# Rustin (film)

Rustin is a 2023 American biographical drama film directed by George C. Wolfe, from a screenplay by Julian Breece and Dustin Lance Black, and a story by Breece about the life of civil rights activist Bayard Rustin. Produced by Barack and Michelle Obama's production company Higher Ground, the film stars Colman Domingo in the title role, alongside Chris Rock, Glynn Turman, Aml Ameen, Gus Halper, CCH Pounder, Da'Vine Joy Randolph, Johnny Ramey, Michael Potts, Jeffrey Wright, and Audra McDonald. It is based on the true story of Rustin, who helped Martin Luther King Jr. and others organize the 1963 March on Washington.
Rustin premiered at the Telluride Film Festival on August 31, 2023, and was screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 13, 2023. The film received a limited theatrical release on November 3, 2023, before being released on Netflix on November 17. The film received generally positive reviews, with Domingo's performance garnering numerous accolades including nominations for the Academy Award, BAFTA Award, Golden Globe Award, and SAG Award for Best Actor.

## Plot

In 1960, as the civil rights movement fights for racial equality across the United States, activist Bayard Rustin urges Martin Luther King Jr. to lead a protest ahead of the Democratic National Convention. New York Congressman Adam Clayton Powell Jr. and NAACP leader Roy Wilkins, critical of King's rising popularity and Rustin's influence, threaten to accuse King of a homosexual relationship with the openly gay Rustin, leading to Rustin's resignation from the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
Three years later, Rustin remains alienated from King and much of the movement, but his commitment to nonviolent action is embraced by many younger activists, including Tom Kahn, his assistant and lover. Planning a large-scale march on Washington, D.C., Rustin enlists the help of A. Philip Randolph, the respected architect of demonstrations that led to such victories as ending racial segregation in the armed forces. Despite support from NAACP organizer Medgar Evers, Wilkins rejects Randolph and Rustin's plan, and Rustin begins an affair with Elias Taylor, a married organizer and pastor.
Violence against demonstrators in Birmingham receives national attention and spurs Rustin to leave his work at the War Resisters League, while Evers is assassinated hours after President John F. Kennedy calls for civil rights legislation. Rustin visits King — remembering being assaulted by police himself in 1942 for refusing to move to the back of a bus — and convinces him to lend his support to the march. Wilkins continues to object to Rustin's participation due to his reputation, but Randolph appoints Rustin as his deputy director, fully in charge of organizing the March on Washington.
Gathering a team of volunteers and dedicated activists, including Cleve Robinson and Dr. Anna Hedgeman, at a makeshift office in Harlem, Rustin visits the National Mall but is prevented from meeting with D.C. officials. He warns King that they have made powerful political enemies, and is forced to accept Wilkins' and others' demands that reduce the march to a single day. Rustin and his organizers continue to raise funds and public support, but his affair with Taylor strains his relationship with Kahn.
Senator Strom Thurmond publicly denounces Rustin as a communist, and Powell attempts to embarrass him into stepping down, but Rustin's remarkable efforts to organize a 100,000-person march in seven weeks speak for themselves. After Rustin receives a strongly-worded call from Taylor's pregnant wife, Taylor ends their affair. Thurmond publicizes Rustin's arrest for homosexual activity in Pasadena ten years earlier, but Randolph and King come to his defense.
On August 28, 1963, the March on Washington draws over 200,000 people, gathering in front of the Lincoln Memorial. The massive demonstration culminates in King's "I Have a Dream" speech, and though Wilkins invites Rustin to join the march's leaders at the White House, he remains behind with his volunteers. An epilogue explains that the march was the nation's largest peaceful protest at that time; the Civil Rights Act was enacted nine months later; and Rustin would later meet his lifelong partner, and receive the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

## Cast

* Colman Domingo as Bayard Rustin
* Aml Ameen as Martin Luther King Jr.
* Glynn Turman as A. Philip Randolph ("Chief")
* Chris Rock as Roy Wilkins
* Gus Halper as Tom Kahn
* Johnny Ramey as Elias Taylor
* CCH Pounder as Dr. Anna Hedgeman
* Michael Potts as Cleve Robinson
* Audra McDonald as Ella Baker
* Jeffrey Wright as Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
* Lilli Kay as Rachelle
* Jordan-Amanda Hall as Charlene
* Jakeem Powell as Norm Hill
* Ayana Workman as Eleanor Holmes
* Grantham Coleman as Blyden
* Jamilah Rosemond as Dorie Ladner
* Jules Latimer as Joyce Ladner
* Maxwell Whittington-Cooper as John Lewis
* Frank Harts as Jim Farmer
* Kevin Mambo as Whitney Young
* Carra Patterson as Coretta Scott King
* Da'Vine Joy Randolph as Mahalia Jackson
* Adrienne Warren as Claudia Taylor
* Bill Irwin as A. J. Muste
* Jamar Williams as Tyrone
* Hope Clarke as Lucille Randolph
* Rashad Demond Edwards as Medgar Evers
* Cotter Smith as Chief Wells
* Drayton Walker as Little Stevie Wonder
* Robert M. Pflegardt as Joachim Prinz
* Christopher Anglim as Eugene Carson Blake
* Devin Doolan as Walter Reuther
* Marlon Bradley Ray as Floyd McKissick

## Production

In February 2021, it was reported that George C. Wolfe would direct a film based on the life of Bayard Rustin from a script by Julian Breece and Dustin Lance Black. In October 2021, Colman Domingo was cast as Rustin. Chris Rock, Glynn Turman, and Audra McDonald also joined the cast. Later that month, Aml Ameen, CCH Pounder, Michael Potts, Bill Irwin, Da'Vine Joy Randolph, Gus Halper, Johnny Ramey, Carra Patterson, and Adrienne Warren joined the cast. Production began in November 2021 in Pittsburgh. In December 2021, Jeffrey Wright, Grantham Coleman, Lilli Kay, Jordan-Amanda Hall, Jakeem Dante Powell, Ayana Workman, Jamilah Nadege Rosemond, Jules Latimer, Maxwell Whittington-Cooper, Frank Harts and Kevin Mambo joined the cast. Principal photography ended in Washington, D.C. in August, 2022.
Lenny Kravitz wrote and performed an original song, "Road to Freedom," for the film. On approaching Kravitz for writing a song for the film, Wolfe said, "The one note I gave him was the song needed to help deliver us as an audience, from feeling to action. And trombones. I begged for trombones." Wolfe became fascinated with trombones after filming Ma Rainey's Black Bottom (2020), and Trombone Shorty was brought on board to contribute to the song.

## Release

Rustin premiered at the Telluride Film Festival on August 31, 2023. It also screened at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 13, 2023. Michelle and Barack Obama introduced the film at the opening night of the HBCU First Look Film Festival at the National Museum of African American History and Culture. The film was released in select theaters on November 3, 2023 and premiered worldwide on Netflix on November 17.

## Reception
### Critical response

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 83% of 169 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7/10. The website's consensus reads: "Colman Domingo is sensational in Rustin, a stirring biopic that shines an overdue light on a remarkable legacy of public service." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 68 out of 100, based on 39 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews.
Domingo garnered much critical acclaim for his performance in the title role. John Anderson of The Wall Street Journal commended Domingo as a "force of nature in this film, delivering a complex, highly sympathetic portrayal" that "determines what the movie actually is, while preventing it from going awry." Maureen Lee Lenker elaborated, in her review for Entertainment Weekly, that "Domingo infuses Rustin with a warmth and vibrancy that creates a performance of immense empathy" and followed this by stating "his portrait of a man fighting for both his race and his sexuality feels incredibly personal and helps hammer home Rustin's commitment to true 'justice for all.'" The Guardian's Benjamin Lee appreciated the film's intersectional coverage of Rustin's struggles and concluded that Domingo "nails the charming persuasiveness that would explain how Rustin achieved so much in such a short amount of time and as he slowly starts to experience a level of acceptance for his whole self, rather than handpicked parts, there’s a genuine poignancy to watching him crumble in front of us, a weight we can feel being lifted away.
Other critics were more lukewarm towards the film, in particular for its screenplay and direction. Bilge Ebiri from Vulture observed that the script was laden with "ham-handed stage-setting with lines" that equated to "classroom-exercise level writing", leading to a film that was "filled with all the clichés of the genre." He also elaborates that the film's "predictable plot points" and the "pro forma" nature of Rustin's "personal affairs" in conjunction with Wolfe's "methodical direction" led to "visual inertia". RogerEbert.com's Robert Daniels similarly agreed that the film suffocated Domingo and suppressed his potential, noting that he "ultimately clings to these emotional crescendos, gripping for dear life to a film that rarely, if ever, rises to his level." In his review, Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post found the film's "perfunctory plot" to be "as montage-y and as superficial as the film’s opening reenactments" and criticized the lack of character development across the supporting cast, noting "none of them stands out as a three-dimensional character".
Specific criticism was further directed towards the film's approach of Rustin's sexuality as a narrative. Dustin Guastela of Jacobin criticized the film for caricaturing Rustin's political views: "Rustin claims the civil rights hero has been forgotten because of his sexuality. But it was his fiery and provocative class politics that makes him both controversial and prophetic today." He argues that the film's lack of development in the relationship between Rustin and Tom Kahn "weaponized" Rustin's sexuality as a means to obscure that Rustin's "historical neglect" was also due, in part, to his political views, which were "no less a reason for his official erasure from canonical civil rights history." In his review for IndieWire, David Ehrlich also lamented the film's handling of Rustin's sexuality and stated that "Rustin is diminished by the forced momentum of its plotting, by how inelegantly the script incorporates the social dynamics of Rustin’s homosexuality (the love triangle that develops between Rustin, fellow activist Tom Kahn, and a composite character played by Johnny Ramey stops the movie dead in its tracks every time it comes up)."

### Accolades

| Award | Date of ceremony | Category | Recipient(s) | Result | Ref. |
| The Queerties | February 28, 2023 | Next Big Thing | Rustin | Nominated | |
| Hamptons International Film Festival | October 12, 2023 | The Sherzum Award | Rustin | Won | |
| Heartland International Film Festival | October 15, 2023 | Audience Choice Award – Narrative Special Presentation | Rustin | Won | |
| Mill Valley Film Festival | October 16, 2023 | Directing | George C. Wolfe | Won | |
| Mill Valley Film Festival | October 16, 2023 | Audience Award – U.S. Cinema | Rustin | Won | |
| Chicago International Film Festival | October 22, 2023 | Gold Q-Hugo | Rustin | Nominated | |
| Philadelphia Film Festival | October 29, 2023 | Audience Award – Narrative Feature | Rustin | Won | |
| Hollywood Music in Media Awards | November 15, 2023 | Original Score — Feature Film | Branford Marsalis | Nominated | [35] [36] |
| Hollywood Music in Media Awards | November 15, 2023 | Original Song — Feature Film | Lenny Kravitz ("Road to Freedom") | Nominated | [35] [36] |
| Gotham Independent Film Awards | November 27, 2023 | Icon & Creator Tribute for Social Justice | Rustin | Won | |
| Celebration of Cinema & Television | December 4, 2023 | Actor Award (Film) | Colman Domingo | Won | |
| Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards | December 10, 2023 | Best Actor | Colman Domingo | Nominated | |
| Las Vegas Film Critics Society | December 13, 2023 | Best Actor | Colman Domingo | Nominated | |
| Las Vegas Film Critics Society | December 13, 2023 | Best Song | "Road to Freedom" | Nominated | |
| Indiana Film Journalists Association | December 17, 2023 | Best Lead Performance | Colman Domingo | Nominated | [41] [42] |
| Women Film Critics Circle Awards | December 18, 2023 | Best Actor | Colman Domingo | Nominated | |
| Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association | December 18, 2023 | Best Actor | Colman Domingo | 5th place | |
| San Diego Film Critics Society | December 19, 2023 | Best Actor | Colman Domingo | Nominated | |
| Capri Hollywood International Film Festival | January 2, 2024 | Best Actor | Colman Domingo | Won | [46] [47] |
| Palm Springs International Film Festival | January 4, 2024 | Spotlight Award - Actor | Colman Domingo | Won | |
| Georgia Film Critics Association Awards | January 5, 2024 | Best Actor | Colman Domingo | Nominated | [49] [50] |
| Astra Film and Creative Arts Awards | January 6, 2024 | Best Actor | Colman Domingo | Nominated | |
| Golden Globe Awards | January 7, 2024 | Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama | Colman Domingo | Nominated | |
| Golden Globe Awards | January 7, 2024 | Best Original Song | Lenny Kravitz ("Road to Freedom") | Nominated | |
| Denver Film Critics Society | January 12, 2024 | Best Original Song | Lenny Kravitz ("Road to Freedom") | Nominated | |
| Critics' Choice Movie Awards | January 14, 2024 | Best Actor | Colman Domingo | Nominated | |
| Critics' Choice Movie Awards | January 14, 2024 | Best Song | Lenny Kravitz ("Road to Freedom") | Nominated | |
| African-American Film Critics Association Awards | January 15, 2024 | Best Actor | Colman Domingo | Won | |
| Black Reel Awards | January 16, 2024 | Outstanding Film | Bruce Cohen, Tonia Davis & George C. Wolfe | Nominated | |
| Black Reel Awards | January 16, 2024 | Outstanding Lead Performance | Colman Domingo | Nominated | |
| Black Reel Awards | January 16, 2024 | Outstanding Screenplay | Julian Breece & Dustin Lance Black | Nominated | |
| Black Reel Awards | January 16, 2024 | Outstanding Ensemble | Cherelle Cargill & Avy Kaufman | Nominated | |
| Black Reel Awards | January 16, 2024 | Outstanding Score | Brandford Marsalias | Nominated | |
| Black Reel Awards | January 16, 2024 | Outstanding Soundtrack | Rustin | Nominated | |
| Black Reel Awards | January 16, 2024 | Outstanding Original Song | Lenny Kravitz ("Road to Freedom") | Nominated | |
| Black Reel Awards | January 16, 2024 | Outstanding Costume Design | Toni-Leslie James | Nominated | |
| Black Reel Awards | January 16, 2024 | Outstanding Production Design | Mark Ricker | Nominated | |
| Black Reel Awards | January 16, 2024 | Outstanding Hairstyle and Make-up | Melissa Forney & Beverly Jo Pryor | Nominated | |
| AARP Movies for Grownups Awards | January 17, 2024 | Best Actor | Colman Domingo | Won | |
| AARP Movies for Grownups Awards | January 17, 2024 | Best Ensemble | The cast of Rustin | Nominated | |
| AARP Movies for Grownups Awards | January 17, 2024 | Best Time Capsule | Rustin | Nominated | |
| Iowa Film Critics Association | January 17, 2024 | Best Original Song | Lenny Kravitz ("Road to Freedom") | Runner-up | |
| Society of Composers & Lyricists | February 13, 2024 | Outstanding Original Song for a Dramatic or Documentary Visual Media Production | Lenny Kravitz ("Road to Freedom") | Nominated | |
| BAFTA Film Awards | February 18, 2024 | Best Actor in a Leading Role | Colman Domingo | Nominated | |
| Satellite Awards | February 18, 2024 | Best Actor in a Motion Picture, Drama | Colman Domingo | Nominated | |
| Satellite Awards | February 18, 2024 | Best Original Song | Lenny Kravitz ("Road to Freedom") | Nominated | |
| Screen Actors Guild Awards | February 24, 2024 | Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role | Colman Domingo | Nominated | |
| Artios Awards | March 7, 2024 | Outstanding Achievement in Casting – Feature Studio or Independent (Drama) | Avy Kaufman, Donna Belajac, Missy Finnell, Scotty Anderson | Nominated | |
| Academy Awards | March 10, 2024 | Best Actor in a Leading Role | Colman Domingo | Nominated | |
| GLAAD Media Awards | March 11 - May 14, 2024 | Outstanding Film – Streaming or TV | Rustin | Won | [65] [66] |
| NAACP Image Awards | March 16, 2024 | Outstanding Motion Picture | Rustin | Nominated | |
| NAACP Image Awards | March 16, 2024 | Outstanding Directing in a Motion Picture | George C. Wolfe | Nominated | |
| NAACP Image Awards | March 16, 2024 | Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture | Colman Domingo | Won | |
| NAACP Image Awards | March 16, 2024 | Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture | Glynn Turman | Nominated | |
| NAACP Image Awards | March 16, 2024 | Outstanding Ensemble Cast in a Motion Picture | Rustin | Nominated | |
| NAACP Image Awards | March 16, 2024 | Outstanding Costume Design | Toni–Leslie James, Josh Quinn | Nominated | |
| NAACP Image Awards | March 16, 2024 | Outstanding Make-up | Beverly Jo Pryor, Eric Pagdin, Quintessence Patterson | Nominated | |
| NAACP Image Awards | March 16, 2024 | Outstanding Original Score for TV/Film | Branford Marsalis | Nominated | |
| World Soundtrack Awards | October 17, 2024 | Best Original Song | Lenny Kravitz ("Road to Freedom") | Nominated | |