OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alnage

Alnage, or aulnage (from Old French aune, ell; parallel to "yardage") was the official supervision of the shape and quality of manufactured woolen cloth.

## Origins

The alnage was first ordered in 1196, during the reign of Richard I, that "woollen cloths, wherever they are made, shall be of the same width, to wit, of two ells within the lists, and of the same goodness in the middle and sides." This ordinance is usually known as the Assize of Measures or the Assize of Cloth. Article 35 of Magna Carta re-enacted the Assize of Cloth, and in the reign of Edward I an official called an "alnager" or "aulnager" was appointed to enforce it. His duty was to measure each piece of cloth, and to affix a stamp to show that it was of the necessary size and quality. If faulty, the cloth was forfeit to the crown.

## Later developments

As, however, the diversity of the wool and the importation of cloths of various sizes from abroad made it impossible to maintain any specific standard of width, the rules as to size were repealed in 1353. The increased growth of the woolen trade, and the introduction of new and lighter drapery in the reign of Elizabeth I, compelled a revision of the old standards. A statute was passed in 1665 creating the office of alnager of the new drapery, and defining the sizes to which cloth should be woven. The object of the statute was to prevent people being deceived by buying spurious woolen cloth, and to provide against fraud and imposition. Owing to the introduction of the alternative standard, a distinction arose between "broadcloth" (broadwoven cloth of two yards) and "streit" or "strait" (narrow cloth of one yard). The meaning now attached to broadcloth, however, is often merely that of material of specific type. Alnage duties and the office of alnager were abolished in 1699.
# List of Soviet films of 1925

A list of films produced in the Soviet Union in 1925 (see 1925 in film).

## 1925

| Title | Russian title | Director | Cast | Genre | Notes |
| 1925 ||||||
| Aero NT-54 | Аэро НТ-54 | Nikolai Petrov | Elena Korchagina-Alexandrovskaya | Adventure | |
| The Case of Tariel Mklavadze | Дело Тариэла Мклавадзе | Ivane Perestiani | Kote Mikaberidze | Horror | |
| Battleship Potemkin | Броненосец «Потёмкин | Sergei Eisenstein | | Drama | |
| Chess Fever | Шахматная горячка | Vsevolod Pudovkin, Nikolai Shpikovsky | José Raúl Capablanca, Vladimir Fogel | Comedy | |
| Cross and Mauser | Крест и Маузер | Vladimir Gardin | Yevgeni Chervyakov | Adventure | |
| The Death Ray | Луч смерти | Lev Kuleshov | Porfiri Podobed, Vsevolod Pudovkin, Vladimir Fogel | Science fiction | Partially lost |
| Fedka's Truth | Федькина правда | Olga Preobrazhenskaya | | | |
| Gold Reserves | Золотй Запас | Vladimir Gardin | Yevgeni Chervyakov | Adventure | |
| His Call | Его призыв | Yakov Protazanov | Varvara Popova | Drama | |
| Jewish Happiness | Еврейское счастье | Alexis Granowsky | Solomon Mikhoels, Moisei Goldblat, Tamara Adelgeym | Comedy, romance | |
| Kommunit | Коммунит | Yakov Morin | Lyantse, Banovsky, Vladimir Shakhovsky, V. Arnoldov, Semyon Brümer | Propaganda | Lost film |
| The Marriage of the Bear | Медвежья свадьба | Vladimir Gardin, Konstantin Eggert | Konstantin Eggert, Vera Malinovskaya | Horror, fantasy, drama | |
| Mishki versus Yudenich | Мишки против Юденича | Grigori Kozintsev, Leonid Trauberg | Aleksandr Zavyalov | Comedy | Lost film |
| Namus | Намус | Hamo Beknazarian | Hovhannes Abelian, Hasmik | Drama | |
| The Stationmaster | Коллежский регистратор | Ivan Moskvin, Yuri Zhelyabuzhsky | Ivan Moskvin, Vera Malinovskaya, Vsevolod Aksyonov | Drama | |
| Stepan Khalturin | Степан Халтурин | Aleksandr Ivanovsky | Aleksandr Morozov, Angelina Raupenas, Nikolai Shmidtgof | Biopic | |
| Strike | Стачка | Sergei Eisenstein | Grigori Aleksandrov, Aleksandr Antonov | Historical drama | |
| The Tailor from Torzhok | Закройщик из Торжка | Yakov Protazanov | Igor Ilyinsky, Vera Maretskaya | Comedy | |
| You give Radio! | Даёшь радио! | Sergei Yutkevich | Boris Poslavsky, Pyotr Repnin | Comedy, short | Lost film |
| Who is the Guilty? | Наездник из Вайлд Вест | Alexandre Tsutsunava | Kote Mikaberidze | Western | |
# Cobthach mac Gabran

Cobthach mac Gabran was King of Ui Fiachrach Aidhne.
Cobthach's place among the early kings is uncertain. He is listed in the genealogies but there is no explicit reference to him in the annals. His reign lies somewhere between the years after 538 and 601.
His apparent predecessor, Goibnenn mac Conaill, is given as his uncle. His apparent successor, Colmán mac Cobthaig, is given as his son. The latter was the first king of Connacht from the Ui Fiachrach Aidhne.
# List of Soviet films of 1924

A list of films produced in the Soviet Union in 1924 (see 1924 in film).

## 1924

| Title | Russian title | Director | Cast | Genre | Notes |
| 1924 ||||||
| The Adventures of Oktyabrina | Похождения Октябрины | Grigori Kozintsev, Leonid Trauberg | Zinaida Torkhovskaya, Yevgeni Kumeiko, Sergei Martinson, Antonio Tserep | Comedy | Lost film |
| Aelita | Аэли́та | Yakov Protazanov | Yulia Solntseva, Igor Ilyinsky, Nikolai Tsereteli, Nikolai Batalov, Vera Orlova | Science fiction | |
| The Gang of Old Man Knysh | Банда батьки Кныша | Aleksandr Razumny | Pyotr Leontyev, Aleksandr Khachaturyants, Boris Shlikhting | Adventure | |
| Before the Hurricane | Буревестник | Kote Marjanishvili | Lado Kavsadze | Drama | |
| The Cigarette Girl from Mosselprom | Папиросница от Моссельпрома | Yuri Zhelyabuzhsky | Igor Ilyinsky, Yuliya Solntseva, Nikolai Tseretelli | Comedy | |
| The Extraordinary Adventures of Mr. West in the Land of the Bolsheviks | Необычайные Прикючения Мистера Веста в Стране Большевиков | Lev Kuleshov | Porfori Podobed, Boris Barnet | Comedy, Propaganda | First explicitly Anti-American film |
| The Golubin Manor | Особняк Голубиных | Vladimir Gardin | Alexandra Kartseva, Georgy Bobynin, Nina Li | Drama | |
| Maiden's Tower | Легенда о Девичьей башне | Vladimir Ballyuzek | Sofia Jozeffi, Vahram Papazyan, Ismayil Hidayatzada | Drama | |
| The Palace and the Fortress | Дворец и крепость | Aleksandr Ivanovsky | Yevgeni Boronikhin | Biopic, history, drama | |
| Red Partisans | Красные партизаны | Vyacheslav Viskovsky | Nikolay Dirin, Mikhail Lomakin, Nikolai Simonov, Valeri Solovtsov | War film | |
| The Red Web | Красный газ | Ivan Kalabukhov | Sergei Bartenev, Mikhail Lenin, Sergei Troitsky | War film | Lost film |
| Three Lives | Три жизни | Ivan Perestiani | Nato Vachnadze, Mikheil Gelovani, Dimitri Kipiani | Adventure | |
# Coat of arms of the Faroe Islands

The coat of arms of the Faroe Islands first appears on one of the medieval chairs in Kirkjubøur from around the 15th century. It depicts a silver ram (Faroese: Veðrur) passant with golden hooves and horns on an azure shield. Later uses show a ram in a seal used by the Løgrættumenn, members of the Old Faroese law Court, the Løgting.
When the Løgting was abolished in 1816, the coat of arms went out of use, not appearing even after the Løgting was reestablished in 1852 and the Faroe Islands were effectively outside direct Danish rule during the British occupation in World War II.
In 1948, the coat of arms came into use again after the Home Rule Act came into force, not by the Løgting (Parliament) but by the Landsstýri (Government). The old title Løgmaður had been reestablished, but this time as the leader of the government, and the coat of arms followed him.
On 1 April 2004, the Prime Minister's Office announced that from then on that it would use a new version of the coat of arms. This new interpretation was based on the original found depicted on the chairs from Kirkjubøur. The colours were inspired from the Faroese flag Merkið, and golden yellow was added. The new coat of arms depicts a ram on a blue shield ready to defend. It can be used by Cabinet Ministries and by official Faroese representatives, though some still use the old symbol.
* Old seal from 1533.
* Former government seal (or emblem)
* Coat of arms at the Faroese Embassy in Copenhagen
# Chloe Ting

Chloe Ting (born 9 April 1986) is an Australian fitness personality YouTuber based in New York. She is known as the most subscribed fitness content creator on YouTube, and for her workout programs, particularly her "Two Week Shred Challenge" which went viral on TikTok and YouTube during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.

## Early life and education

Ting was born in Brunei and moved to Melbourne, Australia at age 16. She has a Bachelor of Commerce from Monash University and later obtained a Master of Philosophy from the same institution. Ting is also a NASM Certified Personal Trainer.

## Career

Prior to starting a YouTube channel, Ting worked as an actuarial analyst. She has published a thesis on financial markets and was a Presenter & Chairperson at the Australasian Finance & Banking Conference.

### YouTube

Ting began her self-titled YouTube channel in 2011 while she was still working in statistics. She started posting videos from March 2016, when she was 29 years old. Originally, her content discussed fashion and travel, but by 2017, her channel became entirely focused on fitness. Her August 2019 video, "Get Abs in Two Weeks", went viral after other bloggers and vloggers tried the workouts depicted therein. As of September 2023, that video has 517 million views.
During summer 2020 when many were in quarantine due to COVID-19, Ting's "Two Week Shred Challenge" rose to popularity on the video-sharing application TikTok. In December 2020, YouTube released their official report for top trending videos and creators in 2020, with Ting appearing in charts worldwide across the US, UK, and Asia. Digital Journal determined that Ting was the most-influential at home workout content creator.
As of February 2024, Ting's YouTube channel has over 25 million subscribers.

### Defamation lawsuit

In 2021, Ting filed a defamation lawsuit against an individual and a company who made defamatory comments and content about her and her channel. In August 2023, Ting published a video titled "Finally talking about it." where she revealed the conclusion of the legal proceedings, and that it had concluded in her favour and she had received settlement sum payouts from both parties with the proceedings concluded.

## Personal life

In 2021, Ting left Melbourne and moved to Singapore. In 2023, Ting left Singapore and is now in New York. Ting is known to suffer from small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Ting's video production partner and boyfriend was Adrian. Chloe and Adrian broke up around April 2020 which she shares in her video titled "Juicy Q&A | Relationship, YouTube, Favorite workout". It is unclear if they still work together or not.

## Awards

Ting won a Streamy Award at the 2020 Streamy Awards for the Health and Wellness category. Ting was also a finalist in the Health & Wellness (Creative & Media) category at the 2020 Shorty Awards and a finalist in the category Best Online Entertainment at the 2020 AACTA Awards. Ting was nominated in the Health and Wellness category at the 2021 Streamy Awards.
# John Taubman

Major John Taubman (1746–1822) was a Manx politician.
He was born in Castletown, Isle of Man, the son of John and Esther (née Christian) Taubman and entered the Manx Parliament, the House of Keys in 1799, following the death of his father. He served as Speaker from 1799 until his death in 1822.
In 1799, he raised the Douglas Volunteers, of which he was Major Commandant. He also served as Major of the Isle of Man Volunteers. Both were military groups created to defend the island in the event of an invasion by Napoleon's forces.
He died at his home, the Nunnery, in Braddan, Isle of Man on 1 Dec 1822 and was buried at Kirk Malew. He had married Dorothy Christian, daughter of John Christian, in 1774. Their daughter Dorothy married Colonel Mark Wilks, Governor of St Helena, who succeeded him as Speaker.
# Fabian Messina

Fabian Messina Liriano (born 16 September 2002) is a professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for FSV Frankfurt. Born in Germany, he plays for the Dominican Republic national team.

## Club career

Messina is a youth product of Hoffenheim. He transferred to Sonnenhof Großaspach in the Regionalliga on 13 July 2021, where he began his senior career.

## International career

Born in Germany, Messina is of Italian and Dominican descent. He is a youth international for the Dominican Republic U23s, having represented them 3 times for the 2020 CONCACAF Men's Olympic Qualifying Championship. He debuted with the senior Dominican Republic national team in a 2–0 2022–23 CONCACAF Nations League B win over Belize on 2 June 2022.
# Alan Alan

Alan Alan (born Alan Rabinowitz, 30 November 1926 – 4 July 2014) was a British escapologist and magician. He originated tricks that have subsequently become familiar features of the repertoire of other performers and he was honoured by The Magic Circle.
Alan achieved fame through a series of stunts staged for the media. He made headline news in 1949 when a "buried alive" stunt, performed for Pathe News, nearly went wrong. He is credited with devising the burning-rope straitjacket escape, in which he is suspended upside-down from a crane with a length of thick rope doused with petrol; once ignited there is a short time to escape before the rope burns through.
He appeared in a number of television magic shows, including The Magic of David Copperfield. He also "taught" the inmates of Wormwood Scrubs prison how to escape from handcuffs in his performance with a number of other magicians. In more recent years he was seen on the Channel 4 TV show The Secret Cabaret with Simon Drake.
He was proprietor of Alan Alan's Magic Spot, a magic shop based on Southampton Row, London until its lease expired in the mid-1990s.
Alan's standing and influence in the world of magic was formally recognised in 2006 when The Magic Circle chose him to receive the coveted Maskelyne Award for services to British magic. He died on 4 July 2014, aged 87.
# Johannes Volkelt

Johannes Immanuel Volkelt (21 July 1848, Lipnik near Biala, Austrian Galicia – 8 May 1930, Leipzig) was a German philosopher.

## Biography

He was educated at Vienna, Jena, and Leipzig. He became professor of philosophy at Basel in 1883 and at Würzburg in 1889, and 1894 was made professor of philosophy and pedagogy in Leipzig.

## Philosophy

In philosophy, his main efforts have been his opposition to positivism and his attempt at a new metaphysical theory. His independent position was arrived at after successive periods in which he followed Hegel, Schopenhauer, and Hartmann.
Alongside Theodor Lipps and Stephan Witasek, he is considered one of the most important representatives of the psychology of aesthetics. He is particularly noted for his investigations of the concept of empathy as a fundamental principle of the theory of art. He proposed that experiencing a work of art with empathy has two variations: "proper empathy" (eigentliche Einfühlung) and "empathy of mood" (Stimmungseinfühlung). His thoughts on Einfühlung and the emphatic process were documented in his work System der Ästhetik.

## Dream interpretation

Volkelt spent time analysing the meaning of dreams, and captured his analysis in Die Traumphantasie. He is cited several times in The Interpretation of Dreams as a foundation for Sigmund Freud's claims.
Volkelt believed that elements of a dream were directly related to the body of the dreamer, such as a dreamed roaring stove representing the dreamer's lungs.

## Works

His more important works are:
* Pantheismus und Individualismus im System Spinozas (1872)
* Die Traumphantasie (1875)
* Kants Erkenntnistheorie, a searching piece of criticism (1879)
* Erfahrung und Denken. Kritische Grundlegung der Erkenntnistheorie became a standard textbook on epistemology, especially due to its thorough examination of the concept of 'experience'. (Hamburg and Leipzig, 1886) Reprinted with introduction and Index by Harald Schwaetzer 2000.
* Aesthetische Zeitfragen (1895)
* Arthur Schopenhauer, seine Persönlichkeit, seine Lehre, sein Glaube (1900)
* Die Kunst des Individualisierens in den Dichtungen Jean Pauls (1902)
* System der Aesthetik (1905—14)
* Phänomenologie und Metaphysik der Zeit (1925)
# Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani

Ayn-al-Qużāt Hamadānī, also spelled Ain-al Quzat Hamedani or ʿAyn-al Qudat Hamadhani (1098–1131) (Persian: عین‌ القضات همدانی), was a Persian jurist, mystic, philosopher, poet and mathematician who was executed at the age of 33.

## Title

Ayn-al-Qużat in Arabic means "the pearl of the judges": Ayn means the eye, implying something very valuable, and Qozat is the plural of Qadi, which means judge.

## Life

Ayn al-Quzat was born in Hamedan and his ancestors were of Hamedan judges. His full name is Abu’l-maʿālī ʿabdallāh Bin Abībakr Mohammad Mayānejī (Persian: ابو المعالی عبدالله بن ابی‌ بکر محمد میانجی). He was a disciple of Ahmad Ghazali and devoted of Hallaj. He became a famous scholar at early age, and by the time he was thirty he was chosen to be a judge. Along with Abu Hamed Al-Ghazali, he is one of the founders of doctrinal Sufism. According to some accounts, he was briefly a pupil of Omar Khayyam. Upon his return from pilgrimage, Khayyam likely stayed in Hamadan for some time. It is possible that during his stay he became tutor to the young Ain al-Quzat.$^{:351}$ However, Aminrazavi (2007) believes that from the figures who may have studied with Khayyam Ain al-Quzat is the least likely and that arguing their association is wishful thinking by those who like to view Khayyam as a Sufi.$^{:23}$ Unlike most of the Sufis who have lived as respected and revered members of their communities, he fell afoul of the Seljuk rulers and was accused of heresy and executed, either by crucifixion or burning.$^{:70}$
Ayn al-Quzat along with Mansur al-Hallaj and Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi are known as the three martyrs of Sufism.

## Work

The most significant works of Ayn al-Qożāt are Tamhīdāt (تمهیدات; Preludes) and Zubdat al-ḥaqāʾiq fī kašf al-ḵalāʾeq (زبدة الحقائق في کشف الخلائق; The Essence of Truth). Both books are masterpieces of Sufi literature and have mystical and philosophical significance. Ayn al-Qożāt Hamadānī quoted a few verses apparently in his own Iranian dialect (where it is called fahlavī; bayt-e pahlavī in a manuscript variant).

## Poetry

A famous quatrain is said to be his:
This quatrain refers to his execution by Caliph's order.
# Wilbur D. and Hattie Cannon House

The Wilbur D. and Hattie Cannon House (also known as the Cannon-Gay House and the McCloskey House) is a historic house located at 320 Melrose Avenue in Iowa City, Iowa.

## Description and history

Wilbur Cannon is a member of one of the early families who settled Johnson County. He had this two-story, brick Italianate house built in 1884 in an area west of the Iowa River known as West Lucas. It was home to farmsteads and country estates that were located within a mile or two of the downtown area. As the city expanded, it absorbed these estates and the houses, such as this one, became city residences. The house follows an asymmetrical plan and includes typical Italianate features such as its window and door treatments, the heavy cornice, and the double brackets under the eaves.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 7, 1994.
# Mazanówka

Mazanówka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Tuczna, within Biała Podlaska County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 9 km (6 mi) south-west of Tuczna, 31 km (19 mi) south-east of Biała Podlaska, and 85 km (53 mi) north-east of the regional capital Lublin.
# Song Zhaosu

Song Zhaosu (Chinese: 宋照肃; pinyin: Sòng Zhàosù; March 1941 – 25 July 2022) was a Chinese politician.

## Early life and education

He was born in Nanyang, Henan. He graduated from Zhengzhou University in 1964 and a year later joined the Chinese Communist Party.

## Career

Song Zhaosu had started his political career as the head of the Organization Department of Zhoukou District Committee in Zhoukou, Henan province. Later on, he served as deputy secretary of the Shangshui County Committee and then was its magistrate and secretary of Taikang County. Following that he became a secretary of both Zhoukou and Xuchang districts as well as of Standing Committee of the National People's Congress and Political and Legal Committee of the Henan Provincial Party Committee. In 1988 he became a member of the Standing Committee and then was appointed vice-governor of his home province. Zhaosu was then appointed a governor and served there from 1999 to 2001 and from that year till 2003 was a Communist Party Committee Secretary of Gansu. On 22 April 2002, he was elected as the secretary of the provincial party committee at the 10th meeting of the CCP Gansu Provincial Committee. From January 2003 to August of the same year, he served as the director of the Standing Committee of the Gansu Provincial People's Congress. In August 2003, he served as deputy director of the 10th People's Congress Environment and Resources Protection Committee.
He also served as an alternate member of the 15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party and was a member of its 16th Central Committee. In March 2005, he was elected as a member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress in the Third Session of the 10th National People's Congress.

## Death

On 25 July 2022, he died from an illness in Shanghai, at the age of 81.
# Emsger

Emsger or South Bishop is an islet situated west of Ramsey Island, Pembrokeshire, Wales. It is the largest of the Bishops and Clerks group of islets and rocks.

## Etymology

Its name can also be shown as Em-sger, Emskir or Emskyr. The second element is from Old Norse sker – a skerry, an isolated rock in the sea.

## Lighthouse

The South Bishop Lighthouse, designed by James Walker, was built on the island and started operating in 1839.
It reaches a height of 37 metres (121 feet), North Bishop reaching 44 metres (144 feet).
# Florida State Road 373

State Road 373 (SR 373) or C.K. Steele Memorial Highway is a 1.708-mile-long (2.749 km) east–west state highway in Tallahassee, in the northern part of the U.S. state or Florida. It travels along Orange Avenue between SR 371 and SR 61. In 2018, the Florida Legislature designated the roadway as C.K. Steele Memorial Highway in honor of late civil rights leader Charles Kenzie Steele.
The highway continues eastward along Orange Avenue as County Road 373 (CR 373) until it reaches Blair Stone Road, onto which it turns and travels until reaching U.S. Route 27 (US 27; Apalachee Parkway).
A spur route, SR 373A, formerly traveled south along Springhill Road (CR 2203) to SR 267 in Wakulla County.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Tallahassee, Leon County.
| mi | km | Destinations |
| 0.000 | 0.000 | SR 371 (Lake Bradford Road / Orange Avenue West) |
| 0.347 | 0.558 | CR 2203 (Springhill Road) |
| 1.565 | 2.519 | SR 363 (South Adams Street) |
| 1.708 | 2.749 | SR 61 (South Monroe Street) / CR 373 east (East Orange Avenue) |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi ||||