# Irfan Habib

Irfan Habib (born 10 August 1931) is an Indian historian of ancient and medieval India, following the methodology of Marxist historiography in his contributions to economic history. He is known for his strong stance against Hindutva and Islamic fundamentalism. He has authored a number of books, notably the Agrarian System of Mughal India, 1556–1707, an Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps with Detailed Notes, and an Atlas of Ancient Indian History (with Faiz Habib). As the general editor, he is also the driving force behind the A People's History of India series, volumes of which continue to be released.

## Early and personal life

Habib was born into an Indian Muslim family. He was the son of Mohammad Habib and Sohaila Habib (née Tyabji). His paternal grandfather was Mohammad Naseem, a wealthy barrister and member of the Congress party, and his maternal grandfather was Abbas Tyabji, sometime the Chief Justice of the High Court of Baroda princely state, and noted follower of Mahatma Gandhi.
Habib's wife Sayera Habib (née Siddiqui) was Professor of Economics at Aligarh Muslim University (AMU). The couple have three sons and a daughter.

## Academic

After returning from Oxford, Habib joined AMU as a member of the faculty; he was Professor of History at Aligarh from 1969 to 1991 and is presently a Professor Emeritus. He delivered the Radhakrishnan Lecture at Oxford in 1991. Habib is an Elected Corresponding Fellow of the British Royal Historical Society since 1997.
Habib has worked on the historical geography of Ancient India, the history of Indian technology, medieval administrative and economic history, colonialism and its impact on Indian historiography.
Amiya Kumar Bagchi describes Habib as "one of the two most prominent Marxist historians of India today and at the same time, one of the greatest living Marxist historians of India between the twelfth and eighteenth centuries."

## Positions

He was Coordinator/Chairman of the Centre for Advanced Studies, AMU from 1975 to 1977 and from 1984 to 1994. He was Chairman of the Indian Council of Historical Research during 1986–90. He was the general secretary, Sectional President, and then the General President of the Indian History Congress (1981).

## Philosophical and political views

Habib uses Marxist historiography in his work.
Habib has also written books about Vedas and Vedic age, and he considers the Vedas to be a good historical source, which describes transmission in a priestly culture, that valued faithfulness. He further lays out the reasons that the texts were orally transmitted for hundreds of years, then they were finally written down.
Habib has a sustained commitment to secularism. He led the historians at the Indian History Congress of 1998 who moved a resolution against the "saffronisation" of history. He has said that the BJP government at the Centre which was in power from 1998 to 2004, especially the MHRD Minister himself, were responsible for inventing facts and dates to suit their interpretation of Indian history. To counter Irfan Habib, Murli Manohar Joshi released a book which rebuts the history of what the former minister calls "Habib & Co".
Habib condemned a decision led by the BJP which removed chapters on Muslim rule, including the Mughals, from some school textbooks, along with references to Muslims' contributions to the country's freedom struggle. He argues that these revisions aim to deny Muslims their place in India's history and are part of an Islamophobic agenda.

## Honours

* Among the first six Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowships, 1968.
* Watumull Prize of American Historical Association, 1982. (Jointly with Tapan Raychaudhuri).
* Padma Bhushan, Government of India, 2005.
* Ibn Sina Memorial Lecture, 2009.
* Honorary doctorate (D.Litt) by University of Calicut, 2010.
* Yash Bharti, 2016
* Honorary Fellow, New College, Oxford, 2021.

## Selected publications
### Books authored

* The Agrarian System of Mughal India 1556–1707. First published in 1963 by Asia Publishing House. Second, extensively revised, edition published in 1999 by Oxford University Press.
* An Atlas of the Mughal Empire: Political and Economic Maps With Detailed Notes, Bibliography, and Index. Oxford University Press, 1982
* Essays in Indian History – Towards a Marxist Perception. Tulika Books, 1995.
* The Economic History of Medieval India: A Survey. Tulika Books, 2001.
* Medieval India: The Study of a Civilization. National Book Trust, 2008.
* People's History of India – Part 1: Prehistory. Aligarh Historians Society and Tulika Books, 2001.
* People's History of India Part 2 : The Indus Civilization. Aligarh Historians Society and Tulika Books, 2002.
* A People's History of India Vol. 3 : The Vedic Age. (Co-author Vijay Kumar Thakur) Aligarh Historians Society and Tulika Books, 2003.
* A People's History of India – Vol 4/5 : Mauryan India. (Co-author Vivekanand Jha) Aligarh Historians Society and Tulika Books, 2004.
* A People's History of India – Vol 6 : Post-Mauryan India, 200 BC – AD 300. Tulika Books, 2013.
* A People's History of India – Vol 14 : Economic History of India, AD 1206–1526, The Period of the Delhi Sultanate and the Vijayanagara Empire. Tulika Books, 2017.
* A People's History of India – Vol 20 : Technology in Medieval India, c. 650–1750. Aligarh Historians Society and Tulika Books, 2016.
* A People's History of India – Vol 25 : Indian Economy Under Early British Rule, 1757–1857. Tulika Books, 2014.
* A People's History of India – Vol 28 : Indian Economy, 1858–1914. Aligarh Historians Society and Tulika Books, 2006.
* A People's History of India – Vol 30 : The National Movement: Origins and Early Phase to 1918. Tulika Books, 2018.
* A People's History of India – Vol 31 : The National Movement, Part 2: The Struggle for Freedom, 1919–1947. Tulika Books, 2020.
* A People's History of India – Vol 36 : Man and Environment. Tulika Books, 2015.
* The National Movement: Studies in Ideology & History. Tulika Books, 2011.
* An Atlas of Ancient Indian History. (with Faiz Habib) Oxford University Press, 2012.

### Books edited

* The Cambridge Economic History of India – Volume I: 1200–1750 (co-editor Tapan Raychaudhuri)
* UNESCO History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Vol 5 : Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century. (Co-editors Chahryar Adle and K M Baikapov)
* UNESCO History of Humanity, Vol 4: From the seventh to the sixteenth century. (With various co-editors).
* UNESCO History of Humanity, Vol 5: From the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. (With various co-editors).
* The Growth of Civilizations in India And Iran
* Sikh History from Persian Sources: Translations of Major Texts. (with J.S. Grewal) Indian History Congress and Tulika Books, 2011.
* Akbar and His India
* India – Studies in the History of an Idea.
* State & Diplomacy under Tipu Sultan
* Confronting Colonialism
* Medieval India – 1
* A World to Win – Essays on the Communist Manifesto (co-editors Aijaz Ahmed and Prakash Karat)