# LUMA Energy

LUMA Energy is a private power company that is responsible for power distribution and power transmission in the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. It is also in charge of maintaining and modernizing the power infrastructure. Previously, these duties belonged exclusively (according to the law) to the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA, Spanish Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica, AEE), but as of July 20, 2018, permission was granted for PREPA assets and service duties to be sold to private companies, and on June 22, 2020, a 15-year contract with LUMA was signed, making LUMA the new operator. The takeover occurred on June 1, 2021.

## History
### 2020-2021

Registered on January 17, 2020, as LUMA Energy ManageCo, LLC, the company was renamed LUMA Energy, LLC on June 12, 2020. A joint venture between Quanta Services (USA) and ATCO (Canada), LUMA was created to manage Puerto Rico’s power grid.
The contract under which LUMA Energy operates the power grid in Puerto Rico was signed after a bid in 2020. In the bid, five different companies participated and only four submitted business proposals. The $1,500M contract is set to last for 15 years and can be renewed if both parties agree.
LUMA Energy officially became the new operator for Puerto Rico's power grid on June 1, 2021. LUMA is in charge of operating the distribution and transmission infrastructure, although they do not own it, nor do they own or operate the power generation sector. The takeover happened as part of an agreement with Puerto Rico's Public-Private Partnership Agreement in an effort to overcome PREPA's bankruptcy.
LUMA launched a new online platform, but service failures followed. The company attributed the issues to excessive traffic, later citing a suspected DDoS attack that generated up to 2 million visits per second. The incident was under investigation as of June 2021.
Following LUMA’s takeover, Puerto Rico experienced widespread power outages, prompting emergency declarations by multiple mayors. LUMA cited preexisting grid damage, weather, and possible sabotage as causes. Reports indicate that in June 2021, outages affected up to 1 million customers, including 40,000 who lost water service after the Monacillos fire. Meanwhile, the Association of Hospitals (Spanish: Asociación de Hospitales) warned on June 17, 2021, that the power outages put patients’ lives at risk and that the power outage crisis needed to be resolved immediately, regardless of the cause.
On Wednesday, June 16, 2021, a massive power outage left more than 337,000 clients without electricity after three units went offline unexpectedly. The reason for the units' failure was unknown as of June 17, 2021. Hours prior to the incident, LUMA Energy had stated it would be selectively shutting down systems to give them maintenance and due to insufficient power generation capacity, but that this sudden outage was unrelated and not intentional.
On Monday, June 21, 2021, a problem with unit #5 at the Central de San Juan power generation station caused a power relay failure, leaving 45,349 customers without electrical service, most of them in the Ponce area.
The power outage crisis caused one of the island's major shopping centers, Plaza del Caribe in Ponce, to close on June 22, 2021, due to a blackout.

### 2022-2025

On June 1, 2022, LUMA Energy completed its first year of operations in Puerto Rico, reporting changes in customer service, reliability, and progress on FEMA-funded projects. In November 2023, it hosted the IEEE Power and Energy Society conference in San Juan, the first time the event was held in Puerto Rico.
In February 2025, LUMA announced plans to add nearly 1 GW of renewable energy and over 700 MW of storage, attracting $4 billion in private investment. That same month, the company reached an agreement with Linxon US LLC and AtkinsRéalis Caribe to build nine energy interconnection points, adding 990 MW of clean energy and 700 MW of storage to the grid.
Despite these developments, LUMA continues to face challenges, including energy supply issues.
In 2022, a senior official with LUMA testified before a U.S. House oversight hearing investigating Puerto Rico's power grid development and its post-disaster reconstruction. Amid criticism by some officials in Puerto Rico, such as energy czar Josué Colón Ortiz, the LUMA official stated that since assuming responsibility in 2021, LUMA has worked to enhance reliability and resiliency despite inheriting a grid weakened by years of neglect. In her testimony, she described LUMA’s response to Hurricane Fiona, noting that power was restored to 90 percent of customers within 12 days. She credited the company’s emergency operations center, the mobilization of 1,300 field workers, and a $130 million inventory of materials for supporting rapid recovery efforts. Addressing electricity rates, Bahramirad stated that LUMA has never proposed an increase to the base rate for T&D operations, attributing past rate hikes to rising fuel costs managed by PREPA. She also outlined efforts to reduce outages through vegetation management, improved customer service, and faster response times.
LUMA has advanced over 250 FEMA-funded infrastructure projects, representing more than $6 billion in federal investment, with 23 projects already under construction. The company is also collaborating with FEMA and other agencies to strengthen power generation.

## Monacillos fire

On June 10, 2021, a fire at the Monacillos substation in Río Piedras caused widespread blackouts across Puerto Rico. LUMA Energy, which had assumed control of the island's power transmission and distribution system ten days prior, reported that a transformer caught fire, triggering protective systems. The incident initially left 700,000 to 800,000 customers without power. State and federal authoriteis launched Investigations to determine the cause, with initial reports suggesting a defective piece of equipment. The Puerto Rico Police and Fire Department later ruled out foul play, citing a lack of maintenance as a possible cause.
The fire occurred during a period of high expectations and public scrutiny of LUMA Energy. While LUMA stated they were addressing the situation, the blackout sparked criticism regarding the company's preparedness and response. Simultaneously, LUMA officials pointed to the fragility of the existing infrastructure. Prior to the fire, LUMA's digital platforms experienced a cyberattack, which may have affected the ability of customers to access their account information.

## Backlash, controversy and protests
### Government contract

LUMA Energy’s contract with Puerto Rico sparked controversy due to secrecy and lack of public input. It grants LUMA control over key utilities, allows contract dissolution with 120 days’ notice, and includes broad termination clauses for disasters, war, sabotage, and civil unrest.
LUMA Energy sought immunity from liability, including for negligence or willful harm, but the request was denied. Instead, NEPR upheld a liability clause similar to PREPA’s. The OIPC argued LUMA should use insurance to cover costs, while LUMA’s president claimed the request aimed to protect customers.
The controversy also extends to the company itself. The company is a new consortium which was only formally registered in the island in January 2020, about 5 months prior to the contract being signed. However, Stensby stated that the company is experienced and that ATCO and Quanta have already worked together to operate the power grid in Alberta, Canada.
In October 2024, the Special Commission of the Puerto Rico Bar concluded that the contract, between the two agreements, violated fundamental legal principles, but also contributed to worsening the energy situation of Puerto Rico. The Special Commission of the Puerto Rico Bar recommends, a Litigation in nullity, or Resolution according to the contractual terms.

### Sabotage allegations

LUMA Energy reported sabotage, vandalism, and a DDoS attack affecting its services. A substation fire was filmed and suspected as sabotage. Representative Jorge Navarro called for an investigation. On June 15, 2021, LUMA warned of scammers posing as employees to collect payments fraudulently.

### Public reaction

Following LUMA Energy’s takeover, protests erupted across Puerto Rico, involving former workers, UTIER, allied groups, and the public. Protestors sometimes blocked LUMA premises, leading the company to sue UTIER and others on June 2, 2021, seeking to prevent intimidation and disruption. A court order on June 4 temporarily barred UTIER from blocking facilities but upheld free speech rights. The case was dismissed on June 18 due to insufficient evidence. Protests continued at LUMA sites, with employees physically blocked by demonstrators in multiple cities.
Since LUMA’s takeover on June 1, 2021, customers reported power surges damaging appliances. Voltage irregularities caused fires in two San Sebastián homes, prompting evacuations and repairs. Privatization may increase costs,[50] despite already high rates. Rising costs are especially concerning given Puerto Rico’s declining economy and high poverty rates.
As of May 2023, Puerto Rico’s electricity cost was $0.2653 per kWh, including base rates and fuel charges. Rising electricity costs may also impact water prices, as PREPA supplies free water to PRASA, but concerns exist that LUMA could introduce charges. The Puerto Rico Energy Bureau (NEPR) approved multiple rate increases in 2021, including a 7.6% hike from July to September and a 3% increase from October to December. Another increase in December 2021 raised rates by 16.8% for early 2022.
In November 2024, Puerto Rico’s Court of Appeals ruled against LUMA Energy, upholding NEPR’s performance measurement system, which LUMA claimed violated its right to bonuses. Protestors questioned whether LUMA would modernize the grid, but its president, Wayne Stensby, stated plans to incorporate renewable energy, though only 2.5% of Puerto Rico’s power came from renewables as of 2020.
LUMA faced criticism for inadequate staffing and long service delays. Customers reported three-hour phone wait times, broken web platforms, and slow power restoration—averaging 333 minutes under LUMA versus 155 under PREPA.[68] Due to poor service, several municipalities declared emergencies in June 2021, hiring private contractors for repairs. Some mayors also provided aid for food and medication spoilage.
Lawmakers demanded improvements. Representative Luis Raúl Torres urged a 30-day deadline for LUMA to fix deficiencies or face contract termination. LUMA, with 2,200 employees instead of the 3,800 needed, pledged to improve service. Complaints also arose over estimated bills, leading LUMA to request customer-submitted meter photos and plan upgrades for remote readings. LUMA also aimed to reduce call wait times to under five minutes by August 2021 through expanded staffing.

#### Severe weather

Another common concern among protestors is LUMA's preparedness for severe weather. Puerto Rico is a tropical island in the Caribbean, meaning it is located in a region that is vulnerable to tropical storms and hurricanes. After Hurricane María in 2017, which caused year-long blackouts and seriously weakened the power grid, protestors worry that LUMA's takeover could be ill-timed (taking place in June, at the beginning of hurricane season) and that the power grid and its workers would be ill-prepared for an event of that magnitude. This is another reason for the push towards renewable energy and a distributed grid model, which has been deemed incompatible with privatization of the utility.

#### Workers' rights

PREPA workers protested the takeover citing concerns over their rights. One of their main concerns was job security, since the contract with LUMA would force them to reapply for their job under the new company. Workers were concerned that they would be forced to work for other agencies and the company would favor new, inexperienced hires from their companies in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico, and that this would be happening at a critical time since June is the beginning of the Atlantic hurricane season. The UTIER, a local trade union, claimed that the contract potentially violates local labor laws. Workers not hired by LUMA were set to become public workers in other agencies, which was in itself a concern due to uncertainty regarding availability of funding for their salaries. Workers were also concerned about their retirement funds.
On June 14, 2021, LUMA Energy confirmed via press release that UITICE (Insular Union of Industrial Workers and Electrical Constructions, Spanish: Unión Insular de Trabajadores Industriales y Construcciones Eléctricas) would exclusively be the new trade union representing LUMA electricity workers. UTIER president Ángel Figueroa Jaramillo reacted to this saying that the process was not democratic because no elections were held, leaving the choice at the hands of LUMA Energy only, and that it represented "a clear conspiracy between LUMA Energy and UITICE president Héctor Reyes against protecting workers' rights." Figueroa Jaramillo expressed concerns over whether or not this could mean that UITICE would be unable to properly oversee LUMA Energy and protect workers' rights due to potential conflict of interest with the company. He also reassured workers that UTIER "is still alive and will be creating an organization to group former AEE employees that have moved to other agencies", and that they plan to keep fighting the LUMA contract "that would raise energy rates and provide no power grid improvements, as demonstrated."