OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# German-American Bank Building

The German-American Bank Building is a historic bank building located at St. Joseph, Missouri. It was built in 1889, and is a six-story, rectangular brick building designed in the Richardsonian Romanesque style with added Beaux-Arts detailing.. The bank originally was created to provide service to the large number of German-speaking citizens in the region. In 1918 it was renamed the American National Bank. Later, it became First Federal Savings and Loan.
It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It is located in the St. Joseph's Commerce and Banking Historic District.
In 1986 a number of aspects were photographed and documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey.
It was announced in July, 2014, that Heartland Health and Mosaic Life Care would be renovating the building along with surrounding properties in a 2-year, $20 million effort. As part of a revitalization project in downtown St. Joseph, it will provide office space for up to 200 health workers. At the time of the announcement, it is being used by Legal Aid of Western Missouri and several other businesses. The renovation is intended to blend historic bank features such as the natural brick walls and the carved columns with the company's standard design look and modern features.
# Romeo Menti

Romeo Menti (Italian pronunciation:; 5 September 1919 – 4 May 1949) was an Italian footballer who played as a forward. He scored 145 goals in a career that spanned fifteen years.

## Career

Born in Vicenza, Menti debuted for his hometown's Serie C club in 1935, in the same stadium that was to be dedicated to him a few years later.
His older brothers Mario Menti and Umberto Menti and nephew Luigi Menti (son of Mario) all played football professionally, with Umberto playing for Juventus FC, S.S.C. Napoli and A.C. Milan. To distinguish them, Mario was known as Menti I, Umberto as Menti II, Romeo as Menti III, and Luigi as Menti IV. In some sources, Mario was ignored and Umberto and Romeo were listed as Menti I and Menti II respectively.
In 1938 he was sold to Fiorentina, where he played for three seasons before moving to Torino F.C. His abilities became evident also with national team, for which he received 5 caps with 7 goals.
Menti played for the then almost unbeatable Torino (dubbed Grande Torino, "Great Torino") until his death, except for the 1945–46 season, when he played again for Fiorentina. Menti died in 1949 with almost his entire team in the Superga air disaster, after scoring the last goal of "Grande Torino" in Lisbon.

## Honours

Fiorentina
* Serie B: 1938–39
* Coppa Italia: 1939–40
Torino
* Serie A: 1942–43, 1946–47, 1947–48, 1948–49
* Coppa Italia: 1942–43
# George Frederick Chambers

George Frederick Chambers (18 October 1841 – 24 May 1915) was an English barrister, amateur astronomer and author, who wrote a number of popular books about science.
Chambers was born on 18 October 1841 at Upton-upon-Severn, Worcestershire. He was introduced to astronomy by his uncle, who owned an observatory in Eastbourne, Sussex, where Chambers stayed from time to time as a child. Chambers went on to study engineering as a student in London.
George Chambers published his first book, A Handbook of Descriptive and Practical Astronomy, when he was aged only 19 years. It provided a review of astronomy across 600 pages. It was later republished in an expanded form, and eventually appeared as three volumes.
Chambers turned from engineering to study law. He became a barrister in 1868, and worked for many years as a parliamentary barrister.
Chambers set up home in Eastbourne in 1873, where he and his family lived until 1902. He built a private observatory, which he used to study double stars, variable stars, and star colours. He served as director of the Star-Colour Section of the British Astronomical Association between 1894 and 1900.
Chambers became a prolific author. He produced a revised version of A Cycle of Celestial Objects by Admiral W. H. Smyth. This was followed by Pictorial Astronomy in 1891.
His most popular books were a series of introductions to astronomy, with volumes called The Story of the Solar System, The Story of the Stars, The Story of Eclipses, and The Story of Comets. These served to educate general readers about science.
Chambers also wrote geographical guides and travel books, including a Handbook to Eastbourne. He was the author of many magazine articles and legal works.
George Chambers later moved to Sydenham in south London. He died there on 24 May 1915.

## Works

* The Story of the Solar System (1895)
* The Story of Eclipses (1899)
# George Harris (cricketer, born 1880)

George Woodrouffe Harris (6 August 1880 – 10 July 1954) was an English first-class cricketer.
The son of Vincent Dormer Harris, he was born at Chelsea in August 1880. He was educated at Uppingham School, before matriculating to Caius College, Cambridge. In his final year at Uppingham, Harris made a single appearance in first-class cricket for Hampshire against Surrey at The Oval in the 1899 County Championship. Batting twice in the match, he was dismissed in Hampshire's first innings for 10 runs by Ernest Nice, while in their second innings he was dismissed without scoring by Tom Hayward. After graduating from Cambridge, Harris was in business as a merchant at Bishopsgate. In 1924, he was elected a fellow of the Zoological Society of London, in addition to being a member of the Linnean Society of London. Harris died at Chorleywood in July 1954.
# List of presidents of Kazakhstan

The president of Kazakhstan holds the highest authority in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Established under the Constitution of Kazakhstan, the president is the head of state and is directly elected by the people for a nonrenewable term of seven years. Alongside the prime minister, the president leads the executive branch of the Kazakh government and serves as the commander-in-chief of the Kazakh Armed Forces. Since the establishment of the office of the presidency on 24 April 1990, under the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, Kazakhstan has had only two individuals serve as president. The current president, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, assumed office on 20 March 2019, following the resignation of Nursultan Nazarbayev, the country's founding president.

## List of officeholders

Political parties

### Status
   ### Symbols

$^C$ Constitutional referendum
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Elected | Term of office | Term of office | Term of office | Political party |
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Elected | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Political party |
| 1 | | Nursultan Nazarbayev (born 1940) | 1990 | 24 April 1990 | 20 March 2019 | 28 years, 330 days | QKP (until Sept. 1991) |
| | | Nursultan Nazarbayev (born 1940) | 1991 1999 | 24 April 1990 | 20 March 2019 | 28 years, 330 days | Independent (until Febr. 1999) |
| | | Nursultan Nazarbayev (born 1940) | 2005 2011 2015 | 24 April 1990 | 20 March 2019 | 28 years, 330 days | Otan until Dec. 2006 renamed to Nur Otan |
| 2 | | Kassym-Jomart Tokayev (born 1953) | — | 20 March 2019 | 12 June 2019 | 84 days | Nur Otan (until March 2022 renamed to Amanat) |
| | | Kassym-Jomart Tokayev (born 1953) | 2019 | 12 June 2019 | Incumbent | 5 years, 266 days | Amanat (until April 2022) |
| | | Kassym-Jomart Tokayev (born 1953) | 2022 | 12 June 2019 | Incumbent | 5 years, 266 days | Independent |
Note
Until 16 December 1991 the head of state was called President of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic.
# Bellcrank

A bellcrank is a type of crank that changes motion through an angle. The angle can range from 0 to 360 degrees, but 90-degree and 180-degree bellcranks are most common.
The name comes from its first use, changing the vertical pull on a rope to a horizontal pull on the striker of a bell to sound it.

## Design

A typical 90-degree bellcrank consists of an L-shaped crank pivoted where the two arms of the L meet. Moving rods or cables are attached to the outer ends of the L. When one is pulled, the L rotates around the pivot point, pulling on the other rod.
A typical 180-degree bellcrank consists of a straight bar that pivots at or near its center. When one rod is pulled or pushed, the bar rotates around the pivot point, pulling or pushing on the other rod.
Changing the length of the bellcrank's arms changes the mechanical advantage of the system. Many applications do not change the direction of motion but instead amplify a force "in line", which a bellcrank can do in a limited space. There is a tradeoff between range of motion, linearity of motion, and size. The greater the angle traversed by the crank, the more the motion ratio changes, and the more non-linear the motion becomes.

## Applications
### Aircraft

Bellcranks are often used in aircraft flight control systems to connect the pilot's controls to the control surfaces. For example, on light aircraft, the rudder often has a bellcrank (also called a control horn) whose pivot point is the rudder hinge. A cable connects one of the pilot's rudder pedal to one side of the bellcrank. When the pilot pushes the rudder pedal, the cable pulls the bellcrank, causing the rudder to rotate. The opposite rudder pedal is connected to the other end of the bellcrank to rotate the rudder in the opposite direction.

### Architectural

Bellcrank lever mechanisms were installed at the top of entryway stairs in multi-storey and multi-unit Victorian and Edwardian homes (c. 1890 to 1930), particularly in the San Francisco Bay Area, to allow residents to open and close the doors remotely so they would not need to walk down the stairs to welcome guests.

### Automotive

Bellcranks are also seen in automotive applications, such as in the linkage connecting the throttle pedal to the carburetor or connecting the brake pedal to the master cylinder.
In vehicle suspensions, bellcranks are used in pullrod and pushrod suspensions in cars or in the Christie suspension in tanks. More vertical suspension designs such as MacPherson struts may not be feasible in some vehicle designs due to space, aerodynamic, or other design constraints; bellcranks translate the vertical motion of the wheel into horizontal motion, allowing the suspension to be mounted transversely or longitudinally within the vehicle.

### Bicycles

Bellcranks are used in some internally geared hub assemblies to select gears. The motion from a Bowden cable is translated by a bellcrank to a push rod, which selects which portion of the epicyclic gears are driven by the bicycle's rear sprocket.
# Colour Genie

The EACA EG2000 Colour Genie was a computer produced by Hong Kong–based manufacturer EACA, and introduced in Germany in August 1982 by Trommeschläger Computer Service and Schmidtke Electronic.
It followed their earlier Video Genie I and II computers and was released around the same time as the business-oriented Video Genie.
The LEVEL II BASIC was compatible with the Video Genie I and II and the TRS-80, except for graphic and sound commands; most of the routines for Video Genie I BASIC commands were left over in the Colour Genie's BASIC ROM. Programs were provided to load TRS-80 programs into the Colour Genie. Colour Genie disks could be read in a TRS-80 floppy disk drive and vice versa, editing the pdrive commands.
The original Video Genies had been based upon (and broadly compatible with) the then-current TRS-80 Model I. As the Colour Genie was descended from this architecture, it was incompatible with Tandy's newer TRS-80 Color Computer which – despite its name – was an entirely new and unrelated design based on an entirely different CPU, and thus incompatible with the TRS-80 Model I and derivatives such as the Color Genie.
About 190 games were published for the system in English and German.
An 80 column card was produced.
Modern emulators for this system exist.

## Technical specifications
### Central Processing Unit

Z80 running at 2.2 MHz. Usually using the NEC D780 (and unlicenced Japanese clone) or the SGS Z80 (a European second source for Zilog).

### Internal hardware

* Video Hardware
** Motorola 6845 CRTC
** 40 × 24 text (original ROMs) or 40 × 25 text (upgraded ROMs), 16 colours, 128 user defined characters
** 160 × 96 graphics (original ROMs) or 160 × 102 graphics (upgraded ROMs), 4 colours x up to 4 pages
* Sound Hardware
** General Instruments AY-3-8910
** 3 sound channels, ADSR programmable
** 1 noise channel
** 2 8-bit wide I/O ports

### I/O ports and power supply

* I/O ports:
** Composite video out and audio out (cinch plugs)
** Integrated RF modulator antenna output, which also carries sound, to TV
** Cartridge expansion slot (slot for edge connector with Z80 CPU address/data bus lines and control signals, as well as GND and voltage pins; used for ROM cartridges or the floppy disk controller
** 1200 baud tape interface (5 pin DIN)
** RS-232 port (5 pin DIN)
** Light pen port (5 pin DIN)
** Parallel port for printer or joystick controller

### External hardware options

* Floppy disk controller with floppy disk station.
** Supported up to 4 drives (5.25 inch).
** Support for 90 KB SS/SD up to 720 KB DS/DD drives.
* Cassette recorder
* EPROM cartridge of 12 KB
* EG2013 Joystick Controller
** 2 Analogue joysticks with keypad
# William Owen (Royal Navy officer, born 1737)

Commander William Owen (1737 – 24 October 1778) was a Welsh naval officer. Born in Glan Severn, Montgomeryshire, Wales, of a family of gentry, he was youngest son of David Owen of Cefn Hafod, Montgomeryshire.
He was a member of the Royal Navy and lost his right arm from a wound suffered during the Seven Years' War off Pondicherry when supporting the British East India Company forces in 1760. Not content with the half pension he was receiving, he served as an impress officer. After the war, Owen contacted a former fellow officer, Lord William Campbell, who had recently been appointed governor of Nova Scotia. Late in 1766, Owen travelled with Campbell to Halifax. The following year, as payment for his work in aid of Campbell, he was awarded a large parcel of land. The grant, which included three of his nephews as grantees, was Passamaquoddy Outer Island in Passamaquoddy Bay. In 1770, Owen renamed the island Campobello Island after Lord Campbell; he also took into account the Italian meaning, "fair field", of the new name.
In the 1770s, Owen wrote a volume of 'Narratives' which was subsequently published in 1942 and which covers the creation of Campobello in Canada. He also wrote that "I could have taken it, Eastport, with a gun brig and my own militia. I am in possession of all except Moose Island".
In England, Owen spent some time in Shrewsbury, where he was sworn a freeman of borough on 5 October 1764, and, by then a captain in the navy, served as Mayor in 1775–76, following which he returned to service in India. Owen was killed, accidentally, in Madras, India while carrying dispatches from India to England.
Owen left on his death two surviving natural sons via Sarah Haslam (latter named Sarah Bagshaw). His eldest son was Edward William Campbell Rich Owen and his younger son was William Fitzwilliam Owen. The latter became sole owner of Campobello Island in 1835 and settled there.
# Espiridiona Bonifacio

Espiridiona Bonifacio y de Castro (May 1, 1872 – May 26, 1956) was a Filipino Katipunera. She was one of the first female members of Confederation established by her older brother Andres Bonifacio. The others were her older brothers Ciriaco and Procopio Bonifacio.

## Life

Bonifacio was born in Tondo, Manila. Her father was Santiago Bonifacio of Taguig, a tailor who served as a teniente mayor of Tondo, Manila. Her mother was Catalina de Castro, a native of Cabangan, Zambales, a mestiza born of a Spanish father and a Filipino-Chinese mother who was a supervisor at a cigarette factory. She was the fourth of six children. Her siblings were Andrés, Ciriaco, Procopio, Troadio and Maxima. The Bonifacio siblings were orphaned at an early age and Andrés had to act as the family's breadwinner. Bonifacio, better known by her nickname, Nonay, was dependent on her brothers for guidance. Her three older brothers were all part of the armed struggle.
She joined the revolution as a teenager, going with either the group or hers brothers wherever they went. Her older brothers were her de facto parents. She hid bullets in the pots she cooked rice in and hid guns under her skirt. She took care of the wounded and sick Katipuneros and cooked for them.
The women's chapter of the Katipunan was formed in July 1893. There were only around 30 women members of the Katipunan, limited to wives, daughters and close relatives of Katipuneros.
In 1893, when she was seventeen years old, she married Teodoro Plata, one of the founders of the Katipunan. She was widowed when Plata was executed in Bagumbayan in 1896 when the Spaniards discovered the Katipunan.
She died on May 26, 1956, in Paco, Manila, and was interred at the Manila South Cemetery.

## In popular culture

* Portrayed by Isabel Oli in the 2014 film, Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo.
# HMS Aurora

Ten ships of the Royal Navy have been called HMS Aurora or HMS Aurore, after the Roman Goddess of the dawn.
* HMS Aurora (1757) was a 36-gun fifth rate, formerly the French Abenakise. She was captured in 1757 and broken up in 1763.
* HMS Aurora (1766) was a 32-gun fifth rate launched in 1766, sailed September 1769 for East Indies, lost without a trace, presumably from fire or storm, in the Indian Ocean in January 1770.
* HMS Aurora (1777) was a 28-gun sixth rate launched in 1777 and sold in 1814.
* HMS Aurore (1793) was a French Navy 32-gun frigate handed over to the British at the capture of Toulon in 1793. She became a prison ship in 1799, and was broken up in 1803.
* HMS Aurora (1814) was a 38-gun fifth rate, originally the French frigate Clorinde. She was captured in 1814 and broken up in 1851.
* HMS Aurora (1861) was a wooden screw frigate launched in 1861 and broken up in 1881.
* HMS Aurora (1887) was an Orlando-class armoured cruiser launched in 1887 and sold in 1907.
* HMS Aurora (1913) was an Arethusa-class light cruiser launched in 1913. She was briefly transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy in 1920 and was broken up in 1927.
* HMS Aurora (12) was an Arethusa-class light cruiser launched in 1936. She was sold to The Republic of China in 1948, was sunk in 1950 and salvaged in 1951, hulked and then scrapped by 1960.
* HMS Aurora (F10) was a Leander-class frigate launched in 1962 and broken up in 1990.

## Battle honours

Ships named Aurora have earned the following battle honours:
* St. Lucia 1778
* Minorca 1798
* Guadeloupe 1810
* China 1900
* Dogger Bank 1915
* Bismarck 1941
* Mediterranean 1941–43
* Malta Convoys 1941
* North Africa 1942–43
* Sicily 1943
* Salerno 1943
* Aegean 1943–44
* South France 1944
# Germantown Redoubt

The Germantown Redoubt (more commonly known as Fort Germantown) is a redoubt built during the Civil War by Union troops. This was built along a relatively sharp bend of the Memphis and Charleston Railroad (now the Memphis Subdivision of the Norfolk Southern Railway). It is located a couple miles east of the Old Germantown neighborhood in Germantown, Tennessee. Federal troops built the garrison after they took control of Corinth, Mississippi (about 90 miles east of Memphis) and the railroad. From an archaeological standpoint, it is significant in that it is one of the few intact defense structures found of its size. This has given historians a perspective on how these forts were constructed and artifacts found there have given a hint about the daily life at the fort.
Today, the area is protected in a 5-acre Germantown City Park, located within a suburban neighborhood. The earthen structure is still intact, but the original timber retaining walls were destroyed in late 1863 (a portion of an example wall still remains). Several replica cannons are on site, as well as educational markers. The park includes a small parking area and playground. The Norfolk Southern railroad is still visible from the fort through a clearing.
* ↑ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. April 15, 2008.
* ↑ http://germantownmuseum.org/ap03.php The Germantown Museum
# Germantown Township Bridge S-29

The Germantown Township Bridge S-29 is a historic stone arch bridge over an unnamed stream on 278th Street in rural Turner County, South Dakota, southwest of Chancellor. Built in 1942, it is one of a modest number of bridges surviving in the county that was built with New Deal funding. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

## Description and history

The Germantown Township Bridge is located in rural southeastern Turner County, about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) southwest of Chancellor. It carries 278th Street, a rural paved road, across an unnamed stream between 459th and 460th Avenues. It is a two-arch stone structure, its arches 7 feet (2.1 m) in length and 3 feet 6 inches (1.07 m) in height. A headwall rises above the arches on each side, about 10 inches (25 cm) above road grade, and extends into angled wing walls. A stone nose projects away from the arches on one side of the structure. It is built out of heavily mortared local quartzite and granite fieldstone.
This bridge is one of 180 stone arch bridges built in Turner County as part of a New Deal-era federal jobs program. The county administration was able to build stone bridges at a lower cost than then-conventional steel beam bridges because of the availability of experienced stone workers, and the federal subsidy to the wages they were paid. The county was responsible for supervising the work crews and providing the building materials. This bridge was built in 1942 by a county crew to a standardized state design.
# Gertrude Herbert Institute of Art

Gertrude Herbert Institute of Art is located in Augusta, Georgia, in the home of former Augusta mayor and United States senator Nicholas Ware. Olivia Herbert founded the institute in 1937. The original name for the institute was the Augusta Art Club; it was later renamed in memorial to Olivia Herbert's daughter, Gertrude Herbert Dunn. The two primary missions of the institute are art education and visual arts exhibition.

## Education activity

Facilitating the art education mission of the institute is a certification by the Georgia Council of Arts as a Teacher Professional Learning (TPL) provider current as of 2007. Among other certified providers is Emory University.

## Ware's Folly: The building housing the institute

Construction of the home in which the institute is housed was completed in 1818. The building is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Built in the Federal style the house is notable for its three-story elliptical staircase. The building bears the nickname Ware's Folly, which derives from the high cost of the construction, $40,000 in 1818 or c. $12 million in 2007, and the extravagant interior detailing.