# Haplogroup O-M268

Haplogroup O-M268 (former name) is a Y-DNA that descends from O1 (O-F265), however, it is now referred to as O1b.

## Origin

The authors of a study published in 2011 have suggested China as being the early birthplace of O1b.
Other studies suggest a complex origin that is inconclusive because of rising seawater to the east of China (which may have been walkable land mass).
Despite such studies, descendants of O1b suggest two primary migration paths from Southeast China:
* Korea & Japan
* Southeast Asia
This suggestion aims to draw an intersection to support the theory of both migration paths being in opposite spectrums geographically in East Asia.
There has also been recent suggestions that Korea plays a major role in the origin of O1b.

## Distribution

O1b is distributed with varying frequencies among these populations:
* Japanese
* Koreans
* Chinese
* Southeast Asians
As of right now, it is inconclusive as to what frequency pertains to each population due to lack of accurate data.
Specific descendants (subclades) of O1b can be found at YFULL and ISOGG.
The two primary descendants are:
* O1b1
* O1b2

## Phylogenetics
### Phylogenetic History

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.
| YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand) | (α) | (β) | (γ) | (δ) | (ε) | (ζ) | (η) | YCC 2002 (Longhand) | YCC 2005 (Longhand) | YCC 2008 (Longhand) | YCC 2010r (Longhand) | ISOGG 2006 | ISOGG 2007 | ISOGG 2008 | ISOGG 2009 | ISOGG 2010 | ISOGG 2011 | ISOGG 2012 |
| O-M175 | 26 | VII | 1U | 28 | Eu16 | H9 | I | O* | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O | O |
| O-M119 | 26 | VII | 1U | 32 | Eu16 | H9 | H | O1* | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a | O1a |
| O-M101 | 26 | VII | 1U | 32 | Eu16 | H9 | H | O1a | O1a1 | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1 | O1a1 | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a | O1a1a |
| O-M50 | 26 | VII | 1U | 32 | Eu16 | H10 | H | O1b | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 | O1a2 |
| O-P31 | 26 | VII | 1U | 33 | Eu16 | H5 | I | O2* | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 | O2 |
| O-M95 | 26 | VII | 1U | 34 | Eu16 | H11 | G | O2a* | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a | O2a1 | O2a1 |
| O-M88 | 26 | VII | 1U | 34 | Eu16 | H12 | G | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1 | O2a1a | O2a1a |
| O-SRY465 | 20 | VII | 1U | 35 | Eu16 | H5 | I | O2b* | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b | O2b |
| O-47z | 5 | VII | 1U | 26 | Eu16 | H5 | I | O2b1 | O2b1a | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1a | O2b1a | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1 | O2b1 |
| O-M122 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3* | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 | O3 |
| O-M121 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3a | O3a | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1 | O3a1a | O3a1a |
| O-M164 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3b | O3b | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a2 | O3a1b | O3a1b |
| O-M159 | 13 | VII | 1U | 31 | Eu16 | H6 | L | O3c | O3c | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3 | O3a3 | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3a | O3a3a |
| O-M7 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H7 | L | O3d* | O3c | O3a3b | O3a3b | O3a4 | O3a4 | O3a3b | O3a3b | O3a3b | O3a2b | O3a2b |
| O-M113 | 26 | VII | 1U | 29 | Eu16 | H7 | L | O3d1 | O3c1 | O3a3b1 | O3a3b1 | - | O3a4a | O3a3b1 | O3a3b1 | O3a3b1 | O3a2b1 | O3a2b1 |
| O-M134 | 26 | VII | 1U | 30 | Eu16 | H8 | L | O3e* | O3d | O3a3c | O3a3c | O3a5 | O3a5 | O3a3c | O3a3c | O3a3c | O3a2c1 | O3a2c1 |
| O-M117 | 26 | VII | 1U | 30 | Eu16 | H8 | L | O3e1* | O3d1 | O3a3c1 | O3a3c1 | O3a5a | O3a5a | O3a3c1 | O3a3c1 | O3a3c1 | O3a2c1a | O3a2c1a |
| O-M162 | 26 | VII | 1U | 30 | Eu16 | H8 | L | O3e1a | O3d1a | O3a3c1a | O3a3c1a | O3a5a1 | O3a5a1 | O3a3c1a | O3a3c1a | O3a3c1a | O3a2c1a1 | O3a2c1a1 |

#### Original Research Publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree.
* α Jobling and Tyler-Smith 2000 and Kaladjieva 2001
* β Underhill 2000
* γ Hammer 2001
* δ Karafet 2001
* ε Semino 2000
* ζ Su 1999
* η Capelli 2001

### Phylogenetic Trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup O subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree (Karafet 2008) and subsequent published research.
* O-P31 (P31, M268)
** O-K18
*** O-CTS4040 Mainly found in Han Chinese and occasionally found in Chinese (Dai), Manchu, Thailand (Phuan, Tai Yuan, Thai), Vietnam, the Philippines, West Kalimantan, Qatar, Hazara, Japan, Korea
**** O-MF56251 Found in Thailand (Central Thai, Tai Yuan, Phuan), Vietnam (Nùng, Tày), and southern China (Yao, Zhuang, and Han in Guangxi, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Sichuan, and Jiangsu)
**** O-Page59
***** O-CTS9996 Found in approximately 0.37% of all males in present-day China
***** O-Z24309
****** O-F417
******* O-CTS1451 Found in approximately 0.15% of all males in present-day China
******* O-F840 Found in approximately 0.41% of all males in present-day China
****** O-F4070 Found in approximately 2.20% of all males in present-day China
******* O-MF106398
******* O-F993
******** O-MF107014
******** O-MF61620
******** O-F1759
********* O-MF106881
********* O-CTS4936
********** O-F3346
*********** O-MF17816
*********** O-F2064
************ O-F3314
************* O-Z24380
************** O-F3323 Found in approximately 1.99% of all males in present-day China, with especially dense distribution in Taiwan, Shandong, Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Jiangsu
*** O-PK4
**** O-F838 Found in Han Chinese and in a specimen from medieval South Kazakhstan ascribed to the Turks; probably also present in Thailand (Kaleun, Phuan, Thai), Hanoi, Ambon, Ayeyarwady Region, and Xinlong County
**** O-M95 (M95)
***** O-CTS350
****** O-CTS350* Found in Japan
****** O-CTS10007 Found in Han Chinese in Hunan
***** O-M1310
****** O-F1252
******* O-SK1630/F5504 China (Shaanxi), Russia (Ryazan Oblast)
******** O-SK1636
******* O-F2924
******** O-CTS5854 Found in China (Han, Dai), Laos, Thailand, Japan, and the Philippines
******** O-M88 (M88, M111) Found in Vietnam, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, China (Dai, Buyi, Zhuang, Li, Shui, She, Miao, Yao, De'ang, Bulang, Qiang, Tujia, Lisu, Achang, Nu, Lahu, Jinuo, Hani, Yi, Bai, Han), Taiwan (Han, Bunun, Yami), Java, Borneo, Malaysia, the Philippines
****** O-F789/M1283 Found in China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Singapore (Malay), Indonesia, Laos, Thailand, Myanmar, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and India
** O-P49 (M176, SRY465, P49, 022454) Japan, South Korea, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, Micronesia
*** O-P49*(xPage92) Japan, South Korea
*** O-Page92
**** O-Page90 Japan (Hiroshima), Jilin
**** O-CTS9259
***** O-CTS562 Beijing (Han), South Korea, Japan (Fukushima)
***** O-K10/F1204
****** O-K10* Japan (Tokyo)
****** O-CTS10687 Japan, Mongolia
****** O-K7/CTS11723/47z Found in approximately 24% of Japanese males and with lower frequency in Korea and China
******* O-BY130355 Sichuan
******* O-K2/CTS713
******** O-K2* Japan (Tokyo, Aomori), South Korea
******** O-CTS203 Japan (Tokyo, Miyagi), Henan
******** O-K14
********* O-K14* Shanxi
********* O-M776 Japan (Tokyo)
********* O-Z24594
********** O-Z24594* South Korea
********** O-CTS56 Japan (Tokyo, Kumamoto)
******** O-Y178266 Japan (Tokyo), Beijing
******** O-Z24599
********* O-Z24599* Japan (Tokyo, Yamaguchi)
********* O-K473 Japan (Tokyo)
********* O-Y181118 South Korea (Busan), Hebei
****** O-K4
******* O-K3/F940 Hunan (Han), Jiangxi, Henan (Han)
******** O-F940* Hunan, Jiangxi
******** O-K481 Hunan (Han)
******* O-L682 Found in approximately 19% of South Korean males and with lower frequency in Japan and China
******** O-L682* Shanxi
******** O-K485
********* O-K485* Japan (Tokyo)
********* O-CTS723
********** O-CTS723* South Korea
********** O-A23652
*********** O-A23652* Japanese
*********** O-A23653
************ O-A23653* Japanese, South Korea
************ O-A23658
************* O-A23658* South Korea
************* O-Y165475 South Korea
********** O-Y24057
*********** O-Y24057* Shandong
*********** O-A12448
************ O-A12448* South Korea (incl. Daegu)
************ O-PH40 Beijing (Han), Shandong, South Korea, Japan
*********** O-MF14220 South Korea
*********** O-Y26376/CTS7620 Japan, South Korea
************ O-MF14346 South Korea
************ O-Y26377
************* O-Y26377* Japan (Okayama), Hezhen
************* O-CTS1175 Japan (Kochi, Tokyo)