# Vittorio Guidano

Vittorio Filippo Guidano (4 August 1944, Rome, Italy – 31 August 1999, Buenos Aires, Argentina) was an Italian neuropsychiatrist, creator of the cognitive procedural systemic model and contributor to constructivist post-rationalist cognitive therapy. His cognitive post-rationalist model was influenced by attachment theory, evolutionary epistemology, complex systems theory, and the prevalence of abstract mental processes proposed by Friedrich Hayek. Guidano conceived the personal system as a self-organized entity, in constant development.
Among his published writings are the books Complexity of the Self (1987) and The Self in Progress (1991). He was the first president of the Italian Society of Behavioural and Cognitive Therapy (SITCC) and he co-founded the Institute of Post-Rationalist Psychology and Psychotherapy (IPRA). Guidano's work has been called "the most important influence" on Jeffrey Young's schema therapy. He also influenced the elaboration of other constructivist psychotherapies such as coherence therapy.

## Guidano's post-rationalist cognitive therapy

Guidano's post-rationalist cognitive therapy is an approach to psychotherapy that focuses on understanding the construction of meaning, personal narratives, and emotional regulation in human experience.
Guidano, along with Giovanni Liotti, developed this therapeutic approach, which emphasizes the idea that individuals are complex, autonomous organisms in constant evolution. The therapy aims to help clients explore and modify their personal narratives, fostering greater self-awareness and facilitating therapeutic change.
One of the key concepts in Guidano's post-rationalist cognitive therapy is the narrative self. This refers to the way individuals construct and make sense of their experiences through personal storytelling. According to Guidano, therapy should focus on helping clients examine and reshape their personal narratives to promote psychological well-being and growth.

### Autopoiesis

Guidano incorporated Humberto Maturana's concept of autopoiesis into his approach to psychotherapy. Autopoiesis, a term coined by Maturana and Francisco Varela, refers to the self-organizing capacity of living systems to maintain their own organization and integrity.
Guidano drew upon Maturana's concept of autopoiesis to highlight the dynamic, self-organizing nature of the human mind and its ongoing construction of meaning and identity. He emphasized that individuals are active agents in creating their own reality, continuously interpreting and attributing meaning to their experiences.

### Explicit and tacit levels of human experience

Vittorio Guidano proposed a model of human experience that involves two interconnected levels: the explicit level and the tacit level.
* Explicit level: This level represents the conscious, verbalizable aspects of human experience. It includes thoughts, beliefs, memories, and emotions that individuals are aware of and able to express verbally. The explicit level is characterized by language and cognitive processes such as problem-solving and logical reasoning. It encompasses the narratives and stories that individuals construct to make sense of their experiences and identities.
* Tacit level: In contrast, the tacit level represents the unconscious, non-verbal aspects of human experience. It includes underlying assumptions, implicit memories, emotional reactions, and bodily sensations that may not be consciously recognized or articulated by individuals. The tacit level is characterized by automatic, non-conscious processes that influence individuals' perceptions, behaviors, and emotional responses. It encompasses tacit schemas, scripts, and patterns of relating that are formed through early experiences, attachment and social interactions.
Guidano emphasized the dynamic interaction between these two levels of experience. He argued that while individuals may be consciously aware of their explicit thoughts and emotions, their tacit experiences and emotional responses often operate beneath conscious awareness, shaping their perceptions and behaviors in subtle ways.
Guidano's therapeutic approach aimed to help clients explore and integrate both explicit and tacit aspects of their experience, facilitating greater self-awareness, emotional regulation, and personal growth.

### Sensory abstraction

Guidano also drew upon Friedrich Hayek's concept of the sensory order as a framework for understanding the organization of human experience and cognition. Hayek, a Nobel Prize-winning economist and philosopher, introduced the concept of the Sensory Order in his work on neuroscience and psychology.
The sensory order refers to the way in which sensory inputs are organized and processed by the brain to create our subjective experience of the world.
Guidano applied this concept to psychotherapy by highlighting the role of sensory abstraction in shaping individuals' thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. He viewed human experience as a complex, self-organizing system, in which sensory inputs are actively interpreted and attributed meaning by the individual at the tacit level.
Guidano's use of Hayek's concept of the sensory order emphasized the importance of exploring the underlying perceptual processes that influence individuals' subjective experience of themselves and their world.

## Selected publications

* Arciero, Giampiero; Guidano, Vittorio F. (2000). "Experience, explanation, and the quest for coherence". In Neimeyer, Robert A.; Raskin, Jonathan D. (eds.). Constructions of disorder: meaning-making frameworks for psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. pp. 91–118. doi:10.1037/10368-005. ISBN 1557986290. OCLC 42009389.
* Guidano, Vittorio F. (1995). "A constructivist outline of human knowing processes". In Mahoney, Michael J. (ed.). Cognitive and constructive psychotherapies: theory, research, and practice. New York: Springer Publishing. pp. 89–102. ISBN 0826186106. OCLC 30973986.
* Guidano, Vittorio F. (1995). "Constructivist psychotherapy: a theoretical framework". In Neimeyer, Robert A.; Mahoney, Michael J. (eds.). Constructivism in psychotherapy (1st ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. pp. 93–108. doi:10.1037/10170-004. ISBN 1557982791. OCLC 31518985.
* Guidano, Vittorio F. (1995). "Self-observation in constructivist psychotherapy". In Neimeyer, Robert A.; Mahoney, Michael J. (eds.). Constructivism in psychotherapy (1st ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. pp. 155–168. doi:10.1037/10170-007. ISBN 1557982791. OCLC 31518985.
* Guidano, Vittorio F. (1991). The self in process: toward a post-rationalist cognitive therapy. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 0898624479. OCLC 22665277.
* Guidano, Vittorio F. (1991). "Affective change events in a cognitive therapy system approach". In Safran, Jeremy D.; Greenberg, Leslie S. (eds.). Emotion, psychotherapy, and change. New York: Guilford Press. pp. 50–82. ISBN 0898625564. OCLC 22665279.
* Guidano, Vittorio F. (1988). "A systems, process-oriented approach to cognitive therapy". In Dobson, Keith S. (ed.). Handbook of cognitive-behavioral therapies (1st ed.). New York: Guilford Press. pp. 307–354. ISBN 0898627044. OCLC 15107320.
* Guidano, Vittorio F. (1987). Complexity of the self: a developmental approach to psychopathology and therapy. Guilford clinical psychology and psychotherapy series. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 0898620120. OCLC 15220957.
* Guidano, Vittorio F. (1986). "The self as mediator of cognitive change in psychotherapy". In Hartman, Lorne M.; Blankstein, Kirk R. (eds.). Perception of self in emotional disorder and psychotherapy. Advances in the study of communication and affect. Vol. 11. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 305–330. doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-1793-7_12. ISBN 0306423154. OCLC 14240470.
* Guidano, Vittorio F.; Liotti, Giovanni (1985). "A constructivistic foundation for cognitive therapy". In Mahoney, Michael J.; Freeman, Arthur (eds.). Cognition and psychotherapy (1st ed.). New York: Plenum Press. pp. 101–142. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-7562-3_4. ISBN 0306418584. OCLC 11676735.
* Guidano, Vittorio F.; Liotti, Giovanni (1983). Cognitive processes and emotional disorders: a structural approach to psychotherapy. Guilford clinical psychology and psychotherapy series. New York: Guilford Press. ISBN 0898620066. OCLC 7875515.