OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Calamine brass

Calamine brass is brass produced by a particular alloying technique using the zinc ore calamine directly, rather than first refining it to metallic zinc. Direct zinc smelting appears to have been unknown in Europe until the mid-18th century, even though the alloyed calamine brass was in use for centuries, and metallic zinc was produced directly via reducing-atmosphere smelting in India and China from the 12th century CE onwards.
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc and, when it was first developed, methods for producing metallic zinc were unknown. Metallurgists wishing to produce brass thus used calamine (actually a mixture of the virtually indistinguishable zinc ores smithsonite and hemimorphite) as the zinc component of brass. The resulting brasses, produced by heating a mixture of copper and calamine to a high temperature for several hours (allowing zinc vapor to distill from the ores and permeate the metallic copper), contained a significant amount of slag material resulting from the non-zinc components of calamine. The use of ore rather than metallic zinc also made it difficult to accurately produce the desired final proportion of copper to zinc. This process is known as cementation.
Calamine brass was produced using proportions of two-sevenths fine copper, four-sevenths calamine, and one-seventh shruff (old plate brass). Calamine brass was the first type of brass produced, probably starting during the 1st millennium BC, and was not replaced in Europe by other brass manufactures until the 18th century. It is likely that Indian brass manufacturers had developed more advanced techniques some centuries earlier.
The area around La Calamine, now Kelmis, in Belgium, was the source of much of the medieval brass of northern Europe. Brass production was introduced to England in 1587 when several members of the Company of Mineral and Battery Works obtained a licence from the company (within whose monopoly it was) to build a brass works at Isleworth. However a decade later the company obstructed the owners from mining calamine. A plaque at Tintern Abbey claims that the well-known brassworks at this site began in 1568.
New brass works were built by a German immigrant in 1649 at Esher, probably using Swedish copper. After the passing of the Royal Mines Act 1688 (1 Will. & Mar. c. 30), further works were built near Bristol, where brass production became a major industry in the 18th century. Later brass production sites in England included Cheadle and Birmingham.
Calamine brass was slowly phased out as zinc smelting techniques were developed in Europe, which produced metallic zinc more suitable for brass production than calamine. However, the conversion away from calamine brass manufacture was slow; a British patent was awarded to William Champion in 1738, but the alloying of metallic zinc and copper to produce brass was not patented until 1781 (by James Emerson), and calamine brass mills persisted in South Wales until as late as 1858. The slow diffusion of this technology was probably the result of economic factors.
# Nagieb Khaja

Nagieb Khaja (born 1979 in Copenhagen) is a Danish journalist, documentary filmmaker and writer. A war correspondent, Khaja has reported for the likes of Al Jazeera English, Vice and BBC from Afghanistan, Syria and Palestine. Khaja has been nominated twice for the Cavling Prize, a prestigious Danish journalist award.

## Personal life

Khaja is of Afghan descent. He attended the University of Southern Denmark, graduating with a degree in journalism.

## Filmography

* 2012: My Afghanistan - Life in the Forbidden Zone (Mit Afghanistan - Livet i den forbudte Zone)
# Carola Pavlik

Carola Pavlik (born 1978) is a Dutch contemporary artist.
As an artist and creator of Czech descent Carola has always been creative and interested in the art of human behaviour & beauty from child on. Pavlik was born in The Hague. She started her career as an artist by creating female figures out of aluminum, paper, and acrylic. These collections, where the focus has been on the female body, were exhibited in the So ART GALLERY in Amsterdam and at a private collector exhibition in Antwerp.
With her mirror art Carola Pavlik tells the story of how art can be used to inspire change. One of her main subject is creating self awareness, her artworks seems to transform by light.
One of her pieces is the sculpture “Shine”, a feminine body covered with 57,000 Swarovski crystals. “Shine” hold a special crystal key to her precious body. She represents all women in complete acceptance and thankful for the beautiful body they were given. Each crystal, every woman ready to “Shine”
Her collection Iconic Reflections is made of brightly coloured large mirror artworks of seventeen inspiring women: Oprah Winfrey, Stedman Graham, Hillary Clinton, Beyoncé, Sheryl Sandberg, Julia Roberts, Queen Noor, Michelle Obama, Madonna, Sonia Gandhi, Angela Merkel, Angelina Jolie, Kate Middleton, Queen Maxima, Princess Beatrix, Dilma Rousseff, Kate Moss, and Linda de Mol.
She has exhibited in Antwerp, Amsterdam and London. Carola was also featured a.o in Dutch TV, RTL Boulevard, AD, Blauw Bloed, WEF and interviewed for a program by the UN Women.
# Hampstead Meetinghouse

The Hampstead Meetinghouse, also once known as Hampstead Town Hall, is a historic meeting house at 20 Emerson Avenue in Hampstead, New Hampshire. The core of this dual-purpose (religious and civic) structure was begun in 1749, although its interior was not completely finished until about 1768. It is one of a number of fairly well-preserved 18th-century meeting houses in southeastern New Hampshire, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

## Description and history

The Hampstead Meetinghouse stands in the village center of Hampstead, on the north side of Emerson Street east of its junction with Main Street (New Hampshire Route 121). It is a two-story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. Unlike 19th-century churches, it has its original main entrance on the long side, at the center of a five-bay facade. The entrance is framed by pilasters and a triangular pediment. A bell tower rises just to the left of the main block, with a similarly styled second entrance at its base. It rises square to an open octagonal belfry and spire. The interior, originally a large chamber with a gallery around three sides, has had the upper level fully floored over. Its original configuration would also have had box pews on the main floor, and a raised pulpit with sounding board on the wall opposite the main entrance.
Construction began on the meetinghouse in 1749, but it was not considered finished until 1768, when its interior walls were finally plastered. The tower was added during renovations in 1793, which also included the construction of a porch. The bell which hangs in the tower was added in 1809; it is the product of a short-lived partnership between Paul Revere, Jr. (son of the Revolutionary Paul Revere) and George Holbrook, and may be its only surviving casting. The building ceased to be used for Congregational services in 1837, and in 1856 the gallery level was enclosed, making a full second story, which was set up for theatrical productions.
# Party at Tiffany's

Party at Tiffany's is an American reality-docuseries on the Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN). The series premiered on December 3, 2011. The show initially was named Pink Pastry before OWN picked up the series from TLC.

## Premise

The series follows Tiffany Young and her Atlanta, Georgia-based bakery, Pink Pastry Parlor.

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Original release date |
| 1 | "Tiffany Makes a Splash" | December 3, 2011 (2011-12-03) |
| 2 | "Oodles of Poodles" | December 3, 2011 (2011-12-03) |
| 3 | "Princess + Diva = Priva" | December 10, 2011 (2011-12-10) |
| 4 | "First One to Fall Asleep Gets Got" | December 10, 2011 (2011-12-10) |
| 5 | "It's Cash Money, Baby!" | December 17, 2011 (2011-12-17) |
| 6 | "I Do...for Pastries" | December 17, 2011 (2011-12-17) |

## Reception

Melissa Camacho of Common Sense Media wrote, "Some of the scenes, especially those with the Parlettes, seem a little rehearsed, too. But the overall show is a positive one, and those who tune in will find a good role model here."
# Joseph Chartouny

Joseph Pierre Abi-Zakhour El Chartouny (born December 3, 1994) is a Canadian-Lebanese former professional basketball player. He played college basketball for Fordham and Marquette.

## Early life

Chartouny was born and raised in Montreal, Quebec. He grew up playing basketball and soccer and was a fan of the San Antonio Spurs. Chartouny played basketball for Collège Jean-de-Brébeuf in Montreal. He led his team to six provincial titles, averaging 20 points, five rebounds and five assists per game in his final season. Chartouny played for Brookwood Elite on the Amateur Athletic Union circuit. He was considered the fourth-best Canadian prospect in his class by North Pole Hoops. Chartouny committed to play college basketball for Fordham over offers from Princeton, Vermont, American and Green Bay, among others.

## College career

As a freshman at Fordham, Chartouny averaged 11.3 points, 5.3 rebounds, 6.2 assists and an Atlantic 10-high 2.2 steals per game. He led all NCAA Division I freshman in assists per game, and his 161 assists broke the school freshman record. Chartouny was named Atlantic 10 Rookie of the Year. He averaged 12.1 points, 4.1 rebounds, five assists and 3.2 steals per game as a sophomore. Chartouny led the Atlantic 10 and set a single-season school record in steals, while ranking third in the nation in steals per game. After the season, he declared for the 2017 NBA draft without hiring an agent, before returning to Fordham. On February 17, 2018, Chartouny scored a career-high 28 points and grabbed 10 rebounds in an 80-70 loss to Dayton. As a junior, Chartouny averaged 12.2 points, 5.6 rebounds, 4.6 assists and a nation-leading 3.3 steals per game. For his senior season, he transferred to Marquette. He averaged three points, 2.3 rebounds and 1.9 assists per game, helping the team finish second in the Big East.

## Professional career

On September 19, 2019, Chartouny signed his first professional contract with Sagesse of the Lebanese Basketball League. In 2021, according to Chartouny's LinkedIn page, he played for Union Rennes basket 35 and Champville SC.

## National team career

Chartouny represented Lebanon at the 2017 FIBA Asia Cup, averaging 2.6 points per game. In the same year, he played at the FIBA World Cup qualification stage. In February 2020, Chartouny joined Lebanon for the FIBA Asia Cup qualification stage.

## Career statistics
### College

| Year | Team | GP | GS | MPG | FG% | 3P% | FT% | RPG | APG | SPG | BPG | PPG |
| 2015–16 | Fordham | 26 | 26 | 32.8 | .370 | .315 | .765 | 5.4 | 6.2 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 11.3 |
| 2016–17 | Fordham | 29 | 26 | 33.1 | .415 | .382 | .759 | 4.1 | 5.0 | 3.2 | 0.1 | 12.1 |
| 2017–18 | Fordham | 29 | 28 | 36.0 | .371 | .284 | .697 | 5.6 | 4.6 | 3.3 | 0.3 | 12.2 |
| 2018–19 | Marquette | 34 | 0 | 15.0 | .450 | .381 | .625 | 2.3 | 1.9 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 3.0 |
| Career | Career | 118 | 80 | 28.5 | .392 | .333 | .730 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 2.3 | 0.2 | 9.3 |

## Personal life

Chartouny is the son of Lebanese parents, Amale El-Khoury and Christian Chartouny. In 1990, at the end of the Lebanese Civil War, his family moved to Montreal. He is fluent in Arabic, English and French.
# Christine Roux

Christine Roux (c. 1820 - December 3, 1863) was a French courtesan, artist's model and actress in the 19th century.

## Early life and career

Christine Roux was born around 1820 in Lyon, France. She later moved with her mother to Paris where she worked as a courtesan.

### Literary connections

Roux is believed to have been the inspiration for the character Musette in Henri Murger's 1851 novel Scènes de la vie de bohème, which was adapted into the 1896 opera La Bohème by Puccini. Henri Murger is also said to have based another character on her, Marianne, in his 1851 book Le Pays Latin.
Writer Jules Champfleury, who had a brief relationship with Roux, is also said to have based the character Mariette in his 1853 work Les Aventures de Mademoiselle Mariette on her.

### Model Career

Modeling Career Roux posed as an artist's model for the famous French photographer Gaspard-Félix Tournachon, known as Nadar. One of his photographs from around 1855 titled Mariette depicts Roux standing nude covering her face and is considered groundbreaking for their time and among the earliest nude photographs ever made. Another Nadar photo called Musette may show Roux seated. She also posed for sculptor Auguste Clésinger.
Art historian Helmut Gernsheim claimed Nadar's nude photo of Roux inspired the female figure in Ingres' 1856 painting La Source, alleging Ingres sent Roux to Nadar for studies that year. However, other sources dispute this timeline, stating La Source was conceived much earlier around 1820 and based on Ingres' 1848 Venus Anadyomene, with the model potentially being Ingres' concierge's daughter.
The pose in Nadar's Roux photo bears similarity to the nude Phryne in Jean-Léon Gérôme's 1861 painting Phryne before the Areopagus. Some sources suggest Roux may have previously modeled for Gérôme, providing the face of the Greek girl in his 1846 work The Cockfight.

## Death

In 1863, Christine Roux died in the shipwreck of the steamship Atlas headed to Algiers.

## Legacy

In the Forest of Fontainebleau near Mare aux Fées, Claude-François Denecourt nicknamed a hornbeam tree "Musette" as a tribute to Murger's literary character based on Roux. Writer Alexandre Schanne described her as "beautiful, positively beautiful."

## Related works

* Phryne at the Areopagus, Jean-Leon Gérôme.
* Selling Slaves in Rome, Jean-Leon Gérôme.
* A probable portrait of Christine Roux by Nadar (c. 1854/1855)
# PLA

PLA primarily refers to
* People's Liberation Army, the principal military force of China
* Polylactic acid, a biodegradable polymer used as 3d printing filament
PLA may also refer to:

## Organizations
### Politics and military

* Party of Labour of Albania, ruling party of Albania from 1945 to 1991
* People's Liberation Army (disambiguation)
** People's Liberation Army, the principal military force of China.
** Irish National Liberation Army, formerly called the People's Liberation Army
** People's Liberation Army (Lebanon)
** People's Liberation Army of Manipur, India
* Palestine Liberation Army, the military wing of the Palestine Liberation Organization
* ProLife Alliance, a former UK political party

### Other organizations

* Pacific Locomotive Association, operator of the Niles Canyon Railway in California, US
* Pakistan Library Association
* Pediatric Leadership Alliance, of the American Academy of Pediatrics
* Phone Losers of America, a US phone phreaking group
* Port of London Authority, England
* Pre-school Learning Alliance, England
* Public Library Association, a US professional association

## Science and technology

* Principle of least astonishment, a principle in software design
* Programmable logic array, a semiconductor device
* Proximity ligation assay, to detect proteins
* Protected landscape areas, areas with natural, ecological or cultural values
* Phospholipase A
** Phospholipase A1 (PLA1)
** Phospholipase A2 (PLA2)

## Other uses

* Prior learning assessment, in education
* Project Labor Agreement, a collective bargaining agreement
* Pulau Aie railway station in Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia (station code)
* Rafael Cordero Santiago Port of the Americas, a megaport in Puerto Rico
* Pokémon Legends: Arceus, a 2022 action role-playing game developed for the Nintendo Switch
# 1996 AFC U-16 Championship

The 1996 AFC U-16 Championship was the 7th edition of the tournament, organized by the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) every two years. Thailand was the host nation.

## Venue

All matches were played in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
* Chiang Mai
* 700th Anniversary Stadium
* Capacity: 25,000
* Chiang Mai

## Qualification

Qualified Teams:
* Bahrain
* China
* India
* Iran
* Japan
* South Korea
* Kuwait
* Oman
* Uzbekistan
* Thailand (host)

## Group stage
### Group A

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| 1 | Oman | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 4 | +8 | 10 | Knockout stage |
| 2 | Japan | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 13 | 6 | +7 | 10 | Knockout stage |
| 3 | South Korea | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 8 | −1 | 4 |
| 4 | Kuwait | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 9 | −4 | 3 |
| 5 | Uzbekistan | 4 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 12 | −10 | 1 |

### Group B

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| 1 | Thailand | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 15 | 3 | +12 | 10 | Knockout Stage |
| 2 | Bahrain | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 7 | +6 | 9 | Knockout Stage |
| 3 | China | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 10 | −5 | 4 |
| 4 | Iran | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 8 | −3 | 3 |
| 5 | India | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 16 | −10 | 3 |

## Winners

* AFC U-16 Championship 1996 winners
* Oman First title

## Teams qualified for 1997 FIFA U-17 World Championship

* Oman
* Thailand
* Bahrain

## Sources

* rsssf.com
* This article about an association football competition within the area covered by the Asian Football Confederation is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Sweet Nothing (album)

Sweet Nothing is the third studio album by Australian singer-songwriter Tex Perkins, and first credited to Tex Perkins' Dark Horses. The album was released in July 2003 and peaked at number 34 on the ARIA Charts.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| The Age | |
| The Sydney Morning Herald | |
The Sydney Morning Herald said "Perkins has swapped the rock'n'roll swagger of his earlier days for evocative poetry, such as that found on the chorus of track two 'Tonight we swim in midnight sunshine'. What's surprising is that his rough rumble of a voice is so suited to restraint."
The Age said "Perkins' smoky, cracked voice is at its best out in front... but generally it serves as an accompaniment to the lush instrumentation, particularly Charlie Owen's dobro, lap steel and shimmering keyboards, and is complemented by Silbersher's falsetto backing vocals. Owen and Silbersher are the masters of understatement; they know as much as anyone that what you don't do is as important as what you do. The songs, recorded on Perkins' mobile recording system at his rural property, retain their intimacy, so much so that you can hear breathing and, almost, thoughts." calling the album "A sublime winter album to get lost in."

## Personnel

* Tex Perkins – vocals, acoustic guitar
* Charlie Owen – dobro, lap steel, electric, keyboards
* Murray Paterson – acoustic guitar
* Joel Silbersher – bass
* Richard Needham – backing vocals, drums

## Charts

| Chart (2003) | Peak position |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 34 |

## Release history

Release history and formats for Sweet Nothing :
| Region | Date | Format | Label | Catalogue |
| Australia | July 2003 | CDLP | Universal Music Australia | 0384962 |
# Mama Drama (TV series)

Mama Drama is a ten-episode reality television series that focuses on five mother-daughter pairs who are put together in a penthouse in Las Vegas, Nevada.

## Cast

| Family | Hometown | Age |
| Loren, Whitney and Britney | Powder Springs, Georgia | Loren - 39 & Britney/Whitney - 23 |
| Marcella and Gina | Baltimore, Maryland | Marcella - 25 & Gina - 49 |
| Ashley and Sharon | Houston, Texas | Ashley - 23 & Sharon - 42 |
| Debbie and Gina | Butler, NJ | Debbie - 49 & Gina - 24 |
| Vanessa and Jay | Edmonds, Washington | Vanessa - 23 & Jay - 46 |

## Episodes

| Episode | U.S. Air Date |
| "Welcome to Vegas" | July 18, 2012 |
| "The Snatch" | July 25, 2012 |
| "Battle Lines" | July 26, 2012 |
| "Leave Us Alone" | August 1, 2012 |
| "Jay's Secret" | August 8, 2012 |
| "Mama Drama" | August 15, 2012 |
| "Broken Glass" | August 22, 2012 |
| "My New Mom" | August 29, 2012 |
| "Time Apart" | September 1, 2012 |
| "Truth and Consequences" | September 2, 2012 |
# Ignaty Krachkovsky

Ignaty Yulianovich Krachkovsky (Russian: Игна́тий Юлиа́нович Крачко́вский (4 (16) March 1883, Vilnius — 24 January 1951, Leningrad) was a Russian and Soviet Arabist, academician of the Russian Academy of Science (since 1921; since 1925 Academy of Science of the USSR).
Krachkovsky was one of the founders of the Soviet school of Arab studies.
Krachkovsky is known for authoring the translation of Quran into Russian. His book of recollections Among Arabic Manuscripts was awarded Stalin Prize (in 1951).

## Publications

Krachkovsky edited and published the Kitāb al-Aḥbār aṭ-Ṭiwāl ('General History') by Abu Hanifa Dinawari (1912) Kratschkovsky wrote an article for the Encyclopedia of Islam on Abī Bakr Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyá al-Ṣūlī the author of the Kitāb al-Awrāq.
The British Arabist James Heyworth-Dunne published an edited Arabic text of Kitāb al-Awrāq as three parts, and in his introduction to the third part titled Ashʻār Awlād al-Khulafāʼ wa-Akhbāruhum (1936), he cites his use of Kratschkovsky's article and refers to communication he had with Kratschkovsky in 1936.
# Specious present

The specious present is the time duration wherein one's perceptions are considered to be in the present.

## Description

The term was coined by E. Robert Kelly, who wrote under the pseudonym "E. R. Clay". In The Alternative: A Study in Psychology (1882), he wrote:
   The relation of experience to time has not been profoundly studied. Its objects are given as being of the present, but the part of time referred to by the datum is a very different thing from the conterminous of the past and future which philosophy denotes by the name Present. The present to which the datum refers is really a part of the past—a recent past—delusively given as being a time that intervenes between the past and the future. Let it be named the specious present, and let the past, that is given as being the past, be known as the obvious past. All the notes of a bar of a song seem to the listener to be contained in the present. All the changes of place of a meteor seem to the beholder to be contained in the present. At the instant of the termination of such series, no part of the time measured by them seems to be a past. Time, then, considered relatively to human apprehension, consists of four parts, viz., the obvious past, the specious present, the real present, and the future. Omitting the specious present, it consists of three ... nonentities—the past, which does not exist, the future, which does not exist, and their conterminous, the present; the faculty from which it proceeds lies to us in the fiction of the specious present.
The concept was further developed by philosopher William James. James defined the specious present to be "the prototype of all conceived times... the short duration of which we are immediately and incessantly sensible". C. D. Broad in "Scientific Thought" (1930) further elaborated on the concept of the specious present, arguing that it may be construed as the temporal equivalent of a sensory datum.
The specious present can be classed as a 'thick' conception of time perception, to be contrasted with 'thin' conceptions that see the present as instantaneous.
The concept raises some seemingly paradoxical problems. For example, Robin Le Poidevin notes that the specious present amounts to a duration in which events are both simultaneous and successive: "What we perceive, we perceive as present—as going on right now. Can we perceive a relation between two events without also perceiving the events themselves? If not, then it seems we perceive both events as present, in which case we must perceive them as simultaneous, and so not as successive after all."