# British Rail Class 221

The British Rail Class 221 Super Voyager is a class of tilting diesel-electric multiple unit express passenger trains built in Bruges, Belgium and Wakefield, by Bombardier Transportation in 2001–02.
The class is similar to the Class 220 Voyager, but was built with a tilting mechanism enabling up to six degrees of tilt to allow higher speeds on curved tracks. Additionally, most have five coaches, and they have a different bogie design. They have a maximum speed of 125 mph (200 km/h).
The trains are divided between two operators, CrossCountry (25 sets) and Grand Central (two sets). CrossCountry sets had their tilt function disabled in 2008 to improve reliability and reduce maintenance costs, and Grand Central sets do not use theirs, although they remain in place. There are also a number of additional sets in storage, having been stood down from Avanti West Coast in December 2024.

## Details

The Class 221 units were produced as five- or four-coach sets. Each coach is equipped with a Cummins QSK19 diesel engine producing 560 kW (750 hp) at 1,800 rpm, driving an electrical generator which powers two motors, each driving one (inner) axle per bogie via a cardan shaft and final drive. 1,200 miles (1,900 km) can be travelled between refuellings. The coach bodies, the engines and most of the equipment of the Class 221 are the same as the Class 220, but the bogies are very different: the Class 220 Voyager B5000 bogies have inside-frames which expose the whole of the wheel faces, while the Class 221 SuperVoyager Y36 bogies have a more traditional outside-framed bogie. Unlike the Class 220, the Class 221 was built with a hydraulic-actuated tilting system to run at high speed around bends, though this has now been disabled from the 24 sets operated by CrossCountry.
Each coach weighs between 55 and 57 tonnes, with a total train weight of 281.9 tonnes for a five-car set (227 tonnes for a four-car set). The trains have air-operated (pneumatic) and rheostatic brakes, with an emergency stopping distance of 350 m (1,150 ft) at 60 mph (97 km/h).
Class 221 units are fitted with automatic sanding systems. The Avanti West Coast operated units are fitted with a Vossloh fixed rate sander and the Arriva Cross Country operated units are fitted with AB Hoses and fittings variable rate sanding system.
All Class 221 units are maintained at the dedicated Central Rivers TMD near Burton-on-Trent.

## Formation and passenger facilities

As part of a franchise commitment to replace all of the Mark 2 and High Speed Train sets, Virgin CrossCountry ordered 40 five-carriage sets. In addition 4 four-carriage sets were ordered to replace High Speed Trains on Virgin Trains' North Wales Coast Line services to Holyhead. However all entered service with Virgin CrossCountry.
In November 2010, Virgin Trains reformed its 3 four-car sets into 2 five-car sets and a residual spare two-car set by inserting the two intermediate (non-driving) cars from 221144 into 221142 and 221143, giving 20 five-car sets (and two spare driving cars). This was aimed at providing more flexibility and consistency in operating Birmingham-Scotland and London-North Wales services. In 2017, a further reformation took place, allowing 221144 to be returned to traffic with CrossCountry, now operated by Arriva, involving the exchange of some vehicles between Virgin and CrossCountry and the reduction of two CrossCountry sets to four car formations.
All vehicles are air-conditioned and fitted with Wi-Fi. On some units, the at-seat audio entertainment system is still present however it has now been disabled since the Wi-Fi hotspots were introduced. Power sockets are also available for laptop computers and mobile-phone charging. First-class accommodation has 2+1 seating, standard class 2+2 seating. Former Virgin Trains units are fitted with CCTV. These trains, unlike the older trains they replaced, have electronic information display boards in the exterior walls showing the train number, the time, the coach, the train's destination and the next station. This is also a feature of the Class 220 and Class 222 high speed DEMUs.
The trains have been criticised for providing insufficient space for luggage and bicycles. Also, because the units are designed to tilt, the carriages have a tapered profile that narrows towards roof level, resulting in a less spacious interior than the conventional carriages they replaced.
The formation and capacity of each unit depends on the operator.
| Operator | Cars per set | First Class Seats | Standard Class Seats | Wheelchair spaces | Bicycle storage | Formation |
| Avanti West Coast | 5 | 26 | 230 | 2 | 4 | Coach A Quiet Zone, Coach D Shop, Coach E First Class. |
| CrossCountry | 5 | 26 | 236 | 2 | 3 | Coach A First Class, Coach D bicycle rack and luggage storage, at seat catering service. |
| CrossCountry | 4 | 26 | 174 | 2 | 3 | Coach A First Class, Coach D bicycle rack and luggage storage, at seat catering service. |
| Grand Central | 5 | 26 | 230 | 2 | 4 | |

## Operations

All units are owned by Beacon Rail, after they were purchased from Voyager Rail Leasing, a consortium of Lloyds Banking Group and Angel Trains. They are leased to the train operating companies.
On their introduction in 2002, Virgin Trains was the operator of all Class 221 units, which it used on CrossCountry and West Coast Main Line services as well as on the North Wales Coast line.
With the decision to transfer those CrossCountry services that operated via the West Coast Main Line to the InterCity West Coast franchise at the same time as the former franchise was re-let, on 11 November 2007 the fleet was split. Virgin West Coast were allocated 221101-221118 and 221142-221144, while CrossCountry gained 221119-221141. However, while CrossCountry was overhauling five High Speed Train sets, 221114-221118 were subleased to CrossCountry for 12 months.

### Avanti West Coast

Avanti West Coast used the Class 221 units primarily between London Euston, Chester, Wrexham and North Wales. They were also used by a declining number of London Euston to West Midlands services.
The trains on the North Wales route sometimes operated as double units for all or part of the journey. They ran from London Euston and terminated at any of Chester, Holyhead or Wrexham.
In December 2019, Avanti West Coast placed an order for 10 seven-car Class 807 electric units which will replace its Class 221 fleet, along with 13 Class 805 bi-mode units as part of £350 million contract with Hitachi. These were planned to enter service in 2023.
In June 2022, 221142 and 221143 were the first Class 221 units to be returned to their owners after their leases to Avanti West Coast ended. With the introduction of the Class 805 units, seven Class 221s have so far been transferred to CrossCountry in 2024. Avanti West Coast withdrew its final pair of Class 221s on 14 December 2024.

### CrossCountry

CrossCountry's Class 221 units operate alongside Class 220 units on the routes inherited from Virgin CrossCountry. Since these routes are not cleared for tilting operation (with the exception of Wolverhampton to Stockport), in 2008 the tilting equipment was locked out of use and shortly afterwards was isolated altogether, replacing the hydraulic rams with fixed tie-bars. This change was made to improve reliability and reduce maintenance costs. In 2024, seven Class 221 units were transferred from Avanti West Coast.

### Grand Central

In June 2023, it was announced that Grand Central would be leasing two Class 221 units (numbers 221142 and 221143) for use on services between London Kings Cross and Bradford Interchange.
The units first entered service with Grand Central in 2023.

## Technical problems and incidents

When first introduced, Class 221 units would frequently be stopped due to waves breaking over the sea wall at Dawlish in storm conditions, inundating the resistor banks and causing the control software to shut down the whole train. This problem was fixed by an upgrade to the control software.
On 8 December 2005, unit 221125 suffered an exhaust fire at Starcross. Other members of the Voyager class suffered similar fires in the 2005-2006 period due to an incorrectly performed engine overhaul.
On 25 September 2006, unit 221136 collided with a car on the track at Moor Lane, Copmanthorpe, North Yorkshire. The 14:25 Plymouth to Edinburgh was decelerating on its approach to York station at 9pm when it collided with the car, which had crashed through a fence on to the line. Despite being derailed in the 100-mile-per-hour (160 km/h) crash, the train remained upright. Nobody on board was injured.
On 4 July 2009, unit 221112 was involved in a collision with a set of freight train container doors on the Eden Valley Loop at Penrith. At 16:27, Virgin Trains service 1M86 from Edinburgh to Birmingham New Street passed service 4M16, a container freight train which was in the Loop. The train struck one or both open doors of wagons 12 and or 13 of the container train. The train crew heard the impacts and stopped to report the damage to their control at 16:28. The train suffered damage to all cars consisting of scratching to bodywork, in particular the doors, as well as severe damage to one door step. The Super Voyager was one of three trains to be damaged by the container doors; a Class 390 and a Class 185 were also involved.
On 20 November 2013, a Virgin Super Voyager (unit 221105) overran the platform and ran into the buffers at Chester. One passenger was taken to hospital. The RAIB report concluded that this was due to exceptionally low adhesion between wheels and rails, combined with the train's sanding system being inadequate. The report recommended that the sanding equipment on the class be upgraded.
In June 2014, one vehicle in CrossCountry unit 220007 was damaged after it caught fire at Eastleigh Works. As a temporary fix, the damaged vehicle from 220007 was replaced with one taken from 221135. The two units were returned to their original formations in February 2015.

## Fleet details

| Class | Operator | Qty. | Year built | Cars per unit | Unit numbers |
| 221 | Grand Central | 2 | 2001–2002 | 5 | 221142–221143 |
| 221 | CrossCountry | 23 | 2001–2002 | 5 | 221114–221116, 221119–221135, 221137–221139 |
| 221 | CrossCountry | 4 | 2001–2002 | 4 | 221136, 221140–221141, 221144 |
| 221 | Stored | 15 | 2001–2002 | 5 | 221101–221113, 221117–221118 |

### Vehicle numbering

Individual vehicles, as-built, were numbered in the ranges as follows:
| VehicleUnits | DMSL | MSRB | MSL(A) | MSL(B) | DMFL |
| 221101–221140 | 60351–60390 | 60751–60790 | 60951–60990 | 60851–60890 | 60451–60490 |
| 221141–221144 | 60391–60394 | 60791–60794 | 60991-60994 | — | 60491–60494 |

### Named units

All units have received names:
* 221101 101 Squadron (Formerly Louis Bleriot)
* 221102 John Cabot
* 221103 Christopher Columbus
* 221104 Sir John Franklin
* 221105 William Baffin
* 221106 William Barents
* 221107 Sir Martin Frobisher
* 221108 Sir Ernest Shackleton
* 221109 Marco Polo
* 221110 James Cook
* 221111 Roald Amundsen
* 221112 Ferdinand Magellen
* 221113 Sir Walter Raleigh
* 221114 Royal Air Force Centerary (Formerly Sir Francis Drake)
* 221115 Polmadie Depot (Formerly Sir Francis Chichester)
* 221116 City of Bangor/Dinas Bangor (Formerly David Livingston)
* 221117 The Wrekin Giant (Formerly Sir Henry Morton Stanley)
* 221118 Mungo Park (de-named)
* 221119 Amelia Earhart (de-named)
* 221120 Amy Johnson (de-named)
* 221121 Charles Darwin (de-named)
* 221122 Doctor Who (de-named)
* 221123 Henry Hudson
* 221124 Charles Lindbergh (de-named)
* 221125 Henry the Navigator (de-named)
* 221126 Captain Robbert Scot (de-named)
* 221127 Wright Brothers (de-named)
* 221128 Captain John Smith (de-named)
* 221129 George Vancouver (de-named)
* 221130 Michael Palin (de-named)
* 221131 Edgar Evans (de-named)
* 221132 William Speirs Bruce (de-named)
* 221133 Alexander Selkirk (de-named)
* 221134 Mary Kingsley (de-named)
* 221135 Donald Campbell (de-named)
* 221136 Yuri Gagarin (de-named)
* 221137 Mayflower Pilgrims (de-named)
* 221138 Thor Heyerdahl (denamed)
* 221139 Leif Erikson (de-named)
* 221140 Vasco de Gama (de-named)
* 221141 Amerigo Vespucci (de-named)
* 221142 Bombardier Voyager (Formerly Matthew Flinders)
* 221143 Auguste Picard
* 221144 Bombardier Voyager (Formerly Prince Madoc) (de-named)