# William Eldridge Odom

William Eldridge Odom (June 23, 1932 – May 30, 2008) was a United States Army lieutenant general who served as Director of the National Security Agency under President Ronald Reagan, which culminated a 31-year career in military intelligence, mainly specializing in matters relating to the Soviet Union. After his retirement from the military, he became a think tank policy expert and a university professor and became known for his outspoken criticism of the Iraq War and warrantless wiretapping of American citizens. He died of an apparent heart attack at his vacation home in Lincoln, Vermont.

## Military career

* 1954 Graduated from the United States Military Academy and was commissioned a second lieutenant.
* 1954–1960, Served in both the United States and West Germany.
* 1962, Earned a master's degree from Columbia University, and married Anne Weld Curtis.
* 1964–1966, Served as part of the U.S. Military Liaison Mission to the Group, Soviet Forces Germany at Potsdam, East Germany.
* 1966–1969, Taught at West Point as an assistant professor of government.
* 1970, Completed a PhD at Columbia.
* 1970–1971, At this point a lieutenant colonel, served in Vietnam, being on the Staff of Plans, Policy, and Programs, and working on the Vietnamization phase of the war.
* 1971–1972, Odom was a visiting scholar at the Research Institute on Communist Affairs at Columbia.
* 1972–1974, U.S. assistant military attaché at the United States embassy in Moscow.
* 1974, Published The Soviet Volunteers: Modernization and Bureaucracy in a Public Mass Organization, (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 360 pp.)
* 1974–1975, Associate of the Research Institute on International Change at Columbia
* 1974–1977, Associate professor, Department of Social Science at West Point.
* 1975–1976, Associate member of the Columbia University Seminar on Communism
* 1975–1977, Senior research associate, Research Institute on International Change at Columbia
* 1981, promoted to Major General
* 1977–1981, Military assistant to Zbigniew Brzezinski, the assistant to the president for national security affairs.
* 1981–1985, Assistant chief of staff for intelligence, United States Army.
* 1984, promoted to lieutenant general.
* 1985–1988, Director of the National Security Agency, Fort Meade, Maryland

## Post-military

* 1989, Director of national security studies, Hudson Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana
* 1989, Adjunct professor, political science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
* Extensive publications; see bibliography below

## Biography

Early in his military career, he observed Soviet military activities while serving as a military liaison in Potsdam, East Germany. Later, he taught courses in Russian history at West Point, New York, and while serving at the United States embassy in Moscow in the early 1970s, he visited all of the republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Although constantly trailed by KGB, he nonetheless managed to smuggle out a large portion of Alexander Solzhenitsyn's archive, including the author's membership card for the Writers' Union and Second World War military citations; Solzhenitsyn subsequently paid tribute to Odom's role in his memoir "Invisible Allies" (1995).
Upon returning to the United States, he resumed his career at West Point where he taught courses in Soviet politics. Odom regularly stressed the importance of education for military officers.
In 2003, he revealed how the question of the 1967 USS Liberty incident’s deliberateness “just wasn’t a disputed issue” within the NSA. Along with NSA Deputy Director for Operations Oliver Kirby, U.S. Air Force Major General John E. Morrison (Kirby’s successor), and Admiral Bobby Ray Inman, he said he was unaware of any agency official at any time who dissented from the “deliberate” conclusion.
In 1977, he was appointed as the military assistant to Zbigniew Brzezinski, the hawkish assistant for national security affairs to President Jimmy Carter. Among the primary issues he focused on were American-Soviet relations, including the SALT nuclear weapons talks, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the Iran hostage crisis, presidential directives on the situation in the Persian Gulf, terrorism and hijackings, and the executive order on telecommunications policy.
From 2 November 1981 to 12 May 1985, Odom served as the Army's Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence. From 1985 to 1988, he served as the director of the National Security Agency, the United States' largest intelligence agency, under president Ronald Reagan.
Odom was a Senior Fellow at the Hudson Institute, where he specialized in military issues, intelligence, and international relations. He was also an adjunct professor at Yale University and Georgetown University, where he taught seminar courses in U.S. National Security Policy and Russian Politics. He earned a national reputation as an expert on the Soviet military.
Since 2005, he had argued that U.S. interests would be best served by an immediate withdrawal from Iraq, having called the 2003 U.S. invasion the worst strategic blunder in the history of U.S. foreign policy. He had also been critical of the NSA's warrantless wiretapping of international calls, having said "it wouldn't have happened on my watch". Odom was also openly critical of the neo­conser­vative influence in the decision to go to war: "It's pretty hard to imagine us going into Iraq without the strong lobbying efforts from the AIPAC and the [neo­conser­vatives], who think they know what's good for Israel more than Israel knows."
Odom was a member of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame and the American Philosophical Society. He was also a member of the advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation.

## Decorations

Expert Infantryman Badge :
| Parachutist Badge |||||||||||||||||||
| 1st Row | Army Distinguished Service Medal | Army Distinguished Service Medal | Army Distinguished Service Medal | Army Distinguished Service Medal | Army Distinguished Service Medal | Defense Superior Service Medal | Defense Superior Service Medal | Defense Superior Service Medal | Defense Superior Service Medal | Defense Superior Service Medal | Legion of Merit | Legion of Merit | Legion of Merit | Legion of Merit | Legion of Merit | Legion of Merit |
| 2nd Row | Meritorious Service Medal | Meritorious Service Medal | Meritorious Service Medal | Meritorious Service Medal | Joint Service Commendation Medal | Joint Service Commendation Medal | Joint Service Commendation Medal | Joint Service Commendation Medal | Army Commendation Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster | Army Commendation Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster | Army Commendation Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster | Army Commendation Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster | Army of Occupation Medal | Army of Occupation Medal | Army of Occupation Medal | Army of Occupation Medal |
| 3rd Row | National Defense Service Medal | National Defense Service Medal | National Defense Service Medal | National Defense Service Medal | Vietnam Service Medal with one service star | Vietnam Service Medal with one service star | Vietnam Service Medal with one service star | Vietnam Service Medal with one service star | Vietnam Staff Service Medal, 1st Class | Vietnam Staff Service Medal, 1st Class | Vietnam Staff Service Medal, 1st Class | Vietnam Staff Service Medal, 1st Class | Vietnam Campaign Medal | Vietnam Campaign Medal | Vietnam Campaign Medal | Vietnam Campaign Medal |
| Presidential Service Badge |||||||||||||||||||