OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Shin Ryu

Shin Ryu (Korean: 신류; Hanja: 申瀏; 1619–1680) was a general of the Joseon period.

## Biography

He was born into a yangban family of the Pyeongsan Shin lineage in modern-day Chilgok County, North Gyeongsang Province, near where his shrine now stands in Yangmok-myeon. He passed the military gwageo in 1645, and went on to hold various state positions. In 1654, he was appointed commander (cheomsa, 僉使) of Hyesan in Joseon's northern border province of North Hamgyong Province. In 1657, he was appointed as the right army inspector (병마우후; 兵馬虞候; pyongma uhu) of North Hamgyong Province.

### 1658 expedition

Shin is best remembered today for his role in Joseon's 1658 expedition against Russian forces led by Onufriy Stepanov in Manchuria. His diary of this expedition, in which roughly 200 Joseon forces from North Hamgyong Province armed with matchlocks joined with a smaller number of Qing forces commanded by Šarhūda to repel the Russian expedition, is one of only two the "Diary of the northern expedition" (북정일기; 北征日記). His forces successfully repelled Russian expedition forces led by Onufriy Stepanov and Russian expedition forces recorded 270 deaths, including Onufriy Stepanov. A modern edition was published in 1980. A Russian translation of his account is available as well; according to the Russian translator and the author of the comments, a particular significance of this document is that it represents the first ever written account about an encounter between Koreans and Russians.
# Iulian Grozescu

Iulian Grozescu (June 20, 1839–June 2 [O.S. May 21] 1872) was an Austro-Hungarian Romanian journalist and poet.
Born in Comloșu Mare, Torontál County, in the Banat region, he attended school in Timișoara, Arad and Oradea before studying law at the Royal University of Pest. He began his career in Romania in 1867, working for the Bucharest newspapers Poșta română, Telegraful and Concordia. He then returned to Pest in 1871, collaborating on the newspapers Albina and Umoristul (where he signed as Ghiță, Carabă and Eremie Ciocârlie) and editing the humorous journal Priculiciul in 1872. He published “Suveniri din București” in Familia. In Pest, together with Mircea V. Stănescu, he edited Speranța newspaper; a single edition appeared. Ill with tuberculosis for years, he died in his native village, aged 32. His poems, among which several fairly successful humorous ones, were published at Arad in 1873. Some of his verses, considered mediocre as poetry but bold politically, feature Romanian patriotic themes, anticipating the work of Octavian Goga. He also wrote several short stories on peasant subjects: “Fatalitate și noroc”, “Mărioară și Măriuța”, “Căderea Timișanei”, and published reviews.
# Lodewijk Woltjer

Lodewijk Woltjer (26 April 1930 – 25 August 2019) was an astronomer, and the son of astronomer Jan Woltjer. He studied at the University of Leiden under Jan Oort earning a PhD in astronomy in 1957 with a thesis on the Crab Nebula. This was followed by post-doctoral research appointments to various American universities and the subsequent appointment of professor of theoretical astrophysics and plasma physics in the University of Leiden. From 1964 to 1974 he was Rutherford Professor of Astronomy and Chair of the Astronomy Department at Columbia University in New York. From 1975 to 1987 he was Director General of the European Southern Observatory (ESO), where he initiated the construction of the Very Large Telescope. In 1994–1997 he was President of the International Astronomical Union. Woltjer was honored in 1987 with the Karl Schwarzschild Medal.
He was the first Editor-in-Chief of The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review, inaugurated in 1989; and also the Editor of the Astronomical Journal in 1967 to 1974.
Dr. Woltjer has been honored by membership in a number of European Academies of Sciences, including Belgian, British, Dutch, French, and Swedish.
# Lokvari

Lokvari (Serbian Cyrillic: Локвари) is a village in the municipality of Banja Luka, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
# Simone Bianchi

Simone Bianchi may refer to:
* Simone Bianchi (athlete) (born 1973), Italian long-jumper
* Simone Bianchi (artist) (born 1972), Italian comic book artist, painter, and graphic artist
# Lithacodia phya

Lithacodia phya is a species of moth in the family Noctuidae (the owlet moths). It is found in North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Lithacodia phya is 9055.
# Thomas E. Atkins

Thomas E. Atkins (February 5, 1921 – September 15, 1999) was a Private in the United States Army who received the Medal of Honor for actions in World War II during a skirmish on 10 March 1945 in the Battle of Luzon.
He joined the Army from his birth town in December 1942.

## Medal of Honor citation

   He fought gallantly on the Villa Verde Trail, Luzon, Philippine Islands. With 2 companions he occupied a position on a ridge outside the perimeter defense established by the 1st Platoon on a high hill. At about 3 a.m., 2 companies of Japanese attacked with rifle and machinegun fire, grenades, TNT charges, and land mines, severely wounding Pfc. Tom Atkins and killing his 2 companions. Despite the intense hostile fire and pain from his deep wound, he held his ground and returned heavy fire. After the attack was repulsed, he remained in his precarious position to repel any subsequent assaults instead of returning to the American lines for medical treatment. An enemy machinegun, set up within 20 yards of his foxhole, vainly attempted to drive him off or silence his gun. The Japanese repeatedly made fierce attacks, but for 4 hours, Pfc. Tom Atkins determinedly remained in his fox hole, bearing the brunt of each assault and maintaining steady and accurate fire until each charge was repulsed. At 7 a.m., 13 enemy dead lay in front of his position; he had fired 400 rounds, all he and his 2 dead companions possessed, and had used 3 rifles until each had jammed too badly for further operation. He withdrew during a lull to secure a rifle and more ammunition, and was persuaded to remain for medical treatment. While waiting, he saw a Japanese within the perimeter and, seizing a nearby rifle, killed him. A few minutes later, while lying on a litter, he discovered an enemy group moving up behind the platoon's lines. Despite his severe wound, he sat up, delivered heavy rifle fire against the group and forced them to withdraw. Pfc. Tom Atkins' superb bravery and his fearless determination to hold his post against the main force of repeated enemy attacks, even though painfully wounded, were major factors in enabling his comrades to maintain their lines against a numerically superior enemy force.

## After the war

Atkins retired from the army and settled in his home town of Campobello, South Carolina where he eventually became a farmer. He died on 15 September 1999, from congestive heart failure.
# Louis Eisenmann

Louis Eisenmann (31 July 1869 – 14 May 1937) was a French historian and professor of Slavic studies.
Born in Haguenau into a Jewish family, Eisenmann held a chair at the University of Dijon from 1905. In 1922 he moved to the Sorbonne in Paris, where he held a professorship and was secretary of the Institute for Slavic Sciences and editor of the Revue historique. He was also director of the Ernest Denis Institute in Prague and campaigned for the exchange of lecturers and students between Germany and France.
Above all, Eisenmann wrote about the problems of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy and advocated for the rights of its national minorities. In 1916, Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and Edvard Beneš founded the Comité national tchèque in Paris, and almost at the same time Eisenmann, Louis Léger, and Ernest Denis founded the Comité national d'études , which also advocated for the independence of a Czech state. Early in 1918, the French government created a Czechoslovak Legion, which represented a significant auxiliary force at a decisive phase of the war after Russia had made peace. On 28 October 1918, the Republic of Czechoslovakia was proclaimed in Prague.
Eisenmann’s correspondence with Gottfried Salomon is kept in the International Institute of Social History.
He died in Paris in 1937, aged 67, still in office as a professor at Paris and as Director of the Ernest Denis Institute in Prague.

## Major publications

* Chapters on Austria-Hungary in Ernest Lavisse, Alfred Rambaud l'Histoire générale du IVe siecle a nos jours (1893)
* Le compromis austro-hongrois de 1867 (Paris, 1904)
* Le régime des cultes en Autriche et en Hongrie (1905)
* Dijon, centre de communications (1908)
* ”Austria-Hungary”, chapter 7 of The Cambridge Modern History Vol. XII, The Latest Age (1910)
* Recueil d'études en hommages
* La Tchécoslovaquie (1921)
* La Hongrie contemporaine (1921)
* Les problèmes de l'Europe centrale (Conférences organisées par la sociétée des anciens élèves et élèves de l'école, Alcan, 1923)
* Un grand européen: Edouard Benès (1934)
* Histoire de Russie, with P. Milioukov and C. Seignobos, (3 volumes, 1932-1933) ;
* L'évolution intérieure de l'Allemagne (1935)
# Jack's the Boy

Jack's the Boy is a 1932 British comedy film directed by Walter Forde and starring Jack Hulbert, Cicely Courtneidge, Francis Lister and Peter Gawthorne. It became well known for its song "The Flies Crawled Up the Window", sung by Hulbert, which was released as a record and proved a major hit. The film was released in the U.S. as Night and Day.

## Plot

Policeman Jack (Jack Hulbert) attempts to track down a gang responsible for a smash and grab raid, thereby proving his worth to his disapproving father (Peter Gawthorne), a Scotland Yard detective.

## Cast

* Jack Hulbert as Jack Brown
* Cicely Courtneidge as Mrs Bobday
* Winifred Shotter as Ivy
* Francis Lister as Jules Martin
* Peter Gawthorne as Mr Brown
* Ben Field as Mr Bobday
* Charles Farrell as Martin
* O. B. Clarence as Tompkins
* Hal Gordon as Man with scarf at accident
* Arthur Rigby as Police Constable

## Reception

The film was voted the fourth best British movie of 1932.
British Pictures wrote, "As entertainment, it's curious. Hulbert and Courtneidge clown about nicely but it's hard to see how this film was one of the biggest hits of its year (big enough to be the punchline of a comic song in the following year's The Good Companions). Opportunities for them to "do their stuff" are poked into the narrative in the oddest places. They search a thief's flat and spontaneously break into a silly dance. It would be charming if it wasn't so bloody irritating. Perhaps the most interesting bits of the film now are the sequences filmed on location both on the streets of London and in Madame Tussauds (though you have to doubt the effectiveness of any film chase sequence in which you get more interested in the passing billboards than the action). All in all, it's a film which has dated badly and which doesn't show off the stars to their best advantage"; while TV Guide wrote that though the "Dialog drags a bit, as though it's being read for the stage. Hulbert saves his performance with a lot of likable charm"; and AllMovie called it a "breezy quota quickie", concluding that "Matching Jack Hulbert laugh for laugh is his wife and longtime stage partner Cicely Courteneidge"; and Screenonline noted that "Jack's the Boy is acknowledged as one of the team's best films."
# Liguang Xinxiu Cup

The Liguang Xinxiu Cup (Chinese: 理光杯新秀赛; pinyin: Lǐguāng Bēi Xīnxiù Sài), or Ricoh Xinxiu Cup, is a Go competition in China.

## Outline

The tournament is sponsored by Ricoh of Hong Kong and is the youth version of the Ricoh Cup.

## Past Winners and Runners-up

| Year | Winner | Runner-up |
| 2007 | Wu Guangya | Yin Hang |
| 2008 | Jiang Weijie | Wang Wei |
| 2009 | Mi Yuting | Zhou Hexi |
| 2010 | Lian Xiao | Li Haojie |
| 2011 | Yang Dingxin | Fan Tingyu |
| 2012 | Li Xuanhao | Yang Dingxin |
| 2013 | Li Qincheng | Huang Yunsong |
| 2014 | Huang Yunsong | Ma Yichao |
# Sukmana

A sukmana is a type of traditional coat once worn by peasants in Poland, and some other Central European countries, as well as Hungary (where it was known as szokmány). It was particularly common from the 18th to early 20th centuries. It was made from a simple, hand woven wool fabric comparable to russet cloth, and usually retained its natural white or grayish color. The coat was long, with sleeves, and wider towards the lower parts.
It was worn by men and sometimes by women.
# Thirst (Clock DVA album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Thirst is the second studio album by English post-punk band Clock DVA. It was released on 24 January 1981, through record label Fetish. Soon after the album's release, this incarnation of the band would split up, with several members going on to form The Box with singer Peter Hope.

## Background

Thirst is one of the group's more experimental efforts, showcasing a mix of post-punk, jazz, musique concrète and avant-garde industrial experimentation.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Adi Newton; all music is composed by Clock DVA (Newton, Steven James Turner, Roger Quail, Paul Widger, Charlie Collins)

## Release

Thirst topped the NME Indie Charts upon its release.

## Charts

| Chart (1981) | Peak position |
| UK Indie Chart | 7 |

## Personnel

Adapted from the Thirst liner notes.

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| United Kingdom | 1981 | Fetish | LP | FR2002 |
| Italy | 1992 | Contempo | CD, CS | CONTE 192 |
# Henry Poole (died 1632)

Sir Henry Poole (1564 – 3 November 1632) was an English landowner and politician who sat in the House of Commons at various times between 1597 and 1626.
Poole was the eldest son of Edward Poole of Cirencester, Gloucestershire and Oaksey, Wiltshire. He succeeded to the estates on the death of his father in 1577. In 1580, he attended Trinity College, Oxford. He was a J.P. for Wiltshire from about 1590 but fell into dispute with fellow JP Henry Knyvet over the ownership of the manor of Kemble, a quarrel which lasted several years.
In 1597, Poole was elected Member of Parliament for Cirencester. He was knighted in 1603. In 1604 he was elected MP for Cricklade. He was elected MP for Wiltshire in 1614 and was High Sheriff of Wiltshire from 1619 to 1620. In 1621 he was elected MP for Malmesbury. He was elected MP for Oxfordshire in 1624, becoming one of the few MPs to serve as Knight of the Shire for more than one county. In 1626 he was elected MP for Wiltshire again.
Poole died at the age of 67.
Poole married firstly Griselda Neville, daughter of Edward Nevill, 7th Baron Bergavenny, of Newton St Loe, Somerset and had two sons and a daughter. He married secondly Anne Lady Harington (née Barnard) widow of Sir James Harington of Ridlington, Rutland. His son Neville was also a Member of Parliament.
# Theoretical linguistics

Theoretical linguistics is a term in linguistics that, like the related term general linguistics, can be understood in different ways. Both can be taken as a reference to the theory of language, or the branch of linguistics that inquires into the nature of language and seeks to answer fundamental questions as to what language is, or what the common ground of all languages is. The goal of theoretical linguistics can also be the construction of a general theoretical framework for the description of language.
Another use of the term depends on the organisation of linguistics into different sub-fields. The term theoretical linguistics is commonly juxtaposed with applied linguistics. This perspective implies that the aspiring language professional, e.g. a student, must first learn the theory i.e. properties of the linguistic system, or what Ferdinand de Saussure called internal linguistics. This is followed by practice, or studies in the applied field. The dichotomy is not fully unproblematic because language pedagogy, language technology and other aspects of applied linguistics also include theory.
Similarly, the term general linguistics is used to distinguish core linguistics from other types of study. However, because college and university linguistics is largely distributed with the institutes and departments of a relatively small number of national languages, some larger universities also offer courses and research programmes in 'general linguistics' which may cover exotic and minority languages, cross-linguistic studies and various other topics outside the scope of the main philological departments.

## Fields of linguistics proper

When the concept of theoretical linguistics is taken to refer to core or internal linguistics, it means the study of the parts of the language system. This traditionally means phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Pragmatics and discourse can also be included; delimitation varies between institutions. Furthermore, Saussure's definition of general linguistics consists of the dichotomy of synchronic and diachronic linguistics, thus including historical linguistics as a core issue.

## Linguistic theories

There are various frameworks of linguistic theory which include a general theory of language and a general theory of linguistic description. Current humanistic approaches include theories within structural linguistics and functional linguistics. In addition to the humanistic approaches of structural linguistics and functional linguistics, the field of theoretical linguistics encompasses other frameworks and perspectives. Evolutionary linguistics is one such framework that investigates the origins and development of language from an evolutionary and cognitive perspective. It incorporates various models within generative grammar, which seeks to explain language structure through formal rules and transformations. Cognitive linguistics and cognitive approaches to grammar, on the other hand, focuses on the relationship between language and cognition, exploring how language reflects and influences our thought processes.
# The Enchanter Completed

The Enchanter Completed (or a variant thereof) is a title that has been given to two separate books relating to the fiction of science fiction and fantasy writer L. Sprague de Camp:
* The Enchanter Compleated, a 1980 edition of the collection originally and more usually titled Wall of Serpents
* The Enchanter Completed: A Tribute Anthology for L. Sprague de Camp, a 2005 gedenkschrift honoring de Camp edited by Harry Turtledove.
# Transportation in Visalia

The intercity transportation system in Visalia serves as a regional hub for passenger and freight traffic in the Sequoia Valley, composed of freeways, roads, and bus lines.

## Air transportation

In the Visalia metropolitan area there is one commercial airport and many general-aviation airports.
The primary Visalia airport is Visalia Municipal Airport.
Other nearby commercial airports include: Fresno Yosemite International Airport (serves the San Joaquin Valley) and Meadows Field Airport (serves the South Valley).
Some general-aviation airports include: Sequoia Field, Exeter Airport, Woodlake Airport, Porterville Municipal Airport, and Mefford Field.

## Land transportation

The City of Visalia is served by a network of freeways, streets, and local and regional public transportation systems.

### Freeways

Freeways of Visalia include:
* Golden State Highway
* Sequoia Freeway
Highways of Visalia include:
* South Mooney Boulevard and Dinuba Boulevard
* Lovers Lane

### Public transportation

* Visalia Transit
* Tulare County Area Transit (TCaT)
* Tulare Intermodal Express (TIME)- Route 11X - Daily service between the downtowns of Tulare and Visalia in partnership with both cities.
* Kings Area Regional Transit (KART) - Route 15 - Weekly service between the city of Hanford and Downtown Visalia.
* Sequoia Shuttle - Summer service between Visalia and Sequoia National Park.
# Gustav Leberecht Flügel

Gustav Leberecht Flügel (February 18, 1802 – July 5, 1870) was a German orientalist.

## Life

After attending high school in his native city Flügel studied theology and philosophy in Leipzig. He soon discovered his passion for oriental languages, which he studied in Vienna and Paris. In 1832 he became a professor at the Fürstenschule (Ducal or Princely school) of St. Afra in Meissen. However, he resigned in 1850 on health grounds. From 1851 he worked at the Fürstenbibliothek in Vienna on the cataloguing of Arabic, Turkish and Persian manuscripts. In December 1857 he became a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Saint Petersburg and, in 1859, a full member of the Saxon Academy of Sciences. In 1864 he was admitted as a foreign member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences.
Flügel 's main work was the creation of a bibliographic and encyclopaedic lexicon of Haji Khalfa, with Latin translation (London and Leipzig, 1835-1858). Particular importance was attached to his edition of the Qur’ān, printed in Leipzig (1834 and 1893) by the printer and publisher Carl Christoph Traugott Tauchnitz. This made a reliable Quranic text available for the first time to European science. In the following years, almost all translations into European languages were based on Flügel's edition.
He died at Dresden.

## Family

Flügel was married. His son Josef died in 1910 at Oberlandesgerichtsrat in Dresden.

## Works, Translations, Critical Essays and Articles

* The Quran, (Leipzig, 1834 and 1893)
* Bibliographical and Encyclopaedic Lexicon - (Arabic title Kaşf az-Zunūn by Hadi Khalfa; Arabic with parallel Latin translation in 7 vols., London and Leipzig, 1835–1858). Flügel's magnum opus.
* Dissertatio de Arabicis Scriptorum Graecorum Interpretibus, in Memoriam Anniversariam Scholae Regiae Afranae. (Meisen, Klinkicht, 1841)
* Concordantiae Corani Arabicae (Leipzig, Bredtil, 1842, 1875 and 1898)
* Kitab al-Fihrist by Isḥāq al-Nadīm, ed. Flügel (Leipzig, Vogel, 1871) Published posthumously.
* Zur Frage über die Romane und Erzahlungen der Mohammedanischen Völkerschaften, Zeitschrift Der Deutschen Morganländischen Gesellschaft, XXII (1868), 731–38.
* Babek, seine Abstammung und Erstes Auftreten, ibid., XXI (1869), 1-42.

## Publications

* Lexicon bibliographicum et encyclopaedicum (Translation of "Al-Kashf Az-Zunun" by Kâtip Çelebi) (Vol.,1; Leipzig, 1835) (Vol.,2; Leipzig, 1837) (Vol.,3; London, 1842) (Vol.,4; London, 1845) (Vol.,5; London, 1850) (Vol.,6; London, 1852)
* Corani Textus Arabicus (Leipzig, 1834, various reprints down to 1922)
* Concordantiae Corani arabicae (Leipzig, 1842 and 1898)
* Mani, Seine Lehren und Seine Schriften (Mani, his teachings and his writings) (Leipzig, 1862)
* Die Grammatischen Schulen der Araber (The Grammar Schools of Arabic) (London, 1862)
* Ibn Kutlulbugas Krone der Lebensbeschreibungen (Leipzig, 1862)
* Kitab al-Fihrist (published posthumously)
# Shooting Australia

Shooting Australia is the governing body for shooting sports in Australia. The company is registered as Australian International Shooting Limited, but trades under the Shooting Australia brand.

## About

Shooting Australia is the peak body responsible for the growth, sustainability, and success of target shooting sports in Australia. It represents Australian shooters internationally via the International Shooting Sport Federation; Commonwealth Shooting Federation and International Metallic Silhouette Shooting Union.
Shooting Australia is recognised domestically by the Australian Sports Commission; Australian Olympic Committee; Australian Paralympic Committee; and the Australian Commonwealth Games Association as the National Sporting Organisation for target shooting sports.
Shooting Australia's objectives are to promote and coordinate responsible shooting sports, both competitive and recreational, within Australia; and to promote and coordinate participation in, and organisation of international competitions mindful of providing sustainable international success.
Target shooting is a sport which features on the program of both the Commonwealth Games and the Olympic Games.

## Structure

SA is a company limited by guarantee comprising five full member organisations:
* Australian Clay Target Association
* Sporting Clays Australia
* National Rifle Association of Australia
* Pistol Australia
* Target Rifle Australia
and an associate member:
* NSW Shooting Association