# Tadao Ando

Tadao Ando (安藤 忠雄, Andō Tadao, born 13 September 1941) is a Japanese autodidact architect whose approach to architecture and landscape was categorized by architectural historian Francesco Dal Co as "critical regionalism". He is the winner of the 1995 Pritzker Prize.

## Early life

Ando was born a few minutes before his twin brother in 1941 in Minato-ku, Osaka, Japan. At the age of two, his family chose to separate them and have Tadao live with his great-grandmother. He worked as a boxer and fighter before settling on the profession of architect, despite never having formal training in the field. Struck by the Frank Lloyd Wright-designed Imperial Hotel on a trip to Tokyo as a second-year high school student, he eventually decided to end his boxing career less than two years after graduating from high school to pursue architecture. He attended night classes to learn drawing and took correspondence courses on interior design. He visited buildings designed by renowned architects like Le Corbusier, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Louis Kahn before returning to Osaka in 1968 to establish his own design studio, Tadao Ando Architects and Associates.

## Career
### Style

Ando was raised in Japan where the religion and style of life strongly influenced his architecture and design. Ando's architectural style is said to create a "haiku" effect, emphasizing nothingness and empty space to represent the beauty of simplicity. He favors designing complex spatial circulation while maintaining the appearance of simplicity. A self-taught architect, he keeps his Japanese culture and language in mind while he travels around Europe for research. As an architect, he believes that architecture can change society, that "to change the dwelling is to change the city and to reform society". "Reform society" could be a promotion of a place or a change of the identity of that place. Werner Blaser has said, "Good buildings by Tadao Ando create memorable identity and therefore publicity, which in turn attracts the public and promotes market penetration".
The simplicity of his architecture emphasizes the concept of sensation and physical experiences, mainly influenced by Japanese culture. The religious term Zen, focuses on the concept of simplicity and concentrates on inner feeling rather than outward appearance. Zen influences vividly show in Ando's work and became its distinguishing mark. In order to practice the idea of simplicity, Ando's architecture is mostly constructed with concrete, providing a sense of cleanliness and weightlessness (even though concrete is a heavy material) at the same time. Due to the simplicity of the exterior, construction, and organization of the space are relatively potential in order to represent the aesthetic of sensation.
Besides Japanese religious architecture, Ando has also designed Christian churches, such as the Church of the Light (1989) and the Church in Tarumi (1993). Although Japanese and Christian churches display distinct characteristics, Ando treats them in a similar way. He believes there should be no difference in designing religious architecture and houses. As he explains,
   We do not need to differentiate one from the other. Dwelling in a house is not only a functional issue, but also a spiritual one. The house is the locus of heart (kokoro), and the heart is the locus of god. Dwelling in a house is a search for the heart (kokoro) as the locus of god, just as one goes to church to search for god. An important role of the church is to enhance this sense of the spiritual. In a spiritual place, people find peace in their heart (kokoro), as in their homeland.
Besides speaking of the spirit of architecture, Ando also emphasises the association between nature and architecture. He intends for people to easily experience the spirit and beauty of nature through architecture. He believes architecture is responsible for performing the attitude of the site and makes it visible. This not only represents his theory of the role of architecture in society but also shows why he spends so much time studying architecture from physical experience.
In 1995, Ando won the Pritzker Prize for architecture, considered the highest distinction in the field. He donated the $100,000 prize money to the orphans of the 1995 Kobe earthquake.

### Buildings and works

Tadao Ando's body of work is known for the creative use of natural light and for structures that follow natural forms of the landscape, rather than disturbing the landscape by making it conform to the constructed space of a building. Ando's buildings are often characterized by complex three-dimensional circulation paths. These paths weave in between interior and exterior spaces formed both inside large-scale geometric shapes and in the spaces between them.
His "Row House in Sumiyoshi" (Azuma House, 住吉の長屋), a small two-story, cast-in-place concrete house completed in 1976, is an early work which began to show elements of his characteristic style. It consists of three equal rectangular volumes: two enclosed volumes of interior spaces separated by an open courtyard. The courtyard's position between the two interior volumes becomes an integral part of the house's circulation system. The house is famous for the contrast between appearance and spatial organization which allow people to experience the richness of the space within the geometry.
Ando's housing complex at Rokko, just outside Kobe, is a complex warren of terraces and balconies, atriums and shafts. The designs for Rokko Housing One (1983) and for Rokko Housing Two (1993) illustrate a range of issues in traditional architectural vocabulary—the interplay of solid and void, the alternatives of open and closed, the contrasts of light and darkness. More significantly, Ando's noteworthy engineering achievement in these clustered buildings is site specific—the structures survived undamaged after the Great Hanshin earthquake of 1995. New York Times architectural critic Paul Goldberger argues that:
   Ando is right in the Japanese tradition: spareness has always been a part of Japanese architecture, at least since the 16th century; [and] it is not without reason that Frank Lloyd Wright more freely admitted to the influences of Japanese architecture than of anything American."
Like Wright's Imperial Hotel in Tokyo Second Imperial Hotel 1923-1968, which did survive the Great Kantō earthquake of 1923, site specific decision-making, anticipates seismic activity in several of Ando's Hyōgo-Awaji buildings.
In 2003, Ando was commissioned by soap opera heir William Bell, Jr. and his wife Maria to design a house for an almost 6-acre (2.4 ha) oceanfront site on the East Pacific Coast Highway in the Paradise Cove area of Malibu, California. The house (designed with WHY Architects) is a 40,000-square-foot (3,700 m$^2$) modernist concrete structure in an L shape, with six bedrooms and walls of glass. It has been described as minimalist and "echoey". Construction completed in 2014, being prolonged due to the oceanfront location, soft soil, and California's extensive building codes. 7,645 cubic yards of unusually high quality concrete were used in the construction of the house, with its rebar specially treated to resist corrosion. The installation of the concrete in the driveway, garage, and parking areas in 2015 won an award for precision from the American Concrete Institute. Ando also designed a series of furniture pieces for the interior. In May 2023, couple Beyoncé and Jay-Z purchased the house through a trust for $200 million. It was the most expensive single-family home sold in the United States in 2023. and surpassed California's previous record price for a residence, set by businessman Marc Andreessen in 2021 for the adjacent house.

## Projects

| Building/project | Location | Country | Date |
| Tomishima House | Osaka | Japan | 1973 |
| Uchida House | | Japan | 1974 |
| Uno House | Kyoto | Japan | 1974 |
| Hiraoka House | Hyōgo Prefecture | Japan | 1974 |
| Shibata House | Ashiya, Hyogo Prefecture | Japan | 1974 |
| Tatsumi House | Osaka | Japan | 1975 |
| Soseikan-Yamaguchi House | Hyōgo Prefecture | Japan | 1975 |
| Takahashi House | Ashiya, Hyōgo Prefecture | Japan | 1975 |
| Matsumura House | Kobe | Japan | 1975 |
| Row House in Sumiyoshi (Azuma House) | Sumiyoshi, Osaka | Japan | 1976 |
| Hirabayashi House | Osaka Prefecture | Japan | 1976 |
| Bansho House | Aichi Prefecture | Japan | 1976 |
| Tezukayama Tower Plaza | Sumiyoshi, Osaka | Japan | 1976 |
| Tezukayama House-Manabe House | Osaka | Japan | 1977 |
| Wall House (Matsumoto House) | Ashiya, Hyōgo Prefecture | Japan | 1977 |
| Glass Block House (Ishihara House) | Osaka | Japan | 1978 |
| Okusu House | Setagaya, Tokyo | Japan | 1978 |
| Glass Block Wall (Horiuchi House) | Sumiyoshi, Osaka | Japan | 1979 |
| Katayama Building | Nishinomiya, Hyōgo Prefecture | Japan | 1979 |
| Onishi House | Sumiyoshi, Osaka | Japan | 1979 |
| Matsutani House | Kyoto | Japan | 1979 |
| Ueda House | Okayama Prefecture | Japan | 1979 |
| Step | Takamatsu, Kagawa | Japan | 1980 |
| Matsumoto House | Wakayama, Wakayama Prefecture | Japan | 1980 |
| Fuku House | Wakayama, Wakayama Prefecture | Japan | 1980 |
| Bansho House Addition | Aichi Prefecture | Japan | 1981 |
| Koshino House | Ashiya, Hyōgo Prefecture | Japan | 1981 |
| Kojima Housing (Sato House) | Okayama Prefecture | Japan | 1981 |
| Atelier in Oyodo | Osaka | Japan | 1981 |
| Tea House for Soseikan-Yamaguchi House | Hyōgo Prefecture | Japan | 1982 |
| Ishii House | Shizuoka Prefecture | Japan | 1982 |
| Akabane House | Setagaya, Tokyo | Japan | 1982 |
| Kujo Townhouse (Izutsu House) | Osaka | Japan | 1982 |
| Rokko Housing One (34°43′32″N 135°13′39″E﻿ / ﻿34.725613°N 135.227564°E﻿ / 34.725613; 135.227564) | Rokko, Hyōgo Prefecture | Japan | 1983 |
| Bigi Atelier | Shibuya, Tokyo | Japan | 1983 |
| Umemiya House | Kobe | Japan | 1983 |
| Kaneko House | Shibuya, Tokyo | Japan | 1983 |
| Festival | Naha, Okinawa prefecture | Japan | 1984 |
| Time's | Kyoto | Japan | 1984 |
| Koshino House Addition | Ashiya, Hyōgo Prefecture | Japan | 1984 |
| Melrose, Meguro | Tokyo | Japan | 1984 |
| Uejo House | Osaka Prefecture | Japan | 1984 |
| Ota House | Okayama Prefecture | Japan | 1984 |
| Moteki House | Kobe | Japan | 1984 |
| Shinsaibashi Tokyu Building | Osaka Prefecture | Japan | 1984 |
| Iwasa House | Ashiya, Hyōgo Prefecture | Japan | 1984 |
| Hata House (34°46′05″N 135°19′26″E﻿ / ﻿34.76805°N 135.32397°E﻿ / 34.76805; 135.32397) | Nishinomiya, Hyōgo Prefecture | Japan | 1984 |
| Atelier Yoshie Inaba | Shibuya, Tokyo | Japan | 1985 |
| Jun Port Island Building | Kobe | Japan | 1985 |
| Mon-petit-chou | Kyoto | Japan | 1985 |
| Guest House for Hattori House | Osaka | Japan | 1985 |
| Taiyō Cement Headquarters Building | Osaka | Japan | 1986 |
| TS Building | Osaka | Japan | 1986 |
| Chapel on Mount Rokko | Kobe | Japan | 1986 |
| Old/New Rokkov | Kobe | Japan | 1986 |
| Kidosaki House | Setagaya, Tokyo | Japan | 1986 |
| Fukuhara Clinic | Setagaya, Tokyo | Japan | 1986 |
| Sasaki House | Minato, Tokyo | Japan | 1986 |
| Main Pavilion for Tennoji Fair | Osaka | Japan | 1987 |
| Karaza Theater | Tokyo | Japan | 1987 |
| Ueda House Addition | Okayama Prefecture | Japan | 1987 |
| Church on the Water | Tomamu, Hokkaido | Japan | 1988 |
| Galleria Akka | Osaka | Japan | 1988 |
| Children's Museum | Himeji, Hyōgo | Japan | 1989 |
| Church of the Light (34°49′08″N 135°22′19″E﻿ / ﻿34.818763°N 135.37201°E﻿ / 34.818763; 135.37201) | Ibaraki Osaka Prefecture | Japan | 1989 |
| Collezione | Minato, Tokyo | Japan | 1989 |
| Morozoff P&P Studio | Kobe | Japan | 1989 |
| Raika Headquarters | Osaka | Japan | 1989 |
| Natsukawa Memorial Hall | Hikone, Shiga | Japan | 1989 |
| Yao Clinic, Neyagawa | Osaka Prefecture | Japan | 1989 |
| Matsutani House Addition | Kyoto | Japan | 1990 |
| Ito House, Setagaya | Tokyo | Japan | 1990 |
| Iwasa House Addition | Ashiya, Hyōgo Prefecture | Japan | 1990 |
| Garden of Fine Arts | Osaka | Japan | 1990 |
| S Building | Osaka | Japan | 1990 |
| Water Temple (34°32′47″N 134°59′17″E﻿ / ﻿34.546406°N 134.98813°E﻿ / 34.546406; 134.98813) | Awaji Island, Hyōgo Prefecture | Japan | 1991 |
| Atelier in Oyodo II | Osaka | Japan | 1991 |
| Time's II | Kyoto | Japan | 1991 |
| Museum of Literature | Himeji, Hyōgo | Japan | 1991 |
| Sayoh Housing | Hyōgo Prefecture | Japan | 1991 |
| Minolta Seminar House | Kobe | Japan | 1991 |
| Benesse House | Naoshima, Kagawa | Japan | 1992 |
| Japanese Pavilion for Expo 92 | Seville | Spain | 1992 |
| Otemae Art Center | Nishinomiya, Hyōgo Prefecture | Japan | 1992 |
| Forest of Tombs Museum | Kumamoto Prefecture | Japan | 1992 |
| Rokko Housing Two | Rokko, Kobe | Japan | 1993 |
| Vitra Seminar House | Weil am Rhein | Germany | 1993 |
| Gallery Noda | Kobe | Japan | 1993 |
| YKK Seminar House | Chiba Prefecture | Japan | 1993 |
| Suntory Museum | Osaka | Japan | 1994 |
| Maxray Headquarters Building | Osaka | Japan | 1994 |
| Chikatsu Asuka Museum | Osaka Prefecture | Japan | 1994 |
| Kiyo Bank, Sakai Building | Sakai, Osaka | Japan | 1994 |
| Garden of Fine Art | Kyoto | Japan | 1994 |
| Museum of wood culture | Kami, Hyōgo Prefecture | Japan | 1994 |
| Inamori Auditorium | Kagoshima | Japan | 1994 |
| Nariwa Museum | Okayama Prefecture | Japan | 1994 |
| Naoshima Contemporary Art Museum | Naoshima, Kagawa | Japan | 1995 |
| Atelier in Oyodo Annex | Osaka | Japan | 1995 |
| Nagaragawa Convention Center | Gifu | Japan | 1995 |
| Naoshima Contemporary Art Museum Annex | Naoshima, Kagawa Prefecture | Japan | 1995 |
| Meditation Space, UNESCO | Paris | France | 1995 |
| Asahi Beer Oyamazaki Villa Museum of Art | Kyoto Prefecture | Japan | 1995 |
| Shanghai Pusan Ferry Terminal | Osaka | Japan | 1996 |
| Museum of Literature II, Himeji | Hyōgo Prefecture | Japan | 1996 |
| Gallery Chiisaime (Sawada House) | Nishinomiya, Hyōgo Prefecture | Japan | 1996 |
| Museum of Gojo Culture & Annex | Gojo, Nara Prefecture | Japan | 1997 |
| Toto Seminar House | Hyōgo Prefecture | Japan | 1997 |
| Yokogurayama Natural Forest Museum | Kōchi Prefecture | Japan | 1997 |
| Harima Kogen Higashi Primary School & Junior High School | Hyōgo Prefecture | Japan | 1997 |
| Koumi Kogen Museum | Nagano Prefecture | Japan | 1997 |
| Eychaner/Lee House | Chicago, Illinois | United States | 1997 |
| Daikoku Denki Headquarters Building | Aichi Prefecture | Japan | 1998 |
| Daylight Museum | Shiga Prefecture | Japan | 1998 |
| Junichi Watanabe Memorial Hall | Sapporo | Japan | 1998 |
| Asahi Shimbun Okayama Bureau | Okayama | Japan | 1998 |
| Siddhartha Children and Women Hospital | Butwal | Nepal | 1998 |
| Church of the Light Sunday School | Ibaraki, Osaka Prefecture | Japan | 1999 |
| Rokko Housing III' | Kobe | Japan | 1999 |
| Shell Museum, Nishinomiya | Hyōgo Prefecture | Japan | 1999 |
| Fabrica (Benetton Communication Research Center) | Villorba | Italy | 2000 |
| Awaji-Yumebutai (34°33′40″N 135°00′29″E﻿ / ﻿34.560983°N 135.008144°E﻿ / 34.560983; 135.008144) | Hyōgo Prefecture | Japan | 2000 |
| Rockfield Shizuoka Factory | Shizuoka | Japan | 2000 |
| Pulitzer Arts Foundation | St. Louis, Missouri | United States | 2001 |
| Komyo-ji (shrine) | Saijō, Ehime | Japan | 2001 |
| Ryotaro Shiba Memorial Museum | Higashiosaka, Osaka prefecture | Japan | 2001 |
| Osaka Prefectural Sayamaike Museum | Ōsakasayama,Osaka | Japan | 2001 |
| Teatro Armani-Armani World Headquarters | Milan | Italy | 2001 |
| Hyōgo Prefectural Museum of Art | Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture | Japan | 2002 |
| Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth | Fort Worth, Texas | United States | 2002 |
| Piccadilly Gardens | Manchester | United Kingdom | 2002; part-demolished 2020. |
| 4x4 house | Kobe | Japan | 2003 |
| Invisible House | Ponzano Veneto | Italy | 2004 |
| Chichu Art Museum | Naoshima, Kagawa | Japan | 2004 |
| Langen Foundation | Neuss | Germany | 2004 |
| Gunma Insect World Insect Observation Hall | Kiryū, Gunma | Japan | 2005 |
| Picture Book Museum | Iwaki, Fukushima Prefecture | Japan | 2005 |
| Saka no Ue no Kumo Museum | Matsuyama, Ehime | Japan | 2006 |
| Morimoto (restaurant) | Chelsea Market, Manhattan | United States | 2005 |
| Sakura Garden | Osaka | Japan | 2006 |
| Omotesando Hills, Jingumae 4-Chome | Tokyo | Japan | 2006 |
| House in Shiga | Ōtsu, Shiga | Japan | 2006 |
| 21 21 Design Sight | Minato, Tokyo | Japan | 2007 |
| Stone Hill Center expansion for the Clark Art Institute | Williamstown, Massachusetts | United States | 2008 |
| Glass House | Seopjikoji | South Korea | 2008 |
| Genius Loci | Seopjikoji | South Korea | 2008 |
| Punta della Dogana (restoration) | Venice | Italy | 2009 |
| House, stable, and mausoleum for fashion designer and film director Tom Ford's Cerro Pelon Ranch | near Santa Fe, New Mexico | United States | 2009 |
| Rebuilding the Kobe Kaisei Hospital | Nada Ward, Kobe | Japan | 2009 |
| Gate of Creation, Universidad de Monterrey | Monterrey | Mexico | 2009 |
| NIWAKA Building | Kyoto | Japan | 2009 |
| Capella Niseko Resort and Residences | Niseko, Abuta District, Shiribeshi, Hokkaido Prefecture | Japan | 2010 |
| Interior design of Miklós Ybl Villa | Budapest | Hungary | 2010 |
| Kaminoge Station, Tokyu Corporation | Tokyo | Japan | 2011 |
| Centro Roberto Garza Sada of Art Architecture and Design | Monterrey | Mexico | 2012 |
| Akita Museum of Art | Akita, Akita | Japan | 2012 |
| Bonte Museum | Seogwipo, Jeju | South Korea | 2012 |
| Asia Museum of Modern Art | Wufeng, Taichung | Taiwan | 2013 |
| Hansol Museum (Museum SAN) | Wonju | South Korea | 2013 |
| Aurora Museum | Shanghai | China | 2013 |
| Richard Sachs Residence | Malibu | United States | 2013, partly demolished in 2022/23 |
| Visitor, Exhibition and Conference Center, Clark Art Institute | Williamstown, Massachusetts | United States | 2014 |
| Casa Wabi | Puerto Escondido, Oax | Mexico | 2014 |
| William J. (Bill) and Maria Bell Residence (with WHY Architects) | Malibu | United States | 2014 |
| JCC (Jaeneung Culture Center) | Seoul | South Korea | 2015 |
| Hill of the Buddha | Sapporo | Japan | 2015 |
| Setouchi Aonagi | Matsuyama, Ehime | Japan | 2015 |
| Pearl Art Museum | Shanghai | China | 2017 |
| Yumin Art Nouveau Collection | Seogwipo, Jeju | South Korea | 2017 |
| 152 Elizabeth Street Condominiums | New York, New York | United States | 2018 |
| Wrightwood 659 | Chicago | United States | 2018 |
| Nakanoshima Children's Book Forest | Osaka | Japan | 2020 |
| LG Arts Center SEOUL | Seoul | South Korea | 2022 |
| Realm of the Light | New Taipei City | Taiwan | 2023 |
| MPavilion | Melbourne, Australia | Australia | 2023 |
* Works and details of different works by Tadao Ando
* Langen Foundation
* Langen Foundation
* Langen Foundation
* Pulitzer Arts Foundation
* Honpuku Temple (Water Temple)
* Suntory Museum in Osaka
* Akita Museum of Art, stairs
* Lee Ufan museum
* Westin Awaji Island Hotel
* Hyogo prefectural museum of art
* Hyogo prefectural museum of art
* The Shikokumura gallery
* Asahi Beer Oyamazaki Villa Museum of Art, Kyoto
* Lincoln park house, Chicago
* Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, showing the reflecting pool
* Himeji City Museum of Literature
* Azuma House
* View from Akita Museum of Art
* Mount Rokko Chapel
* Suntory Museum, showing the staircase and the inside structure
* City Museum of Literature
* Chikatsu Asuka museum
* Awaji Yumebutai in Awaji, Hyogo prefecture, Japan
* Awaji Yumebutai, showing the view and the stairs down
* Suntory Museum, the parallelepiped intersecting the spherical body of the IMAX theatre, shown in profile
* Rokko Housing I and II, Kobe
* Vitra Conference Pavillon
* Langen Foundation at night
* Osaka Prefectural Sayamaike Museum

## Awards

| Award | Organization/location | Country | Date |
| Annual Prize (Row House, Sumiyoshi) | Architectural Institute of Japan | Japan | 1979 |
| Cultural Design Prize (Rokko Housing One and Two) | Tokyo | Japan | 1983 |
| Alvar Aalto Medal | Finnish Association of Architects | Finland | 1985 |
| Gold Medal of Architecture | French Academy of Architecture | France | 1989 |
| Carlsberg Architectural Prize (International) | New Carlsberg Foundation, Copenhagen | Denmark | 1992 |
| Japan Art Academy Prize | Japan Art Academy | Japan | 1993 |
| Asahi Prize | Tokyo | Japan | 1994 |
| Pritzker Architecture Prize (International) | Chicago | United States | 1995 |
| Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres | Paris | France | 1995 |
| Praemium Imperiale First “FRATE SOLE” Award in Architecture | Japan Art Association | Japan | 1996 |
| Officier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres | Paris | France | 1997 |
| Royal Gold Medal | RIBA | Great Britain | 1997 |
| AIA Gold Medal | American Institute of Architects | United States | 2002 |
| Kyoto Prize | Inamori Foundation | Japan | 2002 |
| Person of Cultural Merit | Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology | Japan | 2003 |
| UIA Gold Medal | International Union of Architects | France | 2005 |
| Order of Culture | The Emperor | Japan | 2010 |
| Neutra Medal for Professional Excellence | Cal Poly Pomona College of Environmental Design | United States | 2012 |
| Grand Officer of the Order of the Star of Italy | Rome | Italy | 2013 |
| Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres | Paris | France | 2013 |
| Commandeur de l'Ordre de la Légion d'Honneur | Paris | France | 2021 |
| Compasso d'Oro | Milan | Italy | 2024 |