# Mono language (California)

Mono (/ˈmoʊnoʊ/ MOH-noh) is a Native American language of the Numic group of Uto-Aztecan languages, the ancestral language of the Mono people. Mono consists of two dialects, Eastern and Western. The name "Monachi" is commonly used in reference to Western Mono and "Owens Valley Paiute" in reference to Eastern Mono. In 1925, Alfred Kroeber estimated that Mono had 3,000 to 4,000 speakers. As of 1994, only 37 elderly people spoke Mono as their first language. It is classified as critically endangered by UNESCO. It is spoken in the southern Sierra Nevada, the Mono Basin, and the Owens Valley of central-eastern California. Mono is most closely related to Northern Paiute; these two are classified as the Western group of the Numic branch of the Uto-Aztecan language family.

## Western Mono

The number of Native speakers in 1994 ranged from 37 to 41. The majority of speakers are from the Northfork Rancheria and the community of Auberry. The Big Sandy Rancheria and Dunlap have from 12 to 14 speakers. The Northfork Mono are developing a dictionary, and both they and the Big Sandy Rancheria provide language classes. While not all are completely fluent, about 100 members of Northfork have "some command of the language." In the late 1950s, Lamb compiled a dictionary and grammar of Northfork Mono. The Western Mono language has a number of Spanish loanwords dating to the period of Spanish colonization of the Californias, as well as loanwords from Yokuts and Miwok.

## Owens Valley Paiute

In the mid-1990s, an estimated 50 people spoke the Owens Valley Paiute language, also known as Eastern Mono. Informal language classes exist and singers keep native language songs alive. Linguist Sydney Lamb studied this language in the 1950s and proposed the name Paviotso, but that was not widely adopted.

## Phonemes
### Vowels

| | front | central | back |
| High | i | ɨ | u |
| Non-High | e | a | o |
* ↑ Represented phonemically as /y/ by Lamb, but is described as being phonetically [ɨ] after front consonants and [ʉ] after back consonants.
* Vowel length is also evenly distributed among the dialects.

### Consonants

Below is given the consonant phoneme inventory of Northfork Western Mono and Owens Valley Paiute as presented by Lamb (1958) and Liljeblad & Fowler (1986).
Consonants of Western Mono :
| | Bilabial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Velar | Uvular | Uvular | Glottal |
| | Bilabial | Coronal | Palatal | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | Glottal |
| Nasal | m | n | | | | | | |
| Plosive | p | t | | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʔ |
| Affricate | | ts | | | | | | |
| Fricative | | s | | x | | | | h |
| Semivowel | | | j | | w | | | |
* ↑ /k/ and /q/ are in semi-complementary distribution: /k/ occurs before /i/ and /e/, /q/ occurs before /o/ and /u/. They contrast only before /a/.
Consonants of Eastern Mono :
| | Bilabial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Velar | Glottal |
| | Bilabial | Coronal | Palatal | plain | lab. | Glottal |
| Nasal | m | n | | ŋ | ŋʷ | |
| Plosive | p | t | | k | kʷ | ʔ |
| Affricate | | ts | tʃ | | | |
| Fricative | | s | | | | h |
| Semivowel | | | j | | w | |
* Geminated sounds of plosives, nasals and fricatives are also evenly distributed.

### Suprasegmental

Lamb (1958) also described four suprasegmental features that he ascribed phonemic status.

## Morphology

Mono is an agglutinative language, in which words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together.