# Rmaish

Rmaish (also spelled Rmeish, Rmaich, and Rmeich; Arabic: رميش) is the southernmost municipality of Lebanon, located in the District of Bint Jbeil, Lebanon, south of Ain Ebel, near the Lebanese-Israeli border covering an area of 20 km$^2$ (7.7 sq mi). The ruins found in the village indicate that the area was occupied by the Romans and the Crusaders at some stage in history.
In 2022, Hezbollah's construction near Rmaish sparked local anger, leading to the dismantling of the structures. Later, during the Israel–Hamas war, Hezbollah's militant activities in Rmaish led to fear, displacement, and clashes with residents, and a confrontation over a rocket launcher installation in the town center. Like most of the Christian population of South Lebanon, Rmeish residents are opposed to Hezbollah's presence in the area.

## Etymology

The name Rmaish means "scanty herbage" according to E. H. Palmer.

## History

In 1299, Rmaish was directly under Mamluk rule.

### Ottoman era

Rmaish was under Ottoman rule until 1920. The town was involved in many wars and battles through the history. The most important ones are:
* In 1797, the viceroy of Acre Jazzar Pasha demolished and destroyed the village including the only church that was there. His reasons for that were that Rmaish supported Prince Bashir El Chahabi against him, they helped Napoleon in his battle against Acre and that he was afraid, that Rmaish being the only Christian village in the area, might encourage other Christian villages to rebel against him.
Ahmad Basha burned down the church including all the records that were kept inside. The people of Rmaish refused to go back to their village until Ahmad Basha died in 1804 when they went back and rebuilt their church and village.
* In 1824, the leader of Rmaish Youssef Daher El Choufani led the village to a victory over the viceroy of Acre, Abdallah El Darnadli.
* In 1829, Rmaish supported Prince Bashir El Chahabi in his battle against Sanour.
* Rmaish was hit by an earthquake in January 1837, which devastated the South all the way to Safad and Tiberias. William McClure Thomson traveled in the region three weeks afterwards, and described how Rumaish was mostly destroyed, with thirty deaths occurring as people were crushed in their homes. Many more would have suffered the same had they not been at evening prayers at the church there, which was a small building that was not seriously damaged.
* In 1838; the population of Rmaish was described as being Greek Orthodox Christians and
* In 1839, Rmaish fought side by side with the Shiite of the neighbouring villages against the Egyptian army which ended by the withdrawal of the Egyptian army after suffering heavy losses.
* In 1840, Daher El Choufani led Rmaish in another battle against the Egyptian army.
When the Ottoman Empire entered the war, they forced everyone between 18 and 60 years to fight in the Turkish army. People from Rmeish were forced to fight in Bulgaria, Istanbul and the Suez Canal in Egypt. Between 20 and 30 never came back from the war and no one knew anything about them till today.
In 1875 Victor Guérin found Rmaish to be inhabited by 500 Maronites, all impoverished. He observed that although the village appears to be relatively new—and according to its elders, it hasn't reached its hundred-year and five mark yet—it is located on the site of an earlier settlement.
In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Rumeish: "A stone and mud village, containing about 500 Christians; there is a Christian church; it is situated in the plain, with two large birkets and cisterns, surrounded by arable land and having some vineyards."
Rmaish suffered from many natural disasters, the most significant one was the earthquake of 1837 when an earthquake hit the village killing 35. The rest of the people were praying in the church that day and therefore were protected by the strong building of the church. Rmeich was hit by few other earthquakes in 1887, 1888 and 1927 which caused the destruction of many houses without any casualties.

### French Mandatory period

A petition was sent by all villages in south Lebanon to the Reconciliation Conference in Paris in 1919 asking for Rmaish and other villages to be included within Lebanon. The following is the petition:
"We call on the agreement and unanimity we, the residents of Tyre district of Shiites and Christians of forty thousands to be included in the State of Greater Lebanon for the following reasons: First, the Shiites of us are people form Sidon, Tyre, Marjayoun, El Rihan, Eklim El Kharoub and Hermel who truly want to join their nation. Second, Christians of us are of Lebanese origin and their ancestors came from the north to south. To the day they are relatives and want to join them."
In 1920, Ain Ebel was attacked by hundreds of Muslim militias. The leaders of Ain Ebel and Rmaish agreed to fight side by side against the attackers. The attackers attacked in large numbers that the defenders could not resist the attack and were forced to leave the villages to Palestine.
In 1920, Rmaish was included in what was known as the State of Greater Lebanon.

### Independent Lebanon

Rmaish hosted in their homes and their church between 1000 and 1500 Palestinians refugees displaces by the bloody events that took place between Palestinians and Jews.
Once they realised that going back to their country is not going to happen in the near future, Palestinians started to leave Rmeish at the start of 1951 heading to Beirut and other parts of Lebanon.
In 1985, the residents of east Saida were deported toward the south. 120 families were deported to Rmaish. Half of these families were to leave Rmaish within the next 2 months and the others stayed and lived in Rmeish until this day.
At the start of the 20th century, Rmaish saw emigration on a large scale to South America, especially to Argentina and Brazil, due to the high taxes imposed by the Ottoman Empire. It is believed that around 100 left to Argentina between 1905 and 1914.

### Community opposition to Hezbollah activities

In 2022, structures built by Hezbollah near Rmaish, encroaching on properties owned by the Al-Ameel, Al-Alam, and Al-Hajj families, were reported. This development angered local residents, municipal authorities, and religious leaders, leading to pressure from Maronite Patriarch Bechara Boutros Al-Rahi, who accused Hezbollah of encroachment. As a result, Hezbollah agreed to dismantle the structures, which were also a violation of UNSC Resolution 1701.
During the Israel–Hamas war, Hezbollah launched attacks on Israel from civilian areas in southern Lebanon, including Rmeich. Hezbollah's efforts to establish military infrastructure in Rmaish led to clashes with local residents, causing fear and displacement among the predominantly Christian population. Many women and children fled, leaving behind men who faced insecurity and potential looting. The Lebanese government was criticized for allowing Hezbollah to operate with impunity, thereby endangering local communities and exacerbating regional instability. In March 2024, residents confronted Hezbollah members who attempted to install a rocket launcher in the town center.

## Public services
### Red Cross

The red cross centre opened in 1968 to provide medical assistance to the people of the area. The centre was built in Rmaish because of its position halfway between the other 2 hospitals in the region. All the members in this centre are volunteers.

### Education

The first school was opened in 1870 by The Jesuits but was closed in 1900 to reopen in 1920 to close again 1949.
From 1949 till 1955, the Pontifical mission opened a school for the Palestinians refugees.
From 1945, Rmaish Supplementary School was opened which closed down in 1992.
Our Lady of Lebanon School was opened in 1959.
In 1974 Rmaish high school was opened.

### Religion

Saint George church
Was originally built around 1700, to later destroyed in 1787 and then to be rebuilt in 1806. The church was Cohesive and strong therefore it survived the 1837 earthquake that destroyed the village. Between 1925 and 1929 it was knocked down and then rebuilt on a larger land.
Church of Transfiguration
In the 1970s, because of the rapid grow of the number of people living in Rmaish, and the impossible mission of expanding the saint George church, the people of Rmaish decided to build a new church. The work did not start until 1982 to finish only at the start of 2000.
Lady of the Annunciation Monastery
The building of the monastery was approved in 1983. By 1986 it was finished to be the first maronite monastery in south Lebanon.

## Politics

Municipal Council
A number of rich and powerful personnel took the responsibility of managing the affairs of Rmaish and its people.
Municipal Elections
The Municipal election was held for the first time in 1961. It was based on an alliance of the majority of the main families against another alliance of the minority of the same families. Few hours before the elections, the two alliances meet and agreed on a head of the municipality council and a representation of all the families in the council. On that basis the first election was held in the village.
This council was behind a lot of projects, the most important are:
* The establishment of the electrical system in 1964
* The establishment of the water system in 1964
* Paving the roads in 1965
* Buying 1000 m2 to build a high school
Parliamentary Elections
These elections reflected the agreement or disagreement of families. Usually the village has been split between supporters and opposition to the deputy or another; however they agreed once to vote for the same deputy.
Local Administration 1975–1992
The local administration is a committee comprising representatives of all the families in the village. The Local Administration handled the municipal council and the mayor duties because of the events that happened at that time.

## Demographics

In 2014 Christians made up 98.57% of registered voters in Rmaish. 92.95% of the voters were Maronite Catholics. The Christian population is mostly Maronite.
The main families in Rmaish are:
| Family name | Origin | Date of arrival to Rmeish |
| Alam | Baskinta | 1696 |
| Assaf | Aita | 1855 |
| Amil | Gernaya | 1855 |
| Aoun | Seghbin | 1900 |
| Awad | Zgharta | 1918 |
| Abou Izaa | – | 1922 |
| Abdouch | – | – |
| Ayoub | – | – |
| Badeen | – | 1911 |
| Choufani | El Chouff | 1692 |
| Elias | – | – |
| Endrawous | Kafar Bereem | 1876 |
| Gerges | – | 1825 |
| Ghanatios | El Chouff | 1860 |
| Ghanem | – | – |
| Habib (Also known as haddad) | Dirdghaya | 19th century |
| Haddad | Tanbourit | 1820 |
| [Hajj/Hage](Also known as Saiid) | Qaitouli | 1700–1750 |
| Halim Hajj | Qana | 1918 |
| Jarjour | France | 1900 |
| Kalakech | – | 1788 |
| Khazen | Kesourwan | 1697 |
| Khiyami | Beit Chabeb | – |
| Makhoul | Akoura | 1750 |
| Mouawad | Zgharta | – |
| Mourkoss | Akoura | 1750 |
| Nasrallah | Sighbein | 1850 |
| Sabra | – | – |
| Tanios | Akar | 1700 |
| Touma | Haifa | – |
| Sahmout | – | – |

## Economy

Agricultural cultivation in Rmaish includes the growing of tobacco and olives.
Planting tobacco started in Rmaish halfway through the 18th century due to several natural factors: vast agricultural land, availability of irrigation water and farmers.
In 1883, the Ottoman government granted the right to monopolize the tobacco to the Regie Company. Rmaish residents did not abide by this resolution, which prompted the government to send a detachment of the army to end this situation. It ended after 8 days by the people of Rmaish agreeing on the decision.

## Archaeology

Around Rmaish there are few mountains that were occupied by different people through the history, which still have some remains today. The people who lived in these mountains are the Romans and Muslims. The most important mountains are:
Katamoun The Romans lived in Katamoun around 2,000 years ago and transformed it to a military post where they built a fortress to protect their country. Until today some remains of the fortress can still be seen in the form of a 50mx50m fence.
Koura was occupied by the Romans and the Muslims who stayed there until the end of 1838 when they left because of an earthquake that hit the area. The ruins in that mountain are still standing till today.
Some other ruins in the form of old cemeteries found in different parts of the village which are believed to go back to the 4th century BC.