# Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh

The Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh is awarded by the College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine to a person who has made any highly important and valuable addition to practical therapeutics in the previous five years. The prize, which may be awarded biennially, was founded in 1878 by Andrew Robertson Cameron of Richmond, New South Wales, with a sum of £2,000. The University's senatus academicus may require the prizewinner to deliver one or more lectures or to publish an account on the addition made to practical therapeutics. A list of recipients of the prize dates back to 1879.

## Cameron Prize Recipients

| Year | Laureate | Institution | Interest |
| 1879 | Paul Bert | Faculty of Sciences, Paris The Sorbonne | Decompression sickness, toxicity of high concentrations of oxygen |
| 1880 | William Roberts | Owens College, Manchester | Discovered the antibacterial effects of penicillium moulds, coined the word "enzyme" |
| 1889 | Louis Pasteur | Pasteur Institute | Principles of vaccination, first vaccines for rabies and anthrax, microbial fermentation, pasteurization first resolution of optical isomers |
| 1890 | Joseph Lister | King's College Hospital, London | Pioneer of antiseptic surgery |
| 1891 | David Ferrier | King's College Hospital, London | Cortical localisation |
| 1893 | Victor Horsley | National Hospital for Paralysis and Epilepsy | Developed the Horsley–Clarke apparatus, stereotactic neurosurgery, epilepsy |
| 1894 | Emil von Behring | University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany | Diphtheria antitoxin |
| 1896 | William Macewen | University of Glasgow | Aseptic procedures in the operating theatre, a pioneer of brain surgery and for the development of a number of successful operating techniques and procedures in bone surgery |
| 1897 | Thomas Fraser | Department of Materia Medica Edinburgh | Introduced strophanthus and physostigmine |
| 1898 | Sydney Copeman | Ministry of Health. UK | Authority on vaccination |
| 1899 | David Bruce | Netley Hospital at Netley, UK | Investigated brucellosis and trypanosomes, identifying the cause of African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) |
| 1900 | Waldemar Haffkine | Pasteur Institute in Paris | Vaccines against cholera and bubonic plague |
| 1901 | Patrick Manson | The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine | Discoveries in parasitology and a founder of the field of tropical medicine |
| 1902 | Ronald Ross | University College, Liverpool, United Kingdom | Malaria, by which he showed how it enters the organism. Won Nobel Prize in 1902 |
| 1904 | Niels Ryberg Finsen | Copenhagen University Hospital | Treatment of lupus vulgaris with concentrated light radiation. Won Nobel Prize in 1903 |
| 1910 | August Bier | Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin | Spinal anesthesia using cocaine and intravenous regional anesthesia |
| 1911 | Simon Flexner | Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research | Studies into poliomyelitis and the development of serum treatment for meningitis |
| 1914 | Paul Ehrlich | Frankfurt University, Germany | Hematology, immunology, and antimicrobial chemotherapy, discovered arsphenamine (Salvarsan), the first effective medicinal treatment for syphilis, concept of a silver bullet. Nobel Prize in 1908 |
| 1915 | Thomas Lauder Brunton | St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London | Use of amyl nitrite to treat angina pectoris, dissertation on digitalis |
| 1920 | Robert Jones | Military orthopaedic hospital at Liverpool | Radiography in orthopaedics, described the Jones fracture. |
| 1921 | Jules Bordet | Université Libre de Bruxelles | Development of serological tests for syphilis, isolated Bordetella pertussis in pure culture in 1906 and posited it as the cause of whooping cough. Nobel Prize 1921. |
| 1922 | Frederick Hopkins | University of Cambridge | Discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins, the amino acid tryptophan and the discovery and characterization of glutathione. Nobel Prize 1929. |
| 1923 | J J R Macleod | University of Toronto | Isolation of insulin, Nobel Prize 1923 |
| 1924 | Harvey Cushing | Harvard Medical School | Cushing's disease |
| 1925 | Rudolf Magnus | University Medical Center Utrecht | Diuretic effect of the excretions of the pituitary gland, the reflexes involved in mammal posture, studied the effects of narcotics and poison gasses on the lungs |
| 1926 | Henry Hallett Dale | National Institute for Medical Research | Study of acetylcholine as agent in the chemical transmission of nerve impulses. Nobel Prize 1936 |
| 1927 | Frederick Banting | University of Toronto | Treated dogs so that they no longer produced trypsin, insulin could then be extracted and used to treat diabetes. Nobel Prize 1923 |
| 1928 | Constantin Levaditi | Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy | Discovered in the presence of the polio virus in tissues other than nervous and this was the basis for the development of vaccine (by Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin) |
| 1929 | Leonard Rogers | Hospital for Tropical Diseases | Effects of hæmostatic and other drugs on the intravascular coagulability of the blood and treatment of cholera with hypertonic saline, worked on Entamoeba histolytica, which he correctly associated with both dysentery and hepatic abscess |
| 1930 | George R Minot | Harvard University | Discovered an effective treatment for pernicious anemia. Nobel Prize 1934 |
| 1930 | William P. Murphy | Brigham Hospital, Boston | Shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1934 with George Minot and George Whipple combined work in devising and treating macrocytic anemia (specifically, pernicious anemia). :iver had been tried on people with pernicious anemia and later were able to isolate Vitamin B12 |
| 1931 | Marie Curie | École Normale Supérieure | First woman to win a Nobel Prize with her husband, coined the word "radioactivity", and isolated radium chloride and pure radium. Nobel Prizes 1903 and 1911 |
| 1932 | Edward Mellanby | University of Sheffield | Determined that cause of rickets is lack of vitamin D |
| 1933 | Gladys Rowena Henry Dick | University of Chicago | Isolated hemolytic streptococcus, co-developed a vaccine for scarlet fever, and introduced the Dick Test |
| 1933 | George Frederick Dick | University of Chicago | Isolated hemolytic streptococcus, co-developed a vaccine for scarlet fever, and introduced the Dick Test |
| 1935 | Edward Albert Sharpey Schafer | University of Edinburgh | Founder of endocrinology, coined the word "insulin" after theorising that a single substance from the pancreas was responsible for diabetes mellitus. Schafer's method of artificial respiration, introduced the use of suprarenal extract (containing adrenaline as well as other active substances) |
| 1936 | Julius Wagner-Jauregg | Clinic for Psychiatry and Nervous Diseases in Vienna | Introduced malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica (neurosyphilis) and research on goiter, cretinism, and iodine. Nobel Prize 1927 |
| 1937 | Carl Hamilton Browning | University of Glasgow | Worked in Germany with Paul Ehrlich, discovered the therapeutic qualities of acridine dyes |
| 1938 | James B Collip | McGill University in Montreal | Working with the Toronto group that isolated insulin he prepared a pancreatic extract pure enough to be used in clinical trials, pioneering work with parathyroid hormone. Nobel Prize 1923 |
| 1938 | Karl Landsteiner | University of Vienna Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research | Discovered three human blood groups (O, A, and B), the Rhesus factor, and isolated the polio virus. Nobel Prize 1930 |
| 1939 | Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk | Bayer laboratories at Wuppertal | Discoverer of sulfonamidochrysoidine (Prontosil) effective against streptococci, eventually led to the development of the antituberculosis drugs thiosemicarbazone and isoniazid. Nobel Prize 1939, lectured in 1954 (forced until then to decline Nobel Prize) |
| 1940 | Charles Dodds | Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry | Pentose phosphate pathway which generates NADPH, the discovery of stilboestrol, a synthetic and powerfully active non-steroid analogue of the naturally occurring oestrogenic hormone |
| 1944 | Otto Loewi | New York University College of Medicine | Showed Acetylcholine to be released by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve and augmentation of adrenaline release by cocaine, a connection between digitalis and the action of calcium. Invented the mydriatic test in which an experimental form of diabetes in dogs led a change in the response of the eye to adrenaline. Nobel Prize 1936 |
| 1945 | Alexander Fleming | St Mary's Hospital, London | Discovered the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928. Nobel Prize 1945 with Florey |
| 1945 | Howard Florey | University of Oxford | Carried out the first clinical trials of penicillin in 1941. Nobel Prize 1945 shared with Fleming |
| 1946 | Albert Szent-Györgyi | National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland | Discovering vitamin C and the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle, identifying fumaric acid and other steps in what became known as the Krebs cycle. Nobel Prize 1937 |
| 1947 | Neil Hamilton Fairley | London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine | Saved thousands of Allied lives from malaria and other diseases during World War II, researched quinine, sulphonamides, atebrin, plasmoquine, and paludrine |
| 1948 | Edwin B. Astwood | Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston | Hormonal control of the mammary gland, the initial rise in uterine weight in response to estrogen could be suppressed by progesterone and the basic mechanisms of thyroid physiology and assessment of relative potency of antithyroid drugs in man, established rational therapeutic regimens for most thyroid diseases, identification of a third pituitary gonadotropin, which he named luteotrophin. |
| 1949 | Daniel Bovet | University of Rome La Sapienza. | Antihistamines discovered succinylcholine to be a depolarizing muscle relaxant. He also synthesized gallamine, the first completely artificial curariform drug to be clinically useful, work on synthetic analogs of bioactive amines and antihistamines. Nobel Prize 1957. |
| 1950 | Rudolph Albert Peters | Institute of Animal Physiology, Babraham | British Anti-Lewisite (Dimercaprol) and treatment of post-arsphenamine jaundice researched pyruvate metabolism, focussing particularly on the toxicity of fluoroacetate |
| 1951 | Tadeusz Reichstein | Pharmaceutical Institute of the University of Basel | Synthesized vitamin C by what is now called the Reichstein process, isolated aldosterone, a hormone of the adrenal cortex. Nobel Prize 1950 Jointly with Kendall |
| 1951 | E C Kendall | Princeton University | Isolation of thyroxine, the active principle of the thyroid gland, the crystallization of glutathione, the hormones of the cortex of the adrenal glands and the anti-inflammatory effect of cortisone. Nobel Prize 1950 |
| 1954 | Russell Claude Brock | Guy's and the Brompton hospitals | Cardiac surgeon, operated on Fallot's tetralogy patients with pulmonary stenosis and mitral stenosis resulting from rheumatic fever, introduced new developments, notably hypothermia and the heart-lung machine |
| 1956 | William D.M. Paton | University of Oxford | Interest in hyperbaric physiology, cholinergic transmission in particular decamethonium and hexamethonium, histamine release by licheniform and other basic substances, mechanism of action of gaseous anaesthetic agents, pharmacology of cannabis, the rate theory of drug action |
| 1956 | Eleanor J Zaimis | The Royal Free Hospital, London | muscle relaxants and ganglionic blockers, the structure-activity relationships of methonium compounds |
| 1958 | Charles B Huggins | University of Chicago | Discovered in 1941 that hormones could be used to control the spread of some cancers, specializing in prostate cancer, castration or estrogen administration led to glandular atrophy, androgen ablation of metastases, development of biomarker based on serum phosphatase. Nobel Prize 1966 |
| 1960 | John F Enders | Children's Hospital Boston | In vitro culture of poliovirus, isolated measles virus and began development of measles vaccine and conducted trials on 1,500 mentally retarded children in New York City and 4,000 children in Nigeria. Nobel Prize 1954 |
| 1962 | Alan Sterling Parkes | University College, London | Reproductive biology, research in low-temperature biology leading to the discovery that glycerol protected spermatozoa against damage during freezing and storage at very low temperatures |
| 1964 | Willem J Kolff | University of Utah | Pioneer of hemodialysis for kidney failure and the development of artificial organs, in particular the artificial heart |
| 1966 | Gregory Pincus | Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts | Confirmed earlier research that progesterone would act as an inhibitor to ovulation, co-inventor the combined oral contraceptive pill, in vitro fertilization in rabbits |
| 1968 | Robert Gwyn Macfarlane | Oxford University | Deciphered the enzymic cascade of blood coagulation and the treatment of haemophilia, studied the venom of many different snakes and isolated the poison of the Russell's Viper |
| 1970 | Georges Mathé | Hôpital Paul-Brousse | Performed the first bone marrow graft and first successful kidney grafts between unrelated donors, the development of several important immunosuppressant molecules such as acriflavine, bestatine, ellipticine, oxaliplatin, triptoreline and vinorelbine |
| 1972 | George H Hitchings | Wellcome Research Laboratories, Tuckahoe, New York | Work included 2,6-diaminopurine (a compound to treat leukemia) and p-chlorophenoxy-2,4-diaminopyrimidine (a folic acid antagonist), new drug therapies for malaria (pyrimethamine), leukemia (6-mercaptopurine and thioguanine), gout (allopurinol), organ transplantation (azathioprine) and bacterial infections (co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim) pointed the way that led to major antiviral drugs for herpes infections (acyclovir) and AIDS (zidovudine). Nobel Prize 1988 shared with Black |
| 1974 | John Charnley | Wrightington Hospital, Lancashire | British orthopaedic surgeon pioneered hip replacement, development of the low friction arthroplasty concept, use of bone cement that acted as a grout rather than glue |
| 1976 | Norman Shumway | Stanford University | Human heart transplant operation, pioneered the use of cyclosporine to prevent rejection. |
| 1978 | Sune K Bergstrom | Karolinska Institute, Stockholm | Succeeded in producing pure prostaglandins and determining the chemical structures of two important examples, PGE and PGF, showed that these are formed through the conversion of unsaturated fatty acids, used to trigger contractions during childbirth, induce abortions, or reduce the risk of gastric ulcer. Nobel Prize 1982 Shared with John Vane |
| 1980 | James Black | King's College Hospital Medical School, London | Developed propranolol, a beta-blocker that has a calming effect on the heart by blocking the receptor for adrenaline, developed cimetidine that suppresses the formation of gastric acid and is used to fight ulcers. Nobel Prize 1988 shared with Hitchings |
| 1988 | Hans W Kosterlitz | University of Aberdeen | Endorphins, used electrically stimulated strip of guinea pig intestine to assess opiate activity in pig brain homogenates. |
| 1990 | Roy Yorke Calne | University of Cambridge | Organ transplantation pioneer, improvement of immunosuppression techniques |
| 1993 | Virgil Craig Jordan | Georgetown University | Discovered the breast cancer prevention properties of tamoxifen, the prevention of multiple diseases in women using his new discovery, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) raloxifene trial. |
| 1996 | Patrick Humphrey | Glaxo | Pharmacological profile of selective 5-HT 4 receptor agonists, TD-5108, tegaserod, adenosine A1 receptor agonists. 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, triptans as the most important breakthrough in headache medicine – Sumatriptan, naratriptan, alosetron, ondansetron, vapiprost and salmeterol |
| 2004 | Ravinder Nath Maini | Imperial College School of Medicine | Identified TNF alpha as a key cytokine in rheumatoid arthritis and discoverer of anti-TNF therapy as an effective treatment |
| 2004 | Marc Feldmann | Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford | Discoverer of anti-TNF therapy as an effective treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases, infliximab and etanercept, treatments for Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis |
| 2007 | Garret A. FitzGerald | University of Pennsylvania | Prostanoid research, pharmacological inhibition of COXs versus the microsomal PGE synthase– 1, involved in the interdisciplinary PENTACON consortium, integration of basic and clinical research in yeast, mammalian cells, fish, mice and humans with the objective of predicting NSAID efficacy and cardiovascular hazard in patients |
| 2018 | Sally Davies | Chief Medical Officer for England | For her work leading the global response to the threat of antimicrobial resistance. |
| 2020 | Michael Sofia | Arbutus Biopharma | For his work developing Sofosbuvir, and thereby revolutionising the treatment of Hepatitis C infection. |
| 2022 | Katalin Karikó | University of Pennsylvania | For their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 |
| 2022 | Drew Weissman | University of Pennsylvania | For their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 |
| 2024 | Ian Frazer | The University of Queensland | For his work on HPV virus-like particles that led to the world’s first vaccine for cervical cancer |