eustatius
* Tobago

#### Knights of Malta

* Saint Barthélemy
* Saint Martin
* Saint Christopher (St Kitts)
* Saint Croix
* Tortuga (off coast of Haiti)

#### Netherlands

* Anegada
* New Walcheren (Tobago)
* Saint Croix
* Tortola
* Virgin Gorda

#### Portugal

* Barbados

#### Scotland

* Caledonia (Gulf of Darién)

#### Spain

* Belize
* Jamaica
* Spanish West Indies
** The Bahamas
** Cuba
** Hispaniola
** Puerto Rico
** Trinidad

#### Sweden

* Saint-Barthélemy

#### Sweden-Norway

* Cooper Island
* Saint-Barthélemy (1814–1878)

#### United Kingdom

* The Bahamas
* Barbados
* Belize
* Jamaica
* Leeward Islands
** Antigua and Barbuda
** Dominica
** Saint Christopher (St Kitts)-Nevis
* Trinidad and Tobago
* Windward Islands
** Grenada
** Saint Lucia
** Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

## South America
### Augsburg/Nuremberg

* Welserland (Venezuela)

### France

* Brazil (Rio de Janeiro briefly, and São Luís briefly)
(see France Antarctique and France Équinoxiale)
* Iles Malouines (Falkland Islands)

### Netherlands

* Berbice (Guyana)
* Demerara
** Dutch colonisation of the Guianas, overview
* Surinam (Suriname)
* Essequibo
* New Holland (Brazil – Half the captaincies)

### Portugal

* Brazil
* Cisplatina (Uruguay)
* Sacramento
* Misiones Orientales

### Spain

* Kingdom of Tierra Firme (1498–1537)
* Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)
* Governorate of Castilla de Oro (1514–1539)
* Governorate of New Castile (1529–1542)
* Governorate of New Toledo (1529–1542)
* Governorate of New León (1529–1539)
* Governorate of New Andalusia (1534–1617)
* Viceroyalty of Peru (1542–1824)
** New Kingdom of Granada (1538–1717) (1723–1739)
** Real Audiencia of Panamá (1538–1717) (1723–1739)
** Governorate of Terra Australis (1539–1555)
** Captaincy General of Chile (1541–1818)
** Real Audiencia of Lima (1542–1821)
** Governorate of the Río de la Plata (1549–1776)
** Real Audiencia of Charcas (1559–1776)
** Real Audiencia of Quito (1563–1717) (1723–1739)
** Real Audiencia of Concepción (1565–1575)
** Governorate of Guayrá (1617–1776)
** Real Audiencia of Buenos Aires (1661–1671)
** Real Audiencia of Cuzco (1787–1825)
* Viceroyalty of New Granada (1717–1723) (1739–1810) (1815–1822)
** Real Audiencia of Panamá (1717–1723) (1739–1752)
** Real Audiencia of Quito (1717–1723) (1739–1822)
** Captaincy General of Venezuela (1777–1824)
* Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (1776–1814)
** Governorate of Paraguay (1776–1782)
** Real Audiencia of Charcas (1776–1821)
* Upper Peru (1821–1825)

### Sweden-Norway

* Grytviken (1904–1905)

### United Kingdom

* British Guiana
** Berbice, Essequibo, Demerara
* Surinam

## Africa
### Belgium

* Belgian Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
* Ruanda-Urundi (Rwanda and Burundi)

### Brandenburg

* Arguin (in Mauritania)
* Brandenburger Gold Coast (coastal settlements in Ghana)

### Courland

* St. Andrews Island (in the Gambia)

### Denmark-Norway

* Danish Gold Coast (coastal settlements in Ghana)

### France

* Albreda (in The Gambia)
* Comoros
* French Dahomey (Benin)
* French Algeria
* French Cameroon (91% of modern Cameroon)
* French Chad
* French Congo (Republic of the Congo)
* French Guinea (Guinea)
* French Upper Volta (Republic of Upper Volta, Burkina Faso)
* French Somaliland (Djibouti)
* French Sudan (Mali)
* French Togoland (Togo)
* French Madagascar
* Gabon
* Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)
* Colonial Mauritania
* French protectorate in Morocco (89% of Morocco)
* Oubangui-Chari (Central African Republic)
* Senegal
* Senegambia and Niger
** Upper Senegal and Niger
** Colony of Niger
* French protectorate of Tunisia

### Germany

* German East Africa (Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania)
* German South-West Africa (Namibia)
* Kamerun (split between Cameroon and Nigeria)
* Togoland (split between Togo and Ghana)
* Wituland (Lamu Island, owned by Kenya)

### Hospitaller Malta

* Tripoli

### Italy

* Italian East Africa
** Italian Eritrea
** Italian Somaliland (now Somalia)
* Italian Libya

### Netherlands

* Arguin Island (in Mauritania)
* Dutch Cape Colony
* Dutch Gold Coast (settlements along coast of Ghana, including El Mina)
* Dutch Loango-Angola (Luanda, Sonyo and Cabinda)
* Gorée (Senegal)
* Moçambique (Delagoa Bay)
* São Tomé
* South Africa
* Mauritius

### Portugal

* Ajuda (Whydah, in Benin)
* Portuguese Angola
* Annobón
* Cabinda
* Cape Verde (Cabo Verde)
* Ceuta
* Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá
* Gorée (in Senegal)
* Malindi
* Mombasa
* Algarve Ultramar (Morocco)
** Agadir
** Alcacer Ceguer
** Arzila
** Azamor
** Mazagan
** Mogador
** Safim
* Nigeria (Lagos area)
* Mozambique
* Portuguese Gold Coast (settlements along coast of Ghana)
* Portuguese Guinea (Guinea-Bissau)
* Quíloa
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Tangier
* Zanzibar
* Ziguinchor

### Russia

* Sagallo

### Spain

* Bona
* Bougie
* Jerba
* Fernando Po and Annobon (insular Equatorial Guinea)
* Oran
* Port Guinea
* Río Muni (mainland Equatorial Guinea)
* Spanish Protectorate in Morocco
* Spanish West Africa
** Río de Oro
** Saguia el-Hamra
** Tarfaya Strip
** Ifni

### Sweden

* Swedish Gold Coast (coastal settlements in Ghana)

### United Kingdom

* Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (Sudan)
* Basutoland (Lesotho)
* Balleland (Benin)
* Bechuanaland (Botswana)
* British East Africa (Kenya)
* British Somaliland (Somaliland)
* British Togoland (eastern Ghana)
* British Cameroon (split between Nigeria and Cameroon)
* British Mauritius
* British Egypt
** Khedivate of Egypt
** Sultanate of Egypt
** Kingdom of Egypt
* Gambia Colony and Protectorate
* Gold Coast (Ghana)
* Colonial Nigeria
** Niger Coast Protectorate
** Northern Nigeria Protectorate
** Southern Nigeria Protectorate
** Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
* Northern Rhodesia (Zambia)
* Nyasaland (Malawi)
* Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate
* Union of South Africa
** British Cape Colony
** Natal Colony
** Orange River Colony
** Transvaal Colony
* South West Africa (Namibia)
** Walvis Bay
* Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)
* Swaziland (Eswatini)
* Tanganyika Territory (mainland Tanzania)
* Uganda Protectorate
* Sultanate of Zanzibar (insular Tanzania)

## West Asia
### France

* Syria
* Lebanon

### Netherlands

* Jemen, Al Mukha (Mocca)
* Mesopotamia (Iraq, Al Basrah)

### Portugal

* Aden
* Bandar Abbas (Iran)
* Hormuz
* Manama (Bahrain)
* Muharraq Island (Bahrain)
* Muscat (Oman)
* Qeshm

### United Kingdom

* Aden Protectorate
* Bahrain
* Cyprus
* Mandatory Iraq
* Sheikhdom of Kuwait
* Muscat and Oman
* Palestine
* Qatar
* South Arabia
* Emirate of Transjordan
* Trucial States

## South Asia
### Indian Ocean Area
#### France

* French Comoros
* Isle de France (now Mauritius)
* French Madagascar
* French Seychelles

#### Netherlands

* Dutch Mauritius (now Mauritius)

#### Portugal

* Laccadive Islands (Lakshadweep)
* Maldive Islands
* Socotra

#### Austria

* Banquibazar & Cabelon
* Nicobar Islands

#### United Kingdom

* Mauritius
* Seychelles
* Maldives

### Mainland
#### Denmark-Norway

* Frederik Oerne Islands (Nicobar Islands)
* Serampore
* Tranquebar

#### France

* French India
** Pondicherry
** Karikal
** Yanaon
** Mahé
** Chandernagore

#### Netherlands

* Dutch Bengal
* Dutch Ceylon
* Dutch India (Dutch Bengal, Suratte, Malabar, Coromandel)

#### Portugal

* Bombay
* Calicut
* Cambay
* Cannanore
* Ceilão
* Chaul
* Chittagong
* Cochin
* Dadra and Nagar Haveli
* Daman and Diu
* Goa
* Hughli
* Masulipatnam
* Mangalore
* Surat
* Syriam

#### Sweden

* Parangipettai

#### United Kingdom

* Territories of the EIC till 1858
* Territories of the British Raj after 1858

## Asia-Pacific
### Austria

* North Borneo
* Tianjin

### Belgium

* Tianjin (concession territory)

### France

* East Asia
** Kwang-Chou-Wan (廣州灣) leased territory, now the city of Zhanjiang (Guangdong province)
** French settlements (French Concession of Shanghai, Guangdong, Tianjin, and Hankou)
** French zone of influence officially recognized by China over the provinces of Yunnan, Guangxi, Hainan, and Guangdong
* Indochina
** Cambodia
** Laos
** Vietnam
*** Annam
*** Cochinchina
*** Tonkin
* New Hebrides (Vanuatu, condominium with Britain)

### Germany

* Bismarck Archipelago
* Caroline Islands (Karolinen)
* German New Guinea
* Gilbert Islands
* German Samoa
* Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory
* Kaiser-Wilhelmsland
* Marshall Islands
* Nauru
* North Solomon Islands
* Northern Marianas Islands (Marianen)
* Palau
* Tianjin

### Italy

* Tianjin (concession)

### Netherlands

* Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)
* Dutch New Guinea (Western Part of Papua, Indonesia)
* Malacca
* Dutch Formosa
* Dejima

### Portugal

* Flores
* Macau
* Malacca
* Moluccas
** Ambon
** Ternate
** Tidore
* Portuguese Timor (Timor-Leste)
* Portuguese Nagasaki
* Solor

### Spain

* Spanish East Indies
** Philippines
** Marianas Islands
*** Guam
*** Northern Marianas Islands
** Caroline Islands
* Marshall Islands

### United Kingdom

* British Burma
* Australia
** New South Wales
** Queensland
** South Australia
** Swan River Colony/Western Australia
** Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania)
** Victoria
* British Solomon Islands
* British Western Pacific Territories
* Christmas Island
* Cocos Islands
* Colonial Fiji
* Gilbert and Ellice Islands (Kiribati & Tuvalu)
* Hawaii (formerly Sandwich Islands)
* Kingdom of Rarotonga (Cook Islands)
* New Hebrides (Vanuatu, condominium with France)
* New Zealand
** Auckland Islands
* Niue
* Norfolk Island
* Territory of Papua and New Guinea
* Territory of New Guinea
* Western Samoa
* Phoenix Islands (part of Kiribati)
* Solomon Islands
* Territory of Papua
* Tokelau
* Tonga
* Southeast Asia
** Malaysia
** British Malaya
*** Federated Malay States
*** Straits Settlements
*** Unfederated Malay States
** British Borneo
*** North Borneo
*** Kingdom of Sarawak
* Brunei
* Bonin Islands (Japan)
* Singapore
* China
** Hong Kong
** Jiujiang (British concession territory)
** Weihaiwei (leased to the British government)
** Shanghai International Settlement (merger of the British and American concessions and residency in Shanghai)
** Tianjin (British concession territory)
** Canton (British concession territory)

## Antarctic
### France

* Adélie Land
* Amsterdam Island (New Amsterdam)
* Crozet Islands
* French Southern and Antarctic Lands
* Kerguelen Islands
* Saint Paul Island

### Germany

* New Swabia

### Norway

* Bouvet Island
* Peter I Island
* Queen Maud Land

### Spain

* Governorate of Terra Australis (1539–1555)

### United Kingdom

* British Antarctic Territory
* Falkland Islands Dependencies
* South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

## Europe
### Denmark

* Iceland

### Italy

* Albania
* Dodecanese

### Spain

* Spanish Netherlands
* Franche-Comté
* Kingdom of Portugal
* Duchy of Milan
* Kingdom of Naples
* Kingdom of Sicily

### Norway

* Iceland
* Faroe Islands
* Isle of Man, Northern Isles, Hebrides

### United Kingdom

* Corsica (the Anglo-Corsican Kingdom was a protectorate of Britain, now part of France)
* Cyprus
* Ionian islands (now part of Greece)
* Ireland
* Malta
* Menorca (now part of Spain)
* Heligoland (now part of Germany)