# Michael Levin (biologist)

Michael Levin is an American developmental and synthetic biologist at Tufts University, where he is the Vannevar Bush Distinguished Professor. Levin is a director of the Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University and Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology. He is also co-director of the Institute for Computationally Designed Organisms with Josh Bongard.

## Early life

Michael Levin was born in Moscow, USSR, in 1969, into a Jewish family. His parents faced antisemitism in the Soviet Union, and in 1978 took advantage of a visa program for Soviet Jews and moved the family to Lynn, Massachusetts. Levin's father was a computer programmer and worked for the Soviet weather service; his mother was a concert pianist.
Levin's family immigration was sponsored by Temple Sinai in Marblehead, Massachusetts. His family is still members of Temple Sinai. Levin stated that "... I've always lived within about a mile radius of where we landed in '78."

## Career

Levin received dual bachelor's degrees in computer science and biology from Tufts University, and a Ph. D. in genetics from Harvard University (working in the lab of Clifford Tabin). His post-doctoral training was in the Cell Biology department of Harvard School of Medicine with Mark Mercola. Levin first established his independent lab at the Forsyth Institute in 2000. His research interests include: bioelectrical signals by which cells communicate to serve the dynamic anatomical needs of the organism during development, regeneration, and cancer suppression; basal cognition and intelligence in diverse unconventional substrates; and top-down control of form and function across scales in biology. He moved his group to Tufts in 2009. In 2010, he also became an associate member of the Wyss Institute of Harvard Medical School.
He is known for co-discovering the Xenobots, "Living robots made from frog skin cells can sense their environment". This research is focused on development of a multiplexed, microfluidic, Xenopus embryo culture system that will enable discovery of new drug targets and development of therapeutics when combined with multiomics and an integrated bioinformatics pipeline. This work was funded by the DARPA L2M program.
As of 2021, Levin's lab is working on synthetic biology applications of bioelectricity for cellular control; development of a bioinformatics of shape, AI tools for discovery and testing of algorithmic models linking molecular-genetic data to morphogenesis; using techniques from AI, computational neuroscience, and cognitive science to make models of morphogenesis.
Levin is co-editor in chief of Bioelectricity, founding associate editor of Collective Intelligence, and is on editorial advisory board of Laterality journals.

## Awards and honors

Source:
* 2020 Distinguished Professor, Tufts University
* 2013 Distinguished Scholar Award, Tufts University
* 2013 Certificate of Teaching Excellence from MBL Stem Cell Course
* 2012 Scientist of Vision Award, IFESS
* 2011 Vannevar Bush Endowed Chair appointment
* 2004 The work on the molecular basis of left-right asymmetry (Cell 1995) was chosen by the journal Nature as a “Milestone in Developmental Biology in the last century”
* 2001 “Best Talk” award at the Juan March Foundation conference on Left Right Asymmetry in Madrid, Spain
* 2000 Junior Investigator Award, Society for Physical Regulation in Biology and Medicine
* 1997-2000 Helen Hay Whitney Foundation post-doctoral fellowship
* 1997 Alexander Imich Award, paper on cognitive science and consciousness
* 1992-1995 NSF pre-doctoral fellowship for Ph.D. work
* 1990, 1991 Hughes Scholarships for research in developmental biophysics

## Publications

Michael Levin has published more than 350 papers; the full list can be found on his Google Scholar page or in his official biography at Tufts website or on his official website. Some of the most cited papers:
* Levin, Michael; Johnson, Randy L; Sterna, Claudio D; Kuehn, Michael; Tabin, Cliff (September 1995). "A molecular pathway determining left-right asymmetry in chick embryogenesis". Cell. 82 (5): 803–814. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90477-8. PMID 7671308. S2CID 9103898.
* Levin, Michael (1 January 2005). "Left–right asymmetry in embryonic development: a comprehensive review". Mechanisms of Development. 122 (1): 3–25. doi:10.1016/j.mod.2004.08.006. PMID 15582774. S2CID 15211728.
* Levin, Michael; Thorlin, Thorleif; Robinson, Kenneth R.; Nogi, Taisaku; Mercola, Mark (October 2002). "Asymmetries in H+/K+-ATPase and Cell Membrane Potentials Comprise a Very Early Step in Left-Right Patterning". Cell. 111 (1): 77–89. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00939-X. PMID 12372302. S2CID 2502945.
* Sundelacruz, Sarah; Levin, Michael; Kaplan, David L. (September 2009). "Role of Membrane Potential in the Regulation of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation". Stem Cell Reviews and Reports. 5 (3): 231–246. doi:10.1007/s12015-009-9080-2. PMC 10467564. PMID 19562527. S2CID 16110771.
* Blackiston, Douglas J.; McLaughlin, Kelly A.; Levin, Michael (November 2009). "Bioelectric controls of cell proliferation: Ion channels, membrane voltage and the cell cycle". Cell Cycle. 8 (21): 3527–3536. doi:10.4161/cc.8.21.9888. PMC 2862582. PMID 19823012.
* Levin, Michael (June 2007). "Large-scale biophysics: ion flows and regeneration". Trends in Cell Biology. 17 (6): 261–270. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2007.04.007. PMID 17498955.
* Adams, Dany S.; Masi, Alessio; Levin, Michael (1 April 2007). "H+ pump-dependent changes in membrane voltage are an early mechanism necessary and sufficient to induce Xenopus tail regeneration" (PDF). Development. 134 (7): 1323–1335. doi:10.1242/dev.02812. PMID 17329365. S2CID 7576331.
* Adams, Dany S.; Robinson, Kenneth R.; Fukumoto, Takahiro; Yuan, Shipeng; Albertson, R. Craig; Yelick, Pamela; Kuo, Lindsay; McSweeney, Megan; Levin, Michael (1 May 2006). "Early, H+-V-ATPase-dependent proton flux is necessary for consistent left-right patterning of non-mammalian vertebrates" (PDF). Development. 133 (9): 1657–1671. doi:10.1242/dev.02341. PMC 3136117. PMID 16554361.
* Fukumoto, Takahiro; Kema, Ido P.; Levin, Michael (May 2005). "Serotonin Signaling Is a Very Early Step in Patterning of the Left-Right Axis in Chick and Frog Embryos". Current Biology. 15 (9): 794–803. Bibcode:2005CBio...15..794F. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.03.044. PMID 15886096. S2CID 14567423.
* Levin, Michael; Pagan, Sylvia; Roberts, Drucilla J.; Cooke, Jonathan; Kuehn, Michael R.; Tabin, Clifford J. (September 1997). "Left/Right Patterning Signals and the Independent Regulation of Different Aspects ofSitusin the Chick Embryo". Developmental Biology. 189 (1): 57–67. doi:10.1006/dbio.1997.8662. PMID 9281337.
* Levin, Michael (December 2014). "Molecular bioelectricity: how endogenous voltage potentials control cell behavior and instruct pattern regulation in vivo". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 25 (24): 3835–3850. doi:10.1091/mbc.e13-12-0708. PMC 4244194. PMID 25425556.
* Levin, Michael (2019). "The Computational Boundary of a "Self": Developmental Bioelectricity Drives Multicellularity and Scale-Free Cognition". Frontiers in Psychology. 10: 2688. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02688. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 6923654. PMID 31920779.