OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gérard Troupeau

Gérard Troupeau (1927 – 15 December 2010, Tours) was a French scholar agrégé of Arabic, a professor at the Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales from 1961 to 1990, and director of studies of Arabic philology at the École pratique des hautes études (IVe section).
He specialized in particular on the Christian East.

## Selected bibliography

* 1974: Catalogue des manuscrits arabes chrétiens de la Bibliothèque nationale (t. I, Paris, 1972 ; t. II, Paris, 1974) ;
* 1980: Les arabisants européens et le système grammatical arabe, in HISTOIRE ÉPISTÉMOLOGIE LANGAGE (HEL) 1980, vol. 02, fasc. 1
* 1995: Études sur le christianisme arabe au Moyen Âge (Variorum)
* 1976: Lexique-Index du Kitâb de Sîbawayhi.
* 2004: Observations sur la traduction latine de la description de la France dans l'abrégé de la géographie d'Edrisi in Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée
* Louis Massignon et le dialogue des cultures (contribution) ISBN 2-204-05270-1, 978-2-204-05270-2
* Geneviève Gobillot, Marie-Thérèse Urvoy [fr] (dir.) (collective work) L'Orient chrétien dans l'empire musulman, Éditions de Paris, Studia arabica (III) - hommage au professeur Gérard Troupeau suite au colloque organisé les 15 et 16 oct. 2004 par le CRITIC 2005 ISBN 2-85162-072-X, 978-2-85162-072-9
* 2011: Daniel Schweitz, « Gérard Troupeau : historien des Arabes chrétiens, président de société savante, érudit tourangeau », Bulletin de la Société archéologique de Touraine, LVII, (p. 38–41).
# HC Fassa Falcons

HC Fassa Falcons, previously known as HC Fassa, is an ice hockey team from Canazei, Italy. Between 2016 and 2024, they played in the Alps Hockey League, and previously also played in the top division of Italian ice hockey, the Serie A.
The club was founded as Hockey Club Canazei in 1955.
# Rob Bragin

Rob Bragin is an American television producer and writer. He is the creator of the American supernatural drama Proof, which starred Jennifer Beals, Matthew Modine and Joe Morton. He also produced the television series Murphy Brown from 1993 to 1997.
Bragin has also worked as a writer or producer for television programs including Committed, Growing Pains, Miami Vice, Army Wives, Greek, Lipstick Jungle and Just Legal.
# Star trucks

Star trucks can mean either:
* FSC Star, a Polish truck manufacturer, or
* Western Star Trucks, an American heavy truck manufacturer
* Astra Veicoli Industriali, Italian truck manufacturer, a subsidiary of IVECO
# Lepidochrysops loveni

Lepidochrysops loveni is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Zambia and possibly Malawi and Angola. The habitat consists of open Brachystegia woodland at altitudes between 1,200 and 1,500 metres, as well as grass-topped low hill ranges.
Adults are on wing from October to December.
The larvae feed on Ocimum and Salvia species.

## Subspecies

* L. l. loveni (Uganda, western and central Kenya, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Lualaba, north-western Tanzania, Zambia, possibly Malawi and Angola)
* L. l. abyssiniensis (Strand, 1911) (Ethiopia)
* L. l. kivuensis (Joicey & Talbot, 1921) (Democratic Republic of the Congo: northern Rift Valley to Kivu and the plains east of Lake Kivu and Lake Edward, Rwanda)
* L. l. oculus (Ungemach, 1932) (Ethiopia)
# Spanish question

Spanish question may refer to:
* Spanish question, a discussion at the 1822 Congress of Verona
* Spanish question (United Nations), concerning the relationship between Francoist Spain and the UN after World War II
# List of elections in 1844

The following elections occurred in the year 1844.

## North America
### Central America

* 1844 Costa Rican Head of State election
* 1844 Salvadoran presidential election

### United States

* 1844 New York state election
* 1844 United States House of Representatives elections
* 1844 United States presidential election
* 1844 United States Senate elections
# Idyllic school

The Idyllic school (also known as the Idyllists) was a 19th-century art movement of British artists—both painters and illustrators—whose depictions of rural landscapes combined elements of social realism and idealism. Van Gogh's well-known admiration for the group was shown in letters to his brother Theo, and in his collection of their work extracted from contemporary British newspapers, such as the Illustrated London News and The Graphic. Nowadays the Idyllist school is seen as one of the earliest manifestation of the social realism movement in art

## List of idyllist artists

* John William North ARA RWS
* Frederick Walker ARA RWS
* George John Pinwell RWS
* Robert Walker Macbeth RA RWS
* George Hemming Mason ARA
* Arthur Boyd Houghton
* Hubert von Herkomer RA
* Richard Jefferies (writer)
# Sibora

Sibora, also possibly called Foroba, was a town of ancient Pontus, inhabited in Roman and Byzantine times.
Its site is located near Karamağara, Asiatic Turkey.
# Startup (disambiguation)

Startup commonly refers to:
Startup or start-up may also refer to:
* Booting, an initialization period that computers and electronics go through when first turned on
* Project commissioning, the act of starting for the first time a technical installation
* Sign-on, when broadcasters start transmissions on a day

## Geography

* Startup, Washington, a census-designated place in Snohomish County, Washington

## Film and TV

* Start-Ups: Silicon Valley, a reality television series about startup companies that premiered in 2012
* Startup.com, a 2001 documentary film about the dot-com start-up phenomenon
* Start Up (2013 TV series), a 2013 American docuseries that aired on public television
* Antitrust (film), a 2001 American film also known as "Startup"
* StartUp (TV series), an American television drama series from 2016 with Martin Freeman and Ron Perlman that was released on Crackle
* StartUp (podcast), an American podcast from Gimlet Media hosted by Alex Blumberg and Lisa Chow
* Start-Up (film), a 2019 South Korean film written and directed by Choi Jung-yeol
* Start-Up (South Korean TV series), a 2020 South Korean television drama series
* Start-Up PH, a Philippine television drama series based on the South Korean drama of the same name

## Other

* Start-Up (video game), a 2000 video game
* Startups.co.uk, a British website
* "Startup!", a 2014 song by South Korean boy band Boyfriend
* "Start Up", a song by Ikara Colt
* "Start Up", a song by Steve Swell
* "Start Up", a song by Scott 4 (band)
# Gmina Otmuchów

Gmina Otmuchów is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Nysa County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, on the Czech border. Its seat is the town of Otmuchów, which lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) west of Nysa and 59 km (37 mi) south-west of the regional capital Opole.
The gmina covers an area of 187.41 square kilometres (72.4 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 13,559.

## Villages

Apart from the town of Otmuchów, Gmina Otmuchów contains the villages and settlements of Broniszowice, Buków, Goraszowice, Grądy, Janowa, Jarnołtów, Jasienica Górna, Jodłów, Kałków, Kamienna Góra, Kijów, Kwiatków, Łąka, Laskowice, Lasowice, Ligota Wielka, Lubiatów, Maciejowice, Malerzowice Małe, Meszno, Nadziejów, Nieradowice, Pasieki, Piotrowice Nyskie, Ratnowice, Rysiowice, Sarnowice, Siedlec, Śliwice, Starowice, Suszkowice, Ulanowice, Wierzbno, Wójcice and Zwanowice.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Otmuchów is bordered by the gminas of Głuchołazy, Kamiennik, Nysa, Paczków, Pakosławice and Ziębice. It also borders the Czech Republic.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Gmina Otmuchów is twinned with:
* Bernkastel-Kues, Germany
* La Bourboule, France
* Javorník, Czech Republic
* Lopatyn, Ukraine
* Milo, Italy
* Varsány, Hungary
# Senator Finley

Senator Finley may refer to:
* David E. Finley (1861–1917), South Carolina State Senate
* Hugh F. Finley (1833–1909), Kentucky State Senate
* Jesse J. Finley (1812–1904), Arkansas State Senate and Florida State Senate
* Morgan M. Finley (1925–2016), Illinois State Senate
# Tian (disambiguation)

Tian may refer to:
* Tian (天), a Chinese religious concept, often translated as "Heaven"
* Tian (dish), an earthenware vessel of Provence, and the dishes prepared in it
* Tian (given name), a Chinese given name
* Tian, pen name of German poet Karoline von Günderrode
* Tian (surname), a Chinese surname (田)
* Tian, Benin, a village in Benin
* Tian, Iran (disambiguation), 2 places in Lorestan province in Iran
# Tian-tsui

Tian-tsui (Chinese traditional: 點翠, Chinese simplified: 点翠, pinyin: diǎncuì, "dotting with kingfishers") is a style of Chinese art featuring kingfisher feathers. For 2,000 years, the Chinese have been using the iridescent blue feathers of kingfisher birds as an inlay for fine art objects and adornment, from hairpins, headdresses, and fans to panels and screens. While Western art collectors have focused on other areas of Chinese art including porcelain, lacquer ware, sculpture, cloisonné, silk and paintings, kingfisher art is relatively unknown outside of China.
Kingfisher feathers are painstakingly cut and glued onto gilt silver. The effect is like cloisonné, but no enamel was able to rival the electric blue color. Blue is the traditional favorite color in China.
As with most iridescent, electrifying colors in animals such as morpho butterfly wings, the intense color in bird feathers comes not from pigments in the feather itself, but from the way light is bent and reflected back out, much like a prism breaks white light into its spectrum of rainbow colors. These microscopic structures in feathers are called photonic crystals.
The most expensive, commissioned pieces used a species of kingfisher from Cambodia. So great was the export to sate Chinese demand, the trade of feathers may have been a major contributor to the wealth of the Khmer Empire, and used to help fund the construction of the magnificent temples near Siem Reap, Cambodia including Angkor Wat. The finest pieces of kingfisher art were reserved for royalty or high-ranking Chinese government official (called a "mandarin (bureaucrat)"). The usage of kingfisher feathers resulted in the mass slaughter of many kingfisher species.
With dwindling numbers of Kingfishers, the last studio that specializes in Tian-tsui closed in 1933. Tian-tsui as a high art form came to an end after the Chinese Communist Revolution as the new communist government classifies Kingfishers as a Class 2 Protected Animal, preventing the harvest of the feathers required for the craft.
# Jaccoud arthropathy

Jaccoud arthropathy (JA), is a chronic non-erosive reversible joint disorder that may occur after repeated bouts of arthritis. It is caused by inflammation of the joint capsule and subsequent fibrotic retraction, causing ulnar deviation of the fingers, through metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) subluxation, primarily of the ring and little-finger. Joints in the feet, knees and shoulders may also get affected. It is commonly associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and occurs in roughly 5% of all cases.
When associated with rheumatic fever it is also called chronic post–RF arthropathy.

## Presentation
### Associated conditions

Originally thought to be associated only with rheumatic fever, it has since been shown to occur also in SLE, Sjögren syndrome, scleroderma, dermatomyositis, psoriatic arthritis, vasculitis, ankylosing spondylitis, mixed connective tissue disease, and pyrophosphate deposition disease. It is distinct from bone erosion which is commonly associated with rheumatic arthritis, and also distinct from mild deforming arthropathy which is associated with SLE. There have also been cases of non-rheumatic JA associated with Lyme disease, HIV-infection and a number of other conditions.

### Diagnosis

Plain hand radiographs typically show marked ulnar subluxation and deviation at the metacarpophalangeal joints. Absence of erosions is a notable feature, although occasionally "hook" erosions may be observed, which are similar to those seen in SLE and ankylosing spondylitis. Evidence of muscle (soft tissue) atrophy also may be present.

## Treatment

The focus of treatment is toward alleviating pain and maintaining functionality of the affected joints through use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, antimalarial drugs and physiotherapy. Surgery is also a possibility, with osteotomy or stabilization with Kirschner intramedullary wire. Tendon relocation, however, has been shown to only work in 30% of cases. The condition is named after the French 19th century physician Sigismond Jaccoud.
# Lower East Side Conservancy

The Lower East Side Conservancy, also known as The Lower East Side Jewish Conservancy (LESJC), is an educational and advocacy organization, created in 1998 by Holly Kaye to preserve the synagogues and cultural heritage of the Lower East Side. Through the organization's efforts, many have been designated as historic landmarks, and have been listed on New York State and National Registers. In 2000, the Conservancy assisted in designating a 32 – block area as a historic district.
Their mission is accomplished through quality touring programs, both private, public, and educational, which showcase the Lower East Side's landmarks, history and people. A portion of the proceeds of each tour are returned to the sites visited, contributing to their restoration and conservation. They are the only touring organization with access to the 'Bialystoker Synagogue, a former Methodist Church, believed to be a site on the Underground Railroad, and an active shteibl (a traditional one room house of prayer) on historic East Broadway.
In addition to the Lower East Side, the LESJC provides tours of other New York neighborhoods of Jewish importance, such as Jewish Harlem, the Upper West Side, and Williamsburg, Brooklyn.
The conservancy aimed to transform the old Beth Hamedrash Hagadol into a visitors center for the Lower East Side with educational programs and gallery space, but the building was destroyed in 2017 with a fire, and was torn down in 2019.
# Love and Molasses

Love and Molasses, also known as His First Job and in French as Amour et mélasse, is a 1908 French short silent film credited to Georges Méliès. It was sold in the United States by Méliès's Star Film Company and is numbered 1246–1249 in its catalogues; no release is documented in Méliès's native France at the time.
A 1981 analysis of the film's style, published in a Centre national de la cinématographie guide to Méliès's work, concluded that this film is probably one of those directed by Méliès's employee, an actor known as Manuel. The "molasses" featured in the film is actually water; the film's special effects are worked with substitution splices.
# Lohengrin (film)

Lohengrin is a 1936 Italian comedy film directed by Nunzio Malasomma and starring Vittorio De Sica, Sergio Tofano and Mimi Aylmer. It was shot at the Pisorno Studios in Tirrenia. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Arnaldo Foresti and Alfredo Montori.

## Cast

* Vittorio De Sica as Alfredo
* Sergio Tofano as Giulio
* Mimi Aylmer as Lia
* Giuditta Rissone as Marianna
* Cesare Zoppetti as Ravellini
* Giulio Oppi as Lohengrin
* Luigi Almirante as Edmondo
* Rosina Anselmi as Cesira
* Federico Collino as L'autista
* Franco Coop as Sebastiano - il maggiodormo
* Anna Maria Dossena as Adele
* Renato Navarrini as Il direttore dell'hotel
* Vinicio Sofia as Il venditore di mobili
# Lox Club

Lox Club is a membership-based online dating application launched in 2020. Advertised as an "app for Jews with ridiculously high standards," Vogue called Lox Club the "Jewish Raya".
Lox Club was founded by 29-year-old product designer Austin Kevitch, from Santa Monica, California, in 2020. Kevitch claimed he created Lox Club as a joke in response to what he called "cringy" dating apps. Early investors included rappers Lil Yachty and Bhad Bhabie. By December 2020, the company had eight employees and over 10,000 members, with a two-week waitlist because every application was reviewed by eight people. In early 2021, the company claimed its waitlist had 20,000 people.
The app is open to both Jewish and non-Jewish members. Kevitch described the app as, "It’s like a deli: culturally Jewish, but anyone can enjoy it." For paying members, the app offers access to a matchmaker, with whom users can message to improve their profiles or find matches.
# Thomas Watson (trade unionist)

Thomas Watson (1860 or 1861 – 1921) was a British trade unionist.
Born in Radcliffe, Watson worked for many years as an engineman near Wigan. He became active in his local trade union, and in 1900 he led it into a merger with ten other local unions of enginemen, forming the Lancashire, Cheshire and North Wales Colliery Enginemen's, Boilermen's and Brakesmen's Federation.
Watson served as president of the National Federation of Colliery Enginemen and Boilermen for many years, and also as president of the National Federation of Enginemen, Stokers, and Kindred Trades. In 1907/1908, he also served on the Parliamentary Committee of the Trades Union Congress.
# Tibersyrnola cinnamomea

Tibersyrnola cinnamomea is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## Description

The slender, yellowish-brown shell has an elongate-conic shape. Its outline is almost rectilinear. It has a polished appearance. The length of the shell measures 4.2 mm. The 2½ whorls of the protoconch are smooth, rather large, helicoid, and moderately elevated. Their axis is at a right angle to the axis of the later whorls and about one-fourth immersed in the first of them. The periphery of the protoconch extends slightly beyond the outline of the spire on the left side. The eight whorls of the teleoconch are flattened and quite high between the sutures. They are separated by slight sutures marked only by faint lines of growth and numerous extremely fine and closely placed spiral striations. The periphery and the base of the body whorl is well rounded, the latter rather short. The aperture is small, and suboval. The posterior angle is narrow and acute. The outer li is thin. The columella is short, curved, and moderately strong. It is marked by an inconspicuous oblique fold near its insertion. The parietal wall is covered by a thin callus.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Japan.
# Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (consul 238 BC)

Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (fl. 238 BC), a Roman republican consul in the year 238 BC, was the first man from his branch of the family to become consul. (Several other plebeian Sempronii had already reached the consulship and even the censorship.)
He was the father of the homonymous consul of 215 and 213 BC who served in the Second Punic War, and the great-grandfather of reformist Gracchi brothers: Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus.

## Career

Gracchus first appears as plebeian aedile in 246 BC. He and his colleague, Gaius Fundanius Fundulus, built a temple to Libertas on the Aventine hill from revenue collected from various fines.
He served as consul for 238 BC; during his consulship, he occupied Sardinia and campaigned in Liguria. His patrician colleague was Publius Valerius Falto. He apparently vowed to dedicate a temple, not completed in his lifetime. That temple was completed and dedicated by his homonymous elder son, the consul of 215 BC and 213 BC.

## Family and descendants

His son was the Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus who was consul in 215 and 213 BC. This Gracchus had two sons:
* Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, who was elected to the priesthood in 203 BC at a very young age, and who died in the plague of 174 BC.
* Tiberius Veturius Gracchus Sempronianus, who replaced his dead kinsman as augur, and whose name indicates that he was born a Sempronius and adopted into the patrician Veturii.
Other descendants include:
* Publius Sempronius Gracchus, of whom almost nothing is known. He had married and fathered a son, Tiberius Gracchus by 217 BC, and may have died during the Second Punic War.
** Tiberius Gracchus (c. 217 BC–c. 150 BC), who married Scipio's younger daughter and was twice consul in 177 and 163 BC.
*** Sempronia, wife and widow of her mother's cousin Scipio Aemilianus; no issue.
*** Tiberius Gracchus (c. 163 BC–133 BC), his three sons all died young.
*** Gaius Gracchus (154–123 BC).

### Other possible descendants

* The tribune of the plebs, Publius Sempronius Gracchus, who attacked Manius Acilius Glabrio (consul 191 BC) and others for corrupt practices and forced him to withdraw his candidacy for censor, may have been another grandson, but this is not certain.
* A late first-century BC descendant may have been the Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus who was condemned to exile on an island for being Julia the Elder's lover.
# Lucha Libre AAA: Héroes del Ring

Lucha Libre AAA: Héroes del Ring (formerly AAA El Videojuego or AAA The Videogame) is a lucha libre video game developed by Immersion Games and published by Konami for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. The video game features over 40 wrestlers from the Mexico based Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA) professional wrestling promotion. The game was released on October 12, 2010, exclusively in North America. Cancelled Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable versions were being developed by Sabarasa Entertainment the same developers who did the Mexican exclusive Wii port which came out on May 28, 2011.

## Reception

Aggregate score :
| Aggregator | Score | Score |
| Aggregator | PS3 | Xbox 360 |
| Metacritic | 54/100 | 49/100 |
Review scores :
| Publication | Score | Score |
| Publication | PS3 | Xbox 360 |
| GameSpot | 5.5/10 | 5.5/10 |
| GameZone | N/A | 6.5/10 |
| IGN | 5/10 | 5/10 |
| Joystiq | N/A | |
| Official Xbox Magazine (US) | N/A | 4.5/10 |
| PlayStation: The Official Magazine | 6/10 | N/A |
The PlayStation 3 version received "mixed" reviews, while the Xbox 360 version received "generally unfavorable reviews", according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. Despite some positive gameplay mechanics, good presentation and the inclusion of AAA legends, the game was criticised by reviewers for its slow gameplay and for being too similar to its WWE competitors.
# Lucapina sowerbii

Lucapina sowerbii, common name Sowerby's fleshy limpet, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Fissurellidae, the keyhole limpets.

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 15 mm and 30 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean from Florida to Brazil; in the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and the Lesser Antilles.
# Lucapina eolis

Lucapina eolis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Fissurellidae, the keyhole limpets.
# Loxophlebia asmodeus

Loxophlebia asmodeus is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1883. It is found in Ecuador.
# Tibetan eye chart

The Tibetan eye chart is a tool allegedly developed by Tibetan monks. According to some authors, it can be used to train the muscles and nerves of the optical system, correcting visual problems. However, the International Orthoptic Association has found no scientific evidence of the effectiveness of this treatment.
# Longitarsus obliteratus

Longitarsus obliteratus is a species of beetle from Chrysomelidae family.

## Description

The species is green coloured, and has orange legs and antennae. The males are smaller than the females.

## Distribution

The species can be found in Europe, including Southern England and North Poland. It can also be found in Asia, including Asia Minor, the Caucasus, the Middle East, Afghanistan and Iran.
# Luciano Delbono

Luciano Delbono (born July 29, 1991) is an American soccer player.

## Career

On January 22, 2013, Delbono was selected in the third round (46th overall) of the 2013 MLS Supplemental Draft by the Montreal Impact. However, he did not sign with the club.
After failing to secure a contract with Montreal, Delbono joined NASL side Carolina RailHawks. He made his professional debut on October 26, 2013, in a 4–0 victory over Atlanta Silverbacks.