# Gangneung

Gangneung (Korean: 강릉; Korean pronunciation:) is a municipal city in Gangwon province, on the east coast of South Korea. It has a population of 213,658 (as of 2017). Gangneung is the economic centre of the Yeongdong region of Gangwon State. It has many tourist attractions, such as Jeongdongjin, a very popular area for watching the sunrise, and Gyeongpo Beach. The city hosted all the ice events for the 2018 Winter Olympics and the 2024 Winter Youth Olympics.

## History

Gangneung was the home of the Yemaek people in ancient times and became the land of Wiman Joseon in 129 BC. In 128 BC, Nam Ryeo, the army officer of Yaekam, punished Wujang of Wiman Korea and became the territory of the Han dynasty. In the 14th year of Goguryeo Muchheon (313), it entered Goguryeo territory.
In 639, Silla occupied this place and ruled it as a 'Sogyeong' (소경). In 658, King Moo-yeong abolished the Sogyeong and made an arsenal to send the todok, because it was adjacent to Malgal. In 757, it was renamed Sungju and restored it in 776.
It was renamed Myungju again during the Goryeo period, and it was under the jurisdiction the north of Chuncheon in the 14th year of Sungjong (995). It separated the Hamgyeong-do from the Gangeung and called it Gangneung-do, but it has always been the center of administration and military. At the beginning of the Joseon Dynasty, it called to Hwadangdo and Wonchundo and rename Gangneung by the name of Gangwon Province in the 5th year of King Sejong (1423).
Some areas have been incorporated into Yangyang since 1945, and Gangneung City was established in 1995 as the areas of Gangneung and Myeongju merged.
On 18 September 1996 a North Korean submarine ran aground near Gangneung in an attempted infiltration mission, spurring a 49-day manhunt for the escaped passengers. For more details, refer to the 1996 Gangneung submarine infiltration incident.

## Symbols of Gangneung

The flag of the city shows a red sun in the centre and blue wave in front, on a white background. The sun represents the sunrise, the wave the sea. The flower of the city is the crepe myrtle, the tree of the city is the pine tree, its bird the swan. The animal of Gangneung is the tiger.

## Geography

Gangneung is located to the east of the Taebaek Mountains, which is the considered the 'waist' of the Korean peninsula. To the east is Sea of Japan, and to the west are the inner side of Hongcheon County, the Pyeongchang County's Jinbu-myeon and the Daegwallyeong-myeon respectively. The southern side is connected to Donghae and the Jeongseon County's critical side. The north side is adjacent to Yangyang County Hyunbuk-myeon and Hyunnam-myeon.
The total area of Gangneung is about 1,040.4 km$^2$ (401.7 sq mi) as of the end of 2015, which accounts for 6.2% of Gangwon State's 16,873 km$^2$ (6,515 sq mi). 80.4% of the area of Gangneung, 837.36 km$^2$ (323.31 sq mi), is forestland.

### Climate

Gangneung experiences a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa) with cool to cold winters and hot, humid summers. Since Gangneung is a coastal city, it has generally milder winters and relatively cooler summers than the rest of Korea. It is bordered by mountains to the west and the sea to the east.
Climate data for Gangneung (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1911–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 18.7 (65.7) | 21.4 (70.5) | 27.1 (80.8) | 33.6 (92.5) | 35.5 (95.9) | 37.0 (98.6) | 39.4 (102.9) | 38.9 (102.0) | 35.8 (96.4) | 32.8 (91.0) | 29.1 (84.4) | 21.8 (71.2) | 39.4 (102.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.3 (41.5) | 7.1 (44.8) | 11.7 (53.1) | 17.9 (64.2) | 22.7 (72.9) | 25.4 (77.7) | 28.1 (82.6) | 28.6 (83.5) | 24.6 (76.3) | 20.3 (68.5) | 14.0 (57.2) | 7.7 (45.9) | 17.8 (64.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.9 (33.6) | 2.7 (36.9) | 7.0 (44.6) | 13.1 (55.6) | 17.9 (64.2) | 21.3 (70.3) | 24.7 (76.5) | 25.0 (77.0) | 20.5 (68.9) | 15.6 (60.1) | 9.5 (49.1) | 3.3 (37.9) | 13.5 (56.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −2.7 (27.1) | −1.3 (29.7) | 2.6 (36.7) | 8.2 (46.8) | 13.3 (55.9) | 17.5 (63.5) | 21.6 (70.9) | 21.9 (71.4) | 17.0 (62.6) | 11.5 (52.7) | 5.6 (42.1) | −0.5 (31.1) | 9.6 (49.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −20.2 (−4.4) | −15.9 (3.4) | −11.7 (10.9) | −3.5 (25.7) | −0.8 (30.6) | 6.0 (42.8) | 11.3 (52.3) | 13.7 (56.7) | 6.3 (43.3) | −1.9 (28.6) | −9.3 (15.3) | −15.3 (4.5) | −20.2 (−4.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 47.9 (1.89) | 48.0 (1.89) | 65.1 (2.56) | 81.9 (3.22) | 79.2 (3.12) | 118.5 (4.67) | 250.2 (9.85) | 292.9 (11.53) | 229.3 (9.03) | 113.9 (4.48) | 81.1 (3.19) | 36.9 (1.45) | 1,444.9 (56.89) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 6.2 | 5.7 | 8.8 | 8.9 | 9.1 | 10.8 | 16.0 | 16.4 | 11.8 | 7.8 | 7.3 | 4.6 | 113.4 |
| Average snowy days | 6.0 | 6.0 | 4.3 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 2.9 | 20.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 46.8 | 49.2 | 52.8 | 52.2 | 59.3 | 69.3 | 74.7 | 76.4 | 73.0 | 61.5 | 52.7 | 45.6 | 59.5 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 190.2 | 182.2 | 199.3 | 209.6 | 218.7 | 176.9 | 148.9 | 151.3 | 162.1 | 192.5 | 175.2 | 189.7 | 2,196.6 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 60.0 | 56.7 | 50.3 | 51.6 | 47.5 | 37.3 | 30.8 | 35.1 | 42.1 | 54.1 | 55.9 | 61.5 | 47.3 |
| Source: Korea Meteorological Administration (snow and percent sunshine 1981–2010) ||||||||||||||

## Administrative divisions

The district includes one town (eup), seven townships (myeon), 13 neighborhoods (dong).
| Name | Korean name | Area(km$^2$) | Population | Households |
| Jumunjin-eup | 주문진읍 | 60.52 | 19,299 | 9,098 |
| Seongsan-myeon | 성산면 | 80.28 | 3,305 | 1,488 |
| Wangsan-myeon | 왕산면 | 245.28 | 1,682 | 881 |
| Gujeong-myeon | 구정면 | 42.72 | 3,990 | 1,661 |
| Gangdong-myeon | 강동면 | 112.48 | 5,090 | 2,435 |
| Okgye-myeon | 옥계면 | 148.83 | 4,452 | 2,039 |
| Sacheon-myeon | 사천면 | 70.89 | 4,255 | 1,971 |
| Yeongok-myeon | 연곡면 | 202.45 | 6,920 | 3,090 |
| Hongjae-dong | 홍제동 | 3.76 | 8,678 | 3,601 |
| Jungang-dong | 중앙동 | 0.99 | 6,447 | 3,281 |
| Okcheon-dong | 옥천동 | 0.58 | 4,246 | 2,162 |
| Gyo 1-dong | 교1동 | 2.73 | 29,995 | 11,122 |
| Gyo 2-dong | 교2동 | 2.57 | 9,723 | 4,078 |
| Ponam 1-dong | 포남1동 | 1.3 | 12,057 | 5,213 |
| Ponam 2-dong | 포남2동 | 2.58 | 16,694 | 6,727 |
| Chodang-dong | 초당동 | 2.89 | 5,921 | 2,413 |
| Songjeong-dong | 송정동 | 3.45 | 7,561 | 2,838 |
| Naegok-dong | 내곡동 | 4.96 | 11,970 | 5,066 |
| Gangnam-dong | 강남동 | 16.09 | 21,515 | 8,450 |
| Seongdeok-dong | 성덕동 | 11.41 | 29,357 | 11,043 |
| Gyeongpo-dong | 경포동 | 23.02 | 4,829 | 2,234 |
| Gangneung-si | 강릉시 | 1,040 | 217,986 | 90,891 |

## Tour
### Sunrise

Sunrises, especially the first in the New Year, are important in traditional Korean culture. The Jeongdongjin and Gyeongpo beaches in Gangneung are popular places to enjoy a sunrise.

### Gyeongpodae Area

Gangneung is considered special due to its access to both a lake and the sea. Gyeongpodae is a pavilion overlooking a Gyeongpo lake. It is said that a person can see the Moon five times when at Gyeongpodae: once in the sky, once reflected in the lake, once reflected in the sea, once reflected in the drinking glass, and once more in the eyes of a lover. The site of Gyeongpodae is known for its location east of the centre of the city.
Inside the Gyeongpodae pavilion, built with 28 pillars, is the Gyeongpodaebu, a poem by Yul Gok. Gyeongpodaebu describes the movement of the heavens and the Moon. The best view of the Moon is on the 15th of the lunar month.
The nearby Gyeongpo Beach has a sandy beach and a line of fresh seafood restaurants, with its proximity to Seoul making it a popular summer destination.

## Beach

In addition to the Jungdongjin beach where Sandglass, a TV series was taken, there are 18 beaches such as Anmok beach, Gyeongpo beach, Gangmun beach.

### Jungdongjin

Jeongdongjin Beach is about 250 meters long and is famous for its beautiful sunrise scenery. In particular, the sunrise seen from the top of Goseong Mountain is known to be the most beautiful.

## Culture
### Heritage

There are a total of 128 cultural properties in Gangneung. Among them, there are 34 State-designated heritage and 58 Province-designated heritage.
National Treasure No. 51, a gate to an official inn, is in Gangneung. This gate is the front gate of the Gangneung official inn built in the Goryeo period. It is the oldest gate in the Goryeo Dynasty and is the only cultural property designated as a national treasure among the buildings in Gangwon-do.
Ojukheon is the birthplace of Shin Saimdang and Yi I. It was designated as Treasure No. 165 by being recognized as one of the oldest architecture in Korea and being a rare example of preserving Joseon-era architecture.
Gangneung Guseongsa site, which was founded by Burma in the 13th year of King Munsung of Silla (851), has been designated as Korea's Historic Site No. 448. Inside the temple, treasures are designated as Treasures No. 85, Treasures No. 86, There is a stone Buddhist image designated as No. 38.
| total | State-designated heritage | State-designated heritage | State-designated heritage | State-designated heritage | State-designated heritage | State-designated heritage | State-designated heritage | State-designated heritage | Province-designated heritage | Province-designated heritage | Province-designated heritage | Province-designated heritage | Registered cultural heritage | Cultural heritage material |
| total | total | National Treasure | Treasure | Historic Site | Natural monuments | Intangible Cultural Property | Scenic Site | National Folklore Cultural Heritage | total | Tangible Cultural Heritage | Intangible Cultural Heritage | Monument | Registered cultural heritage | Cultural heritage material |
| 128 | 34 | 1 | 16 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 58 | 39 | 5 | 14 | 2 | 2 |

### Festivals

Gangneung has numerous festivals. The biggest and most famous is the festival Gangneung Danoje at the dano fairground near the Namdae River. In 1967, the Gangneung Dano Festival was designated Korean National Immaterial Cultural Heritage No. 13. On November 11, 2005, it was designated by UNESCO as one of the "Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity". Nowadays, it is a combination of several commemoration rites and traditional plays. A highlight is the traditional Gwanno Mask Dance (Gwanno Gamyeongeuk), which is only performed at this festival.
In addition to well established festivals like the Dano, there are several newer festivals in Gangneung, such as the IJAF (International Junior Art Festival), which enjoys great popularity. The IJAF is a cultural festival for youth from all over the world. The festival includes both performances of the participating groups and a diversified cultural program demonstrating the essence of Korean culture. Since 2002, the IJAF has taken place at Gyeongpo Beach in the end of July. There is also the Gyeongpo Rock Festival, which was established in 2006. This festival, mostly attracting young people, offers young Korean bands from the Gangneung area a stage for their performances. The Gangneung Coffee festival, which began in 2009, is an annual coffee-tasting festival in which a variety of coffee vendors showcase coffee drinks as well as coffee machinary. In the festival are also some smaller, non-coffee vendors, as well as arts and crafts stalls. As of 2023, it is being held within the Gangneung Olympic Park.

### Museum

There are a number of historical remains and museums in Gangneung. The most prominent being the Ojukheon Museum, which is named after a special black bamboo growing in this area. It was the birthplace of the famous artist, calligrapher and poet Shin Saimdang (1504–1551) (whose image is on the 50,000 won note), and her son, the scholar Yulgok (1536–1584) (whose image is on the South Korean 5,000 won note). In 1963, the Ojukheon Museum was designated as National Cultural Heritage No. 165. It includes one of the oldest wooden buildings in Korea. The Hwanhee and Fantapia Museums, established in 2013, opened anew in November 2020 Housed in a new structure of contemporary architecture it is the only cup museum in Asia. The museum's collection contains 2,000 cups from 70 countries. Currently, 1,500 are on display.
Several shrines and old residential buildings deliver insight into the lives of these famous Koreans. Next to the Ojukheon Museum there is the Gangneung Municipal Museum which shows folklore and antique pieces from the history of the city. Located in the hills surrounding Gangneung, there is the revealing Daegwallyeong Museum. It consists of a private collection with more than 1000 artifacts and shows the agricultural history of the region.

### Religious architecture

Gangneung Imdeungdong Cathedral is a cathedral-style Roman Catholic sanctuary in Gangwon State. It was constructed in the 1950s. It became Registered cultural heritage No.457.

## Transportation

In Gangneung, Donghae Expressway connects Incheon to Gangneung and Yeongdong Expressway connects Yangyang County and Donghae. The national highway is National Route 7 (part of Asian Highway Route 6) and it connects Goseong County to Busan. It takes about 2 hours and 30 minutes to Seoul by road.
The Yeongdong Line passes Yeongju to Gangneung. Before 2006, Saemaeul-ho stopped at Jeongdongjin station and Gangneung station and it took 5.5 hours at Cheongnyangni station, but now only Mugunghwa-ho is stopped, it takes 6 hours to drive. In 2017, Gyeonggang Line was opened and Gangneung station was designated as an essential-stop station. The time between Gangneung station and Cheongnyangni station has been reduced from the existing 6 hours to the minimum of 114 minutes after KTX operation.
It was operated by Gangneung Airport for air traffic, but passed the passenger transportation right to Yangyang International Airport in 2002 and closed its service as an airport.

### Roads

Yeongdong Expressway passed city west to east, Donghae Expressway passed through the city from south to north. National Route 6, 7, 35, 59 passed through city.

### Trains

KTX-Sancheon is essential stop Jinbu and Gangneung station. On 2018 Winter Olympics period, increased frequency of KTX.
Train :
| Yeongdong Line | Mangsang ↔ Okkye ↔ Jeongdongjin ↔ Anin↔ Gangneung |
| Gyeonggang Line | Jinbu ↔ Gangneung |

### Buses

Local transit operators connect communities in the city divided three regions. This is managed by Gangneung City Office and the operation is carried out by each transportation company.
Gangneung Intercity Bus Terminal operates the intercity bus and operates six Express Bus line in the Gangneung Express Bus Terminal, the largest terminal in Gangwon State.

### Taxi

A total of 589 units in Gangneung are operating taxi licenses. The basic fare of Gangneung taxi is 2,800 won for 2 km. After that, 100 won will be charged for 152m from 2 km to 6 km, and 200 won will be charged for 152m after 6 km. but Jumunjin area, Gangdong-meon, Okgye area are designated as exceptional areas to 45% extra charge.

### Sea transport

Gangneung Port Passenger Terminal of Gangneung Harbor handles the Gangneung-Ulneung passenger ship.

## Sports
### Football

Gangneung is the home of the K3 League football club Gangneung City FC and is one of the two cities where K League football team Gangwon FC plays its home matches. Since 1976, Gangneung Jeil High School and Gangneung Junior high school soccer team rivalry Derby, which is held every day in the Dano Festival, have become popular.
The Daemyung Killer Whales were active in Asia League Ice Hockey from 2016 to 2020.

### 2018 Winter Olympics

The city 'Gangneung Coastal Cluster' was the venue for the indoor sports of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics in Pyeongchang. All these facilities, except for the Gangneung Curling Centre, were built for the Olympics.
* Gangneung Olympic Park
** Gangneung Hockey Centre – Ice Hockey (Olympics and Paralympics)
** Gangneung Curling Centre – Curling (Olympics and Paralympics)
** Gangneung Oval – Speed skating
** Gangneung Ice Arena – Short track speed skating and Figure skating
* Kwandong Hockey Centre - Ice Hockey (Olympics)
The city also hosted an Olympic Village for the athletes and a media village.

## Image gallery

* The birth house of Heo Nanseolheon, a famous Korean poet of the 17th century.
* The birthplace of Yi I.
* Seongyojang, a country house built and owned by a prominent yangban family in Gangneung. Built in the 19th century.
* A closer view at Seongyojang.

## Sister cities

* Chichibu, Saitama, Japan, since February 16, 1983
* Öskemen, East Kazakhstan, Kazakhstan, since 2011
* Mangshi, Yunnan, China, since November 21, 2012
* Indang, Cavite, Philippines, since 2013
* Loudoun County, United States, Friendship City since 2014
* Algemesí, Spain, since 2015

## Notable people

* Choi Kyu-Ha, former president of South Korea
* Edward Young-min Kwon, celebrity chef
* Yeon Woo-jin, actor
* JR (NU'EST), idol
* Yezi (Fiestar), idol
* Kim Seo-hyung, actress
* Jeon Yeo-bin, actress
* Sin Saimdang, a Korean artist, writer, calligraphist, and poet.
* Kim Bo-sung, a South Korean actor
* Yi I, a Korean philosopher and writer
* Choi Han-bit, model, actress, singer and idol
* Cha Hyung-won, living national treasure