OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Beech–maple forest

A beech–maple forest or a maple beech forest is a climax mesic closed canopy hardwood forest. It is primarily composed of American beech and sugar maple trees which co-dominate the forest and which are the pinnacle of plant succession in their range. A form of this forest was the most common forest type in the Northeastern United States when it was settled by Europeans and remains widespread but scattered today.

## Description

The canopy is dominated by American beech and sugar maple trees, providing little light to the understory. The reduced light provides poor conditions for shrubs, with the exceptions of American witch-hazel and alderleaf viburnum shrubs. The ground cover includes herbs and spring ephemerals, flowers which are able to bloom before the canopy fills in. Seedlings of beech and maple trees are shade-tolerant, allowing them to grow in low light conditions for several years. These seedling are waiting for an opening in the canopy, and grow rapidly when an opening is made by the death of a mature tree.
Beech–maple forests are often found on flat or rolling terrain, in a variety of moist to well-drained soils with high levels of organic matter. They thrive in glacial till from the Wisconsin glaciation. Typically, in sandy soils, the maple is more common while in soils that have more clay in them, the beech is more dominant. There must be a fairly high level of precipitation.
These forests are the result of ecological succession, a long progression of different plant species over centuries. One possible sere is from bare ground, it would start with weeds, then shrubs, weedy trees (such as mulberry), then coniferous trees (such as juniper) and additional types such as ash lead to a mixed mesophytic forest. Eventually, an oak–hickory forest develops. If the conditions allow, the final climax community for several different series is the beech–maple community. Even in a climax community dominated by two types of trees, there can be many different species of trees on the edges of the forest, in windthrow gaps or in microclimates.

## Distribution

The range of the beech–maple forest type extends from the Atlantic coast west to Minnesota, Michigan and from southern Canada south to Virginia and Tennessee. It is most widespread in Vermont and Upstate New York and was an important component of the original vegetation of northeastern Ohio. Instances of a beech–maple forest can be found at altitudes of 320 feet (98 m) to 3,900 feet (1,200 m).

## Gallery

* American beech, Fagus grandifolia, Gadsden Co., Florida.
* Sugar maple tree, Acer saccharum, Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois.
* American Beech Fagus grandifolia Maple Climax community, Johnson City, TN
# 2024 in Arkansas

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
The following is a list of events of the year 2024 in Arkansas.

## Incumbents
### State government

* Governor: Sarah Huckabee Sanders (R)

## Events

* January 16 – Former governor of Arkansas Asa Hutchinson withdraws from the 2024 Republican Party presidential primaries.
* March 5 – Super Tuesday:
** The Democratic Party holds presidential nominating contests in Arkansas amongst other states.
** The Republican Party holds presidential nominating contests in Arkansas amongst other states.
* May 8 – A statue of the late African American civil rights leader Daisy Bates is unveiled at the U.S. Capitol's National Statuary Hall Collection in Washington, D.C., representing the state of Arkansas.
* May 19 – 27: Tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024
* June 21 – 2024 Fordyce shooting: Four people are killed and ten others are wounded in a shooting at the Mad Butcher supermarket in Fordyce. The suspect, Travis Eugene Posey, is shot and arrested by Arkansas State Police.
# Invitation (Andrew Hill album)

Invitation is an album by American jazz pianist Andrew Hill, recorded in 1974 and released on the Danish SteepleChase label. The album features five of Hill's original compositions and one jazz standard performed by Hill in a trio with bassist Christopher White and drummer Art Lewis. The CD added an alternate take as a bonus track.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings | |
The Allmusic review by Ken Dryden awarded the album 4 stars stating "Such fascinating music will be of great interest to fans of Andrew Hill".

## Track listing

    All compositions by Andrew Hill except as indicated
* "Catfish" – 6:31
* "Lost No More" – 5:23
* "Morning Flower" – 12:19
* "Invitation" (Bronisław Kaper) – 8:40
* "Laverne" – 7:33
* "Little John" – 6:51
* "Catfish" [alternate take] – 10:39 Bonus track on CD
   * Recorded at Minot Sound Studios, White Plains, New York on October 17, 1974

## Personnel

* Andrew Hill – piano
* Chris White – bass
* Art Lewis – drums
# Henry Duffield Craik

Sir Henry Duffield Craik, 3rd Baronet, KCSI (2 January 1876 – 27 March 1955) was a member of the Indian Civil Service during the British Raj.
He was born in Kensington, London the son of Sir Henry Craik, 1st Baronet. He was educated at Eton College and Pembroke College, Oxford. He began his career in the Indian Civil Service as a settlement officer in the Punjab in 1899. He served as Chief Secretary of the Punjab between 1922 and 1927 and was made Commissioner in 1927. He succeeded his brother George to the Craik baronetcy in 1929. He became a member of the Punjab Executive Council in 1934, and that same year was appointed to the Viceroy's Executive Council. He served as Governor of the Punjab between 1938 and 1941.

## Arms

Coat of arms of Henry Duffield Craik :
* CrestAn anchor Proper.
* EscutcheonArgent on a sea in base undy Azure and of the firs a three masted ship under full sail Proper flagged Gules on a chief indented of the last a book expanded of the first leaved Or between two antique lamps of the last.
* MottoTendimus
# Grubb–Sigmon–Weisiger House

The Grubb–Sigmon–Weisiger House, also known as the Grubb–Grimes–Sigmon House, is a historic home located at Salisbury, Rowan County, North Carolina. It was built in 1911, and is a large two-story, Queen Anne style frame dwelling. It is sheathed in weatherboard and has a wraparound porch. It was rotated 90 degrees to its present orientation in 1927, and the interiors redesigned in the Colonial Revival style in 1939. Other contributing resources are the guest house (c. 1941), playhouse (c. 1928–1930), a garage / stable (c. 1927), truck-garage / workshop (c. 1942), smokehouse (c. 1942), and greenhouse (c. 1933).
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.
# Lee Soo-sung

Lee Soo-sung (born March 10, 1939) is a South Korean politician and legal scholar who served as the prime minister of South Korea from 1995 to 1997 under President Kim Young-sam. Prior to entering politics, he was president of Seoul National University.
He later served as the executive vice chairman of the Advisory Council on Democratic and Peaceful Unification, the presidential advisory body on unification with North Korea.

## Biography

He was born in Kankō, Kankyōnan-dō, studied and graduated with a law degree going on to become a judge and following tenure as a lawyer went on become Associate Justice. During the Korean War he was abducted into North Korea.
Lee Soo-sung enrolled into the Law School of Seoul National University in 1956 following graduation from Seoul High School. He received his Ph.D. degree in 1961 and also received LL.D. from the same university.
His teaching experiences include various positions such as full-time lecturer, assistant professor, associate professor during 1967~1978, exchange researcher at University of Pittsburgh in the USA for 1970~1971 and the Dean of School of Law at the Seoul National University during 1988~1990. He was then appointed to the post of the 20th President of the Seoul National University in 1995 while he was teaching as a professor at the same university. He was also appointed as the board chairman of the Samsung Press Foundation and as the Prime Minister of Korea by Kim Young-sam Administration in December of the same year. Accordingly, he resigned his post as the President of the Seoul National University.
Following his resignation as the Prime Minister in 1997, he ran for the primary election of the presidential candidate of the New Korea Party but lost the election. In 2000, he founded Democratic National Party along with Kim, Yoon Hwan and Lee, Gi Taek, and ran for the 16th general election without success. During the period of 1998~2000 under Kim Dae-Jung Administration, he was actively involved in international activities including executive vice-chairman of the National Unification Advisory Council of Korea.
Although he initially ran for the 17th Presidential Election in 2007, he voluntarily withdrew his candidacy for the purpose of unification of candidate for the ruling party and maintained neutrality in election. In the Presidential Election in 2012, he supported the presidential candidate of the Democratic United Party, Moon Jae-in.
# Riad Asmat

Riad Asmat (born 17 November 1971 in Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia) is a Malaysian businessman. He is the son of Perodua Chairman Tan Sri Datuk Asmat Kamaludin. He is the former CEO of the Caterham F1 Team and Team Principal of the Caterham Racing GP2 team. Tony Fernandes and fellow shareholders Kamarudin Meranun and SM Nasarudin later promoted Asmat to Group CEO of Caterham Group for Caterham F1 Team, Caterham Cars, Caterham Racing, merchandising, engineering and all related interests.
As of January 2018, Asmat is CEO of Air Asia Group.

## Career

The team announced the appointment of Asmat as the chief executive officer of 1Malaysia F1 Team Sdn. Bhd. (1MF1T). Asmat, 38 years old, was formerly working in the managing director's office of Proton Holdings Berhad as general manager. In Proton Holdings Berhad in 2006. Asmat also managed the company's involvement in A1 Team Malaysia.
# Quartered Safe Out Here

Quartered Safe Out Here: A Recollection of the War in Burma is a military memoir of World War II by George MacDonald Fraser, the author of The Flashman Papers series of novels. Quartered Safe Out Here was first published in 1993.
It describes in graphic and memorable detail Fraser's experiences as a 19-year-old private in The Border Regiment, fighting with the British 14th Army against the Imperial Japanese Army, during the latter stages of the Burma Campaign in late 1944 and 1945. This included his participation in the Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay and the Battle of Pokoku and Irrawaddy River operations.
The military historian Sir John Keegan wrote: "There is no doubt that it is one of the great personal memoirs of the Second World War." Keegan gives similar praise to Norman Lewis's Naples '44 memoir, later produced as a movie. Fraser's book has also been praised by the English author Melvyn Bragg and the American playwright David Mamet.
The book's title is a quotation from Rudyard Kipling's 1890 poem "Gunga Din", and is ironic since Fraser certainly was not "quartered safe out here", while serving in Burma during one of the final campaigns of the war.
The book includes several criticisms of the state of Britain today. Fraser called it "an extremely politically incorrect book."
# Rafiqul Haque

Rafiqul Haque (known as Dadu Bhai; 8 January 1937 – 10 October 2021) was a Bangladeshi journalist and poet. He worked for the Daily Jugantor, published in Dhaka, as its feature editor. Earlier in his career, he was the executive editor of the Dainik Rupali, Dainik Janata and also worked for Dainik Azad, Dainik Lal Sabuj and The Bangladesh Observer. Haque was reputed for his rhymes.
Haque was the acting editor of the Kishore Bangla from 1976 to 1983, the only weekly newspaper for children ever published in the Indian sub-continent.
Haque received many awards, including the Bangla Academy Award, Bangladesh Children's Academy Award, Agrani Bank Children's Literature Award, Chandrabati Academy Award, and All India Children's Literature Award.
He died in 2021.
# Guilford (Frederick, Maryland)

Guilford is a large country farmhouse near Frederick, Maryland, built in 1809. Formerly the center of a 103-acre (0.42 km$^2$) farm, the brick house retains many of its outbuildings despite its location in the middle of a suburban shopping and office development.
Guilford was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.
# Guilford County Office and Court Building

Guilford County Office and Court Building is a historic office and municipal and North Carolina Superior Court courthouse building located at Greensboro, Guilford County, North Carolina. It was built in 1937, and is a two-story, three part, Art Moderne-style brick building. It has a stylized entrance with three unornamented pilasters without capitals, which extend above the roofline.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.
# Daughters of Our Lady of Mercy

The Daughters of Our Lady of Mercy (Italian: Figlie di Nostra Signora della Misericordia) is a religious institute of pontifical right whose members profess public vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience and follow the evangelical way of life in common. The constitutions were approved by Pope Pius X in 1904.
Their mission includes pastoral ministry, education of youth, care of the sick and aged.
This religious institute was founded in Savona, Italy, in 1837, by Maria Giuseppa Rossello, Franciscan tertiary, and her three companions (Pauline Barla, Angela, and Domenica Pessio).
The sisters have houses in 20 countries, including Italy, Germany, Romania, United Kingdom, Africa, India, Latin America and United States. The Generalate of the Congregation can be found in Savona, Italy.
On 31 December 2005 there are 988 sisters in 165 communities.
# European Conference of Reformed Churches

The European Conference of Reformed Churches (EUCRC) is a federation of churches Reformed Calvinists in Europe, formed in 2007. It is the European regional branch of the International Conference of Reformed Churches.
The organization's main objective is cooperation between Reformed churches for evangelism and theological education.

## Member list

As of December 24, 2021, the European Conference of Reformed Churches is made up of the following 8 members:
* Christian Reformed Churches in the Netherlands
* Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales
* Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Ireland
* Free Church of Scotland
* Free Church of Scotland (Continuing)
* Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated) (suspended since 2017)
* Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland
* Reformed Churches in Spain
Although not officially a member, the Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Ukraine and Ukrainian Evangelical Reformed Church are represented at CEIR meetings.
# Tamara Jozi

Tamara Nokulunga Jozi (12 December 1956 – 6 August 2021), was a South African actress and television personality. She is best known for commercial advertisement "the Wimpy", where she keeps asking "Thabo, when are you getting married?".

## Personal life

She died on the 6th of August 2021 at the age of 64 from natural causes.

## Career

She was a household name in television, newspapers and billboard advertisements. Apart from appearing in many television commercials, she had a notable role in the soapie Soul City. Then she acted in the short film Secrets and Lies. Then she joined the e.tv soap opera Rhythm City and the SABC1 dramatization serial Society. In 2013, she joined the season 2 of SABC1 serial After 9. Apart from that, she also acted in the serials Gauteng Maboneng, Isibaya, Scandal!, and Lithapo.
Apart from television, she also acted in the feature film The Long Run in 2001 and the short film Die Soldaat in 2014. In 2014, she competed in an episode of the e.tv game show I Love South Africa. Her final television appearance came through the M-Net thriller serial Reyka where she played the role of "Bongi's grandmother".

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Role | Genre |
| 2001 | The Long Run | Suiker's Domestic Worker | Film |
| 2011 | Soul City | Tunisia | TV series |
| 2011 | Gauteng Maboneng | Koko | TV series |
| 2013 | After 9 | | Film |
| 2013 | Isibaya | Mazondi | TV series |
| 2014 | Die Soldaat | Lettie | Short film |
| 2021 | Reyka | Bongi's granny | TV series |
| 2020 | Lithapo | Buhle | TV series |
| | Secrets and Lies | | Short film |
| | Rhythm City | | TV series |
| | Society | MaGumede | TV series |
| | Scandal! | Mam'Joyce | TV series |
# John Strong (mariner)

John Strong was an English mariner.
During an expedition from London to South America in 1689–91, commanding HMS Welfare, he discovered the sound between the two main islands in the Falkland Islands. He named it Falkland Sound for Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount of Falkland, a part-owner in the Welfare. Anthony partly sponsored his journey. Later, the name Falkland was adopted to the entire archipelago.
On 27 January 1690, he made the first recorded landing in the Falkland Islands. The expedition continued through the Strait of Magellan. His expedition also recorded the first sighting of the Falkland Islands wolf
John Strong left a legacy that continued into the 1700s. In 1765, the English founded their first permanent colony, Port Egmont.
# Miller Field (airport)

Miller Field (IATA: VTN, ICAO: KVTN, FAA LID: VTN) is a public airport a mile south of Valentine in Cherry County, Nebraska.

## Facilities

Miller Field covers 279 acres (113 ha) at an elevation of 2,595 feet (791 m). It has two runways: 14/32 is 4,704 by 75 feet (1,433 x 23 m) concrete and 3/21 is 3,701 by 60 feet (1,128 x 18 m) concrete.
In the year ending June 24, 2020 the airport had 4,900 aircraft operations, average 94 per week: 81% general aviation, 19% air taxi and <1% military.
For a year or two starting in 1959 it had airline flights-- Frontier DC-3s.
# East New York Loop

The East New York Loop was a short rapid transit structure in the East New York neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City, connecting the Fulton Street Elevated and Broadway Elevated, and its associated service patterns. The changes were unpopular with residents and soon undone; the loop was later used to connect the Canarsie Line to the Broadway Elevated. As part of the Dual Contracts, the loop was torn down and replaced by the multi-level Broadway Junction.

## Layout

The Loop complex consisted of an at-grade grand union junction (configured as two doubled wyes) providing all possible connections between the Broadway Elevated and the Fulton Street Elevated, with a single curved platform along the Queens-bound Broadway Line, Park Row-bound Fulton Street Line, and the track for Queens-bound Broadway trains to switch to the Park Row-bound Fulton Street line, as well as an island platform on the Fulton Street line and a side platform on the Broadway Ferry-bound Broadway line.

## History

The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company acquired the Broadway Elevated (Brooklyn Union Elevated Railroad) on March 25, 1899, and the Fulton Street Elevated (Kings County Elevated Railway) on July 6, 1899. Plans were soon made for a connection at East New York, where the two lines came within a block of each other. Free transfers would be implemented between the elevated and surface lines here. The electrified loop opened on August 8, 1900, and immediately received complaints because of a forced transfer at the loop to shuttle trains or surface cars to continue beyond East New York during off-peak hours. The new service pattern was blamed for poor school attendance. The Loop service was discontinued prior to 1906, though the structure remained until the reconfiguration under the Dual Contracts.
# Gerry Duggan (writer)

Gerry Duggan (/ˈdʌɡən/; born 1973) is an American comics writer, director and photographer living in Los Angeles.

## Early life

Duggan was born in New York City and raised in Ridgewood, New Jersey, where he graduated from Ridgewood High School in 1992. He attended Emerson College, graduating in 1996.

## Career

Duggan was working at Golden Apple Comics in 1999 where he met many of his future collaborators, and eventually began production jobs working at Dakota Films. For the next 10 years worked in live TV, awards shows, pilots, comics, and films before finding traction in American comic books. Gerry Duggan has written Hulk, Nova, Hawkeye Vs. Deadpool, Batman: Arkham Manor, and co-writing Deadpool with Brian Posehn.
Duggan was a writer and producer on Attack of the Show! and was on the staff for its final shows. His comics career began at Image Comics by writing and co-creating series The Last Christmas with Posehn and Rick Remender, and later The Infinite Horizon with Phil Noto, with was nominated for an Eisner Award in 2008 for Best New Series. Duggan was a regular cast member on Posehn's role-playing podcast Nerd Poker, but was forced to exit due to increased writing deadlines.
In 2013, Marvel re-launched the Deadpool series, with Duggan and Brian Posehn as writers. In 2014 Duggan contributed to the script for the Xbox game Sunset Overdrive, and was part of a team that wrote the 2014 Film Independent Spirit Awards hosted by Patton Oswalt, for which he was nominated for a WGA Award. Duggan also directed the promotional ads for that year's awards shows. In the same year he commenced a contract with Marvel Entertainment, and began work on a reboot of the Avengers series.
In 2016 Duggan co-wrote Marvel's Doctor Strange: The Last Days of Magic, and continued to write for the Deadpool series until the run's conclusion with issue 36. Duggan currently writes the critically acclaimed Marauders, as part of Marvel's 2019 reboot of the X-Men titles and also began writing Cable in 2020. In 2021, Duggan began writing the X-Men flagship series, replacing Jonathan Hickman.

## Personal life

Duggan has lived and worked in Los Angeles since 1998. He is married to Virginia Duggan and together they have one son.
# Greenlam Industries

Greenlam Industries Ltd. is a surfacing products manufacturer based in India. The company provides laminates, Plywood, exterior & interior clads, decorative veneers, particle board and engineered wooden floors & doors for residential and commercial spaces. The company was founded in 1993 and is based in New Delhi, India.
Greenlam Industries is listed on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE).

## History

In 1992, Greenlam Industries set up the first laminate unit at Behror and started the commercial production and export of laminates. In 2002 it started the commercial production of decorative veneers. From 2005 to 2008, Greenlam set up overseas subsidiaries in Singapore and the US.
In 2009, Greenlam started the commercial production of the second laminate unit at Nalagarh. In 2012, the company set up a subsidiary in the UK.
In 2014, Greenlam was demerged into a separate entity and listed on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) and the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE).
In 2019, the company acquired Greenlam Decolan SA in Switzerland and Incorporated Greenlam South Limited (GSL). From 2016 to 2021 The company Commissioned multiple brownfield laminate capacities and acquired 74.91% equity share capital of HG Industries Limited (formerly Himalaya Granites Limited).
In 2022, Greenlam issued first listed non-convertible debentures and raised Rs. 99 cr. In the same year, the company acquired the laminate plant in Prantij, Gujarat, and raised Rs. 195 cr. via a preferential issue of equity shares.
In 2023, Greenlam Industries commenced enhanced capacity of the laminate unit in Prantij, Commenced a greenfield plywood unit at Tindivanam, and Commenced a greenfield laminate unit at Naidupeta.

## Awards and recognitions

* Largest Exporter in the category of Decorative Laminates 2024
* Excellence award as highest exporter of Decorative Laminates for the years 2022 and 2023 from The Plastic Export Promotion Council (sponsored by the Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Department of Commerce, Government of India).