# Census in Malaysia

The census in Malaysia, or officially, the Population and Housing Census, is a descriptive count of everyone who is in Malaysia on the Census Day, and of their dwellings. The decennial Malaysian census has been conducted six times, As of 2010. It has been conducted every 10 years, beginning in 1960.

## Overview

The decennial publication provides users with the final Malaysian Census population figures for basic demographic characteristics such as gender, age distribution, ethnic group, citizenship, religion and marital status at the state and the administrative district levels. Some of the tables also provide a breakdown by urban and rural areas.
Malaysia consists of thirteen states and three federal territories. Each state is divided into several administrative districts. In Kelantan, the administrative district is known as "Jajahan". Each state is also stratified into urban and rural areas. Urban and rural areas are not legally defined administrative areas but are statistically defined to distinguish areas with certain socio-economic characteristics.

## Data source

The data in the decennial publication represent final Malaysian Census population figures for respective decades. As in censuses in most other countries, the information obtained during enumeration is subject to coverage and content errors. In term of coverage errors, part of living quarters, households or population maybe left out, erroneously included or duplicated. Content errors in particular were based on erroneous responses on gender, age, ethnic group, citizenship, religion and marital status. As a result, the figures were "adjusted" based on the estimates of under-enumeration derived from the Census Coverage Evaluation Survey.

## Census approach

As of Census 2010, a multi-modal data collection data method was used as follows:
* Face to face interview
** The enumerator will visit every living quarters to interview and obtain the individual's information.
* Self enumeration
** Drop-off and pick-up (DOPU)
*** The enumerator will drop-off the Census Kit containing a questionnaire and related documents. The questionnaire should be completed by the respondent and the enumerator will pick-up the duly completed questionnaire upon on agreed date and time.
** e-Census
*** The respondent will complete the questionnaire online via the website www.statistic.com.my. The identification particulars are provided in the Census Kit to enable respondent to access e-Census.
Two types of census questionnaires were used. The first questionnaire for persons living in private living quarters, whilst the second questionnaire was for persons living in collective living quarters such as college or university hostels, charitable or social welfare institutions, prisons and homeless persons.

## Census coverage
### Inclusion of person

As of Census 2010, it covered all persons including non-citizens who had stayed or intended to stay in Malaysia for more than six months in the year 2010. This includes:
* Persons commuting across the Malaysian border (e.g. Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Indonesia) for work or study but maintaining usual residence within Malaysia;
* Malaysians who were overseas as tourists, on short term study or attending conference, seminar or on business;
* Expatriates and other foreign workers as well as their family members;
* Foreign visitors and students;
* Foreign military, naval and diplomatic personnel and their families staying in the country except for those who have diplomatic immunity and wished to be excluded;
* Person living in the college or university hostels;
* Person living in the charitable or social welfare institutions;
* Prisoners; and
* Persons without permanent homes or homelessness.

### Exclusion of person

The following categories were excluded from the census count on the basis that they were staying in the country for less than six months in the year 2010:
* Malaysian citizens and permanent residents who were away or intended to be away from the country for more than six months in the year 2010 because of work, studies, etc.;
* Military, naval and diplomatic personnel and their families who were staying outside Malaysia; and
* Foreigners such as tourists, businessmen and the like who were in Malaysia for less than six months.

### Topics covered in the censuses

Topics Covered in the Population and Housing Censuses of Four Pan-Malaysia Censuses, 1970–2000 :
* Census Topics
* Geographic Characteristics ||||
* Place where person was found on Census Day
* Place of usual residence at time of Census
* Demographics and Social Characteristics ||||
* Sex
* Age
* Date of Birth
* Marital Status
* Ethnicity
* Religion
* Citizenship / residence status
* Identity card colour
* Language spoken
* Disability
* Fertility and Mortality ||||
* Number of children born alive
* Number of children living
* Age at first marriage
* Number of times married
* Number of years married
* Migration Characteristics ||||
* Birthplace
* Period of residence in Malaysia
* Period of residence in present locality
* Place of last previous residence
* Reason for migration
* Place of residence five years ago
* Year of first arrival in Malaysia
* Education Characteristics ||||
* Literacy
* School attendance
* Highest level of school attained
* Highest educational certificate obtained
* Vocational training
* Field of study
* Place of obtain certificate / diploma / degree
* Economic Characteristics ||||
* Type of economic activity (during previous weeks)
* Number of hours worked (during previous weeks)
* Type of economic activity (during previous weeks)
* Occupation
* Industry
* Employment status
* Occupation sector (government / private / individual)

## Concepts and definitions
### Urban areas

Urban areas adopted by the previous censuses refer to gazetted local council areas with a specified population threshold. The urban areas in Census 1980 refers to a gazetted area with population of 10,000 persons or more.
Urban areas in Census 1991 and 2000, were defined as gazetted areas with their adjoining built-up areas which had a combined population of 10,000 or more. Built-up areas were defined as areas contiguous to a gazetted area and had at least 60 per cent of their population (aged 10 and above) engaged in non-agricultural activities as well as having modern toilet facilities in their housing units. The definition of urban areas for Census 2000 also takes into account the special development area namely development area which is not gazetted and can be identified and separated from the gazetted area or built-up area of more than 5 km and a population of at least 10,000 with 60 per cent of their population (aged 10 and above) engaged in non-agricultural activities as well as having modern toilet facilities in their housing units.
Meanwhile, urban areas in Census 2010, were defined as:
   Gazetted areas with their adjoining built-up areas which had a combined population of 10,000 or more. Built-up areas were defined as areas contiguous to a gazetted areas and had at least 60 per cent of their population (aged 15 years and above) engaged in non-agricultural activities. The definition of urban areas also takes into account the special development area namely development area which is not gazetted and can be identified and separated from the gazetted area or built-up area of more than 5 km and a population of at least 10,000 with 60 per cent of their population (aged 15 and above) engaged in non-agricultural activities as well as having modern toilet facilities in their housing units.
Urbanisation is a dynamic process and keeps changing with development and growth. Thus, the urban areas for 1980, 1991, 2000 and 2010 Censuses do not necessarily refer to the same areas, as areas fulfilling the above criteria of urban continue to expand and grow.

### Ethnic groups and citizenship

Classification of 2010 Census ethnic group is as set by Inter-Agency Technical Committee (IATC) in Appendix 1. IATC is a committee formed to co-ordinate and monitor the implementation and use of standardised codes, classifications and definitions used by the Department of Statistics, Malaysia and other government agencies. For the purpose of tabulation and analysis, as well as taking into account the diverse ethnic group in Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Federal Territory of Labuan and Sarawak, major ethnic groups according to region as follows:
| Peninsular Malaysia | Sabah and Federal Territory of Labuan | Sarawak |
| Malaysian Citizens |||
| Bumiputera Malay | Bumiputera Malay Kadazan-Dusun Bajau Murut | Bumiputera Malay Iban Bidayuh Orang Ulu Melanau |
| Other Bumiputera Negrito Senoi Melayu Asli / Proto-Malay Bajau Balabak / Molbog Bidayuh Bisaya / Bisayah Bukitan Bulongan Dusun Iban Idah / Ida'an Iranun / Ilanun Jawi Peranakan Kadayan / Kedayan Kadazan Kajang Kanowit Kayan Kejaman Kelabit Kenyah Kristang Lahanan Lisum Lugat Lun Bawang Lundayuh / Lundayeh Malay Bruneian Melanau Murut Orang Sungai / Sungoi Penan Peranakan Punan Rungus Sabup Sekapan Siamese Sian Sipeng Suluk / Tausug Tabun Tagal Tanjong Tidung Ukit Other Sabah Bumiputera Other Sarawak Bumiputera |||
| Other Malays / Anak Dagang Indonesian Malay Acehnese Banjarese Batak Cham Buginese Javanese Mandailing Minangkabau Sundanese Other ethnic groups from Indonesia, Philippines and Thailand |||
| Non-Bumiputera Chinese Cantonese Fuzhounese Hainanese Henghua Fuqing Hokchiu Hokkien Hui Khek / Hakka Guangxi Teochew / Chaoshanese Other Chinese Indian Muslim Indian / Malabari Malayali Punjabi Sikh Sinhalese Tamil Indian Tamil Sri Lankan Telugu Other Indians Others Arab Bangladeshi Burmese Cambodian Cocos Islander Filipino Japanese Korean Nepalese Pakistani Russian Thai Turkish Vietnamese Other Asian Nationality British Danish Dutch English French German Irish Italian Portuguese Scottish Spanish Other European Nationality African American Australian New Zealander Eurasian Other Nationality |||
| Non-Malaysian Citizens (including Permanent Residents) |||
| African Arab Bangladeshi Burmese Chinese nationals East Timorese Filipino Indian nationals Indonesian Iranian Japanese Korean Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Thai Vietnamese Refugee / Refugee Article 1/1951 / United Nations Specialised Agency / United Nations Organisation / Unspecified Nationality Stateless / Stateless Person Article 1/1954 Other Nationality |||
Information collected in the census including ethnic group and citizenship was based on respondent's answer and did not refer to any official document.
Information on citizenship should be used with caution as it is subject to content and coverage errors especially for non-citizens as in censuses in most countries.

### Average annual population growth rate

The average annual growth rate was calculated as $r=\left({\frac {1}{n}}\ln {\frac {P_{n}}{P_{0}}}\right)\times 100\%,$ where $r$ is the average annual population growth rate, $n$ is the exact number of years between $P_{0}$ is the population tally in the initial and $P_{n}$ in the $n$th year.

### Population density

The density of persons per square kilometre is the ratio of the population of a given geographic area to the number of square kilometres in the same area.

### Median age

The median age is the age that divides the distribution of the population into two, such that half the population is below the age and half is above it.

### Dependency ratio

Dependency ratio refers to the ratio of the number of persons below the age of 15 years and the number of persons aged 65 years and over to the number of persons aged 15–64 years; multiplied by 100.

### Sex ratio

The sex ratio is the number of females per 1000 males.

### Marital status

* Never married
** Refers to persons who were never married
* Married
** Refers to persons who were currently married at the time of enumeration. The term 'married', includes those married by law or by religious rites or were living together by mutual agreement.
* Widowed
** Refers to those whose marriages were terminated through death of their spouses and were not remarried at the time of enumeration.
* Divorced / permanently separated
** Refers to those whose marriages were terminated through divorce by law or religion agreement or separated for a long duration without any possibility of reconciliation.

### Mean age at first marriage

The mean age at first marriage refers to the singulate mean age at marriage which is an indicate measure of the mean age at first marriage among those who would ever marry. It is derived from the proportions never married at different age groups.

### Religion

Refers to the identification or relationship of an individual to a system of beliefs and the practice of these beliefs. For the purpose of tabulation and analysis, the classification for religion is as follows:
* Islam;
* Christianity;
* Buddhism;
* Hinduism;
* Confucianism, Taoism and Tribal / Folk / Other traditional Chinese religion;
* Other religion including Sikhism and Bahai;
* No religion; and
* Unknown.

### Area or boundary changes

After the year 2000, there were several new areas created or boundary changes that were gazetted by the relevant authority for federal territory and administrative districts. The new federal territory created was Putrajaya. Meanwhile, the new administrative districts such as Ledang and Kulaijaya in Johor; Pokok Sena in Kedah; Kampar in Perak; Putatan in Sabah; and Pakan and Selangau in Sarawak.