# Communism in India

Communism in India has existed as a social or political ideology as well as a political movement since 1920's. In its early years, communist ideology was harshly suppressed through legal prohibitions and criminal prosecutions. Eventually, communist parties became ensconced in national party politics, sprouting several political offshoots.

## Early history of communism in India

Following the October Revolution, Bipin Chandra Pal and Bal Gangadhar Tilak were amongst the prominent Indians who expressed their admiration of Lenin and the new rulers in Russia. Abdul Sattar Khairi and Abdul Zabbar Khairi went to Moscow, immediately on hearing about the revolution. In Moscow, they met Lenin and conveyed their greetings to him. The Russian Revolution also affected émigré Indian revolutionaries, such as the Ghadar Party in North America. The Khilafat movement contributed to the emergence of early Indian communism. Many Indian Muslims left India to join the defence of the Caliphate. Several of them became communists whilst visiting Soviet territory. Some Hindus also joined the Muslim muhajirs in the travels to the Soviet areas. The colonial authorities were clearly disturbed by the growing influence of Bolshevik sympathies in India. A first counter-move was the issuing of a fatwa, urging Muslims to reject communism. The Home Department established a special branch to monitor the communist influence. Customs were ordered to check the imports of Marxist literature to India. A great number of anti-communist propaganda publications were published.
The First World War was accompanied with a rapid increase of industries in India, resulting in a growth of an industrial proletariat. At the same time prices of essential commodities increased. These were factors that contributed to the buildup of the Indian trade union movement. Unions were formed in the urban centres across India, and strikes were organised. In 1920, the All India Trade Union Congress was founded. S. A. Dange of Bombay published a pamphlet in 1921 titled Gandhi Vs. Lenin, a comparative study of the approaches of both the leaders with Lenin coming out as better of the two. Together with Ranchoddas Bhavan Lotvala, a local mill-owner, a library of Marxist Literature was set up and publishing of translations of Marxist classics began. In 1922, with Lotvala's help, Dange launched the English weekly, Socialist, the first Indian Marxist journal.
The 1924 second congress of the Communist International insisted that a united front should be formed between the proletariat, peasantry and national bourgeoisie in colonised countries. Among the twenty-one conditions drafted by Lenin ahead of the congress was the 11th thesis, which stipulated that all communist parties must support the bourgeois-democratic liberation movements in the colonies. Some of the delegates opposed the idea of alliance with the bourgeoisie, and preferred support to communist movements of these countries instead. Their criticism was shared by the Indian revolutionary M.N. Roy, who attended as a delegate of the Communist Party of Mexico. The congress removed the term 'bourgeois-democratic' in what became the 8th condition.
During the 1920s and the early 1930s the Communist Party existed but was badly organised, and in practice there were several communist groups working with limited national coordination. The British colonial authorities had banned all communist activity, which made the task of building a united party very difficult. A Communist Group was founded in Tashkent on 17 October 1920, soon after the Second Congress of the Communist International by M.N. Roy. Roy made contacts with Anushilan and Jugantar groups in Bengal. Small communist groups were formed in Bombay (led by S.A. Dange), Madras (led by Singaravelu Chettiar), United Provinces (led by Shaukat Usmani), Punjab, Sindh (led by Ghulam Hussain) and Bengal (led by Muzaffar Ahmed).
On 1 May 1923 the Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan was founded in Madras, by Singaravelu Chettiar. The LKPH organised the first May Day celebration in India, and this was also the first time the red flag was used in India.
On 26 December 1925,The Communist Party of India formed at the first Party Conference in Kanpur, then Cawnpore. S.V. Ghate was the first General Secretary of CPI. The conference held on 1925 December 25 to 28. Colonial authorities estimated that 500 persons took part in the conference. The conference was convened by a man called Satyabhakta, of whom little is known. Satyabhakta is said to have argued for a 'national communism' and against subordination under Comintern. Being outvoted by the other delegates, Satyabhakta left both the conference venue in protest. The conference adopted the name 'Communist Party of India'. Groups such as LKPH dissolved into the CPI. The émigré CPI, which probably had little organic character, was substituted by the organisation now operating inside India.

## Participation in Indian Independence movement

Between 1921 and 1924 there were three conspiracy trials against the communist movement; First Peshawar Conspiracy Case, Meerut Conspiracy Case and the Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case. In the first three cases, Russian-trained muhajir communists were put on trial. However, the Cawnpore trial had more political impact. On 17 March 1923, Shripad Amrit Dange, M.N. Roy, Muzaffar Ahmed, Nalini Gupta, Shaukat Usmani, Singaravelu Chettiar, Ghulam Hussain and R.C. Sharma were charged, in Cawnpore (now spelt Kanpur) Bolshevik Conspiracy case. The specific pip charge was that they as communists were seeking "to deprive the King Emperor of his sovereignty of British India, by complete separation of India from Britain by a violent revolution." Pages of newspapers daily splashed sensational communist plans and people for the first time learned, on such a large scale, about communism and its doctrines and the aims of the Communist International in India.

### Communist Organizations

The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) was formed in 1928 as the successor to the Hindustan Republican Association. Led by Bhagat Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad, and others, this organization combined socialist and communist ideals. One of its notable actions was the Kakori Train Robbery (1925), carried out to raise funds for revolutionary activities. In 1929, they bombed the Central Legislative Assembly to protest British repressive laws. The execution of Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Rajguru in 1931 had a profound impact on India's freedom movement.
The Communist Consolidation was established in 1935 by political prisoners in Cellular Jail. Leaders like Hare Krishna Konar and Batukeshwar Dutt played key roles in organizing hunger strikes in 1933 and 1937 to protest the mistreatment of prisoners. The organization promoted Marxist ideologies and united over 800 prisoners under slogans like "Inquilab Zindabad" (Long Live the Revolution).
The Communist Party of India (CPI) was founded in 1925 and faced significant repression from the British government. In the Kanpur Bolshevik Conspiracy Case (1924), communist leaders like S.A. Dange and M.N. Roy were arrested. Despite internal conflicts, the CPI expanded its influence through labor unions and peasant movements. During World War II, the party gained legal status in 1942 by supporting the Allied war effort but was criticized for opposing the Quit India Movement. In 1947, the CPI rejected the celebration of India's partition, viewing it as a colonial strategy of division.
The Naujawan Bharat Sabha (NBS) was founded by Bhagat Singh in 1926 to mobilize youth for revolutionary socialism. It organized protests against the Simon Commission and worked closely with communist groups until the British government banned it in 1934 due to its association with radical movements.
The Kirti Kisan Party was active in Punjab and Bengal, focusing on labor rights and anti-landlord movements. Its leaders, including Sohan Singh Josh, were arrested in the Meerut Conspiracy Case (1929–1933) as the British sought to suppress communist influence in trade unions.

### Major Events and Trials

In 1925, HSRA members carried out the Kakori Train Robbery to seize British funds. Revolutionaries like Ashfaqullah Khan and Ram Prasad Bismil were executed, and the trial exposed British colonial oppression, further fueling revolutionary sentiments. The Lahore Conspiracy Case (1929–1931) involved Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt’s symbolic bombing of the Legislative Assembly and the assassination of Saunders. Their subsequent hunger strike in prison sparked nationwide protests.
Between 1929 and 1933, the British government arrested 33 trade unionists and communists in the Meerut Conspiracy Case to suppress labor activism. This trial, however, brought communist efforts into the national spotlight and strengthened the CPI’s position. The Peshawar and Kanpur Conspiracy Cases (1922–1927) targeted Soviet-trained Indian communists accused of plotting armed rebellion. The Kanpur Case (1924) played a key role in introducing Marxist ideas to the Indian public.
In 1946, the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny saw communist-backed sailors revolt against British officers, reflecting growing discontent with colonial rule. Though the uprising was crushed, it marked the declining loyalty of Indian forces to British rule.

### Ideological Contributions

Communists criticized Gandhian non-violence and capitalist exploitation. Publications like Gandhi vs. Lenin (S.A. Dange, 1921) spread Marxist critiques of British rule. During the 1930s, communists allied with the Congress Socialist Party to expand socialist ideas in the independence movement. Intellectuals like Bipin Chandra Pal admired Lenin’s revolutionary philosophy. Underground networks translated communist literature into Indian languages to spread leftist ideology among the masses.

## Other communist movements

The communists were actively involved in various movements in India from the 1920s onwards. One of the most significant movements was the establishment of the All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) in 1936, which played a dominant role in mobilizing peasants. By 1942, AIKS and the communists had taken control of the peasant movement in the country. Most members of AIKS or Kisan Sabha were affiliated with the communist ideology, helping to build a strong political and social base for the communists among the peasant population. Notable leaders of these movements included Sahajanand Saraswati, Karyanand Sharma, and Bhogendra Jha. The influence of AIKS extended to later movements such as the Bakasht movement (1946–1952), Madhubani movement, and Darbhanga movement, which were aimed at resisting feudal exploitation and advocating for peasant rights. One of the most notable communist-led peasant uprisings was the Telangana armed struggle (1946–1951). This was a major rebellion by peasants against the feudal lords in the Telangana region of the princely state of Hyderabad. During the 1920s and early 1930s, the Communist Party of India (CPI) existed but was poorly organized. Several communist groups operated in different regions with limited national coordination. British colonial authorities had banned all communist activities, making the formation of a unified party extremely difficult. Despite these challenges, a Communist Group was founded in Tashkent on October 17, 1920, by M.N. Roy. Roy established connections with Anushilan and Jugantar groups in Bengal. Small communist groups emerged in Bombay, led by S.A. Dange; Madras, led by Singaravelu Chettiar; United Provinces, led by Shaukat Usmani; Punjab, Sindh, led by Ghulam Hussain; and Bengal, led by Muzaffar Ahmed.
Another significant communist-led movement was the Tebhaga Movement (1946–1950), which was centered around the demands of sharecroppers. In 1946, sharecroppers who had traditionally given half of their harvest to landlords began demanding that they only pay one-third instead. They also insisted that harvested crops should remain in their own storage facilities rather than being kept under the control of the landlords, known as Jotedars. The Bangiya Pradeshik Kisan Sabha officially launched the Tebhaga movement in September 1946. The movement, spearheaded by the Communist Party of India, gained momentum in areas such as Kakdwip, Sonarpur, Bhangar, and Canning. The agitation often turned violent, forcing many landlords to flee, effectively placing parts of the countryside under Kisan Sabha control. The movement resulted in fierce clashes between Jotedars and Bargadars (sharecroppers). Prominent leaders included Kansari Halder, Ganesh Das, Ashok Bose, and Rash Behari Ghosh. Peasant leaders such as Gajen Malik, Manik Hazra, Jatin Maity, and Bijoy Mondal also played key roles. The movement continued until 1950 when the Bargadari Act was passed, recognizing the rights of sharecroppers.
In Rajasthan, the Communist Party of India (Marxist) led multiple peasant and farmer movements. In 2000, Kisan Sabha, led by communists, laid siege to the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly, demanding an increase in daily electricity supply for farmers. In 2004, the CPI(M) organized another protest in Shri Ganganagar against a reduction in water allowance from the Indira Gandhi Canal. The movement led to police firing on farmers, resulting in four deaths. However, the government eventually conceded to the farmers' demands. In 2005, CPI(M) launched another agitation against increased electricity tariffs, which led to a rollback of the price hike.
The Sikar Kisan Andolan of 2017 was another major communist-led peasant movement in Rajasthan. The movement, led by the All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS), demanded loan waivers, minimum support prices, and other benefits for farmers. The protests began on September 1, 2017, in Sikar and soon spread to other districts such as Bikaner, Nagaur, Jhunjhunu, Churu, Hanumangarh, and Shri Ganganagar. In response, the government imposed Section 144 and blocked internet services in Sikar. On September 10, AIKS called for a statewide highway blockade, which expanded the movement across Rajasthan, affecting 14 districts. Traders and other organizations supported the farmers' cause. After 11 days of protests, the government agreed to the farmers' demands on September 13, leading to the movement's withdrawal.
In Manipur, leftist movements played a crucial role between 1940 and 1951. At the jail, Irabot Singh met communist leaders like Hemanga Biswas and Jyotirmoy Nandi, which greatly influenced him. He was permitted to return to Manipur in March 1946, where he founded the Manipur Praja Mandal. However, his affiliation with the Communist Party of India led to his expulsion from the Working Committee of the Nikhil Manipuri Mahasabha. He later attended the second congress of the CPI in Calcutta in 1948. Due to a warrant against him, he could not attend the first session of the Manipur Legislative Assembly in October 1948. Subsequently, he went underground and formed the Communist Party of Manipur, leading an armed struggle against the government. He died on September 26, 1951, in the Anggo Hills.
The communists also played a role in the Goa Liberation Movement (1954–1961). During the Satyagraha Movement, the Communist Party of India sent batches of satyagrahis to Goa from 1955 onwards. Protesters crossed into Goa, raised the Indian flag, and faced brutal repression from Portuguese police and military forces. Many activists were killed, arrested, and even sent to prisons in Portugal, where they faced inhumane treatment. Despite these hardships, the communists played a crucial role in keeping the struggle for Goa’s liberation alive, which ultimately culminated in Goa’s integration into India in 1961. Overall, communist-led movements significantly shaped India’s peasant struggles and resistance against colonial and feudal oppression. From Telangana to Tebhaga, Rajasthan to Manipur, and even in Goa, communists played an active role in mobilizing the masses and challenging oppressive structures. Their efforts not only contributed to India’s independence movement but also laid the foundation for future struggles for social and economic justice.

## Involvement in Indian politics
### Communist political parties

As of 2022, the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (abbreviated CPIM) is the largest communist party in India. The party emerged from a split from the Communist Party of India in 1964. The CPI(M) was formed at the Seventh Congress of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) held in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) from 31 October to 7 November 1964. Land reform movement in India led by CPI(M) leaders Benoy Choudhury and Hare Krishna Konar which threatened the interests of the landowning middle/backward castes that supported the Communist Party of India (Marxist). As of 2022, CPI(M) is leading the state government in Kerala and having elected members in 8 state legislative assemblies including Kerala, Tripura, Bihar, Maharashtra, Assam, Odisha, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan. It also leads the West Bengal Left Front. As of 2016, CPI(M) claimed to have 1,048,678 members. It is one of the eight National Parties of India. The highest body of the party is the Politburo. There are a large number of smaller Marxist parties, including the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist), Marxist Communist Party of India, Marxist Coordination Committee in Jharkhand, Forward Bloc in Bengal, Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy, Communist Marxist Party and BTR-EMS-AKG Janakeeya Vedi in Kerala, Mazdoor Mukti (Workers' Emancipation) and Party of Democratic Socialism in West Bengal, Janganotantrik Morcha in Tripura, the Ram Pasla group in Punjab, and the Orissa Communist Party in Orissa.
The Communist Party of India (Maoist) is a Maoist communist party in India which aims to overthrow the government of India through people's war. It was founded on 21 September 2004, through the merger of the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) People's War (People's War Group), and the Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCCI). The merger was announced on 14 October the same year. In the merger a provisional central committee was constituted, with the erstwhile People's War Group leader Muppala Lakshmana Rao, alias "Ganapathi", as general secretary. Further, on May Day 2014, the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Naxalbari merged into the CPI (Maoist). The CPI (Maoist) are often referred to as the intellectuals in reference to the Naxalbari insurrection conducted by radical Maoists in West Bengal in 1967.$^{:101–102}$ CPI (Maoist) is designated as a terrorist organisation in India under Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act.

### Presence in states and politics

As of 2022 the Left Democratic Front led by CPI(M) heads the state government in Kerala. Pinarayi Vijayan is Chief Minister of Kerala. In Tamil Nadu the alliance has 4 MLAs and in the Government with SPA coalition led by M. K. Stalin. The Left Front under CPI(M) governed West Bengal for an uninterrupted 34 years (1977–2011) and Tripura for 30 years including uninterrupted 25 years (1993–2018). The 34 years of Left Front rule in West Bengal is the longest-serving democratically elected communist-led government in the world. The Left Front's highest tally nationally was in 2004 when it got about 8% of votes polled in and it had 59 MPs. It played the role of kingmaker for the Third Front governments during 1996–98 by joining a 13-party coalition and for the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance government in 2004.
The Left Front, also known as Left Democratic Front is an alliance of left-wing political parties in the Indian states. But the presence of this alliance is mainly in Kerala, Tripura and West Bengal. In Lok Sabha elections, only CPI(M) and CPI participate election together nationally while other Left parties ally with CPIM and CPI regionally.
CPIM General Secretary Sitaram Yechury said that his party will ally with Rashtriya Janata Dal in Bihar and Samajwadi Party in Uttar Pradesh. CPIM Polit Bureau member and Chief Minister of Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan confirmed about CPIM's plan of forming state-level alliances and hinted an alliance with Bharat Rashtra Samithi in Telangana.

#### Kerala

Kerala is considered as the Communist Fort of India. Kerala has a strong presence of CPIM and left parties in its politics and society. The Left Democratic Front has 11 member parties including CPI(M), CPI, KC(M), JD(S), NCP, RJD, KC(B), INL, C(S), JKC and KC(ST). Currently LDF has 99 MLAs, 2 Lok Sabha MPs and 7 Rajya Sabha MPs in the state.

#### Tripura

The Left Front (composed of CPIM, CPI, RSP and AIFB) is the main opposition in Tripura Legislative Assembly. As of 2023, Left Front is composed of CPIM, CPI, RSP and AIFB and CPI(ML)L and it declared Democratic Secular Alliance with Indian National Congress in 2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election.

#### West Bengal

The Left Front (Bengali: বামফ্রন্ট; baamfront) was formed in January 1977, the founding parties being the Communist Party of India (Marxist), All India Forward Bloc, the Revolutionary Socialist Party, the Marxist Forward Bloc, the Revolutionary Communist Party of India and the Biplabi Bangla Congress. Other parties joined in later years, most notably the Communist Party of India. The Left Front government ruled West Bengal for 34 years from 1977 to 2011.The Left Front allied with Indian National Congress in 2016, 2021 and with Indian Secular Front in 2021. After 2018 Panchayat polls, BJP became the main opposition in the state, pushing the Left Front in the third position. In 2019 Lok Sabha election, the front was unable to secure a seat. In 2021, the Left Front suffered a huge setback as the alliance drew blank seats for the first time in Legislative Assembly election. But the Left emerged as the main opposition in the municipal polls across the state in 2021–22.

#### Bihar

The communist parties in Bihar had historically held a large presence in the state that was reduced following the Mandal Commission in 1979. The Left parties had 25-35 MLAs in the Bihar assembly, with the CPI winning 20-25 seats in every election, even until 1995. But Left Front won a few seats in the next elections in the state. On 24 July 2015, the Communist Party of India, the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation, the All India Forward Bloc, the Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) and the Revolutionary Socialist Party decided to run in all constituencies on a join ticket citing its call for an alternative platform in 2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election. The CPI contested 98 seats, while the CPI-ML, CPI(M), SUCI, Forward Bloc, and RSP contested 98, 43, 10, 9, and 3 seats, respectively. CPI released its first list of 81 candidates on 16 September 2015. The Left parties together got 3.57% of the votes polled in the election. Before 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election, the Mahagathbandhan alliance were joined in by the left–wing parties in Bihar; namely the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation, the Communist Party of India and the Communist Party of India (Marxist). The new arrangement was described as an experiment beyond the caste based politics in Bihar with a caste plus class strategy. The Left parties contested 29 seats (CPIML Liberation - 19 seats, CPI - 6 seats and CPIM - 4 seats). CPI(ML) Liberation won 12 seats while CPI and CPIM won 2 seats each. It is also spectaculated that if more seats were given to the left parties, the election could be won with majority. The Left parties supported JD(U), RJD and INC to form coalition government in Bihar in August, 2022 without taking part in the government. The Left Front has also good presence in the panchayats.

#### Tamil Nadu

In 2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election, CPI and CPIM fought in alliance with DMK and won 6 and 9 seats respectively. The Left parties contested the next election in coalition with AIADMK (CPI - 10 seats, CPIM - 12 seats and AIFB - 1 seat) and won 20 seats (CPI - 9 seats, CPIM - 10 seats and AIFB - 1 seat). In 2016, CPI and CPIM joined Makkal Nala Kootani (People's Welfare Alliance) and contested 25 seats each, but drew blank seats. In 2019, 4 MPs were elected (CPI - 2, CPIM - 2) from Left Front in coalition with DMK. In 2021 election, CPI and CPIM won 2 seats each. In 2022 Municipal Corporation elections, CPIM won 24 Municipal Corporations, 41 Municipality and 101 Town Panchayats while CPI won 13 Municipal Corporations, 19 Municipality and 26 Town Panchayats. T. Nagarajan of CPI(M) got the post of Deputy Mayor in Madurai Municipal Corporation.

#### Rajasthan

In 2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election, CPIM secured 3 seats from Anupgarh, Dhod and Danta Ramgarh. CPIM along with six other parties including CPI, CPI(ML)L, MCPI(U), SP, RLD and JD(S) formed Rajasthan Loktantrik Morcha in 2013. Amra Ram of CPIM became the chief ministerial candidate. But the alliance could not win any seat in 2013 Legislative Assembly election. In 2018, 2 MLAs of CPIM and 1 MLA of RLD were elected. In 2024 Lok Sabha elections, CPI(M) won Sikar Lok Sabha Constituency.

#### Himachal Pradesh

The presence of left parties in Himachal Pradesh is mainly based on the activities of their students wings. CPIM had representatives in the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 1967 and 1993. In 1993, Rakesh Singha won from Shimla seat. Though CPIM managed to win many seats in the municipal and panchayat elections.
In 2012 Shimla Municipal Corporation election, CPI(M) won the posts of Mayor and Deputy Mayor in Shimla Municipal Corporation with a huge majority with a total of 3 seats. Sanjay Chauhan and Tikender Singh Panwar became Mayor and Deputy Mayor respectively.
In 2016 CPIM won 42 seats out of 331 seats contested and received solely 2 district panchayats. In 2017 Shimla Municipal Corporation election, CPI(M) managed to win only one seat despite being a kingmaker in previous election.
The Left front contested 17 seats in 2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election (CPIM - 14 seats, CPI - 3 seats). Rakesh Singha of CPIM emerged victorious from Theog. After the election the presence of Left in state started to increase.
In 2021 panchayat elections, CPIM increased its tally by jumping to 337 seats. 12 zila parishad(ZP) members, 25 panchayat samiti members, 28 panchayat pradhans, 30 vice-pradhans and 242 ward members got elected from CPIM. Also CPIM candidates got elected for president in 25 panchayats and vice-president in 30 panchayats.
In 2022, the Left Front fielded 12 candidates : 11 from CPI(M) and 1 from CPI. But the front drew blank seat securing only 28,444 votes (0.67%).

#### Maharashtra

The presence of Left parties in Maharashtra is for the strong presence of their farmer wings in the state. In 2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election, Peasants and Workers Party of India won 4 seats (1.11% votes) and CPIM won 1 seat (0.60% votes). In 2019, Vinod Nikole of CPIM won from Dahanu constituency. In 2022 Panchayat election, CPI(M) won 93 Sarpanch (Village President) posts in direct elections, with the entire village voting, in the districts of Nashik (59) Thane-Palghar (26), Ahmednagar (6), Nandurbar (1) and Pune (1). Along with that, ward wise elections of Gram Panchayat Members were also held. The CPI(M) won hundreds of these seats, and has a majority in over 100 Gram Panchayats in the above districts.

#### Andhra Pradesh

In 1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election 34 MLAs (CPI - 19, CPIM - 15), in 2004 15 MLAs (CPI - 6, CPIM - 9) of Left Front were elected. In 2014, CPI and CPIM won 1 seat each, which subsequently went to Telangana state. In 2019, the Left parties contested election in alliance with Jana Sena Party. But they did not won a single seat. In 1984, each CPIM and CPI won 1 seat. The Left Front came victorious for many times in local body elections.
CPIM had MPs in the Rajya Sabha elected from Andhra Pradesh. Moturu Hanumantha Rao M. Hanumantha Rao from 1988 to 1994, Y. Radhakrishnamurthy from 1996 to 2002 and Penumalli Madhu from 2004 to 2010.

#### Telangana

In 2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election, CPIM and CPI did not win any seats. In 2022 Munugode by-election, Left parties supported the candidate fielded by Bharat Rashtra Samithi. In 2023, CPIM and CPI will contest the election in alliance with BRS. On 10 December 2022, CPIM leader Tammineni Veerabhadram said that his party is willing to contest 9 seats in the 2023 election.

### Leading the Third Front

The CPI(M) led the formation of the Third Front for the 2009 election. This front was basically a collection of regional political parties who were neither in UPA nor in the NDA. Parties like CPIM, CPI, AIFB, RSP, BSP, AIADMK, MDMK, BJD, JD(S), HJC, TDP were the members of this front. The newly formed alliance carried with them 109 seats before the 2009 election. After the election, the alliance won only 79 seats.

## Communist insurgency

The Naxalite–Maoist insurgency is an ongoing conflict refers to the underground activities and insurgency by Maoist groups (known as Naxalites or Naxals) like Communist Party of India (Maoist). The Maoist parties has been designated as a terrorist organisation in India under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act since 2009. The naxalites affected areas are called the Red corridor, which has been steadily declining in terms of geographical coverage and number of violent incidents, and in 2021 it was claimed to be confined to the 25 "most affected" locations (accounting for 85% of LWE violence) and 70 "total affected" districts (down from 180 in 2009) across 10 states in two coal-rich, remote, forested hilly clusters in and around the Dandakaranya-Chhattisgarh-Odisha region and the tri-junction area of Jharkhand-Bihar and-West Bengal. However, some parts of the Red Corridor have also seen growth of Maoist insurgency in recent times, such as in the Kanha Tiger Reserve. The Naxalites have frequently fight with the police and governmental army in what they say is a fight for improved land rights and more jobs for neglected agricultural labourers and the poor.

## Criticism

Indian communists have been criticised for their Eurocentric worldview. It has been argued that the stunted growth of communism in India is caused by the inability of the Indian masses to relate with Communist jargons (derived from Western European society). Some state that while communists elsewhere have been able to incorporate religious teachings into their agenda (see Christian communism & Islamic socialism), this couldn't happen in India due to the communists' perceived disdain towards Indian culture, & more specifically Hindu culture, due its doctrines of karma & ahimsa, (seen as fatalistic by communists) which naturally discourage any radical change to the society. Early communists like Sahajananda Saraswati & Satya Bhakta, who tried to blend communism with Hindu culture, were sidelined by pro-Soviet communists who favoured internationalism. After Great Britain allied with the Soviet Union following Hitler's invasion of Russia, communists in India abruptly halted their all anti-British activities, & in return, the British administration of India legalised the Communist Party of India. Indian communists have also been accused of indulging in Muslim appeasement by Hindu right-wing groups, due to their perceived soft corner for Muslims, stemming from the Soviet Union's pro-Palestinian stance on the Israeli-Palestinian dispute, despite the fact that majority of Indian communists come from a Hindu background. Similarly Communist historigraphy of India is accused of whitewashing persecution of Hindus by Islamic polities. Other criticisms of communists in India include their ideological rigidity, perpetration of Stalinist style political violence, and gerontocratic style of leadership. The unbroken 24-year long reign of Jyoti Basu, the premier communist leader in India's electoral field, as the Chief Minister of West Bengal was characterised by massive deindustrialisation (caused by government support to militant activism of Communist labour unions) & creation of a party-society (by asserting dominance of party ideologues in appointing pro-Communist people in all spheres of public life, most notably in fields of bureaucracy & education over competent non-Communist people) in a manner similar to Communist states, which led to brain-drain.