OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Byrdie Bell

Byrdie Bell (born Evelyn Byrd Bell on March 13, 1985) is an American actress and model.

## Early life, education, and family

Evelyn Byrd Bell was born in Chicago. She attended Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich, Connecticut and the United Nations International School in New York City. After studying at HB Studio in New York City and the British American Drama Academy in London, Bell graduated from the Stella Adler Conservatory program.
Bell is a descendant of Colonel William Byrd II, the founder of Richmond, Virginia. Her mother, Evelyn Lorentzen Bell, is the great granddaughter of Øivind Lorentzen whose son, Erling Lorentzen, was related through marriage to the Norwegian royal family.
Her father Ted Bell was the Vice Chairman of the Board and Creative Director of Young & Rubicam, one of the world's largest advertising agencies.

## Career

In 2009, Bell was hired as an actor on HaAh HaGadol 2, the Israeli version of the reality show Big Brother in a strategic attempt to confuse the competing cast. She had a small part in Martin Scorsese's Rolling Stones documentary Shine a Light. Bell had wanted to release two independent films; Blinders (with Nathaniel Brown and Luke Worrall) and Tragic Fairytale in 2011 but they were not purchased.
At age eighteen, Bell began modeling. She has appeared in the pages of magazines including Vogue, V Magazine, Harper's Bazaar, Paper Planes, and Dossier Journal.
In 2010, she was recognized in The New York Times "Nifty 50" as one of America's top 50 up-and-coming talents.
She has modeled in campaigns for Hogan, NAHM, Rad Hourani, Meredith Kahn, Bloomingdale's, and Club Monaco.
In September 2011, Bell became a featured editor for Piperlime.
# Battle of Verdun (1792)

The first Battle of Verdun was fought between 29 August and 2 September 1792 between French Revolutionary forces and a Prussian army during the opening months of the War of the First Coalition. The Prussians were victorious, gaining a clear westward path to Paris.

## Battle

Colonel Nicolas-Joseph Beaurepaire, who had commanded the defense of Verdun, chose death by suicide to avoid the dishonor of surrendering Verdun.
# Saffron Brand Consultants

Saffron Brand Consultants is an independent global brand consultancy. It was founded in 2001 by Jacob Benbunan and Wally Olins.

## Overview

Saffron has advised businesses and institutions all over the world on brand and strategy. Their clients come from a wide variety of sectors, from energy to telecommunications, retail to museums, Silicon Valley giants to European start-ups.
The company has offices in London, Madrid, Vienna, and Istanbul with strategic partners in New York and São Paulo. Saffron has clients all over the world, from San Francisco to London, from Moscow to Hong Kong.

## Clients

Some notable clients include YouTube, Siemens, Engie, Goldman Sachs, Santander, T-Mobile, Vueling, BBVA, Bankinter, Sodexo, Flying Tiger Copenhagen, Pacha, A1 Telekom Austria, C&A, Fujitsu, Volotea$^,$ V Festival, Doha Film Institute, King's College London, The Institute of Cancer Research, Madrid Open and Turkcell, Vueling, Coca Cola, C&A$^,$ Fujitsu, Raiffeisen Bank International, LVMH, Iberia, Lloyd's of London, Swiss Re.
Saffron has worked for a number of cities and countries on place brand strategy and identities including Vienna, the world’s most liveable city, and London, Northern Ireland, Turkey, Trinidad & Tobago and Poland. The company also works to define Employee Value Proposition for clients, notably Sodexo, one of the world’s largest employers.
Recent clients of Saffron include London’s Victoria and Albert Museum, Despegar – Latin America’s largest online travel agency, HK Express airline, Collinear, Gulf Air, Repsol and Bittensor.
# Cordell Jeffers

Cordell Jeffers is a motivational speaker, entrepreneur and mindset coach from Birmingham, United Kingdom. He is an ambassador of The King's Trust charity. In 2022, Jeffers delivered a TEDx talk entitled "How To Turn Your Pain Into Purpose," in TedxMoseley event.

## Biography

Jeffers was born and grew up in Stechford, Birmingham. Due to dyslexia he became disengaged in secondary school, leading to his expulsion. Following this, he relocated to the Caribbean with his mother and brother to live with his grandparents in Saint Kitts and Nevis and there he completed his secondary school education.
At the age of 15, Jeffers returned to live with his aunt in Nechells, Birmingham and pursued further education, eventually studying business and marketing at Manchester Metropolitan University. During this time, he engaged in online retail activities.
He started his first business, Mungo Sports, a sportswear brand, With support from the Prince's Trust Enterprise programme, and began conducting workshops in schools on creative design and entrepreneurship. He also established We Shine Together, a social enterprise offering training programs to individuals from disadvantaged communities, this initiative reportedly provided schooling support to over 30 teenagers from Nepal, Zimbabwe and India. As a motivational speaker, Jeffers shares his personal life and challenges at various events and educational institutions. In February 2022, Jeffers delivered a TEDx talk titled "How To Turn Your Pain Into Purpose," where he discussed mindset and personal development.
In recognition of his work, Jeffers was appointed as The Prince's Trust ambassador and was awarded The Watches of Switzerland Group Young Change Maker award from King Charles III during Prince's Trust awards at St James Palace in London. As a charity ambassador he has reportedly supported over 5,000 black and ethnic students through training and school workshops.
# RAAF University Squadrons

RAAF University Squadrons were formed in each state of Australia in 1950 as part of the Citizen Air Force (CAF). They were formed to provide officer training to undergraduates who would then serve as commissioned officers in the RAAF General Reserve. Each squadron consisted of a number of specialist flights including: Flying, Medical, Equipment, Administrative and Technical. The squadrons were disbanded in 1973 following the end of conscription. Approximately 3,100 commissioned officers were trained by the various squadrons over the period of 24 years.

## University squadrons
### New South Wales

Formed as the Sydney University Squadron on 16 October 1950, its motto was Eadem Mens Alta Petendi (Latin: "In the Same Mind of Seeking the Heights"). The squadron changed its name to the New South Wales University Squadron in March 1967. It was disbanded on 31 October 1973.

### Queensland

Formed on 31 October 1950 in Brisbane, its motto was Peritus Ac Paratus (Latin: "Skilled and Ready"). It was disbanded on 25 August 1973.

### South Australian

Formed as the Adelaide University Squadron on 10 November 1950, its motto was Astra Pete Discendo (Latin: "Seek the Stars by Learning"). The squadron changed its name to the South Australian University Squadron on 11 January 1967. It was disbanded on 28 September 1973.

### Tasmanian

Formed on 3 November 1950 in Hobart, its motto was Ingeniis Patuit Campus (Latin: "There is an Open Field for Talent"). It was disbanded on 25 August 1973.

### Victorian

Formed on 25 October 1950 in Melbourne, its motto was Strength From Knowledge. It was disbanded on 18 October 1973.

### Western Australian

Formed on 30 October 1950 in Perth, its motto was Scientia Potentia (Latin: "Knowledge is Strength"). It was disbanded on 24 August 1973.
# Siege of Verdun (1870)

The siege of Verdun was a battle fought in France during the Franco-Prussian War from 13 October until 8 November 1870.
The siege was launched by the Legion of Saxony. After fierce resistance by the French army at the fortress of Verdun (longer resistance than any other French fortress), the siege ended with Verdun taking the lead with German Army goods. Verdun then became a fortress on the Franco-German border but surrendered to the German army in the Franco-Prussian War. The French artillery was noted to be effective during the siege.

## Background

During the War of the First Coalition, Verdun was invaded by the Prussian Army in 1792 leading to the original Siege of Verdun, before the French victory in the Battle of Valmy forced the Prussians to retreat. In 1870, Verdun offered fiercer resistance, but when the Saxon forces emerged from the east, Verdun had only a small garrison. For a time, the Germans just kept Verdun under surveillance, but on August 24, a German offensive was directed. The French conducted several breakouts after the prisoners escaped after the Battle of Sedan reinforcements.

## Siege

In late September, German forces (including the Landwehr militia ) assembled under the command of General Von Gayl [de] on the eastern front. Although the blockade of Verdun began on 25 October, on 7 October, two German Artillery crews were made to create conditions for the infantry and advanced a few hundred steps and established its positions The Germans then cleared all obstacles. On 13 October Verdun was officially locked down. The German artillery attacks failed, although the citadel of Verdun was severely damaged. General Marnier, commanding the French garrison, launched strong raids that were initially victorious. Meanwhile, the German generals were preoccupied with the Siege of Metz, so they lacked enough forces to also besiege Verdun.
After the fall of Metz, the German First Army reinforced the army besieging Verdun. The French army at Verdun was at a disadvantage. Faced with that situation, after a truce, Verdun surrendered under rare favorable conditions. The French garrison was taken prisoner, with the exception of the French National Guard. The French officers were paroled, and materials, weapons, cannons, etc. of the city of Verdun were agreed to be restored once peace was restored. Not long after Verdun surrendered, the German army defeated the French fortress of Neuf-Brisach.
# Jalisco Open

The Jalisco Open (currently known as Zurich Jalisco Open presentado por Aeromexico y Lacoste for sponsorship reasons) is a tennis tournament held in Zapopan, Guadalajara Metropolitan Area, Mexico since 2011. The event is part of the ATP Challenger Tour and is played on outdoor hard court at the Centro Panamericano de Tenis.

## Past finals
### Singles

| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Score |
| 2018 | Marcelo Arévalo | Christopher Eubanks | 6–4, 5–7, 7–6$^{(7–4)}$ |
| 2017 | Mirza Bašić | Denis Shapovalov | 6–4, 6–4 |
| 2016 | Malek Jaziri | Stéphane Robert | 5–7, 6–3, 7–6$^{(7–5)}$ |
| 2015 | Rajeev Ram | Jason Jung | 6–1, 6–2 |
| 2014 | Gilles Müller | Denis Kudla | 6–2, 6–2 |
| 2013 | Alex Bogomolov Jr. | Rajeev Ram | 2–6, 6–3, 6–1 |
| 2012 | Thiago Alves | Paolo Lorenzi | 6–3, 7–6$^{(6–4)}$ |
| 2011 | Paul Capdeville | Pierre-Ludovic Duclos | 7–5, 6–1 |

### Doubles

| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Score |
| 2018 | Marcelo Arévalo Miguel Ángel Reyes-Varela | Brydan Klein Ruan Roelofse | 7–6$^{(7–3)}$, 7–5 |
| 2017 | Santiago González Artem Sitak | Luke Saville John-Patrick Smith | 6–3, 1–6, [10–5] |
| 2016 | Gero Kretschmer Alexander Satschko | Santiago González Mate Pavić | 6–3, 4–6, [10–2] |
| 2015 | Austin Krajicek Rajeev Ram | Marcelo Demoliner Miguel Ángel Reyes-Varela | 7–5, 4–6, [10–6] |
| 2014 | César Ramírez Miguel Ángel Reyes-Varela | Andre Begemann Matthew Ebden | 6–4, 6–2 |
| 2013 | Marin Draganja Mate Pavić | Samuel Groth John-Patrick Smith | 5–7, 6–2, [13–11] |
| 2012 | James Cerretani Adil Shamasdin | Tomasz Bednarek Olivier Charroin | 7–6$^{(7–5)}$, 6–1 |
| 2011 | Vasek Pospisil Bobby Reynolds | Pierre-Ludovic Duclos Ivo Klec | 6–4, 6–7$^{(6–8)}$, [10–6] |
# Alfred Northey

Alfred Edward Northey (2 August 1838 – 24 January 1911) was an English clergyman and a cricketer who played first-class cricket for Cambridge University and for another amateur side between 1857 and 1860. He was born at Uxbridge, Middlesex and died at Torquay, Devon.
Northey was the son of Colonel W. B. Northey and was educated at Harrow School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He first played first-class cricket in a match for "the Gentlemen of Kent and Sussex" against the "Gentlemen of England" in 1857; as an opening batsman he made 23 and 32. He played only a single game for Cambridge University team in 1858, and in 1859, his single first-class match was the annual University Match against Oxford University in which he batted in the lower order. In 1860, he played three times for the university team and in the first of these appearances, against the Cambridge Town Club, he made an innings of 40 which was his highest first-class score. His last first-class game the University Match of 1860 in which he batted at No 9 in the first innings and did not bat at all in the second innings, when Cambridge won a very low-scoring game by three wickets.
Northey graduated from Cambridge University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1861 and was ordained as a priest in the Church of England. He was curate at All Saints' Church, Huntingdon from 1862 to 1864 and at St Martin-in-the-Fields in London from 1864 to 1869. From 1870 he was principal of Hockerill Training College for Schoolmistresses until he became vicar of Offley in Hertfordshire in 1881. Northey became the vicar at Rickmansworth in 1884 and remained there until 1898 when he retired; he was also rural dean of Watford from 1896. After retirement, he briefly acted as a chaplain in Tangier, Morocco and after settling in Devon was a licensed priest in the diocese of Exeter, though without an incumbency.
As a student to 1861 Northey was a captain in the 3rd Cambridgeshire Rifle Volunteers, part of the Volunteer Force. While at Hockerill, he published a book in 1872 on Pupil Teachers: Their Training and Instruction.
# Alfred Parsons (diplomat)

Alfred Roy Parsons AO (24 May 1925 – 19 June 2010) was an Australian diplomat from 1947 to 1988. He was the Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom from 1983 to 1987, only the second career diplomat to hold the position.
Parsons was born in Hobart and educated at Hobart High School and the University of Tasmania. He joined the Department of External Affairs (now the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade) in Canberra in 1947. He was posted to Australian missions in Jakarta, Rangoon, Singapore, Kuala Lumpur, Berlin, the United Nations (New York City), and London. His postings to Singapore, Kuala Lumpur and London were as High Commissioner. From 1976 to 1984, he was a Deputy Secretary of the department, responsible for Asian affairs.
He died in Canberra in 2010, aged 85, survived by his wife, Jill, two sons and a daughter.

## Honours

* Appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) on 9 June 1986 for "Public service as a diplomatic representative".
* Awarded the Centenary Medal on 1 January 2001 for "A significant contribution over many years to international relations".
# Alfred Swaine Taylor

Alfred Swaine Taylor (11 December 1806 in Northfleet, Kent – 27 May 1880 in London) was an English toxicologist and medical writer, who has been called the "father of British forensic medicine". He was also an early experimenter in photography.

## Career

Taylor studied medicine at Guy's Hospital and St Thomas's Hospital and was appointed Lecturer in Medical Jurisprudence at Guy's Hospital in 1831. In 1832 he succeeded Alexander Barry as joint Lecturer on Chemistry with Arthur Aitken. He published textbooks on medical jurisprudence and toxicology, contributed to the Dublin Quarterly Journal and medical periodicals, and edited the Medical Gazette. He was the main dissector of Lavinia Edwards's body, a woman who was determined to have been born male, and he wrote extensively about her. He appeared as expert witness in several widely reported murder cases. He also developed the use of hyposulphate of lime as a fixing agent for photography.
He is buried at Highgate Cemetery.

## Works

* On the Art of Photogenic Drawing, 1840
* The Elements of Medical Jurisprudence Interspersed with a copious selection of curious and instructive cases and analyses of opinions delivered at coroners' inquests, 1843
* Manual of Medical Jurisprudence, 1844
* Medical jurisprudence, 1845
* A thermometric table on the scales of fahrenheit, centigrade and Reaumur, compressing the most remarkable phenomena connected with temperature, 1845
* On the Temperature of the Earth and Sea in Reference to the Theory of Central Heat, 1846
* On poisons in relation to medical jurisprudence and medicine, 1848
* On poisoning by strychnia, with comments on the medical evidence at the trial of William Palmer for the murder of John Parsons Cook, 1856
* The principles and practice of medical jurisprudence, 1865
# List of non-building structure types

A nonbuilding structure, often referred to simply as a structure, is any built structure that is not a building, i.e. not designed for continuous human occupancy. The term is particularly used by architects, structural engineers, and mechanical engineers to distinguish load-bearing structures not designed for continuous human occupancy.

## Examples

* Aerial lift pylons
* Avalanche dams
* Barriers
* Beehive stone
* Blast furnaces
* Boat lifts
* Brick kilns
* Bridges and bridge-like structures (aqueducts, overpasses, trestles, viaducts, etc.)
* Bus stops
* Canals
** Aqueduct
*** Acequia
* Carports
* Chimneys and flue-gas stacks
* Coke ovens
* Communications towers
* Conservatories
* Covered bridges
* Dams
* Docks
* Dolphins
* Driveways
* Electricity grids
* Elevators
* Fountains
* Ferris wheels
* Ferry slips
* Flumes
* Footpaths
* Fortifications
* Fractionating towers
* Garden
* Gates
** Gate guardian
** Pylon
* Granaries
* Greenhouses
* Hayracks
* Hay barracks
* Headframes
* Infrastructures
* Landmarks
* Marinas
* Monoliths
* Megaliths
* Memorials
** Monuments
* Mounds
** Stupas
* Offshore oil platforms (except for the production and housing facilities)
* Oil depots
* Oil platforms
* Piers
* Pitch
* Pyramids
* Radio masts and towers
* Railroads
* Ramadas
* Retaining walls
* Roads
* Roller coasters
* Sheds
* Ski lifts
* Silos
* Storage tanks
* Street lights
* Street signs
* Swimming pools
* Structures designed to support, contain or convey liquid or gaseous matter, including
** Cooling towers
** Distillation equipment and structural supports at chemical and petrochemical plants and oil refineries
* Tank farms
* Thoroughfares
* Tombs
* Towers of some types
** Lattice towers
** Obelisks
* Tramways and aerial tramways
* Transmission towers
* Triumphal arches
* Tunnels
* Underwater habitats
* Water towers
* Wharves
* Windmills

## Exceptions

Some structures that are occupied periodically and would otherwise be considered "nonbuilding structures" are categorized as "buildings" for life and fire safety purposes:
* Aviation control towers
* Cruise ships
* Factories
* Kiosks
* Lighthouses
* Outhouses
* Power stations
* Refineries
* Warehouses
# Samsung Galaxy A11

The Samsung Galaxy A11 is an entry-level Android smartphone developed by Samsung Electronics. It was first announced on March 13, 2020, as a successor to the Samsung Galaxy A10. A similar device, Galaxy M11, was first released in March 2020, but with a larger battery capacity (5000 mAh), also the M11 was being sold in Western Europe officially.
While the Galaxy A01 and Galaxy A11 were skipped in Western Europe, China and South Korea, Samsung released their successors, Galaxy A02s and Galaxy A12.

## Design

The A11 is considerably less compact than its predecessor, measuring 161.4 mm × 76.3 mm × 8 mm, and it weighs 177 g, 9 grams more than the A10. Looks-wise, the Galaxy A11 looks fairly similar to the Galaxy A10. It has a thin wraparound bezel surrounding the display, with a considerably bigger bottom bezel. Both phones have a fingerprint scanner on the back, and the camera's positioning is on the top-left on both phones. However, the camera array is the biggest design difference between the A10s and A11. While both have their cameras contained in a small vertical oval, the A11 has an extra camera (making said oval bigger vertically), and the flash has been moved to the right of the depth sensor (the top-most camera) rather than below the oval. In addition, the selfie camera's design is different. The A10s had a teardrop notch, while the A11 has a hole-punch in the top-left corner. Also, on the A11, every physical button is on the right side, while on the A10s, the volume buttons were on the left. The A11 comes in four different colors: Black, White, Red, and Blue.

## Specifications
### Hardware

The Samsung Galaxy A11 has a 6.4" PLS TFT display, with a 1560x720 (HD+) resolution. The phone has a 1.8 GHz Octa-core CPU, a Qualcomm Snapdragon 450 SoC, and comes with 32 GB of storage (which can be expanded using a microSD card up to 512 GB, for a max total of 544 GB) and either 2 or 3 GB of RAM. The phone has a 4000 mAh battery, and supports 15 W fast charging.

#### Cameras

Unlike the Galaxy A10, which had only one rear camera, the A11 has three. The specs of the main camera are pretty much the same, save for a slight increase in aperture (f/1.8, up from f/1.9). The A11 also has an ultrawide camera, which is a 5 MP sensor behind an f/2.2 lens. The A11 also has a 2 MP, f/2.4 sensor for depth info. The selfie camera received a bump to 8 MP (up from 5). From top to bottom, the order of the cameras is depth sensor, main, ultrawide.

### Software

The Galaxy A11 shipped with Android 10 under One UI Core 2. It received the Android 11/One UI Core 3 update in 2021. It received its final major software update, Android 12/One UI Core 4, in late 2022.
# Foster House (420 South Spruce Street, Hope, Arkansas)

The Foster House is a historic house at 420 North Spruce Street in Hope, Arkansas. The house was designed by Texarkana architects Witt, Siebert and Halsey, and built in 1918 for Leonidas Foster, a prominent local businessman, landowner, and cotton broker. It is a 2+1⁄2-story brick structure, with a hip roof pierced by a gable-roofed dormer. A porch supported by brick piers extends across the front facade, and is augmented by a porte-cochère on the left side. The house is an excellent local example of a Foursquare house with Craftsman and Prairie details.
The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.
# Robert Malachy Burke

Robert Malachy Burke (1 March 1907 – 20 September 1998) was an Irish Christian socialist, philanthropist and politician. He was born into a landed Church of Ireland family at Ballydugan, Loughrea, County Galway.
He was active (alongside his wife, Ann Grattan of Belfast) in a variety of organisations in the fields of community development, co-operativism, peace activism, religion, and politics. At Toghermore, Tuam (the birthplace of his mother, Ethel Maud Henry), where he came to live following his parents' separation, he established an innovative co-operative farm.
As a Labour Party representative, he sat on Galway County Council, but despite polling strongly in Galway East at a number of elections, he was not elected to the Dáil Éireann.
He was elected to Seanad Éireann in 1948 for the Agricultural Panel, but resigned his seat on 6 December 1950.
Following the death of his mother, Burke gifted his property to the Irish health authorities for use in the struggle against tuberculosis, and, early in 1951, he took up a position as a development worker with an Anglican charity in Nigeria. Alongside his wife, he worked during the next decades with various agencies in Africa, before the couple retired to Belfast. He died in 1998.

## Sources

* John Cunningham, 'Bobby Burke: Christian Socialist', in J.A. Claffey (ed.) Glimpses of Tuam since the Famine, Tuam 1997, pp. 239–53.