OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Paul Kirchhoff

Paul Kirchhoff (17 August 1900, Halle, Province of Westphalia – 9 December 1972) was a German-Mexican anthropologist, most noted for his seminal work in defining and elaborating the culture area of Mesoamerica, a term he coined.

## Early life and academic career

Paul Kirchhoff was born in the German locality of Hörste, in the region of Westphalia. He commenced his undergraduate studies in Protestant theology and comparative religion at the University of Berlin, moving later to Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg. In the mid-1920s he undertook further studies at the University of Leipzig in ethnology and psychology, where he first developed his abiding interest in the indigenous cultures of the Americas. completing his studies in 1927.
In 1928, he left for the United States. There, as a student of Edward Sapir, he studied the Navajo language until 1930. By 1931 he had returned to Germany to defend his thesis.
He was the co-founder of Mexico's National School of Anthropology and History in 1938, and held a research position at the National Autonomous University of Mexico.
Kirchhoff was instrumental in defining the concept of Mesoamerica, a cultural region sharing a number of common characteristics throughout most of pre-Columbian history, geographically defined as central and southern Mexico and northern Central America.

## Political activity

Kirchhoff's mother was as friend of Sonia Liebknecht, wife of Karl Liebknecht. From an early age Kirchhoff was involved in radical politics. In the early 1920s he distributed Die Aktion and may have been a member of the AAU and KAPD.
In the early 1930s he was a member of a left-wing faction within the KPD that later split to form the Internationalen Kommunisten Deutschlands (IKD), part of the International Left Opposition. Along with the majority of the leaders of the IKD, Kirchhoff objected to Trotsky's French Turn tactic.
While in the United States, Kirchhoff (who often used the pseudonym Eiffel) joined the Political Bureau of the Revolutionary Workers League that had rejected the French Turn and split from official Trotskyism. By 1937 Kirchhoff had left the U.S. for Mexico. There he soon split with the Revolutionary Workers League on the question of the Spanish Civil War. Kirchhoff defended the positions of the Italian Communist Left, which held that the war was imperialist and that workers should not support either faction.
From 1938 to at least 1940, Kirchhoff was a militant of a group called the Grupo de Trabajadores Marxistas (GMT) in Mexico. Because the GMT called for revolutionary defeatism in Spain, the Mexican Trotskyists alleged that they were witting or unwitting agents of the Gestapo. Despite the hostile political climate, the GMT managed to publish three issues of their journal Comunismo. Comunismo again defended the positions of the communist left: the identification of the USSR as capitalist, revolutionary defeatism in all warring nations, etc.

## Later life

After 1941, Kirchhoff appeared to retire from active political life.
He died in Mexico City in 1972.
# Lertap 5

Psychometric software#Lertap This page is a soft redirect.
# Herbert Anijekwu

Herbert Anijekwu (4 December 1964 – 20 September 2013) was a Nigerian footballer who played as a defender. He played in six matches for the Nigeria national football team in 1990 and 1991. He was also named in Nigeria's squad for the 1990 African Cup of Nations tournament.
# Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund

The Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund (Portuguese: Fundo petrolífero de Timor-Leste) is a sovereign wealth fund into which the surplus wealth produced by East Timor petroleum and gas income is deposited by the East Timorese government.
The Fund was established in 2005 with an opening balance of $205 million. By 31 December 2010, the capital of the fund had grown to US$6.9 billion. By December 2021 the fund had US$18.5 billion in assets under management.
The Fund has signed up to the Santiago Principles on best practices for managing Sovereign Wealth Funds, and has joined the International Forum of Sovereign Wealth Funds. The Fund thus now regularly publishes how it adopts and implements the principles espoused by these associations, including how it incorporates them in its governance procedures.

## Finances

Earnings of the fund were around 4% in the 5 years to July 2011. A key milestone was achieved in June 2014 when the equity allocation in the fund reached 40%. The Petroleum Fund returned 3.3% in 2014, or 2.5% after inflation. The fund's end-of-year balance in 2014 was $16.5 billion.
| Year | Balance in mil. USD-$ | Revenues in mil. USD-$ | Investment Returns in mil. USD-$ | Withdrawals in mil. USD-$ |
| 2018 | 15,804 | 447 | –460 | 983 |
| 2020 | 18,905 | 326.1 | 1,773 | 886.3 |
# Maiestas rugulans

Maiestas rugulans (formerly Recilia rugulans) is a species of bug from Cicadellidae family that can be found in South Africa and Eswatini. It was formerly placed within Recilia, but a 2009 revision moved it to Maiestas.
# Nieciecz, Lublin Voivodeship

Nieciecz (Polish pronunciation:) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Puławy, within Puławy County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 15 km (9 mi) north of Puławy and 56 km (35 mi) north-west of the regional capital Lublin.
# D'Entrecasteaux National Park

D'Entrecasteaux National Park is a national park in Western Australia, 315 kilometres (196 mi) south of Perth. The park is named after the French Admiral Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux who was the first European to sight the area and name Point D'Entrecasteaux in 1792. The park received 168,497 visitors through 2008–2009.

## Description

The park stretches 130 km (81 mi) from Black Point in the west to Long Point in the east and extends inland as far as 20 km (12 mi). Black Point is made of basalt columns from a lava flow that occurred 135 million years ago. An interesting feature in the park is Yeagarup dune, a mobile 10-kilometre (6.2 mi) long sand dune found to the west of Lake Jasper.
The park contains a great variety of scenery, including beaches, sand-dunes, coastal cliffs, coastal heath and pockets of karri forest. Rivers such as the Warren, the Donnelly and the Shannon flow through the park and discharge into the waters off-shore.
Important large scale wetlands, known as the Blackwater, and lakes such as Lake Jasper and Lake Yeagarup are found within the park boundaries.
Broke Inlet is contained within the park boundaries at the eastern end; it is the only inlet in the South West that has not been significantly altered within the catchment area. The gneiss basement rocks project through the shallow waters to form small islands in the Inlet.
Sandy Island in Windy Harbour is part of the park; it is an important nesting site for seabirds, with up to 300,000 breeding pairs of flesh-footed shearwaters, a high proportion of the global population.

## Facilities

The park has an entry fee that applies to all visitors. Facilities available to visitors include barbecues, toilets, 4WD tracks, camp sites, disabled access and picnic areas. Canoeing facilities also exist within the park on the Deep River. Rangers regularly patrol the area.
The Bibbulmun Track passes through the park area.
The outdoor education organisation, Outward Bound, operate within the park taking school groups on hiking expeditions.
* Vegetated Dune, D'Entrecasteaux National Park
* Chatham Island from Long Point in D'Entrecasteaux National Park
# Stary Olsa

Stary Olsa (Belarusian: Стары Ольса) is a Belarusian medieval folk rock band, that plays medieval Ruthenian music of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The band has also released classical rock cover works in their Medieval Classic Rock where classical rock songs performed by bagpipes.
Stary Olsa is one of the few Belarusian bands enjoying popularity outside Belarus. The band has received numerous positive critical reviews. They are also known for covering modern rock tracks using their medieval instruments, and released a cover album, via a Kickstarter campaign, in 2016.
The band was founded in 1999 by Źmicier Sasnoŭski. The name Stary Olsa means "Old Olsa", where Olsa is a left tributary of Berezina in Mogilev Oblast, Belarus.

## Discography
### Albums

* Kielich Koła (2000)
* Vir (2001)
* Verbum (2002)
* Šlach (2003)
* Ładździa rospačy (2004)
* Skarby litvinaŭ (2004)
* Siaredniaviečnaja dyskateka (2005)
* Hieraičny epas (Spevy rycarau i ŝliachty Vialikaj Litvy, 2006)
* Drygula (2009)
* Liepŝaje (The Best) (2009)
* Santa Maria (2013)
* Kola rycerska (2016)
* Medieval Classic Rock (2016)
* Water, Hops and Malt (2017)

### Clips

* U karčmie (2004) - the Belarusian translation of the medieval song In taberna.
* VITAUT (2008)
* DRYHULA remix (2008)

### Projects with other musicians

* Lehiendy Vialikaha Kniastva (2001)
* Lehiendy Vialikaha Kniastva - 2 (2004)
* Hienerały ajčynnaha roku (2004)
* Premjer Tuzin (2005)

## Members
### Current members

* Źmicier Sasnoŭski: bagpipes, lyre, mandolin, gusli, percussion, vocals
* Maryja Šaryj: flute, shawms
* Aleś Čumakoŭ: lyre, mandolin, gusli, vocals
* Illia Kublicki: lute, organ
* Siarhiej Tapčeŭski: drums, percussion, tromba marina
* Aliaksiej Vojciech: drums, percussion

### Former members

* Andrej Apanovič (2002-2015): drums, bagpipe, flute alto, vocals
* Aksana Kaścian (2005-2007): flutes, shawms
* Kaciaryna Radziviłava (2002-2005): flutes, shawms
* Kaciaryna Pinčuk (2005): flutes, shawms
# Archdeacon of Plymouth

The Archdeacon of Plymouth is a senior clergy position in the Church of England Diocese of Exeter and is responsible for the supervision of the clergy within the five rural deaneries: Ivybridge, Plymouth Moorside, Plymouth Devonport, Plymouth Sutton and Tavistock.
The archdeaconry was created by an Order-in-Council splitting the Archdeaconry of Totnes on 22 March 1918. The current archdeacon is Jane Bakker.

## List of archdeacons

* 1918 – 1920 (res.): Arthur Perowne
* 1921 – 28 April 1928 (d.): Ernest Newman
* 1928 – 1950 (ret.): Whitfield Daukes (also Bishop suffragan of Plymouth from 1934)
* 1950 – 1962 (ret.): Norman Clarke, Bishop suffragan of Plymouth
* 1962 – 1978 (res.): Frederick Matthews (afterwards archdeacon emeritus)
* 1978 – 1982 (res.): Kenneth Newing (became Bishop suffragan of Plymouth)
* 1982 – 2000 (ret.): Robin Ellis
* 2001 – 2010 (ret.): Tony Wilds
* 2010 – 31 December 2018 (ret.): Ian Chandler (on leave during 2018)
* 18 June 2019 – 30 April 2023 (ret.): Nick Shutt (Acting since 2018)
* 13 June 2023 – present: Jane Bakker
# Niecielin

Niecielin is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Podedwórze, within Parczew County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 5 km (3 mi) east of Podedwórze, 28 km (17 mi) east of Parczew, and 69 km (43 mi) north-east of the regional capital Lublin.
# Rice Lake Regional Airport

Rice Lake Regional Airport (IATA: RIE, ICAO: KRPD, FAA LID: RPD) is a city owned public use airport located five nautical miles (9 km) southwest of the central business district of Rice Lake, a city in Barron County, Wisconsin, United States. The airport is situated in the village of Cameron. It is included in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2025–2029, in which it is categorized as a local general aviation facility.
Opened in 1995, it was named Carl's Field for Carl Rindlisbacher, the longtime manager of Arrowhead field, one of Rice Lake's previous airports.
Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned RPD by the FAA and RIE by the IATA.

## Facilities and aircraft

Rice Lake Regional Airport covers an area of 750 acres (300 ha) at an elevation of 1,109 feet (338 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt paved runways: the primary runway 1/19 is 6,700 by 100 feet (2,042 x 30 m) and ILS equipped; the crosswind runway 13/31 is 3,500 by 75 feet (1,067 x 23 m).
RICE LAKE (RPD) VOR/DME, 110.0 MHz, is located on field.
Rice Lake Air Center is the fixed-base operator.
For the 12-month period ending July 3, 2023, the airport had 27,650 aircraft operations, an average of 76 per day: 90% general aviation, 10% air taxi and less than 1% military. In June 2024, there were 26 aircraft based at this airport: 21 single-engine, 2 multi-engine, 1 jet and 2 helicopter.

### Cargo

| Airlines | Destinations |
| UPS | Minneapolis/St. Paul |
# Changes in the Land

Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists and the Ecology of New England is a 1983 nonfiction book by historian William Cronon.

## New paradigms

In this work, Cronon demonstrated the impact on the land of the widely disparate conceptions of ownership held by Native Americans and English colonists. English law objectified land, making it an object of which the purchaser had ownership of every aspect. Native American law conceived only the possibility of usufruct rights, the right, that is, to own the nuts or fish or wood that land or bodies of water produced, or the right to hunt, fish or live on the land, there was no possibility of owning the land itself. The second innovative aspect of Cronon's work was to reconceptualize Native Americans as actors capable of changing the ecosystems with which they interacted. Native Americans could, in Cronon's recounting, alter the nature of the forests or exterminate species. Nevertheless, because their technological capabilities were limited and, therefore, native populations were small, their impact on the land was limited. For these reasons, "the shift from Indian to European dominance entailed important changes".

## Precontact ecosystem

Ecosystems are never actually inert, even without human interaction, and some ecological changes are due to climatic changes, disease, drought, and natural fire. These changes are more negligible, and Cronon showed how the Native Americans and Europeans both distinctly altered the environment. However, the “Indian” relationship with the ecosystem was decisively less volatile. Having a far greater familiarity with the New England ecosystem, Native Americans understood the cyclical nature of the seasons. They moved and responded to the need for food. Without agriculture in the North, Indians depended on this understanding of the ecosystem since they lived chiefly as hunters and gatherers.
The northern Indians' refusal to store food for the winter was seen in Chapter Three as the great paradox of “Want in the Land of Plenty.” Europeans could not understand the Indians' willingness to go hungry during the winter.
Cronon felt the best evidence of an extant symbiotic relationship between the Indians and the environment was the early naturalist’s depictions of the extraordinary abundance of trees, fish, birds, and mammals. While the Native Americans certainly altered and manipulated the environment, their controlled burning actually had a reciprocal ecological benefit for both the Native Americans themselves and the indigenous animals. Thinning the canopy and forming an edge effect attracted more game, helped re-populate game, and increased the rate at which nutrients returned to the soil. When Europeans arrived, New England was not a pristine forest as many people imagine.
# Lachlan Rose

Lachlan Rose (born 10 May 1999) is an Australian professional footballer who plays as a striker or right winger for Newcastle Jets.

## Club career

New A-League club Macarthur announced the signing of Rose for their inaugural 2020–21 A-League season in November 2020. He debuted for the club starting in their first ever A-League game against Western Sydney Wanderers on 30 December 2020, having a goal ruled offside. In March 2021, after playing in eight out of a possible ten league matches, Macarthur extended Rose's contract for another two years.

## Career statistics

    As of 18 July 2024
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| North West Sydney Spirit FC | 2016 | National Premier Leagues NSW 2 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| Blacktown City FC | 2017 | National Premier Leagues NSW | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 |
| Blacktown City FC | 2018 | National Premier Leagues NSW | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 |
| Blacktown Spartans FC | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Macarthur FC | 2020–21 | A-League Men | 25 | 1 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 25 | 1 |
| Macarthur FC | 2021–22 | A-League Men | 25 | 4 | 2 | 2 | — | — | — | — | 27 | 6 |
| Macarthur FC | 2022–23 | A-League Men | 13 | 4 | 5 | 3 | — | — | — | — | 18 | 7 |
| Macarthur FC | 2023–24 | A-League Men | 20 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 6 | 3 | — | — | 28 | 5 |
| Macarthur FC | Total | Total | 83 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 98 | 19 |
| Newcastle Jets | 2024-25 | A-League Men | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 3 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 83 | 9 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 101 | 19 |

## Honours

Macarthur
* Australia Cup: 2022
# Patriot governments

The term "patriot" is used to refer to supporters of Spanish American independence and of their governments that emerged during the revolutions between 1808 and 1825.
| Spanish Dominions | Year | Date | Independence declarations | Country |
| Captaincy General of Venezuela | 1811 | July 5 | Acta de la Declaración de Independencia de Venezuela, First Republic of Venezuela | Venezuela |
| Viceroyalty of New Granada | 1811 | July 15 | First Republic of New Granada, Constitución de Cundinamarca, United Provinces of New Granada | Colombia |
| Viceroyalty of New Granada | 1811 | September 11 | Independencia de Cartagena, Estado Libre de Cartagena | Colombia |
| Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata | 1813 | January 31 | Asamblea General Constituyente del Año 1813 Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata | Argentina and Uruguay |
| Province Misiones Guaraníes of Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata | 1813 | October 12 | Primera constitución Paraguay | Paraguay |
| Viceroyalty of New Spain | 1813 | September 13 | Acta Solemne de la Declaración de Independencia de la América Septentrional, Congress of Chilpancingo | Mexico |
| Province Montevideo of Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata | 1815 | Jun 29 | Congreso de Oriente, Liga Federal | Uruguay |
| Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata | 1816 | Jun 29 | Argentine Declaration of Independence, Congress of Tucumán | Argentina |
| Captaincy General of Chile | 1818 | February 12 | Chilean Declaration of Independence | Chile |
| Viceroyalty of New Granada and Captaincy General of Venezuela | 1819 | December 17 | Congress of Cúcuta, Gran Colombia | Gran Colombia |
| Province of Guayaquil of Viceroyalty of Peru | 1820 | November 8 | Independencia de Guayaquil | Free Province of Guayaquil, Annexed by Gran Colombia |
| Viceroyalty of Peru | 1821 | July 28 | Declaración de Independencia, Constituent Congress of Peru (1822) | Peru |
| Captaincy General of Guatemala | 1821 | September 15 | Act of Independence of Central America | Federal Republic of Central America |
| Province of New Spain (Mexico) | 1821 | September 28 | Declaration of Independence of the First Mexican Empire, Junta Provisional Gubernativa | Mexico |
| Provincia del Istmo and Provincia de Veragua of Viceroyalty of New Granada | 1821 | November 28 | Independence Act of Panama | , Panama part of Gran Colombia |
| Province of Charcas of Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata | 1825 | August 6 | Bolivian Declaration of Independence, Asamblea General de Diputados de las Provincias del Alto Perú | Bolivia |
# G. D. Bakshi

Major General Gagan Deep Bakshi SM VSM (born 1950) is an Indian retired Army officer.

## Early life and education

G. D. Bakshi was born in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, to S. P. Bakshi, who was the Chief Education Officer of the Jammu & Kashmir State Forces (6 J&K Rifles). He studied at St. Aloysius Senior Secondary School, Jabalpur. After his schooling, he went to the National Defence Academy at Khadakwasla, Pune.

## Career

Bakshi was commissioned in the Indian Army from IMA Dehradun in November 1971. He commanded the 6 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles.
Bakshi was awarded the Vishisht Seva Medal for commanding a battalion in Kaksar, that falls in Drass, Kargil sector during 1987 border skirmishes. Later, he was awarded the Sena Medal for distinguished service in commanding a battalion during counter-insurgency drives.
Bakshi subsequently commanded the Romeo Force (Part of Rashtriya Rifles) during intensive counter-insurgency operations in the Rajouri and Poonch districts of Jammu and Kashmir and succeeded in suppressing the armed militancy in this area.
Bakshi served two tenures at the Directorate General of Military Operations and was the first BGS (IW) at the Northern Command, where he dealt with Information Warfare and Psychological Operations. He retired in 2008.

## Controversies

Bakshi has promoted fake news and misinformation on multiple occasions. In 2019, he wrongly claimed that a soldier was jailed in Tihar following a 2014 incident involving the death of a civilian in Budgam, and Mehbooba Mufti as CM had ordered no checking of vehicles. Fact checkers found these claims to be false because Mufti was not a CM at that time and there is no evidence of such an order that prevented checking of vehicles. Lt Gen Deependra Singh Hooda rejected the claim that a soldier was jailed after the Budgam incident.
Bakshi has claimed that more than Quit India Movement, it was Indian National Army (INA) who was responsible in bringing independence to India. Bakshi depends on flawed arguments not supported by academic literature while making these claims. The Print cites his position as a trustee in Netaji Bose INA Trust as one of the reason to downplay Quit India Movement.
In 2021, Bakshi shared images to claim that Pakistani soldiers were killed in Panjshir conflict. This claim was debunked by fact checkers who found the images falsely claimed Pakistani actors working in a military-themed film to be actual soldiers.
He is sometimes called on news channels for his views on politics and he often appears on Republic TV, where he frequently defends narrative of Arnab Goswami. His analysis is often criticized by other journalists for having a strong bias favouring the ruling government's agenda. In one debate at Republic TV he was criticized for using profane language.
Another video was surfaced, where he used foul word of Randi Khana (Brothel), Bakshi was heavily criticized for using this foul word.