# Nouveau roman

The Nouveau Roman (French pronunciation:, "new novel") is a type of 1950s French novel that diverged from classical literary genres. Émile Henriot coined the term in an article in the popular French newspaper Le Monde on May 22, 1957 to describe certain writers who experimented with style in each novel, creating an essentially new style each time. Most of the founding authors were published by Les Éditions de Minuit with the strong support of Jérôme Lindon.

## Overview

Alain Robbe-Grillet, an influential theorist as well as writer of the Nouveau Roman, published a series of essays on the nature and future of the novel which were later collected in Pour un Nouveau Roman. Rejecting many of the established features of the novel to date, Robbe-Grillet regarded many earlier novelists as old-fashioned in their focus on plot, action, narrative, ideas, and character. Instead, he put forward a theory of the novel as focused on objects: the ideal nouveau roman would be an individual version and vision of things, subordinating plot and character to the details of the world rather than enlisting the world in their service.
A group of writers dubbed Nouveaux Romanciers, "new novelists", appeared in the mid-1950s: Alain Robbe-Grillet, Claude Simon, Nathalie Sarraute, Michel Butor and Robert Pinget. The style had different approaches but generally rejected the traditional use of chronology, plot and character in fiction, as well as the omniscient narrator. The Nouveau Roman authors were open to influences from writers such as William Faulkner and the cinema. Both Robbe-Grillet and Marguerite Duras, whose 1958 novel Moderato cantabile was in the style of the Nouveau roman, also contributed to the French New Wave style of filmmaking.
Alain Robbe-Grillet became an elected member of the Académie française on 25 March 2004, succeeding Maurice Rheims at seat No. 32. Claude Simon, the 1985 Nobel laureate in Literature, is often identified with the nouveau roman movement.
The nouveau roman literary movement and the novels themselves were mainly theorized by Jean Ricardou, who, in addition to his well-known theoretical works – Problèmes du Nouveau Roman (1967), Pour une théorie du Nouveau Roman (1971), Le Nouveau Roman (1973), Nouveaux problèmes du roman (1978) – also published several nouveaux romans himself: L’Observatoire de Cannes (1961), La Prise de Constantinople (1965, Feneon prize for literature in 1966), Les Lieux-dits, petit guide d’un voyage dans le livre (1969). Besides his own writing, he organized, directed and published the acts of several conferences on the nouveau roman, including the famous 1971 conference and debate at Cerisy, published in two volumes: Nouveau roman : hier, aujourd’hui, indispensable for an understanding of the history of that important period of French literature. Just before his death in 2016, he was working on a book of interviews with Amir Biglari, in which he provides a complete, precise and objective account of the nouveau roman movement.

## Authors in the style of the Nouveau Roman

The following is based on the list from Les nouveaux romanciers : étude critique.

### Central figures in the 1950s

* Samuel Beckett
* Maurice Blanchot
* Michel Butor
* Jean Cayrol
* Marguerite Duras
* Louis-René des Forêts
* Claude Mauriac
* Claude Ollier
* Robert Pinget
* Alain Robbe-Grillet
* Nathalie Sarraute
* Claude Simon

### Parallel and later figures (1960s)

* Tony Duvert
* Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio (until the late 1970s)
* Georges Perec
* Jean Ricardou
* Philippe Sollers
* Monique Wittig

### Outside of France

Other writers sometimes seen as influenced by the style of the Nouveau Roman are:
* Gérard Bessette (Canadian)
* Christine Brooke-Rose (British)
* Italo Calvino (Italian)
* Julio Cortázar (Argentinian)
* Jacques Godbout (Canadian)
* B. S. Johnson (British)

## The Nouveau Roman and the Left Bank

The Nouveau Roman style also left its mark on the screen as writers Marguerite Duras and Alain Robbe-Grillet became involved with the Left Bank film movement (often labelled as part of the French New Wave). Their collaboration with director Alain Resnais resulted in critical successes such as Hiroshima mon amour (1958) and Last Year at Marienbad (1961). They would later go on to direct their own films. Influenced by these films, French courses in North America during the 1960s and 1970s often included works by Nouveau Roman authors such as Alain Robbe-Grillet's La Jalousie (1957), Michel Butor's La Modification (1957), Nathalie Sarraute's Le Planetarium (1957) and Marguerite Duras' Moderato Cantabile (1958).

## The Nouveau Roman in Quebec, Canada

The Nouveau Roman influenced French-language writers in Quebec such as Jacques Godbout and Gérard Bessette. The Canadian-born French writer Nancy Huston declared that she began writing in direct reaction to the stark style of the Nouveau Roman in Nord Perdu (1999).