# Wenzel Scholz

Wenzel Johann Scholz (Wenzislaus Johann, real name Wenzel von Plümeke; 28 March 1787 – 5 October 1857) was an Austrian actor in Laibach, Klagenfurt, Graz and in Vienna, above all at the Alt-Wiener Volkstheater [de], who became known as the partner of Johann Nestroy in his posses and Lustspiel [de]s.

## Origin

He was born in Innsbruck, although some sources give the location as Brixen. In many biographies, Maximilian Scholz (1744-1834) is mentioned as his father. It was actually the actor Leopold Scholz (1748-1826), who was possibly a brother or close relative of Maximilian. The error may have resulted from the fact that both Scholz had a born Tilly as their wife.

## Debut

Scholz was an actor's child whose talent protested early against the forced profession of a merchant.
He made his debut in 1811 at the age of 24 in his mother's theatre troupe in the role of Harlequin in Friedrich Schiller's Turandot, Prinzessin von China and then appeared predominantly in Laibach and Klagenfurt. In March 1815 he was engaged for several weeks at the Hofburgtheater in Vienna, his debut was as Traugott in August von Kotzebue's play Bruderzwist oder die Versöhnung. Since his abilities were not recognized and he "soon felt the oppressiveness of the noble atmosphere", he became Kasperle, as his father proclaimed punitively. When Scholz realized that he was destined to be a comedian in the local business, he left the Burgtheater in September 1815 and gave a guest performance at the Theater in der Leopoldstadt. Since he was not engaged there despite good reviews, he returned to Klagenfurt, where he worked until 1819 mainly in batch and episode roles and as a young comedian, but great success already gave him some of his later Viennese shining roles. Scholz spent the next years with various theater troupes with whom he played in the Austrian provinces of Styria and Carinthia. In 1819 he succeeded in becoming an ensemble member at the theater in Graz for seven years, where he appeared as a comedian in Kasperle, Thaddädl and Staberl rolles.
In 1826 Scholz went to Vienna again at the age of 39 to fulfill an engagement at the Theater in der Josefstadt where his first role was Truffaldino in Goldoni's The Servant of Two Masters. From May 1827 he appeared at the Theater an der Wien and pleased audiences and critics as Staberl in Bäuerle's Die Bürger in Wien [de]. In 1826 Scholz achieved the final breakthrough to the popular folk comedian in the role of Klapperle in Karl Meisl's Die schwarze Frau, a parody, in which he brought the audience to frenzy with a grotesquely drastic appearance with a bloated neck and "no voice" and according to contemporary witnesses after a nonsens-Wiener Couplet [de], he had to appear up to ten times on stage. His popularity "soon increased to worship" (Alexander von Weilen, Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie 1891).

## Scholz and Nestroy

Theatre director Carl Carl transferred Scholz to the Theater an der Wien, where he became the partner of Johann Nestroy from 1831. From 1832 to 1852 Scholz played at the Theater in der Leopoldstadt (from 1847 Carltheater). The many great successes of the famous duo came about because Nestroy wrote many roles for himself and his partner Scholz. Scholz's outward appearance, a stocky figure, a round, mostly motionless face with nimble, lively eyes and his mostly phlegmatic temperament, which stood in contrast to Nestroy, mainly contributed to the comic effect of his play. The combination Scholz/Nestroy can be compared with the famous double acts like Arlecchino and Pantalone in the Commedia dell’arte and later Karl Valentin and Liesl Karlstadt and also Laurel and Hardy.
The interplay of Scholz and Nestroy became famous in Der wöse Geist Lumpacivagabundus [de] (1833) with Scholz as Schneider Zwirn, director Carl Carl as Tischler Leim and Nestroy as Schuster Knieriem as "liederliches Handwerker-Kleeblatt", but also in Nestroy's Eulenspiegel adaptation (1835), in Hutmacher und Strumpfwirker (1837), as lord of Lips and locksmith Gluthammer in Der Zerrissene [de] (1844), as servant Johann and clothes dealer Damian in Zu ebener Erde und erster Stock [de] (1835), as hairdresser slim and clothes cleaner Hutzibutz in Das Haus der Temperamente [de] (1837), as father and son Pfrim in Höllenangst [de], in Unverhofft [de] (1845), Der Unbedeutende [de] (1846, role of the intrigant Puffmann), Der Schützling [de] (1847), as Holofernes in Judith und Holofernes [de] (1849) and as the barber surgeon Gabriel Brunner in Kampl (1852).
In Nestroy's dialog drafts, the main characters are usually marked with N. and Sch, the initials of Nestroy and Scholz.
Especially for the roles of stupid, foolish servant, Scholz was made as a phlegmatic gardener's assistant in Nestroy's Der Talisman (1840) or as a domestic servant "Melchior" (a role that Nestroy had written for Scholz) in Einen Jux will er sich machen (1842), who stupidly repeats the sentence: "Das is’ klassisch!" In a review on 14 July 1842 of a guest performance of this play in Prague, it was said:
   Nestroy's long-standing partner Wenzel Scholz performs Melchior. The role of the fat, sluggish, stupid servant, who moves across the stage like a snail, doesn't make a face and finds everything 'classical', is written especially for him. A larger contrast to the fast, hectic Nestroy is hardly conceivable, the comedy results not least from this circumstance."
Especially besides Nestroy's cutting irony, Scholz's original harmlessness was indispensable, he opposed the mercurial technique Treumann's with his good-natured calm. "Johann Nestroy and Wenzel Scholz seemed to have divided themselves into the inheritance of the Hanswurst: all sharpness and mobility fell to Nestroy, all width and comfort came to Scholz. Nestroy always had to achieve his success, Scholz had already won when he appeared. Scholz was a representative of the responsible, tolerating, Nestroy a representative of the active, the attacking comedy" (Speidel).
The play Eulenspiegel oder Schabernack über Schabernack was written by Nestroy in 1835 for his friend Scholz. It is remarkable that Nestroy did not play the title role himself, but chose a "fat one" for Eulenspiegel. He reserved to himself the role of the seemingly simple-minded boy Natzi, who was a forerunner of Willibald in Die schlimmen Buben in der Schule [de].
A humorous painting from 1848 shows Scholz and Nestroy as an "unequal 4848" National Guard pair, a militia set up by the revolutionaries in Vienna at the beginning of the 1848 Revolution. The picture was an allusion to the political intermezzo of Nestroy during the Revolution, which was reflected in his farce with the song Freiheit in Krähwinkel [de], which had the events of the March Revolution as background and in which Nestroy and Scholz appeared together.
Nestroy's farce in one act Die Fahrt mit dem Dampfwagen was premiered on 5 December 1834 at the Theater an der Wien for the benefit of his friend Scholz.

## Vis Comica

In his comedy, Scholz was the last representative of a naive burlesque comedy following Hanswurst. It was not until Scholz's late period that the drastic comic means were reduced in favor of a stronger internalization and psychological deepening, as in the role of the idealistic country doctor Gabriel Brunner in Nestroy's late work Kampl (1852), who wants to bring matters of love and inheritance from the high nobility to the locksmith into balance with brilliant one-line jokes, metaphors and raisonnements and as an ordering authority fights on the side of loyalty and good character.
Despite his obesity, Scholz had a high degree of agility at his disposal. Contemporaries report of a daring leap, a pirouette, which Scholz still performed at an advanced age in Nestroy's farce Der Unbedeutende and which prompted the audience to ovations and applause.
The Viennese court actor Karl Ludwig Costenoble wrote about Scholz: " The man has an unspeakable power! He can repeat the most bland things three and four times - they never get boring, on the contrary, he recites one and the same idea or remark so differently in his keys that the laughter is always increased". In his genre Scholz was unequalled until an equal successor was found in Josef Matras.
On 28 March 1856 the anonymous one-act play Wenzel Scholz und Die chinesische Prinzessin was performed in the Carl-Theater on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Scholz searched in vain for an author to write a play for him and received a package containing only empty sheets. With the help of a few bottles of wine to "inspire" him, he decided to write the play himself and fell asleep over it. The dream led him to China, where he was to marry a princess and, exposed as a comedian, lose his life. Just in time he woke up and had the material he was looking for.
This one-act play is testimony to the collaboration of the famous comedian quartet Johann Nestroy, Wenzel Scholz, Karl Treumann and Alois Grois at the Carltheater at a turning point from the comedy of the farcical Alt-Wiener Volkstheater [de], which ended with Scholz, to the 'new' comedy after 1850 on the way to operette.
Karl Haffner made Scholz the hero of a drama (Wenzel Scholz, a genre picture from the life of an artist with song and dance in three acts, 1858) and a folk novel.

## Personal life

Scholz was married twice. From his first marriage to Antonia Rupp, daughter of a printer, came two sons Eduard (d. 1844 at the age of 34), Anton (d. 1846, suicide) and two daughters Josephine Leeb and Karoline von Franck (married to Alfred Ritter von Franck), both of whom started a mediocre acting career. The marriage is not said to have been a happy one, as his wife was a squanderer. Six years later, after the death of his first wife in 1844, Scholz married Therese Miller for the second time at an advanced age. This second marriage remained childless. An illegitimate child Scholz' is verifiable.
Privately, Scholz was serious and taciturn and only devoted to tobacco smoking and card games, which he regularly lost, but with great equanimity, although it plunged him into great financial hardship. Director Carl Carl knew how to cleverly compense Scholz's financial calamities by advances, loans, purchase of his benefit ideas etc. Only under Nestroy's direction did Scholz receive a corresponding remuneration.
Scholz was the only one whom director Carl Carl considered in his will with a considerable sum as a pension. Nevertheless, this denied him the wish to participate in the k.k. Burgtheater, which at that time meant the culmination of an acting career.
At the age of 70, Scholz died in Vienna after a short illness. Contemporary witnesses report of enormous participation in the funeral, tens of thousands of Viennese are said to have given him the Funeral Procession to the old Friedhof in Dornbach, hundreds of staff followed the coffin. Johann Nestroy, his friend and partner of many years, travelled, however, not to have to attend the funeral, since he could not bear the thought of death. In 1900 Scholz's body was exhumed at the instigation of his granddaughter and reburied in Traunkirchen.
Scholz is immortalized on the safety curtain of the Theater an der Wien next to Nestroy, Raimund and Mozart's The Magic Flute.