OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mularaja II

Mularaja (r. 1175 – 1178 CE), also known as Bala Mularaja (lit. 'Child Mularaja'), was an Indian king from the Chaulukya dynasty of Gujarat. He ruled the present-day Gujarat and surrounding areas from his capital Anahilapataka (modern Patan). He ascended the throne as a child, and his mother Naiki Devi acted as the regent during his short reign. The Chaulukyas repulsed a Ghurid invasion when he was 13 years old. The Paramara king Vindhyavarman made attempts to evict the Chaulukyas from Malwa during his reign, and succeeded in regaining control of Malwa either during Mularaja's lieftime or shortly after his death.

## Early life

Mularaja succeeded his father Ajayapala on the Chaulukya throne.
His mother Naikidevi was the daughter of one Paramardin. According to one theory, this Paramardin was the Goa Kadamba king Shivachitta Paramadideva (1148–1179 CE). Another theory identifies him with the Chandela king Paramardi. The second theory is based on the identification of "Kakaḍādaha" with similar-sounding "Gāḍāraghaṭṭa". The Chandela-era Garra inscription mentions that a Chandela warrior named Rauta Pape lost his life in a battle at Kakaḍādaha. According to the 14th century chronicler Merutunga, Naikidevi fought the Muslims at Gāḍarāraghaṭṭa. This appears to be same as Kasahrada, where a Chaulukya army defeated the Ghurids in 1178 CE.
Mularaja ascended the throne as a young child after his father's death. His mother Naikidevi acted as the regent during his short reign.

## Rebellion in Malwan

The Paramara kingdom of Malwa had come under Chaulukya control during the reign of Mularaja's predecessors. During Mularaja's reign, a famine occurred in Gujarat. Taking advantage of this, the Paramara king Vindhyavarman made attempts to regain control of Malwa.
The Chaulukya general Kumara was in-charge of the operations against Vindhyavarman. According to Surathotsava, written by Kumara's son Someshvara, Kumara defeated Vindhyavarman. After his victory, Kumara destroyed Vindhyavarman's town Gogasthana, sank a well where the Paramara palace once stood, and plundered Malwa.
Vindhyavarman was ultimately successful in regaining control of Malwa. According to historian R. C. Majumdar, he accomplished this during the reign of Mularaja. However, A. K. Majumdar believes that Malwa remained under Chaululkya control during Mularaja's reign.

## Famine

According to Someshvara's Surathotsava Mahakavya, there was a severe famine during the reign of Mularaja II, and Someshvara's father - the royal priest Kumara - convinced the king to give the citizens a tax break during this period. Someshvara states that Kumara also served as a military commander, and repulsed an invasion by the Paramara king Vindhyavarman. Kumara destroyed the Paramara city of Goga-sthana, and dug a well on the cite of Vindhya's palace. He obtained a great amount of wealth from the Paramara kingdom of Malava, and donated it at Gaya during a shraddha ceremony. He also defeated a mlechchha army near Rajnisara (or Ranisara).

## Death

Mularaja died at a very young age in 1178 CE, and was succeeded by his brother Bhima II.
# Gugulethu Zuma-Ncube

Gugulethu Zuma-Ncube (born 10 October 1985) is a South African producer, actress and daughter of former President Jacob Zuma and African National Congress (ANC) politician Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, and daughter-in-law to Zimbabwean Movement for Democratic Change Alliance politician Professor Welshman Ncube.

## Early life

Zuma-Ncube was born in 1985. In 2007, she graduated from AFDA with a Live Performance degree. Sindiswa, a graduation film in which she played a role, was nominated for the Student Academy Awards (Student Oscars) in Hollywood. She met her future husband, Wesley Ncube, while she was studying in Cape Town, and married him at the end of 2008.

## Career

Gugulethu has appeared in several television shows, including Interrogation Room, SABC3's Isidingo, and e.tv's Rhythm City.

### It's for Life

Through Nyenyedzi Productions, which she co-owns with her sisters Nokuthula Nomaqhawe and Thuthukile Zuma, she co-produced and acted in Mzansi Magic's It’s for Life, a 2011 sitcom about four 20-somethings who find a squatter in their house. Their father promoted the series through his official presidential Twitter account, for which he received criticism.

### Uzalo

Zuma-Ncube also co-owns Stained Glass Productions with Kobedi "Pepsi" Pokane, through which they co-produced Uzalo for the SABC1 channel. It aired five days per week, Monday to Friday, and was the second-most popular television show in South Africa, behind Mzansi Magic's Isibaya telenovella, with which it was intended to compete.
In 2015 and 2016, various national newspapers alleged that Zuma-Ncube benefitted unduly from nepotism through contracts of R167 million from the SABC and R8 million from the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality for Uzalo.
The first season of Uzalo, which aired in 2015, cost R50 million, and was filmed and produced in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, where it received R8 million from the ANC-led local municipal government. The Democratic Alliance accused the local municipality of patronage for funding the private production, noting that there would be no government oversight of the spending and that the money could have helped less established entertainment businesses instead.
The TV series was caught in controversy when then-SABC CEO Hlaudi Motsoeneng intervened in a decision not to renew the series, deciding instead to commission another three seasons for around R167 million, an amount with which "the SABC could produce about 20 programmes". Stained Glass Productions were accused of political interference with the procurement processes of the SABC, which the co-producers denied, claiming that they "did everything by the book" and that they received no "special treatment".

## Politics

In 2011, she volunteered at Luthuli House, the ANC's headquarters, with her sister Thuthukile.

## Personal life

Gugulethu Zuma-Ncube, daughter of former South African President Jacob Zuma with politician ANC former wife Dr Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma, is married to mathematician Wesley Ncube, son of Zimbabwean politician Prof Welshman Ncube. They were married on 20 December 2008 in Pretoria, South Africa.
# Musheerabad Mosque

The Musheerabad Mosque, also known as the Masjid e Kalan, and as the Musheerabad Badi Masjid, and as the Jama Masjid Musheerabad, is a mosque located in the Musheerabad locality of Hyderabad, in the Hyderabad district of the state of Telangana, India. The original portion was constructed in 1560 CE by Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah, the fourth Sultan of the Qutb Shahi dynasty and is identical to the Hayat Bakshi Mosque located in Hayathnagar area of Hyderabad.

## Overview

After the fall of Golconda, the mosque went into disuse and remained abandoned till the area became a jagir of Nawab Arastu Jah, the Prime Minister during the reign of Nizam Ali Khan. It was also repaired in 1951. Today, the old structure is in a dilapidated state.
A new four-storied portion has been constructed to accommodate the namazis. There used to be a large courtyard where the new portion stands today.
The mosque was completed in the Qutb Shahi style and has five lofty arches and two minarets at the corners.
# Bazzite Linux

Bazzite is a open source Linux distribution that is designed as an alternative to Valve's SteamOS 3. Bazzite is based on Fedora Linux rather than Arch Linux. It offers support for PC handheld devices, including the Steam Deck. Bazzite is named after the mineral, as Fedora Atomic Desktops once had a mineral naming scheme.

## References and notes

* ↑ Hollister, Sean (2024-12-30). "The Steam Deck has finally been surpassed — by a fork of Valve's own experience". The Verge. Retrieved 2025-01-10.
* ↑ Evangelho, Jason. "5 Reasons You Should Run Bazzite Linux On Your ROG Ally". Forbes. Retrieved 2025-01-10.
* ↑ Mackenzie, Oliver (2024-10-27). "Bazzite delivers the SteamOS experience Windows handhelds need - and it's terrific". Eurogamer.net. Retrieved 2025-01-10.
* ↑ Aaron Klotz (August 23, 2023). "Bazzite is a SteamOS Clone That Supports Gaming PCs and the Steam Deck". Tom's Hardware.
* ↑ Purdy, Kevin (October 3, 2024). "Bazzite is the next best thing to SteamOS while we wait on Valve". Ars Technica.
* ↑ "Bazzite 3.5 gets updated NVIDIA drivers, expanded handheld support (including Steam Deck OLED)". GamingOnLinux. July 1, 2024.
* ↑ "Bazzite Linux gets keyboard-less installation (good for handhelds) and smaller updates". GamingOnLinux. August 30, 2024.
* ↑ "Installing Bazzite and Initial Setup". HackMD.
* ↑ "FAQ - Bazzite Documentation". docs.bazzite.gg.
# Zabierzów, Lesser Poland Voivodeship

Zabierzów is a village in southern Poland in the Kraków metropolitan area and situated (since 1999) in Lesser Poland Voivodship, previously (1975–1998) in Kraków Voivodship. Religions: Roman Catholicism (The Church) and Jehovah's Witnesses.
# Nishiseto Expressway

The Nishiseto Expressway (西瀬戸自動車道, Nishiseto Jidōsha-dō), often called the Shimanami Kaidō (しまなみ海道), is an expressway in Japan that connects Onomichi, Hiroshima and Imabari, Ehime, going through nine of the Geiyo Islands, including Ōshima, Ōmishima, and Innoshima. The road and multiple bridges crossing across the Seto Inland Sea is one of the three main transportation links of the Honshū–Shikoku Bridge Project, constructed between the islands of Honshu and Shikoku.
The expressway contains fifty-five bridges, including the Kurushima Kaikyō Bridge, the world's longest series of suspension bridges, and the Tatara Bridge, the world's fourth longest cable-stayed bridge. The route is famed for its scenic views and can be crossed by bicycles, mopeds and pedestrians as well as cars. It was opened on May 1, 1999, and is 59.4 kilometres (36.9 miles) long, sporting four lanes with a separated path for pedestrians and cyclists.

## Cycle tourism

The road and bridge route was designed with an integrated cycle lane linking Onomichi in Hiroshima Prefecture with Imabari in Ehime Prefecture. The cycle route is approximately 70 kilometres (43 miles) in length, including bridge access ramps, and since opening has become one of Japan's most popular long-distance cycle routes.
As accessing the Shin-Onomichi bridge involves a steep climb, cyclists are encouraged to use a short ferry ride between Onomichi and Mukaishima, but all other bridges on the route feature a designated cycle path. Bicycle rental and drop off locations are available along the route.
The route is a toll road, though tolls had been waived for cyclists until March 31, 2022, in an effort to promote tourism. Although there are two other land connections between Shikoku and Honshu as well, Nishiseto Expressway is the only one that can be traversed on foot or by bicycle.

### Gallery

* Cycle access ramp to the Kurushima-kaikyo Ohashi Bridge
* Shimanami Kaido cycle access ramp at Imabari
* Designated cycle lane on the Tatara Bridge
* Onomichi ferry. Northern starting point of Shimanami Kaido cycle route.
# Sandy Laird

Alexander Laird (born 21 October 1901) was a Scottish footballer who played in the Football League for Preston North End.
# Roger Bootle

Roger Bootle (born 22 June 1952) is a British economist and a weekly columnist for The Daily Telegraph. He is the chairman of Capital Economics, an independent macroeconomic research consultancy. He and Capital Economics were awarded the Wolfson Economics Prize in 2012.

## Background

Roger Paul Bootle was born in Watford. He read Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Merton College, Oxford before completing his graduate studies at Nuffield College. Bootle began his career in the academic world as a lecturer in Economics at St Anne’s College, Oxford.

## Career

He worked as an economist for Capel-Cure Myers and Lloyds Merchant Bank. From 1989 until 1998, he was an economist at Midland Bank/HSBC, rising to the position of Group Chief Economist of the HSBC group. During the John Major government in the 1990s, he was appointed to the UK treasury’s panel of economic forecasters under Kenneth Clarke.
Bootle founded the consultancy Capital Economics in 1999. He and Capital Economics won the £250,000 Wolfson Economics Prize in 2012, "for the best plan for dealing with member states leaving the eurozone".
In 2014, Bootle sold a stake in Capital Economics to part of Lloyds Banking Group; the transaction valued his company at £70 million. Two years later, he changed to being part-time chairman. Phoenix Equity Partners purchased a majority stake in the consultancy from Bootle in 2018; this valued the business at £95 million. Bootle retained his role and a reduced financial interest in Capital Economics.
Bootle is a eurosceptic and a member of Economists for Free Trade, formerly called Economists for Brexit, a group of independent economists. The Trouble with Europe is among the books that he has written.

## Publications

* Theory of Money, joint author with W. T. Newlyn, 1978, ISBN 0-19-877099-5
* Index-Linked Gilts - a practical investment guide, 1985, ISBN 0-85941-289-X
* The Death of Inflation, 1998, ISBN 1-85788-145-1
* Money for Nothing – Real Wealth, Financial Fantasies and the Economy of the Future, 2003, ISBN 1-85788-282-2
* The Trouble with Markets - saving capitalism from itself, Second edition, 2011, ISBN 978-1-85788-558-3
* The Trouble with Europe: Why the EU Isn't Working, How It Can Be Reformed, What Could Take Its Place, 2014, ISBN 978-1-85788-615-3
* The AI Economy: Work, Wealth and Welfare in the Robot Age, 2019, ISBN 978-1-47369-615-0
# Pandurang Pissurlekar

Pandurang Sakharam Shenvi Pissurlencar (30 May 1894 – 10 July 1969) was an Indian historian, archivist, and scholar of Maratha history. He is credited with organizing and expanding the Goa State Archives and making rare historical documents accessible to scholars. Due to his contributions, he is often referred to as the "Father of the Goa State Archives."

## Early life

Pissurlencar was born on 30 May 1894 in the village of Pissurlem, located in Satari, Goa. He received his primary education in Marathi before pursuing Portuguese studies at the Lyceum and Escola Normal in Panjim. His proficiency in the Portuguese language enabled him to teach Portuguese and arithmetic at schools in Valpoi, Sanquelim, Old Goa, and Nerul.

## Career

Pissurlencar developed a keen interest in archival research and obtained permission from the Portuguese authorities to access historical records preserved in the Secretariat archives since 1919. In recognition of his expertise, he was appointed in 1931 as the Chief of the "General and Historical Archives of Portuguese India."
Though he initially enjoyed favor with the Portuguese authorities, his loyalty to them conflicted with his allegiance to Goa and India. When Portugal took the "Right of Passage" case to the International Court of Justice at The Hague, Pissurlencar diplomatically refused to support the Portuguese side.

## Contributions to history and archival work

Pissurlencar is credited with systematically organizing the Goa State Archives and making rare documents available to scholars. His published works include Regimentos das Fortalezas da India (1951), Agentes da Diplomacia Portuguesa na India (1952) and Assentos do Conselho do Estado (1953–57).
He was also a scholar of Maratha history, publishing several articles in the Boletim do Instituto Vasco da Gama. His research was well regarded among historians, and he received praise for his work.

## Later career

Towards the end of his career, Pissurlencar delivered the "N. C. Kelkar Memorial Lectures" in Marathi at the University of Poona in March 1969. His work in historiography was widely recognized, and he received awards from various academic institutions in India and abroad.
In 1965, he was appointed Honorary Professor of History at a Centre for Post-Graduate Instruction and Research in Goa. His personal collection of books and documents was donated to this institution, which is now a part of Goa University.

## Death

Pissurlencar died on 10 July 1969 in Panaji.

## Works

* Regimentos das Fortalezas da India (1951)
* Agentes da Diplomacia Portuguesa na India (1952)
* Assentos do Conselho do Estado (1953–57)
# Pavel Chernyshev

Pavel Feoktistovich Chernyshev (1854 – March 1876) was a Russian medical student who died in custody after being arrested for his political views.

## Early life

Pavel Feoktistovich Chernyshev was born around 1854 in Samara Governorate, Russia, to noble parents.

## Arrest and death

By 1874, Chernyshev was a medical student at the Medical and Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg. While a student, he helped organize and served as treasurer for the Samartsy, a populist St. Petersburg student society. He took part in the "Going to the People" movement, and it is for this participation that he was arrested by authorities on August 30, 1874 and incarcerated shortly thereafter. He was released on bail on March 11, 1876; having contracted tuberculosis while in prison, he died in a hospital soon after his release.
Chernyshev's primary claims to fame are his imprisonment, death, and funeral, all of which occurred over about 18 months from his arrest to his funeral on March 30, 1876. The funeral at Volkovo Cemetery became the seed of a large populist anti-government demonstration, and the composer Grigori A. Machtet wrote the poem "The Last Farewell" (literally "Succumbed to the ordeal of imprisonment") in his memory. The poem lives on as the lyrics to the song "Slavery and Suffering," (Esclavage et souffrance) which has been performed by the Red Army Choir and was a popular revolutionary song.
# Florin Stângă

Florin Cornel Stângă (born 22 June 1978) is a Romanian football manager and former player, currently assistant coach at Liga I club Petrolul Ploiești.

## Honours
### Player

Nitramonia Făgăraș
* Divizia C: 1996–97
Corona Brașov
* Liga II: 2012–13
Sepsi OSK
* Liga III: 2015–16
SR Brașov
* Liga IV – Brașov County: 2017–18

### Coach

SR Brașov
* Liga IV – Brașov County: 2017–18
# Momentum crash

A momentum crash is a sudden and significant decline in the performance of a momentum-based investment strategy, which involves buying assets that have shown an upward price trend and selling those with a downward trend. While this strategy can be profitable, it is also prone to sudden reversals that can result in large losses. These reversals can occur without warning, leading to a sharp drop in the value of the assets held by momentum investors.
Momentum crashes often occur during periods of market stress or when market sentiment shifts rapidly. For example, if a market trending upwards suddenly declines, stocks that had been performing well can drop sharply, causing significant losses for momentum investors. These crashes are frequently seen during market corrections, when the overall market declines after a prolonged uptrend, leading to a significant drop in momentum stocks.
Economic shifts can also trigger momentum crashes. Unexpected economic data or changes in economic conditions can cause a sudden reversal in market trends, adversely affecting momentum strategies. Additionally, investor behavior, such as herding, where many investors follow the same trend, can lead to overcrowded trades. When these trades unwind, it can cause sharp price declines, exacerbating the momentum crash.
Liquidity issues are another factor that can contribute to momentum crashes. During market stress, liquidity can dry up, leading to larger price swings for momentum stocks. This lack of liquidity means it becomes harder to sell off assets quickly without significantly impacting their prices, which can lead to steep declines in the value of these stocks during a crash.
To manage the risk of momentum crashes, investors often diversify their portfolios, use stop-loss orders, and incorporate other investment strategies to balance the risks associated with momentum investing. These measures can help mitigate the potential for significant losses when a momentum crash occurs.
# Polo at the 1908 Summer Olympics

At the 1908 Summer Olympics, a polo tournament was contested. It was the second time the sport had been featured at the Olympics, with 1900 being its first appearance. The venue was the Hurlingham Polo Grounds in London. The Hurlingham Club presented a Challenge Cup to the winner of the tournament, which consisted of three teams. All three teams represented the British Olympic Association, with two from England and one from Ireland. The two English teams played each first, with the winner playing against the Irish team. Roehampton won both games, taking the gold medal, while the other two teams did not face each other to break the tie for second place.

## Background

This was the second time that polo was played at the Olympics; the sport had previously appeared in 1900 and would appear again in 1920, 1924, and 1936. Each time, the tournament was for men only.
No nations made their debut in polo in 1908, as Great Britain was the only nation represented and was making its second appearance.

## Competition format

Only two games were played. The winner of the first game played the team that had a bye. Games were played in six periods of ten minutes each.

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Great Britain | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 |

## Medal summary

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Great Britain (GBR) Roehampton Charles Darley Miller George Arthur Miller Patteson Womersley Nickalls Herbert Haydon Wilson | Great Britain (GBR) Hurlingham Walter Buckmaster Frederick Freake Walter Jones John Wodehouse  Great Britain (GBR) Ireland John Hardress Lloyd John Paul McCann Percy O'Reilly Auston Rotherham | None awarded |

## Team rosters
### Hurlingham

* Walter Buckmaster
* Frederick Freake
* Walter Jones
* John Wodehouse

### Ireland

* John Hardress Lloyd
* John Paul McCann
* Percy O'Reilly
* Auston Rotherham

### Roehampton

* Charles Darley Miller
* George Arthur Miller
* Patteson Womersley Nickalls
* Herbert Haydon Wilson

## Results
### Game 1

Hurlingham scored first, with a goal in the second period by Jones. It would be the only goal scored by the team, however, as Roehampton answered with two goals in the third and added another in the fifth.

### Game 2

The second game was decidedly more lopsided than the first, with Roehampton scoring twice in the first period and Miller adding three more himself in the second. Ireland scored its only goal shortly before the end of the match, when the team was already down 8-0.

## Sources

* ↑ "Polo, Men". Olympedia. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
* ↑ Official Report, p. 521.
* Cook, Theodore Andrea (1908). The Fourth Olympiad, Being the Official Report. London: British Olympic Association.
* De Wael, Herman (2001). "Polo 1908". Herman's Full Olympians. Retrieved 6 May 2006.