# Baroque guitar

The Baroque guitar (c. 1600–1750) is a string instrument with five courses of gut strings and moveable gut frets. The first (highest pitched) course sometimes used only a single string.

## History

The Baroque guitar replaced the lute as the most common instrument found when one was at home. The earliest attestation of a five-stringed guitar comes from the mid-sixteenth-century Spanish book Declaracion de Instrumentos Musicales by Juan Bermudo, published in 1555. The first treatise published for the Baroque guitar was Guitarra Española de cinco ordenes (The Five-course Spanish Guitar), c. 1590, by Juan Carlos Amat.
The baroque guitar in contemporary ensembles took on the role of a basso continuo instrument and players would be expected to improvise a chordal accompaniment. Several scholars have assumed that the guitar was used together with another basso continuo instrument playing the bass line. However, there are good reasons to suppose that the guitar was used as an independent instrument for accompaniment in many situations. Intimately tied to the development of the Baroque guitar is the alfabeto system of notation.

## Tuning

Three different ways of tuning the guitar are well documented in seventeenth-century sources as set out in the following table. This includes the names of composers who are associated with each method. Very few sources seem to clearly indicate that one method of stringing rather than another should be used and it is often argued that it may have been up to the player to decide what was appropriate. The issue is highly contentious and different theories have been put forward.
At first, commonly used tuning included courses in octaves, called a 'bordón' by the Spanish and a 'bourdon' by the French. In the end of the eighteenth century the south-French and Italians introduced guitars with five single strings, first by simply taking off the doubles (so called 'French guitar' — 'Chitarra Francese').
A very brief list of composers and tunings:
| Composers | Scale |
| Ferdinando Valdambrini (Italy, 1646/7) Gaspar Sanz (Spain, 1674) | e¹/e¹, b/b, g/g, d¹/d¹, a/a |
| Antoine Carre (France, 1671) Robert de Visée (France, 1682) Nicolas Derosier (Netherlands, 1690) | e¹/e¹, b/b, g/g, d/d¹, a/a |
| Girolamo Montesardo (Italy, 1606) Benedetto Sanseverino (Italy, 1620) Giovanni Paolo Foscarini (Italy, 1640) Francisco Guerau (Spain, 1694) | e¹/e¹, b/b, g/g, d/d1, A/a |

## Composers

* Giovanni Paolo Foscarini (c. 1600 – 1650), I quattro libri della chitarra spagnola (c. 1635)
* Lodovico Monte (circa 1637)
* Francesco Corbetta (1615–1681), Varii scherzi di sonate, Libro 4 (c. 1648)
* Angelo Michele Bartolotti (c. 1615–1680)
* Giovanni Battista Granata (1620–1687)
* Gaspar Sanz (c. 1640–1710), Instrucción de música sobre la guitarra española (1674)
* Robert de Visée (c. 1658 – 1725), Livre de guittarre dédié au roy (1682) , Livre de pièces pour la guitare (c. 1686)
* Ludovico Roncalli (1654–1713), Capricci armonici sopra la chitarra spagnola (1692)
* Francisco Guerau (1649–1722), Poema harmonico (1694)
* Henri Grenerin (fl. mid-17th century)
* Santiago de Murcia (c. 1673 – 1739), Resumen de acompañar la parte con la guitarra (1714) , Cifras selectas de guitarra (1722) , Códice Saldívar No.4 (c. 1730) , and Passacalles y Obras (1732)

## Sample of makers

Matteo Sellas (1600s).
Antonio Stradivari (1644–1737). Of his five surviving guitars, the 1679 "Sabionari" is the only one in playable condition. Two other Stradivari guitars are in museums. An instrument of 1688 is in the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, England, and an instrument of 1700 is in the National Music Museum in Vermillion, South Dakota.
Nicholas Alexandre Voboam II (c. 1634/46–1692/1704). French luthier with three guitars bearing his signature (from a total of 26 attributed to the Voboam Family). The guitars of Alexandre were held in high esteem during his lifetime and a century later were still considered desirable instruments.

## Performers

* Xavier Díaz-Latorre
* Lex Eisenhardt
* Eduardo Egüez
* Rolf Lislevand
* Massimo Lonardi
* Nigel North
* Jakob Lindberg
* Barry Mason
* Ugo Nastrucci
* Patrick O'Brien
* Paul O'Dette
* Stefano Pesori
* David Ryckaert III (Antwerp 1612–1661)
* Hopkinson Smith
* Stephen Stubbs
* James Tyler

## Gallery

* Baroque guitar by Matteo Seelos (before 1653)
* Five-course guitars by Jean-Baptiste Voboam (ca.1695) and Joachim Tielke (ca.1695–99)
* The Rawlins guitar (1700), part of the Stradivarius collection at the National Music Museum
* Chitarra battente
* Modern copy of Baroque guitar
* Baroque guitar at the Casa Museo Del Timple, Lanzarote, Spain.
* A baroque guitar by Joachim Tielke in the V&A Museum, London, UK.