# Hubert Howe Bancroft

Hubert Howe Bancroft (May 5, 1832 – March 2, 1918) was an American historian and ethnologist who wrote, published, and collected works concerning the Western United States, Texas, California, Alaska, Mexico, Central America, and British Columbia.

## Early life

Hubert Howe Bancroft was born on May 5, 1832, in Granville, Ohio, to Azariah Ashley Bancroft and Lucy Howe Bancroft. The Howe and Bancroft families originally hailed from the New England states of Vermont and Massachusetts, respectively. Bancroft's parents were staunch abolitionists and the family home was a station on the Underground Railroad.
Bancroft attended the Doane Academy in Granville for a year, and he then became a clerk in his brother-in-law's bookstore in Buffalo, New York.

## Move to California

In March 1852, Bancroft was provided with an inventory of books to sell and was sent to the booming California city of San Francisco to set up a West Coast regional office of the firm. Bancroft was successful in building his company, entering the world of publishing in the process. He also became a serious collector of books, building a collection numbering into the tens of thousands of volumes.
In 1868, he resigned from his business in favor of his brother, A.L. Bancroft. He had accumulated a great library of historical material and abandoned business to devote himself entirely to writing and publishing history.
Bancroft's library consisted of books, maps, and printed and manuscript documents, including a large number of narratives dictated to Bancroft or his assistants by pioneers, settlers, and statesmen. The indexing of the vast collection employed six persons for ten years. The library was moved in 1881 to a fireproof building and, in 1900, numbered about 45,000 volumes.
He developed a plan to publish a history in 39 volumes of the entire Pacific coast region of North America, from Central America to Alaska. He employed writers and wrote some of the material himself, though he credited only himself as an author. In 1886, the publishing establishment of A.L. Bancroft & Company burned, and the sheets of seven volumes of the history he had written were destroyed.

## Personal life

Bancroft's first marriage was to Emily Ketchum in 1859. They had one child, a daughter named Kate who was born in 1859. Emily died in childbirth in 1869. In 1879, Bancroft married his second wife, Matilda Coley Griffing, with whom he had four children.
Although he never graduated from college, in 1875 Bancroft was awarded an honorary Master of Arts degree from Yale in recognition of his massive historical work on Native Races of the Pacific States. He was also elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1875.

## Death

He died on March 2, 1918, at his country home in Walnut Creek, California. "Acute peritonitis" was blamed as the cause of death in published newspaper reports. Bancroft was 85 at his death. His body was interred in the Cypress Lawn Memorial Park in Colma, California.

## Legacy

In the late 19th century, it was determined that much of the work of which Bancroft claimed authorship had in fact been written by others. This tainted his legacy in the eyes of some scholars, on the principle "false in one thing, false in all." The Salt Lake Tribune called him a "purloiner of other peoples' brains" in 1893.
The Bancroft Library at UC Berkeley, reflects the collector's name. The University of California purchased his 60,000-volume book collection in 1905.
In 1885 Bancroft purchased a ranch with an adobe cottage located in Spring Valley, in San Diego County, as a retirement home. The Hubert H. Bancroft Ranch House is now a National Historic Landmark. In addition, part of a property Bancroft bought around 1880 in Contra Costa County, California, later became the Ruth Bancroft Garden, when three acres of the remaining farm land was given by Bancroft's grandson Philip to his wife, Ruth Bancroft.
Several schools are named for Bancroft, including Bancroft Middle School (Long Beach, California), Bancroft Middle School (Los Angeles, California), Hubert H. Bancroft Elementary School in Sacramento, California, Bancroft Middle School in San Leandro, California, Bancroft Elementary School in Walnut Creek, California, and Bancroft Community School in Spring Valley, California.
Contrary to some sources, including Bancroft's own obituary, Bancroft Way in Berkeley, California is not named for Hubert Howe Bancroft, but rather for historian and statesman George Bancroft.
An archive of Bancroft family correspondence, collected by his daughter Kate, is held in Special Collections and Archives at Geisel Library at the University of California, San Diego.
Recollections of Hubert Howe Bancroft and the Bancroft Family, an oral history interview with Margaret Wood Bancroft, widow of Bancroft's son Griffing, is held in the Oral History Center of the Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley.

## Published works

Bancroft's written works include the following, with the 39-volume set of The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft (pub. 1874–1890):
* The Native Races: Wild tribes. Vol. I. D. Appleton. 1875.
* The Native Races: Civilized nations. Vol. II. D. Appleton. 1875.
* The Native Races: Myths and languages. Vol. III. Appleton. 1875.
* The Native Races: Antiquities. Vol. IV. D. Appleton. 1875. (Remains and Ruins)
* The Native Races: Primitive History. Vol. V. D. Appleton. 1876.
* History of Central America. 1501–1530. Vol. VI. History Company. 1888.
* History of Central America. 1530–1800. Vol. VII. Bancroft & Co. 1883.
* History of Central America: 1801–1887. Vol. VIII. Bancroft & Co. 1887.
* History of Mexico: 1516–1521 . Vol. IX. Bancroft & Co. 1882.
* History of Mexico: 1521–1600 . Vol. X. Bancroft & Co. 1883.
* History of Mexico: 1600–1803 . Vol. XI. Bancroft & Co. 1883.
* History of Mexico: 1804–1824 . Vol. XII. Bancroft & Co. 1885.
* History of Mexico: 1824–1861 . Vol. XIII. Bancroft & Co. 1885.
* History of Mexico: 1861–1887 . Vol. XIV. Bancroft & Co. 1888.
* History of the North Mexican States and Texas: 1531–1800. Vol. XV. Bancroft & Co. 1884.
* History of the North Mexican States and Texas: 1801–1889. Vol. XVI. History Co. 1889.
* History of Arizona and New Mexico: 1530–1888. Vol. XVII. History Co. 1889.
* History of California: 1542–1800. Vol. XVIII. History Co. 1884.
* History of California: 1801–1824. Vol. XIX. History Co. 1885.
* History of California: 1825–1840. Vol. XX. Bancroft & Co. 1886.
* History of California: 1840–1845. Vol. XXI. History Co. 1886.
* History of California: 1846–1848. Vol. XXII. History Co. 1886.
* History of California: 1848–1859. Vol. XXIII. History Co. 1888. (the Gold Rush years)
* History of California: 1860–1890. Vol. XXIV. History Co. 1890.
* History of Nevada, Colorado, and Wyoming: 1540–1888. Vol. XXV. History Co. 1890.
* History of Utah: 1540–1886. Vol. XXVI. History Co. 1889.
* History of the Northwest Coast: 1543–1800. Vol. XXVII. Bancroft & Co. 1884.
* History of the Northwest Coast: 1800–1846. Vol. XXVIII. History Co. 1890.
* History of Oregon. 1834–1848. Vol. XXIX. History Co. 1886.
* History of Oregon: 1848–1888. Vol. XXX. History Co. 1888.
* History of Washington, Idaho, and Montana: 1845–1889. Vol. XXXI. History Co. 1890.
* History of British Columbia: 1792–1887. Vol. XXXII. History Co. 1887.
* History of Alaska: 1730–1885. Vol. XXXIII. History Co. 1886.
* California Pastoral: 1769–1848. Vol. XXXIV. Bancroft & Co. 1888.
* California Inter Pocula. Vol. XXXV. History Co. 1888.
* Popular Tribunals. Vol. XXXVI. History Co. 1887.
* Popular Tribunals. Vol. XXXVII. History Co. 1887.
* Essays and Miscellany. Vol. XXXVIII. History Co. 1890.
* Literary Industries. Vol. XXXIX. History Co. 1891. This volume gives an account of his methods of work.
* The Early American Chroniclers (1883)
* Chronicles of the Builders of the Commonwealth: Historical Character Study (1891–1892)
* Book of the Fair (1893)
* Resources and Development of Mexico (1893)
* The Book of Wealth (1896)
* The New Pacific (Revised ed.). New York: The Bancroft Company. 1913. OCLC 19919362.
* Retrospection, Political and Personal (1912, 1915)
* Why a World Centre of Industry at San Francisco Bay (1916)
* In These Latter Days (1917)

### Note on production methods

Bancroft made use of index cards in the organization and compilation of facts for his lengthy and massive series of historical volumes. In the course of his organization of source material and writing, Bancroft made use of scores of research assistants, the contributions of some of whom amounted to the output of co-writers.
Originally he seems to have intended to use topical sections of writing produced by his assistants as the basis of a broad narrative which he himself would write, but as the work progressed he came to use the statements as they were, with only slight changes. He said his assistants were capable investigators, and there is evidence that some of them deserved his confidence; Frances Fuller Victor, in particular, was a well-known author. However, his failure to acknowledge each contribution created doubt about the quality of the work. Overall, although Bancroft considered himself the author of his works, in contemporary terms it is more accurate to consider him an editor and compiler.
Neither Bancroft, nor most of his assistants, had enough training to avoid stating their personal opinions and enthusiasms, but their works were generally well received in their time. Historian Francis Parkman praised Bancroft's The Native Races in The North American Review. Lewis Henry Morgan's essay, "Montezuma's Dinner," rebuts Lewis Henry Morgan's ideas about gradations of civilization. In turn, Morgan's essay was based on Friedrick Engel's "The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State: in the Light of the Researches of Lewis H. Morgan." Bancroft critiqued Morgan's understanding of stages of civilization and savagery. Both Morgan's and Engel's ideas are most certainly antiquated and reveal a profound and mechanistic understanding of human development.

## Footnotes

* 1 2 3 4 5 Men and Women of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporaries. New York: L.R. Hamersly and Co., 1910; p. 87.
* ↑ "Bancroft House, The Council of Independent Colleges". Retrieved June 12, 2016.
* ↑ Ann Natalie Hansen, "Hubert Howe Bancroft, Historian of the West", The Historical Times: Newsletter of the Granville, Ohio, Historical Society, vol. 9, no 4. (Fall 1997).
* 1 2 3 Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). "Bancroft, Hubert Howe" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.
* 1 2 3 "H.H. Bancroft, Historian, is Summoned: Greatest Writer of California's Achievements is Stricken at Home", Oakland Tribune, vol. 139, no. 11 (March 3, 1918), pp. 27, 30.
* 1 2 3 "H.H. Bancroft, Historian, Dies at Age of 85: Prolific American Writer Passes Away at His Home in Walnut Creek", San Francisco Chronicle, vol. 112, no. 47 (March 3, 1918), p. 1.
* ↑ "Riverside Daily Press 4 March 1918 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu.
* ↑ "NOTED HISTORIAN HAS PASSED AWAY Herbert Howe Bancroft Had Great Career and Succeeded in Spite of Difficulties Ul/ Associated Fret». — Press Democrat 3 March 1918 — California Digital Newspaper Collection". cdnc.ucr.edu.
* ↑ Morris, William Alfred (1903). "The Origin and Authorship of the Bancroft Pacific States Publications: A History of a History (part 1)" . Oregon Historical Quarterly. 4.
* ↑ "Hubert Howe Bancroft obituary" . Oregon Historical Quarterly. March 1918.
* ↑ Salt Lake Tribune, February 16, 1893 (as quoted by Morris, above)
* ↑ Silver, Johanna (2016). The Bold Dry Garden: Lessons from the Ruth Bancroft Garden. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 9781604696707.
* ↑ "La Mesa-Spring Valley Schools".
* ↑ Hutchinson, Fred C. (1962). Street names of the city of Berkeley. Berkeley, Calif.: Berkeley Public Library. p. 15. Retrieved September 17, 2023.
* ↑ "Register of Bancroft Family Correspondence, – MSS 39". libraries.ucsd.edu. Retrieved June 7, 2015.
* ↑ Bancroft, Margaret Wood; Hart, James D.; Smith, Virginia M.; Baum, Willa K. (1980). Recollections of Hubert Howe Bancroft and the Bancroft family : oral history transcript / and related material, 1977–1980. Berkeley: Regents of the University of California.
* ↑ Historical Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft. Internet Archive (retrieved September 24, 2012)
* ↑ Doyle, John Andrew (1888). "Review: The History of the Pacific States (Oregon)" . The English Historical Review.
* ↑ "Review of History of Alaska by Hubert Howe Bancroft". Science. VII (164): 292. March 26, 1886.
* ↑ "American Memory from the Library of Congress". lcweb2.loc.gov.
* ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bancroft, Hubert Howe" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
* ↑ "Hubert Howe Bancroft – Author or Editor?", March 12, 2011. Retrieved November 10, 2013.