OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sooty-headed wren

The sooty-headed wren (Pheugopedius spadix) is a species of bird in the family Troglodytidae. It is found in Colombia and Panama.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The sooty-headed wren was previously treated as conspecific with the black-throated wren (Pheugopedius atrogularis) but significant differences in their plumage, song, and ranges demanded their separation.
According to the International Ornithological Committee (IOC) the sooty-headed wren is monotypic. However, the Clements taxonomy, BirdLife International (BLI), and the Cornell Lab of Ornithology's Birds of the World recognize two subspecies, the nominate Pheugopedius spadix spadix and P. s. xerampelinus.

## Description

The sooty-headed wren is 14.5 cm (5.7 in) long. The nominate adults' crown, shoulders, and back are dull blackish and the rump bright chestnut. Their tail is chestnut with bold black bars. Much of their face is black with white streaks. Their chin and throat are black and contrast with the bright chestnut lower throat and chest. The belly is a duller grayish brown between reddish brown flanks. The juvenile is duller than the adult and has less contrast between the areas of different color. P. s. xerampelinus is overall paler than the nominate and has less extensive reddish brown on the flanks.

## Distribution and habitat

The nominate sooty-headed wren is found in Colombia, in the Pacific lowlands from southern Chocó Department to Nariño Department and east from there into the central Magdalena Valley and some isolated mountain ranges. P. s. xerampelinus is found on the Pacific slope of far southern Panama's Darién Province. The species inhabits the interior and edges of humid forest, cloudforest, and dense secondary forest. It favors areas with heavy moss growth. In elevation it mostly ranges between 800 and 1,800 m (2,600 and 5,900 ft) but can be found as low as 400 m (1,300 ft) in Colombia.

## Behavior
### Feeding

The sooty-headed wren usually forages in pairs, staying low in the vegetation, and seldom joins mixed-species foraging flocks. It has been observed following army ant swarms. Its prey is mostly or entirely invertebrates including spiders and adult and larval insects.

### Breeding

Though little information has been published about the sooty-headed wren's breeding phenology, it appears to have a breeding season spanning from March to December. Its nest is a ball made of coarse material and leaves with a side entrance.

### Vocalization

Both sexes of the sooty-headed wren sing, "a series of...gurgling whistles" .

## Status

The IUCN has assessed the sooty-headed wren as being of Least Concern. It is "[f]airly common in suitable habitat in Colombia."
# Sooty Cove

Sooty Cove (54°1′S 38°2′W﻿ / ﻿54.017°S 38.033°W﻿ / -54.017; -38.033) is a small cove just north of Shoemaker Point along the south side of Bird Island, South Georgia. The name, applied by United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC), derives from the light-mantled sooty albatross (Phoebetria palpebrata) which breeds on the island.
This article incorporates public domain material from "Sooty Cove". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
* This South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
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# Gozdeyka

Gvozdeyka is a village in Dryanovo Municipality, in Gabrovo Province, in northern central Bulgaria.
# Lambda Delta Sigma

Lambda Delta Sigma may refer to:
* Lambda Delta Sigma (Concordia), a sorority at Concordia College in Moorhead, Minnesota; founded in 1919
* Lambda Delta Sigma (LDS Church), a sorority for members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)
# Reed Amendment (alcohol)

The Reed Amendment was sponsored by Senator James A. Reed (D) of Missouri and passed March 3, 1913, it added to the toothless Webb–Kenyon Act of 1913 by imposing a fine of $1,000 for transporting liquor into a dry state with no greater effect.
# Reed Albergotti

Reed Albergotti (born in Minneapolis) is an American journalist and the co-author of Wheelmen: Lance Armstrong, the Tour de France, and the Greatest Sports Conspiracy Ever. This non-fiction book co-written with Vanessa O'Connell was published by Gotham Books on October 15, 2013. He has written about law and sports, including the doping scandal in American cycling.
In 2008, Albergotti was one of a small group of journalists who helped found The Wall Street Journal's sports page.
In 2010, Albergotti created the ongoing Wall Street Journal video series called The Olympics: How Hard Can it Be? In the series, Albergotti tried out Olympic sports including hockey and figure skating with American athletes like hockey goalie Martin Brodeur and gold medal-winning figure skater Sarah Hughes.
# Kryepazari Mosque

The Kryepazari Mosque, also called Majapazari Mosque is one of the six mosques in Ulcinj. It was built by Nuradin-Beg from Ulcinj in 1749. It was destroyed in the earthquake in 1979, and 16 years later it was renewed by the donations of the local people. The Friday Khutbah is given in Arabic and Albanian. To the complex of this mosque also belong the main office of the Islamic religious community of Ulcinj, a library and a kindergarten.
# Regius Professor of Rhetoric and English Literature

The Regius Chair of Rhetoric and English Literature at the University of Edinburgh was established in 1762 (as the Regius Chair of Rhetoric and Belles Lettres). It is arguably the first professorship of English Literature established anywhere in the world. Its first holder was Professor Hugh Blair.

## List of Regius Professors of Rhetoric and English Literature

* Hugh Blair (1762 to 1784)
* William Greenfield (1784 to 1798)
* Hugh Blair (reversion, 1798 to 1801)
* Andrew Brown (1801 to 1834)
* George Moir (1835 to 1840)
* William Spalding (1840 to 1845)
* William Edmonstoune Aytoun (1845 to 1865)
* David Mather Masson (1865 to 1895)
* George Saintsbury (1895 to 1915)
* Herbert John Clifford Grierson (1915 to 1935)
* John Dover Wilson (1935 to 1945)
* William Lindsay Renwick (1945 to 1959)
* John Everett Butt (1959 to 1965)
* Harold Jenkins (1966 to 1971)
* Alastair David Shaw Fowler (1971 to 1984)
* Vacant (1984 to 1990)
* Charles Ian Edward Donaldson (1990 to 1995)
* John Anthony Frow (2000 to 2004)
* Vacant (2004 to 2007)
* Laura Marcus (2007 to 2009)
* Greg Walker (2010 to present); incumbent
# Gotta Go

Gotta Go may refer to:
* "Gotta Go" (Trey Songz song), 2005
* "Gotta Go" (Sunmi song), 2020
* "Gotta Go" (Chungha song), 2019
* "Gotta Go", a song by Jenny Berggren from the 2010 album My Story
* "Gotta Go", a song by Lynyrd Skynyrd from the 1982 album Best of the Rest
* "Gotta Go (Can't Wage a War)", a song by Kingdom Come from the 1989 album In Your Face
* "Gotta Go", a 2022 song by Collar
# Reepham railway station (Lincolnshire)

Reepham railway station was a railway station in Reepham, Lincolnshire which opened in 1848 and closed in 1965, though the line is still in use. It was located a few miles east of Lincoln.
The station's building is now a private residence. The former coal yard and sidings are occupied by two bungalows. There is no trace of the platforms which were located either side of the level crossing, the staggered layout being typical of the company that built the line. The manual signal box and crossing gates were removed a few years ago and replaced by barriers.
They are controlled by the still staffed signal box at Langworth further up the line towards Market Rasen, the next still-in-use station on the line. The removal of the staffed signal box has resulted in much longer waiting times for road traffic and pedestrians since the control was moved to Langworth. Up to closure, the station was used by grammar school pupils to go to De Aston School in Market Rasen. There are occasional calls for the station to be re-opened. It was the only village station on the line which was actually in the village. Most others being a few miles outside the villages from which the stations took their names.
The line links Newark North Gate/Newark Castle-Lincoln Central-Grimsby-Cleethorpes. A couple of miles east of the village is the Welton oil field where a gathering station is located, and the oil is tanked for transportation, making the line very busy for freight.
| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Lincoln Central Line and station open | Great Central Railway | Langworth Line open, station closed |
| Lincoln St Marks Line and station closed | Great Central Railway | Langworth Line open, station closed |
# Krzysztof Grabowski

Krzysztof „Grabaż" Grabowski (born March 13, 1965, in Piła) – Polish poet, singer, author of lyrics and music for songs by bands Pidżama Porno, Strachy na Lachy, Ręce Do Góry and Lavina Cox.
His lyrics are functioning also as poetry – they were released for the first time in 1994 in "Welwetowe Swetry". The book contained 46 song lyrics from the bands Ręce do Góry, Pidżama Porno, and Lavina Cox and was released by Wydawnictwo Lampa i Iskra Boża (ISBN 83-901125-4-X). In 1997 there was a reedition of that book (ISBN 83-86735-21-X), containing 63 song lyrics (most of them with guitar chords). In 2008 Lampa released "Wiersze"(ISBN 978-83-89603-58-6), a book with all the lyrics written by Grabowski.

## Biography

He attended 1st Maria Curie-Skłodowska General Education Secondary School (I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej) in Piła.
After that he studied history at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań.
His scene debut was in 1984 in a band called Ręce do Góry.
In 1987 he established Pidżama Porno. At present Grabowski sings in Strachy na Lachy and works in a radio station Roxy FM, where he leads an evening transmission.

## Awards

* January 8, 2008 Paszport Polityki in popular music
* March 27, 2008 prize from the Speaker of the Wielkopolska Region for artistic achievements
* November 29, 2008 Gigant (Giant) of Gazeta Wyborcza.
# Lamer Winkel

The Lamer Winkel is a region in the northern Bavarian Forest between the mountains of Hoher Bogen, Osser, Arber and Kaitersberg; politically it belongs to the county of Cham in the Bavarian province of Upper Palatinate.

## Geography

This formerly remote valley is one of the most scenic regions of the Bavarian Forest and, as a result, has been heavily developed in recent decades for tourism. In the Lamer Winkel are the municipalities of Lohberg, Lam and Arrach, which form a popular holiday region, especially for families.
The valley is surrounded by the densely wooded ridges of the Hoher Bogen and the Kunisch Mountains in the north and by the crests of the Arber and Kaitersberg in the south. There are numerous hiking trails to the surrounding summits as well as along the valley. Hiking, walking, cycling and, in winter, cross-country skiing are popular activities.
The Lamer Winkel is not only accessible by car, but also with the Oberpfalzbahn railway, which runs from Cham to Lam. The latter is the largest village in the valley and gives it its name. It remains an unspoilt market village.

## History

The Lamer Winkel was first developed in 1279 by clearance and settlement activity under the aegis of Rott am Inn Abbey. By 1420 most of the villages outside Lam had been established. In the 15th century, the Hussite Wars and Böckler War led to considerable devastation and abandonment. In the 16th century the villages and farmsteads were rebuilt The old glassworks, glass grinding workshops and hammer mills in Lohberghütte and Schrenkenthal developed into early industrial sites in the 19th century.
# Gracixalus nonggangensis

Gracixalus nonggangensis is a species of shrub frog found in southern Guangxi, China, and Cao Bang Province in northern Vietnam.

## Taxonomy and systematics

A population previously thought to be a separate species, as Gracixalus waza, was described from the Ha Lang District in northern Vietnam. This population was named for the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA), to acknowledge their support of amphibian research and conservation in Vietnam and the common name Waza treefrog was suggested for it. As of 2020, scientists consider it a synonym of Gracixalus nonggangensis, and it was renamed Orixalus waza in 2021.

## Description

Gracixalus nonggangensis is a medium-sized species compared to others in its genus. Adult males measure 27–35 mm (1.1–1.4 in) in snout–vent length and females 34–38 mm (1.3–1.5 in). The snout is rounded, slightly protruding. The head is as wide or wider than it is long. The tympanum is distinct and rounded, and the canthus rostralis is rounded. The supratympanic fold is distinct. The forelimbs are relatively short. The fingers have no webbing but have well-developed discs at their tips. The toes are webbed. The toe discs are smaller than the finger discs. The skin is smooth except for some granularity behind the tympanum, flanks, belly, and the limbs. Dorsal coloration varies from light greenish brown to moss-green. There is a dark brown, blotched pattern between eyes that continues backwards as two bands (forming a Y-like mark), and a dark stripe in the middle of posterior part of dorsum. The limbs have some dark brown bands. The throat and chest are white with dark brown marbling, whereas the belly is immaculate white.

## Habitat and conservation

In Vietnam, Gracixalus nonggangensis seems to be associated with karst landscape. Specimens were found near cave entrances and in valleys surrounded by limestone mountains, with the main habitat in the area being secondary karst forest consisting of hardwoods mixed with shrubs and vines. The elevational range is 480–650 m (1,570–2,130 ft) above sea level. The records are some distance away from water (minimum distance about 200 m (660 ft)). The call was not heard during the periods surveys. Animals are active by night. Most individuals were found low on trees some 0.2–0.5 m (1–2 ft) above the ground, but two individuals were found on a limestone cliff inside a cave. Several other karst species have been found in the same area, including the gecko Goniurosaurus luii and the snake Elaphe moellendorffi.
# Gracixalus lumarius

Gracixalus lumarius, also known as the thorny tree frog or thorny bushfrog, is a species of rhacophorid frog. It is endemic to Vietnam and first known from Mount Ngoc Linh in Ngoc Linh Nature Reserve, Kon Tum Province. It has been observed between 1700 and 2160 meters above sea level.

## Appearance

The adult male frog measures 38.9 - 41.6 mm in snout-vent length and the adult female frog about 36.3 mm. When viewed from above, the head is wider than it is long and the snout is rounded. When viewed from the side, the lower jaw appears shorter than the upper, giving the frog the appearance of an underbite. The nostrils protrude slightly, and the supratympanic fold can be difficult to see. The frog has robust forelegs with large climbing disks on the front toes. The tympanum is not obvious. The male frog has conical, white tubercles on its body. These may become more prominent during the mating season.
Unlike most frogs in Gracixalus, this frog changes color. During the day, the skin of the dorsum is brown and at night it is yellow. There is also bright yellow coloration on the flanks. The ventrum and the throat are pink. The tips of the toes and the webbed skin on the feet are pink-gray in color. The iris of the eye is gold in color. Like other frogs in Gracixalus, it has black reticulations in its irises, but unlike other species, the black lines are even rather than irregular.

## Breeding habits

The female frog lays eggs on the inside walls of water-containing plants called phytotelma. The eggs have two layers of jelly on them to protect them. Scientists believe these frogs hatch into free-swimming tadpoles rather than froglets, but such tadpoles have not been observed as of reports from 2015. Scientists believe the frogs are obligate phytotelma breeders.

## Habitat and threats

Gracixalus lumarius is an arboreal frog that is associated with relatively undisturbed montane evergreen and bamboo forest at elevations of 1,845–2,160 m (6,053–7,087 ft) above sea level.
This frog is classified as endangered because of its small, threatened range. Humans cut down the forests in the frog's habitat to establish large farms for coffee, tea, rubber, and other cash crops. Mining, particularly gold mining, also damages the habitat. Scientists think that people might also catch the frog to sell as pets because of its color and beauty.

## Etymology

Lumarius is the Latin word for "of thorns," here a reference to the frog's distinctive white tubercles.
# Gracixalus seesom

Gracixalus seesom, also known as the orange bush frog or orange bushfrog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to northwestern Thailand and is known from the Kanchanaburi and Chiang Mai Provinces.

## Etymology

The specific name seesom is derived from Thai words see and som for "orangish" and "color", respectively, and alludes to the coloration of the ventral surfaces of the limbs of this frog.

## Description

Adult males measure 22–24 mm (0.9–0.9 in) and adult females 23–25 mm (0.9–1.0 in) in snout–vent length. The body is dorsoventrally compressed. The head is wider than it is long and slightly wider than the body. The snout is pointed in dorsal view and rounded laterally. The eyes are large. The tympanum is distinct and nearly circular;supratympanic fold is present. Both toes and fingers bear expanded discs with circummarginal grooves; the fingers have traces of webbing while the toes are webbed. Skin is dorsally nearly smooth, with only sparsely scattered minute, blunt tubercles between the shoulder and sacral regions. The dorsum is tan with small, dark brown spots forming an interrupted X-like marking. A faint lighter line runs from the snout through the upper eyelid to the supratympanic fold and continues posteriorly, separating the tan dorsum and the darker flank. The flanks have large white blotches. Bright orange coloration is found on the underside of the forelimb, posterior to insertion of arm, and underside of hindlimb, continuing to anterior and posterior surfaces of thigh to tarsus, dorsal surface of inner four toes, and groin. The iris is golden with a web of fine black reticulations concentrated around periphery.

## Habitat

Gracixalus seesom is known from elevations of 942–1,650 m (3,091–5,413 ft) above sea level. At the type locality, specimens were found at night perching on twigs of short shrubs along a dried stream. Despite surveys during all seasons, G. seesom were only encountered in early January, a period with little rain and low temperatures.

## Conservation

As of November 2021, this species has not been included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The known specimens have been collected in nationals parks: the type locality is in the Thong Pha Phum National Park, and the other known population occurs in the Doi Inthanon National Park.
# Gracixalus trieng

Gracixalus trieng, also known as the Trieng tree frog or Trieng bushfrog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to Vietnam and is only known from the area of its type locality, Ngoc Linh Nature Reserve in Đắk Glei District, Kon Tum Province. Mount Ngoc Linh and adjacent peaks form an isolated high-elevation area and the species is unlikely to exist elsewhere.

## Etymology

The specific name trieng refers to the local Trieng people who assisted the describers of this species in their field work.

## Description

Adult males measure 37–41 mm (1.5–1.6 in) in snout–vent length (SVL). Adult females are unknown; two juveniles measured 20–24 mm (0.8–0.9 in) in SVL. The body is robust. The snout is rounded. The tympanum and supratympanic fold are distinct. The fingers are narrow and bear well-developed discs; there is basal webbing between the fingers II–IV. The toes bear well-developed discs and are webbed. Skin texture varies from almost completely smooth to having scattered low tubercles. The typical diurnal coloration is dark brown dorsally and dark pinkish brown ventrally, with distinct dark brown dorsal markings, where the typical nocturnal coloration is mostly pale yellow dorsally and pale pink ventrally, without the distinct dorsal markings.
Advertisement call is unknown, but males do have a vocal sac.

## Habitat

Gracixalus trieng inhabits montane evergreen forest at elevations of 1,716–2,055 m (5,630–6,742 ft) above sea level; searches at lower elevations did not reveal this species. All adult males were found in tree holes, the breeding habitat of this species. Also juvenile frogs are arboreal.

## Conservation

As of November 2021, this species has not been included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However, Rowley and colleagues suggest that it would qualify as "endangered" because of its restricted range (extent of occurrence likely less than 1000 km$^2$), within which deforestation leading to habitat loss is occurring.
# Krauskopf

Krauskopf is a surname, derived from the German nickname for one with curly hair (krus: "curly" or "crinkled" + kopf: "head") Notable people with the name include:
* Engelbert Krauskopf (1820–1881), German-American gunsmith and naturalist
* Joan Krauskopf (born 1932), American law professor
* Joseph Krauskopf (1858–1923), American rabbi and author
* Kelly Krauskopf, American basketball executive
* Konrad Bates Krauskopf (1910–2003), American geologist
* Nord Krauskopf (1922–1986), American businessman and NASCAR owner
# Lal Chand (businessman)

Lal Chand (1 June 1960 – 31 July 2020) was a politician, businessman, wellness activist and a former Member of Pakistan's Provincial Sindh Assembly. He died of unknown causes at his home in Dubai on 31 July 2020.

## Early life

Chand was born on 1 June 1960, to a Hindu family in the outskirts of Taluka Bhatoro in Sindh. Pakistan. He got his early education from his native district Thatta. He Graduated in Civil Engineering from Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro. Lal Chand pursued his father’s business at the initial stage of his career. He ran Gangaram Kothi business of his father. After graduating in 1985, he was appointed as a sub engineer and then a lecturer in Mehran University.

## Real estate career

In 1989, Chand formally initiated the business of real estate with the name Lal Associate in Hyderabad, Pakistan. His then newly started business includes real estate, construction and property development. He uplifted his career while venturing into Pakistan stock exchange business back in 1990. In early 2000s, Lal Chand inaugurated a well-known real estate and property development firm.

## Political career

He served as a member in Pakistan's provincial assembly of Sindh from 2008-2013 during Pakistan People’s Party government . During his tenure Lal Chand worked as a member of standing committee on Minority Affairs as well as a member of standing committee on SGA & CD. Leaving his political career in Pakistan he moved to Cyprus and later founded LC Well (https://www.lcwell.org/), a non-profitable organization in Dubai and UK aimed towards promoting Wellness and wellbeing.

## Formation of LC well

After getting the Cyprus nationality in 2015, Lal Chand Founded LC Well in Dubai and UK a wellness initiative with free yoga and counselling sessions to help society. He initiated a wellness lounge in London with the name LC Well in 2018. The goal of LC Well organization reflects the Lal Chand’s views of helping others. The LC Well organization offers free yoga and meditation classes. Also, this wellness organization gives various counselling sessions and workshops related to stress management and a healthy lifestyle. Currently, more than 10,000 people are the members of Mr. Chand’s LC well organization.