OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Moret Law

The Moret Law was a form of freedom of wombs, which was implemented by Spain in Cuba and Puerto Rico, and named after Segismundo Moret who was Spain's Minister of Overseas Territories at the time. This law implemented the abolition of slavery incrementally in Spain's Caribbean colonies. It drew from older Later American manumission traditions such as the way favorite slaves have been previously liberated under certain conditions.

## History

Latin America was one of the last holdouts of slavery in the Americas but after the United States Civil War in 1865, international pressure forced Spain to end slavery. Slavery was never formally abolished in Spain itself, but had gradually declined into insignificance there by the early-mid nineteenth century. The Moret Law was approved in Spain on July 4, 1870 for application in Cuba and later Puerto Rico, with other colonies following. This development was mainly attributed to the efforts of Moret, Roman Baldorioty de Castro, Luis Padial, and Julio Vizcarrondo. Spain also passed the law with the desire to preempt the independence movement in the colonies.
The law granted freedom to children born to enslaved mothers after September 18, 1868, a date chosen to honor of the liberal revolution that swept Spain in 1869. The Moret Law was made to not only grant a free womb for enslaved women, but it was also made to ensure that children were not separated from their mothers if they were under 14 years old. The women use the Moret Law for their benefits and to help influence other enslaved women in the neighborhoods where they reside. It also freed slaves who served in the Spanish army (particularly those who fought in the Ten Years' War in Cuba), slaves over 60 years old (along with slaves who turned 60 thereafter), and slaves who were owned by the Spanish government. The Spanish government compensated slave owners 125 pesetas for each slave emancipated under the Moret Law. Slavery was abolished for Puerto Rico (but not for Cuba) in 1873 and finally, without exceptions, in 1886.
# Geraint Bowen (musician)

Geraint Bowen (born in London, 11 January 1963) is a British conductor and organist. He is Organist and Director of Music at Hereford Cathedral.

## Early life and education

Bowen is a son of the Welsh tenor Kenneth Bowen (1932–2018) and the brother of the arts administrator Meurig Bowen.
As a boy, Bowen was a chorister at St John-at-Hampstead Church in London, under the direction of Martindale Sidwell. He graduated from Jesus College, Cambridge, where he was organ scholar from 1982 to 1985 and from where he started his conducting career and recorded an LP of early music with the Choir of Jesus College.

## Career

In 1986 Bowen was appointed assistant organist at St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. While in Dublin he took the external MusB degree at Trinity College.
In 1989 Bowen was appointed Assistant Organist at Hereford Cathedral.
In 1995 Bowen was appointed organist and Master of the Choristers at St Davids Cathedral in Wales, and artistic director of the St Davids Cathedral Festival. While at St Davids, he oversaw the re-building of the cathedral's Father Willis organ by Harrison & Harrison, a major project which was completed in 2000.
Bowen was appointed Organist and Director of Music of Hereford Cathedral in 2001. He is also conductor of the Hereford Choral Society and artistic director of the Hereford Three Choirs Festival.
With the choirs of St Davids Cathedral and Hereford Cathedral he has toured the US and Australia; he has also directed choral workshops and courses in the US, including three for the Royal School of Church Music. With the Hereford choir, he recorded a CD of Anthems, Motets & Services by William Byrd and directed what was probably the cathedral's first performance of John Browne's Stabat mater.

## Discography

* Aeternae Laudis Lilium (Abbey, 1985) − conducting the Choir of Jesus College, Cambridge
* Psalms of David Vol. 1 Hear My Prayer O Lord (Priory, 1989) − organist accompanying the Choir of Hereford Cathedral
* Howells From Hereford (Regent, 2009) - conducting the Choir of Hereford Cathedral
* William Byrd: Anthems, Motets & Services (Griffin, 2010) - conducting the Choir of Hereford Cathedral
* Christmas From Hereford (Regent, 2012) - conducting the Choir of Hereford Cathedral
* Easter Day at Hereford (Regent, 2016) - conducting the Choir of Hereford Cathedral
# E. T. Cook

Edgar Thomas Cook CBE D.Mus. (Cantuar) FRCO FRCM (18 March 1880 – 5 March 1953) was an English organist and composer.

## Biography

Edgar Cook was born in Worcester, England. He was sent to the Royal Grammar School Worcester and began his career as a church organist in 1898. In 1904 he became assistant organist of Worcester Cathedral under Sir Ivor Atkins. He won an Organ Scholarship to The Queen's College, Oxford where he studied music and obtained his MMus. In 1909 he became organist of Southwark Cathedral in which position he remained until his death in 1953. He was the cathedral's first organist.
He was one of the first organists to broadcast on radio and he became famous for his lunchtime concerts broadcast on the BBC in the 1930s and 1940s. He was awarded the prestigious Lambeth degree of DMus (Cantuar) by the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1936 and was created Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1949. He composed choral and organ works including an Evening Service in G. Amongst other honours he was a Fellow of the Royal College of Organists, becoming vice-president, and Professor of Music and Fellow of the Royal College of Music.
He died in 1953 shortly before the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II for which he was preparing his choristers.
# David Gwerfyl Davies

David Gwerfyl Davies (1 February 1913 – 1977) was a Welsh organist and composer.

## Background

He was born on 1 February 1913. He was a pupil at Merthyr Tydfil County Grammar School and then University College, Cardiff. He was awarded his BA in music in 1937. After the Second World War he took the degree of Mus.B. at Trinity College, Cambridge and graduated in 1954.

## Appointments

* Organist at St Nicolas' Church, Kings Norton 1950 - 1953
* Organist at Brecon Cathedral 1956 – 1963

## Compositions

He composed church and organ music.
# Stephen Darlington

Stephen Mark Darlington MBE (born 21 September 1952) is a British choral director, organist and conductor who served as Director of Music at Christ Church, Oxford, from 1985 to 2018. He is currently interim Director of Music at St John's College, Cambridge. His brother is the conductor Jonathan Darlington.

## Education and career

After attending King's School, Worcester, Darlington was an organ scholar at Christ Church, Oxford, in the early 1970s, studying under Simon Preston. Afterwards he was appointed assistant organist at Canterbury Cathedral, where he served for four years before becoming Master of the Music for St Albans Cathedral Choir. At St Albans he also directed the International Organ Festival.
In 1985 Darlington returned to Christ Church, Oxford, as Director of Music and tutor of music, holding the post for 33 years until his retirement in 2018.
In 2021 he became interim Director of Music at St John's College, Cambridge, following the appointment of Andrew Nethsingha as organist of Westminster Abbey.

## Concerts and recordings

Darlington has travelled internationally both with the choir and as an organist and conductor, directing, among others, the Australian Brandenburg Orchestra, the London Mozart Players, the English Chamber Orchestra, the Northern Sinfonia, the Hanover Band, the English String Orchestra and the London Musici. The Christ Church choir sang under his direction with Plácido Domingo, José Carreras, James Bowman and others. He also collaborated with contemporary composers including John Tavener and Howard Goodall. He conducted Goodall's theme music for The Vicar of Dibley and was featured in Goodall's ChoirWorks and OrganWorks series.
His recorded works amount to over 60 albums, several of which have won awards and other forms of recognition such as Gramophone recommendations.

## Awards and recognition

Darlington was Choragus of the University of Oxford and holds a Lambeth Doctorate. He served as President of the Royal College of Organists from 2000 to 2002. He is an honorary member of the Royal Academy of Music, a Fellow of the Royal School of Church Music and an honorary canon of Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford. Darlington was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2019 New Year Honours for services to music.
# Isaac Blackwell

Isaac Blackwell (died 1699) was a composer and English Cathedral organist, who served at St. Paul's Cathedral.

## Background

His compositions are not well known.
Amongst his madrigal output are:
* “Give me thy youth”
* I saw fair Cloris walk alone.
An anthem "O Lord our Governor" was included in the Chapel Royal Partbooks., and "Bow down thine ear, O Lord" in the Gostling Partbooks.

## Career

Organist of:
* St Dunstan-in-the-West 1674 - 1699
* St Michael, Cornhill 1684 - 1699
* St. Paul's Cathedral 1687 - 1699
Cultural offices :
| Preceded bynone | Organist of St Michael, Cornhill 1684-1699 | Succeeded byWalter Holt |
| Preceded byAlbertus Bryne | Organist of St. Paul's Cathedral 1687-1699 | Succeeded byJeremiah Clarke |
# 2025 in Afghanistan

Events in the year 2025 in Afghanistan.

## Incumbents

| Photo | Post | Name | Dates |
| | Supreme Leader | Hibatullah Akhundzada | 15 August 2021 – present (2021-08-15 – present) |
| | Acting Prime Minister | Hasan Akhund | 7 September 2021 – present (2021-09-07 – present) |
| | Chief Justice | Abdul Hakim Haqqani | 15 August 2021 – present (2021-08-15 – present) |
| HaqqaniYaqoobBaradar | Deputy Leader | Sirajuddin Haqqani (first)Mullah Yaqoob (second)Abdul Ghani Baradar (third) | 15 August 2021 – present (2021-08-15 – present) |
| BaradarHanafiKabir | Acting Deputy Prime Minister | Abdul Ghani Baradar (first)Abdul Salam Hanafi (second)Abdul Kabir (third) | 7 September 2021 – present (2021-09-07 – present) |

## Events
### Ongoing

Afghan conflict; Islamic State–Taliban conflict; Republican insurgency in Afghanistan

### January

* January 21 –
** The Taliban announces the release of two American citizens in exchange for Taliban figure Muhammad Khan who was arrested in Nangarhar Province and imprisoned in the US.
** A Chinese national is killed in an attack on his vehicle by a group calling itself the National Mobilization Front in Takhar Province.

### February

* February 1 – A British couple based in Bamiyan is arrested by the Taliban in unspecified circumstances.
* February 2 – A Taliban fighter opens fire on the United Nations compound in Kabul, injuring a guard before being found dead in undisclosed circumstances. The Taliban government attributes the incident to a "misunderstanding".
* February 4 – The Taliban order the suspension of operations of the women-run radio station Radio Begum for “unauthorized provision” of content and programming to an overseas TV channel.
* February 6 – Turkey withdraws its accreditation of Afghan diplomats representing the pre-2021 government.
* February 11 – Five people are killed in a suicide bombing near a bank in Kunduz Province.
* February 13 – One person is killed in a suicide bombing at the compound of the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing in Kabul.
* February 17 – The Taliban conducts a diplomatic visit to Japan for the first time since taking power in 2021.
* February 24 – The Taliban announce the arrest of a Chinese-American national and their translator on unspecified charges.
* February 26 – At least 36 people are reported killed in heavy rain and snowstorms nationwide.

### March

* 3 March – An Afghan soldier is killed during clashes with Pakistani forces at the Torkham border crossing.

## Holidays

Source:
* 14 February – Liberation Day
* 1 March – Ramadan
* 30 March – 1 April – Eid al-Fitr
* 28 April – Victory Day
* 1 May – Labour Day
* 5 June – Arafat Day
* 6–8 June – Eid al-Adha
* 5–6 July – Ashura
* 15 August – Anniversary of return to the power
* 19 August – Afghan Independence Day
* 31 August – American Withdrawal Day
* 4 September – Milad un-Nabi

## Deaths

* 23 January: Ali Reza Asahi, 50, bodybuilder.
# Yakumo Station

Yakumo Station (八雲駅, Yakumo-eki) is a railway station on the Hakodate Main Line in Yakumo, Futami District, Hokkaido, Japan, operated by Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido).

## Lines

Yakumo Station is served by the Hakodate Main Line, and is numbered "H54".

## Station layout

Yakumo Station has a single side platform (platform 1) and an island platform (platforms 3 and 4) connected by a footbridge.

### Platforms

| 1 | ■ Hakodate Main Line | for Mori and Hakodate |
| 3 | ■ Hakodate Main Line | for Oshamambe, Higashi-Muroran, and Sapporo |
| 4 | ■ Hakodate Main Line | (not normally used) |

## Adjacent stations

| « | « | Service | » | » |
| Hakodate Main Line |||||
| Yamakoshi | Yamakoshi | Local | Yamasaki | Yamasaki |

## History

The station opened on 3 November 1903. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on 1 April 1987, the station came under the control of JR Hokkaido.
# Guaiwei

Guaiwei (Chinese: 怪味; pinyin: guàiwèi), literally "exotic taste" or "strange taste", is a seasoning mixture in Sichuan cuisine of China. Although it is popular in the Sichuan province, it is seldom used outside the region's cuisine, unlike yuxiang, another seasoning mixture of the region. The guaiwei seasoning exists in several forms but can be viewed as the combination of yuxiang and mala seasoning with a high proportion of sesame and sour ingredients.

## Preparation

The ingredients of guaiwei always consists of either some or all of each group of:
* Sesame: Using either ground sesame, sesame oil, or sesame paste
* Sour: Using either lemon juice or more traditionally, dark rice vinegar (香醋)
* Yuxiang
* Piquant: Using Sichuan peppercorns, occasionally without chili
* Savory: Using soy sauce or salt and less commonly, doubanjiang
* Sugar
* Huangjiu (Chinese rice wine) may be used occasionally
Preparation of the seasoning mixture can be done cold or hot, with cold mixtures being richer and heavier and hot mixtures lighter in taste.

## Dishes

Dishes that strongly use guaiwei are named as such. For instance:
* Guàiwèijī (怪味雞): Chicken braised in guaiwei
* Guàiwèidǔsī (怪味肚絲): Pork tripe braised in guaiwei
* Guàiwèiniújiàn (怪味牛腱): Guaiwei beef shank
* Guàiwèidòu (怪味豆): Guaiwei fava beans, eaten as a snack
# List of Nigerian rappers

The following is a list of notable rap music artists from Nigeria.
* 0–9
* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z

## A

* A-Q
* Alpha Ojini
* Eedris Abdulkareem
* Eva Alordiah

## B

* Andre Blaze
* Blaqbonez

## C

* CDQ
* Chinko Ekun

## D

* Da Emperor
* Da Grin (deceased)
* D'banj
* Dr SID
* Durella
* DJ AB
* Dice Ailes

## E

* ELDee
* Emmy Gee
* Erigga
* Efe

## F

* Falz

## G

* Greatman Takit

## I

* Ice Prince
* Illbliss
* IllRymz
* Ikechukwu

## J

* Jesse Jagz
* Johnel
* Ian Jazzi

## K

* Kheengz

## L

* Ladipoe
* Laycon
* Lil Kesh
* Lyrikal

## M

* M.I Abaga
* M-Trill
* Mo'Cheddah
* Mode 9

## N

* Naeto C

## O

* Olamide
* Odumodublvck
* Omah Lay

## P

* Pepenazi
* Phyno

## R

* Reminisce
* Ruggedman
* Rema

## S

* Skales
* Sasha P
* Staqk G

## V

* Vector

## W

* Weird MC

## Y

* Ycee
* Yung6ix
# Wyoming Monument

The Wyoming Monument is an American Revolutionary War monument and grave site located in the Borough of Wyoming in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania.

## History
### Background

The monument marks the location of the bones of victims from the Battle of Wyoming (also known as the Wyoming Massacre), which took place on July 3, 1778. Local Patriots banded together to defend the area against a raid by Loyalist and indigenous forces. The engagement ended in defeat for the Patriots, and considerable brutality followed the battle. It was not until October 1778 that the commanding officer of Fort Wyoming (Wilkes-Barre) felt the area safe enough to return and begin recovery of the bodies.

### Memorial

The remains were gathered and interred in a common grave, only to be exhumed at public ceremonies in 1832 — ceremonies attended by some of the then elderly survivors of the battle. In 1833, the bones were re-interred in a vault under the present monument.
Each year, beginning in 1878 for the 100th anniversary of the battle, a commemorative ceremony is held on the grounds of the monument. The ceremony is sponsored by the Wyoming Commemorative Association. Ownership of the monument is held by the Wyoming Monument Association, originally formed as the Ladies Monumental Association.
On August 2, 2008, the monument was struck by lightning, causing some damage and putting the monument in need of repairs. In 2010, the restoration began and the monument, completely repaired and restored, was rededicated at the annual celebration of the Wyoming Commemorative Association in 2011.

## Gallery

* Photo of the Monument circa 1910
* Sketch of the Wyoming Monument circa 1860
* The monument at night
* Mouth of one of the cannons at the monument
# Önder Deniz Kolgu

Önder Deniz Kolgu (born 28 January 1974) is a Turkish football manager and former player who played as a midfielder.
# Ptolemaeus son of Glaucias

Ptolemaeus son of Glaucias (Ancient Greek: Πτολεμαῖος Γλαυκίου Μακεδών, romanized: Ptolemaios Glaukiou Makedon, fl. 2nd century BC) was a katochos (an unclear word roughly translatable as hermit) who lived in the Temple of Astarte in the Serapeum at Memphis, Egypt for 20 years. Many details about his life and associates, such as his younger brother Apollonius, are known thanks to the survival of an extensive archive of papyri belonging to the katochoi of the temple.

## Katoche

Ptolemaeus was born in approximately 200 BC. He was the eldest of four sons of a certain Glaucias, a Macedonian lot-holder at the village of Psichis in the Heracleopolite nome. Around October 172 BC, he moved to the Serapeum of Memphis as a katochos in the Temple of Astarte, after being commanded to do so by Serapis in a dream or prophecy. The meaning of katochos is unclear, but it entailed a strict restriction against leaving the temple. In the summer of 158 BC, Ptolemaeus was joined by his adolescent brother Apollonius, who learned to read and write before joining the Ptolemaic army and later becoming a police informant.
Ptolemaeus had custody of three Egyptian girls who lived in asylia in the temple: the twins Thages and Thaous and their probable sister Tathemis. According to several petitions written by Ptolemaeus in their defense, the twins' mother and her Greek lover had sought to kill the twins' father, a friend of Ptolemaeus. Their father fled from the attack but died soon afterwards from the injuries. Their mother took possession of his property, forcing the twins to flee to the temple. There they performed the sacred funerary rites of the Apis bull, for which a pair of twins was ritually necessary to play the roles of Isis and Nephthys. Due to his katoche, Ptolemaeus relied on an agent, Harmais, and two therapeutae, Diphilos and Nikanor, who were able to leave the temple area unlike the katochoi.
Ptolemaeus wrote numerous petitions to various officials during his katoche, including Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II. He often appealed to the strategos of his nome, Dionysios, about injustices and crimes committed against him, including an occasion on which he claimed to have been nearly murdered by temple workers for being Greek. He also recorded his dreams and those of the twins, which were regarded as having prophetic significance.
The archive abruptly ends in 152 BC, Ptolemaeus' twentieth year in katoche, so it is unclear how much longer Ptolemaeus remained in katoche, and whether he was ever released from it.
# Paramamoea pandora

Paramamoea pandora is a species of spider in the family Desidae that is endemic to New Zealand.

## Taxonomy

This species was described by Ray Forster and Cecil Wilton in 1973 from female and male specimens. The holotype is stored in Auckland War Memorial Museum under registration number AMNZ5076.

## Description

The female is recorded at 4.90mm in length whereas the male is 4.60mm.

## Distribution

This species is only known from Northland, New Zealand.

## Conservation status

Under the New Zealand Threat Classification System, this species is listed as "Relict" with the qualifier of "Range Restricted".
# Afruza Khamdamova

Afruza Khamdamova (Uzbek: Афруза Хамдамова, Afruza Hamdamova; born 25 February 2009) is an Uzbekistani chess player of ethnic Tajik descent who holds the title of Woman International Master. She is a two-time girls' World Youth Champion, once in 2023 in the U-14 section and again in 2024 in the U-16 section. She is the first Uzbekistani girl to become a World Youth Champion. She won the U-14 championship with a perfect 10/10 score after missing the first round due to visa troubles.
# Dana Tuleyeva-Aketayeva

Dana Tuleyeva-Aketayeva (née Aketayeva, born 24 January 1986) is a Kazakhstani chess player who holds the FIDE titles of Woman International Master (WIM, 2003).

## Biography

Three times Tuleyeva-Aketayeva represented Kazakhstan in World Girls' Junior Chess Championships (2004-2006) Seven times she has won Kazakhstan's Girls' Youth Chess Championships in different age groups. In 2005, she won Kazakhstani Women's Chess Championship and Women's World Chess Championship Asian Zonal tournament.
In 2006, she participated in Women's World Chess Championship by knock-out system and in the first round lost to Qin Kanying.
Tuleyeva-Aketayeva played for Kazakhstan in the Women's Chess Olympiads:
* In 2002, at third board in the 35th Chess Olympiad (women) in Bled (+8, =1, -5),
* In 2006, at first board in the 37th Chess Olympiad (women) in Turin (+3, =6, -4).
In 2003, she was awarded the FIDE Woman International Master (WIM) titles.