# 1996 Australian federal election

The 1996 Australian federal election was held to determine the members of the 38th Parliament of Australia. It was held on 2 March 1996. All 148 seats of the House of Representatives and 40 seats of the 76-seat Senate were up for election. The Liberal/National Coalition led by Opposition Leader John Howard of the Liberal Party and coalition partner Tim Fischer of the National Party defeated the incumbent Australian Labor Party government led by Prime Minister Paul Keating in a landslide victory. The Coalition won 94 seats in the House of Representatives, which is the largest number of seats held by a federal government to date, and only the second time a party had won over 90 seats at a federal election.
The election marked the end of the five-term, 13-year Hawke-Keating Government that began in 1983. Howard was sworn in as the new prime minister of Australia on 11 March 1996, along with the First Howard Ministry. This election was the start of the 11-year Howard Government; the Labor party would spend this period in opposition and would not return to government until the 2007 election.
This was the first federal election that future prime minister Tony Abbott contested as a member of parliament, having entered parliament at the 1994 Warringah by-election. Future prime minister Anthony Albanese and future opposition leader Brendan Nelson also entered parliament at this election.
Future prime ministers Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard were unsuccessful candidates for the House of Representatives and Senate respectively at this election and would eventually be elected to the House of Representatives at the next election in 1998.
Howard became the first Liberal leader to win an election from opposition since Robert Menzies in 1949. (Malcolm Fraser was caretaker prime minister in the 1975 election.) The victory also saw the Liberal Party gain enough seats to not require the support of the National Party, though John Howard opted to stay in the Coalition. As of 2023 this is the last time the Liberal Party has won an overall majority of seats in federal parliament and also the last when both major party leaders born prior to 1946, the first year of the Post-war era.

## Background

John Howard, who had previously led the Liberal Party from 1985 to 1989, returned to the leadership in January 1995 following the party's disastrous eight months under the leadership of Alexander Downer. Downer and deputy PM Peter Costello had succeeded John Hewson and Michael Wooldridge early in 1994 and were touted as the leaders of the new-generation Liberals. In the end, the party opted for the seasoned Howard, perhaps an acknowledgment that he was the only one left standing after a decade of party infighting.

## Campaign

Howard approached the campaign with a determination to present as small a target as possible. Throughout 1995 he refused to detail specific policy proposals, focusing the Coalition's attacks mainly on the longevity and governing record of the Labor government. By 1996, however, it was clear that the electorate had tired of Labor and in particular of Paul Keating. The line "The recession we had to have" resonated with deadly force throughout the electorate. Although Keating's big-picture approach to republicanism, reconciliation with Australia's Indigenous peoples and engagement with Asia galvanised support within Labor's urban constituencies, Howard was able to attract support amongst disaffected mainstream Australians, uniting middle-class suburban residents with traditionally Labor-voting blue-collar workers. He also promised to retain Medicare and hold a constitutional convention to decide whether Australia would become a republic.
The election-eve Newspoll reported the Liberal/National Coalition held an estimated 53.5 percent two-party-preferred vote.
On election day, the news was dominated by the Ralph Willis letter. Treasurer Ralph Willis had released a letter purporting to be secret correspondence between Howard and Liberal Premier of Victoria, Jeff Kennett. Howard quickly denounced the letter as a forgery and claims of Labor skulduggery dominated the last day, drowning out anything Keating said. The letter was subsequently revealed to be the work of university students. Left-wing writer Bob Ellis claimed that the Ralph Willis letter was the cause of Keating's crushing defeat.

## Results
### House of Representatives results

House of Reps (IRV) – 1996–1998 – Turnout 94.99% (CV) — Informal 3.78% :
| Party | Party | Party | Votes | % | Swing | Seats | Change |
| | | Liberal | 4,210,689 | 38.69 | +1.92 | 75 | 26 |
| | | National | 893,170 | 8.21 | +1.04 | 18 | 2 |
| | | Country Liberal | 38,302 | 0.35 | +0.02 | 1 | 1 |
| | Liberal/National Coalition | Liberal/National Coalition | 5,142,161 | 47.25 | +2.98 | 94 | 29 |
| | Labor | Labor | 4,217,765 | 38.75 | −6.17 | 49 | 31 |
| | Democrats | Democrats | 735,848 | 6.76 | +3.01 | | |
| | Greens | Greens | 317,654 | 2.92 | +1.09 | | |
| | Independents | Independents | 262,420 | 2.41 | −0.73 | 5 | 3 |
| | Others | Others | 208,004 | 1.91 | +1.05 | | |
| | Total | Total | 10,883,852 | | | 148 | 1 |
| Two-party-preferred vote ||||||||
| | Liberal–National coalition | Liberal–National coalition | Win | 53.63 | +5.07 | 94 | 29 |
| | Labor | Labor | | 46.37 | −5.07 | 49 | 31 |
Popular vote
Labor
38.75%
Liberal
38.69%
National
8.21%
Democrats
6.76%
Greens
1.74%
CLP
0.35%
Independents
2.27%
Other
3.23% :
Two-party-preferred vote
Coalition
53.63%
Labor
46.37% :
Parliament seats
Coalition
63.51%
Labor
33.11%
Independents
3.38% :

### Senate results

Senate (STV GV) — 1996–99 – Turnout 95.20% (CV) — Informal 3.89% :
| Party | Party | Party | Votes | % | Swing | Seats won | Seats held | Change |
| | | Liberal–National joint ticket | 2,669,377 | 24.49 | +0.09 | 6 | N/A |
| | | Liberal | 1,770,486 | 16.24 | +0.65 | 12 | 31 | 2 |
| | | National | 312,769 | 2.87 | +0.15 | 1 | 5 | 1 |
| | | Country Liberal | 40,050 | 0.37 | +0.04 | 1 | 1 | |
| | Liberal–National coalition | Liberal–National coalition | 4,792,682 | 43.97 | +0.92 | 20 | 37 | 1 |
| | Labor | Labor | 3,940,150 | 36.15 | −7.35 | 14 | 29 | 1 |
| | Democrats | Democrats | 1,179,357 | 10.82 | +5.51 | 5 | 7 | |
| | Greens | Greens | 345,513 | 3.17 | +0.67 | 1 | 2 | |
| | Others | Others | 641,335 | 5.88 | | 0 | 1 | |
| Total | Total | Total | 10,899,037 | | | 40 | 76 | |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 395,442 | 3.5 | | | | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 11,294,479 | 96.2 | | | | |
| Registered voters | Registered voters | Registered voters | 11,740,568 | | | | | |
| Source: Federal Elections 1996 |||||||||

## House of Reps preference flows

* The Democrats contested 138 electorates with preferences slightly favouring Labor (54.02%)
* The Greens contested 102 electorates with preferences favouring Labor (67.10%)

## Seats changing hands

| Seat | Pre-1996 | Pre-1996 | Pre-1996 | Pre-1996 | Swing | Post-1996 | Post-1996 | Post-1996 | Post-1996 |
| Seat | Party | Party | Member | Margin | Swing | Margin | Member | Party | Party |
| Bass, Tas | | Labor | Silvia Smith | 0.03 | 4.60 | 4.57 | Warwick Smith | Liberal | |
| Bowman, Qld | | Labor | Con Sciacca | 8.14 | 9.03 | 0.89 | Andrea West | Liberal | |
| Calare, NSW | | Labor | David Simmons | N/A | N/A | 13.32 | Peter Andren | Independent | |
| Canberra, ACT | | Labor | Ros Kelly | 9.56 | 2.04 | 7.52 | Bob McMullan | Labor | |
| Canberra, ACT | | Liberal | Brendan Smyth | 6.58 | 14.1 | 7.52 | Bob McMullan | Labor | |
| Canning, WA | | Labor | George Gear | 0.19 | 0.88 | 0.69 | Ricky Johnston | Liberal | |
| Capricornia, Qld | | Labor | Marjorie Henzell | 2.78 | 6.40 | 3.62 | Paul Marek | National | |
| Curtin, WA | | Liberal | Allan Rocher | N/A | N/A | 7.28 | Allan Rocher | Independent | |
| Dickson, Qld | | Labor | Michael Lavarch | 2.55 | 5.72 | 3.17 | Tony Smith | Liberal | |
| Eden-Monaro, NSW | | Labor | Jim Snow | 4.27 | 9.03 | 4.76 | Gary Nairn | Liberal | |
| Gilmore, NSW | | Labor | Peter Knott | 0.45 | 6.69 | 6.24 | Joanna Gash | Liberal | |
| Griffith, Qld | | Labor | Ben Humphreys | 5.90 | 7.37 | 1.47 | Graeme McDougall | Liberal | |
| Herbert, Qld | | Labor | Ted Lindsay | 3.31 | 9.90 | 6.59 | Peter Lindsay | Liberal | |
| Hughes, NSW | | Labor | Robert Tickner | 6.42 | 11.31 | 4.89 | Danna Vale | Liberal | |
| Kalgoorlie, WA | | Labor | Graeme Campbell | N/A | N/A | 10.35 | Graeme Campbell | Independent | |
| Kingston, SA | | Labor | Gordon Bilney | 1.45 | 3.46 | 2.01 | Susan Jeanes | Liberal | |
| Leichhardt, Qld | | Labor | Peter Dodd | 1.33 | 5.51 | 4.18 | Warren Entsch | Liberal | |
| Lilley, Qld | | Labor | Wayne Swan | 6.18 | 6.91 | 0.73 | Elizabeth Grace | Liberal | |
| Lindsay, NSW | | Labor | Ross Free | 10.22 | 11.80 | 1.58 | Jackie Kelly | Liberal | |
| Lowe, NSW | | Labor | Mary Easson | 5.01 | 7.48 | 2.47 | Paul Zammit | Liberal | |
| Macarthur, NSW | | Labor | Chris Haviland | 1.28 | 11.97 | 10.69 | John Fahey | Liberal | |
| Macquarie, NSW | | Labor | Maggie Deahm | 0.12 | 6.48 | 6.36 | Kerry Bartlett | Liberal | |
| Makin, SA | | Labor | Peter Duncan | 3.71 | 4.79 | 1.08 | Trish Draper | Liberal | |
| McEwen, Vic | | Labor | Peter Cleeland | 0.69 | 1.50 | 2.19 | Fran Bailey | Liberal | |
| McMillan, Vic | | Labor | Barry Cunningham | 0.53 | 2.60 | 2.07 | Russell Broadbent | Liberal | |
| Moore, WA | | Liberal | Paul Filing | N/A | N/A | 15.48 | Paul Filing | Independent | |
| Moreton, Qld | | Labor | Garrie Gibson | 0.21 | 5.30 | 5.09 | Gary Hardgrave | Liberal | |
| Murray, Vic | | National | Bruce Lloyd | N/A | N/A | 3.70* | Sharman Stone | Liberal | |
| North Sydney, NSW | | Independent | Ted Mack | 1.8 | 17.4 | 15.6 | Joe Hockey | Liberal | |
| Northern Territory, NT | | Labor | Warren Snowdon | 5.31 | 5.68 | 0.37 | Nick Dondas | Country Liberal | |
| Oxley, Qld | | Labor | Les Scott | 14.65 | 19.31** | 4.66 | Pauline Hanson | Independent | |
| Page, NSW | | Labor | Harry Woods | 0.13 | 4.44 | 4.31 | Ian Causley | National | |
| Parramatta, NSW | | Labor | Paul Elliott | 3.24 | 7.11 | 3.87 | Ross Cameron | Liberal | |
| Paterson, NSW | | Labor | Bob Horne | 3.30 | 3.73 | 0.43 | Bob Baldwin | Liberal | |
| Petrie, Qld | | Labor | Gary Johns | 2.15 | 9.85 | 7.70 | Teresa Gambaro | Liberal | |
| Richmond, NSW | | Labor | Neville Newell | 1.78 | 8.53 | 6.75 | Larry Anthony | National | |
| Robertson, NSW | | Labor | Frank Walker | 5.56 | 9.12 | 3.56 | Jim Lloyd | Liberal | |
| Swan, WA | | Labor | Kim Beazley | 0.22 | 3.93 | 3.71 | Don Randall | Liberal | |
| Wills, Vic | | Independent | Phil Cleary | n/a | 4.37 | n/a | Kelvin Thomson | Labor | |
* *Figure is Liberal against Nationals.
* **Figure is a swing compared to Liberal vote at the last election.

## Analysis

Overall the coalition won 29 seats from Labor while the ALP won 4 seats from the Liberals. These 4 seats were Canberra and Namadgi in the ACT and Isaacs and Bruce in Victoria. The ACT seats, which had been won by the Liberals in a by-election, fell to Labor due to a strong return to the ALP in a traditional Labor town by public servants fearing conservative cuts. The division of Brendan Smyth's seat of Canberra into the two new (of the three) ACT seats limited his campaign to the southernmost Tuggeranong seat of Namadgi where the ACT Labor right wing stood former MLA Annette Ellis who ran a tight grassroots campaign. Isaacs and Bruce fell to Labor due to demographic changes due to a redistribution of electoral boundaries.
Labor lost five percent of its two-party vote from 1993, and tallied its lowest primary vote since 1934 (an additional eight percent coming from preferences). The swing against Labor would not normally have been enough in and of itself enough to cause a change of government. However, Labor lost 13 of its 33 seats in New South Wales, and all but two of its 13 seats in Queensland. The 29-seat swing was the second-largest defeat, in terms of seats lost, by a sitting government in Australia. Three members of Keating's government – including Attorney-General Michael Lavarch – lost their seats. Keating resigned as Labor leader on the night of the election, and was succeeded by former deputy prime minister and Finance Minister Kim Beazley.
Due in part to this large swing, Howard entered office with a 45-seat majority, the second-largest in Australian history (behind only the 55-seat majority won by Malcolm Fraser in 1975). The Liberals actually won a majority in their own right at this election with 75 seats, the most the party had ever won. Although Howard had no need for the support of the Nationals, the Coalition was retained. As of 2022, this was the last time the Liberals have won a majority in their own right at a federal election.
Exit polling showed the Coalition winning 47 percent of the blue-collar vote, compared with Labor's 39 percent; there was a 16-point drop in Labor's vote among members of trade unions. The Coalition won 48 percent of the Catholic vote and Labor 37 percent, a reversal of the usual figures.