OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Challenge Index

The Challenge Index is a method for the statistical ranking of top public and private high schools in the United States, created by The Washington Post columnist Jay Mathews. It is also the only statistical ranking system for both public and private high schools. The ranking is determined by the extent of availability of the Advanced Placement and International Baccalaureate Programs in the school's curriculum and the number of graduating seniors.
For each school, the study tallies the total number of AP and IB exams that are taken that year in the school. This sum is divided by the number of students graduating in that same year. This ratio is the Challenge Index. Not incorporated with the study are any school that accepts over 50% of its students via a placement test or other type of admission criterion. The study effectively demonstrates the public schools with the greatest opportunity for all students to challenge themselves with college-level courses.
However, critics argue that this ranking system does a disservice by not taking into consideration the actual performance of the student exams, but merely the number of exams taken. Administrators of the study acknowledge that the system is "not a measurement of the overall quality of the school but illuminates one factor that many educators consider important." The validity of the Challenge Index has been strongly criticized by education analysts Andrew J. Rotherham and Sara Mead of Education Sector in Washington, DC. Their 2006 paper, "Challenged Index" showed how many schools that are among the top 100 nationally, according to Newsweek, actually have high dropout rates and wide gaps in achievement separating students by race and income. A summary of their argument appeared in The Washington Post and Jay Mathews responded. The editors, primarily Jay Mathews, defend their ratings by citing recent studies by U.S. Department of Education senior researcher Clifford Adelman. In 1999 and 2005, Adelman showed that the best predictor of college graduation was not good high-school grades or test scores, but whether or not a student had an intense academic experience in high school. The demands of higher level, college-type courses in high school would, according to Newsweek, provide that experience. The editors are critical of some other indices of school excellence, such as U.S. News & World Report “America’s Best Colleges”, as including too many factors, and of American high schools in general since only 5% of all US high schools make the Newsweek list by having at least 1 AP or IB test score per each graduating senior.
Tabulated results of the Challenge Index are published for Washington area high schools in The Washington Post annually. Newsweek also publishes nationwide results each year.
# Arbor vitae

Arbor vitae /ˌɑːrbɔːr ˈvaɪtiː/ may refer to:

## Anatomy

* Arbor vitae (anatomy), the white cerebellar matter
* Arbor vitae uteri, a part of the cervical canal

## Places

* Arbor Vitae, Wisconsin, a town in the United States
* Arbor Vitae (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community in the United States

## Other uses

* Arborvitae, a genus of coniferous trees or shrubs in the cypress family
* Arbor Vitae, a 1995 album by J Church
# Colorado State Highway 177

State Highway 177 (SH 177) is a Colorado state highway in Douglas and Arapahoe counties. SH 177's southern terminus is at SH 470 in Highlands Ranch, and the northern terminus is at U.S. Route 285 (US 285) in Cherry Hills Village.

## Route description

SH 177 runs 6.1 miles (9.8 km), starting at an interchange with SH 470. The highway, also known as South University Boulevard, runs north through Centennial and Greenwood Village. It crosses SH 88 (Belleview Avenue) and enters Cherry Hills Village, passing Cherry Hills Country Club just before the state highway ends at US 285. The route north continues as South University Boulevard.

## Major intersections

| County | Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Douglas | Highlands Ranch | 0.000 | 0.000 | SH 470 | Southern terminus; C-470 exit 21. |
| Arapahoe | Greenwood Village | 2.301 | 3.703 | E Arapahoe Road | |
| Arapahoe | Greenwood Village | 4.117 | 6.626 | SH 88 | |
| Arapahoe | Cherry Hills Village | 6.111 | 9.835 | US 285 | Northern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi ||||||
# 2022–23 Women's Bangladesh Cricket League

The 2022–23 Women's Cricket League or Women's BCL 2022–23 is the first edition of the Women's Bangladesh Cricket League, a two day first-class cricket competition in Bangladesh. The tournament began on 30 March 2023 and ended on 8th April 2023 at Sheikh Abu Naser Stadium in Khulna.
Championship was clinched by Team Meghna in terms of quotient.

## Teams

The Women's BCL consists of 3 teams, named after three of Bangladesh's major rivers, Padma, Meghna and Jamuna:
* Team Jamuna
* Team Meghna
* Tema Padma

## Points table

| Team | Pld | W | L | D | A | Q | Pts |
| Team Meghna | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1.693 | 2 |
| Team Jamuna | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0.986 | 2 |
| Team Padma | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0.829 | 2 |
* Champions
Source=BCB

## Fixture

* 30-31 March 2023 Match 1 Scorecard
* Drawn. Sheikh Abu Naser Stadium, Khulna Umpires: Syed Ashraful Islam and Shathira Jakir Jesy Player of the match: Sanjida Akter (Team Jamuna)
* Team Padma won the toss and elected to field first
* 3-4 April 2023 Match 2 Scorecard
* Drawn. Sheikh Abu Naser Stadium, Khulna Umpires: Shthira Jakir Jesy and Dolly Rani Sarkar Player of the match: Shorna Akter (Team Jamuna)
* Team Jamuna won the toss and elected to bat first
* 7-8 April 2023 Match 3 Scorecard
* Drawn. Sheikh Abu Naser Stadium, Khulna Umpires: Nazmul Ahsan and Shathira Jakir Jesy Player of the match: Salma Khatun (Team Padma)
* Team Meghna won the toss and elected to field first
# Václav Neumann

Václav Neumann (29 October 1920 – 2 September 1995) was a Czech conductor, violinist, violist, and opera director.

## Life and career

Neumann was born in Prague, where he studied at the Prague Conservatory with Josef Micka (violin), and Pavel Dědeček and Metod Doležil (conducting) from 1940 through 1945. He co-founded the Smetana Quartet, playing 1st violin and then viola.
Neumann made his debut as a conductor with the Czech Philharmonic Orchestra in 1948, remaining as a conductor with that ensemble through 1950. In 1951 he became principal conductor of the Karlovy Vary Symphony Orchestra. He left that post in 1954 to become principal conductor of the Brno Symphony Orchestra (SOKB). In 1956, he began to conduct at the Komische Oper in Berlin; beginning with a celebrated production of Janáček’s The Cunning Little Vixen on 30 May 1956. He toured with that production to Paris and Wiesbaden; conducting a total of 215 performance between the three cities. He remained at the Komische Oper for eight years, leaving in 1964 to become conductor of the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra and General Music Director of the Leipzig Opera. He stayed there until 1968, when he became principal conductor of the Czech Philharmonic, a post he held until 1990 and again in 1992-1993. He was concurrently General Music Director of the Stuttgart Staatsoper from 1970 through 1973.
Neumann taught conducting at the Prague Academy for Music, where his students included Oliver von Dohnányi and Vítězslav Podrazil.
Neumann was particularly noted as a champion of Czech music, and made the first studio recording of Leoš Janáček's opera The Excursions of Mr. Brouček in 1962.
Neumann can be seen conducting the Czech Philharmonic in a recording of the Dvořák Cello Concerto with Julian Lloyd Webber. This is featured in the 1988 film Dvorak - In Love? by director Tony Palmer.
# Amman Stand-up Comedy Festival

Amman Stand-up Comedy Festival is an international stand-up comedy festival held annually in Amman, Jordan. Among the stand-up comedians that participated in the festival include:
* Dean Obeidallah
* Ronnie Khalil
* Ali Al Sayed
* Fahad Albutairi
* Maz Jobrani
* Russell Peters
* Ali Hassan
# Microceratus

Microceratus (meaning "small-horned") is a genus of small ceratopsian dinosaur that lived in the Cretaceous Period in Asia. It walked on two legs, had short front arms, a characteristic ceratopsian frill and beak-like mouth, and was around 60 cm (2.0 ft) long. It was one of the first ceratopsians, or horned dinosaurs, along with Psittacosaurus in Mongolia.

## Discovery

The type species, Microceratops gobiensis, was first described by Bohlin in 1953, and so was the second species, M. sulcidens, which may belong to Asiaceratops instead. However, the generic name was already preoccupied by an ichneumon wasp (subfamily Cryptinae) with the same name. Though much of the material has since been reassigned to the genus Graciliceratops, a replacement name Microceratus was created by Mateus in 2008 for the type specimen.

## Classification

Microceratus belonged to the Ceratopsia (Ancient Greek for "horned face"), a group of herbivorous dinosaurs with parrot-like beaks which thrived in North America and Asia during the Cretaceous Period, which ended roughly 66 million years ago. All ceratopsians became extinct at the end of this era.

## Diet

Microceratus, like all ceratopsians, was a herbivore. During the Cretaceous, flowering plants were "geographically limited on the landscape", and so it is likely that this dinosaur fed on the predominant plants of the era: ferns, cycads and conifers. It would have used its sharp ceratopsian beak to bite off the leaves or needles.
# Swing gang

In film-making, a swing gang is one or more persons who make last-minute changes on a film set. This may include construction of new portions of a set the director requests or simply striking large furniture at a set decorator's request. The swing gang is part of the set dressing department. Sets that are not part of the "permanent" sets are called swing set. They come and go as the scripts dictate. Thus the crew that handles the set dressing elements are called the swing gang. These sets may need to be struck during the late evening or the "swing shift".
# Sentetsu Mate class locomotives

The Mate or Mateo (Japanese マテ, Korean 마터) class locomotives were a group of steam tender locomotives of the Chosen Government Railway (Sentetsu) with 4-8-2 wheel arrangement. The "Mate" name came from the American naming system for steam locomotives, under which locomotives with 4-8-2 wheel arrangement were called "Mountain".
With the development of mining operations in the northern part of Korea, traffic volumes increased significantly. Sentetsu found a need for a locomotive with strong pulling power suitable for use on mountainous lines with sharp curves and steep slopes. The locomotive designed in response to this need was not of the Mika type, which was Sentetsu's standard freight locomotive, but of the Mate type with 4-8-2 wheel arrangement. The leading bogie was designed to reduce flange wear on the wheels. The resulting Matei class locomotives became a mainstay on long-distance freight trains on mountainous lines.
There were two classes of the Mate type operated by Sentetsu, called Matei and Mateni. Fifty Matei-class and 33 Mateni-class locomotives were built by various builders in Japan, as well as by Sentetsu's Gyeongseong Works. Only 77 of the 83 built of both classes remained in 1946; of these, 33 went to the Korean National Railroad in the South and 44 to the Korean State Railway in the North. The six locomotives that remain unaccounted for were likely either destroyed during the Pacific War or were possibly taken by Soviet Army, which during its occupation of North Korea took a large number of locomotives to the USSR.
# Griselda González

Griselda María de los Ángeles González Santillo (born 4 December 1965) is a former long-distance runner. She twice won the Buenos Aires Marathon. Born in Argentina, she represented her country of birth twice (1992 and 1996) at the Summer Olympics, before switching nationality and competing for Spain.
González had success at the South American Cross Country Championships where she took silver in the 1987 and 1988 races before finally taking the gold in 1989.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Argentina ||||||
| 1988 | Buenos Aires Marathon | Buenos Aires, Argentina | 1st | Marathon | 2:42:48 |
| 1990 | Ibero-American Championships | Manaus, Brazil | 5th | 3000 m | 9:29.55 |
| 1990 | Ibero-American Championships | Manaus, Brazil | 4th | 10,000 m | 35:38.99 |
| 1991 | Pan American Games | Havana, Cuba | 5th | 10,000 m | 35:33.45 |
| 1992 | Ibero-American Championships | Seville, Spain | 2nd | 10,000 m | 33:24.89 |
| 1993 | South American Championships | Lima, Peru | 2nd | 5000 m | 9:45.5 |
| 1996 | Olympic Games | Atlanta, United States | 19th | Marathon | 2:35:12 |
| 1997 | Buenos Aires Marathon | Buenos Aires, Argentina | 1st | Marathon | 2:37:04 |
| Representing Spain |||||
| 2000 | Olympic Games | Sydney, Australia | 33rd | Marathon | 2:38:28 |
| 2001 | Rotterdam Marathon | Rotterdam, Netherlands | 6th | Marathon | 2:31:05 |
| 2001 | World Championships | Edmonton, Canada | 29th | Marathon | 2:37:52 |
# Afrosternophorus

Afrosternophorus is a genus of pseudoscorpions in the Sternophoridae family. It was described in 1967 by Austrian arachnologist Max Beier.

## Species

The genus contains the following species:
* Afrosternophorus aethiopicus (Beier, 1967)
* Afrosternophorus anabates Harvey, 1985
* Afrosternophorus araucariae (Beier, 1971)
* Afrosternophorus cavernae (Beier, 1982)
* Afrosternophorus ceylonicus (Beier, 1973)
* Afrosternophorus chamberlini (Redikorzev, 1938)
* Afrosternophorus cylindrimanus (Beier, 1951)
* Afrosternophorus dawydoffi (Beier, 1951)
* Afrosternophorus fallax Harvey, 1985
* Afrosternophorus grayi (Beier, 1971)
* Afrosternophorus hirsti (Chamberlin, 1932)
* Afrosternophorus longus Mathew and Joseph, 2021
* Afrosternophorus nanus Harvey, 1985
* Afrosternophorus papuanus (Beier, 1975)
* Afrosternophorus xalyx Harvey, 1985
# Samuel Boden

Samuel Standidge Boden (born 4 May 1826 in East Retford, Nottinghamshire; d. 13 January 1882 in Bedford Square, London) was an English professional chess master.
The mating pattern "Boden's Mate" was named after the mate that occurred in one of his games, Schulder–Boden, London 1853. However, the mate was known previously from the game Horwitz–Popert, Hamburg 1844. There is also a line in the Philidor Defence named after him, based on one of his games against Paul Morphy.
Morphy was of the opinion that Boden was the strongest English master, even though Barnes had a better record against him than Boden.
He was the author of A Popular Introduction to the Study and Practice of Chess, published anonymously in 1851.
# Yury Kazlow

Yury Kazlow (Belarusian: Юрый Казлоў; Russian: Юрий Козлов; born 21 May 1991) is a Belarusian professional footballer who plays for Belshina Bobruisk.
# Backsliding

Backsliding, also known as falling away or described as "committing apostasy", is a term used within Christianity to describe a process by which an individual who has converted to Christianity reverts to pre-conversion habits and/or lapses or falls into sin, when a person turns from God to pursue their own desire. To revert to sin or wrongdoing, especially in religious practice, someone lapses into previous undesirable patterns of behavior. To be faithful, thus to believe backsliding is a reversion, in principle upholds the Apostle Paul’s condition in salvation: "If you declare with your mouth, 'Jesus is Lord,' and believe in your heart that God raised him from the dead, you will be saved." (Romans 10:9)
In Christianity, within the Roman Catholic Church as well as those denominations which teach Arminianism (such as the Methodist churches), backsliding is a state which any free-willed believer is capable of adopting. This belief is rejected by Reformed Christians endorsing the perseverance of the saints doctrine. In these denominations, it is taught that the backslidden individual is in danger of eventually going to Hell if he does not repent (see Conditional security). Historically, backsliding was considered a trait of the Biblical Israel which would turn from the Abrahamic God to follow idols. In the New Testament church (see Acts of the Apostles and Christianity in the 1st century), the story of the Prodigal Son has become a representation of a backslider who repented.

## Non-Christian religions

Backsliding, or sometimes entropa, is also used by Buddhists and Zen practitioners, there is optimism in making oneself resolved in following a way and in practice; "Making a resolve, even if we fall down, generates its own merit which will bear fruit in our future success if we do not give up."
# Seward Mountain (New York)

Seward Mountain is a mountain in the Seward Range of the Adirondacks in the U.S. state of New York. It is the 24th-highest of the Adirondack High Peaks, with an elevation of 4,361 feet (1,329 m). The mountain is located in the town of Harrietstown in Franklin County. It is named for New York governor William Seward.

## History

The mountain had the Mohawk name Ou-kor-lah, translated into English as "Great Eye", for a white spot on its side when viewed from Long Lake. The name Mount Seward was first used in print in a 1841 report to the New York State Legislature prepared by state geologist Ebenezer Emmons. The first recorded ascent of the mountain was made by surveyor Verplanck Colvin and mountain guide Alvah Dunning on October 15, 1870.

## Ascent routes

The summit of Seward can be accessed on unmarked trails. The easiest access to the Seward Range is on the Ward Brook Truck Trail, which begins at a parking lot on Coreys Road south of the village of Saranac Lake. Between an intersection with a horse trail 4.7 miles (7.6 km) from the trailhead and the Ward Brook lean-to located 5.4 miles (8.7 km) from the trailhead, the trail crosses three brooks; the preferred route to Seward Mountain branches off from the trail at the first of these. An alternative route to the Seward Range follows the Calkins Brook Track Trail. This trail begins at the same parking lot and coincides with the Truck Trail for 1.2 miles (1.9 km) before diverging to the right. The unmarked trail to the Seward Range branches off of the Calkins Brook Trail at 3.3 miles (5.3 km). Another unmarked trail connects the summits of Seward Mountain, Donaldson Mountain, and Mount Emmons.

## Climate

Climate data for Seward Mountain 44.1603 N, 74.2017 W, Elevation: 4,029 ft (1,228 m) (1991–2020 normals) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 20.0 (−6.7) | 22.2 (−5.4) | 29.6 (−1.3) | 44.3 (6.8) | 56.9 (13.8) | 65.3 (18.5) | 69.3 (20.7) | 68.0 (20.0) | 62.4 (16.9) | 49.7 (9.8) | 35.2 (1.8) | 25.5 (−3.6) | 45.7 (7.6) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 11.4 (−11.4) | 13.2 (−10.4) | 20.9 (−6.2) | 34.3 (1.3) | 47.0 (8.3) | 56.1 (13.4) | 60.5 (15.8) | 59.2 (15.1) | 53.0 (11.7) | 40.9 (4.9) | 28.0 (−2.2) | 18.0 (−7.8) | 36.9 (2.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 2.8 (−16.2) | 4.2 (−15.4) | 12.2 (−11.0) | 24.2 (−4.3) | 37.1 (2.8) | 46.8 (8.2) | 51.8 (11.0) | 50.4 (10.2) | 43.7 (6.5) | 32.1 (0.1) | 20.8 (−6.2) | 10.5 (−11.9) | 28.1 (−2.2) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 4.39 (112) | 3.27 (83) | 3.97 (101) | 4.98 (126) | 5.29 (134) | 6.28 (160) | 6.00 (152) | 5.73 (146) | 5.36 (136) | 6.19 (157) | 4.85 (123) | 4.69 (119) | 61 (1,549) |
| Source: PRISM Climate Group ||||||||||||||
# Charles D. Gaither

Charles D. Gaither (November 27, 1860 – March 29, 1947) was a United States Army officer and police commissioner. He was active in the Maryland Army National Guard in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and in the Baltimore Police Department in the 1920s and 1930s. He served in the Spanish–American War and World War I.

## Early life

Charles D. Gaither was born on November 27 (or 20), 1860, in Howard County, Maryland, to Rebecca Hanson (née Dorsey) and George Riggs Gaither. He was born on the family's Oakland Manor 1,800 acres (730 ha) farm two miles south of Ellicott City. His father was an officer who served the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War and the U.S. afterward. When he was a young man, Maryland saw some riots serious enough that the Fifth and Sixth Infantry regiments were called in to help. Gaither observed their actions, and it influenced his decision-making when he later served on the Baltimore police department.

## Career

Gaither entered his father's regiment, the 5th Regiment of the Maryland Army National Guard, as a private. He was present at Camden Station during the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. He became colonel of the regiment in 1887 and retained that command until 1896. In 1888, Gaither served as a Democratic member of the Maryland House of Delegates, representing Baltimore's 2nd district. He initially retired in 1890, but was called back into service in 1896 as a captain. He participated in the Spanish–American War, initially stationed in Tampa, Florida. He then went to Cuba and held a command in the Ninth (colored) U.S. Volunteer Infantry. Catching typhoid fever, they were mustered out and returned home. Gaither assumed command of the Fifth Maryland Veterans Corps after he became a colonel, and upon his promotion to brigadier general in 1912, he assumed command of the First Maryland Brigade. That same year, Gaither was in charge of an American rifle team that won an international tournament in Buenos Aires. He served on the Mexican border in 1917, and commanded Fort McClellan for a short time. After commanding the 58th Infantry Brigade, Gaither retired after he discovered he had a heart murmur.
Maryland Governor Albert Ritchie appointed Gaither as the commissioner of the Baltimore Police Department, and he served in the position from 1920 to May 17, 1937. the longest tenure of anyone holding the position. He was replaced as commissioner by William P. Lawson. Observers commented positively on his leadership in this position. Following his retirement, Gaither managed his real estate interests in Baltimore and his 123 acres (50 ha) farm in Howard County.
Gaither died following a heart ailment on March 29, 1947, at Bon Secours Hospital in Baltimore. He was buried at Green Mount Cemetery.

## Personal life

Gaither was married three times. He married Alice Stockton Williams, but the marriage ended in divorce. He then married the divorced wife of his brother John Gaither. His second wife died. He married Marie L. Towson in 1919. He had two daughters.
# Mike Cronk

Mike Cronk is an American politician from Alaska serving as a member of the Alaska Senate since 2025. He previously served in the Alaska House of Representatives starting in 2021. A Republican, he represented the 36th State House district, which encompasses most of interior Alaska and Copper River Census Area.

## Personal life

Cronk was present at the Route 91 Harvest festival mass shooting.

## Electoral history

Nonpartisan primary :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Mike Cronk | 3,305 | 43.8 |
| | Independent | Savannah Fletcher | 3,193 | 42.3 |
| | Republican | James Squyres (withdrew) | 572 | 7.6 |
| | Independence | Robert Williams | 481 | 6.4 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 7,551 | 100.0 |
2024 Alaska Senate General election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Mike Cronk | 9,387 | 51.84 |
| | Independent | Savannah Fletcher | 7,509 | 41.47 |
| | Independence | Robert Williams | 1,157 | 6.39 |
| | Write-in | Write-in | 56 | 0.31 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 18,109 | 100.0 |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |
| | Minority Caucus gain from Coalition | Minority Caucus gain from Coalition | Minority Caucus gain from Coalition | Minority Caucus gain from Coalition |