OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Captan

Captan is a general use pesticide (GUP) that belongs to the phthalimide class of fungicides. It is a white solid, although commercial samples appear yellow or brownish.

## Applications

Although it can be applied on its own, Captan is often added as a component of other pesticide mixtures. It is used to control diseases on a number of fruits and vegetables as well as ornamental plants. It also improves the outward appearance of many fruits, making them brighter and healthier-looking. Captan is utilized by both home and agricultural growers and is often applied during apple production. It is also active against certain oomycetes, such as Pythium, making it useful for controlling damping off.

## Biodegradation

The compound biodegrades with half life of less than 1 day in soil.

## Potential health effects

Captan was previously cited as Group B2, a probable human carcinogen by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), but was reclassified in 2004. Since the mode of action has been established as a proliferative response (in mice only) after intestinal villi are disrupted, captan has been deemed not likely to cause tumors at doses that do not irritate the intestine. The EPA now states, "The new cancer classification considers captan to be a potential carcinogen at prolonged high doses that cause cytotoxicity and regenerative cell hyperplasia. These high doses of captan are many orders of magnitude above those likely to be consumed in the diet, or encountered by individuals in occupational or residential settings. Therefore, captan is not likely to be a human carcinogen nor pose cancer risks of concern when used in accordance with approved product labels. A similar reclassification has been made for folpet, a structurally related fungicide, which shares a common mechanism of toxicity. A key finding for captan (and folpet) is these fungicides are not mutagenic in the animal (in vivo).

## Production

It is the product of the reaction trichloromethylsulfenyl chloride with sodium salt of tetrahydrophthalamide, which is derived from tetrahydrophthalic anhydride.
# Semyon Alapin

Semyon Zinovyevich Alapin (Russian: Семён Зиновьевич Алапин; 19 November [O.S. 7 November] 1856 – 15 July 1923) was a Russian chess player, openings analyst, and puzzle composer. He was also a linguist, railway engineer and a grain commodities merchant.

## Biography

Born in Saint Petersburg, Russia, into a Jewish family on 19 November [O.S. 7 November] 1856, nephew of the Jewish memoirist Pauline Wengeroff. He was one of the strongest chess players in the Russian Empire in the late 19th century. Due to the 1917 Revolution in Russia, he had to spend his final years in exile. He died in Heidelberg, Germany, on 15 July 1923.

## Legacy

Today he is best known for his creation of opening systems in almost all major openings. Most of these are of little significance today, but Alapin's Variation of the Sicilian Defence is an important opening line that is often played by leading grandmasters.

## List of openings named after Alapin

* Alapin's Variation of the Sicilian Defence: 1. e4 c5 2. c3
* Alapin's Opening in the Open Game: 1. e4 e5 2. Ne2!?
* Alapin's Gambit of the French Defence: 1. e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Be3!?
* Alapin's Variation of the French Defence: 1.e4 e6 2. d4 d5 3. Nc3 Nf6 4. Bg5 Be7 5. e5 Nfd7 6. Bxe7 Qxe7 7. Nb5
* Alapin's Defence of the Ruy Lopez: 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 Bb4
* Alapin's Variation of the Caro-Kann Defence: 1. e4 c6 2. c3
* Alapin's Variation of the Dutch Defence (also known as the "Manhattan Variation"): 1. d4 f5 2. Qd3
* Alapin's Variation of the Queen's Gambit: 1. d4 d5 2. c4 e6 3. Nc3 b6
* Alapin–Steinitz Variation of the Evans Gambit: 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5 4. b4 Bxb4 5. c3 Ba5 6. 0-0 d6 7. d4 Bg4
* Sanders–Alapin Variation of the Evans Gambit: 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Bc5 4. b4 Bxb4 5. c3 Ba5 6. 0-0 d6 7. d4 Bd7
# Jurgis Baltrušaitis

Jurgis Baltrušaitis (2 May 1873 – 3 January 1944) was a Lithuanian symbolist poet and translator, who wrote in Lithuanian and Russian and was an exponent of iconology. He was the father of art historian and critic Jurgis Baltrušaitis Jr.

## Writer

Baltrušaitis was born to a family of farmers in Paantvardys village near Jurbarkas, which was then under Imperial Russian rule. In 1885, he entered Kaunas gymnasium, and graduated in 1893; he then entered the Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences at Moscow University. At the same time he attended lectures in the Faculty of History and Philology.
From 1895 onwards Baltrušaitis began to take part in editing Moscow-based literary magazines, and he began to work in Russian. He joined the Symbolist movement, and, in association with Sergei Polyakov, set up the publishing house Scorpio, which published the chief Russian Symbolist magazines such as Vesy and Severnyie Tzvety as well as collections of Russian Symbolist poets.
Baltrušaitis published three collections of poetry in Russian, and another three in Lithuanian. Authors he translated into Russian translations include Henrik Ibsen, Oscar Wilde, August Strindberg, Knut Hamsun and Gabriele D'Annunzio.

## Politician

Between 1900 and 1914, Baltrušaitis lived in Italy and Norway and spent much time traveling in other countries in Western Europe. During World War I and the subsequent Russian Revolution he was in Russia, where he actively participated in the Lithuanian political struggle for independence. In 1919 he was elected President of the Russian Union of Writers, and was known for his efforts to help and rescue many writers and intellectuals during the first years of the Bolshevik regime.
After Lithuania regained independence in 1918, Baltrušaitis was appointed Lithuania's ambassador to Russia in 1920 and held this position until 1939. In 1932 he was honored with a doctorate by Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas. In 1939, Baltrušaitis was appointed a counselor of the Lithuanian embassy in Paris. Following the annexation of Lithuania by the Soviet Union, his son, Jurgis Baltrušaitis Jr., an art historian and art critic, served as a diplomat for the Lithuanian diplomatic service which continued to represent Lithuanian interests in some Western countries. Baltrušaitis Sr. died in Paris in January 1944; he is buried at Montrouge Cemetery.
# Kate Daw

Kate Daw (1965 - September 2020) was an Australian visual artist and former Head of Art at the Victorian College of the Arts in Melbourne.

## Career

Kate Daw was born in 1965 in Esperance, Western Australia, and her family moved to Sorrento when she was five. She initially studied art at the Western Australian Institute of Technology but dropped out when she was 18. After moving to Melbourne, Daw graduated in Painting at the Victorian College of the Arts (VCA) in 1989, and began exhibiting work extensively from 1992.
Her work incorporated canvas, ceramic, fabric and paper, though she later moved away from painting. She began a Master of Fine Arts degree at Glasgow School of Art in 1995, completing it back in Australia at RMIT University, and also had several international artist residencies through the 1990s and 2010s.
She collaborated with Scottish artist Stewart Russell on a series of works beginning in 2007, including a residency at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, where they developed Two Homes, Another World (2016), a project with Indigenous Australian football player Liam Jurrah, and the installation Civil Twilight End (2011) at Melbourne Docklands.
In the 2000s, Daw taught Painting at VCA, where she also begun her Doctorate, with the thesis titled The Between Space: narrative in contemporary visual practice. After five years as Head of Painting, she was made Head of Art at the VCA in 2018.
After undergoing treatment for cancer, Kate Daw died 7 September 2020, aged 55.

## Selected exhibitions and works

* Work: four recent projects (1997), William Mora Galleries
* The Between Space (2006), Art Gallery of Western Australia
* Civil Twilight End with Stewart Russell (2011)
* Green Lamp (2014), Biennale of Sydney
* Lights No Eyes Can See (2015), Australian Centre for Contemporary Art
* Love, Work (prelude, aftermath, everyday) (2020), All That Was Solid Melts group exhibition, Auckland Art Gallery
* Reverse Anthem with Stewart Russell (2021), Rising (previously part of 2016's Two Homes, Another World)

## Collections

Kate Daw's work is held in several galleries and museums in Australia.
* Art Gallery of Western Australia
* Australian Sports Museum
* City of Melbourne
* National Gallery of Victoria
# Burnout (EP)

Burnout is an extended play by American punk rock band Vial, released 29 March 2024 through Get Better Records.

## Personnel

Vial
* KT Branscom - Guitar and vocals
* Katie Fischer - Drums, vocals, auxiliary percussion (tracks 3, 6 and 7) and bass (track 3)
* Taylor Kraemer - Bass, synthesizer (tracks 3, 4 and 5) and vocals
Technical
* Mik Finnegan - Recording
* Forrest Hormann, Amaya Peña - Cover art and design
* Hansel Romero - Mixing, production, mastering
# Communal shower

Communal showers are a group of single showers put together in one room or area. They are often used in changerooms, schools, prisons, and barracks for personal hygiene. Although the use of communal showers has grown less prevalent in the West in the 21st century than it was in prior years, communal showers are often present in school locker rooms for use after physical education. They also continue to exist in some gymnasiums and at many swimming pools.

## History

Modern communal showers were installed in the barracks of the French Army in the 1870s as an economic hygiene measure under the guidance of François Merry Delabost, a French doctor and inventor. As surgeon-general at Bonne Nouvelle prison in Rouen, Delabost had previously replaced individual baths with mandatory communal showers for use by prisoners, arguing that they were more economical and hygienic. The French system of communal showers was adopted by other armies (the first being that of Prussia in 1879) and by prisons in other jurisdictions. They were also adopted by boarding schools before being installed in public bathhouses. The first shower in a public bathhouse was opened in 1887 in Vienna, Austria. In France, public bathhouses and showers were established by Charles Cazalet, first in Bordeaux in 1893 and then in Paris in 1899. They quickly proved successful, with the latter only closing in 1985.

## 21st century status

In the United States and in some English-speaking provinces of Canada, students at public schools have historically been required to shower communally with classmates of the same sex after physical education classes. In the U.S., public objections and the threat of lawsuits have led a number of school districts to make showers optional or to abolish the practice entirely.
In many parts of the Western world, the number of schools with open communal showers has gradually decreased. Because of students' religious and privacy concerns, communal showers have been replaced with individual and private spaces for bathing.
A court case in Colorado noted that students have a reduced expectation of personal privacy in regards to "communal undress" while showering after physical education classes.
# Terminal complement pathway deficiency

Terminal complement pathway deficiency is a genetic condition affecting the complement membrane attack complex (MAC).
It involves deficiencies of C5, C6, C7, and C8. (While C9 is part of the MAC, and deficiencies have been identified, it is not required for cell lysis.)
People with this condition are prone to meningococcal infection. Vaccination may be recommended.

## Diagnosis

Suspect terminal complement pathway deficiency in patients with more than one Neisseria infection episode.
Complement tests :
| C4 (C) | FB (A) | C3 | CH50 | Conditions |
| · | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | PSG, C3 NeF AA |
| ↓ | · | ↓ | · | HAE, C4D |
| · | · | · | ↓ | TCPD |
| ↓ | ·/↓ | ↓ | ↓ | SLE |
| ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | inflammation |
Initial complement tests often include C3 and C4, but not C5 through C9. Instead, the CH50 result may play a role in diagnosis: if the CH50 level is low but C3 and C4 are normal, then analysis of the individual terminal components may be warranted.

## Treatment

Patients with terminal complement pathway deficiency should receive meningococcal and pneumococcal vaccinations. They can receive live vaccines. уйЧк
# Bretha Nemed Déidenach

Bretha Nemed Déidenach is the late title of an Early Irish law text dating from the eighth century.

## Overview

Bretha Nemed Déidenach ('the last Bretha Nemed') is one of the two principal surviving remnants of the celebrated Old Irish Bretha Nemed law school, believed to have been composed early in the eighth century in Munster. The only surviving copy, now part of Trinity College, Dublin MS 1317 H.2.15B, was transcribed by Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh. Another related text, Bretha Nemed Toísech (the first Bretha Nemed) is now British Library MS Nero A 7.
Bretha Nemed Déidenach contains extracts of works concerning poets and bards, along with passages on such subjects as fosterage, sureties, pledge-interests and land law. Much of it is written in the alliterative rosc style in what is now called Archaic or Old Irish. Because of the difficulty of the language, the text has never been translated. In addition, in parts the text is fragmentary.
It is not known where MacFhirbhisigh obtained his exemplar, nor when or where it was transcribed. Another text in the same MS – Duil Laithne – was written at Ballymacegan, County Tipperary, on 5 May 1643, so the Déidenach may have been copied in that period.
# Bardhamanbhukti

Bardhamanbhukti was an ancient and medieval region/territory of Bengal spread across what are now Purba Bardhaman, Paschim Bardhaman and Bankura districts in the Indian state of West Bengal.
Ancient Rarh region was divided into several smaller regions – Kankagrambhukti, Bardhamanbhukti and Dandabhukti, as part of the Gupta Empire. After the fall of Guptas rule in Bengal, Dandabhukukti and Bardhamanbhukti regions became part of the independent Kingdom of Vanga which emerged in early 500s. The area was bound by three rivers – Ajay, Dwarakeswar and Hooghly. To the east there were forests.
# Grupo Leya

Grupo Leya is a Portuguese multinational book publishing company established in January 2007 as a holding company incorporating some of the biggest Portuguese and Brazilian publishers and two of the largest African publishers. LeYa is the largest general-interest trade book publisher but it also publishes fiction, nonfiction and children's books, being also one of the most important Portuguese textbook and study book publisher.
Isaías Gomes Teixeira, a board member, has announced in 2008 that Leya's revenue target was c. 90M Euros and that they aimed to publish around 1,000 different books in 2008.
Some of the notable authors Grupo Leya represents are some of the most renowned writers in the Portuguese-speaking world, including Lobo Antunes, José Eduardo Agualusa amongst others.

## Subsidiaries

* Texto Editores created in 1977, based in Amadora, Portugal.
* Edições Asa, founded in 1951 and acquired in 2007
* Editorial Caminho, founded in 1975, acquired in 2007 and best known for publishing José Saramago works.
* Dom Quixote, founded in 1965 and acquired from Planeta in 2007.
* Gailivro, founded in 1987 and acquired in 2007.
* Nova Gaia, founded in 1985 and acquired in 2007.
* Oficina do Livro and Casa das Letras, the former publishing company of Diário de Notícias, acquired in 2008.
* Academia do Livro
* Caderno
* Estrela Polar
* Livros d'Hoje
* Lua de Papel
* Ndjira, from Mozambique
* Novagaia
* Nzila, from Angola
* Quinta Essência
* Sebenta
* Teorema

## Investors

It was announced in August 2011 that Trilantic Capital Partners $66m purchase of a minority stake in Grupo Leya in January.
# Alexander Petrov (chess player)

Alexander Dmitrievich Petrov (Russian: Алекса́ндр Дми́триевич Петро́в) (February 12, 1794 – April 22, 1867) was a Russian chess player, chess composer, and chess writer.

## Biography

Petrov was born in Biserovo (now part of Opochka in Pskov Oblast) into a noble family and is usually remembered as the first great Russian chess master. From 1804, he lived in Saint Petersburg. In 1809, he defeated Baranov while in 1814, he defeated Kopev, Petersburg's leading chess players, and became the best Russian player at the age of 15. For over half a century Petrov was considered Russia's strongest player.
He is an author of the first chess handbook in Russian (Shakhmatnaya igra [...], St Petersburg 1824). He also analysed with Carl Jaenisch the opening that later became known as the Petrov's Defense or Russian Game (ECO C42).
From 1840 he lived in Warsaw (then in the Russian Empire), where he successfully played against top Warsaw chess masters: Alexander Hoffman, Piotrowski, Szymański, Siewieluński, Hieronim Czarnowski, Szymon Winawer, etc.
Petrov won matches against D.A. Baranov (4–2) in 1809, Carl Jaenisch (2–1) at St Petersburg 1844; Prince Sergey Semenovich Urusov (3–1) at St Petersburg 1853 and (13½–7½) at Warsaw 1859; and Ilya Shumov (4–2) at St Petersburg 1862.
During the January Uprising (1863–64), he left Warsaw for Vienna and Paris. Among others, he played a match with Paul Journoud at Paris 1863.
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He was an original chess thinker, not afraid to disagree with the ideas of Philidor, the dominant chess figure of his time. Petrov's most well-known problem is "The Retreat of Napoleon I from Moscow" (St. Petersburg 1824).
Petrov died in Warsaw in 1867, and was buried in the Orthodox Cemetery in Warsaw.

## Notable games

* Alexander Hoffman vs. Alexander Petrov, Warsaw m 1844, Italian Game, Classical Variation, Center Attack (C53), 0–1 Petrov's Immortal
* Alexander Petrov vs. Carl Friedrich von Jaenisch, St Petersburg 1844, Russian Game, Modern Attack, Center Variation (C43), 1–0
* Alexander Petrov vs. Prince Dmitri Semenovich Urusov, Paris 1852, Italian Game, Classical Variation, Albin Gambit (C53), 1–0 Archived 2012-10-24 at the Wayback Machine
* Alexander Petrov vs. Prince Sergey Semenovich Urusov, St Petersburg 1853, Italian Game, Classical Variation, Albin Gambit (C53), 1–0
* Alexander Petrov vs. Szymański, Warsaw 1853, French Defense, Exchange, Monte Carlo Variation (C01), 1–0
# Róbert Ruffíni

Róbert Ruffíni (born 26 January 1967 in Lučenec) is a retired high jumper who represented Czechoslovakia and later Slovakia. His personal best jump is 2.34 metres, achieved in July 1988 in Prague. This is the current Slovak record.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Notes |
| Representing Czechoslovakia |||||
| 1985 | European Junior Championships | Cottbus, East Germany | 2nd | 2.24 m |
| 1986 | World Junior Championships | Athens, Greece | 5th | 2.16 m |
| 1987 | European Indoor Championships | Liévin, France | 12th | 2.15 m |
| 1987 | World Championships | Rome, Italy | 22nd (q) | 2.21 m |
| 1988 | European Indoor Championships | Budapest, Hungary | 5th | 2.27 m |
| 1988 | Olympic Games | Seoul, South Korea | 15th | 2.20 m |
| 1989 | World Indoor Championships | Budapest, Hungary | 8th | 2.28 m |
| 1989 | Universiade | Duisburg, West Germany | 10th | 2.20 m |
| 1990 | European Indoor Championships | Glasgow, United Kingdom | 10th | 2.24 m |
| 1991 | World Championships | Tokyo, Japan | 17th (q) | 2.24 m |
| Representing Slovakia |||||
| 1993 | World Championships | Stuttgart, Germany | 11th | 2.25 m |
| 1994 | European Indoor Championships | Paris, France | 20th (q) | 2.15 m |
| 1995 | World Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 33rd (q) | 2.10 m |
# Isabela Da Silveira

Isabela da Silveira Paquardi (born (1992-04-03)3 April 1992) is a retired Brazilian female volleyball player, playing as an outside hitter. She was part of the Brazil women's national volleyball team.
She participated at the 2010 Women's Pan-American Volleyball Cup.
# Sarah Bernstein (author)

Sarah Bernstein (born April 23, 1987) is a Canadian writer and scholar. She was born in Montreal, Quebec, and now lives in Scotland where she teaches literature and creative writing. She has taught at the universities of Sheffield, Edinburgh and Strathclyde.
Her collection of prose poems Now Comes the Lightning appeared in 2015 and was shortlisted for the Robert Kroetsch Award for Innovative Writing. Her debut novel The Coming Bad Days was published in 2021. Her next novel, Study for Obedience, was shortlisted for the 2023 Booker Prize and won the 2023 Giller Prize.
In 2023, Bernstein was named by Granta as one of their twenty Best of Young British Novelists.

## Education

Bernstein earned a combined undergraduate degree in English and Creative Writing from Concordia University before pursuing a Master of Arts at the University of New Brunswick.

## Awards

| Year | Title | Award | Category | Result |
| 2023 | Study for Obedience | Booker Prize | — | Shortlisted |
| 2023 | Study for Obedience | Giller Prize | — | Won |
| 2024 | Study for Obedience | Scotland's National Book Awards | Fiction Book of the Year | Shortlisted |
| 2025 | Study for Obedience | International Dublin Literary Award | — | Longlisted |

## Works

Novels
* The Coming Bad Days (2021)
* Study for Obedience (2023)
Poetry
* Now Comes the Lightning (2015)
# Architect Kasemi

Architect Kasëmi (Turkish: Mimar Kasım or Koca Kasım Ağa) (1570–1659), born in Gremsh (Tomorricë), formerly Skrapar district, Albania, was an Albanian master of Ottoman classical architecture. He graduated in architecture in Istanbul and was ranked among the closest assistants of architect Mimar Sinan.
After the death of chief court architect Hasan Agha in 1622, he became the chief architect of the Ottoman Empire, and has created original monumental works such as Baghdad Kiosk, Revan Kiosk, Tiled Kiosk within Topkapı Palace in Istanbul. He rebuilt one of the most beautiful buildings of Topkapı Palace, Basketmakers' Kiosk at Sarayburnu. Architect Kasım Agha projected the second largest covered shopping mall, the Spice Bazaar in Eminönü, which was completed in 1660 by Architect Mustafa. He constructed also many works in Albania such as inns, bridges, baths and the tracks of Medieval roads in Berat, Korcë, and so on.
Involved in court disputes, he was exiled to Gallipoli in 1644. After one year he was pardoned, and returned to the palace. Kasım Ağa excelled more in politics than in architecture. So, by helping Köprülü Mehmet Paşa to ascend to the post of grand vizier, he initiated the Köprülü era in the Ottoman history. He died in 1659.
# Pugettia

Pugettia is a genus of kelp crabs in the family Epialtidae. It comprises the following species:
* Pugettia dalli Rathbun, 1894 – spined kelp crab
* Pugettia elongata Yokoya, 1933
* Pugettia foliata (Stimpson, 1860)
* Pugettia gracilis Dana, 1851 – graceful kelp crab
* Pugettia hubbsi Garth, 1958
* Pugettia incisa (De Haan, 1839)
* Pugettia intermedia Sakai, 1938
* Pugettia leytensis Rathbun, 1916
* Pugettia longipes Ohtsuchi, Komatsu & X Li, 2020
* Pugettia marissinica Takeda & Miyake, 1972
* Pugettia mindanaoensis Rathbun, 1916
* Pugettia minor Ortmann, 1893
* Pugettia nipponensis Rathbun, 1932
* Pugettia ogasawaraensis Komatsu, 2011
* Pugettia pellucens Rathbun, 1932
* Pugettia producta (Randall, 1840) – northern kelp crab or shield-backed kelp crab
* Pugettia richii Dana, 1851 – cryptic kelp crab
* Pugettia similis Rathbun, 1932
* Pugettia tasmanensis Richer de Forges, 1993
* Pugettia venetiae Rathbun, 1924 – Venice kelp crab
* Pugettia vesicularis (Rathbun, 1907)
* Pugettia vulgaris Ohtsuchi, Kawamura & Takeda, 2014
* †Pugettia yamafui Karasawa & Kitamura, 2003