# Andong

Andong (Korean: 안동; Korean pronunciation:) is a city in South Korea, and the capital of North Gyeongsang Province. It is the largest city in the northern part of the province with a population of 167,821 as of October 2010. The Nakdong River flows through the city. Andong is a market centre for the surrounding agricultural areas.
Since the 1970s Andong has developed rapidly, although the population has fallen by nearly seventy thousand as people have moved away to Seoul, Busan, Daegu and other urban centres. In the late 1990s and early 2000s it became a tourism and cultural center.
Andong is known as a centre of culture and folk traditions. The surrounding area maintains many types of traditions and the Andong Folk Festival is held in mid October every year. One of the most famous aspects of these cultural festivities are the Andong masks.
Andong National University, specialising in education and Korean folklore, has grown rapidly since the 1970s. Other tertiary institutions include Andong Science College and Catholic Sangji College.

## History

Around 1 BC, Andong was founded by the Jinhan people, and it was known as Gochang. During the Three Kingdoms period, the area was controlled by the Silla kingdom. The Battle of Gochang in 930 was fought here between Hubaekje forces and the Goryeo army led by Wanggeon, who won control of the city and renamed it Andong.
After the ascent of the Joseon dynasty to the throne of Korea, Andong became a centre of Confucianism. The area was extremely conservative for a long time and produced many leading confucian scholars. Toe-gye Yi Hwang (1501–1570), one of the most prominent of all Korean scholars, came from Andong. Yi Hwang retired back to his homeland late in life and started the establishment of the great Confucian academy Dosan Seowon there, which was finished after his death. During this period Andong and its principal families were influential within Korean political circles, of which the three notable families were the Andong Kim, Andong Jang and Andong Kwon clans.
After the 16th century Andong became less influential until the early 19th century, when a marriage of the local Kim family resulted in strong influence on the royal family.
Andong was the site of intense fighting during the Korean War in the early 1950s, the Battle of Andong. Although the city was almost destroyed, it was quickly rebuilt. In 1976 the Andong Dam was built, providing the city with a reliable source of electricity.
In 1999, Her Majesty the Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom celebrated her 73rd birthday in the city. There is an exhibit dedicated to this historic visit at Hahoe folk village museum. Andong soju is made using traditional methods that are centuries old unlike its popular modern counterparts. It is protected by government regulation to preserve authenticity and commands a steep premium in the marketplace.

## Administrative divisions

Andong is divided into 1 eup, 13 myeon and 10 dong. The following is a list of eup, myeon and dong:
| Name | Hangeul | Hanja |
| Pungsan-eup | 풍산읍 | 豊山邑 |
| Waryeong-myeon | 와룡면 | 臥龍面 |
| Bukhu-myeon | 북후면 | 北後面 |
| Seohu-myeon | 서후면 | 西後面 |
| Pungcheon-myeon | 풍천면 | 豊川面 |
| Iljik-myeon | 일직면 | 一直面 |
| Namhu-myeon | 남후면 | 南後面 |
| Namseon-myeon | 남선면 | 南先面 |
| Imha-myeon | 임하면 | 臨河面 |
| Giran-myeon | 길안면 | 吉安面 |
| Imdong-myeon | 임동면 | 臨東面 |
| Yean-myeon | 예안면 | 禮安面 |
| Dosan-myeon | 도산면 | 陶山面 |
| Nokjeon-myeon | 녹전면 | 祿轉面 |
| Junggu-dong | 중구동 | 中區洞 |
| Myeongryun-dong | 명륜동 | 明倫洞 |
| Yongsang-dong | 용상동 | 龍上洞 |
| Seogu-dong | 서구동 | 西區洞 |
| Taehwa-dong | 태화동 | 太華洞 |
| Pyeonghwa-dong | 평화동 | 平和洞 |
| Angi-dong | 안기동 | 安奇洞 |
| Ok-dong | 옥동 | 玉洞 |
| Songha-dong | 송하동 | 松下洞 |
| Gangnam-dong | 강남동 | 江南洞 |

## Local specialty foods

Andong has famous local foods that originated in the city such as heotjesabap, Andong jjimdak, Andong soju (a rice wine), Andong sikhye (a punch), Geonjin guksu (a noodle dish), and salted mackerel.
Heotjesabap (헛제삿밥) is a variety of bibimbap, served with soy sauce (ganjang) instead of the gochujang (hot pepper paste) that is more commonly used. Heotjesa bab consists mainly of several types of namul (young sprouted vegetables) over white rice. It is also served with grilled fish, shark, and jeon (Korean pancake). The dish originated in Andong. The term, Heotjesa bap literally means "dishes for fake jesa" that are ceremonies for death anniversary and ancestor veneration held in Korea. The reason it is considered fake is that it is not covered in incense ash, as would happen to any food sacrificed in a jesa ritual.
Andong jjimdak is a variety of jjim (a Korean steamed or braised dish), made with chicken, cellophane noodles, and various vegetables marinated in a ganjang (Korean soy sauce) based sauce. The name literally means "steamed chicken of Andong." There are many speculations on the origins of the dish. One is that the it is a specialty food of the inner rich village of Andong during the Joseon period, prepared and eaten for special occasions. The more likely explanation is that during the 1980s in the Dak golmok (닭골목; lit. chicken alley) of the "Andong Old Market," restaurant owners there made a dish including ingredients that regulars demanded, which became the current Andong jjimdak. Restaurateurs in the area claim it was invented by five local old women who had limited chicken supplies and wanted to stretch it out. The most plausible speculation among existing assumptions is that merchants of the Dak golmok at the market created the dish to keep their position against the rapid expansion of Western fried chicken shops.
Andong Soju is a specialty of the region. It is made with natural ingredients, unlike mass-produced brands, it was historically used for medicinal purposes, and was developed during the Silla period. The traditions of Andong Soju were almost lost during the '60s and '70s due to government legislation, but they were brought back by Cho Ok-hwa, the current skillholder. Andong soju was traditionally made by the wife of a household, and she passed down the secrets to her daughters-in-law.
Mackerel is another popular local delicacy. Caught downstream where the Nakdong River meets the sea, in ancient times the fish would spoil before being brought further inland. Using special salting techniques, Andong was the furthest inland the fish could be brought, so aristocrats would travel to Andong specially for the salted fish.
Sikhye is a fermented rice punch served across Korea. The Andong variety, however, is particularly spicy, made with powdered red pepper, ginger, and radish. Sikhye contains lactobacillus, a benign strain of bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract, and often used as a digestive aid in dishes including kimchi, yogurt, and sauerkraut, among others.

## Culture
### Museums

* Andong Soju and Traditional Food Museum
* Gyeongsangbuk-do Forest Science Museum
* Kwon Jeong Saeng Fairy Tale Museum
* Municipal Folk Museum
* Seonseonghyun Cultural Heritage Complex
* Traditional Cultural Contents Museum

### Parks

* Gyemyeongsan Recreation Forest
* Amsan Pleasure Ground

### Villages

* Andong Gunja Village
* Yeumteo Village
* Jirye Arts Village
* Hahoe Folk Village

### Confuncian Academies

* Dosan Seowon
* Byeongsan Seowon
* Imcheon Seowon
* Gosan Seowon

### Mountains

* Gallasan Mountain
* Cheondeungsan Mountain

### Monuments

* Gyeongsangbuk-do Independence Movement Memorial

### Experiences

* Dosan Hot Spring
* Andong Maskdance Festival
* Hahoe Mask Dance.
* Hakgasan Hot Spring
* Top-bliss Golf Club
* Imhaho Camping Water Leisure Town
* HuGreen Golf Club
* Danho Sand Park Camping Site
* Danho Sand Park Camping Site
HuGreen Golf Club
* Top-bliss Golf Club
* Ontrepieum

## Architecture
### Historical

* Bongjeongsa, a Buddhist monastery
* Mukgye Seowon
* Nongam Jongtaek
* Andong imcheonggak
* Taesamyo
* Confucian Land

### Modern

* Gyeongbuk Provincial Government Office

## Special product

* Wol Young Yakgwa
* Hahoe mask bread

## Education

* Andong Manner School
* Advanced Center for Korean Studies

## Sports

* Andong Gymnasium

## Visitor attractions in Andong

The Hahoe Folk Village is perhaps the most notable folk village in South Korea. This village is listed by the South Korean government with UNESCO as a World Heritage site with Yangdong Folk Village in 2010.
Andong is also a home of Confucian studies and academies during the Joseon period. The notable examples of seowon, or Confucian academy are Dosan Seowon that enshrines Yi Hwang, Byeongsan Seowon for Yu Sŏngnyong, Imcheon Seowon for Kim Sŏngil, Gosan Seowon, Hwacheon Seowon and others. Other notable visitor destinations are Sisadan, Jirye Artists' Colony, Bongjeongsa temple and Andong Icheondong Seokbulsang aka Jebiwon Stone Buddha.
Andong also has Andong Dam. In the area where Andong Dam is located, there is a monument to the Andong Samil Movement to honor the March First Movement. In addition, there are Wonmom theme parks and Unbu parks.

## Festival

* Andong International Mask Dance Festival

## Climate

Andong has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dwa), but can be considered a borderline humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa) using the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm. The city is located in the mountainous region of central South Korea and is part of the temperate climate. Temperatures vary widely, fog is high at 79 days per year, seasonal winds are northwest in winter and northwest in summer.
Climate data for Andong (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1973–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 13.2 (55.8) | 23.2 (73.8) | 25.5 (77.9) | 32.1 (89.8) | 35.1 (95.2) | 35.7 (96.3) | 38.9 (102.0) | 38.8 (101.8) | 36.0 (96.8) | 29.0 (84.2) | 25.1 (77.2) | 17.0 (62.6) | 38.9 (102.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.0 (39.2) | 7.0 (44.6) | 12.6 (54.7) | 19.5 (67.1) | 24.7 (76.5) | 27.9 (82.2) | 29.5 (85.1) | 30.1 (86.2) | 25.8 (78.4) | 20.5 (68.9) | 13.0 (55.4) | 5.9 (42.6) | 18.4 (65.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.8 (28.8) | 0.8 (33.4) | 6.0 (42.8) | 12.4 (54.3) | 17.8 (64.0) | 21.9 (71.4) | 24.8 (76.6) | 25.1 (77.2) | 20.0 (68.0) | 13.5 (56.3) | 6.4 (43.5) | −0.1 (31.8) | 12.2 (54.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −7.2 (19.0) | −5.1 (22.8) | −0.2 (31.6) | 5.5 (41.9) | 11.2 (52.2) | 16.5 (61.7) | 21.0 (69.8) | 21.2 (70.2) | 15.5 (59.9) | 8.0 (46.4) | 1.0 (33.8) | −5.3 (22.5) | 6.8 (44.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −20.4 (−4.7) | −18.6 (−1.5) | −11.5 (11.3) | −4.3 (24.3) | 1.8 (35.2) | 6.1 (43.0) | 11.8 (53.2) | 12.0 (53.6) | 4.0 (39.2) | −4.2 (24.4) | −11.8 (10.8) | −16.0 (3.2) | −20.4 (−4.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 16.7 (0.66) | 24.9 (0.98) | 44.5 (1.75) | 74.0 (2.91) | 85.1 (3.35) | 123.1 (4.85) | 235.2 (9.26) | 226.4 (8.91) | 119.8 (4.72) | 46.5 (1.83) | 30.9 (1.22) | 18.6 (0.73) | 1,045.7 (41.17) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 4.9 | 4.9 | 7.2 | 8.0 | 8.7 | 9.6 | 14.2 | 13.9 | 9.0 | 5.7 | 6.2 | 5.5 | 97.8 |
| Average snowy days | 5.5 | 3.7 | 2.6 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 4.1 | 17 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 59.9 | 57.3 | 56.8 | 55.4 | 61.0 | 68.8 | 77.5 | 77.7 | 76.5 | 72.7 | 68.2 | 62.7 | 66.2 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 194.8 | 193.8 | 214.1 | 222.3 | 235.2 | 200.4 | 161.9 | 172.8 | 157.0 | 188.5 | 166.7 | 185.1 | 2,292.6 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 59.9 | 59.7 | 54.1 | 55.6 | 51.4 | 43.4 | 33.4 | 39.8 | 40.5 | 52.0 | 53.5 | 58.9 | 49.3 |
| Source: Korea Meteorological Administration (percent sunshine 1981–2010) ||||||||||||||

## Gallery

* Sisadan
* Hahoe Folk Village
* Hahoe Dance Mask
* Andong Gu Market, food market in downtown Andong
* Woryeonggyo [ko], Bridge in Sang-a dong, Andong

## Sister cities

Andong has a sister city relationship with:
* Corinth, Greece
* Cusco, Peru
* Pingdingshan, China
* Sagae, Japan
* Xi'an, China

## People from Andong

* Cho Yoon-jeong (born 1979), tennis player
* Ji Han-jae (born 1936), martial artist, Hapkido grandmaster and actor
* Lee Elijah (born 1990), actress
* Lee Jae-myung (born 1964), Governor of Gyeonggi Province
* Kim Jin-kyu (1922–1998), actor, film director and producer
* Kim Jong-gil (1926–2017), poet
* Kim Mi-soon, Paralympic archer
* Park Ki-woong (born 1985), actor
* Park So-yeon (born 1987), singer, actress and K-pop idol (T-ara)
* Kim "Canna" Chang-dong (born 2000), professional League of Legends player, currently a top laner for DWG KIA.
* Lee Dong-heon (born 1995), singer and K-pop idol (VERIVERY)
* Kim Byung-chul (born 1974), South Korean actor.