# List of national parks of Nigeria

The national parks of Nigeria are preserved, enhanced, protected and managed by the Nigeria National Park Service. The Nigeria National Park Service is a parastatal under the Federal Ministry of the Environment, and is headed by a conservator general. It works closely with the Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation.
The first national park was Kainji Lake, established by the military ruler General Olusegun Obasanjo in 1979. The National Parks Governing Board and five new National Parks were set up in 1991.
Yankari Game Reserve was upgraded to a national park in 1992, although it was later handed over to the Bauchi State government in June 2006.
The parks cover a total land area of approximately 20,156 km$^2$ (7,782 sq mi), or about 3% of Nigeria's total land area.

## Parks

| style="width:8em;"| Park | Area | Area | Established | State(s) | Notes |
| style="width:8em;"| Park | km$^2$ | sq mi | Established | State(s) | Notes |
| Chad Basin | 2,258 | 872 | 1991 | Borno, Yobe | Includes part of the Hadejia-Nguru wetlands and the Sambisa Game Reserve |
| Cross River | 4,000 | 1,500 | 1991 | Cross River | Okwangwo section and Oban section (1,906 km$^2$; 736 sq mi) |
| Gashaka Gumti | 6,731 | 2,599 | 1991 | Taraba, Adamawa | |
| Kainji | 5,382 | 2,078 | 1979 | Niger, Kwara | Includes Kainji Lake, Borgu Game Reserve and Zugurma Game Reserve |
| Kamuku | 1,121 | 433 | 1999 | Kaduna | |
| Okomu | 181 | 70 | 1999 | Edo | Part of the Okomu Forest Reserve |
| Old Oyo | 2,512 | 970 | 1991 | Oyo, Kwara | |
| Yankari | 2,244 | 866 | 1962 | Bauchi | Operated by the Bauchi State government |
| Oba Hills | 4,229 | 1,633 | 2021 | Iwo | Upgraded to National Park in 2021 and officially handed offer to federal Government in 2024 |

## Development

The establishment and evolution of Nigeria's national park system is a testament to the nation's commitment to preserving its rich natural and cultural heritage. The development of this system can be traced through several significant phases and events:

### Colonial Era and Early Conservation Efforts (Early 20th Century)

The roots of Nigeria's national park system can be traced back to the colonial period when British colonial authorities acknowledged the ecological and cultural importance of certain regions within the country. During this time, their primary focus was on limited conservation efforts with a strong emphasis on safeguarding wildlife and preserving habitats, particularly for the purpose of hunting and game preservation. However, it's important to note that during this era, local populations were often excluded and displaced from these areas in the name of conservation.
One notable example of an early conservation initiative occurred in the Cross River region, which now constitutes a significant part of Cross River National Park. The establishment of Cross River National Park marks a pivotal moment in the evolution of Nigeria's national park system. The area's unique biodiversity and pristine natural landscapes captured the attention of colonial authorities, leading to efforts to protect the region and its wildlife.
During this period, the primary objectives were aimed at maintaining populations of native species and preserving their natural habitats. These efforts were driven by the colonial administration's interests in promoting hunting and game preservation for recreational and economic purposes, rather than any deep-seated commitment to ecological conservation.
One of the consequences of these early conservation initiatives was the displacement and exclusion of local communities from their traditional lands. The British colonial authorities often implemented policies that restricted access to these areas, which had been used by local populations for centuries. This created a complex dynamic between conservation and the rights of indigenous people, a challenge that would continue to be addressed in the development of Nigeria's national park system over time.

### Independence and Formation of the National Parks Service (1960s)

In the wake of Nigeria's attainment of independence in 1960, there emerged a heightened awareness of the critical importance of preserving the nation's unparalleled biodiversity and natural landscapes. This recognition was driven by a growing understanding of the ecological, cultural, and economic value of the country's diverse ecosystems. In response to this awareness and in a bid to address the pressing need for effective conservation measures, the Nigerian Conservation Foundation was established in 1982. The foundation marked a pivotal moment in the evolution of Nigeria's approach to conservation. As a non-governmental organization, the foundation swiftly assumed a central role in advancing the cause of environmental preservation and the development of Nigeria's national park system.
The Nigerian Conservation Foundation embarked on a mission, working in close collaboration with both the government and local communities. This collaborative approach was instrumental in promoting conservation efforts and laying the groundwork for the establishment of new national parks. The foundation leveraged its resources, expertise, and outreach to not only advocate for the protection of natural areas but also to engage with local communities, whose support and involvement were deemed essential for the success of conservation initiatives. By fostering partnerships and cooperation between governmental bodies, indigenous populations, and environmental organizations, the foundation played a pivotal role in advocating for the preservation of Nigeria's unique natural heritage and promoting the sustainable management of these precious resources. This approach not only helped safeguard the nation's biodiversity but also contributed to the broader goals of ecological sustainability and the protection of Nigeria's cultural and ecological patrimony.

### National Park Establishment (Late 20th Century - Early 21st Century)

The Nigerian government has, over the years, demonstrated a strong commitment to recognizing and preserving the nation's natural and cultural heritage through the establishment of national parks. These protected areas serve as crucial repositories of the country's diverse ecosystems, as well as its rich cultural and historical significance. The establishment of several national parks has been a pivotal step in this direction, with each park strategically located within various ecological zones of Nigeria to ensure comprehensive conservation coverage.
One of the most notable national parks in Nigeria is Yankari National Park, which was officially established in 1991. Yankari National Park, located in the northeastern part of the country, is renowned for its unique combination of wildlife, geothermal features, and cultural heritage. It encompasses a wide range of ecosystems, including savannas, forests, and wetlands, making it a biodiversity hotspot. Yankari National Park is home to diverse species of mammals, birds, and reptiles, making it a popular destination for wildlife enthusiasts and ecotourists.
Another significant addition to Nigeria's national park system is Gashaka-Gumti National Park, also established in 1991. This vast park, situated in the northeastern part of the country, is the largest national park in Nigeria and one of the largest in West Africa. Gashaka-Gumti National Park is characterized by its rugged and picturesque landscapes, with high mountains, dense forests, and pristine rivers. The park is home to a wide variety of wildlife, including chimpanzees, elephants, leopards, and numerous bird species. Its remote location and unspoiled nature make it an essential conservation area.
Kamuku National Park, established in 1991 as well, is another vital component of Nigeria's national park system. Located in the northwest of the country, this park is known for its extensive woodlands and dry savannas. Kamuku National Park plays a crucial role in conserving the unique flora and fauna adapted to these arid environments. It is an important habitat for species such as antelopes, baboons, and diverse birdlife. The park's establishment has helped protect these ecosystems and the wildlife that call them home.

### Biodiversity Conservation and Research

Nigeria's national parks are not only important for conservation but also serve as sites for scientific research. They have provided researchers, both local and international, with unique environments for studying and understanding the nation's exceptional flora and fauna, including numerous endangered species. These research initiatives aim to inform and enhance conservation strategies and further the knowledge of Nigeria's natural heritage.

### Challenges and Conservation Efforts

Despite their establishment, Nigeria's national parks have faced various challenges, including habitat degradation, poaching, illegal logging, and conflicts with local communities. To address these challenges, the Nigerian government, in collaboration with non-governmental organizations and international organizations, has implemented a range of conservation efforts. These initiatives encompass community engagement, capacity building, anti-poaching measures, and environmental education programs.

### International Recognition and Collaboration

Several of Nigeria's national parks have gained international recognition for their ecological importance. Some have been designated as UNESCO Biosphere Reserves or recognized under international conservation agreements, fostering collaboration with global conservation organizations. These partnerships contribute to enhanced conservation efforts and the protection of the parks' unique ecosystems.

### The Future of Nigeria's National Parks

As Nigeria continues to expand its national park system, there is a growing emphasis on promoting sustainable ecotourism. This approach aims to generate revenue for park management while simultaneously supporting the conservation of Nigeria's rich biodiversity. As the nation evolves, its national parks remain vital for preserving its natural treasures and fostering sustainable development.

## Importance

National parks in Nigeria serve a multifaceted role, contributing significantly to the nation's social, cultural, and economic well-being. They are not only vital for the conservation of the country's natural heritage but also for the development and enrichment of Nigerian society.

### Social Significance

National parks have a profound social impact on Nigeria, benefiting the local communities, visitors, and society as a whole:
* Recreation and education: National parks provide opportunities for recreation and education. They offer a serene escape from the hustle and bustle of urban life, allowing visitors to connect with nature. Educational programs in parks raise awareness about environmental conservation, ecosystem functions, and biodiversity. A prime example is Yankari National Park, a popular destination in Nigeria, offering ecotourism activities like wildlife safaris, birdwatching, and interpretive walks.
* Cultural and historical preservation: Some national parks in Nigeria encompass cultural and historical landmarks. For instance, the Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove within Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove National Park is not only a biodiversity hotspot but also a UNESCO World Heritage Site known for its sacred groves, sculptures, and rituals of the Yoruba people, promoting cultural heritage preservation.
* Community involvement: National parks often engage local communities in conservation efforts. These collaborations can lead to improved livelihoods through sustainable eco-tourism and community-based conservation initiatives. An example is the partnership between the Nigeria National Park Service and local communities around Gashaka-Gumti National Park, which has led to the protection of critical wildlife habitats and provided economic opportunities for nearby residents.

### Cultural Significance

National parks play a crucial role in preserving Nigeria's cultural identity, traditions, and indigenous knowledge:
* Cultural festivals and practices: Some national parks host traditional cultural festivals, celebrating the rich heritage of the Nigerian people. For instance, the annual Osun-Osogbo Festival within Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove National Park is a vibrant cultural event that attracts visitors from across Nigeria and around the world. It promotes cultural understanding and appreciation.
* Art and craft: National parks also serve as sources of inspiration for Nigerian artists and craftspeople. Local communities often create handicrafts and artwork inspired by the natural and cultural features of the parks, providing an additional source of income for the region.

### Economic Significance

National parks are not only centers for conservation but also contribute significantly to the Nigerian economy:
* Tourism revenue: Nigeria's national parks are increasingly becoming popular tourist destinations. The revenue generated from tourism, including entrance fees, accommodations, and other services, helps support park management and local economies. Yankari National Park is a prime example of a park that generates substantial revenue from ecotourism.
* Employment opportunities: The tourism industry linked to national parks provides direct and indirect employment opportunities for local communities, including tour guides, hospitality staff, and artisans. This economic activity helps reduce poverty and supports sustainable development in the vicinity of the parks.
* Research and education: National parks also attract researchers, environmental scientists, and educators. Their presence generates research funding and educational opportunities that contribute to the nation's knowledge base, fostering innovation and academic development.