# St Fagans National Museum of History

St Fagans National Museum of History (/ˈfæɡənz/ FAG-ənz; Welsh: Sain Ffagan: Amgueddfa Werin Cymru), commonly referred to as St Fagans after the village where it is located, is an open-air museum in Cardiff chronicling the historical lifestyle, culture, and architecture of the Welsh people. The museum is part of the wider network of Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales.
It consists of more than forty re-erected buildings from various locations in Wales, and is set in the grounds of St Fagans Castle, a Grade I listed Elizabethan manor house. In 2011 Which? magazine named the museum the United Kingdom's favourite visitor attraction.
A six-year, £30-million revamp was completed in 2018 and the museum was named the Art Fund Museum of the Year in 2019.

## History

The museum was founded in 1946 following the donation of the castle and lands by the Earl of Plymouth. It opened its doors to the public in 1948, under the name of the Welsh Folk Museum. The museum's name in Welsh (also meaning "Welsh Folk Museum") has remained unchanged since that date, whereas the English title was revised to Museum of Welsh Life, thereafter St Fagans National History Museum, and again to its current title.
The brainchild of Iorwerth Peate, the museum was modelled on Skansen, the outdoor museum of vernacular Swedish architecture in Stockholm. Most structures re-erected in Skansen were built of wood and are thus easily taken apart and reassembled, but a comparable museum in Wales was going to be more ambitious, as much of the vernacular architecture of Wales is made of masonry.

### 2017 refurbishment

A redeveloped main reception building was opened in July 2017. The six-year, £30-million redevelopment of the site, which was funded by a number of sources, notably the Welsh Government and the National Lottery, was completed in October 2018.
The £30-million redevelopment project provided many benefits, including three new galleries showcasing Wales’ history, improvements to buildings such as the Iron Age farmstead, Bryn Eryr, and Medieval Prince's court and Llys Llywelyn, as well as a refurbished main entrance building and a new restaurant, play area and learning spaces. One of the new buildings, the Gweithdy ('workshop'), features Stone Age tools and stick chairs.
In June 2019, St Fagans was named UK's Museum of the Year 2019 by the Art Fund, which commended the facility's "exceptional imagination, innovation and achievement".

## Buildings and exhibits

The museum comprises more than forty buildings representing the architecture of Wales, including a nonconformist chapel (in this case, Unitarian), a village schoolhouse, a toll road tollbooth (below), a cockpit (below), a pigsty (below), and a tannery (below).
The museum holds displays of traditional crafts, with a working blacksmith forge, a pottery, a weaver, a miller, and a clog maker. It also includes two working water mills: one flour mill and one wool mill. Part of the site includes a small working farm which concentrates on preserving local Welsh native breeds of livestock. Produce from the museum's bakery and flour mill is available for sale.
The medieval parish church of Saint Teilo, formerly at Llandeilo Tal-y-bont in west Glamorgan (restored to its pre-Reformation state), was opened in October 2007 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, and still serves as a place of worship for Christmas, Easter, and Harvest Thanksgiving. A Tudor merchant's house from Haverfordwest was opened in 2012. A relocation of the historic Vulcan public house from Newtown in Cardiff to St Fagans was completed in May 2024.
Although the museum was intended to preserve aspects of Welsh rural life, it now includes several buildings that depict the industrial working life that succeeded it, that being almost extinct in Wales. There is a row of workers' cottages, depicting furnishing from 1800 to 1985, from Rhyd-y-car near Merthyr Tydfil (below), as well as the pristine Oakdale Workmen's Institute. A post-war prefabricated bungalow (below) represents later domestic lifestyles.
From 1996 to 2012, the museum hosted the Everyman Summer Theatre Festival when it re-located from Dyffryn Gardens. This festival, which includes a Shakespeare play, a musical, and a children's show, has become part of the Welsh theatrical calendar since its founding at Dyffryn in 1983.
Scenes from the Doctor Who episodes "Human Nature" and "The Family of Blood" were filmed at the museum.
Based on archaeological findings, a reconstruction of Llys Rhosyr, a thirteenth-century court of the princes of Gwynedd, was completed and opened to the public in October 2018. Called Llys Llewelyn ('Llewelyn's Court'), it was opened with the intention that schoolchildren would be able to stay in the buildings overnight, from spring 2019.
The Gweithdy ('Workshop'), a sustainable building designed by Feilden Clegg Bradley Studios, was first opened in July 2017; a café was later added. The new gallery was opened in October 2018, housing improved facilities for visitors while supporting the study of collections and hosting demonstrations and workshops by traditional craftsmen.

### List of structures

| Name | Date | Re-erected | Original site | County (historic) | Unitary Authority (modern) | Listing |
| Main entrance and administration offices (Dale Owen of Percy Thomas Partnership architects). | 1968–74 | — | St Fagans | Glamorgan | Cardiff | Grade II |
| St Teilo's Church | 1100–c. 1520 c. 1100–c. 1520 (present form: c. 1520) | 2007 | Llandeilo Tal-y-bont, near Pontarddulais | Glamorgan | Swansea | — |
| Boathouse and nethouse | | (Reconstruction) | | | | — |
| Cilewent farmhouse | begun 1470 (present form: 1734) | 1959 | Cwmdauddwr | Radnorshire | Powys | Grade II |
| Clogmaker's workshop | — | — | Ysgeifiog, near St Davids | Pembrokeshire | Pembrokeshire | — |
| Tudor Merchant's House | 16th century | 2012 | Haverfordwest | Pembrokeshire | Pembrokeshire | — |
| Hendre'r Ywydd Uchaf farmhouse | 1508 | 1962 | Llangynhafal, near Llandyrnog | Denbighshire | Denbighshire | Grade II |
| Y Garreg Fawr farmhouse | 1544 | 1984 | Waunfawr | Caernarfonshire | Gwynedd | |
| Stryt Lydan barn | 1550 c. 1550 | 1951 | Penley | Flintshire | Wrexham | Grade II |
| St Fagans Castle | 1580 | — | St Fagans | Glamorgan | Cardiff | Grade I |
| Dovecote | 18th century | — | St Fagans | Glamorgan | Cardiff | Grade II |
| Hendre Wen barn | 1600 c. 1600 | 1982 | Llanrwst | Denbighshire | Conwy | — |
| Hawk and Buckle Inn cockpit (Denbigh Cockpit) | 17th century | 1970 | Denbigh | Denbighshire | Denbighshire | Grade II |
| Kennixton Farmhouse | 1610 | 1955 | Llangennith | Glamorgan | Swansea | Grade II |
| Lead cistern in east forecourt of St Fagans Castle | 1620 | — | St Fagans | Glamorgan | Cardiff | Grade II* |
| Abernodwydd farmhouse | 1678 | 1955 | Llangadfan | Montgomeryshire | Powys | Grade II |
| Llawr-y-glyn Smithy | 18th century | 1972 | Llawryglyn | Montgomeryshire | Powys | Grade II |
| Rhaeadr Tannery | late 18th century | 1968 | Rhayader | Montgomeryshire | Powys | Grade II |
| Esgair Moel woollen mill | 1760 | 1952 | Llanwrtyd | Brecknockshire | Powys | Grade II |
| Llainfadyn Cottage | 1762 | 1962 | Rhostryfan | Caernarfonshire | Gwynedd | Grade II |
| Nant Wallter cottage | 1770 c. 1770 | 1993 | Taliaris, near Llandeilo | Carmarthenshire | Carmarthenshire | — |
| Southgate tollhouse (Penparcau Tollhouse) | 1772 | 1968 | Penparcau, Aberystwyth | Cardiganshire | Ceredigion | Grade II |
| Pen Rhiw Unitarian chapel (Capel Pen-rhiw) | 1777 | 1956 | Dre-fach Felindre | Carmarthenshire | Carmarthenshire | Grade II |
| Cae Adda byre | 18th–19th century | 2003 | Waunfawr | Caernarfonshire | Gwynedd | — |
| Pigsty | 1800 c. 1800 | 1977 | Hendre Ifan Prosser | Glamorgan | Rhondda Cynon Taf | — |
| Rhyd-y-Car ironworkers' cottages | 1800 c. 1800 | 1986 | Rhyd-y-Car, Merthyr Tydfil | Glamorgan | Merthyr Tydfil | — |
| Llwyn-yr-Eos farmhouse | begun 1820 | — | St Fagans | Glamorgan | Cardiff | Grade II |
| Gorse mill | after 1842 | 1983 | Dôl-wen | Denbighshire | Denbighshire | — |
| Melin Bompren corn mill | begun 1852 | 1977 | Cross Inn | Carmarthenshire | Ceredigion | — |
| Maentwrog Hayshed | 1870 | 1977 | Maentwrog | Merionethshire | Gwynedd | — |
| Summer House | 1880 c. 1880 | 1988 | Bute Park, Cardiff | Glamorgan | Cardiff | — |
| Gwalia Stores | 1880 | 1991 | Ogmore Vale | Glamorgan | Bridgend | — |
| Maestir School | in use 1880–1916 | 1984 | Maestir, near Lampeter | Cardiganshire | Ceredigion | — |
| Ty'n Rhos Sawmill | 1892 | 1994 | Tŷ'n Rhos, near Llanddewi Brefi | Cardiganshire | Ceredigion | — |
| Tailor's shop | 1896 (extended 1920s) | 1992 | Cross Inn | Cardiganshire | Ceredigion | — |
| Ewenny Pottery | 1900 c. 1900 | 1988 | Ewenny | Glamorgan | Vale of Glamorgan | — |
| Ewenny Kiln | 1800 c. 1800 | 1988 | Ewenny | Glamorgan | Vale of Glamorgan | — |
| Derwen bakehouse | 1900 | 1987 | Thespian Street, Aberystwyth | Cardiganshire | Ceredigion | — |
| Urinal | 1901–10 c. 1901–10 | 1978 | Llandrindod railway station | Radnorshire | Powys | — |
| Oakdale Workmen's Institute | 1916 | 1995 | Oakdale | Monmouthshire | Caerphilly | — |
| Saddler's workshop | 1926 | 1986 | St Clears | Carmarthenshire | Carmarthenshire | — |
| Blaenwaun Post Office | 1936 | 1992 | Blaenwaun, near Whitland | Carmarthenshire | Carmarthenshire | — |
| Newbridge War Memorial | 1936 | 1996 | Caetwmpyn Park, Newbridge | Monmouthshire | Caerphilly | — |
| Anderson air raid shelter | 1939–45 c. 1939–45 | | | | | — |
| Prefab bungalow | 1948 | 1998 | Gabalfa, Cardiff | Glamorgan | Cardiff | — |
| House for the Future/ Ty Gwyrdd | 2000 | — | St Fagans | Glamorgan | Cardiff | |
| Bryn Eryr Iron Age roundhouses | | 2015 (Reconstruction) | | Anglesey | Anglesey | — |
| Gweithdy | 2016 (opened 2018) | — | St Fagans | Glamorgan | Cardiff | — |
| Llys Llewelyn, 13th century royal court | 1200s | 2016–18 (Reconstruction) | Rhosyr | Anglesey | Anglesey | — |
| The Vulcan Hotel | 1853 | 2012-2024 | Adamsdown, Cardiff | Glamorgan | Cardiff | — |

### Minor exhibits

* Tŷ-Bach (Little House). Toilet in the garden of Rhyd-y-Car ironworkers' cottages
* A Cardiff refreshment kiosk
* Siop Losin (sweet shop), previously Moss-Vernon's Portrait Studio
* Mile post from Bridgend
* Red telephone box
* Victorian pillarbox

## Future developments

* The rebuilding of the Victorian police station from Taff's Well, Rhondda Cynon Taf.
* In 2012 it was announced that Raglan railway station would be rebuilt at the museum.