# Nouméa

Nouméa (French pronunciation: ) is the capital and largest city of the French special collectivity of New Caledonia and is also the largest Francophone city in Oceania. It is situated on a peninsula in the south of New Caledonia's main island, Grande Terre, and is home to the majority of the island's European, Polynesian (Wallisians, Futunians, Tahitians), Indonesian, and Vietnamese populations, as well as many Melanesians, Ni-Vanuatu and Kanaks who work in one of the South Pacific's most industrialised cities. The city lies on a protected deepwater harbour that serves as the chief port for New Caledonia.
At the September 2019 census, there were 182,341 inhabitants in the metropolitan area of Greater Nouméa (French: agglomération du Grand Nouméa), 94,285 of whom lived in the city (commune) of Nouméa proper. 67.2% of the population of New Caledonia lives in Greater Nouméa, which covers the communes of Nouméa, Le Mont-Dore, Dumbéa and Païta.

## History

The first European to establish a settlement in the vicinity was British trader James Paddon in 1851. Eager to assert control of the island, the French established a settlement nearby three years later in 1854, moving from Balade in the north of the island. This settlement was initially called Port-de-France and was renamed Nouméa in 1866. The area served first as a penal colony, later as a centre for the exportation of the nickel and gold that was mined nearby.
From 1904 to 1940, Nouméa was linked to Dumbéa and Païta by the Nouméa-Païta railway, the only railway line that ever existed in New Caledonia.
During World War II, the United States Navy built Naval Base Noumea and Nouméa served as the headquarters of the United States military in the South Pacific. The five-sided U.S. military headquarters complex was adopted after the war as the base for a new regional intergovernmental development organisation: the South Pacific Commission, later known as the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, and later still as the Pacific Community.
The city maintains much of New Caledonia's unique mix of French and old Melanesian culture. Even today the United States wartime military influence lingers, both with the warmth that many New Caledonian people feel towards the United States after experiencing the relative friendliness of American soldiers and also with the names of several of the quarters in Nouméa. Districts such as "Receiving" and "Robinson", or even "Motor Pool", strike the anglophone ear strangely, until the historical context becomes clear.

## Geography

The city is situated on an irregular, hilly peninsula near the southeast end of New Caledonia, which is in the south-west Pacific Ocean.
Neighbourhoods of Nouméa include:
* Rivière-Salée
* 6e km, 7e km, Normandie, and Tina
* Ducos peninsula:
** Ducos, Ducos industriel, Kaméré, Koumourou, Logicoop, Numbo, Tindu
* 4e Km, Aérodrome, Haut Magenta, Magenta, Ouémo, and Portes de fer
* Faubourg Blanchot and Vallée des Colons
* Doniambo, Montagne coupée, Montravel, and Vallée du tir
* Artillerie Nord, Centre Ville, Nouville, Quartier Latin, Vallée du Génie
* Anse Vata (Drubea: Ouata), Artillerie Sud, Baie des Citrons, Motor Pool, N'géa, Orphelinat, Receiving, Trianon, and Val Plaisance

### Climate

Nouméa features a tropical savanna climate (Köppen: Aw) with hot summers and warm winters. Temperatures are warmer in the months of January, February and March with average highs hovering around 30 degrees Celsius and cooler during the months of July and August where average high temperatures are around 23 degrees Celsius. The capital's dry season months are September and October. The rest of the year is noticeably wetter. Nouméa on average receives roughly 1,100 mm (43 in) of precipitation annually.
Climate data for Nouméa (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1950–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 36.8 (98.2) | 36.4 (97.5) | 36.4 (97.5) | 36.1 (97.0) | 32.7 (90.9) | 30.7 (87.3) | 34.0 (93.2) | 31.7 (89.1) | 33.0 (91.4) | 32.3 (90.1) | 34.9 (94.8) | 35.7 (96.3) | 36.8 (98.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.5 (85.1) | 29.9 (85.8) | 29.0 (84.2) | 27.4 (81.3) | 25.6 (78.1) | 24.2 (75.6) | 23.4 (74.1) | 23.4 (74.1) | 24.7 (76.5) | 26.2 (79.2) | 27.6 (81.7) | 29.1 (84.4) | 26.7 (80.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.5 (79.7) | 26.9 (80.4) | 26.2 (79.2) | 24.7 (76.5) | 22.9 (73.2) | 21.6 (70.9) | 20.6 (69.1) | 20.5 (68.9) | 21.5 (70.7) | 22.9 (73.2) | 24.3 (75.7) | 25.8 (78.4) | 23.7 (74.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.4 (74.1) | 24.0 (75.2) | 23.5 (74.3) | 22.0 (71.6) | 20.2 (68.4) | 18.9 (66.0) | 17.7 (63.9) | 17.5 (63.5) | 18.3 (64.9) | 19.6 (67.3) | 21.0 (69.8) | 22.5 (72.5) | 20.7 (69.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 18.6 (65.5) | 19.0 (66.2) | 18.8 (65.8) | 16.7 (62.1) | 15.7 (60.3) | 13.6 (56.5) | 13.5 (56.3) | 13.2 (55.8) | 13.3 (55.9) | 14.2 (57.6) | 15.2 (59.4) | 17.8 (64.0) | 13.2 (55.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 107.2 (4.22) | 128.3 (5.05) | 161.9 (6.37) | 118.3 (4.66) | 89.9 (3.54) | 77.5 (3.05) | 69.8 (2.75) | 67.5 (2.66) | 39.3 (1.55) | 36.3 (1.43) | 44.2 (1.74) | 64.0 (2.52) | 1,004.2 (39.54) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 10.1 | 10.8 | 11.9 | 11.7 | 11.3 | 9.3 | 9.4 | 8.4 | 5.8 | 4.8 | 6.0 | 6.7 | 106.3 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 238.5 | 205.6 | 196.1 | 193.1 | 173.2 | 154.6 | 182.4 | 203.5 | 230.8 | 258.6 | 250.6 | 261.8 | 2,548.7 |
| Source 1: Météo-France, Meteociel (sunshine 1981–2010) ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: Service de la météorologie de la Nouvelle-Calédonie ||||||||||||||
Climate data for Nouméa (Magenta, 1991–2020 averages, extremes 1964–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 36.8 (98.2) | 35.4 (95.7) | 35.7 (96.3) | 34.1 (93.4) | 32.4 (90.3) | 30.8 (87.4) | 32.0 (89.6) | 31.7 (89.1) | 32.6 (90.7) | 31.9 (89.4) | 35.7 (96.3) | 35.5 (95.9) | 36.8 (98.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.1 (84.4) | 29.6 (85.3) | 28.8 (83.8) | 27.4 (81.3) | 25.7 (78.3) | 24.3 (75.7) | 23.4 (74.1) | 23.3 (73.9) | 24.5 (76.1) | 25.8 (78.4) | 27.1 (80.8) | 28.5 (83.3) | 26.5 (79.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.4 (79.5) | 26.9 (80.4) | 26.2 (79.2) | 24.7 (76.5) | 22.7 (72.9) | 21.3 (70.3) | 20.2 (68.4) | 20.1 (68.2) | 21.1 (70.0) | 22.6 (72.7) | 24.0 (75.2) | 25.6 (78.1) | 23.5 (74.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.7 (74.7) | 24.2 (75.6) | 23.7 (74.7) | 22.1 (71.8) | 19.8 (67.6) | 18.4 (65.1) | 17.0 (62.6) | 16.8 (62.2) | 17.8 (64.0) | 19.5 (67.1) | 21.0 (69.8) | 22.7 (72.9) | 20.6 (69.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 17.5 (63.5) | 17.9 (64.2) | 14.5 (58.1) | 14.6 (58.3) | 12.0 (53.6) | 10.8 (51.4) | 8.9 (48.0) | 9.9 (49.8) | 9.9 (49.8) | 10.8 (51.4) | 13.2 (55.8) | 16.0 (60.8) | 8.9 (48.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 107.9 (4.25) | 134.0 (5.28) | 167.7 (6.60) | 124.2 (4.89) | 86.0 (3.39) | 82.1 (3.23) | 71.8 (2.83) | 70.3 (2.77) | 38.4 (1.51) | 39.1 (1.54) | 44.4 (1.75) | 68.4 (2.69) | 1,034.3 (40.72) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 9.7 | 10.8 | 12.2 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 9.5 | 9.2 | 8.5 | 5.5 | 5.1 | 6.1 | 6.9 | 106.4 |
| Source: Météo France ||||||||||||||
Climate data for Nouméa (Amédée, 1991–2020 averages, extremes 1989–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 36.7 (98.1) | 36.4 (97.5) | 35.4 (95.7) | 32.7 (90.9) | 31.2 (88.2) | 30.2 (86.4) | 31.0 (87.8) | 29.2 (84.6) | 30.4 (86.7) | 30.7 (87.3) | 33.1 (91.6) | 34.3 (93.7) | 36.7 (98.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.2 (84.6) | 29.8 (85.6) | 29.0 (84.2) | 27.6 (81.7) | 26.0 (78.8) | 24.6 (76.3) | 23.8 (74.8) | 23.9 (75.0) | 25.0 (77.0) | 26.1 (79.0) | 27.4 (81.3) | 28.7 (83.7) | 26.8 (80.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.7 (80.1) | 27.3 (81.1) | 26.7 (80.1) | 25.4 (77.7) | 23.9 (75.0) | 22.5 (72.5) | 21.6 (70.9) | 21.4 (70.5) | 22.3 (72.1) | 23.5 (74.3) | 24.7 (76.5) | 26.0 (78.8) | 24.3 (75.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 24.2 (75.6) | 24.8 (76.6) | 24.4 (75.9) | 23.2 (73.8) | 21.7 (71.1) | 20.4 (68.7) | 19.3 (66.7) | 19.0 (66.2) | 19.7 (67.5) | 20.8 (69.4) | 22.0 (71.6) | 23.4 (74.1) | 21.9 (71.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 20.3 (68.5) | 20.2 (68.4) | 20.3 (68.5) | 18.4 (65.1) | 16.8 (62.2) | 16.0 (60.8) | 15.2 (59.4) | 14.3 (57.7) | 14.8 (58.6) | 16.5 (61.7) | 16.9 (62.4) | 19.4 (66.9) | 14.3 (57.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 92.8 (3.65) | 81.4 (3.20) | 107.2 (4.22) | 83.0 (3.27) | 74.6 (2.94) | 65.8 (2.59) | 61.1 (2.41) | 56.3 (2.22) | 36.2 (1.43) | 27.0 (1.06) | 30.5 (1.20) | 49.3 (1.94) | 765.2 (30.13) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.7 | 9.2 | 9.9 | 9.3 | 9.8 | 8.8 | 8.0 | 7.0 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 4.6 | 5.4 | 88.8 |
| Source: Météo-France ||||||||||||||

## Demographics

The Greater Nouméa urban area (French: agglomération du Grand Nouméa) had a total population of 182,341 inhabitants at the September 2019 census, 94,285 of whom lived in the commune of Nouméa proper.
The Greater Nouméa urban area is made up of four communes:
* Nouméa (94,285 inh.)
* Dumbéa (35,873 inh.), to the north-west of Nouméa
* Le Mont-Dore (27,620 inh.), to the north-east of Nouméa
* Païta (24,563 inh.), a suburb to the west of Dumbéa and the site of La Tontouta International Airport

### Historical population

Historical population Nouméa (commune) :
| Historical population Nouméa (commune)YearPop.±% p.a.1956 22,235— 1963 34,990+7.34%1969 41,853+3.10%1976 56,078+4.20%1983 60,112+1.00%1989 65,110+1.35%1996 76,293+2.28%2009 97,579+1.87%2014 99,926+0.47%2019 94,285−1.15%Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Source: ISEE | Historical population Greater Nouméa (urban area)YearPop.±% p.a.1956 25,204— 1963 39,996+7.48%1969 50,488+4.06%1976 74,335+5.58%1983 85,098+1.96%1989 97,581+2.32%1996 118,823+2.84%2009 163,723+2.44%2014 179,509+1.83%2019 182,341+0.31%Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Source: SPLAF and ISEE |
Average population growth of the Greater Nouméa urban area:
* 1956–1963: +2,310 people per year (+7.5% per year)
* 1963–1969: +1,791 people per year (+4.1% per year)
* 1969–1976: +3,349 people per year (+5.6% per year)
* 1976–1983: +1,543 people per year (+2.0% per year)
* 1983–1989: +2,091 people per year (+2.3% per year)
* 1989–1996: +3,020 people per year (+2.8% per year)
* 1996–2009: +3,382 people per year (+2.4% per year)
* 2009–2014: +3,106 people per year (+1.8% per year)
* 2014–2019: +562 people per year (+0.3% per year)

### Migrations

The places of birth of the 179,509 residents in the Greater Nouméa urban area at the 2014 census were the following:
* 66.7% were born in New Caledonia
* 21.2% in Metropolitan France or its overseas departments and territories (outside of the Pacific)
* 6.3% in foreign countries (notably Indonesia, Vanuatu, Vietnam, and Algeria)
* 5.8% in France's other Pacific territories, primarily Wallis and Futuna and a lesser degree French Polynesia

### Ethnic communities

The self-reported ethnic communities of the 182,341 residents in the Greater Nouméa urban area at the 2019 census were as follows:
* 30.65% Europeans
* 26.36% Kanaks (original Melanesian inhabitants of New Caledonia)
* 11.66% Wallisians and Futunians
* 12.59% mixed ethnicity
* 18.75% other communities (this group includes in particular the White people of New Caledonia who refused to self-identify as "Europeans")

### Languages

At the 2009 census, 98.7% of the population in the Greater Nouméa urban area whose age was 15 years and older reported that they could speak French. 97.1% reported that they could also read and write it. Only 1.3% of the population whose age was 15 years and older had no knowledge of French.
At the same census, 20.8% of the population of the urban area 15 years and older reported that they could speak at least one of the Kanak languages. 4.3% reported that they could understand a Kanak language but not speak it. 74.9% of the population whose age was 15 years and older had no knowledge of any Kanak language.

## Economy

Although it is not currently a major tourist destination, Nouméa has experienced a construction boom in the 21st century. The installation of amenities has kept pace and the municipality boasts a public works programme. The mayor of Noumea is Sonia Lagarde; in 2020 her re-election was opposed by the former leader of the Confederation of Small and Medium Enterprises (CPME), Cherifa Linossier, whose unsuccessful campaign was based on local economic revitalisation.

## Transport

Aircalin, the international airline of New Caledonia, and Air Calédonie (Aircal), the domestic airline, have their headquarters in the city. Aircal's headquarters are on the grounds of Nouméa Magenta Airport, which serves local routes. Nouméa's international airport is La Tontouta International Airport, 50 kilometres (31 mi) from the city.
The Nouméa-Païta railway, which was the only railway line that ever existed in New Caledonia, was closed in 1940.

## Education

The University of New Caledonia (UNC) dates to 1987 when the Université française du Pacifique (French University of the Pacific) was created, with two centres, one in French Polynesia and the other in New Caledonia. In 1997 the decision was made to split the two parts into separate universities and so in 1999 the Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie and the Université de la Polynésie française were formed.
UNC welcomes around 3,000 local and international students and 100 professors and researchers each year.
The Bibliothèque Bernheim (Bernheim Library) is located in Nouméa.
The city is home to several museums, including the Maritime Museum of New Caledonia.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Nouméa is twinned with:
* Gold Coast, Australia
* Nice, France
* Papeete, French Polynesia
* Taupō, New Zealand

## Notable people

* Marianne Devaux – Politician
* Ilaïsaane Lauouvéa – Politician
* Gilles Pisier – Mathematician
* Peato Mauvaka – Rugby Union Player
* Maxime Grousset – Olympic Swimmer