OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Archdeacon of Hampstead

The Archdeacon of Hampstead is a senior ecclesiastical officer in the Church of England Diocese of London, named after, and based in and around, the Hampstead area of London. They are the priest responsible for the Archdeaconry of Hampstead.

## History

The archdeaconry was created by Order in Council on 23 July 1912 from the ancient archdeaconries of Middlesex and of London; at its erection it consisted the rural deaneries of Enfield, of Holborn, and of Tottenham (from the London archdeaconry) and of Hampstead, of Hornsey, of St Marylebone, of St Pancras, and of Willesden (from the Middlesex archdeaconry). Part of the archdeaconry was split off to create the Charing Cross archdeaconry before 1989. The Hampstead archdeaconry is geographically equivalent to the episcopal area overseen by the area Bishop of Edmonton.

## List of archdeacons

* 1912–1920 (ret.): Brook Deedes
* 1920–1950 (ret.): Charles Lambert (afterwards archdeacon emeritus)
* 1950–1962 (ret.): Hubert Matthews (afterwards archdeacon emeritus)
* 1962–1964 (res.): Graham Leonard (afterwards Bishop suffragan of Willesden)
* 1964–1974 (ret.): Hubert Pink (afterwards archdeacon emeritus)
* 1974–1984 (ret.): Fred Pickering (afterwards archdeacon emeritus)
* 1985–1994 (ret.): Robert Coogan (afterwards archdeacon emeritus)
* 1995–1999 (res.): Peter Wheatley (afterwards area Bishop of Edmonton)
* 1999–2010 (res.): Michael Lawson (since archdeacon emeritus)
* 2011–31 July 2015 (res.): Luke Miller (currently Archdeacon of London)
* 2015–present: John Hawkins
# Archdeacon of Hereford

The Archdeacon of Hereford is a senior ecclesiastical officer in the Church of England Diocese of Hereford. The archdeacon is the senior priest with responsibility over the area of the archdeaconry of Hereford.

## History

The first recorded archdeacons in Hereford diocese occur soon after the Norman Conquest (as they do across England) – there were apparently two archdeacons from the outset. However, no territorial titles are recorded until after c. 1125. The archdeacons at that time were the Archdeacons of Hereford and of Shropshire (aka Salop but distinct from the Lichfield Salop archdeaconry); the latter was renamed Archdeacon of Ludlow in 1876.
# Bent Fuglede

Bent Fuglede (8 October 1925 – 7 December 2023) was a Danish mathematician.

## Early life and career

Fuglede was known for his contributions to mathematical analysis, in particular functional analysis, where he proved Fuglede's theorem and stated Fuglede's conjecture.
Fuglede graduated from Skt. Jørgens Gymnasium 1943 and received his mag. scient. og cand. mag. in 1948 at the University of Copenhagen after which he studied in USA until 1951. In 1952 he was employed as scientific assistant at Den Polytekniske Læreanstalt and in 1954 as amanuensis at Matematisk Institut University of Copenhagen, in 1958 associate professor, and in 1959 head of department. Fuglede also spent one year in Lund (Sweden) as Nordic docent. Fuglede received his dr.phil. (Ph.D.) in 1960 from the University of Copenhagen; his doctoral advisor was Børge Jessen, after which he became professor of math at Danmarks tekniske Højskole. In 1965 he became professor of math at the University of Copenhagen, where he stayed until his retirement in 1992.
Fuglede was a member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, the Finnish Academy of Science and Letters. and the Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

## Personal life and death

Fuglende was married to Ólafía Einarsdóttir, an Icelandic archeologist and historian. They had one child together, Einar.
Bent Fuglede died in Copenhagen on 7 December 2023, at the age of 98.

## Books

* Fuglede, Bent (1972). Finely Harmonic Functions. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 289. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-06005-5.
* Fuglede, Bent; Eells, James (2001). Harmonic maps between Riemannian polyhedra. Cambridge tracts in mathematics. Vol. 142. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-77311-3.
# Archdeacon of Ipswich

The Archdeacon of Ipswich is a senior ecclesiastical officer within the Diocese of St Edmundsbury and Ipswich. As such, she or he is responsible for the disciplinary supervision of the clergy within its territory.
A few very early Archdeacons of Suffolk were called "Archdeacon of Ipswich". (These are listed at that article.)
The archdeaconry was created from the archdeaconries of Suffolk and of Sudbury by Order-in-Council under King George V on 22 December 1931. On its creation it consisted of the deaneries of Bosmere, Claydon, Hadleigh, Ipswich, North Hartismere, Samford, South Hartismere, and Stow. On Terry Gibson's retirement in 2005 the post was deliberately left vacant pending a pastoral scheme to dissolve the archdeaconry and divide its territory between Sudbury and Suffolk archdeaconries. The scheme could not go forward until the next diocesan bishop (Martin Seeley) was in post, but the area was subsequently under the care of the remaining two archdeacons. In autumn 2018, the archdeaconry was advertised, with a much smaller territory — only the Ipswich deanery — and a brief overseeing church plants and fresh expressions. The archdeaconry is vacant following Rhiannon King's consecration as Bishop of Southampton.

## List of archdeacons

* 1932–1945 (ret.): Eric Buckley (afterwards archdeacon emeritus)
* 1946–1963 (ret.): Thomas Browne (afterwards archdeacon emeritus)
* 1963–1976 (ret.): Charles Hooper (afterwards archdeacon emeritus)
* 1976–1986 (res.): Jeremy Walsh (afterwards Bishop suffragan of Tewkesbury)
* 1987 – January 2005 (ret.): Terry Gibson (afterwards archdeacon emeritus)
    The post was vacant from 2005 to 2019, when it was re-created with different boundaries.
* 25 March 2019 – 18 October 2024 (res.): Rhiannon King (became Bishop of Southampton)
# Stan Spencer

Stanley Roger Spencer (born August 7, 1969) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher for the San Diego Padres.
Spencer was drafted by the Boston Red Sox in 1987 in the 26th round, 681st overall, and then again by the Montreal Expos with the 35th pick in the first round of the 1990 draft. After playing 151 minor league games, he made his major league debut on August 27, 1998. He only played in 23 games in the majors. He played a total of 3 seasons going 3-9 with an earned run average of 5.54 and 107 strikeouts.
Graduate of Columbia River High School, Vancouver, Washington (1987).
# Liske Lategan

Liske Lategan (born 25 November 1998) is a South African rugby sevens player.

## Career

Lategan made her debut for the South African sevens team in 2019. She competed for South Africa at the 2022 Commonwealth Games. She scored a hat-trick in their seventh-place victory over Sri Lanka.
Lategan featured for the sevens side at the 2023 Africa Women's Sevens. She scored a try against Zimbabwe in their opening match.
She was a member of the South African side that competed at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris.

## Personal life

Lategan is the niece of former Springbok winger Pieter Hendriks, who scored the first try at the 1995 Rugby World Cup in South Africa. In 2017, she attended the University of Pretoria.
# Hafnium phosphide

Hafnium phosphide (HfP) is a binary inorganic compound of hafnium metal and phosphorus.

## Preparation

It can be obtained by heating together hafnium powder and red phosphorus in sealed quartz tube under vacuum at high temperatures.

## Uses

The compound is a semiconductor used in high power, high frequency applications and in laser diodes.
Silica-supported hafinum phosphide (HfP/SiO$_2$) was used as a solid acid catalyst to drive furfural production from xylan.
# Mexican filter

The Mexican filter, or Mexico filter, is a yellow-colored or sepia filter or overly warm color grade that is sometimes employed in films and television productions to visually represent scenes set in hot, arid areas, often countries such as Mexico, as well as other Latin American and South Asian countries. It has been criticized for tending to wash out the faces of people with darker skin, and for stereotyping the countries it depicts.

## History

The use of yellow color filters for Mexico began with the film Traffic in 2000. To allow the audience to easily distinguish between the film's three storylines, Traffic's director and cinematographer Steven Soderbergh used various optical effects to give all three plots a distinctive visual style. The most notable of these was the Mexico storyline, where Soderbergh used tobacco filters to tint the image yellow. Soderbergh also reduced the shutter angle to 45 degrees to produce a sharp, strobing effect and exposed the entire film to Ektachrome film to increase the contrast and grain.
The release of Traffic coincided with technical advancements in film-making and film editing, allowing the easier use of color filters and color grading. Traditionally used to convey a sense of heat and aridity, the use of yellow color filters for Mexico eventually became a trope, with many films replicating Soderbergh's style.
It has been disputed that temperature is a good justification for using the Mexican filter given that hot cities in the United States are rarely depicted with yellow filters. In attempting to replicate the style of Traffic, the color grading is often used alongside increased contrast, which obscures the features of those with dark skin.
The style of color grading has been parodied online through memes, as well as criticized as a degrading stereotype of developing countries. Many online have referred to the trope as "shithole color grading".

## Use in movies and television

Notable examples of Mexican filter use include:
* Traffic (2000)
* Breaking Bad (2008)
* Extraction (2020)
* Saw X (2023)
* Teen Wolf (2011)

## Other usages

The term Mexican filter has been used online to describe the appearance of New York City during the 2023 Canadian wildfires, as the smog over the city appeared orange-yellow due to Rayleigh scattering.
# Archdeacon of Northampton

The Archdeacon of Northampton is a senior ecclesiastical officer within the Diocese of Peterborough. As such she or he is responsible for the disciplinary supervision of the clergy within its six rural deaneries: Brackley, Brixworth, Daventry, Greater Northampton, Towcester and Wellingborough. The incumbent is Richard Ormston, who took up his position in February 2014.

## History

This is a list of archdeacons of Northampton, historically a post in the Diocese of Lincoln, and then in the Diocese of Peterborough from that diocese's creation on 4 September 1541.
# Archdeacon of Tonbridge

The Archdeacon of Tonbridge is a senior ecclesiastical officer in charge of the Archdeaconry of Tonbridge in the Church of England Diocese of Rochester. The archdeaconry was created from Rochester archdeaconry by Order in Council on 4 April 1906.
The archdeaconry covers 6 deaneries, namely Malling, Paddock Wood, Sevenoaks, Shoreham, Tonbridge and Tunbridge Wells.

## List of archdeacons

* 1906–18 June 1925 (d.): Avison Scott, Vicar of St James's Tunbridge Wells (first archdeacon)
* 1925–1940 (ret.): Leonard Savill (afterwards archdeacon emeritus)
* 1940–1953 (ret.): William Gray, Vicar of St Nicholas, Rochester (until 1942) then Vicar of Kippington (until 1952; afterwards archdeacon emeritus)
* 1953–1976 (ret.): Maples Earle, Rector of Wrotham (until 1959) then Vicar of Shipbourne (afterwards archdeacon emeritus)
* 1977–1995 (ret.): Richard Mason, Vicar of Edenbridge (until 1983) then Minister of St Luke's Sevenoaks (afterwards archdeacon emeritus)
* 1996–2002 (ret.): Judith Rose
* 2002 – 31 July 2017: Clive Mansell
* 24 September 2017 – 19 July 2021: Julie Conalty (became Bishop of Birkenhead)
* 16 January 2022 – October 2024 (res.): Sharon Copestake
* 23 February 2025 – present: Nick Cornell
# Kaat Dumarey

Kaat Dumarey (born 8 September 1999) is a Belgian female acrobatic gymnast. With partners Ineke Van Schoor and Julie Van Gelder, Dumarey achieved bronze in the 2014 Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships.
In June 2015 she participated at the 2015 European Games along with partners Julie van Gelder and Ineke van Schoor. They won the gold medal in the all-around event, with a score of 86.480. They also posted the highest score on their balance and dynamic routines, with a 28.700 and a 28.450, respectively.
# Kalomoira Karoki

Kalomoira Karoki (born 8 October 2006) is a Greek rhythmic gymnast, member of the national senior team.

## Personal life

When Kalomira is not at the gym she likes to go out with her friends, the girls from the national team who have become her second family or her real family that she neglects due to the long hours of training. She also like to read a good book and go shopping.

## Career

In 2022 Karoki entered the rooster of the Greek senior team debuting at the World Cup in Athens, where the group won silver in the All-Around and with 3 ribbons and 2 balls as well as being 4th with 5 hoops. In April she competed at the World Cup in Sofia, getting another silver medal in the All-Around a gold with 3 ribbons and 2 balls. In early June she attended the Pesaro World Cup, finishing 10th in the All-Around. Two weeks later she competed in her first European Championships as a senior, taking 10th place in the team competition, 7th in the All-Around, 13th with 5 hoops and 7th with 3 ribbons and 2 balls. In September she represented Greece at the World Championships in Sofia along Elpida Englezou, Aikaterini Pagoulatou, Christina Ourania Riga,Marieta Topollai and the two individuals Panagiota Lytra and Maria Dervisi, ending 10th in the All-Around, 11th with 5 hoops and 9th with 3 ribbons and 2 balls.
In 2023 at the first World Cup of the season in Athens the group was 7th in the All-Around, 4th with 5 hoops and won bronze with 3 ribbons + 2 balls. In Sofia the group won bronze with 5 hoops and silver with 3 ribbons + 2 balls.
# Bishopthorpe Palace

Bishopthorpe Palace is the official residence of the Archbishop of York at Bishopthorpe, North Yorkshire, England. The palace is located on the River Ouse and is approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) south of York, which is the location of the diocese's cathedral, York Minster.

## Background

In 1226, Archbishop Walter de Gray bought the manor house at what was then St. Andrewthorpe and gave it to the Dean and Chapter of York Minster. Since then, the village became known as Bishopthorpe. In 1241 he built a Manor House and Chapel on the site. A red brick north wing was built in the fifteenth century and the Gatehouse was built in 1765. In 1863, a water tower was built to extract water from a well, rather than using river water for drinking. The tower was demolished in 1946 but some foundations are still visible in garden of Iona Lodge.
The palace is a Grade I listed building in a wooded, rural setting and includes a gatehouse, stables, a brewhouse and brewster's cottage. It was remodelled by Thomas Atkinson between 1763 and 1769.
John Sentamu, who was Archbishop from 2005 to 2020, did not initially move into the palace, as it was just beginning a major renovation and restoration at the time.
# Brian Kosoff

Brian Kosoff (born 1957) is an American photographer from New York who has worked as both a commercial and fine arts photographer.

## Early life

Kosoff was born in New York City and spent his early years in Brooklyn. His uncle, an amateur photographer, introduced him to photography when he was 15 years old. While in high school, he began an internship that allowed him to assist several Manhattan-based editorial and advertising photographers. During his subsequent studies at the School of Visual Arts, he continued to work as a photographer's assistant and was encouraged to bring his portfolio to newspapers and galleries. This resulted in assignments for the Village Voice and the first solo exhibition of his photography at Third Eye Gallery. The exhibition was noted on the "short list" in The New York Times for recommended shows. As a result, Kosoff left school to pursue photographic assignments, the first of which was for New York magazine.

## Commercial career

Starting in the late seventies, Kosoff worked for magazines, corporate clients and advertising agencies. After a 25-year career in commercial work, Kosoff embarked on a very different path that he found more rewarding. In the late nineties he made a trip to Death Valley and Kosoff, enamored by the sand dunes and mountains of California, was intrigued by the peace and serenity they conveyed. He began attempting to capture in images both the landscapes he saw and the mood they invoked. That became his life's work and, in 2002, Kosoff closed his commercial studio in Manhattan.

## Fine art photography

In 2002 Kosoff left his commercial career to devote himself to the production of personal work; he subsequently had exhibitions throughout the United States.
In addition to writing articles for magazines and newspapers, he has been interviewed and featured in a variety of publications. Kosoff states, "While photography is inherently a two-dimensional medium, incorporating only height and width, I work to include two other dimensions: depth and time.” A critic for the Dallas Morning News similarly noted that his images are "example[s] of two-dimensional work that operate with magic akin to the three-dimensional shimmer of rolling mercury."
His skills learned while producing projects for commercial clients carried over into his work photographing landscapes. He began applying methodical precision to work he found moving on an emotional level. He uses early-morning light and a minimalist sensibility to document his travels in North America and Europe.
Joe Farace, spoke about Kosoff's work in a 2012 edition of Shutterbug Magazine.
# William Fyncheden

Sir William Fyncheden KS (died 1374) was an English justice. He was first recorded as a lawyer in 1350, and the same year was made a Commissioner of embankments in Yorkshire. From then on he was a regular appointee to commissions of Oyer and terminer, mostly in Yorkshire but also in Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire; he was also appointed as a Justice of Labourers several times in both Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire.
In February 1355, he was appointed to investigate unauthorised Alienation of royal lands in 6 counties, including Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire. In 1359, he investigated trespasses against the royal family and their tenants in Richmondshire, and in 1360 he was tasked with the inquiry as to whether the lands of Roger Mortimer were being held by the King or as part of Wales, to which he found the latter. In 1362, he was made a King's Serjeant. Around 1365, he inherited substantial lands, mostly in Yorkshire, from Sir William de Notton, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, who was presumably his cousin.
His career continued to develop in the 1360s, with commissions of Oyer and terminer in Sussex, Huntingdonshire, Cambridgeshire, Kent and Gloucestershire. In 1365 he was made a Justice of the Common Pleas and knighted. He attended Parliament in 1366 as a Trier of petitions, a position he maintained at the Parliaments of 1368, 1369, 1371 and 1373, and at the same time he also acted as an Assize justice, mainly in the Home counties and West Midlands.
On 14 April 1371, he was appointed Chief Justice of the Common Pleas after the previous holder was made Lord Chancellor; Fyncheden then died in 1374 after a relatively brief tenure as Chief Justice.
# Katrina Cameron

Katrina Cameron (born 9 May 1995) is a Canadian group rhythmic gymnast. She represents her nation at international competitions.
She participated at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. She also competed at world championships, including at the 2011, 2014 and 2015 World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships.
# Kazuhito Tanaka

Kazuhito Tanaka (田中 和仁, Tanaka Kazuhito, born 16 May 1985) is a Japanese gymnast, Olympic silver and 3-time World medalist. Younger siblings, sister Rie Tanaka and brother Yusuke Tanaka, are both professional gymnasts.
Tanaka's first major international competition was the 2009 World Championships, where he qualified 10th to the individual all-around with a score of 86.650. In the final, he placed fourth with a score of 88.300, a tenth of a point behind third place. He won the bronze medal in the parallel bars final, scoring 15.500. Tanaka competed for the Japanese team which won the silver medal in the team-all around competition at the 2010 World Championships, contributing scores of 14.166 on still rings, 15.483 on parallel bars, and 14.433 on high bar. His team matched this feat the next year at the 2011 World Championships, where he contributed scores of 15.500 on parallel bars and 15.141 on high bar. He also qualified seventh to the parallel bars final, and placed eight with a score of 15.166.
At the 2012 Olympic Games, he competed on all six apparatuses during qualification, where he qualified in twenty-second place to the individual all-around final with a total score of 86.841, was named as the third reserve for the rings final with a score of 15.100, and qualified second to the parallel bars final with a score of 15.725, .141 behind his brother Yusuke. During the team final 2012 Olympics, he contributed scores of 13.733 on floor, 13.433 on pommel horse, 15.366 on parallel bars, and 15.166 on high bar towards the Japanese team's second-place finish. In the individual all-around, Tanaka was in the silver medal position going into the final rotation, when a mistake on the pommel horse dropped him to sixth. His overall score was 89.407, a major improvement from his performance in qualification, and just over a point away from medalling. In the parallel bars final, he once again just missed out on a medal, placing fourth with a score of 15.500.
# Luke Nosek

Łukasz Nosek (/ˈnoʊsɪk/; born June 1, 1975) is a Polish-American-French entrepreneur, notable for being a co-founder of PayPal.

## Biography

Łukasz Nosek was born in Tarnów, Poland. After emigrating to the US, he earned a B.S. in Computer Engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.
In the summer of 1995, while still in college, he co-founded SponsorNet New Media, Inc., along with fellow Illinois students Max Levchin and Scott Banister. Nosek then worked for Netscape. In 1998, with Max Levchin, Peter Thiel and Ken Howery, Nosek co-founded PayPal, serving as vice president of marketing and strategy, creating the company's "instant transfer" product.
In his first conversation with Thiel, he told Thiel he had just registered to be cryonically suspended, in other words, that he would be subject to low-temperature preservation in case of his legal death in hopes that he might be successfully revived by future medical technology. Thiel himself would later follow Nosek's example.
After PayPal went public and was sold to eBay for $1.5 billion in 2002, Nosek left the company to travel and pursue angel investing. In 2005, with Thiel and Ken Howery, he started Founders Fund, a San Francisco-based venture capital firm with over $1 billion under management.
In July 2017, Nosek left Founders Fund to launch Gigafund, an investment fund focused on space exploration.
Nosek was the first institutional investor in Elon Musk's SpaceX, and sits on the company's board. He also sits on the board of ResearchGate.