OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Calcium silicate hydrate

Calcium silicate hydrates (CSH or C-S-H) are the main products of the hydration of Portland cement and are primarily responsible for the strength of cement-based materials. They are the main binding phase (the "glue") in most concrete. Only well defined and rare natural crystalline minerals can be abbreviated as CSH while extremely variable and poorly ordered phases without well defined stoichiometry, as it is commonly observed in hardened cement paste (HCP), are denoted C-S-H.

## Preparation

When water is added to cement, each of the compounds undergoes hydration and contributes to the final state of the concrete. Only calcium silicates contribute to the strength. Tricalcium silicate is responsible for most of the early strength (first 7 days). Dicalcium silicate, which reacts more slowly, only contributes to late strength. Calcium silicate hydrate (also shown as C-S-H) is a result of the reaction between the silicate phases of Portland cement and water. This reaction typically is expressed as:
    2 Ca$_3$SiO$_5$ + 7 H$_2$O → 3 CaO · 2 SiO$_2$ · 4 H$_2$O + 3 Ca(OH)$_2$ + 173.6 kJ
also written in cement chemist notation, (CCN) as:
    2 C $_3$S + 7 H → C $_3$S $_2$H $_4$ + 3 CH + heat
or, tricalcium silicate + water → calcium silicate hydrate + calcium hydroxide + heat
The stoichiometry of C-S-H in cement paste is variable and the state of chemically and physically bound water in its structure is not transparent, which is why "-" is used between C, S, and H.
Synthetic C-S-H can be prepared from the reaction of CaO and SiO$_2$ in water or through the double precipitation method using various salts. These methods provide the flexibility of producing C-S-H at specific C/S (Ca/Si, or CaO/SiO$_2$) ratios. The C-S-H from cement phases can also be treated with an ammonium nitrate solution in order to induce calcium leaching, and so to achieve a given C/S ratio.

## Properties

C-S-H is a nano sized material with some degree of crystallinity as observed by X-ray diffraction techniques. The underlying atomic structure of C-S-H is similar to the naturally occurring mineral tobermorite. It has a layered geometry with calcium silicate sheet structure separated by an interlayer space. The silicates in C-S-H exist as dimers, pentamers and 3n-1 chain units (where n is an integer greater than 0) and calcium ions are found to connect these chains making the three dimensional nano structure as observed by dynamic nuclear polarisation surface-enhanced nuclear magnetic resonance. The exact nature of the interlayer remains unknown. One of the greatest difficulties in characterising C-S-H is due to its variable stoichiometry.
The scanning electron microscope micrographs of C-S-H does not show any specific crystalline form. They usually manifest as foils or needle/oriented foils.
Synthetic C-S-H can be divided in two categories separated at the Ca/Si ratio of about 1.1. There are several indications that the chemical, physical and mechanical characteristics of C-S-H varies noticeably between these two categories.
# Igneous textures

Igneous textures include the rock textures occurring in igneous rocks. Igneous textures are used by geologists in determining the mode of origin of igneous rocks and are used in rock classification. The six main types of textures are phaneritic, aphanitic, porphyritic, glassy, pyroclastic, and pegmatitic.
Aphanitic (a = not, phaner = visible) rocks, in contrast to phaneritic rocks, typically form from lava which crystallize rapidly on or near Earth's surface. When extrusive rocks make contact with the atmosphere they cool quickly, so the minerals do not have time to form large crystals. The individual crystals in an aphanitic igneous rock are not distinguishable to the naked eye. Examples of aphanitic igneous rock include basalt, andesite, and rhyolite.
Glassy or vitreous textures occur during some volcanic eruptions when the lava is quenched so rapidly that crystallization cannot occur. The result is a natural amorphous glass with few or no crystals. Examples include obsidian.
Pegmatitic texture occurs during magma cooling when some minerals may grow so large that they become massive (the size ranges from a few centimetres to several metres). This is typical of pegmatites. Pegmatites are most commonly formed as coarse-grained igneous rocks of granitic composition, containing large clasts of gemstones such as amazonite, garnet, and topaz.
Phaneritic (phaner = visible) textures are typical of intrusive igneous rocks, these rocks crystallized slowly below Earth's surface. As magma cools slowly the minerals have time to grow and form large crystals. The minerals in a phaneritic igneous rock are sufficiently large to see each individual crystal with the naked eye. Examples of phaneritic igneous rocks are gabbro, diorite, and granite.
Porphyritic textures develop when conditions during the cooling of magma change relatively quickly. The earlier formed minerals will have formed slowly and remain as large crystals, whereas, sudden cooling causes the rapid crystallization of the remainder of the melt into a fine-grained (aphanitic) matrix. The result is an aphanitic rock with some larger crystals (phenocrysts) embedded within its matrix. Porphyritic texture also occurs when magma crystallizes below a volcano but is erupted before completing crystallization thus forcing the remaining lava to crystallize more rapidly with much smaller crystals.
Pyroclastic (pyro = igneous, clastic = fragment) textures occur when explosive eruptions blast the lava into the air resulting in fragmental, typically glassy material which falls as volcanic ash, lapilli, and volcanic bombs.
# Bahman

Bahman (Persian: بهمن, Persian pronunciation:) is the eleventh and penultimate month of the Solar Hijri calendar, the official calendar of Iran and Afghanistan. Bahman has thirty days. It begins in January and ends in February of the Gregorian calendar. The month is equivalent to Aquarius in the Zodiac.
Bahman is the second month of winter, and is followed by Esfand.
In modern Persian "Bahman" literally means "Snow Avalanche". But Bahman is also thought to be a derivative modern form of Vohu Manah. Vôhü Manö consists of two parts: VÔHÜ coming from the root vah, from Proto-Indo-European *ves 'to revere, stand in awe of', and MAN meaning 'passion, determination, spirit, mind power'. Vohu Manah is also a concept in Zoroastrianism meaning "pure mind/spirit" or "absolute consciousness".

## Events

* 4 - 1302 - The Opening Ceremony of the 1924 Winter Olympics is held in Chamonix in France. Formerly titled as the "International Winter Sports Week", the Games were made in response to calls made in a 1920 IOC meeting to give winter sports their chance in the Olympic Games.
* 8 – 1279 – the American League, the younger of the two leagues constituting Major League Baseball, was officially founded on the basis of the teams comprising a former regional minor league, the Western League.
* 13 – 1252 – The National League, the older of the two leagues constituting Major League Baseball, was founded.
* 13 – 1323 – Battle of Manila (1945) begins
* 14 – 1326 – Sri Lanka, then Ceylon, becomes an independent nation under the Commonwealth, with full Dominion status.
* 22 - 1357 - Supreme Military Council of Iran declares itself neutral in the face of Islamic resistance of Ruhollah Khomeini's forces against pro-Shah elements, resulting in the termination of the Iranian Revolution
* 15 – 1394 – Bangladesh Bank heist

## Births

* 10 – 1297 – Jackie Robinson, second baseman for the Brooklyn Dodgers, first African American player in modern-day Major League Baseball
* 24 – 1364 – Todd Frazier, professional baseball player for the New York Mets, 34th overall draft pick in the 2007 Major League Baseball Draft, brother of Jeff Frazier, Olympic silver medalist

## Observances

* Chinese New Year – Movable (either on the first to third week of Bahman)
* Super Bowl Sunday – Third or Fourth Sunday of Bahman
* Washington's Birthday and President's Day – Last Monday of Bahman
* Bahmanagān – 2 Bahman, Zoroastrian holiday
* Republic Day (India) and Australia Day – 6–7 Bahman
* Sadeh (Persian: سده also transliterated as Sade), The Iranian fire festival – 10 Bahman
* Candlemas - 12 or 13 Bahman
* National Day of Sri Lanka – 16 Bahman
* Islamic Revolution Day – 22 Bahman
* Valentine's Day – 25–26 Bahman
# Moina, Tasmania

Moina is a town 45 km inland from Devonport on the north-west coast of Tasmania, Australia. Moina was the site of a brief gold rush in the late nineteenth century and then one of the largest wolfram and bismuth mines in Tasmania. It has been the centre of continued mineral exploration in the Middlesex district since the first discoveries of tin and tungsten ores on Dolcoath Hill in the 1890s. The name may be a derivation of a small crustacean of the same name found in Tasmanian waters.

## Mining

James Smith, discoverer of Mount Bischoff tin mine, was the first European to traverse the Forth & Wilmot Rivers. Along with J. Jones and J. Johnson, he prospected along the Forth River in around 1859. Malcolm Campbell discovered the Mount Bell gold mine, near Moina, in 1892, where 100 men were at work soon after. The Shepherd and Murphy, later referred to as the S & M or Moina Tungsten-Tin mine, contributed the greatest part of the total production of tin, tungsten and bismuth from the Moina and Round Mount districts. During periods of intermittent production between 1893 and 1957, an estimated 525t Sn, 255t W03 and 71t Bi have been recovered from the underground and surface workings at this mine.
Moina Post Office opened on 1 January 1910 and closed in 1958.

## Cradle Mountain

Moina is the last service town before Cradle Mountain which is approximately twenty minutes drive south.

## Lake Gairdner

Lake Gairdner is located just north west of Moina, part of the Mersey-Forth Hydro electric Scheme. The lake supplies water to the Wilmot Power Station on the foreshore of Lake Cethana. The power station was commissioned in 1971 and houses a single Fuji Francis turbine coupled to a Siemens generator.
# Siege of Wasit

The siege of Wasit involved the army of the Abbasid Revolution under al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba and the future Caliph al-Mansur, and the Umayyad garrison of Wasit under the last Umayyad governor of Iraq, Yazid ibn Umar ibn Hubayra. Yazid had been forced to abandon Kufa due to a rebellion by Abbasid sympathizers, and fled to Wasit, where he was besieged for 11 months, from August/September 749 to his surrender in June/July 750. The siege was marked by constant sallies and attacks, but as it progressed, the Umayyad garrison's morale collapsed and the internal divisions among the Qays and Yaman tribes began to manifest themselves. After news of the defeat of the Umayyad Caliph Marwan II at the Battle of the Zab and the Abbasid conquest of Syria arrived at Wasit, defections began. Yazid nevertheless held out for a few more months, until he received a pardon for himself and his followers from the Abbasid Caliph al-Saffah. Nevertheless, Yazid and his senior officers were executed soon after on al-Saffah's orders.

## Sources

* Elad, Amikam (1986). "The Siege of al-Wāsiṭ (132/749): Some Aspects of ʿAbbāsid and ʿAlīd Relations at the Beginning of ʿAbbāsid Rule". In Sharon, Moshe (ed.). Studies in Islamic History and Civilization: In Honour of Professor David Ayalon. Jerusalem and Leiden: Can. pp. 59–90. ISBN 965-264-014-X.
* Williams, John Alden, ed. (1985). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXVII: The ʿAbbāsid Revolution, A.D. 743–750/A.H. 126–132. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. pp. 185–191. ISBN 978-0-87395-884-4.
* This article about a siege is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Dorchester County Courthouse and Jail

Dorchester County Courthouse and Jail is a historic courthouse building located at Cambridge, the county seat of Dorchester County, Maryland. It is an Italianate influenced, painted brick structure, which was enlarged and extensively remodeled with Georgian Revival decorative detailing in the 1930s. The building entrance is flanked on the north by a three-story tower. It was constructed in 1853, and is the only courthouse designed by Richard Upjohn in Maryland.
The County Jail, which stood to the southeast of the courthouse from about 1882 until its demolition in 1994, was a Queen Anne and Romanesque Revival style granite structure with brick and terra cotta features. The jail was the work of the Baltimore architect, Charles L. Carson.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
# Jonathan Knight (railroader)

Jonathan Knight (November 22, 1787 – November 22, 1858) was an American politician who served as an Opposition Party member of the U.S. House of Representatives for Pennsylvania's 20th congressional district from 1855 to 1857. He also served as a member of the Pennsylvania Senate for the 20th district from 1822 to 1828. He was a civil engineer who worked on the National Road and as the first chief engineer of B&O Railroad.

## Early life

Jonathan Knight was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, the tenth child of Abel and Anna S. Knight. In 1801, he moved with his parents to East Bethlehem Township, Pennsylvania. He attended the common schools, worked as a teacher and purchased a farm. He continued to do survey work and became a civil engineer. He was appointed by the state in 1816 to make and report on a map of Washington County, Pennsylvania. He was elected county commissioner and served three years.

## Railroad career

Knight assisted in the preliminary surveys of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and the National Road between Cumberland, Maryland, and Wheeling, Virginia (now West Virginia). In 1828 he entered the service of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) to help create an engineering staff for the new company.$^{:14}$ Later that year the B&O sent him to England to study railroad engineering. Upon his return in 1830, he was appointed Chief Engineer of the B&O and served until 1842. He worked with Dr. William Howard, Lt. Col Stephen H. Long and led the design work of the B&O Main Line from Baltimore, Maryland to Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, the oldest common carrier rail line in the United States. He also led the engineering work on the B&O Washington Branch between Baltimore and Washington, D.C.$^{:18}$
Knight also engaged in agricultural pursuits and was secretary of the first agricultural society organized in Washington County.

## Political career

Knight served as a member of the Pennsylvania Senate for the 20th district from 1822 to 1828.
Knight was elected as an Opposition Party candidate to the Thirty-fourth Congress. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1856, and for election in 1858. He resumed agricultural pursuits near East Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and died there in 1858

## Legacy

Knightstown, Indiana, was named in his honor.
# Double Shoals Cotton Mill

Double Shoals Cotton Mill is a historic post-Civil War textile mill located at Cleveland County, North Carolina. It is a 2 1/2-story, brick building with a shallow-pitched, side-gable-roof and Italianate style design elements. Also on the property are a contributing mill race and dam, built about 1880.

## History

Thomas R. Jackson deeded 268 acres to Albert A. Homsley. Homsley eventually built a mill building in 1855 that became the precursor to the Double Shoals Mill. The building and land changed hands in 1867 and again in 1874 when it was sold to E. A. Morgan, with additions made in 1965 and in the 1970s. He named the mill Double Shoals Mill Company. Other names for the mill were the Double Shoals Manufacturing Company and Lucky Strike Yarn Mill, north of Shelby, North Carolina. The Morgan family continued to run the mill until 1919. Throughout the 1900’s, the mill changed owners several times until it ceased all manufacturing in the 1980’s. Throughout the years of operation, the manufacturing products included: cloth, cotton yarn, twine, other types of yarn, rugs, and car seat covering material.

## Present

The building is currently under renovations for use as an indoor and outdoor event venue, an auto restoration shop, and art classes are also held there.. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.
In 2016 work began to transform the once abandoned mill into something special. The first action was to convert the lower level for use as a custom car shop, Fabbit Customs. Then the outdoor spaces began taking space for use as event space. Now the upper level is being converted into space for an art studio and event space.

## Gallery

* Double Shoals Cotton Mill as seen from the bridge
* Live music performed on the back lawn at Double Shoals Cotton Mill
* Broken glass in the ruins of Double Shoals Cotton Mill
* The foundation under Double Shoals Cotton Mill
* The doors to nowhere
* Old carding brush on a shelf at Double Shoals Cotton Mill
* First Broad River located behind Double Shoals Cotton Mill
* Rendering from the new owners website showing the future of this historic property
# Conference on Artificial General Intelligence

The Conference on Artificial General Intelligence is a meeting of researchers in the field of Artificial General Intelligence organized by the AGI Society, steered by Marcus Hutter and Ben Goertzel. It has been held annually since 2008. The conference was initiated by the 2006 Bethesda Artificial General Intelligence Workshop and has been hosted at the University of Memphis (sponsored by the AAAI); Arlington, Virginia (sponsored by the AAAI and Ray Kurzweil's KurzweilAI.net); Lugano, Switzerland (In Memoriam Ray Solomonoff and sponsored by the AAAI and KurzweilAI); Google headquarters in Mountain View, California (sponsored by Google, Inc., the AAAI, and KurzweilAI); the University of Oxford, United Kingdom (sponsored by the Future of Humanity Institute and KurzweilAI); and at Peking University, Beijing, China (sponsored by the Cognitive Science Society and the AAAI), Quebec City, Canada (sponsored by the Cognitive Science Society and the AAAI). The AGI-23 conference was held in Stockholm, Sweden.
The conference has attracted many speakers over the years including Joscha Bach, John L. Pollock, Nicholas L. Cassimatis, Bill Hibbard, Hugo de Garis, Stan Franklin, Steve Omohundro, Ben Goertzel, Itamar Arel, Eric Baum, Marcus Hutter, John E. Laird, Stephen R. Reed, Jürgen Schmidhuber, Richard S. Sutton, Randal A. Koene, Ernst Dickmanns, Peter Norvig, Yoshua Bengio, Zhongzhi Shi, Margaret Boden, David Hanson, Angelo Cangelosi, François Chollet, Gary Marcus, Roman Yampolskly, and Nick Bostrom.
# Yurie Nabeya

Yurie Nabeya (鍋谷 友理枝, Nabeya Yurie, born (1993-12-15)15 December 1993) is a Japanese volleyball player. She played in the 2016 Summer Olympics.

## Life

She is part of the Japan women's national volleyball team. She participated at the 2015 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix, and the 2017 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix.
On club level she played for Toyota Auto Body Queenseis in 2023.

## Awards
### Individual

* 2019 Montreux Volley Masters "Best outside spiker"
# Tim Head

Tim Head (born 1946) is a British artist. A painter, photographer and sculptor, he employs mixed media.

## Biography

Born in London, Head was brought up in Yorkshire. He studied at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne from 1965 to 1969. There the professor was Kenneth Rowntree, whose French-influenced work did not appeal; his other teachers included Richard Hamilton who enthused him, and Ian Stephenson. He was among the group of student friends of Roxy Music frontman Bryan Ferry at the university, along with the older artist Stephen Buckley. Others, besides Buckley, Ferry and Head, who were influenced by Hamilton at Newcastle were the students Rita Donagh and the sculptor Tony Carter, and Mark Lancaster who was teaching.
Head worked on exhibition layout at the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam in summer 1967, for Niki de Saint Phalle. The following year he went to New York City, where he worked as a summer assistant to Claes Oldenburg. He met Robert Smithson, Richard Serra, Eva Hesse, Sol LeWitt, John Cale and others. Head attended Saint Martin's School of Art, London, in 1969–1970; he studied on the Advanced Sculpture Course run by Barry Flanagan.
In 1971 he worked as an assistant to Robert Morris on his Tate Gallery show. He then taught at Goldsmiths College, London, from 1971 to 1979. He taught at the Slade School of Fine Art from 1976 to 2011.

## Works

During the 1970s Head contributed to the interest in "projected art" with "installations in which photos of objects in gallery spaces were projected on to those same objects and spaces." In 1987 he won the 15th John Moores Painting Prize for his work "Cow Mutations". The 2002 video installation Treacherous Light used software to make pixel-wise colour changes.
Head has exhibited widely internationally. His solo shows include MoMA, Oxford (1972); Whitechapel Art Gallery, London (1974 and 1992); British Pavilion, Venice Biennale (1980); ICA, London (1985); and Kunstverein Freiburg, Germany, and touring (1995). He has taken part in group shows including Documenta VI, Kassel (1977); British Art Now: An American Perspective, Solomon R Guggenheim Museum, New York, and Royal Academy, London (1980); The British Art Show, Arts Council Tour (1984); Gambler, Building One, London (1990);Live in Your Head: Concept and Experiment in Britain 1965-75, Whitechapel Art Gallery, London (2000); and The Indiscipline of Painting Tate St. Ives touring to Warwick Art Centre (2011/12).
# Arresting Behavior

Arresting Behavior is an American sitcom that aired on ABC from August 18 to September 2, 1992.

## Synopsis

The series centered on partners Bill Ruskin and Donny Walsh who were followed by hand-held cameras as they worked in Vista Valley, California. It parodied the then-new genre of police reality shows such as Cops.

## Cast

* Leo Burmester as Officer Bill Ruskin
* Chris Mulkey as Officer Pete Walsh
* Ron Eldard as Officer Donny Walsh
* Joey Simmrin as Seth Ruskin
* Amy Hathaway as Rhonda Ruskin
* Lee Garlington as Connie Ruskin
* Eric Balfour as Bill Ruskin Jr.

## Episodes

| No. | Title | Original release date |
| 1 | "Pilot" | August 18, 1992 (1992-08-18) |
| 2 | "Homemakers and Hookers" | August 19, 1992 (1992-08-19) |
| 3 | "Oaxitajaca" | August 26, 1992 (1992-08-26) |
| 4 | "Labor Day" | September 2, 1992 (1992-09-02) |
| 5 | "Family Values" | Unaired |