# World Schools Debating Championships

The World Schools Debating Championships (WSDC) is an annual English-language debating tournament for high school-level teams representing different nations.

## History

The championships were first held in August 1988 in Australia, as part of the Australian Bicentenary celebrations. Members of the Australian Debating Federation were aware that the World Universities Debating Championship was to be hosted by the University of Sydney in January that year, but no similar event for high school students existed at the time. However the rapid growth of the university championships since its founding in 1981 showed the potential for international debating competitions. Christopher Erskine took on the task of organising the first world schools championships, which was then called the Bicentennial International School Students Debating Championships. Six nations competed in the inaugural tournament – Australia, Canada, England, Hong Kong, New Zealand and the United States. The teams flew into different cities in Australia for their first debates, before meeting-up in Canberra for the second week of the competition. The event was ultimately won by Canada, who defeated Australia in the Grand Final.
The success of the 1988 event saw Canada offer to host the second championship two years later in 1990. That year, the event was called the World Debating Championships. Seven teams took part in the 1990 competition, with first-time participants Scotland emerging as champions.
In 1991, the championships were held in Edinburgh, and the event took on its present name of the World Schools Debating Championships. Since then, the championships have rapidly grown in size.
Each nation is entitled to enter one team. As with some other international competitions (such as the FIFA World Cup), the nations of the United Kingdom are allowed to take part individually, as are dependent territories (such as Bermuda) and special regions of some countries (such as Hong Kong).
All debates in the championship are in English. This is for practical reasons, but it means that many teams debate in what is for them a foreign language. This has not stopped a number of these teams being very successful. China and India have won one world title each. Pakistan and Sri Lanka have reached the Grand Final; while the Philippines, Argentina, Peru, Greece and Israel have all reached the semi-finals. Special awards have been introduced for the highest-ranked teams made-up of English-as-a-second-language (ESL) and English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) speakers.
To show that debate is universal, hosts in non-English-speaking nations have often showcased demonstration (non-competition) debates in their own language during the championships. A notable example was in Lima in 2003, where the teams from Argentina and Peru gave a demonstration debate in Spanish (but in the World Schools style) in the Congress of Peru chamber.
Due to the global COVID-19 pandemic, the championship which was due to be held in Mexico City in 2020 was switched to being an Online World Schools Debating Championship, with all the debates conducted through Zoom. The 2021 championship hosted by Macau and the 2022 championship hosted by the Netherlands were also conducted online. In 2023, the championship resumed in person in Hanoi.

## Format

World Schools Debating Championship debates use a special format known as 'World Schools Style Debating'. This is a combination of the Asian Parliamentary and Australian formats, designed to meet the needs of the tournament. Each debate comprises a total of eight speeches delivered by two three-member teams (the Proposition and the Opposition). Each speaker delivers an eight-minute speech; then both teams deliver a "reply speech" lasting four minutes, with the last word being reserved for the Proposition. Between the end of the first and the beginning of the last minute of an eight-minute speech, the opposing party may offer "points of information". The speaker may refuse these, but should take at least one or two points during his or her speech.
The style of debate was originally a compromise and not used apart from the championship. However, the style has since been embraced by many countries for their national competitions, including Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Israel, Lithuania, New Zealand, Nigeria, Pakistan, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, South Korea, Sri Lanka and Wales.
The WSDC normally takes place over the course of ten days. Each national team competes in eight preliminary debates: four prepared debates (the motion having been announced a few weeks before the start of the tournament) and four impromptu debates (for which teams have one hour to prepare). Once the eight preliminary rounds have been completed, the 16 best teams compete in knock-out debates (known as the Octofinals) culminating in a Grand Final. In some instances, such as the 2024 Serbia WSDC, knock out debates begin at the "Double-Octofinals" of 32 teams. For each debate, a panel of three judges (or more in later rounds) mark each debater on their content, style and strategy on speaker score between 60-80. The speaker score of most debaters are in the low 70s, with the highest scoring individual usually scoring below 75. The reply speech is scored on a scale between 30-40. In each debate, the team with the most 'ballots' win the debate. Each judge has one ballot, which they give to the team they believe won the debate, by convention the team with the higher total speaker score.
In deciding which teams proceed to the knock-out rounds, the WSDC has a systematic standard of determination. Teams are ranked on the number of wins they have. If teams are tied on the number of wins, they will then be separated on the number of ballots given to the team. If the number of ballots are tied, rankings are then determined based on the average speaker scores of the teams. Teams which score above a particular ranking will then qualify for the knock out rounds.
In determining the number of teams that proceed to the knockout rounds, the rules is as follows: If there are 12 teams or fewer, 4 teams will qualify for the knock out rounds (Semi finals); if there are 13-24 teams, 8 teams will qualify for the knock out rounds (Quarter finals); if there are 25-47 teams, 16 teams will qualify for the knock out rounds (Octo finals). If there is more than 47 teams, the following metric is used:
* If 24 or fewer teams win 5 or more preliminary round debates, 24 teams shall qualify for the knock-out rounds,
* If more than 24 but less than 32 teams win 5 or more preliminary round debates, the number of teams which qualify for the knock-out rounds shall be the number of teams which won 5 or more preliminary round debates or half the number of teams competing in the preliminary rounds (rounded down to the nearest whole number), whichever is the smaller number of teams
* If 32 or more teams win 5 or more preliminary round debates, the number of teams which qualify for the knock-out rounds shall be 32 teams or half the number of teams competing in the preliminary rounds (rounded down to the nearest whole number), whichever is the smaller number of teams
If there 24-32 teams qualifying for the knock-out rounds, the following formula is used:
| Teams qualifying for the knock-out rounds | Teams proceeding directly to the Octofinals | Team participating in the Partial Double Octofinals |
| 24 | 8 | 16 |
| 25 | 7 | 18 |
| 26 | 6 | 20 |
| 27 | 5 | 22 |
| 28 | 4 | 24 |
| 29 | 3 | 26 |
| 30 | 2 | 28 |
| 31 | 1 | 30 |
| 32 | 0 | 32 |
A notable difference between WSDC and the World Individual Debating and Public Speaking Championships – the other major international competition of its type – is that WSDC's primary focus is on ranking each country's team as opposed to its individual participants.

## Charter of the World Schools Debating Championships

The aims of the World Schools Debating Championships are:
* To encourage and advance the education of young people in communication skills through conducting debating events.
* To achieve excellence in debating by young people through annually conducting the World Schools Debating Championships.
* To promote international understanding and free speech through debating to help young people develop their capabilities that they may grow to full maturity as individuals and members of society.
In order to further these aims, all participating nations agree that:
* The team of any participating nation may be required to debate any issue.
* The team of any participating nation may be required to debate against the team of any other participating nation.
* The team of any participating nation is entitled to take part in the Championships on the same basis as any other participating nation's team.

## Past championships

| Year | Champions | Runners-up | Semi-finalists | Quarter-finalists | Venue | Best Speaker |
| 2025 | TBD | TBD | TBD & TBD | TBD & TBD & TBD & TBD | Panama City, Panama | TBD |
| 2024 | Scotland | Bulgaria | Qatar & Greece | South Korea & Taiwan & Singapore & England | Belgrade, Serbia | Jinjou Wang, Canada |
| 2023 | United States | Canada | Malaysia & Scotland | Hong Kong & India & Sri Lanka & Zimbabwe | Hanoi, Vietnam | Annushka Agarwal, Canada |
| 2022 | Hong Kong | China | Singapore & Sri Lanka | Ireland & Bangladesh & Malaysia & Canada | Online Championship (organised by the Netherlands) | Bowser Liu, China |
| 2021 | Canada | Hong Kong | Philippines & Singapore | Malaysia & China & Pakistan & Romania | Online Championship (organised by Macau with assistance from Germany) | Tobi Leung, Philippines |
| The 2020 online championship was held after the 2020 championship in Mexico was cancelled due to the global Covid-19 pandemic. |||||||
| 2020 | Canada | Sri Lanka | Ireland & Singapore | | Online Championship (organised by Mexico with assistance from Macau) | Ivan Buckland, South Africa & Jenna Hong, Hong Kong |
| 2019 | India | Canada | China & England | | Bangkok, Thailand | Tejas Subramaniam, India |
| 2018 | China | India | England & Singapore | | Zagreb, Croatia | Dhananjay Ashok, India |
| 2017 | Singapore | England | South Africa & United States | | Bali, Indonesia |
| 2016 | England | Canada | Australia & Hong Kong | | Stuttgart, Germany |
| 2015 | Singapore | Canada | Australia & Pakistan | | Singapore |
| 2014 | England | South Africa | Canada & Ireland | | Bangkok, Thailand |
| 2013 | Australia | Eswatini | Ireland & Singapore | | Antalya, Turkey |
| 2012 | Scotland | Wales | England & Philippines | | Cape Town, South Africa |
| 2011 | Singapore | Australia | Ireland & Scotland | | Dundee, Scotland |
| 2010 | Canada | England | Singapore & Wales | | Doha, Qatar |
| 2009 | New Zealand | England | Greece & Singapore | | Athens, Greece |
| 2008 | England | New Zealand | Greece & Scotland | | Washington DC, United States |
| 2007 | Scotland | Singapore | Canada & England | | Seoul, South Korea |
| 2006 | Australia | Ireland | Canada & Singapore | | Cardiff, Wales |
| 2005 | Australia | England | Argentina & Pakistan | | Calgary, Canada |
| 2004 | Australia | South Africa | England & Greece | | Stuttgart, Germany |
| 2003 | Australia | Singapore | England & Scotland | | Lima, Peru |
| 2002 | Ireland | Australia | England & Scotland | | Singapore |
| 2001 | Australia | Scotland | Singapore & South Africa | | Johannesburg, South Africa |
| 2000 | Australia | England | Israel & New Zealand | | Pittsburgh, United States |
| 1999 | Scotland | England | Australia & United States | | London, England |
| 1998 | Australia | Scotland | New Zealand & Peru | | Jerusalem, Israel |
| 1997 | Australia | England | Pakistan & Singapore | | Bermuda |
| 1996 | England | Pakistan | Scotland & Singapore | | Canberra, Australia |
| 1995 | New Zealand | Scotland | Australia & England | | Cardiff, Wales |
| 1994 | United States | Pakistan | Australia & Scotland | | New Zealand |
| 1993 | England | Scotland | Australia & United States | | Medicine Hat, Canada |
| 1992 | New Zealand | Scotland | | | London, England |
| 1991 | New Zealand | Australia | | | Edinburgh, Scotland |
| 1990 | Scotland | Australia | | | Winnipeg, Canada |
| 1989 | not held | not held | not held | not held |
| 1988 | Canada | Australia | | | Australia |

## Future Championships

The 2025 Championship is due to be held in Panama City, Panama. The 2026 Championship bid process is underway.

## Most successful nations

| Nation | Wins | Runner-ups |
| Australia | 9 | 5 |
| England | 5 | 7 |
| Scotland | 6 | 5 |
| New Zealand | 4 | 1 |
| Canada | 3* | 4 |
| Singapore | 3 | 2 |
| United States | 2 | 0 |
| China | 1 | 1 |
| Hong Kong | 1 | 1 |
| India | 1 | 1 |
| Ireland | 1 | 1 |
| Pakistan | 0 | 2 |
| South Africa | 0 | 2 |
| Eswatini | 0 | 1 |
| Wales | 0 | 1 | Bulgaria | 0 | 1 |
* In addition to winning the World Schools Debating Championships three times, Canada also won the Online World Schools Debating Championships in 2020. (Sri Lanka was the runner-up in that event.)

### By decade

* Most successful nation in the 2010s – Singapore (3 championships)
* Most successful nation in the 2000s – Australia (6 championships)
* Most successful nation in the 1990s – New Zealand (3 championships)

## ESL & EFL awards

Special awards are presented at each year's World Schools Debating Championships to the best-performing English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) and English-as-a-Foreign-Language (EFL) teams. These awards are open to teams from nations where English is not an official national language. To be eligible for the EFL award, a team must be predominantly made-up of students who do not come from English-speaking homes and who do not attend schools where English is used as a medium of instruction. The ESL award is for teams predominantly composed of students who are not first-language English-speakers, but who attend schools where some or all of the teaching is in English.
The EFL award was instituted in 2005. Prior to that, there was just one award for teams from non-English-speaking countries. Before 2005, the WSDC rules stipulated that teams who reached the semi-finals or Grand Final of the championship were not eligible to receive the ESL award. After the EFL award was introduced, the rules were changed so that there was no restriction on teams reaching the semi-finals or Grand Final being able to receive the ESL or EFL award.

### English-as-a-Second-Language (ESL) Award Winners

| Year | ESL Award Winners |
| 2024 | Bulgaria |
| 2023 | Malaysia |
| 2022 | China |
| 2021 | China |
| Online Championship in 2020 ||
| 2020 | Sri Lanka |
| 2019 | India |
| 2018 | China |
| 2017 | Peru |
| 2016 | Pakistan |
| 2015 | Pakistan |
| 2014 | Peru |
| 2013 | Peru |
| 2012 | Greece |
| 2011 | South Korea |
| 2010 | Slovenia |
| 2009 | Greece |
| 2008 | Greece |
| 2007 | Pakistan |
| 2006 | Pakistan |
| 2005 | Pakistan |
| 2004 | Israel |
| 2003 | Israel |
| 2002 | Kuwait |
| 2001 | Pakistan |
| 2000 | Pakistan |
| 1999 | Argentina |
| 1998 | Argentina |
| 1997 | Israel |
| 1996 | Israel |

### English-as-a-Foreign-Language (EFL) Award Winners

| Year | EFL Award Winners |
| 2024 | Indonesia |
| 2023 | Croatia |
| 2022 | Lithuania |
| 2021 | Romania |
| Online Championship in 2020 ||
| 2020 | Romania |
| 2019 | Netherlands |
| 2018 | Romania |
| 2017 | Denmark |
| 2016 | Denmark |
| 2015 | Croatia |
| 2014 | Netherlands |
| 2013 | Indonesia |
| 2012 | Lithuania |
| 2011 | Netherlands |
| 2010 | Netherlands |
| 2009 | South Korea |
| 2008 | Slovenia |
| 2007 | Slovenia |
| 2006 | South Korea |
| 2005 | Slovenia |

## Best New Team Award

In some years in which there have been a significant number of nations entering the championships for the first time, an award for the Best New Team has been given to the top-ranking team from one of these nations.
| Year | Best New Team |
| 2024 | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| 2023 | France |
| 2022 | Finland |
| 2021 | North Macedonia |
| Online Championship in 2020 ||
| 2020 | Brazil & Namibia |
| 2019 | Oman |
| 2018 | Northern Ireland |
| 2017 | Vietnam |
| 2016 | Rwanda |
| 2015 | Bahrain |
| 2014 | Macau |
| 2013 | - |
| 2012 | Eswatini |
| 2011 | Barbados |
| 2010 | United Arab Emirates |
| 2009 | Thailand |

## Best Speakers

The speaker tab is determined by debaters' performance in the 8 preliminary rounds. For a speaker to be eligible for the speaker tab, they must speak in a minimum of 4 out of the 8 debates. The average of a debater's speaker scores is used when ranking individual debaters.
In the online editions of the championship (2020, 2021, 2022), teams debated their preliminary rounds in two separate divisions which grouped nations together by timezone. In 2020, the top speakers of the two divisions were awarded separately. In both 2021 & 2022, the speaker tabs of the two divisions were merged to determine the best speakers in each category.
| Year | Best Overall Speaker | Best ESL Speaker | Best EFL Speaker |
| 2024 | Jinjou Wang (Canada) | Clement Tsao (China) | Alicia Chen (China) |
| 2023 | Annushka Agarwal (Canada) | Hitishaa Goyal (India) | Raphael Lamballe (China) |
| 2022 | Bowser Liu (China) | Bowser Liu (China) | Madeleine Tempelman (Netherlands) & Milda Gadliauskaite (Lithuania) |
| 2021 | Robert Leung (Philippines) | Jacquelynn Lin (China) | Maibritt Henkel (Denmark) |
| 2020 | Ivan Buckland (South Africa) & Jenna Hong (Hong Kong) | Jane Sonamai (Wales) & Ananya Ganesh (India) | Marilena Hadjicosta (Greece) & Rina Kajitani (Japan) |
| 2019 | Tejas Subramaniam (India) | Tejas Subramaniam (India) | Sami Petersen (Denmark) |
| 2018 | Dhananjay Ashok (India) | Dhananjay Ashok (India) | Smaranda-Ioana Morosanu (Romania) |
| 2017 | Kenza Wilks (England) | Nicholas Kim (South Korea) | Annika Høi (Denmark) |
| 2016 | Eden Blair (Australia) | Kishen Sivabalan (Malaysia) | Clara Granborg Juul (Denmark) |
| 2015 | Kate Dewey (South Africa) | Kishen Sivabalan (Malaysia) | Floris Holstege (Netherlands) |
| 2014 | Will Cook (England) | Nishanth Selvalingam (Malaysia) | Regina Cara Riantoputra (Indonesia) |
| 2013 | Bo Seo (Australia) | Siddarth Srikanth (India) | Carissa Tehputri (Indonesia) |
| 2012 | Teoh Ren Jie (Singapore) | Sun Young Hwang (South Korea) | Chan Keun Kim (South Korea) |