# Senj

Senj (Croatian:; Italian: Segna; Latin: Senia; Hungarian and German: Zengg) is a town on the upper Adriatic coast in Croatia, in the foothills of the Mala Kapela and Velebit mountains.
The symbol of the town is the Nehaj Fortress (Croatian: Tvrđava Nehaj) which was completed in 1558. For a time this was the seat of the Uskoks (Italian: Uscocchi), who were Christian refugees from Ottoman Bosnia resettled here to protect the Habsburg borderlands. The Republic of Venice accused the Uskoks of piracy and declared war on them which led to their expulsion following a truce in 1617.
Senj is to be found in the Lika-Senj County of Croatia, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gospić-Senj and the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rijeka.

## History

Senj has apparently been inhabited since prehistoric times. Senj is an old settlement founded more than 3000 years ago on Kuk hill, which is east of today's Senj. A settlement called Athyinites or Athuinites (Αθυινιτες) in today's Senj was mentioned in Greek documents dated to the 4th century BC. The Illyrian tribes Iapodes and Liburnians inhabited the area as it was located in Illyria.
Senia was a thriving town in the Roman province of Dalmatia, used by the Romans as a stronghold against the Illyrians in the 2nd century BC. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Avars and the Croats eventually settled here in the 7th century AD.
The Catholic diocese of Senj was established in 1169. King of Hungary Béla III gave the town to the Knights Templar in 1184, and in 1271 it became the property of the Frankopan counts of Krk.
In 1248 the bishop of Senj was allowed by Pope Innocent IV to use the Glagolitic alphabet and the vernacular in liturgy. A Glagolitic printing press was set up in 1494 and produced the incunabula The Glagolic Missal and Spovid općena.
The military captaincy of Senj was established in 1469 in order to defend against the invading Ottoman and Venetian armies. The town sheltered thousands of refugees from nearby occupied areas. The Nehaj Fortress was completed in 1558 on the hill Nehaj, which at the time was outside of town. Today it is wholly within the town's borders. The wars with the Ottomans lasted well into the 17th century. During this time the Uskoks lived in Senj and occupied its fortress. One of the most significant Uskoks was Ivo Senjanin (Ivo of Senj), who frequently launched expeditions against the Ottomans until his execution in 1612. They served an important purpose during the wars since they had small units of men rowing swift boats that proved to be very effective guerrilla forces. However, after the Uskok War with Venice, which ended in 1617, they were forbidden to settle in the area. Prince Radic was appointed Prince of Senj by king Rudolf emperor of Austria (1 December 1600). (Radic family) Native noble family from Lika region; members of the family were Uskok military leaders at the headquarters in Senj.
Notable polymath and writer Pavao Ritter Vitezović was born within the city walls in 1652, whose work later inspired the Illyrian movement.
The 18th century brought some prosperity, especially with the construction of the Josephina (named after Emperor Joseph II) linking the Adriatic coast via Senj to Karlovac. The railway line built in 1873 between Fiume (Rijeka) and Karlovac did not pass by Senj which held back further development.
Until 1918, the town was part of the Austrian monarchy (Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Lika-Krbava County after the compromise of 1867), in the Croatian Military Frontier (Regiment III).
In the fall of 1943, during World War II, when Fascist Italy capitulated, the Partisans took control of Senj and used it as a supply port. Subsequently, the Luftwaffe started bombarding the town. By the end of the year they had demolished over half of the buildings in town and inflicted heavy civilian casualties.

## Climate

Senj has a temperate climate which is usually described as temperate Oceanic or Marine west coast, with mild, windy winters and relatively dry and warm summers. According to the Köppen climate classification it falls within a cool, dry-summer subtropical zone (Csb), with cool-summer Mediterranean characteristics such as its usually dry summers.
Since records began in 1949, the highest temperature recorded at the local weather station at an elevation of 26 metres (85 ft) was 39.7 °C (103.5 °F), on 22 July 2015. The coldest temperature was −16.6 °C (2.1 °F), on 10 February 1956.
Climate data for Senj :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.5 (68.9) | 22.2 (72.0) | 25.9 (78.6) | 29.5 (85.1) | 33.6 (92.5) | 36.3 (97.3) | 39.7 (103.5) | 38.6 (101.5) | 35.6 (96.1) | 29.9 (85.8) | 26.9 (80.4) | 20.9 (69.6) | 39.7 (103.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.1 (43.0) | 6.6 (43.9) | 9.5 (49.1) | 13.3 (55.9) | 17.9 (64.2) | 21.9 (71.4) | 24.5 (76.1) | 24.2 (75.6) | 20.2 (68.4) | 15.6 (60.1) | 11.1 (52.0) | 7.5 (45.5) | 14.9 (58.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −11.8 (10.8) | −16.6 (2.1) | −9.3 (15.3) | −0.8 (30.6) | 3.4 (38.1) | 7.6 (45.7) | 10.5 (50.9) | 8.2 (46.8) | 6.7 (44.1) | 1.6 (34.9) | −4.9 (23.2) | −10.4 (13.3) | −16.6 (2.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 94.2 (3.71) | 90.4 (3.56) | 86.7 (3.41) | 96.1 (3.78) | 91.7 (3.61) | 84.9 (3.34) | 64.5 (2.54) | 94.6 (3.72) | 137.9 (5.43) | 143.4 (5.65) | 165.3 (6.51) | 124.5 (4.90) | 1,274.2 (50.16) |
| Average rainy days | 10 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 13 | 12 | 122 |
| Average snowy days | 2 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 10 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 100.9 | 123.2 | 158.1 | 187.7 | 242.7 | 265.8 | 310.2 | 287.2 | 214.7 | 167.6 | 101.8 | 90.2 | 2,250.1 |
| Source: Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service ||||||||||||||

## Economy

Modern Senj is a seaside tourist town. Primary industries are fishing, boating, and tourism.

## Population

As of the 2021 census, Senj had a population of 5,973, with 97.30% being ethnic Croats. The largest minorities are Serbs with a population of 43 (0.72%) and Albanians with a population of 27 (0.45%)
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There are 27 settlements in the Town of Senj and they include (population as of 2011):
* Alan, population 17
* Biljevine, population 51
* Bunica, population 85
* Crni Kal, population 72
* Jablanac, population 83
* Klada, population 39
* Krasno, population 476
* Krivi Put, population 33
* Lukovo, population 36
* Melnice, population 57
* Mrzli Dol, population 28
* Pijavica, population 262
* Podbilo, population 25
* Prizna, population 45
* Senj, population 4,810
* Senjska Draga, population 85
* Starigrad, population 15
* Stinica, population 73
* Stolac, population 41
* Sveta Jelena, population 16
* Sveti Juraj, population 599
* Velike Brisnice, no population
* Veljun Primorski, population 70
* Volarice, population 86
* Vrataruša, population 11
* Vratnik, population 59
* Vrzići, population 8

## Notable people

* Blaž Baromić (c. 1450 – 1505)
* Nikola Jurišić (1490 – 1545)
* Ivo Senjanin (c. 1571 – 1612)
* Pavao Ritter Vitezović (1652 – 1713)
* Ivan Paskvić (1754 – 1829)
* Vjenceslav Novak (1859 – 1905)
* Silvije Strahimir Kranjčević (1865 – 1908)
* Milan Ogrizović (1877 – 1923)
* Eugen Kvaternik (1825 – 1871)
* Milan Moguš
* Vladimir Ćopić
* Sandra Šarić
* Edi Karić
* Domagoj Krajina
* Milan Ćopić

## Twin towns – sister cities

Senj is twinned with:
* Kőszeg, Hungary
* Parndorf, Austria
* Senec, Slovakia
* Sorbiers, France
* Vratimov, Czech Republic

## Gallery

* Senj waterfront
* Senj harbor chained with snow after a cold front
* The Three Seamen statue
* The Sundial in the town that lies on the north 45th parallel
* View of the Adriatic Sea
* The fortress Nehaj is the most famous monument and symbol of Senj
* A view of Senj from the sea.