OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# A. C. Gilbert Company

The A. C. Gilbert Company was an American toy company, once one of the largest in the world. Gilbert originated the Erector Set, which is a construction toy similar to Meccano in the rest of the world, and made chemistry sets, microscope kits, and a line of inexpensive reflector telescopes. In 1938, Gilbert purchased the American Flyer, a manufacturer of toy trains. The Gilbert Company struggled after the death of its founder in 1961 and went out of business in 1967. Its trademarks and toy lines were sold to other companies.

## History

First known as the Mysto Manufacturing Company, the company was founded in 1909 in Westville, Connecticut, by Alfred Carlton Gilbert, a magician, and his friend John Petrie, to provide supplies for magic shows. Their "Mysto Magic" magician's sets were marketed from the 1910s until the 1950s. The sets contained a variety of objects including interlocking rings, playing cards, and a magic wand.
In 1911, Gilbert invented the Erector construction toy concept, inspired by railroad girders used by the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad in its mainline electrification project. Gilbert and his wife Mary developed cardboard prototypes to get the right sizes, openings, and angles to create a robust buildable girder pattern. The Erector set was introduced in 1911, as the Mysto Erector Structural Steel Builder, at the New York City Toy Fair.
In 1916, the name of the company was changed from the Mysto Manufacturing Company to the A. C. Gilbert Company.
In 1920, the company began selling regenerative vacuum tube radio receivers designed by the C. D. Tuska Company, and the following year, in order to increase interest in radio, began operating station WCJ, which was the first broadcasting station licensed in the state of Connecticut. However, the receiver sales were ended after the Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company threatened legal action, on the grounds that Tuska's patent rights did not extend to other companies, and WCJ was shut down in late 1922.
Beginning in 1922, A. C. Gilbert made chemistry sets in various sizes. The instruction manuals were co-edited by a Sterling Professor at Yale university and one of his graduate students.
Between 1946 and 1966, the company manufactured toy trains called the American Flyer.
In the 1950s, sets for other budding scientists included those to investigate radioactivity using the Gilbert U-238 Atomic Energy Laboratory, a kit featuring a Geiger counter and radioactive samples. In 1951 production of the toy ended due to government restrictions. And in 2006, it was named one of the "10 most dangerous toys of all time" due to radiation exposure.
A line of inexpensive reflector telescopes followed the Sputnik-inspired science craze in the late 1950s. In 1958, the company promoted its science toys by commissioning a comic book, Adventures in Science, from Custom Comics. In the comic, a mysterious "Mr. Science" leaps through time and space with a bored teenage boy to interest him in science.
In 1965, A. C. Gilbert produced James Bond movie tie-in figures and a slot car road race set featuring Bond's Aston Martin DB5.
# Guildhall Art Gallery

The Guildhall Art Gallery houses the art collection of the City of London, England. The museum is located in the Moorgate area of the City of London. It is a stone building in a semi-Gothic style intended to be sympathetic to the historic Guildhall, which is adjacent and to which it is connected internally.

## History

The City of London Corporation had commissioned and collected portraits since 1670, originally to hang in the Guildhall. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Corporation's art collections grew through gifts and bequests to include history paintings and other genres of art.
The first purpose-built gallery for displaying the collection was completed in 1885 (140 years ago) (1885). This building was destroyed in The Blitz in 1941, resulting in the loss of 164 paintings, drawings, watercolours, and prints, and 20 sculptures. It was not until 1985 that the City of London Corporation decided to redevelop the site and build a new gallery. The building was designed in a postmodern style by the British architect Richard Gilbert Scott. The new facility, which was intended to house a collection of about 4,000 items, was completed in 1999 (26 years ago) (1999).
The centrepiece of the collection, John Singleton Copley's huge painting depicting The Defeat of the Floating Batteries at Gibraltar, was placed in a prominent position in the entrance hall of the gallery.
Vivien Knight was head of the Gallery, from 1983 until her death in 2009.

## Amphitheatre

The Guildhall complex was built on the site of London's Roman amphitheatre, and some of the remains of this are displayed in situ in a room in the basement of the art gallery.

## Gallery

* Winter Landscape with a Frozen River and Figures by Hendrick Avercamp, c.1620
* Boy with a Glass and a Lute by Frans Hals, 1626
* Cityscape with a Church and a Square by Jan van der Heyden, c.1669
* Panoramic View of Haarlem by Jacob van Ruisdael, 1670
* Blackfriars Bridge and St Paul's Cathedral by William Marlow, c.1762
* Portrait of Thomas Tomkins by Joshua Reynolds, 1789
* The Defeat of the Floating Batteries at Gibraltar, September 1782 by John Singleton Copley, 1791
* John Philip Kemble as Coriolanus by Thomas Lawrence, 1798
* Barmouth Sands by William Collins, 1835
* Queen Victoria Enthroned in the House of Lords by George Hayter, 1838
* Keats Listening to a Nightingale on Hampstead Heath by Joseph Severn, 1845
* On the Road from Waterloo to Paris by Marcus Stone, 1863
* My First Sermon by John Everett Millais, 1863
* Sanctuary by Richard Burchett, 1867
* The Last Evening by James Tissot, 1873
* Too Early by James Tissot, 1873
* La Ghirlandata by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, 1873
* Margaret of Anjou Being Taken Prisoner After the Battle of Tewkesbury by John Gilbert, 1875
* The Music Lesson by Frederic Leighton, 1877
* Clytemnestra by John Collier, 1882
* The Violinist by George Adolphus Storey, 1886
* The Ninth of November, 1888 by William Logsdail, 1890
* The Betrothed by John William Godward, 1892
* On a Fine Day by Elizabeth Forbes, 1903
# Lacuna (music)

In music, a lacuna is an intentional, extended passage in a musical work during which no notes are played. A lacuna acts as "negative music" to induce a state of serenity (or tension) in the listener through its contrast to "normal" music consisting of sounded notes. Though no notes are sounded during a lacuna, it is a purposeful musical passage used for a specific effect in the context of the overall work. Lacunae may be of any duration, as indicated by the composer.
Contrast this to a musical rest, which is of much shorter duration and a normal part of musical performance that serves to create rhythm and movement between notes. In general, rests do not call attention to themselves in the perception of the listener, whereas lacunae actively force the listener to experience silence as part of the overall performance.
In popular music, hidden tracks are often preceded by a lacuna. Radiohead's "Motion Picture Soundtrack", the last track on the album Kid A has an extended period of silence (the silence is nearly two minutes long) to augment the theme of the album, but is not precursor to a hidden track. Similarly, Boards of Canada's Geogaddi features a lacuna in its closing track, "Magic Window." It features almost two minutes of pure silence.
Some traditional Japanese music incorporates lacunae, the auditory equivalent of negative space, a visual aesthetic element particularly appreciated in Japanese culture.
# Power push-over

Power push-over (buntover) is the action of a gyroplane in which the aircraft experiences an uncommanded pitching motion forward by adding power.
It can be observed on gyroplanes which have a thrust line above the center of gravity and lack an adequate horizontal stabilizer. By increasing power the force of the propeller (thrust) induces a torque around lateral axis through the center of mass of the gyroplane. Designs having no horizontal stabiliser, or those having horizontal stabilisers not correctly positioned in the slipstream of the propeller, or of simply insufficient area will be unable to counter the forward pitching moment.
The danger from this action actually emanates from rapidly unloading the rotor. In gyroplanes, the rotor system is dependent on the relative wind direction and speed in order to autorotate at the desired rpm range and deliver lift and control. Unloading the rotor leads to rapid decay of rotor rpm, which invariably leads to loss of lateral and, in cases of no horizontal stabiliser, also longitudinal control, making a power push-over unrecoverable.
An unloading of the rotor can also be caused by pilot-induced oscillations.
# Charles E. Mitchell

Charles Edwin Mitchell (October 6, 1877 – December 14, 1955) was an American banker whose incautious securities policies facilitated the speculation which led to the Crash of 1929. First National City Bank's (now Citibank) controversial activities under his leadership were a major contributing factor in the passage of the Glass-Steagall Act.

## Early life and education

Mitchell was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts to a Jewish family, where his father, George Edwin Mitchell, worked for a produce dealer and served as mayor from 1887 until 1888. Mitchell graduated from Amherst College in 1899, after which he got a job with the Western Electric Company in Chicago.

## Career

In 1903, he became assistant to its president. After three years, he left the firm and moved to New York City, where he became assistant to the president of The Trust Company of America. Between 1911 and 1916, he ran his own investment house, C. E. Mitchell & Company. In 1916, he became vice-president of National City Company, which he reorganized into a private investment banking firm. Shortly after, he relocated to Tuxedo Park, New York.
Nicknamed "Sunshine Charley", Mitchell was elected president of National City Bank (now Citibank) in 1921 and, in 1929, was appointed chairman. Also in 1921, he was elected president of National City Company, which became the largest security-issuing entity in the world. Under his leadership, the bank expanded rapidly and, by 1930, had 100 branches in 23 countries outside the United States. His salesmen sold millions of shares in the bank totaling $650 million, much of which would be lost in the Crash of 1929. Indeed, while the Federal Reserve Bank was attempting to curb speculation earlier in 1929, Mitchell floated a $25 million advance to traders.

## Arrest and acquittal

Mitchell remained chairman until 1933, when he was arrested and indicted for tax evasion by then Assistant U.S. Attorney Thomas E. Dewey. Charges were brought following testimony by Mitchell in which he openly stated that he had sold his stake in National City Bank to avoid paying taxes. Defended by attorney Max Steuer, he was found not guilty of all criminal charges, but the government won a million-dollar civil settlement against him. In 1933, the U.S. Senate's Pecora Commission investigated Mitchell as its first witness for his part in tens of millions of dollars in losses, excessive pay, and tax avoidance. In November 1929, U.S. Senator Carter Glass said, "Mitchell more than any 50 men is responsible for this stock crash."
Mitchell's townhouse on Fifth Avenue, built for him by Walker & Gillette in 1926, with a rusticated facade in the manner of a 16th-century Roman palazzo, now houses the Consulate General of France, New York City.
# Yaaqov Medan

Yaaqov Medan (spelled Yaakov or Ya'acov) (Hebrew: יעקב מדן) (born 1950) is an Israeli Orthodox rabbi, co-Rosh yeshiva of Yeshivat Har Etzion, a respected leader in the Religious-Zionist community, and a lecturer in Tanakh, Gemara, and Jewish philosophy.

## Biography

Yaaqov Medan was a member of the first class at Yeshivat Har Etzion, and has lived in Gush Etzion since 1968.
He served in the Airborne Nahal Infantry unit during his Hesder army service. During the Yom Kippur War, he fought in the Golan Heights as a liaison officer in the Yiftach Brigade.
Medan holds a B.Ed degree from Michlalah Jerusalem College, and an MA degree from Touro College. In May 2023 he received an Honorary Doctorate from Bar Ilan University.

## Rabbinic career

Together with Rabbi Baruch Gigi, Rabbi Medan joined Rabbi Yehuda Amital and Rabbi Aharon Lichtenstein as a Rosh Yeshiva on January 4, 2006.
An exemplar of the "Tanach at Eye Level" method, his Biblical analysis does not shy away from nuanced analysis of the patriarchs and other Biblical figures in innovative commentaries on Tanakh, which combine lucid textual analysis with intimate knowledge of geographical and historical realia, and of a vast body of Jewish tradition. He has published book-length studies on Daniel, Ruth, and the Batsheva story. A much wider variety of lectures which he has given at Yeshivat Har Etzion have not yet been published in written form.
He was a partner in drafting the Gavison-Medan Covenant, a proposed constitution for the State of Israel which is intended to benefit Israel's religious and secular communities simultaneously (despite their disagreement on a number of issues).

## Publications

* The Gavison-Medan covenant : main points and principles.
* I am Kohelet : a chorus of voices / Yoel Bin-Nun and Yaakov Medan.
* David and Bathsheba.
* Tikvah mi-ma'amakim : 'iyunim bi-megilat Rut.
* Daniel - exile and revelation.
* Hamikraot hamithadshim : Studies in Nevìim and Ketuvim.
* Job - Between Darkness and Light.
# 1932–33 Hong Kong First Division League

The 1932–33 Hong Kong First Division League season was the 25th since its establishment.

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| 1 | South China (C) | 20 | 15 | 1 | 4 | 60 | 20 | +40 | 31 |
| 2 | South Wales Borderers | 20 | 14 | 2 | 4 | 62 | 25 | +37 | 30 |
| 3 | Royal Garrison Artillery | 20 | 15 | 0 | 5 | 60 | 30 | +30 | 30 |
| 4 | Lincolnshire Regiment | 20 | 10 | 4 | 6 | 52 | 32 | +20 | 24 |
| 5 | Royal Navy | 20 | 9 | 2 | 9 | 46 | 41 | +5 | 20 |
| 6 | Chinese Athletic Association | 20 | 9 | 3 | 8 | 51 | 47 | +4 | 21 |
| 7 | HKFC | 20 | 8 | 2 | 10 | 24 | 54 | −30 | 18 |
| 8 | St. Joseph's | 20 | 8 | 1 | 11 | 30 | 41 | −11 | 17 |
| 9 | Police | 20 | 7 | 0 | 13 | 28 | 35 | −7 | 14 |
| 10 | Kowloon FC | 20 | 5 | 1 | 14 | 32 | 42 | −10 | 11 |
| 11 | Club de Recreio | 20 | 2 | 0 | 18 | 22 | 100 | −78 | 4 |
# The Queen's Musketeers

Les Mousquetaires de la reine, sold in the United States as The Queen's Musketeers and in Britain as The Musketeers of the Queen, was a 1903 French silent trick film by Georges Méliès.
The film was likely derived from Alexandre Dumas's novel The Three Musketeers, and is an early example of costume drama in French cinema. Méliès appeared in the film; a production still survives at the Cinémathèque Française that shows him at the far left.
The film was sold by Méliès's Star Film Company and is numbered 460–461 in its catalogues. It is currently presumed lost.
# Duporth

Duporth (also Duporth Holiday Village) was situated on Porthpean Road, just outside St Austell in south Cornwall, England, UK. For over 50 years, it was a holiday resort, until its closure in 2006. The site has now been sold to private developers and now contains new houses in the traditional Cornish cottage style.

## History

Duporth Holiday Village was built on the site of the old Duporth estate and manor which was owned by Charles Rashleigh, who developed Charlestown. The site was sold in 1933 to Seaside Holiday Camps Ltd and the camp opened by the Whitsun of 1934.
During the second world war the camp was requisitioned by the War Office and the Indian Army and American Army were stationed there. After the war it returned to being a holiday camp. Butlins bought the camp in 1972 and it opened as one of their Smaller Freshfields sites.
In 1985, The Rank Group owner of Butlins at that time, also bought Haven Holidays and certain sites including Duporth rebranded to the sister company (There is some anecdotal evidence that in the early 1980s Duporth was branded under another sister company's name, Warner Holiday Camps. The Manor was demolished in 1989 after it became uneconomical to repair. Duporth was owned by Haven Holidays until 1999, then sold several times into private ownership. The capacity of the park was around 1200, with a combination of chalets and caravans, and self-catering and half board holidays.

## Geography

The Duporth site lies midway between the fishing port of Charlestown and Porthpean, approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) from St Austell town centre. The entrance into the park was just near a crossroads on Porthpean Road: one direction coming from St Austell and going to Porthpean, one road going to the small village of Tregorrick and the other going to Charlestown. The village of Duporth is accessed from Charlestown Road next to the caravan entrance into Duporth Holiday Village. Houses in Duporth itself have views across St Austell Bay.
The port of Fowey is just around the corner (to the east) from St Austell Bay and ships can often be seen making their way in and out of the harbour, and with tall ships regularly travelling in and out of the small harbour at Charlestown it is not unusual to see dolphins following them in.

### Two Coves

Two Coves is the name given to the new residential development at Duporth. It comprises two, three, four and five bedroom houses and apartments in the traditional Cornish style. Estate access is being maintained to Duporth beach via a lockable gate with security coding. However, there is also direct public access from the South West Coast Path. Both from Charlestown to the north and Porthpean in the south; many steps are involved in either direction. Residents on the Duporth Bay residential development now also have their own private (gated) footpath access via numerous steps to the northern beach end. This affords pedestrian access to Charlestown (over boulders) but only safely around low tide times.
# Lichfield rail crash

The Lichfield rail crash was a rail crash which occurred on New Year's Day 1946 at Lichfield Trent Valley station in Staffordshire, England. 20 people were killed in the accident, caused when a points failure routed a goods train into the back of a stationary passenger train waiting at the station.

## The crash

At Lichfield Trent Valley station there were four tracks running through the station: two fast through lines in each direction with loops on each side for trains stopping at the station.
The crash occurred at 18:58, and involved the 14:50 fish train from Fleetwood to London Broad Street. This train consisted of seven four-wheel fish vans and a brake van hauled by a Stanier Class 5 4-6-0 No. 5495. It was travelling at around 35 mph when it passed into the station, and was scheduled to run through on the fast up line. However at the north end of the station, the points had become stuck in the position used by the preceding train – a Stafford to Nuneaton local passenger train, which had left the main line for the platform loop in order to stop at the station and was still waiting there for the goods train to pass. The goods train was diverted onto the platform loop where it collided with the rear end of the local passenger train. The passenger train consisted of four old wooden-bodied coaches; the force of the impact demolished the rear three coaches, and hurled the engine (LNWR Prince of Wales Class 4-6-0 number 25802) forwards 100 yards.

### Casualties

20 passengers on the passenger train lost their lives – 13 in the collision and the remainder either in hospital or on the way there. Another 21 were injured, some seriously, including a porter on the platform who was injured by flying debris. The crew of the passenger train were unhurt, however the crew of the goods train suffered bruises and minor injuries, and the driver had to be treated for severe shock.

## Cause

The points failure was caused by the extremely cold weather that day freezing the point mechanisms. When the signalman had accepted the fish train from the previous signalbox to the North, he needed to swing the facing points (that allowed entry into the Up Platform Loop from the Up line) from reverse to normal. Unbeknown to him, the points had frozen in reverse position. However, he was able to push the lever back into the frame and engage the point lock and thus clear the signal. He was able to do this because the point rods had become bent, allowing sufficient play for the lever to be pushed fully into the normal position, but actually leaving the points in reverse. This accident is one of the very rare occasions where mechanical interlocking has failed to work correctly.

## In popular culture

This event, alongside the Abbots Ripton rail accident, is the basis for the story The Flying Kipper in the Railway Series by Rev. W. Awdry.

## Sources

* Ministry of Transport official report
# Catherine the Great (1920 film)

Catherine the Great (German: Katharina die Große) is a 1920 German silent historical film directed by Reinhold Schünzel and starring Lucie Höflich, Fritz Kortner, and Fritz Delius. The film was an epic portrayal of the life of Catherine the Great of Russia. 4,000 extras and 500 horses were used.

## Cast

* Lucie Höflich as Catherine the Great
* Fritz Kortner as Potemkin
* Fritz Delius as Gregori Orlov
* Reinhold Schünzel as Tsar Peter
* Paul Hartmann as Alexander Manonov
* Gustav Botz as Alexei Bestuzhev
* Gertrud de Lalsky as Elisabeth
* Mechthildis Thein as Princess Vorontsova
* Leonhard Haskel as Bressan
* Karl Platen as Field Marshall Schwerin
* Hugo Flink as Saltykov
* Ilka Grüning
* Albert Steinrück
* Fritz Junkermann
* Hans Behrendt
* Agna Bergen
* Lo Bergner
* Else Brandus
* Hanne Brinkmann
* Alexander Ekert
* Käthe Ellerbock
* Reinhold François
* Lotte Gühne
* Ellinor Hansen
* Loo Hardy
* Nella Retslag
* Suse Stollberg
* Hedwig Strasser
* Ferdinand von Alten
* Cara von Joe
* Ilse Wilke
# S. Karpen & Bros.

S. Karpen & Bros. was a Chicago-based furniture manufacturing firm that specialized in upholstered furniture that operated from 1880 until 1951.

## History

The firm was established in 1880 under the leadership of Solomon Karpen. Samuel's eight brothers also participated in the firm. One brother, Michael Karpen, established a West Coast branch of the firm, "S. Karpen Brothers of California," in Huntington Park, California, in 1932.
In 1913, the firm backed Lawrence V. Redman in the establishment of the Redmanol Chemical Products Company. When the Redmanol company was absorbed into the Bakelite Corporation they retained an interest in the new company.
The company closed in 1951.