# List of Old Norse exonyms

The Norse people traveled abroad as Vikings and Varangians. As such, they often named the locations and peoples they visited with Old Norse words unrelated to the local endonyms. Some of these names have been acquired from sagas, runestones or Byzantine chronicles.

## List
### A
#### Apardion

    Aberdeen.

#### Álaborg

    A Varangian fort near Aldeigjuborg.

#### Aldeigjuborg

    Staraya Ladoga in Russia. The hypothetical original Finnic name is *Alode-joki ("lowland river").

#### Aoraisge

    "water nymph island", "Erik's island". Eriska, Scotland.

#### Árheimar

    "River home". A capital of the Goths, according to the Hervarar saga.

#### Austrsker

    "East skerry". Auskerry, Orkney

#### Austrvegr

    "East way". The Baltic lands.

### B
#### Bern

    Verona.

#### Bertangaland

    Brittany. Mentioned in the Þiðreks saga.

#### Bjarmaland

    The southern shores of the White Sea and the basin of the Northern Dvina. Many historians assume the terms beorm and bjarm to derive from the Uralic word perm, which refers to "travelling merchants" and represents the Old Permic culture.

#### Bjarneyjar

    "Bear islands". Possibly Disko Island off Greenland.

#### blakumen or blökumenn

    Romanians (Vlachs) or Cumans. Blokumannaland may be the lands south of the Lower Danube.

#### Bót

    Isle of Bute, Scotland.

#### Βουσεγραδε

    Vyshhorod

#### bretar

    Welsh people

### D
#### Danparstaþir

    A river near Árheimar, according to the Hervarar saga. Identified by some as the Dnieper river.

#### *Dolgrveginn

    "Giant-lifted". Proposed etymology for Dollywaggon Pike, England.

#### Dómisnes

    Cape Kolka in Latvia

#### Dunheith

    The plains of the Danube.

### E
#### Eiriksey

    "Eric's Isle". Eriskay, Scotland.

#### *Elfeng, *Elfangr or *Elfing

    "River flowing through boggy meadows". Elbląg river in Northwest Poland.

### F
#### Fetlafjørðr

    Betanzos Estuary

#### finnar

    Sami people

#### frakkar, Frakkland

    Related to frakka ("spear"). The Franks and the Frankish kingdom.

#### Furðustrandir

    "Wonderstrands". An uncertain stretch of coastline in North America.

### G
#### Gandvik

    A dangerous sea, the Baltic Sea, the Gulf of Bothnia or the White Sea.

#### Garðaríki, Garðaveldi

    "the kingdom of cities". Kievan Rus

#### gryting

    "greut-" may mean "gravel, grit, earth". The Ostrogoths, according to the Hervarar saga.

#### Gutagard

    The trading post of the merchants from Visby (in Gotland) in Veliky Novgorod.

### H
#### Haddingjar

    Related to Old Icelandic haddr meaning "woman's hair". The Hasdingi Vandals.

#### Harvaða fjöllum

    The Carpathians.

#### *Heiðabýr, ᚼᛅᛁᚦᛅ᛭ᛒᚢ

    "Heath-settlement". Hedeby, a Danish trading settlement in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

#### Helluland

    "Land of Flat Rocks" or "Land of Flat Stones". The first of the three lands the Greenland Norse found in North America. According to a footnote in Arthur Middleton Reeves's The Norse Discovery of America (1906), "the whole of the northern coast of America, west of Greenland, was called by the ancient Icelandic geographers Helluland it Mikla, or "Great Helluland"; and the island of Newfoundland simply Helluland, or Litla Helluland." Most scholars agree that Helluland corresponds to Baffin Island in the present-day Canadian territory of Nunavut.

#### Herrey, Hersey

    Isle of Arran.

#### Hjaltland

    "hilt land". Shetland

#### Hlymrekr

    Limerick

#### Hólmgarðr, Holmgarðir

    "Island enclosure", the fortress of Rurikovo Gorodische near Veliky Novgorod.

#### Hóp

    A location in Vinland.

#### Hreiðmarar

    An uncertain sea mentioned in the Rök runestone. Since it is liked to Theodoric the Great, it should be the Mediterranean Sea.

#### Hunaland

    A legendary location, inspired by the Frankish kingdom (Hugones in Latin) and the Huns.

#### Hundings

    "Son of a dog". The Longobards.

#### Hvítramannaland

    "White Men's Land". A land near Vinland. Also called Great Ireland.

### I
#### Íngulssund

    "Strait by Anglesey", Menai Strait

#### Írland hið mikla, Írland it mikla

    "Great Ireland". A land near Vinland. Also called Hvítramannaland.

### J
#### Jakobsland

    "Land of James". The land around Santiago de Compostela.

#### Jómsborg

    Fortress of the Jomsvikings in an uncertain location in Pomerania.

#### Jórsalahaf

    "sea of Jerusalem". The Mediterranean. It is given as the location of Narbon ("Narbonne").

#### Jórsalir

    Jerusalem. It exhibits a re-interpretation of the second element as -salir, denoting a hall or temple, common in Old Norse toponyms.

#### Jórvík

    York

### K
#### Karlsá

    Cádiz

#### Kaup

    "Purchase". A hill near Mokhovoye, Kaliningrad Oblast in Russia.

#### Kaupmanneyjar

    "islands of the merchants". Copeland Islands, Northern Ireland.

#### Kænugarðr, Kœnugarðr

    "Boatyard". Kyiv.

#### Kjalarnes

    "Keel point". A location in Vinland.

#### Kænland, Kvenland

    A territory in Northern Finland or Northern Sweden.

#### Konungsborgr

    "King's castle". Cunningsburgh, Shetland.

#### Krossbør

    "Cross farm or cross roads, market place". Crosby, Isle of Man.

#### kumrskar þjóðir

    "Cumbrian people", the Strathclyde Britons.

#### kylfingar

    A people of uncertain origin active in Northern Europe.

### L
#### Langbarðaland

    A Byzantine province in Southern Italy, formerly ruled by the Longobards. The Varangian troops deployed there were remembered in the Italy runestones.

#### Leifsbuðir

    "Leif's temporary shelters". A settlement in Vinland.

#### Ljóðhús

    "song house"? Isle of Lewis in the United Kingdom.

### M
#### Madksjo

    "Sea of worms". Sea near Vinland.

#### Markland

    "Forest Land". A land south of Helluland in North America.

#### Meginzuborg

    Mainz

#### Melansborg, Meilangsborg

    Milan

#### Miklagarðr

    "Big stronghold". Constantinople.

#### *Miliniska, Μιλινισκα

    Smolensk

#### Myrkviðr

    "Dark wood" or "black forest". The name of several European forests.

### N
#### Namsborg, Nancsaborg

    Nantes

#### Niflungaland

    Related to mist. The land of the Nibelungs, the kingdom of the Burgundians.

#### Njorvasund

    -narrow straight; The Strait of Gibraltar

#### Norðreyjar

    "Northern islands", Orkney and Shetland.

#### *Nýgarðr

    "New enclosure", a proposed etymology for Veliky Novgorod.

### O
#### Orkneyjar

    "Seal islands". Orkney.

#### Öxnafurða

    "Oxen's ford". Oxford

#### Papar

    Irish monks found by the Norsemen in Iceland and Faroe.

### P
#### Palteskja

    After the Polota river. Polotsk in Belarus.

#### Peituborg

    Poitiers.

### R
#### Ráðstofa

    Rostov

#### Reidgotaland, Reidgothland, Reidgotland, Hreidgotaland or Hreiðgotaland

    Hreiðr can mean "bird's nest", but hreið- is also a name-prefix meaning "beautiful", "eager", "great", "famous", "noble". Another possibility is that it was originally reið "ride, journey". The same tribal name was used for the Gutes of Gotland. The identification of the territory varies between the sources: the island of Gotland, Götaland, the land of the Goths, i.e. Gothiscandza, Denmark and Sweden, Jutland. The Hreidgoths (hraiðgutum) may also be the Ostrogoths in south-eastern Europe.

#### Rothemadum

    Rothomagum, Rouen in the Haakon Haakonssøns saga.

#### Rothesay

    "Roth's island", "Rother's Isle" or a corruption of the Gaelic rath meaning "fort". Isle of Bute, Scotland.

#### Rúðuborg, Rúða

    Rouen

### S
#### Sandey

    Iona

#### saxar

    Related to Proto-Germanic *sahsą ("knife, dagger"). The Saxons.

#### Saxelfr

    "Saxon Elbe". The river Elbe.

#### Saxland

    "Land of the Saxons". Germany.

#### Skarðaborg

    "Fortified place of Thorgils Skarthi" or "gap hill". Scarborough, North Yorkshire.

#### Seeburg

    Grobiņa in Latvia.

#### Seljupollar

    A Guarda

#### Serkland, Særkland, Srklant, Sirklant, Serklat

    "Land of the Saracens". The Middle East, sometimes Georgia. Mentioned in the Serkland Runestones.

#### Signa

    Seine

#### Skíð,Skuy, *Skýey, or Skuyö

    "Misty isle", "cloud isle". Skye, Scotland.

#### Skræling

    From skrækja, meaning "bawl, shout, or yell" or from skrá, meaning "dried skin", in reference to the animal pelts worn by the Inuit. The name the Norse Greenlanders gave the previous inhabitants of North America and Greenland.

#### Skuggifjord

    Hudson Strait

#### Straumfjörð

    "Current-fjord", "Stream-fjord" or "Tide-fjord". A fjord in Vinland. Straumsey ("Current-isle") lies at the mouth of Straumfjörð.

#### Suðreyjar

    "Southern islands". Hebrides.

#### Suðrvegr

    "South way", Germany.

#### Susat

    Soest, Germany

#### Súrsdalar

    Suzdal

### T
#### Tarlungaland

    Probably a corruption of Karlungaland, i.e., the land of the Carolingians.

#### Τελιουτζα

    Liubech

#### Túskaland

    Touraine

#### Tyrfing

    The Thervingi Goths.

#### Tyrvist

    Tiree

#### Τζερνιγωγα

    Chernihiv

### V
#### Valland

    "Land of the **Walhaz". Land of the Celtic- and Romance-speaking peoples.

#### Vendland

    "Land of the Wends". Slavic areas East from Lübeck.

#### Vernisa

    Worms, Germany.

#### vestmenn

    "Westmen", the Gaels of Ireland and Britain.

#### Vikinglow, Wykynlo

    Wicklow

#### Vindau

    Ventspils in Latvia. Named after the Venta River.

#### Vineta

    A mythical city in the Baltic of disputed location.

#### Vínland

    "Wine land", "pasture land". The area of coastal North America explored by Norse Vikings.

#### Vitaholmr

    "demarcation islet", Vytachiv