OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bakhtiyar Khalji's Tibet campaign

Bakhtiyar Khalji, the general of Qutubuddin Aibak, launched a campaign to invade Tibet in the 13th century.
Tibet was a source for horses, the most prized possession of any army, and Khalji was keen to control the lucrative trade between Tibet and India. Khajli's army commenced plundering the country around the Tibet region of the Chumbi Valley. The people of that area and the parts adjacent advanced to repel the invaders. From daybreak to the time of evening prayer, a fierce battle ensued, and a great number of Khalji's army were killed or wounded.

## Background

Bakhtiyar Khalji, the general of Qutubuddin Aibak, conquered Bihar and Nadia, the capital of the Sena Kings of Bengal. He subsequently became obsessed with ambitions of conquering Tibet. Historically, Bengal had trade relations with Tibet along the 'Tea-Horse Route', through Assam, Sikkim and Bhutan, to parts of China and Southeast Asia, which were home to gold and silver mines. Tibet was also a source of horses. The planned invasion also coincided with the Era of Fragmentation and the collapse of the Tibetan Empire.
The expedition was aided by Ali Mech, a tribal chief from the foothills of the Himalayas in the north of Bengal. Mech was a recent convert to Islam, and he helped the expedition by acting as a guide.

## Campaign

On his way north, Khalji invited the king of 'Kamrud' to join him, but the latter refused. After marching for 16 days through the Teesta river area in North Bengal and Sikkim, Khalji's army reached the Chumbi valley and started looting Tibetan villages. The rugged Himalayan mountain passes of Tibet were an unfamiliar terrain to the invading army, who were more used to the sultry and humid plains of Bengal. The Tibetans lured Khalji and his Turkish army into a trap, inflicted heavy casualties and prompted Khalji to retreat. All along the escape route, the Tibetans continued relentless guerrilla-style attacks on the retreating army. Khalji's badly defeated soldiers ate their own horses to stay alive.
On their retreat to Bengal, Khalji's army passed through the plains of North Bengal. Upon reaching the sub-alpine Himalayan region, the army tried to cross an ancient stone bridge on the foothills near the Teesta river. Khalji's soldiers found the arches in the bridge had been destroyed by Kamrup forces, making it difficult to cross the deep river. In their desperate attempt to reach the other side of the river at Devkot, Khalji's forces lost a number of men and horses. It is said that of the 10,000-strong army that had marched into Tibet, only around 100 men returned. After crossing the river, Ali Mech guided Bhaktiyar Khilji back to Devkot (present-day Dakshin Dinajpur district, West Bengal).

## Aftermath

There are two accounts of what happened to Bakhtiyar Khalji following the Tibet and Kamrup debacle. One account speaks of him dying from ill health and injury during this retreat to Bengal. Another account notes that he was assassinated by Ali Mardan Khalji after returning to Devkot in Bengal.
# Birmingham Coach Station

Birmingham Coach Station (formerly Digbeth Coach Station) is a major coach interchange in Digbeth, Birmingham, England offering services to destinations throughout the island of Great Britain and also to Belfast and Dublin. National Express, the largest scheduled coach service provider in Europe, has its national headquarters on the site.

## History

The original interchange was built in 1929 as a bus depot by Midland Red, which was later converted into Digbeth Coach Station. Successor company Midland Red West used the coach station as a base for its Birmingham and Black Country operations. The original building was dark and dingy as it was not originally intended to serve passengers as a coach interchange.
Plans were initially developed for a new coach station on Great Charles Street, as Digbeth was considered by National Express to be an "undesirable" location. However, after the completion of the new Bullring and the planned Eastside redevelopment, it was decided to demolish the old structure and build a new coach station on the same site. Outline planning application for a design by Make Architects was submitted on behalf of National Express to Birmingham City Council in March 2006. However this option was abandoned in favour of a competing design by SBS Architects. The final planning application for the design by SBS Architects was submitted on 29 October 2007.
The old coach station closed in November 2007 for redevelopment and during reconstruction National Express used a temporary site in Oxford Street on the opposite side of Digbeth High Street, called Birmingham Central Coach Station. The refurbishment was estimated to have cost £15 million. It was officially reopened on 18 December 2009 by the then England national football team manager Fabio Capello. The new station has been awarded a BREEAM 'Excellent' rating.
# Humanistic therapy

Humanistic therapy (also humanistic psychotherapy) is a portmanteau term for range of different types of talking therapies (as distinct from humanistic psychology that, instead of concentrating on what is presented as a problem focuses on helping one overcome difficulties with others in principle (long term) rather than particular (short term) situations.
Humanism in this context essentially means learning to take personal responsibility for one’s own actions rather than accepting responsibilities imposed by others, especially close associates who may be promoting agendas that may be causing disquiet.
It proposes to achieve that exploiting one’s natural strengths (nature) and experience (nurture) to develop additional skills and capabilities which are most appropriate for addressing whatever problems with others are currently troubling them.
The specific type of therapy most suitable in individual cases may depend on both the immediate difficulties and the long-term aspirations that are being addressed.
The principal approaches are:
# Simon Ok Hyun-jin

Simon Ok Hyun-jin (born March 5, 1968) is the 6th Archbishop of Gwangju.

## Biography

Ok was ordained a priest on January 26, 1994.
On May 12, 2011, Pope Benedict XVI appointed him Auxiliary Bishop of Gwangju and Titular Bishop of Pederodiana. He was consecrated bishop on July 6, 2011 by Hyginus Kim Hee-jong, Archbishop of Gwangju. Co-consecrators were Andreas Choi Chang-mou, Archbishop Emeritus of Gwangju; Peter Kang U-il, Bishop of Cheju; and Victorinus Youn Kong-hi, Archbishop Emeritus of Gwangju.
# 1942 Appalachian State Mountaineers football team

The 1942 Appalachian State Mountaineers football team was an American football team that represented Appalachian State Teachers College (now known as Appalachian State University) as a member of the North State Conference during the 1942 college football season. In their only year under head coach Beattie Feathers, the Mountaineers compiled an overall record of 5–2–1, with a mark of 2–2 in conference play, and finished 2nd in the NSC.
Appalachian State was ranked at No. 168 (out of 590 college and military teams) in the final rankings under the Litkenhous Difference by Score System for 1942.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result |
| September 18 | at Apprentice* | Apprentice FieldNewport News, VA | W 16–13 |
| October 3 | at Camp Davis* | Legion StadiumWilmington, NC | T 13–13 |
| October 10 | High Point | College FieldBoone, NC | W 27–0 |
| October 17 | Catawba | College FieldBoone, NC | L 0–7 |
| October 31 | at High Point | Albion Millis StadiumHigh Point, NC | W 44–0 |
| November 6 | Newberry* | College FieldBoone, NC | W 20–0 |
| November 14 | at Maryville (TN)* | Maryville, TN | W 20–7 |
| November 26 | at Catawba | Shuford StadiumSalisbury, NC | L 0–26 |
| *Non-conference game |||||
# Thomson TO16

The Thomson TO16 or Thomson TO16PC is a PC compatible personal computer introduced by French company Thomson SA in 1987, with prices ranging from 9000 to 16000 FF depending on the version.

## Prototype

The original concept was a machine similar to the Macintosh. Based on this the Thomson TO16 prototype (codename Théodore) was built around a Motorola 68000 processor with an Intel 82716 graphics chipset. The operating system chosen was OS-9, a preemptive multitasking system similar to Unix. It also featured an integrated 20MB SCSI hard drive.
Work on the prototype was carried on between 1985 and 1988, with five machines built. This concept was abandoned in favor of a PC compatible architecture, with the TO16 model designation being kept.

### Specifications

* Motorola 68000 @ 8 MHz CPU
* 2 MB RAM
* Two video modes: 320×200 with 256 colors; 640×270 with 16 colors
* Mouse
* 3½" floppy drive
* 20 MB SCSI hard drive

## Thomson TO16

The Thomson TO16 is a IBM PC compatible machine, running MS-DOS 3.2 with MS-DOS Manager and GW-BASIC. The CPU is an Intel 8088 capable of running at 9.54Mhz on turbo mode with 512KB of RAM and a CGA graphic card with expanded abilities.

### Specifications

* CPU Intel 8088 running at 4.77 or 9.54 MHz
* support for Intel 8087 co-processor
* 512 KB of RAM, expandable to 768 KB on the motherboard.
* 32 KB of ROM
* IBM Monochrome Display Adapter, Hercules Graphics Card, CGA and Plantronics Colorplus compatible graphic card
* Internal 5"1/4 360 KB disc drive
* Two ISA expansion slots
* Connections for an external disk drive
* RS-232C Serie and Centronics Parallel (Micro ribbon connector) interfaces
* Optional Modem

## Hardware versions

The original TO16 model was expanded into four variations by adding extra hardware, such as a modem or hard drive.
* Thomson TO16PC: original and most basic version
* Thomson TO16PCM : 2400 bauds modem
* Thomson TO16XPDD : two disc drives
* Thomson TO16XPHD : 20 MB hard drive, color monitor and EGA graphics
# Courtnee-Mae Clifford

Courtnee-Mae Clifford (born 6 July 1990) is a retired Trinidad and Tobago female volleyball player. She was part of the Trinidad and Tobago women's national volleyball team.
She participated at the 2011 Women's Pan-American Volleyball Cup.
# The Bros

The Bros is a 2017 South Korean comedy-drama film directed by Jang Yu-jeong. It is director Jang's first film in seven years since directing Finding Mr. Destiny and is based on the musical The Brave Brothers [ko], which she produced. The film stars Ma Dong-seok, Lee Dong-hwi and Lee Hanee.

## Plot

Seok-bong is a penniless history teacher who dreams of discovering lost treasure. His younger brother Joo-bong is an ambitious junior executive at a construction firm. They meet on their way to their father's funeral in their hometown of Andong, neither of them having seen him or one another since a disastrous scene at the funeral of their mother. En route, the brothers hit a woman with their car, after which she suffers amnesia. In their very traditional family, the brothers, especially Seok-bong as the eldest, are expected to perform many ceremonial duties as part of the funeral rites. However, Seok-bong is mostly interested in searching for relics or buried treasure that could help him repay a debt, while Joo-bong risks losing his job if he cannot obtain permission to build a highway construction project for his company through the family's land. As the multi-day funeral elapses, the brothers learn more about their family, one another, and themselves.

## Cast

* Ma Dong-seok as Lee Seok-bong
** Kwon Min-joon as young Seok-bong
* Lee Dong-hwi as Lee Joo-bong
** Kwon Min-jae as young Joo-bong
* Lee Hanee as Oh Ro-Ra
* Jo Woo-jin as Lee Mi-bong
* Song Young-chang as Dang-sook
* Song Sang-eun as Mi-bong's wife
* Jung Jae-jin as Grandfather's cousin
* Lee Ji-ha as Dang-sook's mother
* Lee Bong-ryun as Cousin's wife
* Heo Sung-tae as Monk / Hyeong-bae
* Chae Dong-hyun as Beop-jeong
* Jeong Soon-won as Team leader Go
* Song Won-soo as Elder Lee Seong-deok
* Kim Ji-han as Elder Lee Man-deok
* Park Jong-gook as Elder Lee Soon-deok / Confucian scholar 1
* Kim Jong-ho as Elder Lee Beom-goo
* Kang Hee-joong as Elder Lee Wan-go
* Sin Sin-Beom as Elder Lee Gwi-yal
* Son Young-soon as Enraged grandmother
* Yoon Tae-hee as Young grandmother
* Park Jung-pyo as Mr. Park
* Ahn Se-ho as Mr. Ahn
* Han Kuk-jin as Mr. Shin
* Jeon Moo-song as Choon-bae
* Sung Byoung-sook as Soon-rye
* Seo Yea-ji as Sa-ra
* Ji Chang-wook as Young Choon-bae
* Oh Man-seok as Representative Oh
* Kim Kang-hyun as Han-ji
* Seo Hyun-chul as Eldest grandson
* Choi Ji-ho as Dispatch police

## Production

Principal photography began on January 6, 2017, and wrapped on March 5, 2017.

## Release and reception

The film was released in the local cinemas on November 2, 2017.
During the opening weekend the film sold 605,690 tickets at the box office, trailing behind Thor: Ragnarok which was released at the same time in Korean cinemas. By the ninth day since the film was released, The Bros surpassed 1 million viewers.
# Educational architecture

Educational architecture, school architecture or school building design is a discipline which practices architect and others for the design of educational institutions, such as schools and universities, as well as other choices in the educational design of learning experiences. The design of building can significantly influence the learning experience of students. Additionally, because schools are important sources of traffic, employment and community activities, school buildings often act as anchor institutions in neighborhoods or communities. The decline of a school can have significant impact on local communities.
Various countries have gone through significant changes in philosophies associated with educational institutions, influenced by trends in investment by governments as well as larger changes in educational philosophy.

## Scope

Though primarily dealing with the physical building where education is given, for example a school, educational architecture may also be refer to the design of the education process. Both the methodical and the physical structure of the education influence the learning outcomes.
Examples of educational architecture as redesign of the physical place are
* learning places instead of classrooms,
* applying standards for the indoor environment.
Examples of educational architecture as redesign of the education process are
* designing courses,
* the development of a virtual learning environment.

## Significant movements
### Gothic and Gothic revival

The University Gothic style flourished in English universities in the 13th to 15th centuries, inspired by the Gothic architecture of monasteries and manor houses of the time. Important subgenres of the Gothic revival of the 19th and early 20th centuries in educational buildings were Collegiate Gothic, which was extensively used in North American schools and colleges, and High Victorian Gothic, which was used in English universities and colleges, particularly the redbrick universities named for their buildings in this architectural style.

### Queen Anne style

Edward Robert Robson pioneered the use of Queen Anne style architecture for school buildings. Robson believed Gothic architecture's association with religion was inappropriate for secular education buildings. Robson's beliefs inspired the Auckland Education Board architects Mitchell and Watt who designed many Queen Anne style school buildings.

### Brutalism

Brutalist architecture, characterised by minimalist construction showcasing the building materials and structural elements over decorative design, was extensively used on university campuses across the world in the 1960s and 1970s.

### Open classroom design
## Also

* Joseph Fuller, G. Topham Forrest, Sadie Morgan; architects specialised in educational architecture.
* Glenda Lappan, Robert Glaser; educational designers.
* Harvard Graduate Center; innovator of educational architecture
* The Children's Village at the Canuanã School; winner of the award "Best Building of Educational Architecture of the World" (2018)
# 1949 Western Carolina Catamounts football team

The 1949 Western Carolina Catamounts team represented Western Carolina Teachers College (WCTC)—now known as Western Carolina University—as a member of the North State Conference (NSC) during the 1949 college football season. Led by fourth-year head coach Tom Young, the Catamounts compiled an overall record of 8–3 with a mark of 4–0 in conference play, winning the NSC title. Western Carolina was invited to the Smoky Mountain Bowl, where the Catamounts lost to West Liberty. The team employed a Single-wing formation on offense. Western Carolina played home games at Memorial Stadium in Cullowhee, North Carolina

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 17 | 8:00 p.m. | vs. High Point | Memorial StadiumAsheville, NC | W 20–7 | 6,500 |
| September 24 | | at Appalachian State | College FieldBoone, NC (rivalry) | W 13–6 | |
| October 1 | | at Tusculum* | Greenville Burley StadiumGreenville, TN | W 20–0 | 5,000 |
| October 8 | 8:00 p.m. | at East Tennessee State* | State College StadiumJohnson City, TN | W 10–21 | 8,000 |
| October 15 | | vs. East Carolina | Canton Memorial StadiumCanton, NC | W 19–6 | 4,500 |
| October 22 | 8:00 p.m. | Lenoir Rhyne | Memorial StadiumCullowhee, NC | W 14–0 | 5,000 |
| October 29 | | at Maryville (TN)* | Maryville, TN | L 13–20 | 3,000–5,000 |
| November 5 | 8:15 p.m. | at Newberry | Seltzer FieldNewberry, SC | W 34–7 | |
| November 12 | 8:00 p.m. | Emory and Henry* | Memorial StadiumCullowhee, NC | W 26–27 | |
| November 19 | 7:30 p.m. | Carson–Newman* | Memorial StadiumCullowhee, NC | W 13–6 | |
| November 24 | 2:30 p.m. | vs. West Liberty* | Bristol Municipal StadiumBristol, Tennessee (Smoky Mountain Bowl) | L 0–20 | |
| *Non-conference gameHomecomingAll times are in Eastern time |||||||
# Choccolocco Creek

The Choccolocco Creek is one of two main tributaries of the Coosa River in central Alabama. The watershed of the creek comprises 246,000 acres (376 mi$^2$) of drainage area. The waterway runs through the Talledega National Forest (also referred to as Choccolocco Management Area), and crosses through Calhoun, Talladega, and Cleburne counties, in central Alabama.

## Hydrology and etymology

The headwaters of the creek are located in the Appalachian Mountains near Liberty Hill, Alabama, in the Talladega National Forest. The origin of the creek's name is from the Muskogean chahko lago, meaning "big shoals" or "big house".

## Ancient sites

The Choccolocco Creek Archaeological Complex near Boiling Spring, Alabama, contains the remains of at least one temple and three burial mounds, and is an important piece of the history of early Middle Woodland period inhabitants in the area. There are indications of land usage along the creek stretching back to the Archaic Period (8,000 BC), that includes evidence of extended habitation by the Mound Builders and peoples of the Mississippian culture.
Creek Chief Selocta Chinnabby's village was located on the north shore of Choccolocco Creek near the influx of Wolfskull Creek, An ally of the U.S., and a friend to Andrew Jackson during the War of 1812, in 1813 he and his tribe helped build a defensive stockade just three miles north of the settlement. Completed in 1813, the fort was known as Fort Chinnabee. Another Native American village further down stream, Estaboga, means "where the people reside" in the Muscogee language. It is today an unincorporated community in Talladega County. Following the Indian Removal of 1836, the creek valley was quickly settled by White settlers.

## Condition

The creek is home to over 70 species, several of which are endangered, including the pygmy sculpin (Cottus paulus), the holiday darter (Etheostoma brevirostrum), and the blue shiner (Cyprinella caerulea). The wicker ancylid (Rhodacmea filosa)—a freshwater snail once thought extinct —was surprisingly (due to episodic heavy water pollution events on the waterway) found in the creek in 2011, and is still extant as of 2023. Environmental concerns in creek pollution have been focused primarily on discharges of Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) into Snow Creek, a feeder stream of the Choccolocco, from the Monsanto plant that had operated at Anniston, Alabama from 1935 to 1971. The dumping and discharges have badly damaged the creek's ecosystem. There were still signs of continuing damage through at least 2007.
# 1957 George Washington Colonials football team

The 1957 George Washington Colonials football team was an American football team that represented George Washington University as part of the Southern Conference during the 1957 college football season. In their sixth season under head coach Bo Sherman, the team compiled a 2–7 record (1–5 in the SoCon).

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 21 | at William & Mary | Cary FieldWilliamsburg, VA | W 7–0 | 8,000 |
| September 27 | The Citadel | Griffith StadiumWashington, DC | L 6–13 | |
| October 5 | at Furman | Sirrine StadiumGreenville, SC | L 12–13 | 5,000 |
| October 11 | Air Force* | Griffith StadiumWashington, DC | W 20–0 | 12,000 |
| October 19 | West Virginia | Griffith StadiumWashington, DC | L 14–34 | 8,000 |
| October 26 | vs. VMI | Victory StadiumRoanoke, VA | L 20–26 | 3,500 |
| November 1 | Boston University* | Griffith StadiumWashington, DC | L 0–7 | 1,000 |
| November 9 | at Richmond | City StadiumRichmond, VA | L 6–13 | 5,000 |
| November 16 | at No. 9 Navy* | Memorial StadiumBaltimore, MD | L 0–52 | 10,000 |
| *Non-conference gameRankings from Coaches' Poll released prior to the game ||||||
# Paulette García

Paulette Garcia (born (1990-07-09)9 July 1990) is a Puerto Rican female volleyball player.
With her club Lancheras de Cataño she competed at the 2012 FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship.
# Pharnuches of Lycia

Pharnuches (Ancient Greek: Φαρνούχης or Φαρνούχoς) was a Lycian appointed by Alexander the Great to command the force sent into Sogdiana against Spitamenes in 329 BC. The result of the expedition was disastrous, with the destruction of the whole army. Pharnuches had been entrusted with its superintendence, because he was acquainted with the language of the inhabitants of the region, and had shown much dexterity in his intercourse with them. According to Aristobulus he was conscious of his deficiency in military skill, and wished to cede the command to the three Macedonian officers who were acting under him (Caranus, Menedemus and Andromachus), but they refused to accept it.