# National Union of Agricultural and Allied Workers

The National Union of Agricultural and Allied Workers (NUAAW) was a trades union representing farmworkers in the United Kingdom. The Union was founded in 1906 by trade union activist George Edwards. It was dissolved in 1982 when it merged into the Agricultural Section of the Transport and General Workers' Union.
In 1919, the union began publishing its journal The Landworker for its members. The journal remains in circulation, now published by the Agricultural Section of Unite the Union.

## History
### Background

The late 19th century saw the rise of the labour movement in the United Kingdom. As the movement grew in the agricultural sector, conflict increased between three main groups:
* farmworkers, those farming on land on which they had no control over;
* tenant farmers, those renting the land to farm; and
* landowners, those owning the agricultural land.
In the early 1870s, British farmworkers began organising agricultural trade unions such as the Lincolnshire Labour League (later the Amalgamated Labour League), the Warwickshire Agricultural Labourers Union (later the National Agricultural Labourers' Union), and the Kent and Sussex Agricultural Labourers' Union. These unions initially achieved modest victories and growth, but a series of unsuccessful attempts to use collective action resulted in the decline and dissolution of early farmworkers' unions.
After the victory of the Liberal Party in the 1906 UK general election, many farm owners were angered by the rejection of the Conservative Party. Farm owners took revenge by sacking and evicting farmers who they suspected of radical views or of Liberal sympathies.

### Formation and early years

In Norfolk, farm workers sought the help of Liberal counciller and trade union activist George Edwards. Ewards had previously been involved with union organising, but initially believed he wasn't equal to the task. After being convinced by his wife, Charlotte Edwards, George Edwards agreed to help establish a farmworker's union. In early June, Edwards began making use of his connections with union activists and Liberal members to raise funds. While some supporting Liberals expressed scepticism, two Liberal MPs — George Nicholls and Richard Winfrey — pledged to attend the founding the conference in addition their donations.
Through this, £10 in funds (equivalent to £1,359 in 2023) were raised. Although the cost of hosting a conference at the Angel Hotel in North Walsham was £11, Edwards himself funded the difference out of his own pocket. With this, the conference was held on 20 July 1906, with attending Norfolk agricultural workers voting to establish the Eastern Counties Agricultural Labourers & Small Holders Union.
George Edwards was the union's inaugural General Secretary, and was paid 13 shillings a week. Other leadership positions were held by George Nicholls, the union's first president, and Richard Winfrey, its first treasurer. The remainder of its Executive Committee consisted of J. Binder, J. Sage, William G. Codling, Herbert Day, J. Bly, C. Holman and J. Stibbins. Much of the union's early leadership were trade union moderates associated with the Liberal Party, and shyed away from any actions they considered militant. George Edwards himself described strike action as a horror, and often worked to prevent strikes.
The first three branches of the union were in Norfolk, One in St Faith's (former stronghold of Joseph Arch's old National Agricultural Labourers Union), one in Kenninghall, and one in Shipham. By the end of 1906, the union had established fifty-seven branches, and had a total of 1,600 members.

### Split from the Liberals and affiliation to Labour

In March 1910, major strikes for better pay and conditions broke out in the Norfolk villages of Trunch, and spread to Knapton and St Faith's. At St Faith's, the 105 union men were on strike from May 1910 until February 1911 for 1 shilling a week extra. The strike action was unsuccessful, with many union members supicious of the Liberal Party undermining them. As a result, at the Union's February 1911 Fakenham conference, the Union's members voted to affiliate to the Labour Party and the Trades Union Congress (TUC).
From 1911 until 1923, Walter Robert Smith was Honourary President of the Union.
The organisation changed its name in 1912 to the National Agricultural Labourers and Rural Workers Union (NALRWU), and in the same year officially registered as an Approved Society under the National Insurance Act 1911. Through a £500 grant by the TUC (equivalent to £62,145 in 2023), in 1913 the union was able to afford two salaried organisers. George Edwards stood down as General Secretary in 1913, then took up the post of President.
Growing interest in the NALRWU in some regards outstripped the ability of the Union's head office to keep up. One such case 1912 appeals to expand the union's activity into Flintshire in Wales turned down. Despite this, the NALRWU continued to grow. The Union entered Wales in Wrexham County joined with a campaign to strengthen its position in South-West Lancashire. When farmworkers in the area put forward demands for increased pay, they were denied and 2,000 workers went on strike. The strike lasted two weeks, and received the support of the Ormskirk branch of the National Union of Railwaymen
In 1920, the Union became the National Union of Agricultural Workers (NUAW).

### Decline and amalgamation

The post-war period in Britain saw a decline in the number of farmworkers from 750,000 in 1946 to under 200,000 in 1976. Over the same period, the NUAW lost half of its membership despite strong recruitment centred on agricultural auxiliary workers—such as those working in the transport and retail of food and agricultural goods. In part reflecting this, in 1968 the Union took on its final name, the National Union of Agricultural and Allied Workers (NUAAW).
In 1982, the union was dissolved and became part of the already existing Agricultural Section of the Transport and General Workers' Union (TGWU). the TGWU itself merged with Amicus in 2007 to form Unite the Union. The NUAAW's contemporary successor is currently the Food, Drink and Agricultural Workers Section of Unite the Union, which operates the NUAAWs publication, The Landworker.

## Function and culture

The Union not only fought for worker's rights but also provide social activities.
The Union's stronghold was in Norfolk, Lincolnshire and Dorset with over 90% of agricultural labourers being in membership.
William "Bill" Holmes, NUAW General Secretary once told an audience of American trade unionists: "In many of our villages, a man who joins a trade union is worthy of the Victoria Cross that's won on a battlefield. In many villages he dare not be known to be a member of the union. But to be a branch secretary! That is to risk one's livelihood every day in the week".
The Dorset County Committee organises the annual Tolpuddle Martyrs festival along with the Trades Union Congress.

## Election results

The union worked closely with the Labour Party from its early years. Until 1945, it contributed election expenses to some candidates, but no ongoing expenses to those who won election, and therefore it is often not listed as a sponsor in this period.
| Election | Constituency | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Position |
| 1918 general election | King's Lynn | Robert Barrie Walker | 9,780 | 49.1 | 2 |
| 1918 general election | South Norfolk | George Edwards | 6,536 | 35.7 | 2 |
| 1920 by-election | Horncastle | William Holmes | 3,443 | 18.8 | 3 |
| 1920 by-election | South Norfolk | George Edwards | 8,594 | 45.7 | 1 |
| 1921 by-election | Taunton | James Lunnon | 8,290 | 38.9 | 2 |
| 1922 general election | King's Lynn | Robert Barrie Walker | 8,683 | 32.7 | 2 |
| 1922 general election | South Norfolk | George Edwards | 10,159 | 44.4 | 2 |
| 1922 general election | Stafford | Bill Holmes | 7,672 | 41.1 | 2 |
| 1923 general election | Ormskirk | Robert Barrie Walker | 9,388 | 47.0 | 2 |
| 1923 general election | South Norfolk | George Edwards | 11,682 | 51.9 | 1 |
| 1924 general election | Ormskirk | Robert Barrie Walker | 10,402 | 43.7 | 2 |
| 1924 general election | South Norfolk | George Edwards | 11,376 | 44.5 | 2 |
| 1929 general election | East Norfolk | Bill Holmes | 7,856 | 23.4 | 3 |
| 1931 general election | East Norfolk | Bill Holmes | 6,562 | 20.2 | 2 |
| 1945 general election | Barkston Ash | Bert Hazell | 24,322 | 49.9 | 2 |
| 1945 general election | Holland with Boston | Arthur Monks | 21,263 | 44.1 | 2 |
| 1945 general election | North Norfolk | Edwin Gooch | 17,753 | 58.7 | 1 |
| 1950 general election | Barkston Ash | Bert Hazell | 18,626 | 42.5 | 2 |
| 1950 general election | North Norfolk | Edwin Gooch | 19,790 | 48.0 | 1 |
| 1951 general election | Central Norfolk | John Lambley | 17,270 | 44.1 | 2 |
| 1951 general election | North Norfolk | Edwin Gooch | 21,067 | 50.3 | 1 |
| 1955 by-election | South Norfolk | John MacLennan Stewart | 14,254 | 48.5 | 2 |
| 1955 general election | North Norfolk | Edwin Gooch | 20,899 | 51.5 | 1 |
| 1955 general election | South Norfolk | John MacLennan Stewart | 17,215 | 47.9 | 2 |
| 1955 general election | Worcester | Leonard Pike | 19,508 | 43.2 | 2 |
| 1959 by-election | South West Norfolk | Albert Hilton | 15,314 | 50.6 | 1 |
| 1959 general election | North Norfolk | Edwin Gooch | 19,784 | 50.9 | 1 |
| 1959 general election | South Norfolk | John MacLennan Stewart | 16,542 | 46.2 | 2 |
| 1959 general election | South West Norfolk | Albert Hilton | 16,858 | 50.1 | 1 |
| 1959 general election | Taunton | Leonard Pike | 16,182 | 35.3 | 2 |
| 1964 general election | North Norfolk | Bert Hazell | 19,370 | 50.1 | 1 |
| 1964 general election | South West Norfolk | Albert Hilton | 16,605 | 49.2 | 2 |
| 1964 general election | Taunton | Leonard Pike | 16,619 | 36.2 | 2 |
| 1966 general election | North Norfolk | Bert Hazell | 20,796 | 50.9 | 1 |
| 1970 general election | Ludlow | David Nagington | 12,800 | 31.7 | 2 |
| 1970 general election | North Norfolk | Bert Hazell | 19,903 | 44.7 | 2 |
| 1974 Oct general election | Sheffield Brightside | Joan Maynard | 18,108 | 49.7 | 1 |
| 1979 general election | Sheffield Brightside | Joan Maynard | 25,672 | 68.5 | 1 |

## Leadership
### General Secretaries

    1906: George Edwards
    1913: Robert Barrie Walker
    1928: Bill Holmes
    1944: Alf Dann
    1953: Harold Collison
    1969: Reg Bottini
    1978: Jack Boddy

### Presidents

    1906: George Nicholls
    1913: George Edwards
    1923: Bill Holmes
    1928: Edwin Gooch
    1966: Bert Hazell
    1978: John Hose