OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Paul Ulrich Villard

Paul Ulrich Villard (28 September 1860 – 13 January 1934) was a French chemist and physicist. He discovered gamma rays in 1900 while studying the radiation emanating from radium.

## Early research

Villard was born in Saint-Germain-au-Mont-d'Or, Rhône. He graduated from the École Normale Supérieure in 1881 and taught in several Lycées, ending with a Lycée in Montpellier. He would maintain a laboratory position at the Ecole Normale Supérieure until his retirement. At the time when he discovered what we now call gamma rays, Villard was working in the chemistry department of the École Normale Supérieure rue d'Ulm, Paris.
Villard is also credited with the discovery of argon hydrate. He spent the early part of his career (1888–1896) focusing on similar compounds at high pressure.

## Discovery of gamma rays

Villard investigated the radiation emitted by radium salts via a narrow aperture in a shielded container onto a photographic plate, through a thin layer of lead that was known to stop alpha rays. He was able to show that the remaining radiation consisted of a second and third type of rays. One of those was deflected by a magnetic field (as were the familiar "canal rays") and could be identified with Rutherford's beta rays. The last type was a very penetrating kind of radiation which had not been identified before.
Villard was a modest man and he did not suggest a specific name for the type of radiation he had discovered. In 1903, it was Ernest Rutherford who proposed to call Villard's rays gamma rays because they were far more penetrating than the alpha rays and beta rays which he himself had already differentiated and named (in 1899) on the basis of their respective penetrating powers. The name stuck.

## Later work

Villard spent much time perfecting safer and more accurate methods of radiation dosimetry, which had been done very crudely up until then (typically by evaluating the quality of the image of the experimenter's hand produced on a photographic plate). In 1908, Villard pioneered the use of an ionization chamber for the dosimetry of ionizing radiation. He defined a unit of kinetic energy released per unit mass which was later renamed the roentgen.

## Retirement and death

When Villard retired, he left Paris. He died in Bayonne, France, on January 13, 1934.
# Dryszczów

Dryszczów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Żmudź, within Chełm County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It lies approximately 3 km (2 mi) east of Żmudź, 22 km (14 mi) south-east of Chełm, and 83 km (52 mi) east of the regional capital Lublin.
# Amalgamations Group

The Amalgamations Group, formerly called Simpson Group, is an Indian business conglomerate based in Chennai which has several business interests in Manufacturing Tractors, Automobile ancillaries, Plantation, Trading and services. The most notable being the Tractors and Farm Equipment Limited, Simpsons & Company, Bimetal Bearings, India Pistons, T. Stanes & Co, Amco Batteries, Higginbotham's and Addisons Paint. The group today has over 47 companies with 50 manufacturing plants.

## History

The Amalgamations Group was established by S. Anantharamakrishnan who during the early 1940s was a Director at Simpsons & Co.
In 1945, he took over the management and later consolidated several British owned companies with interests in plantation, engineering, trading and services. According to popular Chennai-based historian S. Muthiah, the successful takeover was the result of an overheard conversation at a Hotel Connemara.
# Pierre Délèze

Pierre Délèze (born August 25, 1958 in Nendaz, Valais) is a former Swiss middle distance runner who set a national record of 3:31.75 min when he won the 1500 m race at the meeting in Zurich in 1985, defeating the reigning Olympic champion Sebastian Coe. He also set a national record over the Mile in 3:50.38 min in Koblenz in 1982.
Délèze participated in the 1500 m final at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics in Helsinki in which he fninshed sixth. The race was won by Steve Cram. In the 1987 World Championships in Athletics in Rome he finished fourth over 5000 m; the gold was won by Saïd Aouita.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Switzerland ||||||
| 1980 | Olympic Games | Moscow, Soviet Union | 24th (h) | 1500 m | 3:44.72 |
| 1982 | European Championships | Athens, Greece | 7th | 1500 m | 3:39.64 |
| 1983 | World Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 6th | 1500 m | 3:43.69 |
| 1984 | Olympic Games | Los Angeles, United States | heats | 1500 m | DNF (fell) |
| 1986 | European Championships | Stuttgart, Germany | 7th | 5000 m | 13:28.80 |
| 1987 | World Championships | Rome, Italy | 4th | 5000 m | 13:28.06 |
| 1988 | Olympic Games | Seoul, South Korea | 41st (h) | 5000 m | 14:12.79 |
| (h) Indicates overall position in qualifying heats. DNF = did not finish ||||||

## General references

* "Highlights sportifs de la deuxième décennie (1981-1990) | Jubiläum 50". swiss-athletics.ch (in French). 18 March 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2025.
# Los Realejos

Los Realejos is a town and a municipality in the northern part of the island of Tenerife, which is the biggest town in the Canary Islands. It is part of the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain. The town is located 2 km (1.2 mi) from the north coast, 5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Puerto de la Cruz, 6 km (3.7 mi) west of La Orotava, and 34 km (21 mi) southwest of the island's capital Santa Cruz de Tenerife. The inhabitants are known in Spanish as realejeros.
The latest population count consists of 37,970 (2013), its density being 670/km$^2$ (1,700/sq mi) and the area is 57.08 km$^2$ (22.04 sq mi). The highest peak is 420 m (1,380 ft). Los Realejos is the western terminus of the TF-5 motorway.

## Background

The town is split into two distinct areas or districts:
* Realejo Alto (Upper Realejo)
* Realejo Bajo (Lower Realejo)
These areas are distinct from each other in terms of their geography (a large deep ravine splits both) and their history (during the Spanish conquest of the island, the indigenous people Guanches had a settlement in the lower area of the town. In contrast, the Spaniards occupied the upper area). Furthermore, each area has its own Baroque church, both of which were built shortly after completing the Spanish conquest. The municipality was originally founded and known as Realejo de Arriba.
The town governed by its local council also includes other smaller villages such as Palo Blanco, Cruz Santa, Mocan, Icod de Alto, and Tigaiga [es]. Over the years, an increase in population and housing have merged into what appears to be one big town nowadays.
Los Realejos also has a few beaches of note, Playa de El Socorro being the most popular one, not only with the locals but also with tourists. Other beaches like Playa de Castro and Playa de Fajana are worthy of mention, albeit they are slightly less accessible than El Socorro. Los Realejos is the home of the English language newspaper the Tenerife News. Los Realejos boasts the Shrine of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, which is the main Marian shrine in northern Tenerife.
* Church of St James, Los Realejos
* Water elevator
* Playa de Castro

## Historical population

| Year | Population |
| 1991 | 29,829 |
| 1996 | 32,599 |
| 2001 | 33,438 |
| 2002 | 35,299 |
| 2003 | 35,799 |
| 2004 | 35,756 |
| 2009 | 37,559 |
| 2013 | 37,970 |
| 2014 | 36,860 |
| 2015 | 36,276 |
| 2016 | 36,149 |
| 2017 | 36,218 |
| 2018 | 36,405 |
| 2019 | 36,402 |

## Education

The British School of Tenerife has its Trinity Campus in Los Realejos.

## Natives of Los Realejos

* José Viera y Clavijo (December 28, 1731, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria - February 21, 1813), a writer, botanist, and a historian.
# Shelbyville Municipal Airport (Indiana)

Shelbyville Municipal Airport (ICAO: KGEZ, FAA LID: GEZ) is a public use airport located four nautical miles (7 km) northwest of the central business district of Shelbyville, in Shelby County, Indiana, United States. The airport is owned by the city of Shelbyville and is controlled by the mayor and an appointed Board of Commissioners. According to the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2009–2013, it was classified as a general aviation airport.
Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, this airport is assigned GEZ by the FAA but has no designation from the IATA.

## Facilities and aircraft

Shelbyville Municipal Airport covers an area of 550 acres (220 ha) at an elevation of 803 feet (245 m) above mean sea level. It has two runways: 1/19 is 5,000 by 100 feet (1,524 x 30 m) with an asphalt pavement; 9/27 is 2,671 by 190 feet (814 x 58 m) with a turf surface.
For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2006, the airport had 24,094 aircraft operations, an average of 66 per day: 91% general aviation, 5% military, and 4% air taxi. At that time there were 60 aircraft based at this airport: 88% single-engine, 10% multi-engine, and 2% jet.

## Military use

The airport is home of the headquarters of the 38th Combat Aviation Brigade (CAB), 38th Infantry Division, Indiana National Guard.
# Edward Montagu (died 1665)

Edward Montagu (c. 1636 – 2 August 1665) was an English politician, courtier and naval officer. He was the MP for Sandwich, Kent.

## Life

He was the eldest son of the second Baron Montagu. He was educated at Westminster School, matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, on 5 June 1651, and was admitted at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, on 25 September 1651. He was created M.A. of Oxford on 9 September 1661.
In 1659, he joined his cousin, Admiral Montagu, with a view to influencing him in favour of the English Restoration, and was acting as a medium of communication between Charles II and the admiral in April 1660. He represented Sandwich in parliament from 1661 to 1665, and was master of the horse to Queen Catharine of Braganza. He was commissioned captain-lieutenant of the King's company in the King's Foot Guards in February 1661.
He was killed in Bergen, Norway in August 1665, in the Battle of Vågen.
# Swedish–Norwegian War (1063)

The Swedish–Norwegian War (1063) (Första norgekriget) (Første norsk-svenske krig) took place in 1063 or 1064. It was fought between the Norwegian king Harald Hardrada and the Swedes who supported Håkon Ivarsson, the jarl of Opplandene.

## History

In 1062, the king and the earl were openly hostile with each other over a disagreement about the flight of the Danish king Svein Estridson during the Battle of Niså. The king accused the earl of treason after learning that the Danish king had been taken to the countryside by Håkon Ivarsson's men.
Earl Håkon Ivarsson had to escape from Oslo to the Swedish king Stenkil, who gave him control of the Värmland region. With that, a Norwegian-Swedish conflict was inevitable, because Ivarsson started an uprising in 1062 to 1063 during his early earldom.
In the spring of 1064, the war against Denmark was put on hold after the negotiations between the Norwegians and the Danes at Elven, which ended with a settlement between the two kings who each had their own internal problems. Immediately after this, King Harald turned against the uplanders; they said that they would not pay taxes since they had already paid to the earl, who had a large army in Götaland. To force the payment of taxes, the king first had to defeat the earl.
In the early autumn of 1063 or 1064, the king went south to Künghalla with the army. They gathered up light ships, and sailed up the Gøtaelven and to the waterfalls. The light ships were dragged overland by the waterfalls and up to Lake Vänern. Then the Norwegian fleet rowed across the lake to the east, where Håkon Ivarsson lived. Earl Håkon came down from the country with the Swedish army to meet the Norwegians.

## Harald Hardrada's victory

Harald Hardrada and his army went ashore from a river on the east side of Vänern and up into the country, where they found the Swedish army lined up on the other side of a marsh. The Battle of Vänern ended in victory for the Norwegians, who won under the leadership of the more experienced king, the earl having been driven out without his mark.
With the victory, the earl's influence in the Uplands was destroyed, and with partly brutal methods the last remnants of resistance to the king's rule were suppressed, in the winter of 1064 to 1065. During the winter, Romerike, Hedmark, Hadeland and Ringerike were ravaged with fire and killings by the royal forces. With terror tactics, the Uplanders were subject to the king's control once again. In Sweden, Håkon Ivarsson's defeat was a severe blow to the Swedish king.
# Louis Awad

Louis Awad (Arabic: لويس عوض, el-Minya; 5 January 1915 – 9 September 1990) was an Egyptian intellectual and a writer.
Born to a Coptic Orthodox Christian family in the upper Egypt, in Sharuna village, in Minya, Egypt, Awad studied at the literature department of Cairo University before setting off to England for further studies before the Second World War. He returned to Egypt in 1941, after which he lived in the Cairo district of Dokki for much of his adult life.
He studied literature at Cairo University, Cambridge University, and Princeton University. In 1947 he was a professor of English at Cairo University and published a revolutionary collection of poems called Plotoland (also spelled Plutoland) wherein he introduced free verse forms to Egyptian literature and presented a scathing attack on traditionalism in poetry.
He was the first Egyptian chairman of the English Department (Faculty of Letters) at Cairo University and while there, he encouraged students to listen to classical music. When surrealism in art reached Egypt, he didn't denounce it but was quoted as saying, "“Whatever we think about the originality of this art form in Egypt, it was good at dealing a death blow to academism.”
From 1945 to 1950 he joined with other writers who drew from Marxism and other sources in a call for the total reform of Egyptian society. He attended talks by Taha Hussein with Denys Johnson-Davies. He was outspoken in his wish for "democratization and secularism in the Arab world" and he is celebrated in Egypt for having been a contemporary thinker.
Awad's unwavering critical stance continued after the 1952 revolution. As a consequence, he suffered the humiliation of being forced to resign his position at Cairo University in 1954. In 1976, he wrote about the revolution in The Seven Masks of Nasserism: Discussing Heikal and Tawfik Al-Hakim.
Awad became the literary editor at the newspaper al-Ahram-the largest daily newspaper of the Middle East making him one of the leading opinion-makers in the Arab world.
# List of companies of Guyana

Guyana is a sovereign state on the northern mainland of South America. It is, however, included in the Caribbean Region due to its strong cultural, historical, and political ties with the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). With 215,000 square kilometres (83,000 sq mi), Guyana is the fourth-smallest country on mainland South America after Uruguay, Suriname and French Guiana. The main economic activities in Guyana are agriculture (production of rice and Demerara sugar), bauxite mining, gold mining, timber, shrimp fishing and minerals. Chronic problems include a shortage of skilled labour and a deficient infrastructure.

## Notable firms

This list includes notable companies with primary headquarters located in the country. The industry and sector follow the Industry Classification Benchmark taxonomy. Organizations which have ceased operations are included and noted as defunct.
Notable companies Status: P=Private, S=State; A=Active, D=Defunct :
| Name | Industry | Sector | Headquarters | Founded | Notes | Status | Status |
| Bank of Guyana | Financials | Banks | Georgetown | 1965 | Central bank | S | A |
| Banks DIH | Consumer goods | Food products | Georgetown | 1840 | Food and beverage | P | A |
| Demerara Distillers | Consumer goods | Food products | Georgetown | 1780 | Food and beverage | P | A |
| Guyana Broadcasting Corporation | Consumer services | Broadcasting & entertainment | Georgetown | 1979 | State-owned broadcaster, merged with GTV to form National Communications Network | S | A |
| Guyana Chronicle | Consumer services | Publishing | Georgetown | 1880 | State-owned newspaper | S | A |
| Guyana Power and Light | Utilities | Conventional electricity | Georgetown | 1957 | Power utility | S | A |
| Guyana Sugar Corporation | Consumer goods | Food products | Skeldon | 1976 | Sugar | S | A |
| Guyana Telephone and Telegraph Company (GT&T) | Telecommunications | Fixed line telecommunications | Georgetown | 1991 | Telecom | P | A |
| Kaieteur News | Consumer services | Publishing | Georgetown | 1994 | Newspaper | P | A |
| National Communications Network, Guyana (NCN) | Consumer services | Broadcasting & entertainment | Georgetown | 2004 | State-owned television and radio broadcaster, Successor to Guyana Broadcasting Corporation | S | A |
| National Milling Company of Guyana | Consumer goods | Food products | Georgetown | 1969 | Flour mill, part of Seaboard Corporation (US) | P | A |
| Roraima Airways | Consumer services | Airlines | Georgetown | 1992 | Regional airline | P | A |
| Stabroek News | Consumer services | Publishing | Georgetown | 1986 | Newspaper | P | A |
| Trans Guyana Airways | Consumer services | Airlines | Georgetown | 1951 | Airline | P | A |
* Stabroek Market, Georgetown
* Caribbean Community headquarters
* Cheddi Jagan International Airport in Georgetown
# Nicodemus I of Peć

Nikodim I of Peć and Nikodim of Hilandar (Serbian: Никодим I Пећки) was a monk-scribe at Hilandar before becoming the 10th Serbian Archbishop from 1316 to 1324, he died in the year 1325. He is a Serbian saint and the Eastern Orthodox Church celebrates his feast day on May 11/24. Nikodim is the author of Rodoslov: srpskih kraljeva i vladika (The Lives of Serbian Kings and Bishops).

## Life

In 1314, heir apparent Stefan Uroš III was exiled to Constantinople after quarrels with his father, king Stefan Milutin. In 1317, Uroš III asked Nikodim to intervene between him and his father. Nikodim's autobiographical note was inscribed in a manuscript entitled "A Visit to Constantinople" in the year 1318 and 1319. In 1320, Milutin allowed Uroš III to return upon the persuasion of Nikodim. Stefan Konstantin, Uroš's half-brother and heir to the throne, was crowned king upon the death of Milutin in 1321. Civil war erupted when Konstantin refused to submit to Uroš III, who then invaded Zeta, and in the ensuing battle, Konstantin was killed. After the victory, on January 6, 1322, Nikodim crowned Uroš King and Dušan Young King.
While he was the Abbot of his alma mater Hilandar, Nikodim requested that a certain protos (monk-priests) of Mt. Athos by the name of Theophanes issues an edict (gramma) wherein he grants to the monks of the Kelion of Saint Sava in Karyes, Mount Athos, a piece of land and an abandoned monastery. With the statement of the month, indiction, year, and the signatures of the Protos and the witnesses. Although the language is coarse and abounds in solecisms and "barbarisms", making it difficult to read, it was copied in skilled handwriting.
He co-founded 14th century Serbian Orthodox Vratna monastery alongside Serbian king Stefan Milutin (1282–1321) of the Nemanjić dynasty.
# Princess Donna

Princess Donna (born 23 January 1982) is the stage name of the American pornographic actress and director also known as Donna Dolore. She was director of Wired Pussy and founder of Public Disgrace and Bound Gang Bang, all Kink.com brands.
She majored in gender and sexuality studies and photography at New York University. While there, she began working as a stripper, and began doing professional BDSM shoots following a coworker's recommendation.
Along with fellow Kink actress and director Lorelei Lee, Princess Donna was the subject of Brian Lilla's 2007 independent film Tale of Two Bondage Models, which appeared at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival.
Princess Donna identifies as queer, telling The Village Voice in 2008: "I'm everything but straight."
She has received AVN Award nominations as both a director and actress.
# Charlie Ayers

Charles David Ayers, Jr. (born July 5, 1966) is an American chef, cookbook author, and restaurateur. He is the former executive chef for Google, from 1999 until 2006. His work there was widely publicized in the media, and David Vise's corporate history The Google Story contains an entire chapter about him called "Charlie's Place." By the time he left Google in 2006, Ayers and his team of five chefs and 150 employees were serving 4,000 daily lunches and dinners in 10 cafes across the company's headquarters campus in Mountain View, California.

## Early life and education

Ayers was born on July 5, 1966, in Chicago. He grew up in Brooklyn and Parsippany, New Jersey, where he attended Parsippany High School and graduated in 1985.

## Career

Ayers worked as a private and personal chef to the rock band Grateful Dead in the 1980s. Ayers began his professional career in New Jersey working for Hilton Hotels, at their Meadowlands and Parsippany locations in New Jersey.
Later he left Hilton to attend culinary school at Johnson & Wales University in Providence, Rhode Island, where he graduated in 1990. He was a chef at several restaurants in the Providence and Boston areas, and then moved to California, where he worked as a chef at Stoddard's Brewhouse in Sunnyvale, Left in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and Blue Chalk Cafe and the Peninsula Creamery, both in downtown Palo Alto in the Silicon Valley.
From 1999 to 2006, Ayers worked as an executive chef at Google in its Mountain View, California headquarters. He obtained the job at Google after winning a cook-off that was judged by what were then the company's 40 employees. Ayers reportedly earned $26 million (USD) from his Google stock options.
On January 20, 2009, Ayers started Calafia Café/Calafia Market a Go Go in Palo Alto. It remained in operation until August 2018. The financing to open Calafia Café came from former Google employees and a couple that worked for Cisco.

## Publications

* Ayers, Charlie (2008). Food 2.0: Secrets From the Chef Who Fed Google. DK Cookery General. Penguin. ISBN 9780756643409.
* Ayers, Charlie (2008). Eat Yourself Smart: Power up your day with recipes from the chef who fed Google. Dorling Kindersley Limited. ISBN 9781405336178.
# Maiestas jamiensis

Maiestas jamiensis is a species of bugs from the Cicadellidae family that is endemic to Taiwan. It was formerly placed within Recilia, but a 2009 revision moved it to Maiestas.
# About Faces

About Faces is an American game show that aired from January 4, 1960, to June 30, 1961, created by Ralph Edwards. The host was Ben Alexander and the show's announcer was Tom Kennedy.

## Gameplay

Competitors were selected from the studio audience. Each pair of contestants was challenged to recall how the two of them had come into contact with each other previously. The first to do so won a prize. The program was similar to Place the Face.
For guest stars who appeared on the program, Alexander interviewed the star briefly before a "mystery person out of the star's past" was shown inside a picture frame. The star then heard a series of clues to help him or her identify the person in the frame.

## Schedule and production

About Faces was broadcast from 1 to 1:30 p. m. Eastern Time Monday through Friday. The show was recorded on videotape. After the show's run on ABC ended, its reruns were broadcast in some local markets. Joe Landis was the producer and director.

## Guest stars

Guest stars who appeared on the show included Barbara Nichols, Joan Blondell, Rosemary Clooney, Jose Ferrer, and Olaf Odegaard.

## Episode status

The UCLA Film and Television Archive lists among its holdings the premiere episode with Zsa Zsa Gabor, Red Schoendienst (and family), Fred Haney, and Douglas "Wrong Way" Corrigan. The March 17 edition exists on YouTube with Tom Kennedy as substitute host.
The Paley Center for Media lists among its holdings the series pilot, taped May 6, 1959. Ferrer and Clooney are listed as the celebrity guests for that episode.