# Dhanush (howitzer)

Dhanush (lit. 'Bow') is a 155 mm towed howitzer manufactured by Advanced Weapons and Equipment India at Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur, previously a part of the Ordnance Factory Board (OFB). The gun was approved for service in 2019 and has been inducted into the Indian Army. The Dhanush project was started by OFB to replace the older 105 mm Indian Field Gun, 105 mm Light Field Gun and the Russian 122 mm guns with a modern 155 mm artillery gun.

## Development

The initial indigenous development of artillery guns in India started in the 1970s with the Artillery Gun Development Team under Brigadier Gurdyal Singh at Gun Carriage Factory, Jabalpur. This resulted in the introduction of 105 mm Indian Field Gun and its variant, the Light Field Gun into the Indian Army.
The purchase of Haubits FH77 guns manufactured by Bofors in the 1980s included technology transfer to OFB. After many years being unable to acquire or import foreign artillery guns due to the corruption charges, OFB developed the Dhanush gun based on the technical data package that was included in the purchase of the FH77. Improvements and modernisation of the original construction included lengthening the gun barrel from 39 calibres to 45, inertial navigation-based sighting system, auto-laying facility, onboard ballistic computation and an advanced day and night direct firing system.
An order, worth ₹1,260 crore (equivalent to ₹21 billion or US$250 million in 2023), was placed with OFB around 2013 for 114 guns and 300 more planned. The guns were to be manufactured by Gun Carriage Factory Jabalpur. The gun cost was at ₹14 crore (equivalent to ₹22 crore or US$2.6 million in 2023) apiece with 80% indigenous content. Very few components like APU, electronic dial sights and a few other small items are imported.
From 6 to 30 June 2014, the gun underwent its final summer trials at Pokhran Field Firing Range. This was after the successful winter trials in Sikkim at an altitude of 3,500 metres (11,500 ft) at sub-zero temperatures. Dhanush outperformed the Bofors gun by 20 to 25 percent in parameters like range, accuracy, consistency, low and high angle of fire, and shoot-and-scoot ability. There had been a pause in trials due to a barrel burst incident in August 2013 but was later investigation reported an issue with "old ammunition with air bubbles" and no problem was found in barrel design or metallurgy.
Three Dhanush guns were handed over to the Indian Army for user trials in July 2016. Battery trials were expected to be completed by July 2017 with 18 guns entering service in 2017, 36 guns in 2018, and 60 guns in 2019, for an Indian Army order of 114 guns. Each regiment has 18 guns and two are reserved.
The Dhanush experienced a few problem during trials, failing on three occasions in a row in 2017. It was reported in July 2017 that the howitzer failed the last phase of testing, due to the shell hitting the muzzle brake. A redesign of the barrel by widening it was being considered to solve the issue. Later an investigation revealed the incident happened due to a defective shell. Further trials were conducted by firing about 5000 shells in the desert regions and icy glaciers of the Himalayas without any incident. In June 2018, Dhanush completed final development trials. In February 2019, it was approved for series production.

### Manufacturing

The first batch of 6 guns were officially inducted by the Army on 8 April 2019. 93 Field Regiment becoming one of the first units to be armed with this gun and had the honour to participate in the 71st Republic Day Parade and Army Day parade in 2020 with its new equipment.
A recent manufacturing disruption occurred due to the untimely procurement of a spare part needed for a sub-assembly. The production of Dhanush has restarted following a pause due to a shortage of spare parts. In FY2023–2024, Advance Weapons and Equipment India Limited (AWEIL) intends to deliver the Indian Army with 26 brand-new howitzers. With this, the Army will have 50 Dhanush weapons overall. The Army received the first set of 6 guns in April 2019. Accidents such as barrel bursts and muzzle brake strikes marred the early years of manufacturing. At that point, the Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) was in charge of the Gun Carriage Factory in Jabalpur. New terms and conditions were signed with the new entity AWEIL following the corporatization. According to the revised terms, the delivery is proceeding as planned. The guns are to be delivered by 2026.
As of March 2024, the guns for second regiment are in induction phase.

### Ammunition
#### Smart Artillery Shell
## Variants

* Towed variant (Original 45-calibre)
* Towed 52-calibre: AWEIL upgraded the gun system into 155mm 52-calibre which can now fire up to 42 kilometres (26 mi). Dhanush weighs less than 14,000 kilograms (31,000 lb). The newly upgraded gun has double baffle muzzle brake and retractable barrel and has a unified sighting system for day and night warfare against static and moving targets. The gun barrel has a length of 8,060 mm (317 in) and a weight of 2,790 kg (6,150 lb) and an elevation range of -3°/+70°. It has three modes of rate of fire: burst rate (three rounds in 30 seconds), intense rate (12 rounds in three minutes) and sustained rate (42 rounds for one hour). The upgraded Dhanush successfully completed the internal testing phase. The gun system is likely to participate in the Towed Gun System tender for induction into the Indian Army.
* Self propelled/MGS:
A vehicle mounted variant of the gun called Mounted Gun System was showcased by OFB at the Defexpo 2018 show. The gun is mounted on a 8x8 Tatra truck manufactured under license by Bharat Earth Movers Limited (BEML) and has a 30 kilometres per hour (19 mph) cross country speed and 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph) road speed.

## Users

* India: Indian Army - 114 units ordered, 24 delivered. First regiment is operational near Line of Actual Control (LAC). As of September 2024, all units now expected to be delivered by March 2026.