# Latin declension

Latin declension is the set of patterns according to which Latin words are declined—that is, have their endings altered to show grammatical case, number and gender. Nouns, pronouns, and adjectives are declined (verbs are conjugated), and a given pattern is called a declension. There are five declensions, which are numbered and grouped by ending and grammatical gender. Each noun follows one of the five declensions, but some irregular nouns have exceptions.
Adjectives are of two kinds: those like bonus, bona, bonum 'good' use first-declension endings for the feminine, and second-declension for masculine and neuter. Other adjectives such as celer, celeris, celere belong to the third declension. There are no fourth- or fifth-declension adjectives.
Pronouns are also of two kinds, the personal pronouns such as ego 'I' and tū 'you (sg.)', which have their own irregular declension, and the third-person pronouns such as hic 'this' and ille 'that' which can generally be used either as pronouns or adjectivally. These latter decline in a similar way to the first and second noun declensions, but there are differences; for example the genitive singular ends in -īus or -ius instead of -ī or -ae and the dative singular ends in -ī..
The cardinal numbers ūnus 'one', duo 'two', and trēs 'three' also have their own declensions (ūnus has genitive -īus and dative -ī like a pronoun). However, numeral adjectives such as bīnī 'a pair, two each' decline like ordinary adjectives.

## Grammatical cases

A complete Latin noun declension consists of up to seven grammatical cases: nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative and locative. However, the locative is limited to a few nouns: generally names of cities, small islands and a few other words.

### Order of cases

The Roman grammarian Aelius Donatus (4th century AD), whose work was used as standard throughout the Middle Ages, placed the cases in this order:
    casus sunt sex: nominativus, genetivus, dativus, accusativus, vocativus, ablativus.
    "There are six cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative and ablative."
This order was based on the order used by earlier Greek grammarians, with the addition of the ablative, which does not exist in Greek. The names of the cases also were mostly translated from the Greek terms, such as accusativus from the Greek αἰτῐᾱτῐκή.
This traditional order was formerly used in England, such as in The School and University Eton Latin Grammar (1861). That order is still followed in most other European countries. Gildersleeve and Lodge's Latin Grammar (1895) also follow this order. More recent Latin grammars published in the United States, such as Allen and Greenough's New Latin Grammar (1903) and Wheelock's Latin (first published in 1956) follow this order except they list the vocative last.
However, in Britain and countries influenced by Britain other than the United States, the Latin cases are usually given in the following order: nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative, ablative. This order was introduced in Benjamin Hall Kennedy's Latin Primer (1866), with the aim of making tables of declensions easier to recite and memorise (the first three and the last two cases having identical forms in several declensions). It is also used in France and Belgium. In Rosa (1962), a song in French by the Belgian singer Jacques Brel, Brel sings the declension of "rosa" as rosa, rosa, rosam, following the British order of cases.

### Syncretism

Syncretism, where one form in a paradigm shares the ending of another form in the paradigm, is common in Latin. The following are the most notable patterns of syncretism:

#### Gender-specific

* For neuter nouns, the nominative, vocative, and accusative cases are identical. The nominative, vocative, and accusative plural almost always ends in -a. (Both of these features are inherited from Proto-Indo-European, and so no actual syncretism is known to have happened in the historical sense, since these cases of these nouns are not known to have ever been different in the first place.)

#### Case-specific

* The vocative form is always the same as the nominative in the plural, and usually the same as the nominative in the singular except for second-declension nouns ending in -us and a few nouns of Greek origin. For example, the vocative of the first-declension Aenēās is Aenēā.
* The genitive singular is the same as the nominative plural in first-, second-, and fourth-declension non-neuter Latin nouns.
* The dative singular is the same as the genitive singular in first- and fifth-declension pure Latin nouns.
* The dative is always the same as the ablative in the singular in the second declension, the third-declension full i-stems (i.e. neuter i-stems, adjectives), and fourth-declension neuters.
* The dative, ablative, and locative are always identical in the plural.
* The locative singular is identical to the genitive in the 1st and 2nd declensions; to the dative or ablative in the 3rd declension; to the ablative in the 5th declension.
* The nominative and accusative plurals are identical for all nouns of the 4th declension (in -ūs) and 5th declension (in -ēs), and for many nouns of the 3rd declension (in -ēs; but a distinct accusative plural in -īs can be used in Classical Latin for some i-stem nouns).

### History of cases

Old Latin had essentially two patterns of endings. One pattern was shared by the first and second declensions, which derived from the Proto-Indo-European thematic declension. The other pattern was used by the third, fourth and fifth declensions, and derived from the athematic PIE declension.

## Nouns

There are two principal parts for Latin nouns: the nominative singular and the genitive singular. Each declension can be unequivocally identified by the ending of the genitive singular (-ae, -i, -is, -ūs, -ei). The stem of the noun can be identified by the form of the genitive singular as well.
There are five declensions for Latin nouns:

### First declension (a stems)

Nouns of this declension usually end in -a in the nominative singular and are mostly feminine, e.g. via, viae f. ('road') and aqua, aquae f. ('water'). There is a small class of masculine exceptions generally referring to occupations, e.g. poēta, poētae m. ('poet'), agricola, agricolae m. ('farmer'), auriga, aurigae m. ('auriga, charioteer'), pīrāta, pīrātae m. ('pirate') and nauta, nautae m. ('sailor').
The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is a. The nominative singular form consists of the stem and the ending -a, and the genitive singular form is the stem plus -ae.
First declension paradigm :
| | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative, Vocative | -a | -ae |
| Accusative | -am | -ās |
| Genitive | -ae | -ārum |
| Dative | -ae | -īs |
| Ablative | -ā | -īs |
| Locative | Gen. | Dat. |
| | mensa, mensae table (f.) | mensa, mensae table (f.) | poēta, poētae poet (m.) | poēta, poētae poet (m.) |
| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative, Vocative | mensa | mensae | poēta | poētae |
| Accusative | mensam | mensās | poētam | poētās |
| Genitive | mensae | mensārum | poētae | poētārum |
| Dative | mensae | mensīs | poētae | poētīs |
| Ablative | mensā | mensīs | poētā | poētīs |
* ↑ The archaic genitive ending in -ai (as in aquai) occurs occasionally in Virgil and Lucretius, to evoke the style of older writers. Plus, the archaic genitive ending in -ās is used in expressions like pater familiās (also possible in conjunction with māter, fīlius and fīlia).
The locative endings for the first declension are -ae (singular) and -īs (plural), similar to the genitive singular and ablative plural, as in mīlitiae 'in war' and Athēnīs 'at Athens'.

#### First declension Greek nouns

The first declension also includes three types of Greek loanwords, derived from Ancient Greek's alpha declension. They are declined irregularly in the singular, but sometimes treated as native Latin nouns, e.g. nominative athlēta ('athlete') instead of the original athlētēs. Archaic (Homeric) first declension Greek nouns and adjectives had been formed in exactly the same way as in Latin: nephelēgeréta Zeus ('Zeus the cloud-gatherer') had in classical Greek become nephelēgerétēs.
For full paradigm tables and more detailed information, see the Wiktionary appendix First declension.

### Second declension (o stems)

The second declension is a large group of nouns consisting of mostly masculine nouns like equus, equī ('horse') and puer, puerī ('boy') and neuter nouns like castellum, castellī ('fort'). There are several small groups of feminine exceptions, including names of gemstones, plants, trees, and some towns and cities.
In the nominative singular, most masculine nouns consist of the stem and the ending -us, although some end in -er, which is not necessarily attached to the complete stem. Neuter nouns generally have a nominative singular consisting of the stem and the ending -um. However, every second-declension noun has the ending -ī attached as a suffix to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is o.
Second declension paradigm :
| | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural |
| | Masculine | Neuter | Masculine | Neuter |
| Nominative | -us | -um | -ī | -a |
| Vocative | -e | -um | -ī | -a |
| Accusative | -um | -um | -ōs | -a |
| Genitive | -ī | -ī | -ōrum | -ōrum |
| Dative, Ablative | -ō | -ō | -īs | -īs |
| Locative | Gen. | Gen. | Dat. | Dat. |
Masculine :
| | dominus, dominī master m. | dominus, dominī master m. |
| | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | dominus | dominī |
| Vocative | domine | dominī |
| Accusative | dominum | dominōs |
| Genitive | dominī | dominōrum |
| Dative, Ablative | dominō | dominīs |
Neuter :
| | bellum, bellī war n. | bellum, bellī war n. |
| | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative, Vocative, Accusative | bellum | bella |
| Genitive | bellī | bellōrum |
| Locative | bellī | bellīs |
| Dative, Ablative | bellō | bellīs |
The locative endings for the second declension are -ī (singular) and -īs (plural); Corinthī "at Corinth", Mediolānī "at Milan", and Philippīs "at Philippi".

#### Second-declension -ius and -ium nouns

Nouns ending in -ius and -ium have a genitive singular in -ī in earlier Latin, which was regularized to -iī in the later language. Masculine nouns in -ius have a vocative singular in -ī at all stages. These forms in -ī are stressed on the same syllable as the nominative singular, sometimes in violation of the usual Latin stress rule. For example, the genitive and vocative singular Vergilī (from Vergilius) is pronounced Vergílī, with stress on the penult, even though it is short. In Old Latin, however, the vocative was declined regularly, using -ie instead, e.g. fīlie "[O] son", archaic vocative of fīlius.
There is no contraction of -iī(s) in plural forms and in the locative.
| | fīlius, filiī son m. | fīlius, filiī son m. | auxilium, auxiliī aid, help n. | auxilium, auxiliī aid, help n. |
| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | fīlius | fīliī | auxilium | auxilia |
| Vocative | fīlī | fīliī | auxilium | auxilia |
| Accusative | fīlium | fīliōs | auxilium | auxilia |
| Genitive | fīliī | fīliōrum | auxiliī | auxiliōrum |
| Dative, Ablative | fīliō | fīliīs | auxiliō | auxiliīs |
In the older language, nouns ending with -vus, -quus and -vum take o rather than u in the nominative and accusative singular. For example, servus, servī ('slave') could be servos, accusative servom.

#### Second-declension -r nouns

Some masculine nouns of the second declension end in -er or -ir in the nominative singular. The declension of these nouns is identical to that of the regular second declension, except for the lack of suffix in the nominative and vocative singular.
Some (but not all) nouns in -er drop the e in the genitive and other cases. For example, socer, socerī ('father-in-law') keeps its e. However, the noun magister, magistrī ('(school)master') drops its e in the genitive singular.
For declension tables of second-declension nouns, see the corresponding Wiktionary appendix.
| | puer, puerī boy m. | puer, puerī boy m. | ager, agrī field m. | ager, agrī field m. | vir, virī man m. | vir, virī man m. |
| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative,Vocative | puer | puerī | ager | agrī | vir | virī |
| Accusative | puerum | puerōs | agrum | agrōs | virum | virōs |
| Genitive | puerī | puerōrum | agrī | agrōrum | virī | virōrum (virum) |
| Dative, Ablative | puerō | puerīs | agrō | agrīs | virō | virīs |
The vocative puere is found but only in Plautus. The genitive plural virum is found in poetry.

#### Second-declension Greek nouns

The second declension contains two types of masculine Greek nouns and one form of neuter Greek noun. These nouns are irregular only in the singular, as are their first-declension counterparts. Greek nouns in the second declension are derived from the Omicron declension.
Some Greek nouns may also be declined as normal Latin nouns. For example, theātron can appear as theātrum.

#### Irregular forms
##### Deus

The inflection of deus, deī ('god') is irregular. The vocative singular of deus is not attested in Classical Latin. In Ecclesiastical Latin the vocative of Deus ('God') is Deus.
In poetry, -um may substitute -ōrum as the genitive plural ending.
| | deus, deī god m. | deus, deī god m. |
| | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative, Vocative | deus | deī diī dī |
| Accusative | deum | deōs |
| Genitive | deī | deōrum deum |
| Dative, Ablative | deō | deīs diīs dīs |

##### Virus

Three words, although second declension neuter, end in -us. These are vulgus "common people, crowd", vīrus "slime, poison", and (borrowed from Greek) pontus "sea".
The word vīrus means "1. slimy liquid, slime; 2. poison, venom", denoting the venom of a snake. This Latin word is probably related to the Greek ῑ̓ός (ios) meaning "venom" or "rust" and the Sanskrit word विष viṣa meaning "toxic, poison".
Since vīrus in antiquity denoted something uncountable, it was a mass noun. Mass nouns pluralize only under special circumstances, hence the non-existence of plural forms in the texts.
In Neo-Latin, a plural form is necessary in order to express the modern concept of 'viruses', which leads to the following declension:
| | vīrus, vīrī poison, venom, virus n. | vīrus, vīrī poison, venom, virus n. |
| | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative, Vocative, Accusative | vīrus | vīra |
| Genitive | vīrī | vīrōrum |
| Dative, Ablative | vīrō | vīrīs |
* ↑ antique, heteroclitic: vīrus

### Third declension

The third declension is the largest group of nouns. The nominative singular of these nouns may end in -a, -e, -ī, -ō, -y, -c, -l, -n, -r, -s, -t, or -x. This group of nouns includes masculine, neuter, and feminine nouns.

#### Consonant stems

The stem of a consonant-stem noun may be found from the genitive case by removing the ending -is. For example, the stem of pāx, pācis f. 'peace' is pāc-, the stem of flūmen, flūminis n. 'river' is flūmin-, and the stem of flōs, flōris m. 'flower' is flōr-.
Masculine, feminine and neuter nouns often have their own special nominative singular endings. For instance, many masculine nouns end in -or (amor, amōris, 'love'). Many feminine nouns end in -īx (phoenīx, phoenīcis, 'phoenix'), and many neuter nouns end in -us with an r stem in the oblique cases (onus, oneris 'burden'; tempus, temporis 'time').
Third declension paradigm (consonant stems) :
| | Masculine & feminine | Masculine & feminine | Neuter | Neuter |
| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative, Vocative | (-s) | -ēs | — | -a |
| Accusative | -em | -ēs | — | -a |
| Genitive | -is | -um | -is | -um |
| Dative | -ī | -ibus | -ī | -ibus |
| Ablative | -e | -ibus | -e | -ibus |
| Locative | Dat./Abl. | Dat. | Dat./Abl. | Dat. |
* ↑ The nominative and accusative of neuter nouns are always identical.
| | dux, ducis leader m. | dux, ducis leader m. | virtūs, virtūtis virtue f. | virtūs, virtūtis virtue f. | nōmen, nōminis name n. | nōmen, nōminis name n. |
| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative, Vocative | dux | ducēs | virtūs | virtūtēs | nōmen | nōmina |
| Accusative | ducem | ducēs | virtūtem | virtūtēs | nōmen | nōmina |
| Genitive | ducis | ducum | virtūtis | virtūtum | nōminis | nōminum |
| Dative | ducī | ducibus | virtūtī | virtūtibus | nōminī | nōminibus |
| Ablative | duce | ducibus | virtūte | virtūtibus | nōmine | nōminibus |
The locative endings for the third declension are -ī or -e (singular) and -ibus (plural), as in rūrī 'in the country' and Trallibus 'at Tralles'.

#### Third declension i-stem and mixed nouns

The third declension also has a set of nouns that are declined differently. They are called i-stems. i-stems are broken into two subcategories: pure and mixed. Pure i-stems are indicated by special neuter endings. Mixed i-stems are indicated by the double consonant rule. Stems indicated by the parisyllabic rule are usually mixed, occasionally pure.

##### Masculine and feminine

    Parisyllabic rule: Some masculine and feminine third-declension i-stem nouns have the same number of syllables in the genitive and the nominative. For example: nāvis, nāvis ('ship'); nūbēs, nūbis ('cloud'). The nominative ends in -is or -ēs.
    Double consonant rule: The rest of the masculine and feminine third-declension i-stem nouns have two consonants before the -is in the genitive singular. For example: pars, partis ('part').

##### Neuter

    Special neuter ending: Neuter third-declension i-stems have no rule. However, all of them end in -al, -ar or -e. For example: animal, animālis ('animal'); cochlear, cochleāris ('spoon'); mare, maris ('sea').
The mixed declension is distinguished from the consonant type only by having -ium in the genitive plural (and occasionally -īs in the accusative plural). The pure declension is characterized by having -ī in the ablative singular, -ium in the genitive plural, -ia in the nominative and accusative plural neuter, and -im in the accusative singular masculine and feminine (however, adjectives have -em).
The accusative plural ending -īs is found in early Latin up to Virgil, but from the early empire onwards it was replaced by -ēs.
The accusative singular ending -im is found only in a few words: always in tussis 'cough', sitis 'thirst', Tiberis 'River Tiber'; usually in secūris 'axe', turris 'tower', puppis 'poop', febris 'fever'; occasionally in nāvis 'ship'. Most nouns, however, have accusative singular -em. The ending -im is not found in any adjectives, even those that have a separate feminine such as celeris 'swift' or ācris 'keen', or in any masculine common nouns.
The ablative singular -ī is found in nouns which have -im, and also, optionally, in some other nouns, e.g. in ignī or in igne 'in the fire'.
There are two mixed-declension neuter nouns: cor, cordis ('heart') and os, ossis ('bone'). The mixed declension is also used in the plural-only adjective plūrēs, plūra ('most').
Third declension paradigm (i-stem nouns) :
| | Masculine & Feminine | Masculine & Feminine | Neuter | Neuter |
| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative, Vocative | — | -ēs | — | -ia |
| Accusative | -em -im | -ēs -īs | — | -ia |
| Genitive | -is | -ium | -is | -ium |
| Dative | -ī | -ibus | -ī | -ibus |
| Ablative | -e -ī | -ibus | -ī | -ibus |
| Locative | Dat./Abl. | Dat. | Dat./Abl. | Dat. |
Third declension paradigm (mixed nouns) :
| | Masculine & Feminine | Masculine & Feminine | Neuter | Neuter |
| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative, Vocative | — | -ēs | — | -a |
| Accusative | -em | -ēs -īs | — | -a |
| Vocative | | | | |
| Genitive | -is | -ium | -is | -ium |
| Dative | -ī | -ibus | -ī | -ibus |
| Ablative | -e | -ibus | -e | -ibus |
| Locative | Dat./Abl. | Dat. | Dat./Abl. | Dat. |
| | turris, turris tower f. (pure) | turris, turris tower f. (pure) | pars, partis part, piece f. (mixed) | pars, partis part, piece f. (mixed) | animal, animālis animal, living being n. (pure) | animal, animālis animal, living being n. (pure) |
| | Parisyllabic rule | Parisyllabic rule | Double consonant rule | Double consonant rule | Special neuter ending | Special neuter ending |
| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative, Vocative | turris | turrēs | pars | partēs | animal | animālia |
| Accusative | turrem turrim | turrēs turrīs | partem | partēs partīs | animal | animālia |
| Genitive | turris | turrium | partis | partium | animālis | animālium |
| Dative | turrī | turribus | partī | partibus | animālī | animālibus |
| Ablative | turre turrī | turribus | parte (partī) | partibus | animālī | animālibus |
The rules for determining i-stems from non-i-stems and mixed i-stems are guidelines rather than rules: many words that might be expected to be i-stems according to the parisyllabic rule actually are not, such as canis ('dog') or iuvenis ('youth'), which have genitive plural canum 'of dogs' and iuvenum 'of young men'. Likewise, pater ('father'), māter ('mother'), frāter ('brother'), and parēns ('parent') violate the double-consonant rule. This fluidity even in Roman times resulted in much more uncertainty in Medieval Latin.
Some nouns in -tāt-, such as cīvitās, cīvitātis 'city, community' can have either consonant-stem or i-stem genitive plural: cīvitātum or cīvitātium 'of the cities'.

#### Peculiarities

In the third declension, there are four irregular nouns.
| Case | vīs, vīs force, power f. | vīs, vīs force, power f. | sūs, suis swine, pig, hog m.f. | sūs, suis swine, pig, hog m.f. | bōs, bovis ox, bullock m.f. | bōs, bovis ox, bullock m.f. | Iuppiter, Iovis Jupiter m. |
| Case | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular |
| Nominative, Vocative | vīs | vīrēs | sūs | suēs | bōs | bovēs | Iuppiter Iūpiter |
| Vocative | vīs | vīrēs | sūs | suēs | bōs | bovēs | Iuppiter Iūpiter |
| Accusative | vim | vīrēs vīrīs | suem | suēs | bovem | bovēs | Iovem |
| Genitive | vīs | vīrium | suis | suum | bovis | boum bovum | Iovis |
| Dative | vī | vīribus | suī | suibus sūbus | bovī | bōbus būbus | Iovī |
| Ablative | vī | vīribus | sue | suibus sūbus | bove | bōbus būbus | Iove |
* 1 2 3 Here ō or ū come from Old Latin ou. Thus bō-/bū- and Iū- before consonant endings are alternate developments of the bov- and Iov- before vowel endings. — The double pp in the preferred form Iu-ppiter "Father Jove" is an alternate way of marking the length of the u in the etymological form Iū-piter (see footnote in Jupiter (mythology)). i is weakened from a in pater (Allen and Greenough, sect. 79 b).
* 1 2 Genitive and dative cases are seldom used.

### Fourth declension (u stems)

The fourth declension is a group of nouns consisting of mostly masculine words such as flūctus, flūctūs m. ('wave') and portus, portūs m. ('port') with a few feminine exceptions, including manus, manūs f. ('hand') and domus, domūs f. ('house'). The fourth declension also includes several neuter nouns including genū, genūs n. ('knee'). Each noun has the ending -ūs as a suffix attached to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is u, but the declension is otherwise very similar to the third-declension i stems.
Fourth declension paradigm :
| | -us ending nouns | -us ending nouns | -ū ending nouns | -ū ending nouns |
| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative, Vocative | -us | -ūs | -ū | -ua |
| Accusative | -um | -ūs | -ū | -ua |
| Genitive | -ūs | -uum | -ūs | -uum |
| Dative | -uī | -ibus -ubus | -ū | -ibus |
| Ablative | -ū | -ibus -ubus | -ū | -ibus |
| Locative | -ī | Dat. | -ī | Dat. |
* ↑ used only on bisyllabic words like arcus and artus.
| | portus, portūs port m. | portus, portūs port m. | genū, genūs knee n. | genū, genūs knee n. |
| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative, Vocative | portus | portūs | genū | genua |
| Vocative | portus | portūs | genū | genua |
| Accusative | portum | portūs | genū | genua |
| Genitive | portūs | portuum | genūs | genuum |
| Dative | portuī | portibus | genū | genibus |
| Ablative | portū | portibus | genū | genibus |
* In the genitive singular, cornūs may in later times be replaced by cornū.
* The locative endings for the fourth declension are -ī (singular) and -ibus (plural); senātī "at [the] senate", domī "at home".

#### Domus

Domus ('house, dwelling, building, home, native place, family, household, race') is an irregular noun, mixing fourth and second declension nouns at the same time (especially in literature). However, in practice, it is generally declined as a regular -us stem fourth declension noun, except for ablative singular -ō, accusative plural -ōs, and the use of the locative.
| | domus, domūs/domī f. | domus, domūs/domī f. |
| All possible declensions ||
| | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative, Vocative | domus | domūs |
| Accusative | domum | domōs |
| Accusative | domum | domūs |
| Genitive | domūs | domuum |
| Genitive | domī | domōrum |
| Dative | domuī | domibus |
| Dative | domō | domibus |
| Dative | domō | domibus |
| Ablative | domō | domibus |
| Ablative | domū | domibus |
| Locative | domī | domibus |
| | domus, domūs f. | domus, domūs f. |
| Most common paradigm ||
| | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative, Vocative | domus | domūs |
| Accusative | domum | domōs |
| Genitive | domūs | domuum |
| Dative | domuī | domibus |
| Ablative | domō | domibus |
| Locative | domī | domibus |

### Fifth declension (e stems)

The fifth declension is a small group of nouns consisting of mostly feminine nouns like rēs, reī f. ('affair, matter, thing') and diēs, diēī m. ('day'; but f. in names of days).
Fifth declension paradigm :
| | -iēs ending nouns | -iēs ending nouns | -ēs ending nouns | -ēs ending nouns |
| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative, Vocative | -iēs | -iēs | -ēs | -ēs |
| Accusative | -iem | -iēs | -em | -ēs |
| Genitive | -iēī | -iērum | -eī | -ērum |
| Dative | -iēī | -iēbus | -eī | -ēbus |
| Ablative, Locative | -iē | -iēbus | -ē | -ēbus |
| | diēs, diēī day m., f. | diēs, diēī day m., f. | rēs, reī thing f. | rēs, reī thing f. |
| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative, Vocative | diēs | diēs | rēs | rēs |
| Vocative | diēs | diēs | rēs | rēs |
| Accusative | diem | diēs | rem | rēs |
| Genitive | diēī | diērum | reī | rērum |
| Dative | diēī | diēbus | reī | rēbus |
| Ablative, Locative | diē | diēbus | rē | rēbus |
Nouns ending in -iēs have long ēī in the dative and genitive, while nouns ending in a consonant + -ēs usually have short eī in these cases. Other forms of the genitive singular are also found, such as diī (Aeneid 1.636), diē (Georgic 1.208), diēs (Ennius).
The locative ending of the fifth declension was -ē (singular only), identical to the ablative singular, as in hodiē ('today').

## Pronouns
### Personal pronouns

The first and second persons are irregular, and both pronouns are indeclinable for gender; and the third person reflexive pronoun sē, suī always refers back to the subject, regardless of whether the subject is singular or plural.
| | First Person | First Person | Second Person | Second Person | Third Person | Third Person |
| | ego, nōs I, we | ego, nōs I, we | tū, vōs you | tū, vōs you | sē, suī himself, herself, itself, oneself, themselves | sē, suī himself, herself, itself, oneself, themselves |
| | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | ego egō | nōs | tū (& Vocative) | vōs (& Vocative) | — | — |
| Accusative | mē | nōs | tē | vōs (& Vocative) | sē sēsē | sē sēsē |
| Genitive complements | meī | nostrī | tuī | vestrī | suī | suī |
| Genitive partitive | — | nostrum | — | vestrum | — | — |
| Dative | mihi mihī | nōbīs | tibi tibī | vōbīs | sibi sibī | sibi sibī |
| Ablative | mē | nōbīs | tē | vōbīs | sē sēsē | sē sēsē |
The genitive forms meī, tuī, nostrī, vestrī, suī are used as complements in certain grammatical constructions, whereas nostrum, vestrum are used with a partitive meaning ('[one] of us', '[one] of you'). To express possession, the possessive pronouns (essentially adjectives) meus, tuus, noster, vester are used, declined in the first and second declensions to agree in number and case with the thing possessed, e.g. pater meus 'my father', māter mea 'my mother'. The vocative singular masculine of meus is mī: mī Attice 'my dear Atticus'.

#### Possessive pronouns' declensions

| | meus, mea, meum my, mine | meus, mea, meum my, mine | meus, mea, meum my, mine | meus, mea, meum my, mine | meus, mea, meum my, mine | meus, mea, meum my, mine |
| | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | meus | mea | meum | meī | meae | mea |
| Vocative | mī (& meus) | mea | meum | meī | meae | mea |
| Accusative | meum | meam | meum | meōs | meās | mea |
| Genitive | meī | meae | meī | meōrum | meārum | meōrum |
| Dative | meō | meae | meō | meīs | meīs | meīs |
| Ablative | meō | meā | meō | meīs | meīs | meīs |
| | tuus, tua, tuum your, yours (for singular possessor) | tuus, tua, tuum your, yours (for singular possessor) | tuus, tua, tuum your, yours (for singular possessor) | tuus, tua, tuum your, yours (for singular possessor) | tuus, tua, tuum your, yours (for singular possessor) | tuus, tua, tuum your, yours (for singular possessor) |
| | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | tuus | tua | tuum | tuī | tuae | tua |
| Accusative | tuum | tuam | tuum | tuōs | tuās | tua |
| Genitive | tuī | tuae | tuī | tuōrum | tuārum | tuōrum |
| Dative | tuō | tuae | tuō | tuīs | tuīs | tuīs |
| Ablative | tuō | tuā | tuō | tuīs | tuīs | tuīs |
| | suus, sua, suum his, her, its, theirs (reflexive) | suus, sua, suum his, her, its, theirs (reflexive) | suus, sua, suum his, her, its, theirs (reflexive) | suus, sua, suum his, her, its, theirs (reflexive) | suus, sua, suum his, her, its, theirs (reflexive) | suus, sua, suum his, her, its, theirs (reflexive) |
| | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | suus | sua | suum | suī | suae | sua |
| Vocative | suus | sua | suum | suī | suae | sua |
| Accusative | suum | suam | suum | suōs | suās | sua |
| Genitive | suī | suae | suī | suōrum | suārum | suōrum |
| Dative | suō | suae | suō | suīs | suīs | suīs |
| Ablative | suō | suā | suō | suīs | suīs | suīs |
| | noster, nostra, nostrum our, ours | noster, nostra, nostrum our, ours | noster, nostra, nostrum our, ours | noster, nostra, nostrum our, ours | noster, nostra, nostrum our, ours | noster, nostra, nostrum our, ours |
| | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative, Vocative | noster | nostra | nostrum | nostrī | nostrae | nostra |
| Accusative | nostrum | nostram | nostrum | nostrōs | nostrās | nostra |
| Genitive | nostrī | nostrae | nostrī | nostrōrum | nostrārum | nostrōrum |
| Dative | nostrō | nostrae | nostrō | nostrīs | nostrīs | nostrīs |
| Ablative | nostrō | nostrā | nostrō | nostrīs | nostrīs | nostrīs |
The possessive adjective vester has an archaic variant, voster; similar to noster. Vocative of meus is usually mī, and rarely meus also, like the nominative.
| | vester, vestra, vestrum voster, vostra, vostrum your, yours (for plural possessor) | vester, vestra, vestrum voster, vostra, vostrum your, yours (for plural possessor) | vester, vestra, vestrum voster, vostra, vostrum your, yours (for plural possessor) | vester, vestra, vestrum voster, vostra, vostrum your, yours (for plural possessor) | vester, vestra, vestrum voster, vostra, vostrum your, yours (for plural possessor) | vester, vestra, vestrum voster, vostra, vostrum your, yours (for plural possessor) |
| | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | vester voster | vestra vostra | vestrum vostrum | vestrī vostrī | vestrae vostrae | vestra vostra |
| Accusative | vestrum vostrum | vestram vostram | vestrum vostrum | vestrōs vostrōs | vestrās vostrās | vestra vostra |
| Genitive | vestrī vostrī | vestrae vostrae | vestrī vostrī | vestrōrum vostrōrum | vestrārum vostrārum | vestrōrum vostrōrum |
| Dative | vestrō vostrō | vestrae vostrae | vestrō vostrō | vestrīs vostrīs | vestrīs vostrīs | vestrīs vostrīs |
| Ablative | vestrō vostrō | vestrā vostrā | vestrō vostrō | vestrīs vostrīs | vestrīs vostrīs | vestrīs vostrīs |
Usually, to show the ablative of accompaniment, cum would be added to the ablative form. However, with personal pronouns (first and second person), the reflexive and the interrogative, -cum is added onto the end of the ablative form. That is: mēcum 'with me', nōbīscum 'with us', tēcum 'with you', vōbīscum, sēcum and quōcum (sometimes quīcum).
Pronouns have also an emphatic form bi using the suffix -met (egomet, tūte/tūtemet, nosmet, vosmet), used in all cases, except by the genitive plural forms.
In accusative case, the forms mēmē and tētē exist as emphatic, but they are not widely used.
Sē, suī has a possessive adjective: suus, sua, suum, meaning 'his/her/its/their own':
    Patrem suum numquam vīderat. (Cicero)
    "He had never seen his [own] father."
When 'his' or 'her' refers to someone else, not the subject, the genitive pronoun eius (as well as eōrum and eārum) 'of him' is used instead of suus:
    Fit obviam Clodiō ante fundum eius. (Cicero)
    "He met Clodius in front of the latter's farm."
Despite its resemblance to the possessive adjectives meus, tuus and suus, eius does not decline in agreement with the noun it refers to, in the way that an adjective would. For instance, "his father" in the accusative is patrem eius (literally, "father of him"), not patrem *eium, in contrast with the reflexive formation patrem suum ("his [own] father").
When one sentence is embedded inside another with a different subject, sē and suus can refer to either subject:
    Patrēs conscrīptī ... lēgātōs in Bīthȳniam miserunt quī ab rēge peterent, nē inimīcissimum suum secum haberet sibique dēderet. (Nepos)
    "The senators ... sent ambassadors to Bithynia, who were to ask the king not to keep their greatest enemy with him but hand him over to them."
For the third-person pronoun is 'he', see below.

### Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives

Relative, demonstrative and indefinite pronouns are generally declined like first and second declension adjectives, with the following differences:
* the nominatives are often irregular
* the genitive singular ends in -īus rather than -ae or -ī.
* the dative singular ends in -ī: rather than -ae or -ō.
These differences characterize the pronominal declension, and a few special adjectives (tōtus 'whole', sōlus 'alone', ūnus 'one', nūllus 'no', alius 'another', alter 'another [of two]', etc.) are also declined according to this pattern.
All demonstrative, relative, and indefinite pronouns in Latin can also be used adjectivally, with some small differences; for example in the interrogative pronoun, quis 'who?' and quid 'what?' are usually used for the pronominal form, quī and quod 'which?' for the adjectival form.

### Third person pronoun

The weak demonstrative pronoun is, ea, id 'that' also serves as the third person pronoun 'he, she, it':
| | Third person | Third person | Third person | Third person | Third person | Third person |
| is, ea, id he, she, it ||||||
| | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | is | ea | id | eī iī | eae | ea |
| Accusative | eum | eam | id | eōs | eās | ea |
| Genitive | eius | eius | eius | eōrum | eārum | eōrum |
| Dative | eī | eī | eī | eīs iīs | eīs iīs | eīs iīs |
| Ablative | eō | eā | eō | eīs iīs | eīs iīs | eīs iīs |
This pronoun is also often used adjectivally, e.g. is homo 'that man', ea pecunia 'that money'. It has no possessive adjective; the genitive is used instead: pater eius 'his/her father'; pater eōrum 'their father'.

### Declension of īdem

The pronoun or pronominal adjective īdem, eadem, idem means 'the same'. It is derived from is with the suffix -dem. However, some forms have been assimilated.
| | īdem, eadem, idem the same, same as | īdem, eadem, idem the same, same as | īdem, eadem, idem the same, same as | īdem, eadem, idem the same, same as | īdem, eadem, idem the same, same as | īdem, eadem, idem the same, same as |
| | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | īdem | eadem | idem | eīdem īdem iīdem | eaedem | eadem |
| Accusative | eundem | eandem | idem | eōsdem | eāsdem | eadem |
| Genitive | eiusdem | eiusdem | eiusdem | eōrundem | eārundem | eōrundem |
| Dative | eīdem | eīdem | eīdem | eīsdem īsdem iīsdem | eīsdem īsdem iīsdem | eīsdem īsdem iīsdem |
| Ablative | eōdem | eādem | eōdem | eīsdem īsdem iīsdem | eīsdem īsdem iīsdem | eīsdem īsdem iīsdem |

### Other demonstrative pronouns

| | hic, haec, hoc this, this one (proximal) | hic, haec, hoc this, this one (proximal) | hic, haec, hoc this, this one (proximal) | hic, haec, hoc this, this one (proximal) | hic, haec, hoc this, this one (proximal) | hic, haec, hoc this, this one (proximal) | ille, illa, illud that, that one (distal) | ille, illa, illud that, that one (distal) | ille, illa, illud that, that one (distal) | ille, illa, illud that, that one (distal) | ille, illa, illud that, that one (distal) | ille, illa, illud that, that one (distal) | iste, ista, istud that of yours (medial) | iste, ista, istud that of yours (medial) | iste, ista, istud that of yours (medial) | iste, ista, istud that of yours (medial) | iste, ista, istud that of yours (medial) | iste, ista, istud that of yours (medial) |
| | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | hic | haec | hoc | hī | hae | haec | ille | illa | illud | illī | illae | illa | iste | ista | istud | istī | istae | ista |
| Accusative | hunc | hanc | hoc | hōs | hās | haec | illum | illam | illud | illōs | illās | illa | istum | istam | istud | istōs | istās | ista |
| Genitive | huius | huius | huius | hōrum | hārum | hōrum | illīus | illīus | illīus | illōrum | illārum | illōrum | istīus | istīus | istīus | istōrum | istārum | istōrum |
| Dative | huic | huic | huic | hīs | hīs | hīs | illī | illī | illī | illīs | illīs | illīs | istī | istī | istī | istīs | istīs | istīs |
| Ablative | hōc | hāc | hōc | hīs | hīs | hīs | illō | illā | illō | illīs | illīs | illīs | istō | istā | istō | istīs | istīs | istīs |
* ↑ Sometimes spelled hūius. Here, the macron indicates that the syllable is long or heavy, because the consonantal i between vowels is pronounced double, like *huiius, and the doubled consonant makes the first syllable heavy.
Similar in declension is alius, alia, aliud 'another'.

### Intensive pronoun

| | ipse, ipsa, ipsum himself, herself, itself | ipse, ipsa, ipsum himself, herself, itself | ipse, ipsa, ipsum himself, herself, itself | ipse, ipsa, ipsum himself, herself, itself | ipse, ipsa, ipsum himself, herself, itself | ipse, ipsa, ipsum himself, herself, itself |
| | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | ipse | ipsa | ipsum | ipsī | ipsae | ipsa |
| Accusative | ipsum | ipsam | ipsum | ipsōs | ipsās | ipsa |
| Genitive | ipsīus | ipsīus | ipsīus | ipsōrum | ipsārum | ipsōrum |
| Dative | ipsī | ipsī | ipsī | ipsīs | ipsīs | ipsīs |
| Ablative | ipsō | ipsā | ipsō | ipsīs | ipsīs | ipsīs |

### Interrogative pronouns

The interrogative pronouns are used strictly for asking questions. They are distinct from the relative pronoun and the interrogative adjective (which is declined like the relative pronoun). Interrogative pronouns rarely occur in the plural. The plural interrogative pronouns are the same as the plural relative pronouns.
Singular :
| | quis? quid? who?, what? | quis? quid? who?, what? |
| | Masculine & Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | quis? | quid? |
| Accusative | quem? | quid? |
| Genitive | cuius? | cuius? |
| Dative | cui? | cui? |
| Ablative | quō? | quō? |

### Relative pronouns

| | quī, quae, quod who, which, that | quī, quae, quod who, which, that | quī, quae, quod who, which, that | quī, quae, quod who, which, that | quī, quae, quod who, which, that | quī, quae, quod who, which, that |
| | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | quī | quae | quod | quī | quae | quae |
| Accusative | quem | quam | quod | quōs | quās | quae |
| Genitive | cuius | cuius | cuius | quōrum | quārum | quōrum |
| Dative | cui | cui | cui | quibus | quibus | quibus |
| Ablative | quō | quā | quō | quibus | quibus | quibus |
* 1 2 Sometimes spelled cūius. Here, the macron indicates that the syllable is long or heavy, because the consonantal i between vowels is pronounced double, like *cuiius, and the doubled consonant makes the first syllable heavy.

## Adjectives
### First- and second-declension adjectives

First- and second-declension adjectives are inflected in the masculine, the feminine and the neuter; the masculine form typically ends in -us (although some end in -er, see below), the feminine form ends in -a, and the neuter form ends in -um. Therefore, some adjectives are given like altus, alta, altum.
Adjectives ending -ius use the vocative -ie (ēbrie, "[O] drunk man", vocative of ēbrius), just as in Old Latin all -ius nouns did (fīlie, "[O] son", archaic vocative of fīlius).
| | altus, alta, altum high, long, tall | altus, alta, altum high, long, tall | altus, alta, altum high, long, tall | altus, alta, altum high, long, tall | altus, alta, altum high, long, tall | altus, alta, altum high, long, tall |
| | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | altus | alta | altum | altī | altae | alta |
| Vocative | alte | alta | altum | altī | altae | alta |
| Accusative | altum | altam | altum | altōs | altās | alta |
| Genitive | altī | altae | altī | altōrum | altārum | altōrum |
| Dative | altō | altae | altō | altīs | altīs | altīs |
| Ablative | altō | altā | altō | altīs | altīs | altīs |

#### First- and second-declension -r adjectives

Some first- and second-declension adjectives' masculine forms end in -er. As with second-declension -r nouns, some adjectives retain the e throughout inflection, and some omit it. Sacer, sacra, sacrum omits its e while miser, misera, miserum keeps it.
| | miser, misera, miserum sad, poor, unhappy | miser, misera, miserum sad, poor, unhappy | miser, misera, miserum sad, poor, unhappy | miser, misera, miserum sad, poor, unhappy | miser, misera, miserum sad, poor, unhappy | miser, misera, miserum sad, poor, unhappy |
| | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | miser | misera | miserum | miserī | miserae | misera |
| Vocative | miser | misera | miserum | miserī | miserae | misera |
| Accusative | miserum | miseram | miserum | miserōs | miserās | misera |
| Genitive | miserī | miserae | miserī | miserōrum | miserārum | miserōrum |
| Dative | miserō | miserae | miserō | miserīs | miserīs | miserīs |
| Ablative | miserō | miserā | miserō | miserīs | miserīs | miserīs |
| | sacer, sacra, sacrum sacred, holy | sacer, sacra, sacrum sacred, holy | sacer, sacra, sacrum sacred, holy | sacer, sacra, sacrum sacred, holy | sacer, sacra, sacrum sacred, holy | sacer, sacra, sacrum sacred, holy |
| | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | sacer | sacra | sacrum | sacrī | sacrae | sacra |
| Vocative | sacer | sacra | sacrum | sacrī | sacrae | sacra |
| Accusative | sacrum | sacram | sacrum | sacrōs | sacrās | sacra |
| Genitive | sacrī | sacrae | sacrī | sacrōrum | sacrārum | sacrōrum |
| Dative | sacrō | sacrae | sacrō | sacrīs | sacrīs | sacrīs |
| Ablative | sacrō | sacrā | sacrō | sacrīs | sacrīs | sacrīs |

#### First and second declension pronominal adjectives

Nine first and second declension pronominal adjectives are irregular in the genitive and dative singular in all genders. They can be remembered by using the mnemonic acronym ūnus nauta. They are:
* ūllus, ūlla, ūllum 'any';
* nūllus, nūlla, nūllum 'no, none';
* uter, utra, utrum 'which [of two], either';
* sōlus, sōla, sōlum 'sole, alone';
* neuter, neutra, neutrum 'neither';
* alius, alia, aliud 'another' (the genitive singular alīus is often replaced by alterīus or by aliēnus 'of another');
* ūnus, ūna, ūnum 'one';
* tōtus, tōta, tōtum 'whole';
* alter, altera, alterum 'other [of two]'.
| | ūllus, ūlla, ūllum any | ūllus, ūlla, ūllum any | ūllus, ūlla, ūllum any | ūllus, ūlla, ūllum any | ūllus, ūlla, ūllum any | ūllus, ūlla, ūllum any |
| | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | ūllus | ūlla | ūllum | ūllī | ūllae | ūlla |
| Accusative | ūllum | ūllam | ūllum | ūllōs | ūllās | ūlla |
| Genitive | ūllīus | ūllīus | ūllīus | ūllōrum | ūllārum | ūllōrum |
| Dative | ūllī | ūllī | ūllī | ūllīs | ūllīs | ūllīs |
| Ablative | ūllō | ūllā | ūllō | ūllīs | ūllīs | ūllīs |

### Third-declension adjectives

Third-declension adjectives are normally declined like third-declension i-stem nouns, except for the fact they usually have -ī rather than -e in the ablative singular (unlike i-stem nouns, in which only pure i-stems have -ī). Some adjectives, however, like the one-ending vetus, veteris ('old, aged'), have -e in the ablative singular, -um in the genitive plural, and -a in the nominative and accusative neuter plural.

#### Third-declension adjectives with one ending

These have a single nominative ending for all genders, although as usual the endings for the other cases vary. As with nouns, a genitive is given for the purpose of showing the inflection.
| | atrōx, atrōx terrible, mean, cruel | atrōx, atrōx terrible, mean, cruel | atrōx, atrōx terrible, mean, cruel | atrōx, atrōx terrible, mean, cruel |
| | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural |
| | Masculine, Feminine | Neuter | Masculine, Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative, Vocative | atrōx | atrōx | atrōcēs | atrōcia |
| Accusative | atrōcem | atrōx | atrōcēs atrōcīs | atrōcia |
| Genitive | atrōcis | atrōcis | atrōcium | atrōcium |
| Dative, Ablative | atrōcī | atrōcī | atrōcibus | atrōcibus |

##### Non-i-stem variant

| | vetus, vetus old, aged | vetus, vetus old, aged | vetus, vetus old, aged | vetus, vetus old, aged |
| | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural |
| | Masculine, Feminine | Neuter | Masculine, Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative, Vocative | vetus | vetus | veterēs | vetera |
| Accusative | veterem | vetus | veterēs | vetera |
| Genitive | veteris | veteris | veterum | veterum |
| Dative | veterī | veterī | veteribus | veteribus |
| Ablative | vetere | vetere | | veteribus | veteribus |

#### Third-declension adjectives with two endings

Third-declension adjectives that have two endings have one form for the masculine and feminine, and a separate form for the neuter. The ending for the masculine and feminine is -is, and the ending for the neuter is -e. It is not necessary to give the genitive, as it is the same as the nominative masculine singular.
| | agilis, agile nimble, swift | agilis, agile nimble, swift | agilis, agile nimble, swift | agilis, agile nimble, swift |
| | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural |
| | Masculine, Feminine | Neuter | Masculine, Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative, Vocative | agilis | agile | agilēs | agilia |
| Accusative | agilem | agile | agilēs agilīs | agilia |
| Genitive | agilis | agilis | agilium | agilium |
| Dative, Ablative | agilī | agilī | agilibus | agilibus |

#### Third-declension adjectives with three endings

Third-declension adjectives with three endings have three separate nominative forms for all three genders. Like third and second declension -r nouns, the masculine ends in -er. The feminine ends in -ris, and the neuter ends in -re. The genitive is the same as the nominative feminine singular.
| | celer, celeris, celere swift, rapid, brash | celer, celeris, celere swift, rapid, brash | celer, celeris, celere swift, rapid, brash | celer, celeris, celere swift, rapid, brash | celer, celeris, celere swift, rapid, brash | celer, celeris, celere swift, rapid, brash |
| | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative, Vocative | celer | celeris | celere | celerēs | celerēs | celeria |
| Accusative | celerem | celerem | | celere | celerēs | celerēs | celeria |
| Genitive | celeris | celeris | celeris | celerium | celerium | celerium |
| Dative, Ablative | celerī | celerī | celerī | celeribus | celeribus | celeribus |
| | alacer, alacris, alacre lively, jovial, animated | alacer, alacris, alacre lively, jovial, animated | alacer, alacris, alacre lively, jovial, animated | alacer, alacris, alacre lively, jovial, animated | alacer, alacris, alacre lively, jovial, animated | alacer, alacris, alacre lively, jovial, animated |
| | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative, Vocative | alacer | alacris | alacre | alacrēs | alacrēs | alacria |
| Accusative | alacrem | alacrem | alacre | alacrēs alacrīs | alacrēs alacrīs | | alacria |
| Genitive | alacris | alacris | alacris | alacrium | alacrium | alacrium |
| Dative, Ablative | alacrī | alacrī | alacrī | alacribus | alacribus | alacribus |

### Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives

As in English, adjectives have superlative and comparative forms. For regular first and second declension and third declension adjectives with one or two endings, the comparative is formed by adding -ior for the masculine and feminine, and -ius for the neuter to the stem. The genitives for both are formed by adding -iōris. Therefore, they are declined in the third declension, but they are not declined as i-stems. Superlatives are formed by adding -issimus, -issima, -issimum to the stem and are thus declined like first and second declension adjectives.

#### General pattern for comparatives

| | altior, altius higher, deeper (comparative of altus) | altior, altius higher, deeper (comparative of altus) | altior, altius higher, deeper (comparative of altus) | altior, altius higher, deeper (comparative of altus) |
| | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural |
| | Masculine, Feminine | Neuter | Masculine, Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative, Vocative | altior | altius | altiōrēs | altiōra |
| Accusative | altiōrem | altius | altiōrēs | altiōra |
| Genitive | altiōris | altiōris | altiōrum | altiōrum |
| Dative | altiōrī | altiōrī | altiōribus | altiōribus |
| Ablative | altiōre | altiōre | | altiōribus | altiōribus |
| | altissimus, altissima, altissimum highest, deepest (superlative of altus) | altissimus, altissima, altissimum highest, deepest (superlative of altus) | altissimus, altissima, altissimum highest, deepest (superlative of altus) | altissimus, altissima, altissimum highest, deepest (superlative of altus) | altissimus, altissima, altissimum highest, deepest (superlative of altus) | altissimus, altissima, altissimum highest, deepest (superlative of altus) |
| | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | altissimus | altissima | altissimum | altissimī | altissimae | altissima |
| Vocative | altissime | altissima | altissimum | altissimī | altissimae | altissima |
| Accusative | altissimum | altissimam | altissimum | altissimōs | altissimās | altissima |
| Genitive | altissimī | altissimae | altissimī | altissimōrum | altissimārum | altissimōrum |
| Dative | altissimō | altissimae | altissimō | altissimīs | altissimīs | altissimīs |
| Ablative | altissimō | altissimā | altissimō | altissimīs | altissimīs | altissimīs |

#### Comparatives and superlatives with normal endings

| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
| clārus, clāra, clārum ('clear, bright, famous') | clārior, clārius | clārissimus, clārissima, clārissimum |
| frīgidus, frīgida, frīgidum ('cold, chilly') | frīgidior, frīgidius | frīgidissimus, frīgidissima, frīgidissimum |
| pugnāx, pugnāx (pugnācis) ('pugnacious') | pugnācior, pugnācius | pugnācissimus, pugnācissima, pugnācissimum |
| benevolēns, benevolēns (benevolentis) ('kind, benevolent') | benevolentior, benevolentius | benevolentissimus, benevolentissima, benevolentissium |
| fortis, forte ('strong, robust') | fortior, fortius | fortissimus, fortissima, fortissimum |
| aequālis, aequāle ('equal, even') | aequālior, aequālius | aequālissimus, aequālissima, aequālissimum |

#### Comparatives and superlatives of -er adjectives

Adjectives (in the first and second as well as third declensions) that have masculine nominative singular forms ending in -er are slightly different. As with normal adjectives, the comparative is formed by adding -ior to the stem, but for the superlative, -rimus is added to the nominative masculine singular.
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
| pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum ('pretty, beautiful') | pulchrior, pulchrius | pulcherrimus, pulcherrima, pulcherrimum |
| sacer, sacra, sacrum ('sacred, holy') | sacrior, sacrius | sacerrimus, sacerrima, sacerrimum |
| tener, tenera, tenerum ('delicate, tender') | tenerior, tenerius | tenerrimus, tenerrima, tenerrimum |
| ācer, ācris, ācre ('valliant, fierce') | ācrior, ācrius | ācerrimus, ācerrima, ācerrimum |
| celeber, celebris, celebre ('celebrated, famous') | celebrior, celebrius | celeberrimus, celeberrima, celeberrimum |
| celer, celeris, celere ('quick, fast') | celerior, celerius | celerrimus, celerrima, celerrimum |

#### Comparatives and superlatives of -lis adjectives

Some third declension adjectives with two endings in -lis in the masculine–feminine nominative singular have irregular superlative forms. The following are the only adjectives that do.
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
| facilis, facile ('easy') | facilior, facilius | facillimus, facillima, facillimum |
| difficilis, difficile ('hard, difficult') | difficilior, difficilius | difficillimus, difficillima, difficillimum |
| similis, simile ('similar, like) | similior, similius | simillimus, simillima, simillimum |
| dissimilis, dissimile ('unlike, dissimilar') | dissimilior, dissimilius | dissimillimus, dissimillima, dissimillimum |
| gracilis, gracile ('slender, slim') | gracilior, gracilius | gracillimus, gracillima, gracillimum |
| humilis, humile ('low, humble') | humilior, humilius | humillimus, humillima, humillimum |

#### Comparatives and superlatives of -eus/-ius adjectives

First and second declension adjectives that end in -eus or -ius are unusual in that they do not form the comparative and superlative by taking endings at all. Instead, magis ('more') and maximē ('most'), the comparative and superlative degrees of magnoperē ('much, greatly'), respectively, are used.
Many adjectives in -uus, except those in -quus or -guus, also follow this rule.
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
| idōneus, idōnea, idōneum ('suitable, fitting, proper') | magis idōneus | maximē idōneus |
| sōlitārius, sōlitāria, sōlitārium ('solitary, lonely') | magis sōlitārius | maximē sōlitārius |
| ebrius, ebria, ebrium ('drunk') | magis ebrius | maximē ebrius |
| meritōrius, meritōria, meritōrium ('meritorious') | magis meritōrius | maximē meritōrius |
| grāmineus, grāminea, grāmineum ('grassy') | magis grāmineus | maximē grāmineus |
| bellātōrius, bellātōria, bellātōrium ('warlike, bellicose') | magis bellātōrius | maximē bellātōrius |
| arduus, ardua, arduum ('lofty, steep') | magis arduus | maximē arduus |

#### Irregular comparatives and superlatives

As in most languages, Latin has adjectives that have irregular comparatives and superlatives.
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
| bonus, bona, bonum ('good') | melior, melius ('better') | optimus, optima, optimum ('best') |
| malus, mala, malum ('bad, evil') | pēior, pēius ('worse') | pessimus, pessima, pessimum ('worst') |
| magnus, magna, magnum ('great, large') | māior, māius ('greater') | maximus, maxima, maximum ('greatest') |
| parvus, parva, parvum ('small, slight') | minor, minus ('lesser') | minimus, minima, minimum ('least') |
| multus, multa, multum ('much, many') | plūs ('more') | plūrimus, plūrima, plūrimum ('most') |
| propinquus, propinqua, propinquum ('near, close') | propior, propius ('nearer') | proximus, proxima, proximum ('nearest, next') |
| mātūrus, mātūra, mātūrum ('ripe, mature') | mātūrior, mātūrius ('riper') | mātūrrimus, mātūrrima, mātūrrimum ('ripest') |
| nēquam ('worthless') | nēquior, nēquius ('more worthless') | nēquissimus, nēquissima, nēquissimum ('most worthless') |
| posterus, postera, posterum ('next, future') | posterior, posterius ('later') | postrēmus, postrēma, postrēmum ('last, latest') postumus, postuma, postumum |
| superus, supera, superum ('above') | superior, superius ('upper') | suprēmus, suprēma, suprēmum ('uppermost') summus, summa, summum |
| exterus, extera, exterum ('outward') | exterior, exterius ('outer') | extrēmus, extrēma, extrēmum ('outermost') extimus, extima, extimum |
| īnferus, īnfera, īnferum ('below') | īnferior, īnferius ('lower') | īnfimus, īnfima, īnfimum ('lowest') īmus, īma, īmum |
| senex, senis ('old, aged') | senior ('older, elder') | maximus nātū, maxima nātū ('oldest, eldest') |
| iuvenis, iuvenis ('young, youthful') | iuvenior ('younger') iūnior | minimus nātū, minima nātū ('youngest') |
* ↑ Noun used with genitive to express more of something in the singular; in the plural used as an adjective: plūrēs, plūra, genitive plūrium.
* ↑ Often replaced by the regular form mātūrissimus, mātūrissima, mātūrissimum.
* ↑ Indeclinable.
* ↑ Sometimes iunissimus is found in medieval Latin, e.g. Callistus Nicephorus, Ecclesiastica Historia, 1574.

### Declension of numerals

There are several different kinds of numeral words in Latin: the two most common are cardinal numerals and ordinal numerals. There are also several more rare numerals, e.g., distributive numerals and adverbial numerals.

#### Cardinal numerals

All cardinal numerals are indeclinable, except ūnus ('one'), duo ('two'), trēs ('three'), plural hundreds ducentī ('two hundred'), trecentī ('three hundred') etc., and mīlle ('thousand'), which have cases and genders like adjectives. Ūnus, ūna, ūnum is declined like a first- and second-declension pronoun with -īus or -ius in the genitive, and -ī in the dative. Duo is declined irregularly, trēs is declined like a third-declension plural adjective, -centī ('hundred') numerals decline like first- and second-declension adjectives, and mīlle is invariable in the singular and declined like a third-declension i-stem neuter noun in the plural:
The plural endings for ūnus are used with plūrālia tantum nouns, e. g. ūna castra (one [military] camp), ūnae scālae (one ladder).
| | ūnus, ūna, ūnum one | ūnus, ūna, ūnum one | ūnus, ūna, ūnum one | ūnus, ūna, ūnum one | ūnus, ūna, ūnum one | ūnus, ūna, ūnum one |
| | Singular | Singular | Singular | Plural | Plural | Plural |
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative | ūnus | ūna | ūnum | ūnī | ūnae | ūna |
| Vocative | ūne | ūna | ūnum | ūnī | ūnae | ūna |
| Accusative | ūnum | ūnam | ūnum | ūnōs | ūnās | ūna |
| Genitive | ūnīus / ūnius | ūnīus / ūnius | ūnīus / ūnius | ūnōrum | ūnārum | ūnōrum |
| Dative | ūnī | ūnī | ūnī | ūnīs | ūnīs | ūnīs |
| Ablative | ūnō | ūnā | ūnō | ūnīs | ūnīs | ūnīs |
The word ambō ('both'), is declined like duo except that its o is long. Both declensions derive from the Indo-European dual number, otherwise defunct in Latin, rather than the plural.
| | duo, duae, duo two | duo, duae, duo two | duo, duae, duo two |
| Plural |||
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative, Vocative | duo | duae | duo |
| Accusative | duō(s) | duās | duo |
| Genitive | duōrum | duārum | duōrum |
| Dative, Ablative | duōbus | duābus | duōbus |
| | ambō, ambae, ambō both | ambō, ambae, ambō both | ambō, ambae, ambō both |
| Plural |||
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative, Vocative | ambō | ambae | ambō |
| Accusative | ambō(s) | ambās | ambō |
| Genitive | ambōrum | ambārum | ambōrum |
| Dative, Ablative | ambōbus | ambābus | ambōbus |
| | trēs, tria three | trēs, tria three |
| Plural ||
| | Masculine, Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative, Vocative | trēs | tria |
| Accusative | trēs / trīs | tria |
| Genitive | trium | trium |
| Dative, Ablative | tribus | tribus |
The numeral centum ('one hundred') is indeclinable, but all the other hundred numerals are declinable (ducentī, trecentī, quadringentī, quīngentī, sescentī, septingentī, octingentī, nōngentī).
| | ducentī, ducentae, ducenta two hundred | ducentī, ducentae, ducenta two hundred | ducentī, ducentae, ducenta two hundred |
| Plural |||
| | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nominative, Vocative | ducentī | ducentae | ducenta |
| Vocative | ducentī | ducentae | ducenta |
| Accusative | ducentōs | ducentās | ducenta |
| Genitive | ducentōrum | ducentārum | ducentōrum |
| Dative, Ablative | ducentīs | ducentīs | ducentīs |
The word mīlle 'thousand' is a singular indeclinable adjective. However, its plural, mīlia, is a plural third-declension i-stem neuter noun. To write the phrase "four thousand horses" in Latin, the genitive is used: quattuor mīlia equōrum, literally, "four thousands of horses".
| | mīlle (one) thousand | mīlia, mīlium x thousand, thousands | mīlia, mīlium x thousand, thousands |
| Nominative, Vocative | mīlle | mīl(l)ia | -ia |
| Accusative | mīlle | mīl(l)ia | -ia |
| Genitive | mīlle | mīl(l)ium | -ium |
| Dative, Ablative | mīlle | mīl(l)ibus | -ibus |
The rest of the numbers are indeclinable whether used as adjectives or as nouns.
For further information on the different sets of Latin numerals, see Latin numerals (linguistics).

## Adverbs and their comparatives and superlatives

Adverbs are not declined. However, adverbs must be formed if one wants to make an adjective into an adverb.

### Adverbs from first- and second-declension adjectives

First and second declension adjectives' adverbs are formed by adding -ē onto their stems.
| Adjective | Adverb |
| clārus, clāra, clārum ('clear, famous') | clārē ('clearly, famously') |
| validus, valida, validum ('strong, robust') | validē ('strongly, robustly') |
| īnfīrmus, īnfīrma, īnfīrmum ('weak') | īnfīrmē ('weakly') |
| solidus, solida, solidum ('complete, firm') | solidē ('completely, firmly') |
| integer, integra, integrum ('whole, fresh') | integrē ('wholly, freshly') |
| līber, lībera, līberum ('free') | līberē ('freely') |

### Adverbs from third declension adjectives

Typically, third declension adjectives' adverbs are formed by adding -iter to the stem. However, most third declension adjectives with one ending simply add -er to the stem.
| Adjective | Adverb |
| prūdēns, prūdēns (prūdentis) ('prudent') | prūdenter ('prudently') |
| audāx, audāx (audācis) ('bold') | audācter ('boldly') |
| virīlis, virīle ('courageous, spirited') | virīliter ('courageously, spiritedly') |
| salūbris, salūbre ('wholesome') | salūbriter ('wholesomely') |

### Comparative and superlative of adverbs

Adverbs' comparative forms are identical to the nominative neuter singular of the corresponding comparative adjective. Adverbs' superlative forms are simply formed by attaching the regular ending -ē to the corresponding superlative adjective. As with their corresponding adjectival forms, first and second declensions adjectives ending in -eus or -ius use magis and maximē as opposed to distinct endings.
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
| clārē ('clearly, famously') | clārius | clārissimē |
| solidē ('completely, firmly') | solidius | solidissimē |
| idōneē ('suitably, properly') | magis idōneē | maximē idōneē |
| prudenter ('prudently') | prudentius | prudentissimē |
| salūbriter ('wholesomely') | salūbrius | salūbrissimē |

### Irregular adverbs and their comparative and superlative forms

As with adjectives, there are irregular adverbs with peculiar comparative and superlative forms.
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
| bene ('well') | melius ('better') | optimē ('best') |
| male ('badly, ill') | peius ('worse') | pessimē ('worst') |
| magnopere ('greatly') | magis ('more') | maximē ('most') |
| multum ('much, a lot') | plūs ('more') | plūrimum ('most') |
| parvum ('little') | minus ('less') | minimē ('least') |
| nēquiter ('worthlessly') | nēquius ('more worthlessly') | nēquissimē ('most worthlessly') |
| saepe ('often') | saepius ('more often') | saepissimē ('most often') |
| mātūrē ('seasonably, betimes') | mātūrius ('more seasonably') | māturrimē ('most seasonably') |
| prope ('near') | propius ('nearer') | proximē ('nearest, next') |
| nūper ('recently') | — | nūperrimē ('most recently, previously') |
| potis ('possible') | potius ('rather') | potissimē ('especially') |
| — | prius ('before, previously') | prīmō ('first') |
| secus ('otherwise') | sētius sequius ('less') | — |

## Peculiarities within declension
### Irregularity in number

Some nouns are only used in the singular (singulare tantum) such as:
* materials, such as aurum 'gold'
Some nouns are only used in the plural (plurale tantum), or when plural have a singular meaning such as:
* many festivals, such as Saturnālia 'Saturnalia'
* castra 'camp' and arma 'arms'; litterae 'a letter' (cf. littera 'letter of the alphabet')
* a few geographical names are plural such as Thēbae 'Thebes' (both the Greek and the Egyptian cities)

### Indeclinable nouns

Indeclinable nouns are nouns which only have one form in all cases (of the singular).
* fās ('divine law')
* īnstar ('likeness')
* māne ('morning')
* nefās ('sin, abomination')
* secus ('(male or female) sex')

### Heterogeneous nouns

Heterogeneous nouns are nouns which vary in respect to gender.
* A few nouns in the second declension occur in both the neuter and masculine. However, their meanings remain the same.
* Some nouns are one gender in the singular, but become another gender in the plural. They may also change in meaning.
| Singular | Plural |
| balneum n. ('bath') | balneae f. or balnea n. ('bathhouse') |
| epulum n. ('feast, banquet') | epulae f. ('feast, banquet') |
| frēnum n. ('bridle, curb') | frēnī m. bridle, curb |
| iocus m. ('joke, jest') | ioca n. or ioci m. ('jokes, fun') |
| locus m. ('place, location') | loca n. ('region'); locī m. ('places in books, arguments') |
| rāstrum n. ('hoe, rake') | rāstrī m. ('hoes, rakes') |

### Plurals with alternative meanings

| Singular | Plural |
| aedēs, aedis f. ('building, temple') | aedēs, aedium ('rooms, house') |
| auxilium, auxiliī n. ('help, aid') | auxilia, auxiliōrum ('auxiliary troops') |
| carcer, carceris m. ('prison, cell') | carcerēs, carcerum ('starting traps') |
| castrum, castrī n. ('fort, castle, fortress') | castra, castrōrum ('military camp, encampment') |
| cōpia, copiae f. ('plenty, much, abundance') | cōpiae, copiārum ('troops') |
| fortūna, fortūnae f. ('luck, chance') | fortūnae, fortūnārum ('wealth, fortune') |
| grātia, grātiae f. ('charm, favor') | grātiae, grātiārum ('thanks') |
| impedīmentum, impedīmentī m. ('impediment, hindrance') | impedīmenta, impedīmentōrum ('baggage, baggage train') |
| littera, litterae f. ('letter [alphabet]') | litterae, litterārum ('letter [message], epistle, scholarship, literature') |
| mōs, mōris m. ('habit, inclination') | mōrēs, mōrum m. ('morals, character') |
| opera, operae f. ('trouble, pains') | operae, operārum m. ('workmen') |
| *ops, opis f. ('help') | opēs, opium ('resources, wealth') |
| pars, partis f. ('part, piece') | partēs, partium ('office, function') |
* ↑ Nominative and dative are not attested except as the name of the goddess Ops.