OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hosadurga

Hosadurga is a town and a taluk in Chitradurga district in the Indian state of Karnataka.

## History

Not much about Hosadurga is documented in the history. The name 'Hosadurga' should not be confused with similar named places such as important fort city of Kampili kingdom , 'Hosamale-durga' or 'Hosa-vidu' which as later named as Anegundi.
Hosadurga, as part of Chitradurga was ruled under Vijayanagara Empire and subsequently ruled by the Nayakas of Chitradurga in the late medieval period. The hill fort of hosadurga was build by Chikkanna Nayaka in 1676. According to B.N. Sri Sathyan, a Jangama priest took refuge under the chitradurga Palegars and was commissioned to build a pete below the hill. Eventually this settlement, Hosadurga was taken over by Hyder Ali. During the British rule, the Chitradurga province was included in the Kingdom of Mysore.
In the year 1882, Hosadurga sub-taluk was created, comprising Hosadurga and Bagur hoblis. In July 1902, it was upgraded to a pucca (proper) taluk.

## Geography

Hosadurga taluk is traversed a hill range that is part of a geological structure known as the Chitradurga Supracrustal Belt. This belt is a section of the Dharwar Supergroup, which formed between 2,600 and 2,300 million years ago due to the deposition of sedimentary rocks, volcanic activities, and erosion. A break in this hill range forms a valley where the Vani Vilasa Sagara Dam is constructed across.
Hosadurga is located in south-western part of Chitradurga district, at an average elevation of 739 metres (2,425 ft) above the mean sea level While the highest point of the taluk is near Halurameshwara village 1,118 metres (3,668 ft).
Hosadurga lies the Subtropical steppe climate with Köppen climate classification type BSh. The mean high temperatures reaches up to 37 °C in April and the mean minimum temperatures goes up to 14 °C in January. Rainfall occurs during the Monsoon season with most rainfall in the month of July of 152 mm.
Vedavathi River flows 7 km south of the town.

## Demographics

As of the 2011 census of India, Hosadurga has a population of 28,370. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Hosadurga has an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59.5%, with a male literacy rate of 76% and a female literacy rate of 70%. In Hosadurga, 12% of the population is under seven years of age.

## Economy
### Industries

Hosadurga had a strong cement industry in the 1990s, but many factories have closed over time due to shortages of limestone. Currently only one remains, the Ramco Cement Factory in Mathodu Village.

## Transportation

Major highways passing through Hosadurga are; National Highway 173 (India), State Highway 24 (Karnataka) and State Highway 47 (Karnataka).
Hosadurga is connected by Road and Rail network. Public transport is maintained by both private players and KSRTC, who has a Bus Stand and a bus depot here, under Chitradurga division. Hosadurga Road railway station (Station Code:HSD) is the nearest railway station, which is 20 km away. It lies on Bangalore-Arsikere-Hubli line. The nearest airport is Shivamogga Airport, which is 97 km away.
# Addiscombe Recreation Ground

Addiscombe Recreation Ground, commonly known as Bingham Park, is a park situated in Addiscombe, London. The park is managed by London Borough of Croydon. Addiscombe tram stop is located just next to the recreation ground and is served by Tramlink. The area covers 8 acres (3.2 ha).

## Facilities

* Children's playground
* Toilets
* Football pitches
* Tennis courts
* Basketball court
* Grass areas and flower beds.
* The ground is locked at night.

## History

The park is within a residential area and can only be reached by foot. The area was acquired in 1905 and laid out in 1911. It had previously been farmland but expansion of Croydon in the early 20th-century meant that it was needed for residential purposes. The land was once part of the Ashburton Estate owned by the Baring family.
# Bageshwori Temple

Bageshwori Temple (Nepali: बागेश्वरी मन्दिर) is one of the most important Hindu temples in Nepal. It is at the center of Nepalgunj, in Lumbini province. It is dedicated to goddess Bageshwori- Durga. The temple area also houses another famous temple- the temple of Shiva with mustache, which is one of the only two such temples in the country.

## Mythology

It is believed that Satidevi's tongue fell at this location who was being carried by Shiva after her death. The temple complex also has a rare shrine to Lord Shiva with a mustache.
In another popular incident, in 1926 ( Nepali calendar 1983) Padma Kumari Devi Singh (11 yrs) who lived in Kailash Bhawan, Gharbari Tole road (Ward-2), Nepalgunj, went to pray at the Bageshwori temple as on that day she was very sad. The temple was empty and even the 'Bajes' (Brahmins) were not to be seen. She sat at the single open door of the temple closed her eyes and prayed. When she opened her eyes she saw a small child, very poor (like a beggar child) in a long ragged garment standing before her. The child said 'lah' (in nepali lah means take) and put something in Padma's palm and closed it. When Padma opened her hand, there was nothing there and when she looked up, the child had disappeared. The incident had occurred in a matter of a second. It was with the blessings of the Goddess Bageshwori that the very next day Thakur Ananda Swarup Singh (father of Padma Kumari Devi) received a proposal for her marriage which he accepted and in 1930 at Singha Durbar, Kathmandu, Padma Kumari Devi was married to Maj-Gen. Mahabir S. J. B. Rana son of Late Shri Col. Maharajkumar Prakash S. J. B. Rana (who was the maker of the Junge Mahadev temple at Nepalgunj) and grandson of Cdg. Gen. Shri Tin Maharaj Sir Bhim Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana, Maharaj of Lamjanj and Kaski, who was Prime Minister of Nepal. Since then the number of visitors in the temple has increased at a very high rate.

## Temple complex

There are several other smaller temples inside the temple area including a temple of Buddha, statue of Ganesha, and the temple of Hanuman. The Bageshwori pond that is situated within the temple area is also famous among the devotees, specially for the reason that the temple of Shiva with mustache stands at the center of it.

## Attractions

Bageshwori temple is known to be one of the oldest in the region, and the oldest temple in Banke District. Every year it attracts a large number of devotees from around the country, as well as from the nearest border cities of India. Especially in the festival of Dasain, the biggest festival in the country, the temple receives a huge crowd of people wishing to pray the goddess and offer animal sacrifices. The temple receives huge number of devotee visitors on festivals such as Shivaratri, Teej, Magh Shukla Purnima. The temple's image can be seen in Nepalese one-rupees coins and postal stamps.
# 1947 Women's Western Open

The 1947 Women's Western Open was a golf competition held at Capital City Club in Atlanta, Georgia, the 18th edition of the event. Louise Suggs won the championship in match play competition by defeating Dorothy Kirby in the final match, 4 and 2.
# Easy Money Creek

Easy Money Creek is a stream in Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska, in the United States.
Prospectors likely coined the name Easy Money Creek which was recorded by the United States Geological Survey in 1912.
# Maryniów

Maryniów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Milejów, within Łęczna County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) east of Milejów-Osada, 11 km (7 mi) south-east of Łęczna, and 30 km (19 mi) east of the regional capital Lublin.
# Withered Murder

Withered Murder is the third of the collaborations of Anthony Shaffer and Peter Shaffer. The previous two books were published under the pseudonym Peter Antony while this one was published "by A. & P. Shaffer". It was first published by Gollancz in London in 1955 and then a year later in New York by Macmillan as part of their 'Cock Robin Mystery' imprint.
As in How Doth the Little Crocodile?, the story follows their eccentric detective Mr. Verity and his unique ways of solving murders. Again, as in How Doth The Little Crocodile? the detective's name was changed to Mr. Fathom in the US edition.
These books are now long out of print and copies in excellent condition can sell for high prices.

## Plot summary

NOTE: Mr Verity is known as Mr Fathom in the US edition.
Mr Verity is staying at the Barnacle Hotel at Crab Point, a small island off the Cornish coast. He is there to visit Captain Trelawney, who has two primitive terra-cotta statues from Corinth, which he would be interested in acquiring.
During his stay at the hotel, Mr Verity senses tension among some of the other guests and learns there has been a troubled history between them.
He observes them over dinner one evening and regards each of them carefully: the proprietress; the retired actress; the secretary; the ex-husband and a failed artist; a professor; a minister and his wife; a young journalist; a solicitor and an archaeologist and ancient historian.
Returning from a visit to the theatre on the mainland to see a production of Macbeth, Mr Verity and the other guests arrive at the Barnacle Hotel to discover the lifeless body of Celia Whitely, the retired actress. It's apparent she has been murdered in a gruesome attack.
Mr Verity takes charge and begins his investigation. He finds the old lady's Will, and questions each of the guests and staff in turn, his suspicions and accusations upsetting them in the process. He digs deeper into their backgrounds and finds they all have a motive for the murder in some form. When he goes to question Hilary Stanton, Celia Whitely's secretary, he finds her hanging from the ceiling. Nearby is a suicide note in which she confesses to killing Celia Whitely.
However, Mr Verity has suspicions about Hilary Stanton's death and her written confession. He gathers the guests to reveal an unexpected twist, which itself leads to another sudden, shocking death.
# Elena Semino

Elena Semino (born 9 September 1964) is an Italian-born British linguist whose research involves stylistics and metaphor theory. Focusing on figurative language in a range of poetic and prose works, most recently she has worked on topics from the domains of medical humanities and health communication. Her projects use corpus linguistic methods as well as qualitative analysis.
She served as Head of the Department of Linguistics and English Language at Lancaster University from 2013 to 2019.

## Biography

Semino earned her BA in 1988 in Foreign Languages and Literature from the University of Genoa, Italy. She received her MA in 1990 and her PhD in 1994 from Lancaster University. She taught Italian as a foreign language at Napier Polytechnic (Edinburgh) and at Lancaster University, where in 1992 she took a position as lecturer in the Department of Linguistics and English Language. She became a senior Senior Lecturer in Linguistics there in 2003. She is currently a Professor of Linguistics and Verbal Art and served as Head of the Department of Linguistics and English Language between 2013 and 2019.
She serves on the editorial board of Critical Approaches to Discourse Analysis Across Disciplines and Metaphor and the Social World.
Semino has been a co-PI on grants from the UK's Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) and the Brazilian research agency CONFAP to study the linguistic representation of urban violence in Brazil using corpus linguistics methods, and a project to funded by ESRC that details how metaphors are used in end-of-life care in the UK (MELC).
On 21 November 2018, Semino said that the academics at the University of Mosul are "working in conditions that we cannot even imagine" after the Department of Linguistics and English Language at Lancaster University facilitated to support the teaching of linguistics at Mosul, Iraq, providing mentoring for staff and students via video-conferencing, advice for PhD students and free access to an online course.

## Selected publications

* E. Semino. Metaphor in discourse. Cambridge University Press. 2008
* E. Semino and M. Short. Corpus stylistics: Speech, writing and thought presentation in a corpus of English writing. Routledge. 2004
* E. Semino, J. Heywood, M. Short. Methodological problems in the analysis of metaphors in a corpus of conversations about cancer. Journal of Pragmatics. 2004
* E. Seminno and J. Culpeper. Cognitive stylistics: Language and cognition in text analysis. John Benjamins. 2002
# Sléttuhlíð

Sléttuhlíð is a district on the east side of Skagafjörður, close to Höfðahólar and out towards the Stafá river. The coast there runs considerably toward the west. The mountain, however, curves rather toward the east so that the lowland widens significantly. Although from the western coast of Höfðaströnd the lowlands are level. Sléttuhlíð is a long hill, 173 meters tall, between two oblong lakes called Kappastaðavatn and the Sléttuhlíðarvatn. Between the hill and the mountains there is a low-lying dell, relatively lush, with several farms including the church site Fell. Hálfdan Narfason was a priest there centuries ago and was said to have been skilled in magic. To the west of Fell is the abandoned farm Fjall where Sölvi Helgason (also known as Sólon Íslandus) was born.
Two valleys lead into the mountain range a little ways from Sléttuhlíð. A little to the south is Hrolleifsdalur, which is said to be named after the explorer Hrolleifur, and is now completely deserted. There is also Skálárdalur, a valley that was never inhabited. The Skálá river runs from Skálárdalur and flows into Hrolleifsdalsá river, which meanders southward towards the sea through the countryside.
Sléttuhlíð was previously part of Fellshreppur and is now a part of Skagafjörður County.
# Appaji M. J.

Appaji M. J. (20 June 1951 – 2 September 2020) was an Indian Politician from the state of Karnataka. He served as a three term member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly.
M. J died from COVID-19 in September 2020. He died in the late evening at a hospital in Shivamogga. He had been experiencing a fever for two to three days and tested positive for COVID-19 after being admitted to the hospital.

## Constituency

He represented the Bhadravati constituency.

## Political Party

He was from the Janata Dal (Secular).
# Tenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan

* This article is part of a series aboutZia-ul-Haq
Early life
Zia administration
Policies
Hudud Ordinances
Islamization
Economic policy
Ziaism
Chief of the Army Staff
Military coup
1978 massacre at Multan Colony Textile Mills
Gang of Four
President of Pakistan
Presidency
1984 referendum
1985 parliamentary elections
Amendments to the Constitution of Pakistan
VIII
X
Ordinance XX
Ojhri Camp disaster
Zakat Council
Death
Shafi-ur-Rehman Commission
A Case of Exploding Mangoes
Gallery: Picture, Sound, Video :
vte :
The Tenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: آئین پاکستان میں دسویں ترمیم) was enacted on March 29, 1987. It amended the articles 54 and 61 of the Constitution, by changing the duration of interval period between sessions of the National Assembly & Senate from 160 days to 130 days.

## Text

   Amendment of Article 54 of the Constitution: In the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, hereinafter referred to as the Constitution, in Article 54, in clause (2), in the proviso, for the word "sixty” the word "thirty" shall be substituted.
   Amendment of Article 61 of the Constitution: In the Constitution, in Article 61, for the words "one hundred and sixty" the words "one hundred and thirty” shall be substituted.
# Corneal perforation

Corneal perforation is an anomaly in the cornea resulting from damage to the corneal surface. A corneal perforation means that the cornea has been penetrated, thus leaving the cornea damaged. The cornea is a clear part of the eye which controls and focuses the entry of light into the eye. Damage to the cornea due to corneal perforation can cause decreased visual acuity.

## Signs and symptoms

Corneal perforation may cause difficulty in seeing and persistent eye pain. Physical examination may reveal discoloration of the cornea.

## Causes

Perforation of the cornea may occur due to diseases of the cornea, injury during eye surgery, or infection of the eye, which may occur after surgery or procedures. Pellucid marginal degeneration may cause corneal thinning, leading to perforation.

## Diagnosis

Corneal perforation can be diagnosed by using the Seidel test. Any aqueous leakage is revealed during the Seidel test confirms corneal perforation. A fluorescence strip is wiped over the wound. If the clear aqueous humor from the eye runs through the yellow stain, the patient tests positive for corneal perforation.

## Treatment

The treatment of corneal perforation depends on the location, severity and the cause of damage
* Tissue adhesive can be used to seal small perforation, but this method cannot be used to treat perforations larger than 1 mm.
* Non infected corneal perforation generally heals when a pressure bandage is used.
* For certain types of corneal perforations, lamellar keratoplasty is used as treatment.
# Choreutis quincyella

Choreutis quincyella is a moth in the family Choreutidae. It was described by Henry Legrand in 1965. It is found on Menai Island.
# Guidizzolo

Guidizzolo (Upper Mantovano: Ghidisöl) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Mantua in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 110 kilometres (68 mi) east of Milan and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of Mantua. The bordering municipalities of Guidizzolo are Cavriana, Ceresara, Goito, Medole and Solferino.

## Main sights

The most ancient edifice is the Oratory of St. Lawrence, a small Romanesque architecture devotional building dating from the 13th century.

## Location

The territory of Guidizzolo consists of the central core and three hamlets: Birbesi and Rebecco, located to the south-east, and Selvarizzo, located south-west of the main centre. It belongs to the sub-hilly area at the foot of the heights bordering Lake Garda towards the Po Valley.
The town is about 30 km from Mantua, 40 km from Brescia and Verona and 20 km from Lake Garda.
According to the Seismic Classification, the municipality belongs to zone 3 (medium-low seismicity).
The cycle path running along the Virgilio canal towpath makes it possible to retrace transversally - along the ideal east-west axis represented by the canal - a large portion of the foothills territory, from Guidizzolo to arrive near the Mincio river by connecting to the Mincio cycleway.

## Environment

Guidizzolo's climate is typical of the upper Po Valley of the temperate sub-continental type: winters are moderately harsh, with little rain and foggy days; summers are hot and muggy with thunderstorms; springs and autumns are generally rainy.
Climate classification: zone E 2428 62.

## Guidizzolo Tragedy

The road between Cerlongo and Guidizzolo, in the communal territory of Cavriana, was the location of Alfonso de Portago's fatal accident in the 1957 Mille Miglia, where 11 people died. A memorial at the roadside commemorates the event.
De Portago's 4.0-litre Ferrari 335 S blew a tyre and crashed into the roadside crowd while travelling at 250 kilometres per hour (160 mph). The crash killed the driver, the co-driver and nine spectators, including five children. Spinning out of control, the Ferrari hit a channel on the left side of the road, then veered back into the onlookers. Two of the dead children were hit by a concrete highway milestone that was ripped from the ground by the car and thrown into the crowd. The body of de Portago was in two sections, and co-driver Edmund Nelson was badly disfigured beneath the upside down vehicle.
Enzo Ferrari was charged with manslaughter in a criminal prosecution that was finally dismissed in 1961.
# Albert J. Loveland

Albert Joel "A. J." Loveland (May 9, 1893 – August 7, 1961), served as Under-Secretary of Agriculture, now known as United States Deputy Secretary of Agriculture, under President Harry S. Truman. Loveland was appointed to the post by Truman in 1948 and served until March 27, 1950, to run for congress. A member of the Democratic Party, Loveland ran unsuccessfully against Republican Bourke Blakemore Hickenlooper for the U.S. Senate election in 1950.
Loveland's first public office was as a member of the Janesville School Board. He was a graduate of Janesville High School and the College of Commerce in Waterloo, Iowa. He was one of the founding members of the Agricultural Adjustment Administration during the Great Depression, later serving chairman of that organization in Iowa. From 1941 until 1945, Loveland was the chairman of the Iowa State War Board for Agriculture.

## Electoral history

United States Senate from Iowa, 1950 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Bourke B. Hickenlooper (inc.) | 470,613 | 54.82 |
| | Democratic | Albert J. Loveland | 383,766 | 44.70 |
| | Independent | Z. Everett Kellum | 3,273 | 0.38 |
| | Independent | Ernest J. Seemann | 571 | 0.07 |
| | Independent | Leslie O. Ludwig | 300 | 0.04 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 858,523 | 100 |

## Personal life

Born on the family farm just east of Janesville, Iowa, Loveland was the oldest of seven children born to Wilbert B. and Cora Loveland, and the grandson of Dr. Joel Loveland. Albert J. Loveland was a third-generation farmer, carrying on his father's herd of registered Holstein cattle.
Married on July 15, 1914, to Vivian Slaughter, Albert J. Loveland was the father of four children. At the time of his death, he still resided on the family farm where he was born. Loveland is buried at Oakland Cemetery near Janesville.
# Women's Circle

The Women’s Circle was a women's organization active in Georgia during the Russian era, founded in 1872.
It was founded by a group of women who were forced to study in Switzerland because no university open to them in the Russian Empire. Among its co-founders were Anastasia Tumanishvili-Tsereteli, Ekaterine Melikishvili-Meskhi, Olga Guramishvili-Nikoladze, Ekaterine Gabashvili and Elene Kipiani. It was a literary society for women, which translated and discussed foreign literature. Political organizations were not permitted in the Russian Empire before 1905, but the society was permitted because it was a literary society. In practice, however, the society functioned as a women's organization since it gave women the opportunity to gather and discuss women's issues and reforms in women's rights. The Women’s Circle spread across Georgia through local branches. It is regarded as the starting point of the organized women's movement in Georgia.
In 1905, political organizations was officially permitted in the Russian Empire, and the Women’s Circle was succeeded by a number of openly political women's organizations, such as “Education” (1908), “Georgian Women’s Charity Organization”, “Commission of Tbilisi Women’s Circle”, “Georgian Women’s Society”, “School for Poor Girls”, “Society of Education”, “Society of Knowledge” and “Georgian Unity of Equality for Women” and finally the suffrage organization Inter-Partial League of Women of Kato Mikeladze (1916).
# Natoye

Natoye is a village and a district in the municipality of Hamois, located in the province of Namur, Belgium.
During the Middle Ages the area was divided between the County of Namur, which owned the village Natoye, and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, which owned the hamlet of Skeuvre [fr]. There is a fortified farm from the 17th century in the village, as well as a château, dating largely from a reconstruction made in 1875. In Skeuvre, there is also a château, an ensemble of buildings from the 18th and 19th centuries.