OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Charles Steele (RAF officer)

Air Marshal Sir Charles Ronald Steele, KCB, DFC, DL (9 November 1897 – 14 February 1973) was a Royal Air Force officer who became Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief at Coastal Command from 1950 to 1952.

## RAF career

Educated at Oundle School and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, Steele was commissioned into the Green Howards in 1916. He transferred into the Royal Flying Corps and became a flying ace credited with seven aerial victories. He transferred into the Royal Air Force after the First World War and was granted a permanent commission on 1 August 1919. He was appointed Officer Commanding No. 18 Squadron in 1936 and served in the Second World War, initially on the Air Staff at Headquarters No. 3 Group, and then at the Rhodesian Air Training Group before being appointed Senior Air Staff Officer and then temporary Air Officer Commanding at No. 9 Group. He went on to be Air Officer Commanding No. 10 Group and then Air Officer Commanding No. 85 Group. He was made Senior Air Staff Officer at the Headquarters of the British Air Forces of Occupation in Germany in July 1945. He became Air Officer Commanding AHQ Malta in 1947 and Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief at Coastal Command in 1950 before retiring in 1952.
# The Ad-Libbers

The Ad-Libbers is a CBS comedy sketch game show that began on August 3, 1951, and ended on September 1, 1951, as a summer replacement for Mama.

## Format

Home viewers were invited to send in story ideas. The host would read the story outline to the performers, who would then attempt to ad-lib dialogue to fit the story.

## Cast

The show was hosted by Peter Donald. Regulars included Jack Lemmon, Charles Mendick, Patricia Housley, Joe Silver, Earl Hammond and Cynthia Stone.

## Background

The series was based on a similar program titled What Happens Now? The program aired on local New York station WOR-TV in 1949 and was hosted by Nelson Olmsted. Regulars on the 1949 program included Ross Martin, Carol Ohmart and Larry Blyden.

## Production

Ted and Hal Persons produced the show, and Hal Persons directed it. Maxwell House was the sponsor. It was broadcast on Fridays from 8 to 8:30 p.m. Eastern Time.

## Critical response

A review in the trade publication Billboard said that the program "comes off as fitfully interesting but hardly strong enough to stand the rigors of strong audience competition." It said that because the actors were not trained in performing spontaneously the demands of the show's format were unrealistic.
# 1,000 Places to See in the USA and Canada Before You Die

1,000 Places to See in the US and Canada Before You Die (ISBN 0761147381, 2007) is a book written by Patricia Schultz as a follow-up book to 1,000 Places to See Before You Die.
# Heinrich Tietze

Heinrich Franz Friedrich Tietze (August 31, 1880 – February 17, 1964) was an Austrian mathematician, famous for the Tietze extension theorem on functions from topological spaces to the real numbers. He also developed the Tietze transformations for group presentations, and was the first to pose the group isomorphism problem. Tietze's graph is also named after him; it describes the boundaries of a subdivision of the Möbius strip into six mutually-adjacent regions, found by Tietze as part of an extension of the four color theorem to non-orientable surfaces.

## Education and career

Tietze was the son of Emil Tietze and the grandson of Franz Ritter von Hauer, both of whom were Austrian geologists. He was born in Schleinz, Austria-Hungary, and studied mathematics at the Technische Hochschule in Vienna beginning in 1898. After additional studies in Munich, he returned to Vienna, completing his doctorate in 1904 and his habilitation in 1908.
From 1910 until 1918 Tietze taught mathematics in Brno, and was promoted to ordinary professor in 1913. He served in the Austrian army during World War I, and then returned to Brno, but in 1919 he took a position at the University of Erlangen, and then in 1925 moved again to the University of Munich, where he remained for the rest of his career. One of his doctoral students was Georg Aumann. Tietze retired in 1950, and died in Munich, West Germany.

## Awards and honors

Tietze was a fellow of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and a fellow of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

## Publications

* Tietze, Heinrich (1957), "Über Schachturnier-Tabellen", Mathematische Zeitschrift, 67: 188–202, doi:10.1007/bf01258856, S2CID 123135166, archived from the original on January 11, 2013
* Tietze, Heinrich (1910), "Einige Bemerkungen zum Problem des Kartenfärbens auf einseitigen Flächen", DMV Annual Report, archived from the original on January 11, 2013
* Tietze, Heinrich (1915), "Über Funktionen, die auf einer abgeschlossenen Menge stetig sind", Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik, 145, archived from the original on 2012-07-08
* Über die mit Lineal und Zirkel und die mit dem rechten Zeichenwinkel lösbaren Konstruktionsaufgaben, Mathematische Zeitschrift vol.46, 1940
* mit Leopold Vietoris Beziehungen zwischen den verschiedenen Zweigen der Topologie, Enzyklopädie der Mathematischen Wissenschaften 1929
* Über die Anzahl der stabilen Ruhelagen eines Würfels, Elemente der Mathematik vol.3, 1948
* Über die topologische Invarianten mehrdimensionaler Mannigfaltigkeiten, Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik, vol. 19, 1908, p.1-118
* Über Simony Knoten und Simony Ketten mit vorgeschriebenen singulären Primzahlen für die Figur und für ihr Spiegelbild, Mathematische Zeitschrift vol.49, 1943, p.351 (Knot theory)
* Tietze, Heinrich (1965) [1959], Famous problems of mathematics. Solved and unsolved mathematical problems from antiquity to modern times., New York: Graylock Press, MR 0181558
# 1882 United States elections

Elections occurred in the middle of Republican President Chester A. Arthur's term, during the Third Party System. Arthur had become president on September 19, 1881, upon the death of his predecessor, James Garfield. Members of the 48th United States Congress were chosen in this election. Democrats won control of the House, while Republicans won control of the Senate.
Following the 1880 census, the size of the House increased by 32 seats. Democrats won major gains, taking control of the chamber.
In the Senate, the Readjusters picked up one seat allowing Senate Republicans to hold a majority in a coalition with them.
# Bingo Airways

Bingo Airways was a Polish charter airline based at Warsaw Chopin and Katowice Airports.

## History

The airline was founded in November 2011 and started flights on 15 May 2012. The airline flew to destinations in Egypt, Israel, Turkey, Greece, Spain and Tunisia from Poland.
Bingo Airways were well known for the smiley face and bright red nose on the front of their aircraft. One of Bingo's A320-200s, registered SP-ACK, was in a special livery of the Chupa Chups company logo.
On 10 January 2014, Bingo Airways marketing director Piotr Samson announced that they were planning to start up scheduled services for the airline but could not disclose any more information on destinations and startup dates until plans were finalized.
By mid-June 2014, Bingo Airways ceased operations as Polish authorities revoked its operating licence.

## Fleet

The Bingo Airways fleet as of May 2014:

## Destinations

These are the destinations that were served by Bingo Airways:

### Bulgaria

* Burgas: Burgas Airport

### Cape Verde

* Mindelo: Cesária Évora Airport

### Egypt

* Hurghada: Hurghada International Airport
* Sharm el-Sheikh: Sharm el-Sheikh International Airport

### Greece

* Heraklion: Heraklion International Airport
* Rhodes: Rhodes International Airport
* Thessaloniki: Thessaloniki International Airport
* Chania: Chania International Airport

### Israel

* Tel Aviv: Ben Gurion Airport

### Poland

* Poznań: Poznań–Ławica Airport
* Warsaw: Warsaw Chopin Airport Base
* Katowice: Katowice International Airport Base
* Wrocław: Wrocław Airport

### Spain

* Palma, Majorca: Palma de Mallorca Airport
* Tenerife: Tenerife South Airport

### Tunisia

* Enfidha: Enfidha–Hammamet International Airport

### Turkey

* Antalya: Antalya Airport
* Bodrum: Milas–Bodrum Airport
# David Landale

David Landale (6 August 1868 – 6 September 1935) was the 13th taipan of the Jardine Matheson & Co. and member of the Executive Council and Legislative Council of Hong Kong.

## Early life

Born on 6 August 1868, Landale was the son of Rev. David Landale and Margaret Helen Hassels Jardine, daughter of Sir William Jardine, 7th Baronet, a distant relative of the founder of the prominent trading house Jardine Matheson & Co., William Jardine. He was educated at Fettes College, Edinburgh.

## Career in China

Landale moved to the Far East and became both managing director of Jardine Matheson and the Chairman of the Shanghai Municipal Council in 1907. He was also director of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation until his resignation in 1920.
He was appointed as unofficial member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong in 1913 and Executive Council in 1916. He was also the chairman of the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce in 1915.

## Marriage

In 1902 he married Mildred Sophia, second daughter of John Fortune. They had two sons and two daughters. One of his sons David Fortune "Taffy" Landale also became the Chairman and Managing Director of Jardines. He was maternal great-grandfather to Olympic champion, Matthew Pinsent.

## Death

Landale died on 6 September 1935 in London, England.

## Landale St

Landale Street in Wan Chai on Hong Kong Island was named after David Landale.
# 1954–55 Cardiff City F.C. season

The 1954–55 season was Cardiff City F.C.'s 28th season in the Football League. They competed in the 22-team Division One, then the first tier of English football, finishing twentieth.

## Season review
### Partial league table

| Pos | Teamvte | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GAv | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| 18 | Bolton Wanderers | 42 | 13 | 13 | 16 | 62 | 69 | 0.899 | 39 | |
| 19 | Blackpool | 42 | 14 | 10 | 18 | 60 | 64 | 0.938 | 38 | |
| 20 | Cardiff City | 42 | 13 | 11 | 18 | 62 | 76 | 0.816 | 37 | |
| 21 | Leicester City (R) | 42 | 12 | 11 | 19 | 74 | 86 | 0.860 | 35 | Relegation to the Second Division |
| 22 | Sheffield Wednesday (R) | 42 | 8 | 10 | 24 | 63 | 100 | 0.630 | 26 | Relegation to the Second Division |

### Results by round

| Round | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 |
| Ground | A | H | H | A | A | H | H | A | H | A | H | A | A | A | H | A | H | A | H | A | H | H | H | A | A | A | H | H | A | H | A | H | H | A | A | H | H | A | H | A | H | A |
| Result | L | L | W | L | D | D | D | W | W | D | W | L | D | L | D | W | W | W | L | W | L | L | W | L | L | L | W | W | D | W | D | L | L | D | L | L | L | D | D | L | W | L |
| Position | 21 | 20 | 18 | 22 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 13 | 12 | 13 | 11 | 13 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 13 | 11 | 13 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 18 | 16 | 15 | 14 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 15 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 20 |

### FA Cup

Entering the competition in the third round, Cardiff were eliminated by fellow First Division side Arsenal after a 1–0 defeat.

### Welsh Cup

After wins over Pembroke Borough and Newport County, Cardiff were knocked out of the competition in the semi-finals for a third year in a row after a 2–0 defeat to Chester City.

## Players

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| -- | GK | WAL | Ken Jones |
| -- | GK | WAL | Ron Howells |
| -- | GK | WAL | Graham Vearncombe |
| -- | DF | WAL | Colin Baker |
| -- | DF | WAL | Ron Davies |
| -- | DF | WAL | John Frowen |
| -- | DF | WAL | Colin Gale |
| -- | DF | ENG | Stan Montgomery |
| -- | DF | ENG | Charles Rutter |
| -- | DF | WAL | Alf Sherwood |
| -- | DF | WAL | Ron Stitfall |
| -- | DF | WAL | Derrick Sullivan |
| -- | MF | WAL | Billy Baker |
| -- | MF | WAL | Dennis Callan |
| -- | MF | ENG | Don Clarke |
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| -- | MF | WAL | Alan Harrington |
| -- | MF | WAL | Islwyn Jones |
| -- | MF | ENG | Cliff Nugent |
| -- | MF | ENG | Gordon Nutt |
| -- | MF | ENG | Mike Tiddy |
| -- | MF | WAL | Roley Williams |
| -- | FW | ENG | Cecil Dixon |
| -- | FW | WAL | George Edwards |
| -- | FW | WAL | Trevor Ford |
| -- | FW | WAL | Alan Gibbs |
| -- | FW | ENG | Wilf Grant |
| -- | FW | ENG | Gerry Hitchens |
| -- | FW | ENG | Tommy Northcott |
| -- | FW | WAL | Neil O'Halloran |
| -- | FW | ENG | Ron Stockin |
# Krzysztof Radziwiłł's raid on Russia

Krzysztof Radziwiłł's raid on Russia (Polish: Zagon Radziwiłla na Rosję) was a military raid on the Grand Duchy of Moscow led by Krzysztof Mikołaj "the Thunderbolt" Radziwiłł, Field Hetman of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, during the final stages of the Livonian War (1558–1583). The raid started in conjunction with the preparation for the Siege of Pskov. It was a diversionary measure to protect the main Polish–Lithuanian forces at Pskov from a Russian attack. Radziwiłł's cavalry raided deep into the Grand Duchy of Moscow, reaching the Upper Volga. That made the raid one of the most distant Lithuanian raids. The raid was successful: Radziwiłł's men gained much loot, protected the main Polish–Lithuanian forces, and contributed to Tsar Ivan IV agreeing to negotiate the Truce of Jam Zapolski.

## Campaign

On July 10, 1581, while preparing for the Siege of Pskov, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Stephen Bathory convened a military council. It was decided to send a cavalry regiment, commanded by Krzysztof Mikołaj Radziwiłł, into Orsha region and further. On August 5, Radziwiłł departed Vitebsk with about 4,000 men, which included the core of about 1,000 personal soldiers of Radziwiłł and a company of his father, Great Hetman Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł. Initially, Radziwiłł's men raided Orsha region. Near Toropets, Radziwiłł's regiment was joined by mercenary and Cossack cavalry units of Filon Kmita, Voivode of Smolensk. The combined forces numbered some 6,000 soldiers.
Radziwiłł's men invaded and looted Smolensk region. Near the Shelom River, they faced two Muscovite armies. One was destroyed and the other's attacks were successfully repelled. Later Radziwiłł invaded Rzhev area, crossed the Volga River, burned Urdoma, and moved towards Staritsa where at that time Tsar Ivan IV was residing. On September 14, Radziwiłł was just three or four miles from Staritsa. Ivan evacuated his wife and children as well as the state treasury deeper into the Russian territory. However, Radziwiłł did not dare to attack Staritsa, one of the few brick fortresses in Russia, and retreated towards Lake Ilmen. On their way, Radziwiłł's men scored a victory near Toropets and ransacked Staraya Russa. On October 22, 1581, Radziwiłł reached besieged Pskov and rejoined the main Polish–Lithuanian forces.

## Aftermath

The Radziwiłł expedition burned six cities and numerous villages, took much loot and many prisoners. At Pskov they were greeted as victors. Soon the siege of Pskov turned into a passive blockade and Ivan IV sent a delegation to start peace negotiations.
The raid was lauded in many contemporary poems by Pranciškus Gradovskis (Franciszek Gradowski), Jan Kochanowski, Elijas Pilgrimovijus (Elijah Pielgrzymowski), Andrius Rimša (Andrzej Rymsza), and Jonas Radvanas (Jan Radwan). The raid earned Radziwiłł his 'thunderbolt' nickname.
# David Flood (organist)

David Flood was the organist and master of the cathedral choristers at Canterbury Cathedral, a position he held for 32 years from 1988 to 2020. He is a Fellow of the Royal College of Organists.
In 1978, he was appointed assistant organist at Canterbury Cathedral. He spent two years at Lincoln Cathedral from 1986, returning to Canterbury as master of choristers from 1988.
He is a visiting professor at Canterbury Christ Church University and a visiting fellow of St John's College, Durham.
# Commonwealth Grants Commission

The Commonwealth Grants Commission is an Australian independent statutory body that advises the Australian Government on financial assistance to the states and territories of Australia under section 96 of the Australian Constitution. The commission was established in July 1933 by the Lyons government during the Great Depression to provide impartial advice on the distribution of federal government grants to the states. The commission operates under the Commonwealth Grants Commission Act 1973, and is responsible for measuring the relative fiscal capacity of each state and territory.
The Commission recommends how the revenues raised from the goods and services tax (GST) should be distributed to each state and territory to achieve horizontal fiscal equalisation, a central feature of the Australian federation.

## References to Commission

The Commission responds to a reference from the Australian Treasurer, which are generally requests for calculating appropriate ratios of per capita grants for distributing general revenue assistance from the Australian government to the states and territories. The details of these references are usually negotiated between the Commonwealth, state and territory treasury departments before being formally issued by the Treasurer.
The Commission reports to the Australian government and then provides copies to the states and territories. The recommendations are then considered at the annual meetings of the Treasurers of the Commonwealth, states and territories.
On 31 March 2016, the commission received a reference to inquire into and report by 7 April 2016 on the per capita relativities to be used to distribute GST revenue among the states and the territories in 2016–17.
Every five years, the Commission undertakes a review of the methodology underlying the commission's advice to the government on the relative fiscal capacity of each state and territory. The last reference was given on 29 November 2016 and the review was completed in March 2020. The purpose of reviews is to determine the most appropriate methods and data for measuring the relative fiscal capacity of states and territories.
# Continental knitting

Knitting with the yarn in one's left hand is commonly referred to as Continental knitting, German knitting, European knitting, or left-hand knitting. Unlike English knitting, the yarn is held in the left hand. This allows advanced knitters to scoop the working yarn through without wrapping it around the needle first. This is often referred to as picking. Continental knitting is often preferred by hand-knitters, as it is among the more efficient methods, requiring the shortest number of specific hand motions per stitch.
Continental-style knitting, being associated with Germany, fell out of favour in English-speaking countries during World War II; its reintroduction in the United States has often been credited to Elizabeth Zimmermann.

## Hand motions

The motion of the right wrist is used to slip the right needle into the loop of the stitch being knitted and 'scoop' or 'hook' the yarn onto the right needle. An alternative method of collecting the yarn involves using the thumb or index finger of the right hand to hold the yarn in place as the new stitch is being pulled out of the loop.
This knitting style is often easier to learn for people with crocheting experience, since the way the yarn is held in the left hand is similar to crochet, and the motion of the right hand is similar to the motion seen in crochet. One major difference in the motion of the right wrist is that in crochet the crochet hook may be held more like a pencil; this method of holding the knitting needle like a pencil was briefly made popular around 1900 because it was considered more ladylike. Nowadays, however, the majority of knitters hold both needles under the palm.

## Yarn tension

The tension in the yarn is controlled by threading the yarn through the fingers of the left hand. Typically, the yarn is looped around the little finger and over the index finger. Some knitters wrap the yarn around the index finger only one or two times.

## History

This style originated in continental Europe, specifically recognized in Germany, but is also found to a significant degree in the English-speaking world.
Other knitting styles include English knitting (aka right-hand knitting) and combined knitting.
# Diagnosis: Unknown

Diagnosis: Unknown is an American medical drama that aired on CBS television from July 5 to September 20, 1960. The series aired as a summer replacement for The Garry Moore Show from 10 to 11 p.m. on Tuesdays.

## Premise

Daniel Coffee, head of a hospital's pathology lab, worked with police (particularly Detective Captain Max Ritter) to find criminals who committed bizarre murders. Lab assistants Doris Hudson and Motilal Mookerju supported Coffee in his work. Another regular character was Link, a boy who worked as handyman and kept the lab clean.

## Personnel

The cast was as follows:
* Patrick O'Neal as Coffee
* Phyllis Newman as Hudson
* Cal Bellini as Mookerji
* Martin Huston as Link
* Chester Morris as Ritter
Bob Banner was the producer.
Joel Carpenter wrote the script for the program's premiere episode.

## Theme

"Coffee's Theme", the program's theme song, was recorded by Warren Covington and the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra (Decca 31146).

## Critical reception

In a review of the program's initial episode in The New York Times, Jack Gould called the show "sick television" and said it indicated that "beatniks have taken over" at CBS. The review said that the show's "laboratory is populated by gone kids" and noted elements in the laboratory's environment: "haze of cigarette smoke . . . the din of transistor radios . . . jive talk".
Critic John Crosby wrote that he liked the emphasis on the mystery, and he complimented O'Neal's portrayal of Coffee. He liked the dialogue's "intelligence and flashes of humor" but added that some scenes were "awfully talky" while others were "pretty awkward".

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Directed by | Written by | Original air date |
| 1 | "A Case of Radiant Wine" | Fielder Cook | Joel Carpenter | July 5, 1960 (1960-07-05) |
| Guest star: Tom Bosley |||||
| 2 | "Main Course -- Murder" | Unknown | Unknown | August 2, 1960 (1960-08-02) |
| 3 | "A Sudden Stillness" | Unknown | Unknown | August 9, 1960 (1960-08-09) |
| 4 | "Final Performance" | Unknown | Unknown | August 16, 1960 (1960-08-16) |
| 5 | "The Case of the Elder" | Unknown | Unknown | August 23, 1960 (1960-08-23) |
| 6 | "The Curse of the Gypsy" | Unknown | Unknown | August 30, 1960 (1960-08-30) |
| 7 | "Gina, Gina" | Unknown | Unknown | September 6, 1960 (1960-09-06) |
| 8 | "The Parasite" | Unknown | Unknown | September 13, 1960 (1960-09-13) |
| 9 | "The Red Death" | Unknown | Unknown | September 20, 1960 (1960-09-20) |