# Matheran

Matheran is a partially automobile free hill station and a municipal council in the Karjat taluka of the Raigad district located in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Matheran is part of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, and one of the smallest hill stations in India. It is located in the Western Ghats, at an elevation of around 800 m (2,625 feet) above sea level. It is about 90 km from Mumbai, and 120 km from Pune. This proximity to these urban areas makes it a weekend getaway for many. Matheran, which means "forest on the forehead" (of the mountains) in Marathi, is an eco-sensitive region, declared by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India.
There are many hotels and Parsi bungalows in the area. Old British colonial architecture is preserved in Matheran. The roads are made of red laterite earth.

## History

Matheran was identified by Hugh Poyntz Malet, the then district collector of Raigad district in the May of 1850. Lord Elphinstone, the then Governor of Bombay laid the foundations of the development as a future hill station. The British developed Matheran as a getaway from the regional summer heat. It is also the birthplace of freedom fighter Veer Bhai Kotwal.
The Matheran Railway
The Matheran Hill Railway was built in 1907 by Sir Adamjee Peerbhoy and covers a distance of 20 km (12 mi), through forest land. The railway was inspected by UNESCO officials, but failed to make it to the list of the World Heritage Sites. India's other Hill Railways like the Darjeeling Railway, the Kangra Valley Railway, Nilgiri Mountain Railway are already on the list.
The Toy train was shut down for the most part in 2016 and 2017. It became re-operational on 26 January 2018 and was re-inaugurated by the then Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Mr. Devendra Fadnavis. However, it was temporarily suspended again after a landslide in the 2019. It then began operating as an hourly shuttle between Aman Lodge and Matheran Station. A rickshaw service also runs from Aman Lodge to Matheran Market.

## Soil and rocks

Geographically the rock types are solely composed of Deccan trap with inter trappeans of Cretaceous, Eoceuerage and laterites of a still younger age. The rock is basalt, which has given rise to secondary alteration known as laterite. The laterite predominates the hills and almost covers the hilltops. This makes the hard exposed surfaces of the laterite show red gravelly earth. The soil has a vermicular or pisolitic structure and contains a large amount of water. There is little soil cover over most of the hilltop. The topmost layer of rock is a soft porous iron-clay, through which there is drainage of water by the beginning of summer.

## Forest and vegetation

Semi-evergreen forests are present in the Matheran. The trees are evergreen, making the plateau forests very dense and even congested in places. The laterite, porous soil along with very heavy rainfall mixed with dense fog has resulted in unique flora rich in diversity on the plateau. The forests show vegetation in top, middle and ground storeys. The trees form a cover over a large variety of shade-loving herbs, climbers, ferns and mosses. The forests of Matheran have attracted many botanists: Smyth J.Y.(1871), Birdwood H.M. (1886) and (1896), Cooke T. (1887–1901), Woodrow G.M. (1897–1901), Irani N.A.(1962), Satyanarayann & Mudliar (1959), Vartak, V.D.(1966), Kothari & Moorthy (1993). A good collection of the dried plants is deposited in the Blatter Herbarium, St. Xavier's College, Bombay, Mumbai. Matheran has a huge number of medicinal plants and herbs. It was declared an Eco-Sensitive zone (ESZ) by the Union Environment Ministry on 4 February 2003. The declaration as ESZ has led to the stoppage of developmental activities and construction of hazardous industries.

### List of trees reported to be found in Matheran

| Sr. No. | Scientific names of the species | Common names |
| 1 | Albizzia chinensis (Osb.) Merr. | Udal, Kajav |
| 2 | Actinodaphne angustifolia Nees. | Pisa |
| 3 | Aglaia lawii (Wight.) Sald. |
| 4 | Alseodaphne semicarpifolia Nees. | Sugran |
| 5 | Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. | Saitan, Satvin |
| 6 | Aporosa lindleyana (Wight) Baill. | Ukveti |
| 7 | Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. | Kemshi |
| 8 | Atlantia racemosa Wight. & Arn. | Makad limbu |
| 9 | Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Roxb | Kalak |
| 10 | Bauhinia foveolata Dalz. | Chambel. |
The vegetation of the area depends on the type and depth of the soil. Due to poor soil depth, the vegetation on the edges of the plateaus is poor. Due to heavy rainfall, dissected hilly terrain and excessive leaching of the soil, the exposed areas become less fertile and become less moisture retentive, resulting in shallow rooted vegetation. It is required to plant trees to protect the soil cover from losing its valuable humidity and fertility. The winds are very strong and blow from west or southwest during monsoon and also dry winds blow during the three months from January to March. These winds tend to shear and bend the plants while absorbing their moisture.

## Wildlife

The town also has a large monkey population, including bonnet macaques and Hanuman langurs. Riding horses are abundant in Matheran and serve as a local icon. Inside the forests, animals like barking deer, Malabar giant squirrels, foxes, wild boars, mongooses can be found. These animals are few in numbers compared to the monkeys and usually do not venture to places with human activity.
Leopard Sightings
While not native to the area, there have been reports of leopard sightings in Matheran in recent years due to dense forests in the surrounding valleys. Their dwindling population nationally has resulted in less frequenting sightings. There have been no reported leopard attacks in Matheran.

## Demographics

As of the 2001 India census, Matheran had a population of 5139. Males constituted 58% of the population and females 42%. Matheran had an average literacy rate of 71%; male literacy being 75%, and female literacy being 66%. In Matheran, 11% of the population was under 6 years of age. Languages spoken include Marathi, Hindi, and English.

## Geography and Climate

Matheran is located at 18°59′N 73°16′E﻿ / ﻿18.98°N 73.27°E﻿ / 18.98; 73.27. It has an average elevation of 800 m (2,625 ft) above sea level. Lying in an elevated region, it has a cooler and dryer climate relative to its surroundings, making it popular during summer. Temperatures range from 32°C (90°F) to 16 °C (61 °F).
The monsoon retreats prior to October and November, making the temperature cool, but not humid. The winter months are cool with the temperature usually staying above 11 °C. While the days are mostly sunny, evenings and early mornings tend to get a bit chilly. Couples prefer this time period to visit Matheran for their honeymoons. From March to May, the temperatures can go over 35 °C during the day. June to September sees heavy rainfall.
Climate data for Matheran :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28 (82) | 30 (86) | 31 (88) | 32 (90) | 33 (91) | 32 (90) | 30 (86) | 30 (86) | 29 (84) | 33 (91) | 31 (88) | 29 (84) | 31 (87) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 13 (55) | 14 (57) | 16 (61) | 19 (66) | 22 (72) | 22 (72) | 21 (70) | 21 (70) | 20 (68) | 19 (66) | 17 (63) | 13 (55) | 18 (65) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 2.0 (0.08) | 1.5 (0.06) | 2.3 (0.09) | 4.1 (0.16) | 25.1 (0.99) | 773.9 (30.47) | 2,035.6 (80.14) | 1,461 (57.52) | 658.6 (25.93) | 168.1 (6.62) | 31.5 (1.24) | 3.8 (0.15) | 5,167.5 (203.45) |
| Source: Government of Maharashtra ||||||||||||||

## Transportation

Matheran is connected to Mumbai (100 km) & Pune (120 km) by rail and road, with the closest railway station being in the foothill town of Neral. The nearest airport is the Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, Mumbai.

### Rail

Matheran has a narrow gauge railway station in the town center. The old Matheran Hill Railway offers several daily trains to Neral.
The Toy train is connected to the mainline rail route at the Neral Junction. Service began between Neral and Matheran on 22 October 2022. The train between the Aman lodge and Matheran is also in place at intervals of approximately every hour having approximately 85 seats.
The journey takes about two and a half hours each way.

### Road

There is a taxi service available from the Neral railway station till Aman Lodge, while bus services are available from the railway stations of Neral and Karjat both. No automobiles except for a municipality operated ambulance and e-rickshaws are allowed inside. Prior to December 6, 2022, e-rickshaws were not permitted inside as well.

### Non-automobile transportation

Beyond Aman Lodge, horses and hand-pulled rickshaws are the available non-automobile modes of transport.

## Places of Interest

Altogether, there are 40 scenic vistas, two lakes, two parks, four major worship places and a race course in Matheran.

### Historical places of interest

* Forts: The hill station has two medieval forts in its close proximity, them being Prabalgad and Pebkilla. The Vikatgad fort is also a trekking destination, which is connected to the hill hosting Matheran itself.
* Horse Race Courses: Olympia Race Course (established in 1892–93 by Sir Dhunjibhoy Bomanji).
* The Matheran railway Station

### Religious Places of interest

* Pisarnath Temple
* Matheran Shiv Mandir

### Lakes

The water to the Matheran is supplied from Lake Charlotte. This dam overflows during monsoon, making it a tourist attraction.

### Parks

The "Paymaster park" at Matheran is maintained by the local Municipality. Games for children and pagodas are organised here .

### Hiking Routes

Matheran has various trekking routes, reported to be easy to traverse over by tourists:

#### 1) Sunset Point Route

This route starts from Dodhani village and ends at the Sunset Point at Matheran. This is the most popular route for trekkers.

#### 2) Garbett Point Route

This route starts from "Sagachiwadi", a small tribal village near the Dhom dam. This is the second most popular route.

#### 3) Rambaug Point Route

This route goes from Rambaug point to a small village called Pokharwadi near Chowk village. The route passes through a waterfall during the rainy season. There is a view of the Morbe Dam's backwater while going through this route.

#### 4) One Tree Hill Route

The route's base village is the Ambewadi village. Ambewadi is near Pokharwadi, where the route to Rambaug point begins. There is a view of the Morbe Dam's backwater while going through this route.

#### 5) Vikatgad Route

This is reported to be the most difficult trekking route of Matheran. It starts from the base village Mamdapur and takes about three hours to reach Matheran via the Vikatgad fort.
All treks have been reported to take between two and three hours to complete.

## Gallery

* The pathways
* Tourists at Charlotte Lake
* The forest
* The toy train
* View of Neral