# List of creations of cardinals

List of the promotions of the cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Dates of the consistories are known or possible to establish only from the pontificate of Pope Gelasius II (1118–1119). Information concerning the number and names of the cardinals created before this pontificate are certainly incomplete. For the later period, the available data are probably complete, but, for some pontificates (particularly in the 12th century), it is impossible to establish the exact number of promotions, because in some cases there are doubts whether the promotion really took place, and in some others it is not possible to ascertain whether the records describe two separate individuals or one individual who held two cardinal titles during his lifetime.
The numbers in the list do not include the cardinals created in pectore whose names were never published, those who declined the appointment, and those who died before their announced promotion took place.

## Until 1099

| Period | List | Number of cardinals created |
| until 7th century | Article | |
| 8th century | Article | |
| 9th century | Article | |
| 904–985 | Article | 48 |
| 985–1049 | Article | 92 |
| 1049–1073 | Article | 44 |
| 1073–1099 | Article | |

## From 1099

| Pope | Pontificate | List | Number of consistories | Number of cardinals |
| Paschal II | 1099–1118 | Article | 15 | 92 |
| Gelasius II | 1118–1119 | Article | 1 | 1 |
| Callixtus II | 1119–1124 | Article | 35 | 23 |
| Honorius II | 1124–1130 | Article | 27 | 14 |
| Innocent II | 1130–1143 | Article | 76 |
| Antipope Anacletus II | 1130–1138 | Article | ? | 14 to 17 |
| Celestine II | 1143–1144 | Article | 1 | 10 |
| Lucius II | 1144–1145 | Article | 2 | 11 |
| Eugene III | 1145–1153 | Article | 9 | 16 |
| Anastasius IV | 1153–1154 | — | 0 | 0 |
| Adrian IV | 1154–1159 | Article | 5 to 7 | 12 or 13 |
| Alexander III | 1159–1181 | Article | 17 to 20 | 35 |
| Antipope Victor IV | 1159–1164 | Article | ? | 10 to 13 |
| Antipope Paschal III | 1164–1168 | Article | ? | 9 |
| Antipope Callixtus III | 1168–1178 | Article | ? | 7 |
| Lucius III | 1181–1185 | Article | 4 | 15 |
| Urban III | 1185–1187 | — | 0 | 0 |
| Gregory VIII | 1187 | — | 0 | 0 |
| Clement III | 1187–1191 | Article | 6 | 24 to 26 |
| Celestine III | 1191–1198 | Article | 1 | 5 |
| Innocent III | 1198–1216 | Article | 9 or 10 | 30 to 32 |
| Honorius III | 1216–1227 | Article | 5 | 6 |
| Gregory IX | 1227–1241 | Article | 4 | 10 |
| Celestine IV | 1241 | — | 0 | 0 |
| Innocent IV | 1243–1254 | Article | 2 or 3 | 15 or 16 |
| Alexander IV | 1254–1261 | Article | 0 or 1 | 0 or 1 |
| Urban IV | 1261–1264 | Article | 2 | 14 |
| Clement IV | 1265–1268 | — | 0 | 0 |
| Gregory X | 1271–1276 | Article | 1 | 5 |
| Innocent V | 1276 | — | 0 | 0 |
| Adrian V | 1276 | — | 0 | 0 |
| John XXI | 1276–1277 | — | 0 | 0 |
| Nicholas III | 1277–1280 | Article | 1 | 9 |
| Martin IV | 1281–1285 | Article | 1 | 7 |
| Honorius IV | 1285–1287 | Article | 1 | 1 |
| Nicholas IV | 1288–1292 | Article | 1 | 6 |
| Celestine V | 1294 | Article | 2 | 13 |
| Boniface VIII | 1294–1303 | Article | 5 | 15 |
| Benedict XI | 1303–1304 | Article | 2 | 2 |
| Clement V | 1305–1314 | Article | 3 | 24 |
| John XXII | 1316–1334 | Article | 6 | 28 |
| Antipope Nicholas V | 1328–1330 | Article | 4 | 9 |
| Benedict XII | 1334–1342 | Article | 1 | 6 |
| Clement VI | 1342–1352 | Article | 4 | 25 |
| Innocent VI | 1352–1362 | Article | 3 | 15 |
| Urban V | 1362–1370 | Article | 4 | 13 |
| Gregory XI | 1370–1378 | Article | 2 | 21 |
| Urban VI | 1378–1389 | Article | 4 | 42 |
| Antipope Clement VII | 1378–1394 | Article | 11 | 33 |
| Boniface IX | 1389–1404 | Article | 2 | 6 |
| Antipope Benedict XIII | 1394–1422 | Article | 7 | 19 |
| Innocent VII | 1404–1406 | Article | 1 | 11 |
| Gregory XII | 1406–1415 | Article | 2 | 12 |
| Antipope Alexander V | 1409–1410 | Article | 4 | 15 |
| Antipope John XXIII | 1410–1415 | Article | 4 | 15 |
| Martin V | 1417–1431 | Article | 4 | 17 |
| Eugene IV | 1431–1447 | Article | 6 | 27 |
| Antipope Felix V | 1439–1449 | Article | 4 | 14 |
| Nicholas V | 1447–1455 | Article | 3 (or 4) | 8 (or 11) |
| Callixtus III | 1455–1458 | Article | 2 | 9 |
| Pius II | 1458–1464 | Article | 2 | 12 |
| Paul II | 1464–1471 | Article | 2 | 10 |
| Sixtus IV | 1471–1484 | Article | 8 | 34 |
| Innocent VIII | 1484–1492 | Article | 1 | 8 |
| Alexander VI | 1492–1503 | Article | 9 | 43 |
| Pius III | 1503 | — | 0 | 0 |
| Julius II | 1503–1513 | Article | 6 | 27 |
| Leo X | 1513–1521 | Article | 8 | 42 |
| Adrian VI | 1522–1523 | Article | 1 | 1 |
| Clement VII | 1523–1534 | Article | 14 | 33 |
| Paul III | 1534–1549 | Article | 12 | 71 |
| Julius III | 1550–1555 | Article | 4 | 20 |
| Marcellus II | 1555 | — | 0 | 0 |
| Paul IV | 1555–1559 | Article | 3 | 17 |
| Pius IV | 1559–1565 | Article | 4 | 46 |
| Pius V | 1566–1572 | Article | 3 | 21 |
| Gregory XIII | 1572–1585 | Article | 9 | 34 |
| Sixtus V | 1585–1590 | Article | 8 | 33 |
| Urban VII | 1590 | — | 0 | 0 |
| Gregory XIV | 1590–1591 | Article | 2 | 5 |
| Innocent IX | 1591 | Article | 1 | 2 |
| Clement VIII | 1592–1605 | Article | 6 | 53 |
| Leo XI | 1605 | — | 0 | 0 |
| Paul V | 1605–1621 | Article | 10 | 60 |
| Gregory XV | 1621–1623 | Article | 4 | 11 |
| Urban VIII | 1623–1644 | Article | 8 | 74 |
| Innocent X | 1644–1655 | Article | 8 | 40 |
| Alexander VII | 1655–1667 | Article | 6 | 38 |
| Clement IX | 1667–1669 | Article | 3 | 12 |
| Clement X | 1670–1676 | Article | 6 | 20 |
| Innocent XI | 1676–1689 | Article | 2 | 43 |
| Alexander VIII | 1689–1691 | Article | 3 | 14 |
| Innocent XII | 1691–1700 | Article | 4 | 30 |
| Clement XI | 1700–1721 | Article | 15 | 69 |
| Innocent XIII | 1721–1724 | Article | 2 | 3 |
| Benedict XIII | 1724–1730 | Article | 12 | 29 |
| Clement XII | 1730–1740 | Article | 15 | 35 |
| Benedict XIV | 1740–1758 | Article | 7 | 64 |
| Clement XIII | 1758–1769 | Article | 7 | 52 |
| Clement XIV | 1769–1774 | Article | 12 | 17 |
| Pius VI | 1775–1799 | Article | 23 | 73 |
| Pius VII | 1800–1823 | Article | 19 | 99 |
| Leo XII | 1823–1829 | Article | 8 | 25 |
| Pius VIII | 1829–1830 | Article | 3 | 6 |
| Gregory XVI | 1831–1846 | Article | 24 | 75 |
| Pius IX | 1846–1878 | Article | 23 | 123 |
| Leo XIII | 1878–1903 | Article | 27 | 147 |
| Pius X | 1903–1914 | Article | 7 | 50 |
| Benedict XV | 1914–1922 | Article | 5 | 32 |
| Pius XI | 1922–1939 | Article | 17 | 76 |
| Pius XII | 1939–1958 | Article | 2 | 56 |
| John XXIII | 1958–1963 | Article | 5 | 52 |
| Paul VI | 1963–1978 | Article | 6 | 143 |
| John Paul I | 1978 | — | 0 | 0 |
| John Paul II | 1978–2005 | Article | 9 | 231 |
| Benedict XVI | 2005–2013 | Article | 5 | 90 |
| Francis | 2013– | Article | 10 | 163 |