# Holy Motors

Holy Motors is a 2012 surrealist fantasy drama film written and directed by Leos Carax and starring Denis Lavant and Édith Scob. Lavant plays Mr. Oscar, a man who appears to have a job as an actor, as he is seen dressing up in different costumes and performing various roles in several locations around Paris over the course of a day, though no cameras or audiences are ever seen around him. The film competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.

## Plot

A man wakes up and finds a secret door in his hotel room. He opens it and wanders into a movie theater full of sleeping patrons. A naked child and several dogs wander the aisles.
Meanwhile, in Paris, a rich man waves goodbye to his family and gets into a white limousine. His driver, Céline, calls him Mr. Oscar and tells him he has nine appointments that day. He reads a file, uncovers a mirror, and begins to brush a grey wig. Over the course of the day, he:
* plays an old woman beggar on the Pont Alexandre III.
* dons a motion capture suit and enters an empty sound stage, where he performs action sequences while being directed by an unseen man. A woman in a motion capture suit enters, and the pair perform movements that are used to create a sex scene between animated snakelike creatures.
* plays the role of Monsieur Merde, an eccentric and violent red-haired man who lives in the sewers and kidnaps a beautiful model called Kay M. from a photo shoot in a cemetery.
* plays a father who picks up his daughter from a party in an old red car. They argue when the daughter reveals she spent the party hiding in the bathroom instead of socializing.
* (as an interlude) plays a song on the accordion in a church with an ever-growing group of musicians.
* plays a gangster assigned to murder a man who looks identical to him. After he has stabbed the man in the neck and carved scars into the man's face that match his own, the victim suddenly stabs Oscar in the neck. Oscar manages to limp his way back to the limousine, seemingly severely injured. While Oscar is removing his makeup, a man with a port-wine stain on his face reveals his presence in the limo. The man asks Oscar if he still enjoys his work, since he has looked "tired" recently. Oscar admits it is harder now that he cannot see the cameras, but says he continues for "the beauty of the act".
* yells at Céline to stop, runs from the limo wearing a red balaclava covered with barbed wire, and shoots a banker who looks just like he did in the morning when he left for his first appointment. He is gunned down by the banker's bodyguards and Céline rushes to him. As she leads him away, she apologizes and says there has been a mix-up.
* plays the elderly "Mr. Vogan", who enters a hotel and gets into bed in one of the rooms. Vogan's niece Léa enters, they talk about their lives, and he dies. While Léa cries, Oscar gets out of bed and excuses himself to go to another appointment. He asks Léa her real name, and she says it is Élise and that she also has another appointment.
* (in what does not seem to be one of his appointments) is almost hit by another white limousine, whose female passenger he recognizes. Still in pajamas, Oscar asks if they can talk, and they go to the abandoned La Samaritaine building, where Jean (the woman) says they have 20 minutes to catch up on the past 20 years before her "partner" arrives and she will play the last night of an air hostess named Eva Grace. As they ascend to the roof of the building, she sings a wistful song that indicates she and Oscar "once had a child". Oscar leaves her and, avoiding the male partner on the staircase, returns to his limo. When he sees that Eva and the partner have jumped to their deaths from the top of the building, he lets out an anguished cry and runs past them and directly back into the limo as he does so.
* plays a man whose wife and children are chimpanzees.
Alone, Céline drives to the Holy Motors garage, which is filled with other limousines. She parks, places a teal mask on her face, and leaves. The moment she is gone, the limousines begin to talk to one another, expressing fear that they are outdated and unwanted.

## Cast

* Denis Lavant as Mr. Oscar / The Banker / The Beggar / The Motion Capture Actor / Monsieur Merde / The Father / The Accordionist / The Killer / The Killed / The Dying / The Man at Home
* Édith Scob as Céline
* Eva Mendes as Kay M.
* Kylie Minogue as Eva Grace (Jean)
* Élise L'Homeau as Léa (Élise)
* Jeanne Disson as Angèle
* Michel Piccoli as The Man with a Birthmark
* Leos Carax as The Sleeper

## Production
### Development

Before the production of Holy Motors, Carax had tried to fund a big English-language film for five years. Financiers were reluctant to invest, so Carax, whose previous feature film was Pola X in 1999, decided to make a smaller French-language film first, with the aim of regaining prominence in international cinema. Taking inspiration from the omnibus Tokyo!, for which he had made a commissioned short film (Merde, which featured the original appearance of the character Monsieur Merde), he wrote a cheap film intended for his regular collaborator Denis Lavant. Carax was able to sway potential investors concerned with the film's budget by switching to digital photography, a process of which he strongly disapproves.
The spark for the film came from Carax's observation that stretch limousines were being increasingly used for weddings. He was interested in their bulkiness, saying: "They're outdated, like the old futurist toys of the past. I think they mark the end of an era, the era of large, visible machines." From that grew an idea for a film about the increasing digitalisation of society, a science-fiction scenario where organisms and visible machines share a common superfluity. The opening scene was inspired by the E. T. A. Hoffmann novella Don Juan, about a man who discovers a secret door in his bedroom that leads to an opera house.
Holy Motors was produced through Pierre Grise Productions for a budget of €3.9 million, which included money from the CNC, Île-de-France region, Arte France, Canal+, and Ciné+. It was a 20% German co-production through the company Pandora, and received €350,000 from the Franco-German co-production support committee.

### Casting

Of the lead role, Carax said: "If Denis had said no, I would have offered the part to Lon Chaney or to Chaplin. Or to Peter Lorre or Michel Simon, all of whom are dead."
Édith Scob had previously worked with Carax on Les Amants du Pont-Neuf, but was then almost entirely cut out, so Carax felt he owed her a larger role. He also thought Holy Motors was indebted to Georges Franju's Eyes Without a Face, in which Scob starred, and decided to give an explicit nod to the film by casting her.
The character Kay M. came from a canceled project that was supposed to star Lavant and Kate Moss and follow the Merde character from Tokyo! in the United States. Eva Mendes was offered the role after she and Carax met at a film festival and agreed to make a film together.
Carax discovered Kylie Minogue after Claire Denis suggested her for a canceled project.
Michel Piccoli's role was originally intended for Carax himself, but he decided it would be misleading to cast a filmmaker. When Piccoli was cast, the idea was to make him unrecognizable and credit him under a pseudonym, but news of his casting reached the media, so that plan was dropped.

### Filming and post-production

Principal photography took place in Paris. Filming started in September 2011 and ended in November.
The music in the film includes Minogue performing the song "Who Were We?" by Carax and Neil Hannon, as well as Dmitri Shostakovich's String Quartet No. 15 and the track "Sinking of Bingou-Maru" from Godzilla. There are also songs by Sparks, Manset, KONGOS, and R. L. Burnside.

## Release

The film premiered on 23 May 2012 in competition at the 65th Cannes Film Festival, after which Variety reported that the screening was met with "whooping and hollering" and "a storm of critical excitement on Twitter". It was released in France on 4 July 2012 through Les Films du Losange.

## Reception
### Critical reception

On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 92% based on 196 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2/10; the website's critical consensus reads: "Mesmerizingly strange and willfully perverse, Holy Motors offers an unforgettable visual feast alongside a spellbinding – albeit unapologetically challenging – narrative." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average of score of 84/100 based on 34 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".
Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian rated the film five out of five and wrote: "Leos Carax's Holy Motors is weird and wonderful, rich and strange – barking mad, in fact. It is wayward, kaleidoscopic, black comic and bizarre; there is in it a batsqueak of genius, dishevelment and derangement; it is captivating and compelling. ... [T]his is what we have all come to Cannes for: for something different, experimental, a tilting at windmills, a great big pole-vault over the barrier of normality by someone who feels that the possibilities of cinema have not been exhausted by conventional realist drama." He later named it one of the year's 10 best films. Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the film five stars, writing: "It is a film about the stuff of cinema itself, and is perhaps the strongest contender for the Palme d’Or yet." On his "Views From The Edge" blog, Spencer Hawken wrote: "Holy Motors is a mind-boggling movie, with oodles of character; it’s funny, emotional, and surprising. It has images that will stay in your head, most notably the accordion interlude, which comes completely out of nowhere, and really takes things up a gear." William Goss of Film.com wrote: "In terms of pure cinematic sensation, Holy Motors stands as one of the most delightfully enigmatic movies that I've seen in quite some time." Manohla Dargis of The New York Times called Holy Motors one of 2012's 10 best films.
The film placed fourth on Sight and Sound's critics' poll of the best films of 2012, third on The Village Voice's annual poll of film critics, and first on both Film Comment's and Indiewire's year-end film critics' polls. French film magazine Cahiers du cinéma also named Holy Motors the best film of the year. In 2016, it was chosen as the 16th-greatest film of the 21st century by a worldwide group of critics polled by the BBC. Swedish filmmaker Ruben Östlund named it one of his top ten films in the 2022 Sight and Sound poll.

### Best lists

Holy Motors was on numerous critics' and publications' lists of the best films of 2012.
* 1st – Michael Sicinski
* 1st – Les Inrockuptibles
* 1st – Matt Singer, IndieWire
* 1st – David Ehrlich, IndieWire
* 1st – Richard Brody, The New Yorker
* 1st – Eric Kohn, IndieWire
* 1st – Film Comment
* 1st – Cahiers du Cinéma
* 2nd – Miriam Bale, Fandor
* 2nd – Jonathan Marlow, Fandor
* 2nd – Kevin B. Lee, Fandor
* 2nd – Andrew O'Hehir, Salon
* 2nd – Karina Longworth, The Village Voice
* 2nd – Slant
* 3rd – Nick Schager, Slant
* 3rd – Bilge Ebiri, They live by night
* 3rd – Cinema Scope
* 4th – Manohla Dargis, The New York Times
* 4th – Little White Lies
* 4th – The A.V. Club
* 4th – Scott Tobias, The A.V. Club
* 5th – Ty Burr, The Boston Globe
* 5th – Peter Bradshaw, The Guardian
* 5th – Noel Murray, The A.V. Club
* 5th – Darren Hughes, Long Pauses
* 5th – Reverse Shot
* 6th – Allison Willmore, The A.V. Club
* 7th – Sean Burns, Philadelphia Weekly
* 7th – Ben Sachs, The Chicago Reader
* 8th – Wesley Morris, The Boston Globe
* Top 8 (unranked) – Anthony Lane, The New Yorker
* 9th – The L Magazine
* 9th – Glenn Kenny, Some Came Running
* 10th – Fernando F. Croce, Slant
* 10th – Matt Prigge, Philadelphia Weekly
* 10th – Keith Phipps, The A.V. Club
* Top 10 (unranked) – David Edelstein, New York
* 12th – Sam Adams, The A.V. Club
* 13th – Empire
* Top 15 (unranked) – Dana Stevens, Slate
* Top 16 (unranked) – Dennis Cooper
* 20th – The Huffington Post
* Top 20 (unranked) – Michael Phillips, The Chicago Tribune
* Top 25 (narrative films, unranked);– Dennis Harvey, The San Francisco Bay Guardian
It was also featured on many critics' and publications' lists of the best films of the 2010s:
* 2nd – Cahiers du Cinéma
* 3rd – Rolling Stone
* 4th – Film Comment
* 5th – Jonathan Rosenbaum as submitted to Caimán Cuadernos de Cine
* 6th – IndieWire
* 7th – Reverse Shot
* 9th – Jordan Cronk
* 9th – Glenn Kenny, Some Came Running
* 10th – Cinema Scope
* 11th – Matt Singer, ScreenCrush
* Top 11 (unranked) – Miriam Bale
* 13th – Hyperallergic
* 14th – The A.V. Club
* 16th – Ty Burr, The Boston Globe
* Top 17 (unranked);– Eric Allen Hatch
* Top 21 (between 12-21, unranked) – Nicole Brenez as submitted to The Toronto Film Review
* 25th – Jordan Ruimy, World of Reel
* Top 27 (unranked);– Richard Brody, The New Yorker
* 36th – The Playlist
* 43rd – Time Out (New York)
* 43rd – Susannah Gruder
* Top 50 (unranked);– Nellie Killian
* 59th – Paste
* Top 70 (between 26-70, unranked) – RogerEbert.com
* 90th – Film School Rejects

## Accolades

| Award | Date of ceremony | Category | Nominee(s) | Result |
| Austin Film Critics Association | 18 December 2012 | Best Foreign Language Film | Leos Carax | Won |
| Austin Film Critics Association | 18 December 2012 | Best Film | Best Film | Nominated |
| Bodil Awards | 16 March 2013 | Best Non-American Film | Leos Carax | Nominated |
| Boston Society of Film Critics | 9 December 2012 | Best Actor | Denis Lavant | 2nd place |
| 2nd place ||
| Cannes Film Festival | 16–27 May 2012 | Prize of the Youth | Leos Carax | Won |
| Cannes Film Festival | 16–27 May 2012 | Palme d'Or | Leos Carax | Nominated |
| Chicago Film Critics Association | 17 December 2012 | Best Actor | Denis Lavant | Nominated |
| Nominated ||
| Chicago International Film Festival | 19 October 2012 | Gold Hugo for Best International Feature | Leos Carax | Won |
| Chicago International Film Festival | 19 October 2012 | Silver Hugo for Best Actor | Denis Lavant | Won |
| Chicago International Film Festival | 19 October 2012 | Silver Hugo for Best Cinematography | Yves Cape, Caroline Champetier | Won |
| César Awards | 22 February 2013 | Best Actor | Denis Lavant | Nominated |
| César Awards | 22 February 2013 | Best Cinematography | Caroline Champetier | Nominated |
| César Awards | 22 February 2013 | Best Director | Leos Carax | Nominated |
| César Awards | 22 February 2013 | Best Editing | Nelly Quettier | Nominated |
| César Awards | 22 February 2013 | Best Film | Maurice Tinchant (producer) Martine Marignac (producer) Leos Carax (director) | Nominated |
| César Awards | 22 February 2013 | Best Original Screenplay | Leos Carax | Nominated |
| César Awards | 22 February 2013 | Best Production Design | Florian Sanson | Nominated |
| César Awards | 22 February 2013 | Best Sound | Erwan Kerzanet Josefina Rodríguez Emmanuel Croset | Nominated |
| César Awards | 22 February 2013 | Best Supporting Actress | Édith Scob | Nominated |
| Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association | 18 December 2012 | Best Foreign Language Film | Best Foreign Language Film | | Nominated |
| Fotogramas de Plata | | Best Foreign Film | Leos Carax | Won |
| Gopos Awards | 25 March 2013 | Best European Film | Leos Carax | Won |
| London Film Critics' Circle | 20 January 2013 | Foreign Language Film of the Year | Foreign Language Film of the Year | Nominated |
| London Film Critics' Circle | 20 January 2013 | Technical Achievement | Bernard Floch (makeup) | Nominated |
| Los Angeles Film Critics Association | 9 December 2012 | Best Foreign Language Film | Leos Carax | Won |
| Los Angeles Film Critics Association | 9 December 2012 | Best Actor | Denis Lavant | 2nd place |
| National Society of Film Critics | 5 January 2013 | Best Actor | Denis Lavant | 2nd place |
| New York Film Critics Circle | 3 December 2012 | Best Foreign Language Film | Best Foreign Language Film | | 2nd place |
| Online Film Critics Society | 24 December 2012 | Best Film Not in the English Language | Best Film Not in the English Language | Won |
| Online Film Critics Society | 24 December 2012 | Best Actor | Denis Lavant | Nominated |
| Online Film Critics Society | 24 December 2012 | Best Director | Leos Carax | Nominated |
| Nominated ||
| Robert Awards | | Best Non-American Film | Leos Carax | Nominated |
| San Diego Film Critics Society | 11 December 2012 | Best Foreign Language Film | Best Foreign Language Film | | Nominated |
| Sitges Film Festival | 4–14 October 2012 | Best Director | Leos Carax | Won |
| Sitges Film Festival | 4–14 October 2012 | Best Film | Leos Carax | Won |
| Sitges Film Festival | 4–14 October 2012 | Premi José Luis Guarner | Leos Carax | Won |
| Toronto Film Critics Association | 26 February 2013 | Best Actor | Denis Lavant | Won |
| Toronto Film Critics Association | 26 February 2013 | Best Director | Leos Carax | Nominated |
| Nominated ||
| Vancouver Film Critics Circle | 7 January 2013 | Best Foreign Language Film | Best Foreign Language Film | Won |