# Seiko

Seiko Group Corporation (セイコーグループ株式会社, Seikō Gurūpu kabushiki gaisha), commonly known as Seiko (/ˈseɪkoʊ/ SAY-koh, Japanese:), is a Japanese maker of watches, clocks, electronic devices, semiconductors, jewelry, and optical products. Founded in 1881 by Kintarō Hattori in Tokyo, Seiko introduced the world's first commercial quartz wristwatch in 1969.
Seiko is widely known for its wristwatches. Seiko and Rolex are the only two watch companies considered to be vertically integrated. Seiko is able to design and develop all the components of a watch, as well as assemble, adjust, inspect and ship them in-house. Seiko's mechanical watches consist of approximately 200 parts, and the company has the technology and production facilities to design and manufacture all of these parts in-house.
The company was incorporated (K. Hattori & Co., Ltd.) in 1917 and renamed Hattori Seiko Co., Ltd. in 1983 and Seiko Corporation in 1990. After reconstructing and creating its operating subsidiaries (such as Seiko Watch Corporation and Seiko Clock Inc.), it became a holding company in 2001 and was renamed Seiko Holdings Corporation on July 1, 2007. Seiko Holdings Corporation was renamed Seiko Group Corporation as of October 1, 2022.
Seiko watches were originally produced by two different Hattori family companies (not subsidiaries of K. Hattori & Co); one was Daini Seikosha Co. (now known as Seiko Instruments Inc., a subsidiary of Seiko Holdings since 2009) and the other was Suwa Seikosha Co. (now known as Seiko Epson Corporation, an independent publicly traded company). Having two companies both producing the same brand of watch enabled Seiko to improve technology through competition and hedge risk. It also reduced risk of production problems, since one company can increase production in the case of decreased production in the other parties. Seiko remains as one of the world's most recognised watchmaking brands.
At present, quartz and Spring Drive watches are manufactured in Shiojiri, Nagano (Epson), and mechanical watches in Shizukuishi, Iwate (Morioka Seiko Instruments). Some of the watches exported abroad, such as the Seiko 5, are also manufactured in Ninohe, Iwate, by Ninohe Tokei Kogyo (established in 1974 as a parts factory for Seiko).

## History
### 1881 founding to 1929

In 1881, Seiko founder Kintarō Hattori opened a watch and jewelry shop called "K. Hattori" (服部時計店) in Tokyo. Kintarō Hattori had been working as clockmaker apprentice since the age of 13, with multiple stints in different watch shops, such as “Kobayashi Clock Shop”, run by an expert technician named Seijiro Sakurai; “Kameda Clock Shop” in Nihonbashi; and “Sakata Clock Shop” in Ueno, where he learned how to both sell and repair timepieces.
Around the time of Seiko's founding, watchmakers in Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya were studying and producing pocket watches based on Western products. Japanese wholesalers needed to purchase all the imported timepieces from foreign trading companies established in Yokohama, Kobe, and other open port areas.
In 1885, Hattori began dealing directly with these foreign trading firms in the Yokohama settlement focused on the wholesaling and retailing of western (imported) timepieces and machinery.
Over the years, Hattori developed a close partnership with multiple foreign trading firms, including C&J Favre-Brandt, F. Perregaux & Co., Zanuti & Cie. and Siber & Brennwald, allowing him to obtain exclusive imported timepieces and machinery, which was not available elsewhere at that time.
Hattori's shop became increasingly popular due to the rarity of the imported watches the shop was selling, which couldn't be found anywhere else in Japan. The growing success allowed him to relocate the company to the main street of Ginza (Tokyo), still the epicenter of commerce in Japan to this day.
In 1891, 10 years after the establishment of K. Hattori & Co., the 31-year-old Kintaro was appointed director of the Tokyo Clockmaker and Watchmaker Association and member of Tokyo Chamber of Commerce.
In 1892, Hattori began to produce clocks under the name Seikosha (精工舎, Seikōsha), meaning, roughly, "House of Exquisite Workmanship." According to Seiko's official company history, titled A Journey In Time: The Remarkable Story of Seiko (2003), Seiko is a Japanese word meaning "exquisite" (精巧, Seikō); it is homophonous with the word for "success" (成功, Seikō).
In 1895, the watch dealer purchased the corner of Ginza 4-chome (the present-day location of WAKO), and constructed a building with a clock tower (16 meters from top to bottom), setting up shop at the new address.
Seiko launched its first in-house pocket watch, the Timekeeper, in 1895; the first Japanese-made wristwatch, the Laurel, in 1913; and the first Seiko-branded wristwatch in 1924.
In order to avoid an ill omen believed to be associated with the word "GLORY" in Japanese, Seikosha changed its trade mark to "Seiko" in 1924.
In 1929, the Seiko pocket watch was adopted as the official watch for the drivers of Japanese Government Railways.

### 1930 to 1990

Military watches produced for Japanese troops during World War II were manufactured by Seiko, which by 1938, produced 1.2 million timepieces a year. The scarcity of raw materials during the war diverted much of Seiko's production to on-board instruments for military aircraft and ships. In contrast to Japan, Germany utilized both domestically produced and Swiss-produced watches. Japan's isolation in the Pacific meant the country could not rely on importing foreign timepieces.
In 1951, Seiko broadcast its first radio commercial in Japan, and when Japan's first commercial television station opened in 1953, it broadcast Japan's first television commercial. The first Japanese commercial was supposed to be broadcast as a time signal at noon, but the video technician mishandled the equipment and the commercial lasted only three seconds, and it was rebroadcast at 7:00 p.m. the same day.
In 1956, Seiko launched Japan's first automatic wristwatch, the Automatic. The retail price at the time was 13,500 yen, more than three times the price of men's wristwatches, which were generally in the 4,000 yen range. In the same year, the company released the Marvel, which represented a significant improvement in accuracy, quality, and productivity over the previous model. This was achieved by increasing the outer diameter of the movement compared to the previous model.
In 1958, Seiko developed the 'Dia-Shock' anti-shock device.
In 1959, Seiko launched the Gyro Marvel, which featured a revolutionary self-winding mechanism, the Magic Lever, developed by Seiko. The Magic Lever was simple in structure and had high winding performance, and popularized automatic watches among the general public.
In 1960, Seiko released the Grand Seiko, aimed to be the most accurate wristwatch in the world.
Seiko quickly developed quartz technology in preparation for the 1964 Tokyo Olympics, and in 1963 launched the Seiko Crystal Chronometer, a dramatically smaller version of its previous quartz clock. The quartz clock Seiko had supplied to a broadcasting station in 1959 was about the size of a wardrobe, but this new product ran on two batteries and was portable. At the Tokyo Olympics, Seiko's mechanical stopwatches were selected as the official Olympic watches due to their high accuracy.
Seiko launched Japan's first chronograph wristwatch, the Crown Chronograph, in 1964, Japan's first world time wristwatch in the same year, and Japan's first diver's wristwatch in 1965. In 1967, Japan's first diver's watch with 300m water resistance was launched.
In 1967, Seiko won second and third place in a watch accuracy competition at a Neuchâtel Observatory competition; the competition was canceled after that year.
In 1968, Seiko took first place in a Geneva Observatory competition with a score of 58.19, surpassing all previous records. Swiss companies ranked first to third for their quartz movements and Seiko ranked fourth to tenth for its mechanical movements. In the competition, there were special movements for the competition.
In 1969, Seiko launched the Astron, the world's first commercial quartz wristwatch; when it was introduced, it cost the same as a medium-sized car. Seiko later went on to introduce the first quartz chronograph. The year 1969 marked the launch of the Astron, as well as several other wristwatches that Seiko positioned as its own historical models. In the same year, Seiko introduced the Five Sport Speed Timer, the world's first Magic Lever watch with a vertical clutch and column wheel. It was a resounding success for its compactness and practicality, and had a major influence on subsequent chronographs around the world. The company also launched the Grand Seiko V.F.A., a mechanical wristwatch with ultra-high accuracy of plus or minus two seconds per day, and the U.T.D., a mechanical wristwatch with a thickness of 1.98 mm.
Since the 1970s, Seiko has introduced a variety of wristwatches with various world firsts: in 1973, Seiko introduced the world's first wristwatch with a LCD display capable of displaying six digits for hours, minutes and seconds; in 1975, Seiko introduced the world's first digital watch with a stopwatch function and a diver's watch with a titanium case. In 1978, Seiko introduced the world's first quartz diver's watch with a water resistance of 600 meters; in 1982, the world's first wristwatch with a television; in 1983, the world's first wristwatch with a record-and-play function and an analog quartz chronograph; in 1984, the world's first wristwatch computer; and in 1986, the world's first diver's watch with a ceramic case water-resistant to 1000 meters.
In 1974, Seiko launched Credor, a luxury brand using precious metals and jewelry, and in 1979, Alba, a low-priced brand for young people.
In 1985, Orient and Seiko established a joint factory.
In 1986, Baselworld allowed non-European manufacturers to participate, and Seiko began exhibiting that year.
In 1988, Seiko invented the world's first wristwatch with an innovative mechanism called "Auto Quartz", in which a rotating oscillating weight rotates in response to the wearer's arm movements, generating electricity to power the quartz. This mechanism was developed with the aim of creating a quartz watch that does not require battery replacement. This mechanism was adopted as Seiko's core movement and later renamed "A.G.S.". (Automatic Generating System). In 1991, to increase popularity, the watches were relaunched under the name "Seiko Kinetic".

### Recent development

In 1998, Grand Seiko was released with the first new mechanical movement in 20 years.
In 1999, Seiko launched Spring Drive, the world's first mechanical wristwatch with the accuracy of quartz.
In 2004, the Astron, launched in 1969, was selected as an IEEE milestone. In the same year, Seiko began operating the Shizukuishi Watch Studio, which specializes in high-end watches.
In 2005, Seiko launched the world's first solar-powered analog watch that adjusts its accuracy by receiving three radio signals from Japan, Germany, and the United States.
In 2006, Seiko launched the world's first wristwatch based on microcapsule E-ink technology. This watch was the first Seiko watch to win an award at the Grand Prix de Genève for its innovative ability to bend the display part, in addition to providing more contrast and a wider viewing angle than conventional LCD displays.
In 2010, Seiko launched the world's first solar radio-controlled digital watch based on the active matrix EPD system, advancing the expression of information in digital watches.
In 2012, Seiko launched the world's first GPS solar watch, the Seiko Astron GPS Solar. Seiko positioned this watch as the second revolutionary wristwatch after the Astron, which was launched in 1969, and described that it had the ultimate practical functionality, being able to instantly display extremely accurate time anywhere in the world and working as long as there is light. Seiko's low power consumption GPS receiver contributed to the practical application of this watch.

## Seiko Group

K. Hattori & Co. (currently Seiko Group Corporation) was one of the three core companies of the former Seiko Group. Seiko Group consisted of K. Hattori (SEIKO), Daini Seikosha (currently Seiko Instruments Inc., SII), and Suwa Seikosha (currently Seiko Epson Corporation, EPSON). Although they had some common shareholders, including the key members of the Hattori family (posterity of Kintarō Hattori), the three companies in the group were not affiliated; they were managed and operated independently.
On January 26, 2009, Seiko Holdings and Seiko Instruments announced the two companies would merge on October 1, 2009, through a share swap. Seiko Instruments became a wholly owned subsidiary of Seiko Holdings as of 1 October 2009.
On October 1, 2022, Seiko Holdings was renamed Seiko Group. Epson still develops and manufactures some of the Seiko's highest grade watches, but is managed and operated completely independently from Seiko Group.

### Subsidiaries

* Seiko Watch Corporation — Planning for watches and other products and domestic and overseas sales
* Seiko Nextage Co., Ltd. — watches: Alba and licensed brand watches
* Seiko Clock Inc. — Development, manufacturing and sales of clocks (desk clocks, wall clocks, alarm clocks, musical clocks)
* Seiko Service Center Co., Ltd. — repair and after service for watches
* Seiko Time Systems Inc. — Sale and incidental installation work for system clocks, varied information display equipment and sports timing equipment, as well as timing and measurement services for various sports
* Seiko Precision Inc. — Manufacturing/sales for electronic devices, shutters for cameras and peripherals, and production equipment
* Seiko NPC Corporation — Development, manufacturing and marketing of integrated circuits (IC)
* Seiko Solutions Inc. — Development, manufacturing, sales, maintenance, services and consultations for the hardware and the software relating with information systems and network services
* Seiko Optical Products Co., Ltd. — Wholesale marketing of lenses and frames for glasses along with other optical-related products
* Seiko Instruments Inc. — Development, manufacturing and sales of watches, precision components and machine tools, electronic components, printers, measurement and analysis instruments
* Wako Co., Ltd. — Sales of watches, jewelry, accessories, interior supplies, art goods and crafts, glasses and foodstuffs
* Cronos Inc. — retail sales of watches, jewelry items and eyeglasses
* Seiko Business Services Inc. — human resources
* Ohara Inc. (Seiko owns 32.2% TYO: 5218) — specialty optical glass (glass materials for lenses and prisms)

## Marketing

On January 10, 2014, on the eve of the Australian Open in Melbourne, Shinji Hattori, President of Seiko Watch Corporation, presented to Novak Djokovic a Seiko Astron GPS Solar limited edition worth $1700. It was launched worldwide with a million units, symbolizing Seiko's partnership with the world's no.1 professional tennis player.
Seiko – often criticised for quality standards that let misaligned chapter rings and bezels slip through – decided to move its brand positioning upmarket; in 2015, the Financial Times reported the Spring Drive movement’s enthusiastic reception prompted Seiko's launch of higher-end pieces. Harvard Business School reported: "In 2003, Shinji Hattori, a great-grandson of Seiko's founder, became Seiko Watch Company's president and CEO and felt that Seiko should raise its perceived image outside Japan. In management's view, Seiko could claim distinction as the only 'mechatronic manufacturer' in the world – a vertically integrated watchmaker that excelled in both mechanical watchmaking and micro-electronics."

### Seiko in the United States

Seiko Corporation of America distributes Seiko watches and clocks, as well as Pulsar and Lorus brand watches, in the United States. The models available in the United States are typically a smaller subset of the full line produced in Japan. Seiko Corporation of America is headquartered in Mahwah, New Jersey, alongside the Coserv repair center. In the United States, Seiko watches are sold primarily by fine jewelers, department stores, and 19 Seiko company stores.

## Brands and product lines

Seiko produces watches with quartz, kinetic, solar, and mechanical movements of varying prices, ranging from around ¥4,000 (US$45) to ¥50,000,000 (US$554,000). Seiko has created many different brands in Japan and the international market including Lorus, Pulsar, and Alba.
Seiko has several lines such as the Seiko 5, luxury "Credor," "Prospex," "Presage," "Velatura", "Astron" and the "Grand Seiko" series.

### Seiko 5

Seiko 5 is a sub brand that spawned with the introduction of the Seiko Sportsmatic 5 in 1963. Since then, many models have been introduced into the lineup, comprising a variety of different styles.
The name of the Seiko 5 sub brand is a reference to 5 attributes that any watch belonging to it would typically exhibit, those being:
* An automatic watch movement
* The day and the date displayed on the dial
* Water resistance to an acceptable degree
* A recessed crown at the 4 o'clock position
* A durable case and bracelet
In spite of their association with the brand, not all of these characteristics are universal across the lineup, as certain models have omitted the Day-Date display (such as the SSA333) and/or the 4 o'clock positioning of the crown (such as the SRPG31K1 and the aforementioned SSA333).
Seiko released many models under the Seiko 5 sub brand, including large and small divers; watches featuring different strap options, such as leather, nylon, or steel; transparent, or sterile case-back versions; and many other variations.

### Seiko Lord Matic

The Seiko Lord Matic series of wristwatches was a mid-range sub-luxury watch of the 1970s that featured design innovations such as faceted crystals, colorful dials and sporty bracelets.
Seiko Astron
The Seiko Astron series is a quartz watch which receives time information and location information from GPS satellites. These watches also have a solar panel which means that the battery does not need to be replaced.

### Seiko Presage

The Seiko Presage series is an all-mechanical lineup, a step up from the entry-level Seiko 5 models. It has slightly more elaborate designs and complex movements, such as urushi-lacquer dials, and self-winding movements with power reserve indicators. The Presage line watches are usually priced between US$200 to US$3,000.
Seiko entered a cooperation with the traditional cloisonné maker Ando Cloisonné Company from Nagoya to produce the dial for the limited edition in 2018.

### Seiko Prospex

The Seiko Prospex series includes their professional series of watches such as their diving watches, which are typically ISO 6425 rated from 200 to 1000 metres of water resistance. Other watches in the Prospex line include field and pilot style watches.
In 2021, Akio Naito, President of the Seiko Watch Corporation, said that enthusiasts' respect for the brand can "influence the wider range of consumers." This influence can be seen in the Prospex range, where Seiko fans' nicknames resulted in the company eventually adopting these product names. For example, Seiko's own London boutique identifies the Prospex SPB191J1 watch using the fans' sobriquet: "Nicknamed 'Shogun' by fans, meaning Japanese 'Commander-in-chief', because of its strong looks."

### Grand Seiko

Prior to 1960, to challenge the status of Swiss watches and change the perception of Japanese watches, Daini Seikosha and Suwa began the discussion of a product line that can match the quality of Swiss watches under the suggestion of the parent company. At the time, Suwa Seikosha Co. was in charge of manufacturing men's watches, so it was decided that Suwa would produce the first Grand Seiko.
The first Grand Seiko, released in 1960, was based on Seiko's previous high-end watch, CROWN. This Grand Seiko has a 25-jewel, manual-winding, 3180 caliber, and its production was limited to 36,000 units. The watch was also the first chronometer-grade watch manufactured in Japan and was based on Seiko's own chronometer standard.
Some Grand Seiko timepieces also incorporate the company's Spring Drive movement, a movement that is a combination of both automatic and quartz timekeeping methods, leading to unparalleled accuracy in the world of automatic wristwatches. The most famous example is the SBGA011 Grand Seiko "Snowflake", housing the 9R Spring Drive movement.
With the repositioning of Grand Seiko from a Seiko subbrand to an independent brand in 2017, Grand Seiko aimed to transition to a true luxury brand. In 2022, 'Kodo Constant-Force Tourbillon SLGT 003', featuring the world's first combination tourbillon and constant-force mechanism on the same axis, was released, priced at 370,000 euros.

#### Design style

The design language of the Grand Seiko was set in 1967, with the creation of Grand Seiko 44GS. The 44GS set the ground for all future Grand Seiko with nine elements. These elements help improve the legibility of the watch under different situations, and create a sharp, crisp visual impression:
* Double width index at 12 o'clock
* Multi-faceted rectangular markers
* Highly polished bezel
* Highly polished planes and two-dimensional surface
* Half recessed crown
* Flat dial
* Multi-faceted hour and minute hands
* Curved side line
* Reverse slanted bezel wall and case side
* Dress style with simple but beautiful design
* Zaratsu polishing

### King Seiko

The King Seiko line was created by Daini Seikosha to compete directly with Grand Seiko. The first King Seiko was released the year after the first Grand Seiko, in 1961. The first King Seikos were made with unmarked, manual winding, 25 jewel movements, that were not internally tested chronometers. This was followed by the release of the '44KS' movement in 1964, a remake of the 44GS, a manual winding, 18,000 bph, movement with a screwdown case back. In 1968, the 45KS was introduced with a manual winding, 36,000 bph hi-beat movement – again meant to compete with the 45GS but generally less accurate and with less finishing. King Seiko Certified Chronometer and Superior Certified Chronometers were released between 1968 and 1970. These first two were produced by Daini Seikosha but one of the most impressive King Seikos, the 56KS, was actually made by the Suwa Seikosha. The King Seiko 56KS movements were the same as those used in Grand Seiko’s 56GS series, Seiko Lord Matic watches, and Seiko chronometers. It was also introduced in 1968 and featured an automatic, 28,800 bph movement with 25 jewels and a 47-hour power reserve. These watches were all marked ‘Hi-Beat’ on the dial despite being only 28,800 bph (instead of 36,000). The 56KS was made until 1975, when the King Seiko line was discontinued by the company.
The last King Seiko collection was made by Daini, and was the 52KS, starting off in 1971 and made until 1975. This line used the 5245 and 5246 movement. These were meant to be high-end chronometers, with some even marked ‘V. F. A.’ (Very Fine Accuracy) or ‘Special’ on the dial. Many of these were of the "Vanac" sub-line and featured colorful dial faces and faceted crystals.

### Other

Seiko produces electronic devices as well; during the 1980s, the company produced a notable range of digital synthesizers, such as the DS-202 and DS-250, for use in electronic music. Today the music division (part of Seiko Instruments Inc.) produces metronomes and tuning devices.

## Movements
### Mechanical movement

In 1968, Seiko introduced three ten beat (ten ticks per second) calibers, the automatic caliber 61GS, the manual winding 45GS and 19GS for women's watch. The 61GS was Japan's first automatic ten beat watch, and it was the most accurate mechanical watch due to the high beat calibers. The calibers are considered high beat because normal mechanical movements beat six to eight times per second, and higher beat makes the watch more resistant to shock, thus achieving the high accuracy.
In 2009, Seiko released the new ten beat caliber 9S85, which is a completely new design from the previous high beat caliber. The new caliber also met the Grand Seiko Standard, a chronometer certification that the company claims to be more strict than the Chronometer Certificate in Switzerland.
List of Seiko mechanical movements
| Caliber | Vibrations (per hour) | Jewels | Accuracy (sec) | Power reserve (hour) | Features |
| 7S26 | 21,600 | 21 | +40～-20 | 41 | 3 hands, time display (Hour, minute and second hands) and day and date display |
| 7S36 | 21,600 | 23 | +40～-20 | 41 | 3 hands, time display (Hour, minute and second hands) and day and date display |
| 4R34 | 21,600 | 24 | +45～-35 | 40 | 4 hands, time display (Hour, minute and second hands, 24-hour hand) and date display |
| 4R35 | 21,600 | 24 | +45～-35 | 40 | 3 hands, time display (Hour, minute and second hands) and date display |
| 4R36 | 21,600 | 24 | +45～-35 | 40 | 3 hands, time display (Hour, minute and second hands) and day and date display |
| 4R57 | 21,600 | 29 | +40～-20 | 40 | 5 hands, time display (Hour, minute and second hands), date display, power reserve indicator |
| 6R15 | 21,600 | 23 | +25～-15 | 50 | 3 hands, time display (Hour, minute and second hands) and date display |
| 6R20 | 28,800 | 29 | +25～-15 | 45 | 6 hands, time display (Hour, minute and second hands), day and date display, power reserve indicator |
| 6R21 | 28,800 | 29 | +25～-15 | 45 | 6 hands, time display (Hour, minute and second hands), day and date display, power reserve indicator |
| 6R24 | 28,800 | 31 | +25～-15 | 45 | 6 hands, time display (Hour, minute and second hands), day and date display, power reserve indicator |
| 6R27 | 28,800 | 29 | +25～-15 | 45 | 5 hands, time display (Hour, minute and second hands), date display, power reserve indicator |
| 6R35 | 21,600 | 24 | +25～-15 | 70 | 3 hands, time display (Hour, minute and second hands) and date display |
| 8R28 | 28,800 | 34 | +25～-15 | 45 | 6 hands, time display (Hour, minute and small second hands), stopwatch display (Hour, minute and second hands) and date display |
| 8L35 | 28,800 | 26 | +15～-10 | 50 | 3 hands, time display (Hour, minute and second hands) and date display |
| 8L55 | 36,000 | 37 | +15～-10 | 55 | 3 hands, time display (Hour, minute and second hands) and date display |

### Quartz movement

On 25 December 1969, Seiko released the world's first quartz watch, the Seiko Quartz ASTRON, marking the beginning of the quartz revolution. The watch used a crystal oscillator for accuracy, where the crystal generates steady vibration when voltage is applied to it. During the ten years of development at Suwa Seikosha, Seiko managed to create many parts which enabled the viable application of quartz in wristwatches. For example, Seiko cut the crystal oscillator into the shape of a tuning-fork, and developed an integrated circuit and step motor to operate with the signals from the crystal oscillator. Although creating the parts that enabled quartz watches, Seiko did not monopolize the patent rights for the unique pieces, but decided to open them.
In 1973, Seiko announced the world's first LCD quartz watch with six-digit digital display.
In 1975, Seiko launched the world's first multi-function digital watch, the 0634.
In 1978, Seiko released the Twin Quartz watch to address the effect t of temperature on the frequency of the quartz crystal oscillator, which put a limitation on the accuracy of quartz watches. Seiko put a second crystal in the watch that is linked with a processor that detects the change in temperature and signals the main oscillator to compensate. The result was a huge improvement in the watch's accuracy from five seconds per month to five seconds per year.
Kinetic watches were introduced by Seiko in 1986 at the Basel Fair Trade Show. These quartz watches use the motion of the wearer's wrist to charge their battery.

### Grand Seiko 9F quartz movement

The 9F quartz movement is used in Grand Seiko quartz watches.
The Grand Seiko's 9F quartz movement is assembled entirely by hand by two expert craftsmen.
Features include:
* Backlash auto-adjust mechanism
* Twin pulse control motor
* Instant date change mechanism – it can change the date display in 1/2000th of a second
* Accuracy within +-10 seconds per year

### Spring Drive

The Spring Drive was announced in 1997, developed by Yoshikazu Akahane and his team, and inspired by Yoshikazu's vision: "a watch wound by a mainspring and with one-second-a-day accuracy, a precision that only the finest electronic watches could deliver." The movement achieved high accuracy with one second per day, long power reserve (72 hours) with its unique developed alloy, fast winding with the "Magic Lever" design and glide-motion movement with the watch hands.
The movement uses a mainspring as a source of energy and transmits it through a gear train, just like a traditional mechanical watch, but instead of an escapement and balance wheel, Seiko used the newly developed "Tri-synchro regulator", which acts like a quartz movement. The Tri-synchro regulator has three main functions: controlling the mechanical energy of the mainspring, generate electricity for the low consumption (~25 nanowatts) quartz crystal oscillator and generate a magnetic force to regulate the glide wheel. By replacing the traditional escapement with a magnetic brake, the Spring Drive operates with lower noise and presents a glide motion hand that shows the continuous flow of time. The Spring Drive movement was also used as the basis for the first-ever watch designed to be worn by an astronaut during a space walk, the aptly named Seiko Spring Drive Spacewalk.

## Sponsorships
### Official timekeeper

Seiko has been the official timekeeper of many major sporting events:

#### Olympic Games

* 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan
* 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo, Japan
* 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain
* 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, Norway
* 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan
* 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States

#### FIFA World Cup

* 1978 FIFA World Cup in Argentina
* 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain
* 1986 FIFA World Cup in Mexico
* 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy
Seiko also released official products for the 2002 FIFA World Cup held in Japan and South Korea, without being the official timekeeper.

#### IAAF World Championships

Currently, Seiko has an agreement with World Athletics to act as the timekeeper for the latest editions of the World Athletics Championships. The agreement started in 1985 and is set to continue until at least 2029.
* 1987 World Championships in Athletics in Rome, Italy
* 1991 World Championships in Athletics in Tokyo, Japan
* 1993 World Championships in Athletics in Stuttgart, Germany
* 1995 World Championships in Athletics in Gothenburg, Sweden
* 1997 World Championships in Athletics in Athens, Greece
* 1999 World Championships in Athletics in Seville, Spain
* 2001 World Championships in Athletics in Edmonton, Canada
* 2003 World Championships in Athletics in Paris, France
* 2005 World Championships in Athletics in Helsinki, Finland
* 2007 World Championships in Athletics in Osaka, Japan
* 2009 World Championships in Athletics in Berlin, Germany
* 2011 World Championships in Athletics in Daegu, South Korea
* 2013 World Championships in Athletics in Moscow, Russia
* 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, China
* 2017 World Championships in Athletics in London, United Kingdom
* 2019 World Championships in Athletics in Doha, Qatar
* 2022 World Athletics Championships in Eugene, United States
* 2023 World Athletics Championships in Budapest, Hungary

#### Tennis tournaments

Throughout the history, Seiko has been the official timekeeper for many tennis tournaments.
* Seiko Super Tennis in Tokyo, Japan (1978–1995)
* French Open in Paris, France (1980–1991)
* Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo and later in Osaka, Japan (1984–present)

#### Other sponsorships

Seiko developed a digital watch styled after Venom Snake's timepiece in Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain under its Wired brand. It was launched on September 2, 2015, with the Metal Gear installment. It was limited to 2,500 pieces worldwide and was sold out via pre-orders within 5 minutes of launch. The box of the watch was designed by Metal Gear Solid artist Yoji Shinkawa. Seiko is also named as the official timekeeper of the Gran Turismo racing game series, published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It was also the sponsor of FC Barcelona from 2011 to 2014.
Seiko was the official timekeeper of the North American Soccer League during the 2014 season.
Seiko previously sponsored Honda F1 (formerly known as BAR [British American Racing] Honda). The Honda team driver, Jenson Button, was the brand ambassador of Seiko. The company name appeared on the team's clothing, Button's helmet, and on the pitstop lollipops. The sponsorship lasted until the end of the 2008 season, when Honda discontinued participating in F1 racing.
Seiko has a partnership with tennis player Novak Djokovic, which started in 2014 and is set to continue at least until 2020.
Seiko is the current major sponsor for the No. 20 Team 18 Holden ZB Commodore driven by Scott Pye in the Supercars Championship.

## References and footnotes

* ↑ Notification of change of President, Seiko Holdings Corporation, April 30, 2010.
* ↑ "Corporate profile". Retrieved July 5, 2024.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Seiko Holdings Corporation Financial Statements" (PDF). Seiko Holdings Corporation. Retrieved October 10, 2024.
* ↑ "The History of Seiko Through 12 Milestone Seiko Watches". EBNER PUBLISHING INTERNATIONAL, INC. January 20, 2021. Archived from the original on November 25, 2021.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "Our Heritage". Seiko Watch Corporation. Archived from the original on April 3, 2022.
* 1 2 "Seiko sets its sights on high-quality mechanical market". Financial Times. September 28, 2015. Archived from the original on October 1, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2022.
* ↑ "Go Behind the Scenes of One of the Most Impressive Watchmaking Operations in the World". Gear Patrol, LLC. February 8, 2018. Archived from the original on December 3, 2022. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
* ↑ "Seiko Quality" (in Japanese). Seiko Group Corporation. Archived from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
* ↑ "商号の変更および定款の一部変更に関するお知らせ" [Announcement of Change in Trade Name and Partial Amendment to Articles of Incorporation] (PDF) (Press release) (in Japanese). Seiko Holdings Corporation. Grand 2010-2022 andy low. May 10, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
* ↑ 文字板に込めた、それぞれの製造地への想い (in Japanese). Jewelry Paris Inc. February 12, 2021. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
* ↑ セイコー大人の遠足＠雫石 (in Japanese). Web Chronos. October 18, 2017. Archived from the original on June 27, 2022. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
* ↑ "History of Seiko and Its Products". The Seiko Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
* ↑ Historical references, Ginza Museum
* ↑ Spirit of Kintaro Hattori, the Founder (SEIKO)
* ↑ Impact of the western companies of Yokohama
* ↑ Foreign trading firms in Yokohama
* ↑ Historical references from 1860 to 1880
* ↑ K. Hattori & Co. (1881 - 1891)
* ↑ Episode 3 (1892) Seikosha Factory
* ↑ John Goodall (2003). A Journey In Time: The Remarkable Story of Seiko. Seiko Watch Corporation. p. 9.
* ↑ "Trade Marks Ordinance (Cap. 559) Opposition to Trade Mark Application No. 301488619" (PDF). Retrieved December 11, 2019.
* ↑ Love, Zen (September 12, 2019). "This Is the Seiko Watch Made for Japanese Pilots During WWII". Gear Patrol. Retrieved October 2, 2022.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 セイコー腕時計の歴史 (in Japanese). Seiko Watch Corporation. Archived from the original on December 4, 2022. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
* 1 2 "Technical Challenges at the Observatory Chronometer Competition in Switzerland". Seiko Holdings Corporation. Archived from the original on April 3, 2022.
* ↑ Adv. "How could we fit 50 patents inside? We took out the battery". Newsweek. December 18, 1995. p. 15.
* ↑ "Novak Djokovic Signs with Seiko". Retrieved August 7, 2023.
* ↑ Hoosain, A., Ho, M., Farhoomand, A. and Hout, T., 2007. Seiko Watch Corporation: Moving Upmarket ^ HKU658. [online] Harvard Business Review. Available at: <https://store.hbr.org/product/seiko-watch-corporation-moving-upmarket/HKU658> [Accessed 18 January 2022].
* ↑ Credor Fugaku GBCC999 (in Japanese)
* ↑ "Why "5"? – THE SEIKO 5 STORY". www.seikowatches.com. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
* ↑ "Seiko 5, The People's Watch". Montres Publiques. September 21, 2019. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
* ↑ "About – Seiko 5 Sports". www.seikowatches.com. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
* ↑ "Astron". Seiko Watch Corporation. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
* ↑ Forster, Jack (December 8, 2016). "Introducing: The Seiko Presage Automatic 60th Anniversary Limited Edition, SARW027". Hodinkee. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
* ↑ "What Is The History Of Seiko?". Automatic Watches For Men. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
* ↑ "The Shippo Enamel Limited Edition". The Shippo Enamel Limited Edition. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
* ↑ "Baselworld 2018 Releases - Seiko Presage". Plus9Time. March 22, 2018. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
* ↑ "Akio Naito: Seiko watches have to go back to their roots to grow again". Financial Times. October 1, 2021. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
* ↑ Soman, Ashok (September 24, 2021). "Seiko President Akio Naito on Making the Sports Watch Work for Grand Seiko". Luxuo. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
* ↑ Seikoboutique.co.uk. 2021. Prospex 'Shogun' | Seiko Boutique. [online] Available at: <https://www.seikoboutique.co.uk/product/prospex-shogun-2/> [Accessed 12 January 2022].
* ↑ "The History of Grand Seiko". seiyajapan.com. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
* ↑ "History". Grand Seiko. Retrieved July 1, 2024.
* ↑ "The Grand Seiko Kodo Constant-Force Tourbillon SLGT003". MONOCHROME. March 31, 2022. Archived from the original on April 3, 2022.
* ↑ "Design | About | Grand Seiko". www.grand-seiko.com. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
* ↑ "Lord Marvel and King Seiko History". Montres Publiques. August 4, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2023.
* ↑ "Metronomes". Seiko Instruments Inc. Retrieved June 2, 2024.
* ↑ "Grand Seiko GS 45GS V.F.A." strapcode.com. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
* ↑ "Grand Seiko for Women 19GS". strapcode.com. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
* ↑ "Grand Seiko". www.grand-seiko.com. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
* ↑ "Grand Seiko Hi Beat Caliber 9S85". strapcode.com. Retrieved October 7, 2020.
* ↑ "Grand Seiko Caliber 9S85". calibercorner.com. December 21, 2014. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
* ↑ "Grand Seiko". www.grand-seiko.com. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
* ↑ "The Grand Seiko Standard Inspection Certificate". www.grand-seiko.com. Retrieved July 1, 2024.
* ↑ "Seiko Caliber 7S26 Watch Movement". Caliber Corner. January 12, 2017.
* ↑ "Seiko Caliber 7S36 Watch Movement". Caliber Corner. November 3, 2017.
* ↑ "Seiko Caliber 4R34 Watch Movement". Caliber Corner. 2022.
* ↑ "Seiko Caliber 4R35 Watch Movement". Caliber Corner. January 2019.
* ↑ "Seiko Caliber 4R36 Watch Movement". Caliber Corner. May 2019.
* ↑ "Seiko Caliber 4R57 Watch Movement". Caliber Corner. May 2024.
* ↑ "Seiko Caliber 6R15 Watch Movement". Caliber Corner. June 16, 2019.
* ↑ "Seiko 6R20".
* ↑ "Seiko Caliber 6R21 Watch Movement". Caliber Corner. September 30, 2014.
* ↑ "Seiko 6R24".
* ↑ "Seiko Caliber 6R27 Watch Movement". Caliber Corner. February 6, 2017.
* ↑ "Seiko Caliber 6R35 Watch Movement". Caliber Corner. April 28, 2020.
* ↑ "Seiko Caliber 8R28 Watch Movement". Caliber Corner. February 19, 2014.
* ↑ "Seiko mechanical movements - Seiko caliber 8L35 Review". Strapcode.
* ↑ "Introducing: A Trilogy Of Seiko 55th Anniversary Dive Watches - HODINKEE".
* ↑ Thompson, Joe (October 10, 2017). "Four Revolutions: Part 1: A Concise History Of The Quartz Revolution". Hodinkee. Retrieved March 5, 2019.
* ↑ "The Story of 1969 Quartz Astron and GPS solar Astron". The Story of 1969 Quartz Astron and GPS solar Astron. Retrieved July 1, 2024.
* ↑ "The Quartz Crisis". Crown & Caliber Blog. April 12, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2019.
* ↑ "About Seiko Kinetic watches and Kinetic Movements". Strapcode.com.
* ↑ "Quartz". Grand Seiko. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
* ↑ "Quartz". Grand Seiko. Retrieved December 13, 2024.
* ↑ "History of Spring Drive". www.grand-seiko.com. Retrieved July 5, 2024.
* ↑ "Seiko, Spacewalk, Commemorative Edition". www.gphg.org (in French). Retrieved July 5, 2024.
* ↑ "Seiko and the 2002 FIFA World Cup". Europa Star. February 2001. Retrieved March 5, 2021.
* ↑ "Partners - Seiko". IAAF. Retrieved March 5, 2017.
* ↑ "Seiko renews its partnership with the IAAF for ten more years". Yokohama: World Athletics. May 10, 2019. Retrieved July 9, 2019.
* ↑ "History of Seiko and Sports". Seiko. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
* ↑ "Watch Identifier: Seiko Wired Metal Gear Solid Watch Review". Keep The Time. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
* ↑ Espineli, Matt (November 25, 2015). "Here's What a $375 Metal Gear Solid Watch Looks Like". GameSpot. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
* ↑ "Seiko is the Official Timekeeper of the Gran Turismo Racing Series". Luxury Watches That Impress Review Blog. February 1, 2012. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
* ↑ Emmet, James (March 10, 2014). "Report: FC Barcelona to swap Seiko for Maurice Lacroix". SportsPro. Retrieved July 10, 2024.
* ↑ "NASL welcomes Seiko as official timekeeper". NASL. April 11, 2014. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
* ↑ "Seiko Confirms New Partnership With Honda Racing F1 Team and Jenson Button". Sportcal. Retrieved July 12, 2024.
* ↑ "Honda pulls out of Formula One". EuroSport. December 5, 2008. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
* ↑ Derr, Elizabeth (December 16, 2016). "Seiko Nets Renewed Partnership With Novak Djokovic". Forbes. Retrieved January 1, 2021.