OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tow (surname)

Tow is a surname in various cultures.

## Origins

Tow may be:
* Jewish name Jewish originating from Eastern Europe notably from Talsen, in the Kurland province of former USSR now known as Talsi, Latvia, Hirsch Tow
* A spelling, based on the pronunciations in some varieties of Chinese, of the Chinese surnames romanised in Mandarin Pinyin as Táo (陶), Cáo (曹), or Dù (杜)
* A variant of Tough, which originated both as a nickname (from Middle English togh or tow, "steadfast") and separately as an Anglicisation of the Scottish surname Tulloch. Other variants include Towe.

## Statistics

According to statistics cited by Patrick Hanks, 78 people on the island of Great Britain and none on the island of Ireland bore the surname Tow in 2011. In 1881 there had been 148 people with the surname in Great Britain, primarily at Lincolnshire, West Riding of Yorkshire, and Leicestershire.
The 2010 United States Census found 1,910 people with the surname Tow, making it the 15,355th-most-common name in the country. This represented an increase in absolute numbers, but a decrease in relative frequency, from 1,893 (14,457th-most-common) in the 2000 Census. In both censuses, about four-fifths of the bearers of the surname identified as White, and between 10% and 15% as Asian.

## People

People with the surname Tow include:
* Timothy Tow (杜祥辉; 1920–2009), Singaporean pastor
* Leonard Tow (born 1928), American businessman
* Eng Tow (杜瑛; born 1947), Singaporean artist
* Jeff Tow-Arnett (born 1986), American football fullback
* Matthew J. Tow (fl. 1994–present), Australian singer
* Michael Tow (fl. 2007–present), American actor, director, and producer
# Menorah (magazine)

Menorah was a monthly Jewish illustrated magazine which appeared in Vienna, Austria, between 1923 and 1932. It was published in German. The subtitle of the magazine was jüdisches Familienblatt für Wissenschaft, Kunst und Literatur (German: Jewish family paper for science, art and literature).

## History and profile

Menorah was established in 1923, and its first issue appeared on 1 July that year. The publisher of the magazine was Habrith Verlag based in Vienna from 1925. It was started as a monthly magazine, but later its frequency became irregular. Norbert Hoffmann was the editor and Friedrich Matzner was the editorial director of the magazine. Josefine Hoffmann was another editor of Menorah.
Menorah adopted a liberal-conservative political stance and aimed to connect various groups of Judaism and to bring about an integration among these groups based on a cultural basis. Its target audience was educated Jewish middle class. Menorah featured stories, fairy tales, novel extracts and poems. The magazine's illustrated content was expanded from 1925. Nachum ‘Tim’ Gidal published a photo essay entitled Palästina, das Land der Gegensätze (German: Palestine, the Land of Contrasts) in the September 1931 issue of the magazine. The essay included thirteen images. It also covered articles on fashion and modern styles which were consistent with Jewish values.
Menorah folded in October 1932. The issues of the magazine were archived by Goethe University Frankfurt.
Isabella Gartner published a book on Menorah in 2009.
# Johannes Gijsbertus Bastiaans

Johannes Gijsbertus Bastiaans (31 October 1812, Wilp - 16 February 1875, Haarlem) was a Dutch organist, composer and music theorist. Bastiaans was educated in organ playing from the age of ten in Deventer. He studied to become a watchmaker and settled in Rotterdam. There he meet C.F. Hommert, who introduced him to the works of Johann Sebastian Bach.
He moved to Germany where he studied with amongst others Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy and F. Becker. In 1839 he became organist for the Mennonite congregation in Deventer. In 1840 he became organist at the Zuiderkerk in Amsterdam, and between 1858 and 1878 he was cityorganist at the Grote Kerk in Haarlem.
He was one of the driving forces behind the growing attention for J.S. Bach in the Netherlands. Bastiaans wrote several chorales and works for the organ and piano. He also wrote several melodies for the church book Vervolgbundel op de Evangelische Gezangen. The church song book Liedboek voor de Kerken lists 9 songs that are accompanied by his melodies.
# Zhao Jianmin

Zhao Jianmin (Chinese: 赵健民) (June 24, 1912 – April 8, 2012) was a People's Republic of China politician. He was born in Guan County, Shandong Province. He was governor of his home province. During the Second Sino-Japanese War, Zhao was political commissar for a guerrilla force in his home county and became a battalion commander in the Eighth Route Army 129th Division. He was Committee Secretary for Jinan as part of the Shandong-Hebei-Henan border region military district. During the Cultural Revolution, he became the provincial communist party secretary of Yunnan Province, but was falsely accused and persecuted by his predecessor as governor, Kang Sheng.

## Zhao Jianmin Spy Case

In 1967 Zhao Jianmin, then provincial secretary of the Communist Party in Yunnan, suggested to Kang Sheng that the massacres in the Cultural Revolution should be resolved democratically and peacefully, Sheng relayed to Mao Zedong that Jianmin was a spy. The ensuing purges of pro-Jianmin followers and alleged spies killed over 17,000, injured or crippled 61,000, and implicated nearly 1.4 million people.
# Elizabeth Reid (volleyball)

Elizabeth Reid (born 21 March 1989, London) is a retired British volleyball player. She competed for Great Britain at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
# Layang-Layang (state constituency)

Layang-Layang is a state constituency in Johor, Malaysia, that is represented in the Johor State Legislative Assembly.
The state constituency was first contested in 2004 and is mandated to return a single Assemblyman to the Johor State Legislative Assembly under the first-past-the-post voting system.

## Demographics

* Malay 54.96 (55.0%)
* Chinese 29.88 (29.9%)
* Indian 13.18 (13.2%)
* Other ethnicities 1.42 (1.42%)
* Sabah Bumiputera 0.34 (0.34%)
* Sarawak Bumiputera 0.22 (0.22%)

## History
### Polling districts

According to the federal gazette issued on 30 March 2018, the Layang-Layang constituency is divided into 14 polling districts.
| State constituency | Polling District | Code | Location |
| Layang-Layang（N27） | Ladang Tun Dr. Ismail | 151/27/01 | SK Ladang Tun Dr. Ismail |
| Layang-Layang（N27） | Kampong Chokro | 151/27/02 | Sekolah Agama Kompleks Penghulu Simpang Renggam |
| Layang-Layang（N27） | Kampong Sahari | 151/27/03 | Sekolah Agama Kompleks Penghulu Simpang Renggam |
| Layang-Layang（N27） | Senda | 151/27/04 | SMK Dato' Hj. Hassan Yunos |
| Layang-Layang（N27） | Bandar Renggam | 151/27/05 | SJK (C) Chin Chiang |
| Layang-Layang（N27） | Kebun Bahru | 151/27/06 | SK Jubli Intan |
| Layang-Layang（N27） | Sembrong | 151/27/07 | SJK (T) Ladang Sembrong |
| Layang-Layang（N27） | Chemara | 151/27/08 | SJK (T) Ulu Remis |
| Layang-Layang（N27） | Layang-Layang | 151/27/09 | Sekolah Agama Pekan Layang-Layang |
| Layang-Layang（N27） | Bandar Layang-Layang Selatan | 151/27/10 | Dewan Orang Ramai Layang-Layang |
| Layang-Layang（N27） | Bandar Layang-Layang Utara | 151/27/11 | SJK (C) Layang |
| Layang-Layang（N27） | Renggam | 151/27/12 | SK Seri Kg. Renggam |
| Layang-Layang（N27） | Ladang Southern Malay | 151/27/13 | SJK (T) Ladang Southern Malay |
| Layang-Layang（N27） | FELDA Layang-Layang | 151/27/14 | SK (Felda) Layang-Layang |

### Representation history

Members of the Legislative Assembly for Layang-Layang :
| Assembly | Years | Member | Party |
| Constituency created from Renggam ||||
| 4th | 1974–1978 | Law Lai Heng | BN (MCA) |
| 5th | 1978–1982 | Law Boon King @ Low Boon Hong | BN (MCA) |
| 6th | 1982–1986 | Law Boon King @ Low Boon Hong | BN (MCA) |
| Constituency abolished, renamed to Simpang Renggam ||||
| Constituency recreated from Simpang Renggam ||||
| 11th | 2004–2008 | Onn Mohd Yassin | BN (UMNO) |
| 12th | 2008–2013 | Onn Mohd Yassin | BN (UMNO) |
| 13th | 2013–2018 | Abd Mutalip Abd Rahim | BN (UMNO) |
| 14th | 2018–2022 | Onn Hafiz Ghazi | BN (UMNO) |
| 15th | 2022–present | Abd Mutalip Abd Rahim | BN (UMNO) |
# Chop Cut Rebuild

Chop Cut Rebuild is an automotive documentary-lifestyle series. The show is the creation of its host Canadian actor Dan Woods who was previously known for his role as Principal Daniel Raditch in the Degrassi teen drama franchise. The series is produced by Dan Woods and Edward Peghin and directed by Edward Peghin. In 2012, Dan Woods and Edward Peghin were nominated for a Daytime Emmy award for Outstanding Lifestyle Program.

## Broadcast history

The series was first shown on Speed Channel from 2004 through 2013. On March 5, 2013, Fox Sports announced that it would relaunch Speed Channel as Fox Sports 1 on August 17, 2013, with significant changes in programming but retaining NASCAR coverage. On June 21, 2013, Fox Sports 1 announced that a number of series that aired on Speed Channel would not be part of the new channel's line up, and this included Chop Cut Rebuild.
Starting April 8, 2014, Chop Cut Rebuild began appearing on MAVTV, and new episodes are broadcast through 2017.
# Beardstown Grand Opera House

The Beardstown Grand Opera House is an opera house on South State Street in Beardstown, Cass County, Illinois. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 11, 2000, and is in the process of restoration.

## History

The Beardstown Opera House was originally built in 1872. Nearing completion the opera house was almost completely destroyed by a tornado. After the Opera House was rebuilt by the owners and volunteer townsfolk, the first troupe to play the theater was General Tom Thumb of P.T. Barnum fame.
Through the years there have been many owners of this historic building. From 1872 to 1893 a partnership between Henry Krohe and Georgee Schneider controlled the building; facts about Krohe are known, but Schneider is lost to history. A team of five owners took over the opera house for the years 1893 to 1899: they were T.K. Condit, J.P. Harris, Merton Harris, William Deppe and August Deppe. For the five-year period from 1899 to 1904 a set of three owners, three of the previous owners dropped out and a replacement owner came in, controlled the Grand Opera House, Condit, Harris and J.F. Duvall. In 1904 the Deppe family took over control for the next 50 years until, in 1954, the Huss family took over until 1968.
In more recent history it was owned by the Irene Schroll family. In March 2004, the opera house was purchased by the Heritage Preservation Foundation, a non-profit organization created for the purpose of owning the Opera House. Four years before, it had been added to the National Register of Historic Places; it is one of two such locations in Cass County.
# Matea Ikić

Matea Ikić (born 25 May 1989) is a Croatian volleyball player. She plays as outside hitter for Greek club Panionios V.C..

## International career

She is a member of the Croatia women's national volleyball team. She competed at the 2018 FIVB Volleyball Women's Club World Championship, and 2021 Women's European Volleyball League, winning a silver medal.
# Zhang Xiaoyu

Zhang Xiaoyu (simplified Chinese: 张筱雨; traditional Chinese: 張筱雨; pinyin: Zhāng Xiǎoyǔ; born June 6, 1985) is a Chinese internet celebrity who has been described as "China's first nude model."

## Early life and education

Zhang attended Beihua University in Jilin City, Jilin, where she graduated with a bachelor's degree in biological sciences in 2007.

## Career

She did softcore erotic modeling for METCN.com, an affiliate of MET ART, from 2007 to 2009, and until the Chinese government initiated a crackdown on online erotica at the beginning of 2009, her name was amongst the most searched for queries on the Chinese search engine Baidu, receiving an average of 650,000 searches a day throughout 2008.
The Chinese online game Dàhuà Xuānyuán (Chinese: 大话轩辕) became a hit in December 2009 after the game's producer hired Zhang as its spokesperson, a marketing maneuver that received official disapproval in 2010 as the Chinese government sought to curb the use of "vulgar marketing" by online game companies. On December 6, 2009, Zhang Xiaoyu announced on her blog that she would no longer shoot body art.
# Rainbow of Hong Kong

Rainbow of Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港彩虹; Jyutping: Hoeng1gong2 Coi2hung4) is a non-profit organisation advocating for LGBT rights in Hong Kong. It was founded on 1 December 1991 and registered as a charity in 2011.

## History

Rainbow of Hong Kong was originally based in Mong Kok, but after one year of operation it moved its headquarters due to financial problems. Until 2007, the organisation received funding from the AIDS Trust Fund Council in the suburb of Jordan, with much of the money going towards the development of Hong Kong's first social services centre for members of the LGBT community, which opened on 30 July 2007. The centre provides counselling, volunteer training, and LGBT awareness classes.
# Darío Aimar

Darío Javier Aimar Alvarez (born 5 January 1995) is an Ecuadorian footballer who plays as a defender for Bolivian side The Strongest and the Ecuador national team. He made his debut for Ecuador on 22 February 2017 in a match against Honduras.

## Honors
### Barcelona SC

* Serie A (2): 2016, 2020
# Emelia Surridge

Emelia 'Mezzy' Brigid Surridge (born 23 September 2004) is a field hockey player from New Zealand.

## Personal life

Emelia Surridge was born and raised in Christchurch, New Zealand. She is an alumna of St Margaret's College.

## Career
### National league

In the Premier Hockey League, Surridge plays for the Southern Alpiners.
She has also previously represented Canterbury in the Ford National Hockey Championship.

### Under–21

Surridge has been a member of the Junior Black Sticks squad since 2023. She was a reserve player for the 2023 FIH Junior World Cup in Santiago.
In 2025 she was named in the squad to participate in the Junior Oceania Cup in Auckland.

### Black Sticks

Surridge received her first call-up into the Black Sticks squad in 2024. She made her senior international debut in 2025, during a test series against the United States in Auckland.
# Arunawati Dam

Arunawati Dam is an earthfill and gravity dam on Arunavati River near Digras in Yavatmal district of state of Maharashtra in India.

## Specifications

The height of the dam above lowest foundation is 29.5 m (97 ft) while the length is 5,170 m (16,960 ft). The volume content is 4,412,000 m$^3$ (155,800,000 cu ft) and gross storage capacity is 198,395,000 m$^3$ (7.0063×10$^9$ cu ft).

## Purpose

* Irrigation & Flood Control
# Don Barton

Donald Reid Barton (May 29, 1930 – July 16, 2006) was an American football player and coach who played halfback in the National Football League for the Green Bay Packers in 1953.

## Early Life

Barton was born in Cisco, Texas in 1930. He attended Longview High School.

## College Career

Barton played college football at Kemper Military School in 1948 and 1949 and then at the University of Texas in 1950 and 1951. In 1950 he helped the Longhorns win the Southwest Conference Championship, go to the Cotton Bowl and finish the season ranked #2 in the coaches poll.
He was also on the baseball team.

## Career

Barton played 5 games with the Green Bay Packers during the 1953 NFL season and gained 118 all-purpose yards running, receiving and returning the ball. At the end of the season he was released by the Packers.

## Later life

Following the 1953-54 season, Barton was drafted into the Army where he served as a 1st Lieutenant in the Fort Knox, Kentucky, Armored Division. Following his service he became a football coach.
Barton began his coaching career in Sherman as an Assistant Coach and from there went on to be a head coach in El Paso, Corpus Christi, Atlanta, and finally Robert E. Lee High School in Tyler. During his last year at Robert E. Lee, he became the Vice President of Texas High School Coaches Association. He then became the athletic director of Tyler Independent School District in 1973 and retired in 1988.
He died in 2006 in Tyler, Texas/
# Mai Musié

Mai Musié is an Ancient Historian and expert in public engagement. She focuses on race and ethnicity in antiquity, Ge’ez manuscripts, and interconnectivity between the ancient Mediterranean world and North-East Africa.

## Early life and education

Musié was a refugee from Eritrea via Sudan, arriving in Britain at the age of eight. Musié received her BA, MA and PhD from Swansea University in 2019. Her doctoral thesis explored the representation of Persians in the ancient novel. It was supervised by J. R. Morgan.

## Career

Musié won the Classical Association Prize in 2019. Other winners include Natalie Haynes, Frank McGuinness, Charlotte Higgins. She was Public Engagement Manager at the Bodleian Libraries, Oxford University, and she was an Early Career Fellow For Inclusion, Participation and Engagement at the School of Advanced Studies, University of London. She is an Inclusion Advisory Group Member for the National Co-Ordinating Centre for Public Engagement.
As a public-facing historian, Musié has contributed widely to podcasts, TV, and radio, such as the BBC. Musié a trustee of the charity Classics for All and she co-edited the book Forward with Classics: Classical Languages in Schools and Communities, published by Bloomsbury.
# Circus Time

Circus Time is a variety program presented in the United States by television network ABC on Thursday evenings from October 4, 1956 to June 27, 1957.
Circus Time was not an actual circus broadcast but rather a circus-themed program, in which both traditional circus acts and more traditional mainstream forms of entertainment were presented. The host, or "ringmaster" in the show's parlance, was ventriloquist Paul Winchell, who was "assisted" by his dummies Jerry Mahoney and Knucklehead Smiff. Mainstream musical guests appearing on the program at times included The Diamonds, Mickey and Sylvia and the Dell Vikings.
Martin Stone Associates produced the program. Hartz Mountain Products and Bauer & Black were sponsors.
# The Meridian Rock

The Meridian Rock was a monument marking the point where the Greenwich Meridian crosses the Equator. The rock was set at Tema Harbour, Ghana, on the platform of Meridian Port Services Limited (MPS).

## History

The prime Meridian Line (0°00’00.00”E/W) passes through the center of Meridian Port Services Container Terminal, the line first enters MPS from the northern boundary (5°37’35.15”N) to the beach side (5°37’29.75”N) which is the closest land-based place to the point where the Greenwich Meridian Line (zero degrees longitude) crosses with the Equator (zero degrees latitude).
A rock in the sea nearby, off Halcrow Beach, also called the Meridian Rock, was believed to mark the crossing of the Meridian Line and the Equator.
On 21 March 2014 the monument, a giant rock, erected by The Board of Directors, Management and Workers of Meridian Port Services Limited, was unveiled by President John Dramani Mahama.
The monument was not very successful as a tourist attraction and was removed as the harbour expanded. In 2021 it was proposed to build a church instead, to mark the Prime Meridian.
# Beasley-Parham House

The Beasley-Parham House is located in the vicinity of Greenbrier, Tennessee, United States. The house is a double pen dogtrot design, consisting of two log pens, each with an exterior chimney, that were originally connected by an open breezeway (the "dogtrot"). The breezeway was enclosed with siding some time before the end of the 19th century.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. When listed the property included two contributing buildings, and four contributing structures on 1.8 acres (0.73 ha).
# Gyirong Port

28°16′47″N 85°22′40″E﻿ / ﻿28.279672°N 85.377744°E﻿ / 28.279672; 85.377744
Gyirong Port, or Port of Gyirong, Gyirong HPE (Chinese: 吉隆口岸) is a strategic land border crossing located in the Tibet Autonomous Region of China, connecting China and Nepal. Established as a traditional trade route between the two nations, Gyirong Port has undergone significant modernization to become a vital gateway for cross-border trade and tourism.
Gyirong Port's transformation from a rudimentary border crossing to a sophisticated trade hub reflects China's commitment to strengthening regional connectivity and advancing mutual prosperity through infrastructure development and policy support.

## Development

The development of Gyirong Port began in the early 1990s, with initial infrastructure construction aimed at facilitating trade between China and Nepal. However, the port's expansion into a modern logistics hub gained momentum following the devastating 2015 earthquake in Nepal, which severely damaged the neighboring Zhangmu Port [zh]. This event prompted the Chinese government to prioritize Gyirong Port as an alternative trade corridor, leading to substantial investments in its infrastructure.
Key engineering projects at Gyirong Port include the widening of the Friendship Highway, the construction of modern border inspection facilities, and the establishment of advanced logistics centers. These upgrades have significantly enhanced the port's capacity to handle increased trade volumes and streamline customs procedures. By 2020, the port had achieved a peak annual trade volume exceeding RMB 1 billion, solidifying its role as a cornerstone of regional economic integration.
From a policy perspective, Gyirong Port is integral to China's Belt and Road Initiative, serving as a critical node in the China-Nepal Economic Corridor. The Chinese government has implemented favorable policies to attract investment and boost trade, including tax incentives for businesses operating through the port and streamlined approval processes for cross-border projects. Gyirong Port's strategic importance extends beyond economics, fostering cultural and people-to-people exchanges, which also emerged as a popular destination for tourists exploring the Himalayas, further contributing to the region's socio-economic development.