# 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature

The 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded the French writer Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980) "for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age".
Sartre declined the prize, saying that he never accepted any official honours and that he did not want the writer to become an institution. Furthermore, regarding the political grounds for his action, Sartre declared about the Nobel prize that it is one that goes only to Westerners "or to rebels of the East". "It is regrettable that the only Soviet work honored was one that was published abroad and forbidden in its own country." The Swedish Academy said in announcement:
   "It will be recalled that the laureate has made it known that he did not wish to accept the prize. The fact that he has declined this distinction does not in the least modify the validity of the award. Under the circumstances, however, the Academy can only state that the presentation of the prize cannot take place."
It is the only known occasion where a Laureate has voluntarily declined to accept the Nobel Prize in Literature, and the first of only two occasions where any Nobel Prize has been voluntarily declined.

## Laureate

Sartre was a philosopher – formulated and popularized the philosophy existentialism largely formed in his Being and Nothingness ("L'Être et le néant", 1943) – and playwright but also wrote novels and short stories. Through the protagonist Antoine Roquentin, his first novel La Nausée ("Nausea", 1938) articulates the existentialist themes of alienation, devotion and loneliness.
His play Huis Clos ("No Exit", 1944) depicts hell as a perpetual co-existence with other people, while Les Mouches ("The Flies", 1943) is an adaptation of the ancient Electra myth. His autobiography Les Mots ("The Words", 1964), in which the author tries to distance himself from his writing and reconstruct his childhood, was received with great acclaim when it came out.

## Deliberations
### Nominations

Sartre had received 16 nominations since 1957. In 1964, the Swedish Academy received two nominations for him with which he was eventually awarded. He was nominated by the Swedish PEN-Club and a professor of German language from the University of Strasbourg. Sartre was included in the shortlisted nominees together with Russian novelist Mikhail Sholokhov (awarded in 1965) and British writer W. H. Auden.
There were 76 authors nominated in 1964. Nineteen of them were nominated first-time, among them Eugène Ionesco, Paul Celan, José María Pemán, Hossein Ghods-Nakhai, James T. Farrell, Camilo José Cela (awarded in 1989), Harry Martinson (awarded in 1974), Hugh MacDiarmid, and Miguel Ángel Asturias (awarded in 1967). The highest number of nominations – 3 nominations each – were for Väinö Linna, Friedrich Dürrenmatt, André Malraux, and Mikhail Sholokhov (awarded in 1965). Four of the nominees were women: Judith Wright, Ina Seidel, Nelly Sachs (awarded in 1966), and Katherine Anne Porter.
The authors Halide Edib Adıvar, Abbas Mahmoud al-Aqqad, Brendan Behan, Angel Cruchaga Santa María, J. Frank Dobie, Wenceslao Fernández Flórez, Ian Fleming, Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange, Vassily Grossman, Ben Hecht, Thakin Kodaw Hmaing, Samuil Marshak, Moa Martinson, Flannery O'Connor, Karl Polanyi, Davíð Stefánsson, Păstorel Teodoreanu, Ion Vinea, Felix Weltsch, T. H. White, María Wiesse Romero, Helen Wodehouse, and Madeleva Wolff all died in 1964 without having been nominated for the prize.
Official list of nominees and their nominators for the prize :
| No. | Nominee | Country | Genre(s) | Nominator(s) |
| 1 | Jean Anouilh (1910–1987) | France | drama, screenplay, translation | Ragnar Josephson (1891–1966) |
| 2 | Miguel Ángel Asturias (1899–1974) | Guatemala | novel, short story, poetry, essays, drama | Erik Lindegren (1910–1968) |
| 3 | Wystan Hugh Auden (1907–1973) | United Kingdom United States | poetry, essays, screenplay | William Empson (1906–1984)Simeon Potter (1898–1976) |
| 4 | Samuel Beckett (1906–1989) | Ireland | novel, drama, poetry | Bengt Holmqvist (1924–2002)William Stuart Maguinness (1903–1983) |
| 5 | Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986) | Argentina | poetry, essays, translation, short story | Henry Olsson (1896–1985) |
| 6 | André Breton (1896–1966) | France | history, poetry, essays, literary criticism | Gabriel Germain (1903–1978)Jean Rousset (1910–2002) |
| 7 | Martin Buber (1878–1965) | Austria Israel | philosophy | André Neher (1914–1988) |
| 8 | Michel Butor (1926–2016) | France | poetry, novel, essays, translation | Félix Carrère (1911–1991) |
| 9 | Heinrich Böll (1917–1985) | West Germany | novel, short story | Gustav Korlén (1915–2014) |
| 10 | Josep Carner (1884–1970) | Spain Catalonia | poetry, drama, translation | Jean Durry (b. 1936)Marcel Ruff (1896–1993) |
| 11 | Jérôme Carcopino (1881–1970) | France | history | Pierre Grimal (1912–1996) |
| 12 | Camilo José Cela (1916–2002) | Spain | novel, short story, essay, poetry, drama, memoir | Daniel Poyán Díaz (1923–2007) |
| 13 | Paul Celan (1920–1970) | Romania France | poetry, translation | Wilhelm Emrich (1909–1998)Hermann Bausinger (1926–2021) |
| 14 | Heimito von Doderer (1896–1966) | Austria | novel, short story, poetry, essays | Ernst Alker (1895–1972) |
| 15 | Lawrence Durrell (1912–1990) | United Kingdom | novel, short story, poetry, drama, essays | Georg Luck (1926–2013) |
| 16 | Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921–1990) | Switzerland | drama, novel, short story, essays | Friedrich Sengle (1909–1994)Wolfgang Schmid (1913–1980)Walter Spoerri (1927–2016) |
| 17 | Gunnar Ekelöf (1907–1968) | Sweden | poetry, essays | Gunnar Tideström (1906–1985) |
| 18 | Pierre Emmanuel (1916–1984) | France | poetry | Jacques Robichez (1914–1999) |
| 19 | James Thomas Farrell (1904–1979) | United States | novel, short story, poetry | Edgar Marquess Branch (1913–2006) |
| 20 | Edward Morgan Forster (1879–1970) | United Kingdom | novel, short story, drama, essays, biography, literary criticism | Pierre Legouis (1891–1980) |
| 21 | Max Frisch (1911–1991) | Switzerland | novel, drama | Hennig Brinkmann (1901–2000) |
| 22 | Christopher Fry (1907–2005) | United Kingdom | poetry, drama, screenplay | Carl Becker (1925–1973) |
| 23 | Rómulo Gallegos (1884–1969) | Venezuela | novel, short story | John Callan James Metford (1916–2007) |
| 24 | Hossein Ghods-Nakhai (1911–1977) | Iran | poetry, essays | Ahmad Matin-Daftari (1897–1971) |
| 25 | Étienne Gilson (1884–1978) | France | philosophy | Pierre Mesnard (1900–1969) |
| 26 | Jean Giono (1895–1970) | France | novel, short story, essays, poetry, drama | Raymond Lebègue (1895–1984)Louis Moulinier (1904–1971) |
| 27 | Robert Graves (1895–1985) | United Kingdom | history, novel, poetry, literary criticism, essays | Sigfrid Siwertz (1882–1970) |
| 28 | Jean Guéhenno (1890–1978) | France | essays, literary criticism | Edmond Jarno (1905–1985) |
| 29 | Taha Hussein (1889–1973) | Egypt | novel, short story, poetry, translation | Régis Blachère (1900–1973)César Dubler (1915–1966) |
| 30 | Eugène Ionesco (1909–1994) | Romania France | drama, essays | Erik Lindegren (1910–1968) |
| 31 | Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976) | Sweden | novel, short story | Carl-Eric Thors (1920–1986) |
| 32 | Marcel Jouhandeau (1888–1979) | France | short story, novel | Jean Gaulmier (1905–1997) |
| 33 | Pierre Jean Jouve (1887–1976) | France | poetry, novel, literary criticism | Claude Pichois (1925–2005) |
| 34 | Ernst Jünger (1895–1998) | West Germany | philosophy, novel, memoir | Rudolf Till (1911–1979) |
| 35 | Yasunari Kawabata (1899–1972) | Japan | novel, short story | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) |
| 36 | Miroslav Krleža (1893–1981) | Yugoslavia | poetry, drama, short story, novel, essays | The Yugoslavian Writers Association |
| 37 | Väinö Linna (1920–1992) | Finland | novel | Aarni Penttilä (1899–1971)Kauko Aatos Ojala (1919–1987)Henry Olsson (1896–1985) |
| 38 | Robert Lowell (1917–1977) | United States | poetry, translation | Erik Lindegren (1910–1968) |
| 39 | Karl Löwith (1897–1973) | West Germany | philosophy | Franz Dirlmeier (1904–1977) |
| 40 | Hugh MacDiarmid (1892–1978) | United Kingdom Scotland | poetry, essays | David Daiches (1912–2005) |
| 41 | André Malraux (1901–1976) | France | novel, essays, literary criticism | Léon Cellier (1911–1976)Pierre Mesnard (1900–1969)John Martin Cocking (1914–1986) |
| 42 | Gabriel Marcel (1889–1973) | France | philosophy, drama | Yves Le Hir (1919–2005) |
| 43 | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) | Sweden | poetry, novel, drama, essays | Sigurd Erixon (1888–1968) |
| 44 | William Somerset Maugham (1874–1965) | United Kingdom | novel, short story, drama, essays | Richard Broxton Onians (1899–1986) |
| 45 | Ramón Menéndez Pidal (1869–1968) | Spain | philology, history | Gunnar Tilander (1894–1973) |
| 46 | Henri Michaux (1899–1984) | Belgium France | poetry, essays | Bengt Holmqvist (1924–2002) |
| 47 | Yukio Mishima (1925–1970) | Japan | novel, short story, drama, literary criticism | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) |
| 48 | Vilhelm Moberg (1898–1973) | Sweden | novel, drama, history | Reginald John McClean (1899–1974)Gösta Bergman (1894–1984) |
| 49 | Henry de Montherlant (1895–1972) | France | essays, novel, drama | Eugène Napoleon Tigerstedt (1907–1979) |
| 50 | Alberto Moravia (1907–1990) | Italy | novel, literary criticism, essays, drama | Uberto Limentani (1913–1989) |
| 51 | Vladimir Nabokov (1899–1977) | Russia United States | novel, short story, poetry, drama, translation, literary criticism, memoir | Elizabeth Hill (1900–1996) |
| 52 | Pablo Neruda (1904–1973) | Chile | poetry | Bengt Holmqvist (1924–2002)Ragnar Josephson (1891–1966) |
| 53 | Junzaburō Nishiwaki (1894–1982) | Japan | poetry, literary criticism | Naoshirō Tsuji (1899–1979) |
| 54 | José María Pemán (1897–1981) | Spain | poetry, drama, novel, essays, screenplay | José Martínez Ruiz (1873–1967)Ramón Menéndez Pidal (1869–1968) |
| 55 | Jacques Perret (1901–1992) | France | novel, short story, memoir, essays | Paul Pédech (1912–2005) |
| 56 | Jacques Pirenne (1891–1972) | Belgium | history, law | Pierre Nothomb (1887–1966) |
| 57 | Katherine Anne Porter (1890–1980) | United States | short story, essays | George Hendrick (1929–2021) |
| 58 | John Boynton Priestley (1894–1984) | United Kingdom | novel, drama, screenplay, literary criticism, essays | Hugh Sydney Hunt (1911–1993) |
| 59 | Nelly Sachs (1891–1970) | West Germany Sweden | poetry, drama | Walter Arthur Berendsohn (1884–1984) |
| 60 | Aksel Sandemose (1899–1965) | Denmark Norway | novel, essays | Harry Martinson (1904–1978)Eyvind Johnson (1900–1976) |
| 61 | Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980) | France | philosophy, novel, drama, essays, screenplay | The Swedish PEN-ClubJ. Clarier (?) |
| 62 | Jean Schlumberger (1877–1968) | France | poetry, essays | Pierre Legouis (1891–1973) |
| 63 | Ina Seidel (1885–1974) | West Germany | poetry, novel | Günther Jachmann (1887–1979) |
| 64 | Ramón Jose Sender (1901–1982) | Spain | novel, essays | Robert Graves (1895–1985) |
| 65 | Charles Percy Snow (1905–1980) | United Kingdom | novel, essays | Friedrich Schubel (1904–1991) |
| 66 | Mikhail Sholokhov (1905–1984) | Soviet Union | novel | John Stephenson Spink (1909–1985)Konstantin Fedin (1892–1977)Russian Academy of SciencesGorky Institute of World Literature |
| 67 | Jun'ichirō Tanizaki (1886–1965) | Japan | novel, short story | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) |
| 68 | Gustave Thibon (1903–2001) | France | philosophy | Édouard Delebecque (1910–1990) |
| 69 | Pietro Ubaldi (1886–1972) | Italy | philosophy, essays | João de Freitas Guimarães (d. 1996) |
| 70 | Giuseppe Ungaretti (1888–1970) | Italy | poetry, essays, literary criticism | Georges Poulet (1901–1991) |
| 71 | Arthur David Waley (1889–1966) | United Kingdom | translation, essays | David Hawkes (1923–2009) |
| 72 | Mika Waltari (1908–1979) | Finland | short story, novel, poetry, drama, essays, screenplay | Aapeli Saarisalo (1896–1986) |
| 73 | Tarjei Vesaas (1897–1970) | Norway | poetry, novel | Edvard Beyer (1920–2003) |
| 74 | Simon Vestdijk (1898–1971) | Netherlands | novel, poetry, essays, translation | Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |
| 75 | Thornton Wilder (1897–1975) | United States | drama, novel, short story | Fritz Wölcken (1903–1992)Emil Staiger (1908–1987) |
| 76 | Judith Wright (1915–2000) | Australia | poetry, literary criticism, novel, essays | Greta Hort (1903–1967)Torsten Dahl (1897–1968)Henri Roddier (1898–1964) |

### Prize Decision

On 17 September 1964 the Nobel committee proposed that the prize should be awarded to Jean-Paul Sartre. The second name on the list was Mikhail Sholokov (who was awarded the prize in 1965) and the third name was W.H. Auden. There was some ambivalence within the Swedish Academy to award Sartre. He had been nominated the first time in 1957, but his candidacy was postponed for the future as the Academy was not sure if Sartre's work would have any historical importance. His candidacy was considered and postponed again in 1962 for similar reasons. The publication of Les Mots in 1963 is believed to have strengthened Sartre's candidacy and in October 1964 the Academy decided to award Sartre, their decision was sealed with a final vote on 22 October 1964. A week earlier Sartre, knowing that he was a candidate for the prize, had sent a letter to the Swedish Academy saying he would not accept the award, but as the Academy had already made their decision before the formal final vote they disregarded the letter. The Academy's permanent secretary Karl Ragnar Gierow replied to Sartre's letter saying that the decision had already been made and urged Sartre to reconsider and accept the prize.

## Reactions

In a text published in Le Figaro on 23 October 1964 Sartre wrote that he regretted that his refusal to accept the prize had caused a scandal. He explained that he never accepted any prizes or membership of institutions as he believed an author who accepted such things became forever associated with the prize or institution, and that the author should not allow himself to become an institution.

## Aftermath

In his memoirs Lars Gyllensten claimed that someone, either Sartre himself or someone related to him, in 1975 had contacted the Swedish Academy and asked if the prize money was available.