# 1924 United States Senate election in Iowa

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The 1924 United States Senate election in Iowa took place on November 4, 1924. Incumbent Republican Senator Smith W. Brookhart ran for re-election to a full term in office against Democrat Daniel F. Steck.
In the initial vote, Brookhart was certified as the victor over Steck. However, Steck became the first person to successfully challenge a popular election to the Senate in 1926, when the Senate voted to remove Brookhart from office and seat Steck in his place.

## Republican primary
### Candidates

* Smith W. Brookhart, incumbent Senator since 1922
* Burton E. Sweet, former U.S. Representative from Waverly and candidate for Senate in 1922

### Results

1924 Republican U.S. Senate primary :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Smith W. Brookhart (incumbent) | 199,828 | 55.01% |
| | Republican | Burton E. Sweet | 163,413 | 44.99% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 363,241 | 100.00% |

## Democratic primary
### Candidates

* John D. Denison, candidate for U.S. Representative in 1910
* Charles Rollin Keyes, geologist, ornithologist, and candidate for U.S. Senate in 1918
* Daniel F. Steck, commander of the Iowa American Legion

### Results

1924 Democratic U.S. Senate primary :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Daniel F. Steck | 21,318 | 38.98% |
| | Democratic | John D. Denison | 19,738 | 36.09% |
| | Democratic | Charles R. Keyes | 13,639 | 24.94% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 54,695 | 100.00% |

## General election
### Campaign

Brookhart, though nominally a Republican, had alienated most of the national and state party establishment by 1924. As early as 1920, he had rankled senior Republicans with his courting of blue-collar union voters and his primary challenge to senior Senator Albert B. Cummins. In 1924, he demanded the withdrawal of vice presidential nominee Charles Dawes and declined to support President Calvin Coolidge for re-election, though he did not outright endorse Progressive Robert M. La Follette.
During the campaign, the Republican State Central Committee withdrew support from Brookhart and one Republican organization went so far as to distribute sample ballots showing a 'x' in the Republican column with another 'x' next to Steck's name.
By October, all but one of the state's Republican daily newspapers had endorsed Steck.

### Results

On the day of the election, some newspapers reported that Steck had won. However, two days later, rural districts gave Brookhart a small lead. His victory was certified and he was seated for a full term as Senator.
1924 U.S. Senate election in Iowa :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Republican | Smith W. Brookhart (incumbent) | 447,706 | 49.95% | 13.16 |
| | Democratic | Daniel F. Steck | 446,951 | 49.87% | 12.98 |
| | Independent Republican | Luther Brewer | 1,124 | 0.13% | N/A |
| | Independent | L.E. Eickelberg | 535 | 0.06% | N/A |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 896,316 | 100.00% |

## Aftermath and reversal

After the election, the Senate Republicans retaliated by stripping Brookhart, LaFollette, and two other progressive Republicans of their committee appointments and excluding them from the party conference.

### Challenges

In January, Steck served notice of his intention to challenge Brookhart's inauguration for the new term on the grounds of election fraud. The Iowa Republican Party also challenged Brookhart's election on the grounds that he was not a Republican.
Brookhart was sworn into office on March 4, 1925, without incident. On March 10, the Senate referred both challenges to the Committee on Privileges and Elections.
Steck's challenge alleged that thousands of ballots were unlawfully counted for Brookhart while many of his own were discarded or altered.
The Iowa Republican challenge alleged that Brookhart had fraudulently represented himself as a party member until the filing deadline, and then toured the state supporting the principles and candidates of the Progressive Party. The state committee argued that Republicans had in good faith voted for a person they assumed to be a regular party member, and that Brookhart had therefore committed election fraud.

### Investigation and recount

A subcommittee of two Republicans and two Democrats commenced the investigation of the case on July 20, 1925. By agreement of Brookhart and Steck, all of the more than 900,000 ballots were transported from Iowa to Washington for a recount.
A number of disputed ballots had evidently attempted to replicate local newspaper endorsements for Steck by drawing an arrow pointing to the box marked for Steck; these ballots had been excluded from the original count under an Iowa law banning extraneous markings but were counted by the subcommittee on the grounds that it was clear the voter had meant. Some ballots arrived in Washington with broken seals and there were discrepancies between the voter rolls and the number of ballots received.
On March 29, 1926, the committee issued its report finding that Steck had received a plurality of 1,420 votes and should be seated. In a minority report, Senator Hubert D. Stephens protested that some ballots had not been properly examined and secured, that 3,500 fewer ballots were received than cast, and that the majority did not count 1,300 properly marked straight Republican ballots for Brookhart.

### Senate debate and vote

In the debate before the whole Senate, speeches focused on the conflict between Iowa state election law and the federal recount. Brookhart's supporters maintained that there was no precedent for overruling state election laws in reviewing contested elections.
On April 12, the Senate voted 45 to 41 to unseat Brookhart and seat Steck.
Vote to adopt the majority report :
| April 12, 1926 | Party | Party | Party | Total votes |
| April 12, 1926 | Democratic | Farmer-Labor | Republican | Total votes |
| Yea | 29 | 00 | 16 | 45 |
| Nay | 09 | 01 | 31 | 41 |
| Not Voting | 01 | 00 | 09 | 10 |
| Roll call vote on the report SenatorPartyStateVote Henry F. AshurstDArizonaNay Thomas BayardDDelawareYea Hiram Bingham IIIRConnecticutNay Cole BleaseDSouth CarolinaNay William BorahRIdahoNay Sam G. BrattonDNew MexicoYea Smith W. BrookhartRIowaNot Voting Edwin S. BroussardDLouisianaYea William Cabell BruceDMarylandYea William M. ButlerRMassachusettsYea Ralph H. CameronRArizonaNay Arthur CapperRKansasNay Thaddeus H. CarawayDArkansasYea Royal S. CopelandDNew YorkYea James J. CouzensRMichiganNay Albert B. CumminsRIowaNot Voting Charles CurtisRKansasNay Porter H. DaleRVermontYea Charles S. DeneenRIllinoisYea Clarence DillDWashingtonNay T. Coleman du PontRDelawareNot Voting Walter Evans EdgeRNew JerseyNay Edward I. EdwardsDNew JerseyYea Richard P. ErnstRKentuckyYea Bert FernaldRMaineNay Woodbridge N. FerrisDMichiganNay Simeon D. FessROhioNot Voting Duncan U. FletcherDFloridaYea Lynn FrazierRNorth DakotaNay Walter F. GeorgeDGeorgiaYea Peter G. GerryDRhode IslandYea Carter GlassDVirginiaYea Guy D. GoffRWest VirginiaYea Frank R. GoodingRIdahoNay Frank L. GreeneRVermontYea Frederick HaleRMaineNay John W. HarreldROklahomaYea William J. HarrisDGeorgiaYea Pat HarrisonDMississippiYea J. Thomas HeflinDAlabamaYea Robert B. HowellRNebraskaNay Hiram JohnsonRCaliforniaNay Andrieus A. JonesDNew MexicoYea Wesley L. JonesRWashingtonNay John B. KendrickDWyomingYea Henry W. KeyesRNew HampshireYea William H. KingDUtahYea Irvine LenrootRWisconsinNay Earle B. MayfieldDTexasYea Kenneth McKellarDTennesseeYea William B. McKinleyRIllinoisNot Voting George P. McLeanRConnecticutYea William H. McMasterRSouth DakotaNay Charles L. McNaryROregonYea Rice W. MeansRColoradoNot Voting Jesse H. MetcalfRRhode IslandNay George H. MosesRNew HampshireNay Matthew M. NeelyDWest VirginiaYea Peter NorbeckRSouth DakotaNay George W. NorrisRNebraskaNay Gerald NyeRNorth DakotaNay Tasker OddieRNevadaNay Lee S. OvermanDNorth CarolinaYea George W. PepperRPennsylvaniaNay Lawrence C. PhippsRColoradoYea William B. PineROklahomaNay Key PittmanDNevadaYea Joseph E. RansdellDLouisianaNay David A. ReedRPennsylvaniaNay James A. ReedDMissouriNay Joseph T. RobinsonDArkansasYea Arthur R. RobinsonRIndianaYea Frederic M. SackettRKentuckyYea Thomas D. SchallRMinnesotaNot Voting Morris SheppardDTexasYea Henrik ShipsteadF-LMinnesotaNay Samuel M. ShortridgeRCaliforniaNot Voting Furnifold M. SimmonsDNorth CarolinaYea Ellison D. SmithDSouth CarolinaYea Reed SmootRUtahNay Robert N. StanfieldROregonNay Hubert D. StephensDMississippiNay Claude A. SwansonDVirginiaYea Park TrammellDFloridaYea Lawrence TysonDTennesseeYea Oscar UnderwoodDAlabamaNot Voting James W. WadsworthRNew YorkNot Voting Thomas J. WalshDMontanaNay Francis E. WarrenRWyomingYea James E. WatsonRIndianaYea Ovington WellerRMarylandYea Burton K. WheelerDMontanaNay George Howard WilliamsRMissouriNay Frank B. WillisROhioNay ↑ Supported seating Steck. Paired with Shortridge. ↑ Opposed seating Steck. Paired with McKinley. ↑ Supported seating Steck. Paired with Fess. ↑ Supported seating Steck. Paired with Schall. ↑ Opposed seating Steck. Paired with Means. ↑ Opposed seating Steck. Paired with du Pont. ↑ Favored seating Steck. Paired with Wadsworth. ↑ Opposed seating Steck. Paired with Underwood. |||||

### Aftermath

Steck became the first Democrat to represent Iowa in the Senate since 1859. He served out the remainder of that term which ultimately became his. He was soundly defeated for re-election in 1930, the only incumbent Democrat in the country to lose in that cycle. Though they gained eight seats nationwide, Steck's loss cost Democrats control of the Senate.
Brookhart ran for Senate again in 1926 and unseated Senator Cummins, who died shortly after the primary. He served until 1933, when he was defeated by Henry Field in the Republican primary. Brookhart ran in the 1932 general election as a Progressive, but finished a distant third behind Field and the Democratic victor, Richard L. Murphy.