# Wen-Ying Tsai

Wen-Ying Tsai (Chinese: 蔡文穎; pinyin: Cài Wényǐng; Wade–Giles: Ts'ai Wen-ying; October 13, 1928 – January 2, 2013) was a Chinese-American pioneer cybernetic sculptor and kinetic artist best known for creating sculptures using electric motors, stainless steel rods, stroboscopic light, and audio feedback control. As one of the first Chinese-born artists to achieve international recognition in the 1960s, Tsai was an inspiration to generations of Chinese artists around the world.

## Early life and education

Wen-Ying Tsai was born in 1928 in Xiamen, Fujian, China. In 1939, he moved to Shanghai, to study chemical engineering at Ta Tung University. In 1949, he moved to Hong Kong, and then moved to the United States in 1950. He attended the University of Michigan, receiving a Bachelors in Mechanical Engineering (BSME) in 1953.

## Engineer

Moving to New York City after graduation, Tsai began working as an architectural engineer for clients such as Walter Gropius, Mies van der Rohe, Synergetics, and Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. While working as an engineer by day, Tsai pursued artistic studies at the Art Students League at night, while also taking courses in political science and economics at the New School for Social Research. Tsai also attended modern dance classes with Erick Hawkins. In 1962, he became a US citizen.

## Full-time artist

In 1963, Tsai won a John Hay Whitney Fellowship for Painting, after which he decided to leave engineering and devote himself full-time to the arts. After a three-month trip in Europe, he returned to New York and began to make three-dimensional constructions using optical effects, fluorescent paints, and ultra-violet light. These works were later selected for The Responsive Eye, an exhibition curated by William Seitz at the Museum of Modern Art in New York.
Unsatisfied with his static sculptures, Tsai began to introduce movement using motors. He created Multi-kinetic Wall in 1965, which was exhibited at the Amel Gallery (New York), and also shown in Art Turned On at the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston.
Art historian Sam Hunter described the work:
   Tsai's Multi-kinetics were dynamically integrated multiple constructions, employing thirty-two kinetic units, each of which contains a configuration of multi-colored gyroscopic forms. With these elements he created an active environmental field that could, apparently, be infinitely extended. Each motorized unit was a self-sufficient entity, and when it was combined with other similar units produced a large-scale kinetic work that joined visual intensity with mechanical power. By controlling the time sequence of each unit in skillful compositions, Tsai used engineering principles to achieve aesthetic ends.$^{:66–67}$
But it was ultimately during a 1965 fellowship at the Edward MacDowell Colony in Peterborough, New Hampshire that Tsai had his "Eureka!" moment. While contemplating the sunlight shimmering in the trees, he had a sudden inspiration to use his engineering background to create art work that replicates natural phenomena. Finding a starting point in the work of constructivist artist Naum Gabo, Tsai decided that "the shimmering was not enough" and that what was needed was a way that the viewer could interact with the work. It was this realization that eventually led him to the idea to use a stroboscope coupled with a feedback control system.$^{:67}$
Sam Hunter writes:
   For the next three years, Tsai worked steadily toward his new goals. His first "feedback" pieces were shown in an important and original show in 1968 at the Howard Wise Gallery in New York, an exhibition called Cybernetic Sculpture. In the same year, Tsai's Cybernetic Sculpture System No.1 won the second prize in an E.A.T. competition, and was selected by Pontus Hulten, the guest curator, for his mammoth international exhibition entitled Machine as seen at the End of the Mechanical Age held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York.$^{:67}$
During this time, along with international friends including Takis, Tsai was a founding member of the Art Workers' Coalition that sought to implement museum reform and underscore "issues relating to the political and social responsibility of the art community".
In 1968, Tsai was invited by György Kepes to the Center for Advanced Visual Studies at MIT. There, amongst the "first Fellows", a lively group of like-minded artists (including Jack Burnham, Otto Piene, Takis, Harold Tovish, Stan VanDerBeek), Tsai met Harold "Doc" Edgerton, the engineer who developed the modern electronic stroboscope. Tsai remained at MIT CAVS until 1971.
In the early 1970s, Tsai moved with his family to Paris and showed with the Denise René Gallery and had extensive exhibitions in Europe. During these years, he befriended fellow Chinese artists residing in Paris including Peng Wan-Ts and Chu Teh-Chun and became very passionate about cultural exchange between China and the West. In 1979, Tsai and his friend the composer Wen-chung Chou were part of the first delegation of artists from the US to the People's Republic of China. This eventually lead Tsai and his wife Pei-De to establish The Committee for Chinese Artists Intercultural Movement (CCAIM), a pioneering non-profit organization that brought mainland Chinese artists to exhibit in the United States in the 1980s.
After Paris, Tsai settled permanently in New York City. In 2006, Tsai and Pei-De established the Tsai Art and Science Foundation to support and bring awareness to endeavors that are at the intersection of the arts and sciences.

## Works

Tsai's cybernetic sculpture works have always been a challenge for writers to describe. Art critic Robert Hughes evokes them vividly:
   A grove of slender stainless-steel rods rises from a plate. This base vibrates at 30 cycles per second; the rods flex rapidly, in harmonic curves. The rods appear to move; there is a shimmering, a flashing, an eerie ballet of metal, whose apparent movements range from stillness to jittering, and back to a slow, indescribably sensuous undulation
The philosopher Vilem Flusser wrote of Tsai's work:
   There can be no doubt that Tsai is a great artist. Not because what he does is pleasant, or because he proposes a play, or because he represents the spirit of our times, but because he reveals to us, through artifice or works of art, the concrete experience of a future full of promise or abysmal danger.
Jonathan Benthall was one of the first to appreciate Tsai's sculpture. In 1968, he wrote:
   The work of art may be regarded as a machine programmed by the artist to produce a deferred output. That is why an artist like Tsai is likely to be so valuable; not because he is an innovator (all his techniques taken separately have been used before) but because he has the kind of authority that establishes a stylistic tradition.
Tsai's interactive sculpture marked a major step in the development of kinetic art:
   Tsai is a Chinese-born sculptor now living in New York. The slender, stainless steel "cybernetic" rods of his sculpture vibrate in different patterns in response to electronic impulses, to the clapping of human hands, or to the flashes of a strobe light. In the artist's words, they are designed to simulate "the intensity of a living creature".
Frank Popper elaborates:
   As far as the sensory experience of the spectator goes, the most outstanding American kinetic artist is unquestionably the Chinese-born Wen-Ying Tsai. His pieces, which are perfect on the technological level,ous celebration' which is re-created in their presence. As he concludes: 'Rhythm is friendship and in Tsai's work there is friendship of light, sound and our own heart-beats.
Richard Kostelanetz writes about Tsai's cybernetic water works:
   Of his other kinetic sculptures, Upward-Falling Fountain (1979) is the most impressive, creating an illusion that must be seen to be believed. .
In conclusion, Frank Popper writes in his "Electra" exhibition catalog about Tsai's essential contribution:
   The role played by Tsai, the American artist of Chinese origin, in this context cannot be overestimated, in his most varied cybernetic sculptures in the Electra exhibition are perfect examples of an artistic comment, perhaps an artistic solution to one of the principal problems raised in this show: the situation of the artist between technology, at a critical point of its passage from the mechanical to the electronic era, and man's natural or artificial environment...

## East and West

Vilem Flusser's analysis of Tsai's work delves into his place in both the Eastern and Western traditions.
   Possibly Tsai himself does not stand within Western tradition. The analysis of his phenomena seems to reveal this. In that case the arguments just advanced cannot touch him. Possibly he stands within an Oriental tradition, for which (so at least it looks like to a Western observer) man is not a being radically separated form all others. For such a tradition man may feel deeply united with animals, plants, and other types of beings. He can therefore, conceive of them much more as "others" than we can. And the phenomena Tsai produces are then, in their naive, plant-like Gestalten, "true others" If I can dialogue with a plant (and Oriental tradition seems to suggest this), then a fortiori, I can dialogue with the phenomena Tsai is producing. Such an hypothesis of Tsai's position would explain his approach to the problem posed by the series "thing-other". He could then still see others (even in a stone), where we no longer can see them. In this case Tsai may say that his is an important Oriental contribution to the Western (and bankrupt) attempt to free man from the determining effects of objects of culture. He may say that he is using Western models and Western methods from an Oriental approach, in order to try and solve the universally human problem of freedom from determination. And he will be completely correct in thus answering the above advanced objections.

## Tsai and Taoism

Art historian Donald Kuspit finds in Tsai's art a Taoist outlook:
   Previous discussions of Tsai's work have concentrated on its technology and its place in the development of modern art/ I want to concentrate on its Weltanschauung or inner point of view, which has been completely neglected in every discussion, not doubt because it transcends modernity, indeed, subverts it by subsuming it. Tsai's ultramodern technology is a means of expressing a consistent, fundamental attitude to life, which his cybernetic sculptures literally embody. Without the understanding of this attitude, they make only technological sense. With the understanding of his Weltanschauung, which I think is Taoist, his sculptures make extraordinary emotional sense. Indeed, they quintessentialize the Taoist attitude to nature, and offer it as a model for psychic health. ...
   And it is no accident that Tsai emphasizes the "healthful" use of engineering, remarking that "the danger for the engineer is to have no feeling for humanity because of his limited and specialized training. Tsai is an engineer - a very inventive, paradoxical one, as his 1981 patent for an upward falling fountain indicates - but he is also an artist, that is, a person of feeling, indeed, a visionary of feeling. His work fuses art and engineering in a synthesis made all the more unique by its Taoist underpinnings - the Taoist conviction that subliminally informs it. The attempt to unite opposites motivates all ofTsai's work. It is evident from the start, in the conception of the work, and the structure that results from the conception, and in the perceptual and emotional experience that are its human - one should say humane, therapeutic - goal.

## Personal life

Tsai met his wife, Pei-De Chang, in New York City in 1967. They were married in London in 1968 during the Cybernetic Serendipity exhibition in which Tsai participated. The couple had twin sons two years later when Tsai was a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Visual Studies at MIT; their friend Otto Piene was fond of recalling that the Tsais' twins were the first of the "Center babies".
The Tsai family spent part of the 1970s in Paris before settling down permanently in SoHo, New York where they lived in a loft space that they renovated themselves. Richard Kostelanetz has written about the Tsais in SoHo in his book SoHo: The Rise and Fall of an Artists' Colony.

## Death

Tsai died in Manhattan, New York, on January 2, 2013. He was survived by his wife Pei-De; sons and spouses Lun-Yi London (Michelle) and Ming-Yi Gyorgy (Marloes); grandchildren Sakhaya, Kelsyn, Lina, Flora and Nereus. Artist Otto Piene and composer Wen-chung Chou were among those who spoke at Tsai's funeral service.

## Collections

* Addison Gallery of American Art, Andover, Massachusetts
* Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York
* Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, Ohio
* Centre National des Arts Plastiques, Paris, France
* Centre Pompidou, Paris, France
* Chrysler Museum of Art, Provincetown, Massachusetts
* David Bermant Foundation, California
* Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
* Great Explorations, St. Petersburg, Florida
* MIT List Visual Arts Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
* Israel Museum, Jerusalem
* Kaiser Wilhelm Museum, Krefeld, Germany
* Kanagawa Science Park, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
* Kunsthalle Nuremberg, Germany
* Lannon Foundation, California
* Malcolm Forbes Foundation, New York
* Memorial Art Gallery, Rochester, New York
* Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris
* Museo de Arte Contemporaneo de Caracas, Venezuela
* Museum für Holographie, Pulheim/Köln, Germany
* Princeton University Art Museum, Princeton University, New Jersey
* Museo de Bellas Artes, Caracas, Venezuela
* Nagoya City Art Museum, Nagoya, Japan
* National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts, Taichung, Taiwan
* Oklahoma City Museum of Art, Oklahoma
* Ontario Science Center, Toronto
* Orlando Science Center, Orlando, Florida
* Shirahama Energy Land, Matsushita Electric Co. (Panasonic), Shirahama, Japan
* Tate Gallery, London
* University of Alberta Museums, Canada
* Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City

## Selected exhibitions
### Solo

1961 Ruth Sherman Gallery, New York
1964 & 1965 Amel Gallery, New York
1968 Howard Wise Gallery, New York
1970 Alpha Gallery Museum Haus Lange, Krefeld, Germany
1971 Hayden Gallery, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Ontario Science Center, Toronto Galérie Françoise Mayer, Brussels University of Pittsburgh Michael Berger Gallery, Pittsburgh, PA
1972 Galérie Denise René, Paris Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, DC Galérie Denise René, New York
1973 Galérie Denise René/Hans Mayer, Düsseldorf.
Musee d'Art Contemporain, Montreal.
1975 Museo de Arte Contemporaneo de Caracas, Venezuela.
1978 Wildenstein Art Center, Houston. Museo de Bellas Artes, Caracas.
1979 Hong Kong Museum of Art.
1980 Isetan Museum of Art, Tokyo.
1983 Galerie Denise Rene, Paris.
1989 National Museum of History, Taipei.
1990 Taiwan Museum of Art, Taichung, Taiwan.
1997 National Museum of China, Beijing, China.

### Group

1965 "The Responsive Eye", Museum of Modern Art, New York "The New Eyes", Chrysler Art Museum, Provincetown, Massachusetts City Art Museum of St. Louis "Art in Science", Albany Institute of History and Art "Art Turned On", Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston. "Art in Science", organized by Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC National Academy of Science, Washington, DC
1968
"Cybernetic Serendipity", Institute of Contemporary Arts, London. "The Machine as Seen at the End of the Mechanical Age", Museum of Modern Art, New York
1969 "Cybernetic Serendipity", Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, DC "Howard Lipman Collection", Whitney Museum of American Art, New York. "Master Pieces of Modern Art", Galerie Denise Rene/Hans Mayer, Krefeld, Germany. "Explorations", Hayden Gallery, Massachusetts Institute of Technology National Collection of Fine Arts, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 3e Salon International des Galeries Pilotes, Cantonal Museum of Fine Arts, Lausanne Musee d'Art Moderne, Paris. Pittsburgh International, Museum of Art, Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh. "Struktur Schwingung Dynarnik", Kunsthalle, Nuremberg. "L'Art et les Technologies", Ville de Vitry-sur-Seine, France. "Multiple Interaction Team", Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago "Salon International des Composants Electroniques", Paris. "Custom and Culture", US Custom House, New York. "Art of the Space Era", Huntsville Museum of Art, Alabama. "The Expanding Visual World", The Museum of Fun, Asahi Shimbun, Tokyo.
1983 "Electra", Musee d'Art Moderne, Paris.
1984 "Carte Blanche Denise Rene". Paris.
1986 "Les Machines Sentimentales", Avignon. "La Biennale Di Venezia", Venice. "Energetic Art", La Malmaison, Cannes.
1987 "Artware, Kunst und Elektronik", Hanover International Fair. "Artware", Düsseldorf Landsmuseum. "Art in the Computer Age", Everson Museum of Art, Syracuse, New York. "Art in the Computer Age", Cincinnati Contemporary Art Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
1988 "Computers and Art", IBM Gallery of Science and Art, New York. "Lights OROT", Yeshiva University Museum, New York. "Interaction", The Aldrich Museum of Contemporary Art, Connecticut. "Vraiment Faux", La Fondation Cartier, Jouey-en-Jossas, France. "Art Construit, Lumiere, Mouvement", EPAD, Galerie La Defense, Paris. "Art in the Computer Age", Center for the Fine Arts, Miami.
1989 "Phenomena Art", Pan-Asian Expo '89, Saibu Gas Museum, Fukuoka, Japan. KSP, Kawasaka - Kanagawa Prefecture. "Visiona", Vienna Messe-WienerFestwochen. "Visiona", Zurich.
1990 "Image du Futur", Montreal, Canada.
1991 "ARTEC '91, The International Biennale in Nagoya", Japan.
1995 "Kwangju International Biennale" in Korea. "Osaka Triennale 1995" - Sculpture.
2001
"Denise René, l'intrépide", Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris
2008
"Olympic Games, 2008", Beijing
2010
"Expo 2010 Shanghai", Shanghai Art Museum, Shanghai