OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lincoln TMD

Lincoln TMD was a traction maintenance depot located in Lincoln, Lincolnshire, England. The depot was situated on the south side of the Lincoln to Grimsby line and was to the east of Lincoln Central station.
The depot code is LN.

## History

Around 1987, the depot had an allocation of Classes 105 and 114 DMUs. During the 1980s, Classes 03, 08 and 31 locomotives could also be seen stabled at the depot. The depot was closed in the late 1980s.
# Leuckartiara

Leuckartiara is a genus of cnidarians belonging to the family Pandeidae.
The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution.

## Species

The following species are recognised in the genus Leuckartiara:
* Leuckartiara acuta Brinckmann-Voss, Arai & Nagasawa, 2005
* Leuckartiara adnata Pagès, Gili & Bouillon, 1992
* Leuckartiara annexa Kramp, 1957
* Leuckartiara brownei Larson & Harbison, 1990
* Leuckartiara eckerti Bouillon, 1985
* Leuckartiara foersteri Arai & Brinckmann-Voss, 1980
* Leuckartiara fujianensis Huang, Xu, Lin & Qiu, 2008
* Leuckartiara gardineri Browne, 1916
* Leuckartiara grimaldii Ranson, 1936
* Leuckartiara hoepplii Hsu, 1928
* Leuckartiara jianyinensis Xu & Huang, 2004
* Leuckartiara longicalcar Schuchert, 2018
* Leuckartiara nanhaiensis Huang, Xu & Guo, 2019
* Leuckartiara neustona Xu & Huang, 2004
* Leuckartiara nobilis Hartlaub, 1914
* Leuckartiara octona (Fleming, 1823)
* Leuckartiara octonema Xu, Huang & Guo, 2007
* Leuckartiara orientalis Xu, Huang & Chen, 1991
* Leuckartiara ruberiverruca Xu, Guo & Du, 2020
* Leuckartiara simplex Bouillon, 1980
* Leuckartiara zacae Bigelow, 1940
* Leuckartiara zhangraotingae Xu & Huang, 2006
# 54 Leonis

54 Leonis is a binary star system in the zodiac constellation of Leo, located around 321 light years from the Sun. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, white-hued star with a combined apparent visual magnitude of 4.30. As of 2017, the pair had an angular separation of 6.60″ along a position angle of 113°. They have a physical separation of around 533 AU (79,700 Gm).
The magnitude 4.477 primary, designated component A, is an A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A0 V, which indicates it is generating energy through hydrogen fusion at its core. It has a high rate of spin, showing a projected rotational velocity of 185 km/s. This is giving the star an oblate shape with an equatorial bulge that is an estimated 8% larger than the polar radius. The star is roughly 411 million years old with 2.4 times the mass of the Sun and about 2.88 times the Sun's radius.
The fainter magnitude 6.29 secondary, component B, is a smaller A-type main-sequence star with a class of A2 Vn. The 'n' suffix indicates wide "nebulous" lines due to rapid rotation. It is spinning with an even higher projected rotational velocity of 250 km/s. The star has about 2.59 times the Sun's radius.
Asteroid 729 Watsonia occulted HIP 53417 on March 3, 2013 at 01:48.
# Jack Cade's Cavern

Jack Cade's Cavern is a cavern, extending several hundred feet underground, in Blackheath, south-east London, England. It is located northwest of the Heath and southwest of Greenwich Park, mostly beneath the lawn of Hollymount Close. It was re-discovered in about the year 1780. They are also referred to as the Blackheath Caverns. The entrance was at the end of a row of small cottages called "Cavern Cottages" at the rear of Trinity Church on Blackheath Hill, (destroyed in WWII).

## Dimensions

Entered by a flight of forty steps, it consisted of three or more separate caverns joined to one another by tunnels. The first or main cavern is roughly circular and about 35 ft (11 m) in diameter. Leading from this is another about 60 by 30 ft (18.3 by 9.1 m). There is a long, winding passage leading to a chamber which is about 24 by 31 ft (7.3 by 9.4 m), varying in height from 6 ft (1.8 m) to 11 ft 6 in (3.51 m), with a well of pure water, 27 ft (8.2 m) in depth, although in 1939 this was found to be 21 ft (6.4 m), partly brick lined and quite dry. At its lowest it is 170 ft (52 m) from the surface.
# Ritchie Perry

Ritchie Perry (born 1942) is a British writer of spy and adventure crime fiction. He has also written novels under the name John Allen, as well as a book on Brazil and some books for children. Perry died in February 2022.

## Works

* The fall guy, 1972
* A hard man to kill, 1973
* Ticket to ride, 1973
* Holiday with a vengeance, 1974
* Your money and your wife, 1975
* One good death deserves another, 1976
* Brazil: the land and its people, 1977
* Dead end, 1977
* Dutch courage, 1978
* Bishop's pawn, 1979
* Grand slam, 1980
* Fool's mate, 1981
* Foul up, 1982
* MacAllister, 1984
* Kolwezi, 1985
* Presumed dead, 1987
* Comeback, 1991
# Thomas K. Ray

Thomas Kreider "Tom" Ray (May 24, 1934 - February 6, 2018) was the ninth bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Northern Michigan.

## Early life and education

Ray was born on May 24, 1934, in Barberton, Ohio. He studied at the University of Michigan, where he met his future wife Brenda Lee Ackerman and who married in 1959. An also attended the General Theological Seminary, and graduated in 1959. He was awarded a Doctor of Divinity from the General Theological Seminary in 1984.

## Ordained ministry and bishop

Ray was ordained deacon on June 20, 1959, by Bishop Benjamin M. Washburn and priest on December 23, 1959, by Bishop Francis Lickfield. He served as canon at St Mark's Cathedral in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Crown Point, Indiana, and Gethsemane Church in Marion, Indiana. In 1971 he became rector of St Luke's Church in Evanston, Illinois. Ray was elected Bishop of Northern Michigan on the second ballot on February 6, 1982, during a special diocesan convention. He was consecrated on August 21, 1982. He was an advocate of women's rights, gay rights, and Mutual Ministry. He retired in 1999. Ray died on February 6, 2018, at the age of 83, three days after his wife's death.
# Lydia Oulmou

Lydia Oulmou (born 2 February 1986) is an Algerian international volleyball player, playing as middle blocker.
She was in the Algerian squad that went to the 2008 Summer Olympics.
She captained the Algerian team at the 2012 Summer Olympics.

## Club information

* Current club: Hainaut Volley ( 2012- )
* Previous club: Istres Volleyball (2009-2012)
* Previous club: Melun Val de Seine La Rochette Volley-Ball (2008-2009)
* Previous club: Istres Volleyball (2005-2008)
* Debut club: NC Bejaia (1998-2005)

## Statistics 2009-2012

| Season | Club | Games | Spike | Block | Aces |
| 2009-2010 | Istres Sports Volley-Ball | 13 | 83 pts | 24 pts | 11 |
| 2010-2011 | Istres Sports Volley-Ball | 16 | 83 pts | 44 pts | 22 |
| 2011-2012 | Istres Sports Volley-Ball | 18 | 101 pts | 44 pts | 19 |
# Vilassar de Dalt

Vilassar de Dalt (Catalan pronunciation:) is a village in Catalonia, Spain, in the province of Barcelona and the comarca of Maresme. The name comes from the Roman name Villa Azari, later changed to Vilassar. In the 20th century, it split into two villages: Vilassar in the hills (de Dalt), and Vilassar by the Sea (de Mar).

## Demography

| 1900 | 1930 | 1950 | 1970 | 1986 | 2007 |
| 3113 | 3374 | 3306 | 5736 | 6246 | 8476 |
# Rou-Marson

Rou-Marson (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France.
# 54 Columns

54 Columns is a public art installation in Atlanta, Georgia, USA by artist Sol LeWitt. Located at the corner of Glen Iris Drive and North Highland Ave., the large-scale sculpture consists of 54 concrete columns in a grid-like arrangement. The overall shape of the installation is approximately triangular with dimensions of 112 x 176 feet (34 x 54 meters). The columns range in height from 10 to 20 feet (3.05 to 6.1 meters).

## Background

Sol LeWitt (Sept. 9, 1928 – April 8, 2007) is regarded as a pioneer in the movements of both minimal art and conceptual art. LeWitt often integrated art and architecture in his work. 54 Columns is an example of this combination. The installation loosely mirrors the Atlanta skyline which is visible from the site. The use of concrete (an industrial material) by LeWitt is a recognition of and a reflection of the artwork's urban setting. Several private donors assisted by the High Museum of Art made this gift to the people of Fulton County possible. At the time of installation, Gregor Turk, Fulton County's public art coordinator called LeWitt's abstract representation “simultaneously lowbrow and highbrow.”

## History

This minimalistic sculpture was commissioned by the Fulton County Arts Council in 1999. 54 Columns has generated some controversy. In 2003 local residents displeased with the look of the concrete structures planted dogwood trees among the columns to cover them up. The City of Atlanta determined that “the trees spoiled the sanctity of LeWitt’s installation”, and the dogwoods were removed. In 2005, one of the columns was painted pink. In 2022, the Fulton County Board of Commissioners approved $100,000 (US) to renovate 54 Columns. The revitalization will include a new entrance path, stadium-style seating for events, and upgraded landscaping and signage.
# Incremental dating

Incremental dating techniques allow the construction of year-by-year annual chronologies, which can be temporally fixed (i.e., linked to the present day and thus calendar or sidereal time) or floating.
Archaeologists use tree-ring dating (dendrochronology) to determine the age of old pieces of wood. Trees usually add growth rings on a yearly basis, with the spacing of rings being wider in high growth years and narrower in low growth years. Patterns in tree-ring growth can be used to establish the age of old wood samples, and also give some hints to local climatic conditions. This technique is useful to about 9,000 years ago for samples from the western United States using overlapping tree-ring series from living and dead wood.
The Earth's orbital motions (inclination of the Earth's axis on its orbit with respect to the Sun, gyroscopic precession of the Earth's axis every 26,000 years; free precession every 440 days, precession of Earth orbit and orbital variations such as perihelion precession every 19,000 and 23,000 years) leave traces visible in the geological record. These changes provide a long-term sequence of climatic events, recorded as changes in the thickness of sediment layers (known as "varve analysis"—the term "varve" means a layer or layers of sediment. Typically, varve refers to lake or glacial sediment), as temperature induced changes in the isotopic ratios for oxygen isotopes in sediments, and in the relative abundance of fossils. Because these can be calibrated reliably over a period of 40 million years this provides an alternate verification to radiometric dating in cases where sufficient record exists to provide a reliable trace.
Polarity reversals in the Earth's magnetic field have also been used to determine geologic time. Periodically, the magnetic field of the Earth reverses leaving a magnetic signal in volcanic and sedimentary rocks. This signal can be detected and sequences recorded, and in the case of volcanic rocks, tied to radiometric dates.
Another technique used by archaeologists is to inspect the depth of penetration of water vapor into chipped obsidian (volcanic glass) artifacts. The water vapor creates a "hydration rind" in the obsidian, and so this approach is known as "hydration dating" or "obsidian dating", and is useful for determining dates as far back as 200,000 years.

## Techniques

Techniques of incremental dating include:
* Dendrochronology
* Sampling Ice cores
* Lichenometry
* Paleomagnetic dating
* Varves
* Speleothems
* Acanthochronology
* Sclerochronology
# Siek, Holstein

Siek is a municipality in the district of Stormarn in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated approximately 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) southeast of Ahrensburg, and 24 kilometres (15 mi) northeast of Hamburg.
Siek is the seat of the Amt ("collective municipality") Siek.
# SP-318 (São Paulo highway)

SP-318 is a state highway in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. Part of it consists of the Rodovia Thales de Lorena Peixoto Júnior.
# Tosan Gung clan

Tosan Gung clan (Korean: 토산 궁씨; Hanja: 兎山 弓氏) is one of the Korean clans. Their Bon-gwan is in Tosan County, North Hwanghae Province. According to the research held in 2000, the number of the Tosan Gung clan was 555. The word “Gung clan” originated from clan in China. Their founder was Gung Heum [ja]. He was from Taiyuan, China. He founded Gija Joseon with Gija after Shang dynasty ended.
# Vilassar

Vilassar may refer to two places in the Province of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain:
* Vilassar de Dalt, Maresme
* Vilassar de Mar, Maresme
# Hawkshead Market Hall

Hawkshead Market Hall, also known as Hawkshead Town Hall, is a municipal building in The Square in Hawkshead, Cumbria, England. The building, which is the meeting place of Hawkshead Parish Council, is a Grade II listed building.

## History

The first municipal building in Hawkshead was a structure known as the shambles which accommodated a series of butchers' stalls and dated back at least to the early 17th century. By the late 18th century the shambles was dilapidated and the Rector of St Michael and All Angels Church, Reginald Braithwaite, and the headmaster of the local grammar school, Thomas Bowman, launched an initiative to commission a more substantial structure. Braithwaite almost certainly personally contributed to the financing of the structure.
The new building was designed by Francis Webster, under guidance from John Carr, in the Italianate style, built in brick with a whitewash finish and was completed in 1790. The original design involved a symmetrical main frontage with seven bays facing onto The Square; the building was arcaded on the ground floor, so that markets could be held, with an assembly room on the first floor. The central section of three bays, which slightly projected forward and was gabled, was fenestrated by three round headed windows. The outer sections of two bays each, which were shorter than the central section, were fenestrated by rectangular windows.
The poet, William Wordsworth, who disliked whitewashed buildings, referred to the building in his magnum opus, The Prelude, a semi-autobiographical poem about his early years in the local area. He wrote that when he returned to Hawkshead, "a grey stone of native rock…was split and gone to build a smart assembly room that perked and flared".
Petty session hearings were held on a fortnightly basis in the assembly room in the 19th century. As part of the celebrations for the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria in 1887, the trustees of the market hall decided to re-model the building: the central gable was removed and the right-hand section was increased in height and re-fenestrated in a similar style to the central section. The left-hand section became the caretaker's cottage and was enhanced by a Venetian window at that end of the structure.
When parish and district councils were established under the Local Government Act 1894, a local parish council was formed in Hawkshead and the market hall subsequently became its meeting place. Following an extensive programme of refurbishment works, which included the installation of new kitchen facilities on the ground floor, the building was re-opened by the comedian, Victoria Wood, as part of the celebrations for the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II in 2012. Works of art in the town hall include a painting by Lucy Kemp-Welch entitled Logging in Grizedale Forest.
# 380th

380th may refer to:
* 380th (King's Own) Anti-Tank Regiment, Royal Artillery, Territorial Army unit of the British Army's Royal Artillery
* 380th Aero Squadron, training unit assigned to Selfridge Air National Guard Base in Harrison Township, Michigan, near Mount Clemens
* 380th Air Expeditionary Wing, provisional unit of the United States Air Force Air Combat Command (ACC), stationed at Al Dhafra Air Base, United Arab Emirates
* 380th Air Refueling Squadron, inactive United States Air Force unit
* 380th Expeditionary Operations Group, the operational flying component of the United States Air Force 380th Air Expeditionary Wing
* 380th Fighter Squadron, unit of Air Combat Command of the United States Air Force; flies the E-8C Joint STARS
* 380th Space Control Squadron (380 SPCS) is a space control unit located at Peterson AFB, Colorado
# Thomas Joseph McGinty

Thomas Joseph McGinty, commonly known as Thomas Jefferson McGinty, (aka T.J. McGinty and Thomas "Blackjack" McGinty, 1892 - 1970) was an early Cleveland mobster, one of the city's largest bootleggers during the Prohibition, as well as a longtime boxing promoter.
A former professional boxer, McGinty was hired as muscle for The Plain Dealer's circulation department and, by 1913, headed a gang of labor sluggers competing against rival Cleveland News sluggers the Mayfield Road Mob under Arthur McBride during Cleveland's "Circulation Wars".
McGinty operated McGinty's Saloon on West 25th Street with two relatives, McGinty was indicted by a federal grand jury in 1924 on charges of operating a "gigantic wholesale and retail conspiracy". Although initially in hiding, McGinty turned himself in after several days and, pleading not guilty, he was convicted and sentenced to 18 months imprisonment. After his release from Atlanta Federal Penitentiary, he soon resumed his bootlegging activities without further interference from authorities (who may have been paid off by McGinty). U.S. Attorney A.E. Bernstein stated McGinty was the "King of the Ohio Bootleggers." During the 1930s and 1940s, McGinty operated gaming halls on West 25th Street and the Mounds Club in Lake County.
McGinty was a member of the Cleveland Syndicate, which included Jewish gangsters Moe Dalitz, Maurice Kleinman, Louis Rothkopf, Sam Tucker and Charles Polizzi, the adopted brother of Alfred Polizzi, head of the Italian Mayfield Road Mob. The Syndicate's gaming operations were located in Youngstown, Ohio, Covington, Kentucky, Newport, Kentucky and as far away as Florida. McGinty and other members of the Syndicate were stockholders of the Las Vegas casino Desert Inn during the 1950s . He was also involved in Meyer Lansky's Hotel Nacional in Havana, Cuba .
McGinty held an interest in numerous race tracks, including Maple Heights, Fair Grounds Race Course, Thistledown Racecourse, Fairmount Park Racetrack, Aurora Downs, and the Agua Caliente Racetrack. McGinty testified before the Kefauver Committee about the Cleveland Syndicate and organized crime.
# Independent media (disambiguation)

Independent media refers to any media, such as television, newspapers, or Internet-based publications, that is free of influence by government or corporate interests. The term has varied applications.
Independent media may also refer to:
* Mediahuis Ireland the Irish media group formerly called Independent News and Media (INM)
* Independent Media (publisher) the former Russian publisher
# Lam with tah above

Lām with tah above (, ࣇ, also known as "Arabic letter Lām with small Tah above" or "arlām") is a character used in the Shahmukhi alphabet for the Punjabi language to represent a voiced retroflex lateral approximant and is also used in the Kalasha language.
The Gurmukhi equivalent of the letter is ਲ਼. This was added to Gurmukhi officially relatively recently, and is not universal, but does have a precedent for use in older Punjabi texts.
It was added to Unicode in 2020 (in version 13). Due to the recency of this addition, support is still limited among widely fonts. It is possible to approximate the letter using the character combination لؕ. The character is the sole member of the script group "Arabic letter for Punjabi."

## History

The earliest source which attested a use of an arlam glyph identified in discussions of the proposed Unicode character was Muhammad Yar's 1792 Afarinish Nama. Though present in some older works, most writing historically has not included a character for the Punjabi phoneme it represents, and there are other characters which writers have used to represent this sound in the absence of a standard for it. Gurmeet Kaur's 2017 'Fascinating Folktales of Punjab' was printed with a version of the lam glyph with a dot beneath, mirroring the differentiation present on lalle pair bindi in Gurmukhi.

## Forms

| Position | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
| Image | | | | |
| Text | ࣇ | ـࣇ | ـࣇـ | ࣇـ |

## Character encoding

Character information :
| Preview | ࣇ | ࣇ |
| Unicode name | ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH ABOVE | ARABIC LETTER LAM WITH SMALL ARABIC LETTER TAH ABOVE |
| Encodings | decimal | hex |
| Unicode | 2247 | U+08C7 |
| UTF-8 | 224 163 135 | E0 A3 87 |
| Numeric character reference | &#2247; | &#x8C7; |

## Font support

As of August 2022, these font families support U+08C7:
* PakType
* NoName Fixed
* Noto Nastaliq Urdu
* Scherezade New
# Siek (Amt)

Siek is an Amt ("collective municipality") in the district of Stormarn, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The seat of the Amt is in Siek.
The Amt Siek consists of the following municipalities:
* Braak
* Brunsbek
* Hoisdorf
* Siek
* Stapelfeld
53°37′34″N 10°17′53″E﻿ / ﻿53.626°N 10.298°E﻿ / 53.626; 10.298
* This Stormarn location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Hidden innovation

Hidden innovation or Invisible innovation refers to innovation that is not captured or recognised by traditional indicators such as research and development (R&D) spending or number of patents. The term generally refers to innovation that takes place outside science & technology sectors, which are the primary sectors which invest in formal R&D and patents. For example, although technological innovations are often developed in the oil & gas sector through oil exploration activities, these innovations are unaccounted for in innovation metrics because oil exploration is not counted as formal R&D. Other types of innovation, including social innovation, can be classed as hidden innovation.
Although originally coined in the 90s by Diana Hicks and Sylvan Katz in their research on the hidden research system involving hospital researchers, and Mike Hopkins research on genetic testing within the UK healthcare system, the concept of hidden innovation has most recently been promoted by NESTA, in their "Innovation Gap" Report, published October 2006. A later report, called "Hidden innovation", further expands on the concept and identifies four types of hidden innovation:
* Innovation that is the same or similar to activities that are measured by traditional indicators, but which is excluded from measurement.
* Innovation without a major scientific/technological basis, such as innovation in organizational forms or business models.
* Innovation created from the novel combination of existing technologies and processes.
* Locally developed, small-scale innovations that take place 'under the radar' and are therefore unrecognised or accounted for.

## Sources

* Hospitals: The Hidden Innovation System (1996), Hicks D.M. and J.S. Katz, Science and Public Policy, 23 (5) PDF
* The Innovation Gap: Why policy needs to reflect the reality of innovation in the UK (2006), PDF
* Hidden Innovation: How innovation really happens in six 'low innovation' sectors (2007), PDF
* Hidden Innovation in the creative industries (2008),
# Lyra (film)

Lyra is a 2022 film about the life and death of murdered Northern Irish author and journalist Lyra McKee, directed by Alison Millar. The film repurposes voice recordings and interviews from McKee's dictaphone, as well as uses text messages, home movie footage and other archives. Lyra premiered on 7 November 2021 at Cork International Film Festival simultaneously with a private screening for family and friends during the Belfast Film Festival.
The film won the Tim Hetherington award at Sheffield DocFest and the Audience Award at the Cork International Film Festival.