# Nelson, British Columbia

Nelson is a city located in the Selkirk Mountains on the West Arm of Kootenay Lake in the Southern Interior of British Columbia, Canada. The city is known for its collection of restored heritage buildings that date back to a regional silver rush in 1886. Nelson is one of the three cities forming the commercial and population core of the West Kootenay region, the others being Castlegar and Trail. The city is the seat of the Regional District of Central Kootenay. It is represented in the provincial legislature by the riding of Nelson-Creston, and in the Parliament of Canada by the riding of Kootenay—Columbia.

## History
### Founding

The city of Nelson is situated in the western Kootenay region of British Columbia, which is part of the traditional territories of the Sinixt (or Lakes) and Ktunaxa (Kutenai) peoples.
Gold and silver were found in the area in 1867. Following the discovery of silver at nearby Toad Mountain in 1886, the town's population quickly expanded, leading to incorporation in 1897. Two railways were built to pass through Nelson. Due to its location near transportation corridors, Nelson grew to supply the local mining activity and soon became the region's transportation and distribution centre.
Nelson was named in 1888 after Hugh Nelson, then Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia.

### Early 20th century

Francis Rattenbury, an architect most noted in British Columbia for the Parliament Buildings in Victoria, the Vancouver Provincial Courthouse, and the second Hotel Vancouver, designed chateau-style civic buildings made of granite, which stand today. By the 1900s, Nelson boasted several fine hotels, a Hudson's Bay Company store and an electric streetcar system. The local forestry and mining industries were well established.
The town built its own hydroelectric generating system. English immigrants planted lakeside orchards, and Doukhobors from Russia, sponsored by Tolstoy and the Quakers, tilled the valley benchlands. The Doukhobor museum is located nearby, close to the neighbouring town of Castlegar.
From 1917-1920 Nelson used Single Transferable Vote (STV), a form of proportional representation, to elect its councillors. Councillors were elected in one at-large district. Each voter casts just a single vote using a ranked transferable ballot.
During the Vietnam War, many American draft evaders settled in Nelson and the surrounding area. This influx of liberal and mostly educated young people significantly impacted the area's cultural and political demographics.
Nelson's mountainous geography kept growth confined to the narrow valley bottom, except for specific hillside structures such as the local High School and the former Notre Dame University College (NDU) campus. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, when more prosperous cities were tearing down and rebuilding their downtowns to the design of the time, Nelson merchants 'modernized' their buildings with aluminum siding.

### Baker Street

In the early 1980s, Nelson suffered a devastating economic downturn when the local Kootenay Forest Products sawmill was closed. Downtown merchants were already suffering from the opening of a large, regional shopping centre on Nelson's central waterfront, the Chahko Mika Mall. At the time, Victoria and Vancouver were experimenting with historical restorations of their oldest areas, with some success. To save downtown and Baker Street from blight, Nelson quickly followed suit, stripping aluminum facades and restoring the buildings to their original brilliance. Local designer Bob Inwood, one of Nelson's many American immigrants, played a significant role as a consultant. By 1985, Baker Street was completely transformed. Affirmation of the street's success came in 1986 when Steve Martin chose to produce his feature film Roxanne primarily in Nelson, using the local fire hall as a primary set and many historic locations for others. More broadly, the transformation marked the beginning of Nelson's ongoing transition from a resource-based town to an arts and tourism town. A walk down Baker Street through the Historic District is now one of Nelson's promoted visitor activities.

## Geography
### Climate

Nelson has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) with four distinct seasons. Winters are cold and snowy, while summers are warm and drier, with cool temperatures during the night.
Climate data for South Slocan (~20km West of Nelson) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 10.0 (50.0) | 14.5 (58.1) | 22.5 (72.5) | 30.0 (86.0) | 35.5 (95.9) | 38.0 (100.4) | 41.0 (105.8) | 39.5 (103.1) | 36.1 (97.0) | 26.1 (79.0) | 17.2 (63.0) | 11.7 (53.1) | 41.0 (105.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.2 (31.6) | 3.6 (38.5) | 9.3 (48.7) | 15.5 (59.9) | 20.4 (68.7) | 24.2 (75.6) | 28.0 (82.4) | 28.5 (83.3) | 21.7 (71.1) | 13.8 (56.8) | 4.8 (40.6) | 0.2 (32.4) | 14.1 (57.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.7 (25.3) | −0.6 (30.9) | 3.5 (38.3) | 8.3 (46.9) | 12.7 (54.9) | 16.4 (61.5) | 19.1 (66.4) | 19.3 (66.7) | 13.8 (56.8) | 7.6 (45.7) | 1.5 (34.7) | −2.9 (26.8) | 7.9 (46.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −7.1 (19.2) | −4.9 (23.2) | −2.3 (27.9) | 1.0 (33.8) | 4.9 (40.8) | 8.5 (47.3) | 10.1 (50.2) | 10.0 (50.0) | 5.8 (42.4) | 1.4 (34.5) | −1.9 (28.6) | −5.9 (21.4) | 1.6 (34.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −31.7 (−25.1) | −30.6 (−23.1) | −22.2 (−8.0) | −7.8 (18.0) | −6.1 (21.0) | 0.0 (32.0) | 2.8 (37.0) | 2.2 (36.0) | −4.4 (24.1) | −11.0 (12.2) | −23.5 (−10.3) | −35.0 (−31.0) | −35.0 (−31.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 94.0 (3.70) | 69.8 (2.75) | 62.4 (2.46) | 61.0 (2.40) | 68.2 (2.69) | 71.1 (2.80) | 54.4 (2.14) | 49.4 (1.94) | 51.4 (2.02) | 61.6 (2.43) | 104.0 (4.09) | 105.9 (4.17) | 853.2 (33.59) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 39.0 (1.54) | 48.4 (1.91) | 56.5 (2.22) | 60.3 (2.37) | 68.2 (2.69) | 71.1 (2.80) | 54.4 (2.14) | 49.4 (1.94) | 51.4 (2.02) | 59.8 (2.35) | 78.9 (3.11) | 42.7 (1.68) | 680.0 (26.77) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 55.1 (21.7) | 21.3 (8.4) | 5.9 (2.3) | 0.7 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.8 (0.7) | 25.2 (9.9) | 63.3 (24.9) | 173.2 (68.2) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 14.1 | 12.7 | 13.3 | 12.5 | 13.7 | 13.2 | 10.0 | 8.8 | 8.6 | 11.3 | 15.1 | 14.6 | 147.8 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 6.8 | 8.9 | 12.4 | 12.5 | 13.7 | 13.2 | 10.0 | 8.8 | 8.6 | 11.2 | 12.2 | 5.7 | 123.9 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 9.2 | 4.8 | 1.8 | 0.24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.38 | 4.9 | 10.2 | 31.5 |
| Source: Environment Canada ||||||||||||||

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Nelson had a population of 11,106 living in 4,948 of its 5,314 total private dwellings, a change of 5.1% from its 2016 population of 10,572. With a land area of 11.93 km$^2$ (4.61 sq mi), it had a population density of 930.9/km$^2$ (2,411.1/sq mi) in 2021.
Nelson's poverty rate has been ascertained to be more than twice the provincial and national averages.

### Ethnicity

Panethnic groups in the City of Nelson (2001−2021) :
| Panethnic group | 2021 | 2021 | 2016 | 2016 | 2011 | 2011 | 2006 | 2006 | 2001 | 2001 |
| Panethnic group | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % | Pop. | % |
| European | 9,135 | 85.17% | 9,160 | 89.32% | 9,270 | 92.89% | 8,440 | 92.9% | 8,690 | 94.82% |
| Indigenous | 585 | 5.45% | 560 | 5.46% | 425 | 4.26% | 300 | 3.3% | 175 | 1.91% |
| East Asian | 275 | 2.56% | 210 | 2.05% | 165 | 1.65% | 165 | 1.82% | 165 | 1.8% |
| South Asian | 245 | 2.28% | 85 | 0.83% | 55 | 0.55% | 90 | 0.99% | 35 | 0.38% |
| Southeast Asian | 215 | 2% | 70 | 0.68% | 0 | 0% | 10 | 0.11% | 10 | 0.11% |
| Latin American | 90 | 0.84% | 60 | 0.59% | 25 | 0.25% | 30 | 0.33% | 10 | 0.11% |
| African | 80 | 0.75% | 60 | 0.59% | 15 | 0.15% | 30 | 0.33% | 25 | 0.27% |
| Middle Eastern | 10 | 0.09% | 10 | 0.1% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 35 | 0.38% |
| Other/Multiracial | 75 | 0.7% | 55 | 0.54% | 0 | 0% | 25 | 0.28% | 30 | 0.33% |
| Total responses | 10,725 | 96.57% | 10,255 | 97% | 9,980 | 97.56% | 9,085 | 98.13% | 9,165 | 98.57% |
| Total population | 11,106 | 100% | 10,572 | 100% | 10,230 | 100% | 9,258 | 100% | 9,298 | 100% |
| Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses |||||||||||

### Religion

According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Nelson included:
* Irreligion (7,415 persons or 69.1%)
* Christianity (2,675 persons or 24.9%)
* Buddhism (150 persons or 1.4%)
* Judaism (115 persons or 1.1%)
* Sikhism (70 persons or 0.7%)
* Hinduism (65 persons or 0.6%)
* Islam (20 persons or 0.2%)
* Indigenous Spirituality (10 persons or 0.1%)

## Economy

The economy of Nelson and the surrounding area has historically been heavily based on forestry and other extractive industries. Though less relevant in recent years this sector still represents a significant portion of the local economy. Nelson is also a provincial administrative center for the Kootenays, with several regional and district offices of the provincial, and federal governments located in Nelson. Tourism has been of growing importance to the city.
Many craftspeople live in the Nelson region, and the city’s retail sector includes outlets where they can sell their creations.
In recent decades, Nelson and its region had been noted for illegal marijuana production, with The Guardian reporting in 2010 that:
   Nelson was able to make the transition from a typical rural lumber town into a thriving arts and mountain sports hotbed, due in part to the wealth generated by marijuana growers. If one were to have spent the last three years in this idyllic mountain hamlet, the economic crisis would have been barely noticeable.
Nelson has several retail outlets for natural foods, including a year-round market specializing in these products. A local news source claimed the Kootenay Country Co-op is "the largest independent member-owned natural food store in Canada and a respected player nationally in organic retail circles." The Save-On-Foods in Nelson is that company's leading store for organic and natural foods.
The Nelson Brewing Company is a microbrewery in Nelson.

## Arts and culture

Nelson is noted as a cultural centre.
Nelson has benefited from art education opportunities for many decades. High-school-level art classes had always existed. Then, in 1957-58 an independent Nelson School of Art began to offer two-week programs in a provisional fashion. In 1960 NSA progressed to offering diploma programs in 1960; with an expanded program in 1961, its name was changed to Kootenay School of Art. It was recognized as British Columbia's first art school. In 1969, the School's studio training was relocated into the city's Notre Dame University campus. In 1972, direct support from the province for its programs having ended, the School was steered into a trial merger with Selkirk College. In 1974 the School, at that point fully merged into Selkirk College, affiliated with Eastern Washington State College as well, to offer graduate internships.
Notre Dame University closed in 1977, and the Kootenay School of Art with it. It was succeeded in 1979 by offerings of the University of Victoria-sponsored David Thompson University Centre in buildings formerly accommodating Notre Dame. In 1991, an independent institution with an emphasis on fine crafts, Kootenay School of the Arts, was founded. In a few years, the School secured possession of a spacious stone heritage building. In 2006, remaining in its own building, the School was absorbed by the region's Selkirk College as a department, renamed Kootenay Studio Arts. In addition, Selkirk College offers another respected department, its School of Music & Media, in the former Notre Dame buildings.
The independent artists-run Oxygen Art Centre was developed by the Nelson Fine Art Centre Society (founded in 2002) by former writing and visual art faculty from the Kootenay School of the Arts. In 2005, the Society opened the Oxygen Art Centre in downtown Nelson, offering classes, exhibitions, and residencies. The Nelson Museum, Archives & Gallery provides gallery space for travelling exhibitions, and work by some of the region's artists.

## Attractions

In 1998, Nelson was highlighted as the "Number One Small Town Arts Community in Canada" by the publisher of The 100 Best Small Arts Towns in America, and is home to a large and diverse artisan community.
The annual Artwalk, a display of artwork at various venues around town, features local talent where trippers and artwalkers (as the locals call them) can get an up close and personal look at the studios and creative processes of local artisans. July, August, and September mark three months of exhibitions throughout the downtown core in a variety of galleries and local businesses. Each month has a separate grand opening (usually the first Friday evening of the month), which includes refreshments, musicians, panhandlers, and artwork for locals and visitors to enjoy as they stroll through downtown Nelson.
The Nelson Farmers Market located at Cottonwood Falls Park takes place every Saturday from May through October. The Downtown Farmers Market happens on Baker Street every Wednesday from June through September. Market Night, a lively nighttime street market in the heart of Nelson's downtown, happens twice each summer. The markets all offer regional farm produce, delicious foods, and a variety of locally hand-crafted products.
Two local hiking trails are popular. The Pulpit Rock Trail offers a short but somewhat challenging hike that ends with a view of the city. After Pulpit Rock, the trail continues up the spine of Elephant Mountain (as the locals call it) to more postcard views and eventually to the radio towers visible everywhere in the city. Hikers venturing beyond Pulpit Rock should have essential wilderness gear and exercise common sense. Public access to the Pulpit Rock trail has been restored with the opening, in the spring of 2009, of a new access point several hundred metres west of the old trailhead, which was on private land.
In the winter, skiing and snowboarding are Nelson's primary outdoor activities. Thirty minutes south of town is the Whitewater Ski Resort, which provides access (via one triple chairlift, one double chairlift, one quad chairlift, and a handle tow) to 396 vertical metres (1,299 ft) of beginner to advanced terrain. The resort also provides access to hundreds of kilometres of off-piste skiing and back-country touring. In 2012, Nelson and Rossland, a small city southwest of Nelson, were jointly voted the best ski locales in North America by the readers of California-based Powder magazine.
Mountain biking is part of the local culture, and Nelson offers MTB-oriented trails for a variety of experience levels.
Rock climbing is also a popular summer activity. Kootenay Crag, Hall Siding, Grohman Narrows, and CIC Bluffs are popular city crags. Slocan Bluffs and Kinnaird are in nearby Slocan City and Castlegar. 2003 saw bouldering take off in Nelson, with extensive new development of bouldering areas in Grohman Narrows and nearby Robson.
Nelson is also located close to Kokanee Glacier Provincial Park.
On January 13, 2007, Nelson was the broadcast location for the annual Hockey Day in Canada special.

## Sports

| Club | League | Sport | Venue | Established | Championships |
| Nelson Leafs | KIJHL | Ice Hockey | Nelson Community Complex | 1932 | 5 |

## Infrastructure
### Transportation

Highways 3A and 6 pass through Nelson, while a scheduled commercial airline service is available at the West Kootenay Regional Airport in Castlegar, approximately 43 kilometres (27 mi) southwest of the city. Trail Airport is another nearby airport, while Nelson Airport is several blocks away from downtown Nelson. Public transit in Nelson is provided by the West Kootenay Transit System, which runs several routes within the city and to neighbouring communities.
Both Level 2 and Level 3 (DC fast-charging) electric vehicle charging stations have been installed in the city. A carsharing service is available in the town through the Kootenay Carshare Co-operative.
Nelson is served by the freight-only Kootenay Valley Railway, an internal business unit of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Nelson is the historic headquarters of the CPR Kootenay Division, serving as the meeting point of the CPR Boundary subdivision running towards Castlegar, BC, and the CPR Nelson subdivision running towards Cranbrook.

## Education

School District 8 Kootenay Lake operates public schools in Nelson and surrounding communities.
Schools include Nelson Christian Community School (NCCS, K-Gr.8) and St. Joseph's Catholic School.
The Conseil scolaire francophone de la Colombie-Britannique operates one French-language school: école des Sentiers-alpins.
Nelson is home to the Tenth Street and Silver King campuses of Selkirk College, which absorbed Kootenay School of the Arts as a department and was renamed Kootenay Studio Arts.
Kootenay Columbia College of Integrative Health Sciences has three campuses on Baker Street in Nelson.

## Media
### Radio

* CJLY-FM 93.5 (Kootenay Co-op Radio)
* CBYN-FM 98.7 (CBC Radio One; repeats CBTK-FM Kelowna)
* CHNV-FM 103.5 ("The Bridge")
* CKKC-FM 106.9 ("EZ Rock")

### Print

The Nelson Daily News was a local newspaper that began publishing in 1902. In 2010, it was announced the paper would shut down following a final edition to be published on July 16, 2010. The closure occurred shortly after the Nelson Daily News' acquisition by Black Press, which purchased the paper from Glacier Media Inc.
Black Press owns the Nelson Star, which is now published weekly.

## Notable people

* Greg Adams — former professional hockey player
* Sarah Allen — actress
* Edward Applewhaite — politician
* Nancy Argenta — soprano singer
* Selwyn G. Blaylock — mining official
* Robbie Bourdon — freeride mountain biker
* Margaret Catley-Carlson — civil servant
* Anne DeGrace — writer and illustrator
* Alana DeLong — politician
* Syd Desireau — hockey player
* Benno Friesen — politician, professor
* Danny Gare — former professional hockey player and coach
* James E. Gill — geologist, engineer
* Ona Grauer — actress
* Robert Hampton Gray — naval officer and pilot
* John Greyson — director and writer
* Ted Hargreaves — professional hockey player and coach
* Lillian Hickey — All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player
* John Houston — newspaper editor and politician
* Levi William Humphrey — politician
* Tim Hus — country and folk singer
* Martin Michael Johnson — bishop
* Lionel Kearns — poet and teacher
* Geoff Kinrade — professional hockey player
* Laurelee Kopeck — field hockey player
* Patrick Lane — poet
* Mike Laughton — professional hockey player
* Edna Malone — dancer
* Thomas Middleditch — actor, writer
* Kliph Nesteroff - writer
* John Newlove — poet
* Frederick Niven - writer
* Bri Price — musician
* Pat Price — professional hockey player
* Sandy Santori — politician
* Adham Shaikh — composer, sound designer
* Kurt Sorge — freeride mountain biker
* Norman Symonds — musician
* Daniel C. Van Norman — educator, clergyman, school founder
* Tom Velisek — snowboarder
* Padma Viswanathan — playwright
* Jack Wright — tennis player