# List of countries by population in 1600

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| 1500 | 1600 | 1700 |
This is a list of countries by population in 1600. Estimate numbers are from the beginning of the year, and exact population figures are for countries that held a census on various dates in that year. The bulk of these numbers are sourced from Alexander V. Avakov's Two Thousand Years of Economic Statistics, Volume 1, pages 15 to 17, which cover population figures from the year 1600 divided into modern borders. Avakov, in turn, cites a variety of sources, mostly Angus Maddison.
| Country/Territory | Population c. 1600 estimate | Percentage of World Population |
| World | 579,000,000 | – |
| Ming Dynasty Subdivisions Liaodong Regional Military Commission – ? Dokham Regional Military Commission – ? Sichuan Province Tusi – ? Guizhou Province Tusi – ? Guangxi Province Tusi – ? Yunnan Province Tusi – ? Chinese Shan States – ? | 60,000,000–150,000,000 | 27.6% |
| Mughal Empire Subdivisions Jaisalmer – ? Bikaner – ? Marwar – ?Mewar – ?Amber – ? Dungarpur – ?Kotah – ?Gondi states – ? | ~115,000,000 | 19.9% |
| Holy Roman Empire subdivisions Bohemian Crown – 2,950,000 Archduchy of Austria (and related territories) – 2,500,000 Spanish Netherlands – 1,600,000+ Duchy of Milan – 1,350,000 Savoy – 1,200,000 Electorate of Saxony – 1,200,000 Republic of the Swiss – 1,000,000 Electorate of Bavaria – ~800,000 Republic of Genoa – 650,000 Grand Duchy of Tuscany – 648,000 Electoral Palatinate – ~600,000 Margraviate of Brandenburg- ~350,000 Duchy of Württemberg – ? Duchy of Modena and Reggio – ~250,000 Duchy of Parma – ~250,000 Margraviate of Baden – ? Thuringian states – ? Duchy of Carniola – 248,000 Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel 230,000 Duchy of Holstein – 185,000 Republic of Lucca – 110,000 Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt – 50,000 Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin – ? Nassau-Weilburg – ? Prince-Bishopric of Würzburg – ? County of Oldenburg – ? Duchy of Luxemburg – ? Imperial County of Reuss – ? Principality of Lippe – ? Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz – ? Anhalt-Dessau – ? Arenberg – ? Anhalt-Bernburg – ? Anhalt-Köthen – ? County of Schaumburg – ? Liechtenstein – ? Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg- ? Principality of Calenberg – ? Electorate of Mainz – 100,000+ Franche-Comté – ? Electorate of Trier – 100,000+ Electorate of Cologne – 100,000+ Duchy of Brunswick-Luneburg – ? Saxe-Lauenburg – ? Prince-Bishopric of Münster – ? Archbishopric of Magdeburg – ? Hamburg – ~20,000 Free City of Lübeck – ? Duchy of Schleswig – ? Prince-bishopric of Lübeck – ? Prince-Bishopric of Trent – ? Principality of Ansbach – ? | 27,000,000+ – 34,000,000+ | 5.2% |
| Iberian Union and possessions subdivisions Spanish America – c. 9,745,000 Kingdom of Spain – 8,240,000 Kingdom of Naples – 3,000,000 Spanish Netherlands (Belgium) – 1,600,000+ Duchy of Milan – 1,350,000 Kingdom of Portugal – 1,100,000 Kingdom of Sicily – 1,100,000 Captaincy General of the Philippines – 791,000 Franche-Comté – ? Goa state – 250,000 Diu – ? Viceroyalty of Sardinia – 300,000 Malacca – ~195,000 Viceroyalty of Brazil – 45,000 Bahrain – 54,000 Duchy of Luxemburg – ? Andorra – ? | 28,745,000 | 5.0% |
| Ottoman Empire subdivisions Anatolia and East Thrace – 7,275,000 Egypt Eyalet – 5,000,000 Ottoman Algeria – 2,250,000 Greece – 1,500,000 Bulgaria – 1,250,000Syria – 1,175,000 Iraq- 1,070,000 Serbia – 1,057,000 Beylik of Tunis – 1,000,000 Ottoman Hungary – 900,000 Ottoman Tripolitania – 500,000 Bosnia Eyalet – 449,000 Sidon Eyalet – 292,000 Palestine – 352,000 Cyprus – 98,000 Habesh Eyalet – ? Ottoman Albania – 200,000 vassal states Principality of Transylvania – 965,000 Principality of Moldavia - 440,000 Principality of Wallachia - 300,000 Crimean Khanate - 2,740,000 Sultanate of Aceh - ? | 28,740,000 | 5.0% |
| Kingdom of France subdivisions Kingdom of Navarre – ? Andorra Viscounty of Béarn | 18,000,000+ - 20,000,000+ | 3.5% |
| Kingdom of Morocco and possessions subdivisions Pashalik of Timbuktu – 10,810,860Morocco – 2,250,000 | 13,060,860 | 2.3% |
| Tokugawa Japan | 12,000,000 | 2.1% |
| Joseon | 11,000,000 | 1.6% |
| Tsardom of Russia | 9,000,000 | 1.6% |
| Safavid Iran | Under 5,000,000 to near 10,000,000 | 1.3% |
| Habsburg Monarchy subdivisions Bohemian Crown – 2,950,000 Archduchy of Austria – 2,100,000 Kingdom of Hungary – 1,800,000 Kingdom of Croatia – est. 647,000 Duchy of Carniola – 290,000 | 7,800,000 | 1.3% |
| Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth subdivisions Royal Prussia – ? Duchy of Courland and Semigallia – ? Duchy of Livonia – ? | 7,950,000 | 1.4% |
| England and possessions subdivisions  Kingdom of England – 4,150,000 Kingdom of Ireland – 1,200,000 Wales – 250,000 | 5,600,000 | 1.0% |
| Lê dynasty (Đại Việt) | 5,500,000 | 0.9% |
| Taungoo dynasty (Burma) subdivisions Shan States – ? | 3,500,000 | 0.6% |
| Ahom kingdom | 2,000,000-3,000,000 | 0.3%-0.5% |
| Northern Yuan | ~2,760,000 | 0.5% |
| Malla | 2,750,000 | 0.5% |
| Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siam) | c. 2,500,000 | 0.4% |
| Ethiopian Empire | 2,104,000 | 0.4% |
| Republic of Venice | 2,000,000 | 0.3% |
| Kingdom of Kongo | 2,000,000 | 0.3% |
| Jianzhou Jurchen Confederation | <2,000,000 | 0.3% |
| Dutch Republic | 1,500,000 | 0.3% |
| Cambodia | 1,419,000 | 0.2% |
| Sweden subdivisions Kingdom of Sweden – 760,000 Grand Duchy of Finland- 500,000 Duchy of Estonia- 101,000 | 1,361,000 | 0.2% |
| Denmark–Norway subdivisions  Denmark – 650,000 Norway- 400,000 Iceland- 50,000 Greenland – ? | 1,100,000 | 0.2% |
| Kingdom of Scotland | 800,000 | 0.14% |
| Republic of Genoa | 650,000 | 0.11% |
| Kingdom of Lan Xang | 319,000 | 0.055% |
| Malay Sultanates of Johor, Kedah, Pattani, and Perak | <200,000 (together) | 0.133% |
| Kingdom of Mrauk U | 160,000+ | 0.107% |
| Arab Emirates | 35,000 | 0.006% |
| Nan Madol (Saudeleur dynasty) | 25,000 | 0.004% |
| Rapa Nui (Easter Island) | 15,000 | 0.003% |
The source used here calculates the said nations population by modern day borders, so the estimates are likely inaccurate.