# Unitary state

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A unitary state is a (sovereign) state governed as a single entity in which the central government is the supreme authority. The central government may create or abolish administrative divisions (sub-national or sub-state units). Such units exercise only the powers that the central government chooses to delegate. Although political power may be delegated through devolution to regional or local governments by statute, the central government may alter the statute, to override the decisions of devolved governments or expand their powers.
The modern unitary state concept originated in France; in the aftermath of the Hundred Years' War, national feelings that emerged from the war unified France. The war accelerated the process of transforming France from a feudal monarchy to a unitary state. The French then later spread unitary states by conquests, throughout Europe during and after the Napoleonic Wars, and to the world through the vast French colonial empire. Presently, prefects remain an illustration of the French unitary state system, as the representatives of the State in each department, tasked with upholding central government policies.
Unitary states stand in contrast to federations, also known as federal states. A large majority of the UN member countries, 166 out of 193, have a unitary system of government, while significant population and land mass is under some kind of federation.

## Devolution compared with federalism

A unitary system of government can be considered to be the opposite of federalism. In federations, the provincial/regional governments share powers with the central government as equal actors through a written constitution, to which the consent of both is required to make amendments. This means that the sub-national units have a right to existence and powers that cannot be unilaterally changed by the central government.

## List of current unitary sovereign states

Italics: States with limited recognition from other sovereign states or intergovernmental organizations.

### Unitary republics

* Abkhazia
* Albania
* Algeria
* Angola
* Armenia
* Azerbaijan
* Bangladesh
* Barbados
* Belarus
* Benin
* Bolivia
* Botswana
* Bulgaria
* Burkina Faso
* Burundi
* Cameroon
* Cape Verde
* Central African Republic
* Chad
* Chile
* People's Republic of China
* Colombia
* Comoros
* Democratic Republic of the Congo
* Republic of the Congo
* Costa Rica
* Croatia
* Cuba
* Cyprus
* North Cyprus
* Czech Republic
* Djibouti
* Dominica
* Dominican Republic
* East Timor
* Ecuador
* Egypt
* El Salvador
* Equatorial Guinea
* Eritrea
* Estonia
* Fiji
* Finland
* France
* Gabon
* Gambia
* Georgia
* Ghana
* Greece
* Guatemala
* Guinea
* Guinea-Bissau
* Guyana
* Haiti
* Honduras
* Hungary
* Iceland
* Indonesia
* Iran
* Ireland
* Israel
* Italy
* Ivory Coast
* Kazakhstan
* Kenya
* Kiribati
* North Korea
* South Korea
* Kosovo
* Kyrgyzstan
* Laos
* Latvia
* Lebanon
* Liberia
* Libya
* Lithuania
* Madagascar
* Malawi
* Maldives
* Mali
* Malta
* Marshall Islands
* Mauritania
* Mauritius
* Moldova
* Mongolia
* Montenegro
* Mozambique
* Myanmar
* Namibia
* Nauru
* Nicaragua
* Niger
* North Macedonia
* Palau
* Palestine
* Panama
* Paraguay
* Peru
* Philippines
* Poland
* Portugal
* Romania
* Rwanda
* Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
* Samoa
* San Marino
* São Tomé and Príncipe
* Senegal
* Serbia
* Seychelles
* Sierra Leone
* Singapore
* Slovakia
* Slovenia
* South Africa
* South Ossetia
* Sri Lanka
* Suriname
* Syria
* Republic of China (Taiwan)
* Tajikistan
* Tanzania
* Togo
* Transnistria
* Trinidad and Tobago
* Tunisia
* Turkey
* Turkmenistan
* Uganda
* Ukraine
* Uruguay
* Uzbekistan
* Vanuatu
* Vietnam
* Yemen
* Zambia
* Zimbabwe

### Unitary monarchies

The United Kingdom is an example of a unitary state. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have a degree of autonomous devolved power, but such power is delegated by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which may enact laws unilaterally altering or abolishing devolution. Similarly in Spain, the devolved powers are delegated through the central government.
* Andorra
* Antigua and Barbuda
* Bahamas
* Bahrain
* Belize
* Bhutan
* Brunei Darussalam
* Cambodia
* Kingdom of Denmark
* Eswatini
* Grenada
* Jamaica
* Japan
* Jordan
* Kuwait
* Lesotho
* Liechtenstein
* Luxembourg
* Monaco
* Morocco
* Kingdom of the Netherlands
* New Zealand
* Kingdom of Norway
* Oman
* Papua New Guinea
* Qatar
* Saint Lucia
* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
* Saudi Arabia
* Solomon Islands
* Spain
* Kingdom of Sweden
* Thailand
* Tonga
* Tuvalu
* United Kingdom
* Vatican City

### Unitary states with a unique form of government

* Afghanistan (theocracy)

## List of former unitary states

* / Belgium (1830–1993)
* / Brazil (1822–1889)
* Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992–1995)
* / Comoros (1975-1978)
* /// Ethiopia (1270–1995)
* //// Iraq (1932–2005)
* // Nepal (1768–2008)
* Somalia (1960–2004)