# Muthiah Bhagavatar

Harikesanallur Muthiah Bhagavatar (15 November 1877 – 30 June 1945), commonly known as Muthiah Bhagavatar, is one of Carnatic classical music's famous twentieth-century composers. He also created about 20 ragas.

## Early life

Muthiah was born on 15 November 1877, in Harikesanallur, a small village in the Tirunelveli district of British India, into an affluent Tamil Brahmin family. He was exposed to music from a very early age, as his father was a patron of musicians. He lost his father at the young age of six years, when his maternal uncle M. Lakshmana Suri took over the responsibility for his education, initiating Muthiah into Sanskrit and Vedic studies. However, the love of music that had been implanted in him led Muthiah to leave his hometown of Harikesanallur, Tamil Nadu when he was only ten years in search of a teacher. He found the gifted teacher Padinaindumandapa Sambasiva Iyer at Tiruvarur, who recognised Muthiah's talent for music. Sambasiva Iyer was the father of T.S Sabesa Iyer, a contemporary who also went on to win the prestigious Sangeetha Kalanidhi award from the Madras Music Academy in 1934. During the nine years he spent with Sambasiva Iyer, Muthiah cultivated this talent and made his name as a Harikata Vidhwan. His rich voice and excellent tanam singing made him one of the era's most highly coveted concert artists. He was Asthana vidvan in seithur zamin and first guru of M S Subbulakshmi. His cousin Venkatarama Iyer was a Supreme Court Judge as well as recipient of Sangeet Kalanidhi award in 1944.

## Composer

He has to his credit almost 400 musical compositions, the largest among the post-Trinity composers, that included many different types of Varnams as well as Kritis and Thillanas. The songs were on a number of the Hindu pantheon, his patrons. He composed them in four languages – Telugu, Tamil, Sanskrit and Kannada.
Some of the ragams that owe their existence today to this great composer include Vijaysaraswathi, Karnaranjani, Budhamanohari and Niroshta. He also popularised Shanmukhapriya and Mohanakalyani. When someone asked if he could compose something that would appeal to Westerners, he composed the English notes (later popularised by Madurai Mani Iyer).
In 1934, Muthiah composed music for Tamil Nadu Talkies then owned by S. Soundararaja for their Lavakusa, a film based on the Uttara Ramayana. Bhagavathar initially was very reluctant but was later persuaded by Raval Krishna Iyer, a budding contractor of Madras. Muthiah travelled to Bombay where the film was being made at the Ranjit Studios. He composed 63 songs for the film resulting in the film being renamed as Sangeetha Lavakusa.

## Artist

He was adept at playing both the Chitraveena and Mridangam.
In addition to musical talents, his theoretical knowledge was also vast. He wrote a treatise on musical theory, Sangita Kalpa Drumam, and regularly gave lectures on musicology at the Music Academy. He was the first musician to be awarded a doctorate in India when the Kerala University awarded him the D. Litt. for his Tamil treatise in 1943. He was also the first principal of the Swati Tirunal Academy of music started in Trivandrum in 1939. Muthiah Bhagavatar has also authored a Sanskrit poetic work called Tyagaraja Vijaya Kavya. T. N. Seshagopalan, who was taught by Ramanathapuram Sankara Sivam, a disciple of Muthiah Bhagavathar, said "He was also the first to introduce the practice of nagaswara vidwans playing during the puja time at the Thiruvananthapuram temple."
He lived like a great king, but was as magnanimous as he was rich. The Harikesanjali Trust (promoted by his descendants) has been established to propagate his compositions.

## Awards and recognitions

Having impressed the Maharaja of Mysore, he was appointed court musician at Mysore. He was patronized by the Maharaja of Mysore Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV. At Mysore he composed 115 kritis in Kannada in praise of Goddess Chamundeshwari, the patron goddess of the Wodeyar dynasty. Later he was invited to the court of Travancore by the Maharaja Mulam Tirunal where he studied Swatitirunal kritis and wrote the book Sangeeta Kalpadruma, which won him an honorary doctorate. Muthiah Bhagavathar was the first President of the Annual Conference at the Madras Music Academy and was awarded the most prestigious award in Carnatic music, Sangeetha Kalanidhi title in 1930. He was conferred with an honorary doctorate by University of Kerala in 1942.

## Legacy

When he died in 1945, Muthiah Bhagavatar had written over 400 kritis and changed the entire landscape of Carnatic music by introducing many Hindustani ragas (for example "Sohini" which is Hamsaanandhi in carnatic and Saarang Malhar) and creating approximately 20 new ragas of his own. He ensured that his legacy would live on with such compositions as Bhuvanesvariya and also through his disciples, the most famous of which was Madurai Mani Iyer.
Muthiah Bhagavatar's legacy of music lives on in his granddaughter, veena expert Smt. Rugmini Gopalakrishnan.

## Compositions
### In his mother tongue (Tamil) Composition

Annai Makali, Raagam : Kapi, Adi tALaM
Andavan Darishname Raagam : Jonpuri, Adi tALaM
Unnai ninaindu Raagam : Ragamalika, Adi tALaM

### Varnams

| Composition | Raga | Tala | Language | Audio Links | Other Info |
| mAtE malaya-dhvaja pANDya-saHNjAtE | khammaj | Adi | Kannada | M.S. Subbulakshmi on YouTube | Dharu Varnam |
| shrI rAja-mAtaHNgi | Shuddha Dhanyasi | Adi | Telugu | | Tana Varnam |
| "shrI rAjarAjEswari" | Kapi | "Misra Chapu" | Sanskrit | | "Dharu |
| Sannuthangi shri Chamundeshwari | Vasantha | Adi | Kannada | | Dharu Varnam |
| manamOhana | Mohanam | Ata | Telugu | | Tana varnam |

### Other Krithis

| Composition | Raga | Tala | Language | Audio Links |
| Valli nAyaka | Shanmukhapriya | Adi tALaM | Telugu | |
| Annai Makali | Kapi | Adi tALaM | Tamil | |
| Andavan Darishname | Jonpuri | Adi tALaM | Tamil | |
| Ananda rUpaM haraM durdarshaM | vijayashrI | Adi | Sanskrit | |
| ambA vANi nannu AdarimpavE | kiraNAvaLi | Adi | Telugu | T N Seshagopalan on YouTube |
| aSTAdasha-supIThasthE | simhEndra madhyamam | rUpaka | Sanskrit | |
| dakSAdhvara-haraM shaHNkaraM | Surati | | | |
| bhuvanEshwariya | mOhana kalyANi | Adi | Kannada | Maharajapuram Santhanam on YouTube |
| gam gaNapatE namO namaH | hamsa dhwani | rUpaka | Sanskrit | Nithyasree Mahadevan on YouTube |
| himagiri-tanayE hEma-latE | Shuddha Dhanyasi | Adi | Sanskrit | S. Sowmya on YouTube |
| rAja-rAjArAdhitE | rupakamNiroshta | | Sanskrit | |
| shakti-gaNapatiM bhajEhaM | nATa | rUpaka | Sanskrit | |
| charaNam vijayasaraswati mAyE | vijayasaraswati | Adi | Sanskrit | |
| AryA dEvi amarEsha-nutE | sahAnA | Adi | Sanskrit | |
| siddhi-vinAyakaM sEvEhaM | mOhana kalyANi | Adi | Sanskrit | |
| sudhA-mayI sudhA-nidhE | amRta varSiNi | rUpaka | Sanskrit | |
| vijayAmbikE vimalAtmikE | vijaya nAgari | Adi | Sanskrit | |
| ratna-kaHNcuka-dhAriNi | Kambhoji | Misra ChApu | Sanskrit | |
| AdityaM dEvAdhi-dEvaM | mAyAmALavagauLaM | Adi tALaM | Sanskrit | |
| Unnai ninaindu | Ragamalika | Adi tALaM | Tamil | |
| Sri saravaNa bhavunivina | Sumanapriya | rUpaka | Sanskrit | |
| giripriyaM gangAdharaM | Katanakutuhalam | Adi | Sanskrit | |
| devI SrI mahAlakshmi | Harinarayani | Rupakam | Kannada | |
| jaya mangaLaM nitya Subha mangaLaM | Vasanta | Adi | Kannada | |
| umE ninnagE | Sri | Adi | Kannada | |
| vAgIshvari vani saraswathi | saraswathi | Adi/Deshaadi | Sanskrit | |
| vAncatOnunA | Karnaranjani | Rupakam | Telugu | |
| varasiddhi vinAyaka | Kannada | Adi | Sanskrirt | |
| jaya mahishasura mardini | Hamsadhwani | Rupakam | Sanskrit | R. K Srikanthan on YouTube |
| Bhairavi Parameshwari | Bhairavi | Adi | Sanskrirt | |
| jAlandharA supEthasthE | Valaji | Rupakam | Nallur |