OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bandiera-class submarine

The Bandiera-class submarines were built for the Regia Marina (Royal Italian Navy) during the late 1920s. They played a minor role in the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939 supporting the Spanish Nationalists.

## Design and description

The Bandiera class was an improved and enlarged version of the preceding Pisani-class submarines. They displaced 940 metric tons (925 long tons) surfaced and 1,097 metric tons (1,080 long tons) submerged. The submarines were 69.8 meters (229 ft) long, had a beam of 7.3 meters (23 ft 11 in) and a draft of 5.26 meters (17 ft 3 in). They had an operational diving depth of 90 meters (300 ft). Their crew numbered 53 officers and enlisted men.
For surface running, the boats were powered by two 1,500-brake-horsepower (1,119 kW) diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a 650-horsepower (485 kW) electric motor. They could reach 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) on the surface and 8.2 knots (15.2 km/h; 9.4 mph) underwater. On the surface, the Bandiera class had a range of 4,750 nautical miles (8,800 km; 5,470 mi) at 8.5 knots (15.7 km/h; 9.8 mph); submerged, they had a range of 60 nmi (110 km; 69 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph).
The boats were armed with eight 53.3-centimeter (21 in) torpedo tubes, four each in the bow and stern for which they carried a total of 12 torpedoes. They were also armed with a single 102-millimeter (4 in) deck gun forward of the conning tower for combat on the surface. Their anti-aircraft armament consisted of two 13.2-millimeter (0.52 in) machine guns.

## Submarines

Construction details :
| Ship | Builder | Laid down | Launched | Commissioned | Fate |
| Fratelli Bandiera | Cantiere Navale Triestino, Trieste | 11 February 1928 | 7 August 1929 | 2 June 1930 | Discarded 1 February 1948 |
| Luciano Manara | Cantiere Navale Triestino, Trieste | 1 May 1928 | 5 October 1929 | 29 July 1930 | Discarded 1 February 1948 |
| Ciro Menotti | Odero-Terni-Orlando, Muggiano | 12 May 1928 | 29 December 1929 | 29 July 1930 | Discarded 1 February 1948 |
| Santorre Santarosa | Odero-Terni-Orlando, Muggiano | 1 May 1928 | 22 October 1929 | 29 July 1930 | Scuttled 20 January 1943 |

## Service history

During the Spanish Civil War, Luigi Settembrini made one patrol in the Eastern Mediterranean in September 1937 during which she sank a Soviet cargo ship.
# Lawrence Heyworth Mills

Lawrence Heyworth Mills, DD, MA, (1837 – January 29, 1918), who generally published as L. H. Mills, was Professor of Zend Philology or the Persian language at Oxford University.
Mills was born in New York City to Philo L. Mills and Elizabeth Caroline Kane and attended school in Fairfax County, Virginia and in New York at New York University and finally moved to Oxford in 1887.
In 1887, Mills translated a portion, Gathas, of the Avestan language texts of the Avesta into English. This translation, which included the Yasna, Visparad, Afrînagân, Gâhs, and miscellaneous fragments, were subsequently publication as in volume 31 of Max Müller's Sacred Books of the East, as volume 3 of 3 of the series initiated by James Darmesteter.
# Tada mandal

Tada mandal is one of the 46 mandals in Tirupati district of the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. Its headquarters are located at Tada. The mandal is situated on the coast of Bay of Bengal, bounded by Sullurpeta mandal of Tirupati district of Andhra Pradesh and also borders the state of Tamil Nadu.

## Biodiversity

Tada mandal has brackish water ecosystem. Every year, terrestrial and aquatic birds migrate to Pulicat Lake area for a temporary stay. The ecosystem covers an area of 600 km$^2$ (230 sq mi) including parts of the mandal along with Chittamur, Doravarisatram, Sullurpeta and Vakadu mandals. The terrestrial birds include painted storks, large egrets, little egrets, grey pelicans, grey herons; water birds include northern pintails, black-winged stilts, northern shovelers, common teal, seagulls, terns, sandpipers, and common coots.

## Demographics

As of 2011 census, the mandal had a population of 46,468. The total population constitute, 23,309 males and 23,159 females —a sex ratio of 994 females per 1000 males. 5,201 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 2,608 are boys and 2,593 are girls —a ratio of 994 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 64.74% with 26,714 literates.

## Towns and villages

Tada Khandrika is the most populated and Pallepalem is the least populated settlement in the mandal. As of 2011 census, the mandal has 40 settlements. They are as follows:
* Akkampeta
* Andagundala
* Bheemulavaripalem
* Gollalamuluvu
* Graddagunta
* Irakam
* Kadaluru
* Karijatha
* Karur
* Konduru
* Mambattu
* Pallepalem
* Pannamgadu
* Periavattu
* Pudi
* Pulivendra
* Ramapuram
* Tada
* Tada Khandrika
* Vatambedu
* Venadu
* Vendlurupadu
# Little Revolutions Two

Little Revolutions Two is the second compilation album from Duke Special. It contains covers, B sides and rarities. It was released in February 2011 on the Reel to Reel Label.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Duke Special, except where noted
# Haydon L. Boatner

Haydon LeMaire Boatner (October 8, 1900 – May 29, 1977) was a major general in the United States Army who served in World War II and the Korean War.

## Early life and family

Haydon L. Boatner was born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana. His father, Mark Mayo Boatner, graduated from Virginia Military Institute and was a respected lawyer and judge in New Orleans. His mother's maiden name was Byrd Elizabeth Bryant. He was one of six children: Mark II, Frank, Haydon, Bryant (who became an Air Force Lieutenant general, Charlotte and Elizabeth (Betty). He enlisted in the United States Marine Corps near the end of World War I but did not complete training in time to deploy.

## Education

From 1919 to 1920 he attended Tulane University, in New Orleans. In 1920, he received an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York.

## Military career

He was commissioned in the infantry from West Point in 1924.
His first assignment was with the 29th Infantry at Fort Benning, Georgia. From 1928 to 1930, he served with the 15th Infantry in Tianjin (Tientsin), China. From 1930 to 1934 he served as assistant military attaché at the American Embassy, Peking, and during this time he became fluent in Mandarin Chinese.
He graduated from Command and General Staff School in 1939. He was appointed as commanding officer of the forward echelon in Burma in 1942 and was promoted to brigadier general in November 1942. He was subsequently chief of staff of the Chinese Army in Burma from 1942 to 1943. He was commanding general of combat troops in northwest Burma from 1943 to 1944 and chief of staff of Chinese Combat Command from 1944 to 1945.
From 1948 to 1951 he was professor of military science and tactics and commandant of cadets at A&M College of Texas.
During the Korean War Brigadier General Boatner served as assistant division commander of the 2nd Infantry Division. In May 1952, Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark, commanding general of the Eighth Army, appointed Boatner to take command of the Koje-do POW Camp and suppress the uprising by Communist POWs. Boatner swiftly took control of the situation at Koje-do, and by June 1952 the camp had been pacified. He was subsequently promoted to Major General.
His assignments after the Korean War included commanding general of the 3rd Infantry Division from December 1954 until October 1955 and Provost Marshal General of the U.S. Army from 19 November 1957 until 31 October 1960.
MG Boatner retired from the army in November 1960.

## Death

He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.
# Florin Surugiu

Florin Surugiu (born 10 December 1984 in Bucharest, Romania) is a Romanian rugby union player. He plays in the scrum-half position for amateur SuperLiga club CSM București and București based European Challenge Cup side the Wolves. Surugiu also plays for Romania's national team the Oaks.
Surugiu made his international debut in 2008 as a substitute against Uruguay. He played for Romania in the IRB Nations Cup and in their 2011 Rugby World Cup qualifying before appearing for them in the 2011 Rugby World Cup. He played three Tests at the World Cup, one as a substitute against Scotland and two in the scrum-half position against Argentina and Georgia.
# HMS Octavia

Three ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Octavia:
* HMS Octavia (1849), a 50-gun fourth rate launched in August 1849 and converted to a screw frigate in 1861. Broken up in 1876.
* HMS Octavia (1916), an Admiralty M-class destroyer originally named HMS Oryx but renamed whilst under construction. Launched in June 1916 and sold in November 1921.
* HMS Octavia (J290), an Algerine-class minesweeper launched in December 1942 and sold for breaking up in April 1950.
# Laura James (nurse)

Laura Elizabeth James ARRC MM (12 December 1880 – 23 February 1969) was a New Zealand nurse. She served in the Queen Alexandra Imperial Military Nursing Service during World War I and was one of the most decorated nurses of World War I.

## Early life

James was born in Hokitika, on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island, to David James and Jane Clayton. Her father was a medical doctor from England. Her parents divorced in 1883 and her father returned to England in 1884. James was educated at Mrs Croasdaile Bowen's Private School in Christchurch and at Wellington Girls' College.

## Career

From 1906 to 1909, James trained as a nurse at Wellington Hospital under Francis Payne, completing her national nursing examination in 1909. In January 1910 she left New Zealand for Europe, accompanying a pregnant woman to Genoa, Italy. At the end of that year she applied to join the Queen Alexandra Imperial Military Nursing Service and was accepted as a Staff Nurse. She served in London and Wiltshire, and when World War I broke out she was sent to France. James was initially stationed at Rouen, and later took charge of a field ambulance station at Arras. In June 1917 she was promoted to the rank of Sister and moved to work in a stationary hospital, then a casualty clearing station and an ambulance train. In 1918 she was appointed Acting Matron of a general hospital in Genoa, Italy.
During World War I, James received six medals and was mentioned in dispatches twice. The awards were the Royal Red Cross, the Military Medal, the 1914 Star, the General Service War Medal, the Victory Medal, and the Allies' Medal. She also received five overseas service chevrons.
In 1919, James returned to England from Italy and requested permission to travel to New Zealand to settle her father's estate; he had died in 1916. Her request was declined and instead she requested a transfer to London so she could consult with a visiting lawyer regarding her father's matters. In 1924 she was posted to Gibraltar and then Malta. She returned to England from 1926 to 1931, and was then posted to India, where she was appointed Matron of a hospital in Poona. She worked there until 1933, when she returned to England. She retired from the QAIMNS in 1937 and died in a nursing home in Sussex in 1969.
# Lesotho at the 2004 Summer Olympics

Lesotho competed at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, from 13 to 29 August 2004. It was the last time the nation competed under a former flag.

## Athletics

Lesotho athletes have so far achieved qualifying standards in the following athletics events (up to a maximum of 3 athletes in each event at the 'A' Standard, and 1 at the 'B' Standard).

### Men

| Athlete | Event | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Result | Rank |
| Mpesela Ntlot Soeu | Marathon | 2:30:19 | 70 |

### Women

| Athlete | Event | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Result | Rank |
| Mamokete Lechela | Marathon | 3:11:56 | 64 |

### Key

* Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
* Q = Qualified for the next round
* q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
* NR = National record
* N/A = Round not applicable for the event
* Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round

## Taekwondo

One Lesotho taekwondo jin qualified for the Olympics through a tripartite invitation.
| Athlete | Event | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Repechage 1 | Repechage 2 | Final / BM | Final / BM |
| Athlete | Event | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Rank |
| Lineo Mochesane | Women's −49 kg | Lukic (AUT) L 0–4 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
# Robert Munro (rugby union)

Robert Munro (1841-1913) was a rugby union international who represented Scotland in the first international rugby match in 1871.

## Early life

Robert Munro was born in Dull, Perthshire in 1841, the son of Alexander M. Munro, a schoolmaster, and Margaret Stewart. He was educated at the University of St Andrews.

## Rugby union career

Munro played for the University of St Andrews and such was his prowess he was selected to play in the first international rugby match in 1871 between Scotland and England. This was played on 27 March 1871 at Raeburn Place, Edinburgh and won by Scotland. Later in 1871 he became licensed by the Church of Scotland of St Andrews and began missionary duties.

## Career and personal life

Munro became a minister in the Church of Scotland. He was licensed in November 1871 by the St Andrews Presbytery and became a missionary at Struan in Atholl. He was ordained to St Kiarans, Govan, on 16 November 1876. He was translated to Ardnamurchan on 16 April 1879 and on 15 January 1890 translated and admitted. He was demitted on 5 December 1908. Munro died on 28 August 1913.
# Less Than (song)

"Less Than" is a song by American industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails from their EP Add Violence (2017). It was released on July 13, 2017, becoming the band's first single since "Everything" in August 2013. The song's music video alludes to the video game Polybius, an urban legend about a video game used to mine information from people for the government. It peaked at No. 10 on the Billboard US Mainstream Rock Songs chart.

## Background

"Less Than" was announced and released as the lead single and opening track of the Add Violence EP on July 13, 2017. The song's music video was released on the same day; it features an extreme close-up of a woman staring at a retro-styled video game which shows the song's lyrics in gameplay, her eyes gradually becoming glazed over as the video continues. The game featured is Polybius, created by English video game designer Jeff Minter and playable on the PS4. The video game itself is based on an urban legend of the same name—an alleged arcade game that existed in the 1980s which data mined people's personal information for the government—leading some publications to suggest a similarity in themes between the game and song.

## Themes and composition

Spin noted the similarities between "Less Than" and other Nine Inch Nails songs, such as similar lyrical refrains between the song and 2013 single "Copy of A" ("Go and look what you've gone done" vs. "Now look what you've gone and done") and similarly structured ominous choruses between it and 1990 single "Head Like a Hole", with both songs referring to "getting what one deserves". The song starts off relatively upbeat and simple, slowly becoming more ominous and cluttered before abruptly ending. Loudwire compared the song's sound to the band's Pretty Hate Machine era, noting that the song featured "a heavy synth base" and that "guitars still wail in the background over Trent Reznor's vocals [...] a huge guitar chorus fires into focus, featuring a clean and catchy kind of riff". It also states that "things get noisy and weird as the song progresses, giving the best of both worlds with catchy, clean work found on the likes of With Teeth while also showing Reznor letting loose before an abrupt ending". NPR described the song as having an "anthemic rock chorus".

## Reception

The song was generally well received by critics. Spin praised the song, calling it "comfort food for Trent Reznor fans" and concluding that it "may be the best that we can hope for from the mature, more dignified Nine Inch Nails in 2017". Multiple journalists singled out the song as the best or standout track from Add Violence.

## Personnel

* Trent Reznor – vocals
* Atticus Ross – performance
* Sharlotte Gibson – additional vocals
* Allison Iraheta – additional vocals

## Charts

| Chart (2017) | Peak position |
| US Alternative Airplay (Billboard) | 22 |
| US Mainstream Rock (Billboard) | 10 |
| US Rock Airplay (Billboard) | 21 |
# Laura Lanza

Laura Lanza, Baroness of Carini (1529 – 4 December 1563) was an Italian noblewoman who was murdered, allegedly by her father, in Carini, Sicily, for having committed adultery.

## Biography

Laura Lanza di Trabia was born to Cesare Lanza, Baron of Trabia and Count of Mussomeli, and Lucrezia Gaetani. She had a younger sister named Giovanna and two half-siblings from her father's second wife, Castellana Centelles: Ottavio, 1st Prince of Trabia, and Margherita. She was born in Trabia and spent her adolescence in Palermo. On 14 December 1543, at the age of fourteen, Laura was married to Don Vincenzo II La Grua-Talamanca, son of the baron of Carini Pietro III and Eleonora Manriquez. After that, she moved to their castle, where she gave birth to eight children.

## Murder

On 4 December 1563 Laura was caught with her lover, Ludovico Vernagallo, a cousin of her husband's. This resulted in a crime of passion, and they were murdered in her bedchamber in the Carini Castle. Her father, Cesare Lanza, Count of Trabia, confessed to the killing in a letter which he wrote to Philip II of Spain, but her husband was also suspected on account of rumors that he planned to marry again. It is also believed that La Grua-Talamanca may have killed Vernagallo to prevent Vernagallo from receiving the Lanza inheritance if he had an illegitimate child with Lanza. One reason proposed for Cesare being willing to accept the blame is that the crime qualified as an honor killing and therefore socially acceptable by the Italian nobility at the time.
The confessional letter is housed at the Cathedral in Carini.
King Philip II granted pardons to the murderers, who cited medieval law in their defense. La Grua did marry again in 1565 to Ninfa Ruiz, who died less than a year after their marriage.

## Legacy

There is a popular legend that, on the anniversary of Baroness Lanza's murder, her bloody handprint will appear on a particular spot on her chamber wall.
The mayor of Carini, in conjunction with a project to restore the famed castle to its 16th-century appearance, has reopened the case for forensic study.
In 2007, Italian state television (RAI) aired a two-part drama with the role of the Baroness played by Italian actress, Vittoria Puccini.
An Italian TV miniseries L'amaro caso della baronessa di Carini was released in November 1975, starring Janet Ågren and Ugo Pagliai.
In the 1990 film The Godfather Part III, Michael Corleone and Kay watches a play depicting the story, which mirrors the relationship of Vincent and Mary Corleone in the film.
# Laura Münkler

Laura Münkler (born 1985) is a German professor for public law and healthcare law at Greifswald University.

## Life

Laura Münkler was born into a family of scholars in Friedberg, Hesse. She is the daughter of political scientist Herfried Münkler and literary scholar Marina Münkler [de]. In 2004 she passed the Abitur before taking up legal studies at Humboldt University of Berlin. She also passed both legal Staatsexamen in 2009 and 2011 at Berlin.
From 2009 until 2012, Laura Münkler was a research fellow at Humboldt University and a DAAD lecturer at the Paris Nanterre University. In 2012 she was admitted to the bar and briefly joined a law firm before she became a research fellow with Jens Kersten [de] at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich.
In 2014 she was awarded a doctorate. Her dissertation thesis was awarded both the faculty prize and the prize of Münchener Juristische Gesellschaft.
Laura Münkler was habilitated in 2020 in public law, healthcare law and legal theory and in the same year became a professor at Greifswald University. Her habilitation thesis deals with the relationship between experts, politics, and the law. Münkler argues the supremacy of law and politics over what the experts say must prevail because in the end it is a political matter how to deal with an expert's opinion of any other faculty.

## Writings

* Kosten-Nutzen-Bewertungen in der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung. Eine Perspektive zur Ausgestaltung des krankenversicherungsrechtlichen Wirtschaftlichkeitsgebots?, Schriftenreihe zum Gesundheitsrecht Band 33, 357 Seiten, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 2015 (Dissertation), ISBN 978-3-428-14471-6.
* Münkler, Laura (2020). Expertokratie. Zwischen Herrschaft kraft Wissens und politischem Dezisionismus. Jus Publicum. Vol. 292 (1 ed.). Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. doi:10.1628/978-3-16-159643-8. ISBN 978-3-16-159642-1. S2CID 241616414.
# Le Magasin pittoresque

Le Magasin pittoresque was a French magazine published from 1833 to 1938 and headquartered in Paris, France. It was the first illustrated magazine in the country.

## History and profile

Le Magasin pittoresque was launched in 1833. Its founder and editor was Édouard Charton. The magazine was modeled on The Penny Magazine. It was started as a weekly, but later its frequency was switched to bi-monthly and then to monthly. The magazine was headquartered in Paris, France. The topics covered included public administration, human and social sciences, urban planning, architecture, and civil engineering.
In 1834, Le Magasin pittoresque published an article about an automaton, the Mechanical Turk, created by Hungarian inventor Baron Wolfgang von Kempelen and reputed to play chess. The article was the first to expose the machine as a fake.
# Le Magnoray

Le Magnoray (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.
# Lennyville, West Virginia

Lennyville is an unincorporated community in Hancock County, West Virginia, United States. It lies at an elevation of 794 feet (242 m).
# Leno (disambiguation)

Jay Leno (born 1950) is an American comedian and talk show host.
Leno may also refer to:
* Leno (surname)
* Leno, Lombardy, Italy, a town and comune
* Leno (stream), a stream in Italy
* Leno weave, a pattern in weaving
* Leño, a Spanish hard rock band from 1978 to 1983
** Leño (album) (1979)
* Leno, a stock character in theatre of ancient Rome who is a slave dealer or pimp
# HWB

HWB may refer to:
* Hwb, a Welsh education website
* HWB color model, a representation of points in an RGB color model
* Hardware write block device, a type of computer hard disk controller
* Hawaii Winter Baseball, a defunct professional baseball league
* Health and wellbeing board, various statutory bodies in England
* Heavy Water Board, of India's Department of Atomic Energy
* Helmert–Wolf blocking, a statistical algorithm
* Hochwohlgeboren, an honorific in Europe
* Homeopaths Without Borders, a pseudoscientific nonprofit organization
* Hybrid wing body, a type of fixed-wing aircraft
# Leptomyrmex geniculatus

Leptomyrmex geniculatus is a species of ant in the genus Leptomyrmex. Described by Carlo Emery in 1914, the species is endemic to New Caledonia.