# Kashmiri alphabet

The Kashmiri alphabet is an adaptation of the Arabic script used in the Kashmiri language and it has 44 letters. Kashmiri is also written in Devanagari script, Sharada script and in Latin script.

## Alphabet

| Name | Forms | Forms | Forms | Forms | IPA | Transliteration | Unicode | Example | Example | Example |
| Kashmiri | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial | IPA | Transliteration | Unicode | Kashmiri word | IPA | Meaning |
| ألِف ạlif | ا | ـا | ـا | ا | /∅/, silent | – | U+0627 | اَفسانہٕ afsānü | /afsaːnɨ/ | Short story |
| بے bē | ب | ـب | ـبـ | بـ | /b/ | b | U+0628 | بِکھٲرؠ bikhạ̄r' | /bikʰəːrʲ/ | Beggar |
| پے pē | پ | ـپ | ـپـ | پـ | /p/ | p | U+067E | پَمپوش pampōsh | /pampoːʃ/ | Lotus flower |
| پھَ pha | پھ | ـپھ | ـپھـ | پھـ | /pʰ/ | ph | U+067E and U+06BE | پھَل phal | /pʰal/ | Fruit |
| تے tē | ت | ـت | ـتـ | تـ | /t̪/ | t | U+062A | تَجويٖز tajvīz | /t̪ad͡ʒʋiːz/ | Proposal |
| تھَ tha | تھ | ـتھ | ـتھـ | تھـ | /t̪ʰ/ | th | U+062A and U+06BE | تھٲلؠ thạ̄l' | /t̪ʰəːlʲ/ | Plate |
| ٹے ṭē | ٹ | ـٹ | ـٹـ | ٹـ | /ʈ/ | ṭ | U+0679 | ٹوٗپؠ ṭūp' | /ʈuːpʲ/ | Cap |
| ٹھَ ṭha | ٹھ | ـٹھ | ـٹھـ | ٹھـ | /ʈʰ/ | ṭh | U+0679 and U+06BE | ٹھوٗل ṭhūl | /ʈʰuːl/ | Egg |
| ثے sē | ث | ـث | ـثـ | ثـ | /s/ | s | U+062B | ثۆبوٗتھ sobūth | /sobuːt̪ʰ/ | Proof |
| جیٖم jīm | ج | ـج | ـجـ | جـ | /d͡ʒ/ | j | U+062C | جاے jāy | /d͡ʒaːj/ | Place |
| چیٖم chīm | چ | ـچ | ـچـ | چـ | /t͡ʃ/ | ch, č | U+0686 | چٲنٛدؠ chạ̄n̂d' | /t͡ʃə̃ːd̪ʲ/ | Silver |
| چھَ chha | چھ | ـچھ | ـچھـ | چھـ | /t͡ʃʰ/ | chh, čh | U+0686 and U+06BE | چھان chhān | /t͡ʃʰaːn/ | Carpenter |
| حَے hay | ح | ـح | ـحـ | حـ | /h/ | h | U+062D | حاجَتھ ḥājath | /haːd͡ʒat̪ʰ/ | Need |
| خَے khay | خ | ـخ | ـخـ | خـ | /x/~/kʰ/ | kh | U+062E | خَطَرناكھ khatarnākh | /xatarnaːkʰ/ | Dangerous |
| دال dāl | د | ـد | ـد | د | /d̪/ | d | U+062F | دُكان dukān | /d̪ukaːn/ | Shop |
| ڈال ḍāl | ڈ | ـڈ | ـڈ | ڈ | /ɖ/ | ḍ | U+0688 | ڈۄڈ ḍọḍ | /ɖɔɖ/ | One and a half |
| ذال zāl | ذ | ـذ | ـذ | ذ | /z/ | z | U+0630 | ذیٚہَن zehan | /zehan/ | Mind |
| رے rē | ر | ـر | ـر | ر | /r/ | r | U+0631 | رٕكھ rükh کھرٛۄکھ khrọkh | /rɨkʰ/ /kʰrɔkʰ/ | Line Snore |
| ڑے ṛē | ڑ | ـڑ | ـڑ | ڑ | /ɽ/ | ṛ | U+0691 | لٔڑکہٕ lạṛkü | /ləɽkɨ/ | Boy |
| زے zē | ز | ـز | ـز | ز | /z/ | z | U+0632 | زامَن zāman | /zaːman/ | Yawn |
| ژے tsē | ژ | ـژ | ـژ | ژ | /t͡s/ | ts | U+0698 | ژٔر tsạr | /t͡sər/ | House sparrow |
| ژھَ tsha | ژھ | ـژھ | ـژھـ | ژھـ | /t͡sʰ/ | tsh | U+0698 and U+06BE | ژھاے tshāy | /t͡sʰaːj/ | Shadow |
| سیٖن sīn | س | ـس | ـسـ | سـ | /s/ | s | U+0633 | سَنٛگُر sangur | /sãɡur/ | Mountain |
| شـیٖـن shīn | ش | ـش | ـشـ | شـ | /ʃ/ | sh, š | U+0634 | شۆد shod | /ʃod̪/ | Pure, Genuine |
| صۄاد sọ̄d | ص | ـص | ـصـ | صـ | /s/ | s | U+0635 | صَدقہٕ sadqü | /sad̪qɨ/ | Charity |
| ضۄاد zọ̄d | ض | ـض | ـضـ | ضـ | /z/ | z | U+0636 | ضٲمیٖن zạ̄mīn | /zəːmiːn/ | Responsible, guarantor |
| طۄے tọy | ط | ـط | ـطـ | طـ | /t̪/ | t | U+0637 | طوطہٕ tōtü | /t̪oːt̪ɨ/ | Parrot |
| ظۄے zọy | ظ | ـظ | ـظـ | ظـ | /z/ | z | U+0638 | ظٲلِم zạ̄lim | /zəːlim/ | Cruel |
| عٲن ạ̄n | ع | ـع | ـعـ | عـ | /∅/, silent | – | U+0639 | عَقٕل aqül | /aqɨl/ | Wisdom |
| غٲن gạ̄n | غ | ـغ | ـغـ | غـ | /ɣ/~/ɡ/ | g, ğ | U+063A | غۄصہٕ gọsü | /ɣɔsɨ/ | Anger |
| فے fē | ف | ـف | ـفـ | فـ | /f/~/pʰ/ | f | U+0641 | فِرِنـؠ firin' | /firinʲ/ | Sweet pudding |
| قاف qāf | ق | ـق | ـقـ | قـ | /q/~/k/ | q | U+0642 | قاشوٕ qāshwü | /qaːʃwɨ/ | Spoon |
| كیٖف kīf | ک | ـک | ـكـ | كـ | /k/ | k | U+0643 | کۄکُر kọkur | /kɔkur/ | Chicken |
| کھَ kha | کھ | ـکھ | ـکھـ | کھـ | /kʰ/ | kh | U+0643 and U+06BE | کھۄر khọr | /kʰɔr/ | Foot |
| گاف gāf | گ | ـگ | ـگـ | گـ | /ɡ/ | g | U+06AF | گاش gāsh | /ɡaːʃ/ | Light |
| لام lām | ل | ـل | ـلـ | لـ | /l/ | l | U+0644 | لۄکچار lọkchār | /lɔkt͡ʃaːr/ | Childhood |
| میٖم mim | م | ـم | ـمـ | مـ | /m/ | m | U+0645 | مَرٕگ marüg | /marɨɡ/ | Meadow |
| نوٗن nūn | ن | ـن | ـنـ | نـ | /n/, /◌̃/ | n | U+0646 | نَب nab | /nab/ | Sky |
| نوٗن غۄنَہ nūn gọna | ں | ـں | | | /◌̃/ | ñ | U+06BA | داں زٔمیٖن dāñ zạmīn | /d̪ãː zəmiːn/ | Paddy field |
| واو wāw | و | ـو | ـو | و | /ʋ/ | v, w | U+0648 | وَن van | /ʋan/ | Forest |
| ہے hē | ہ | ـہ | ـہـ | ہـ | /h/ | h | U+06C1 | ہۄپہٕ họpü ؤہمہٕ wạhmü پَگاہ pagāh | /hɔpɨ/ /ʋəhmɨ/ /paɡaːh/ | Chubby Fear, anxiety Tomorrow |
| یے yē | ی | - | ـیـ | یـ | /j/ | y | U+06CC | یال yāl پیٛالہٕ pyālü | /jaːl/ /pʲaːlɨ/ | Hair of horse Cup |
| لۄکُٹ یے Lọkuṭ yē | ی | - | ـیـ | یـ | /j/ | y | U+06CC | یال yāl پیٛالہٕ pyālü | /jaːl/ /pʲaːlɨ/ | Hair of horse Cup |
| بۆڈ یے boḍ yē | ے | ـے | - | - | /j/ | y | U+06D2 | ڈاے ḍāy | /ɖaːj/ | Two and a half |
| تالٕرؠ tālür' | ؠ | ـؠ | ـؠ | - | /◌ʲ/ | ', ⁱ | U+0620 | سٟتؠ sǖt' | /sɨːt̪ʲ/ | With |
* ↑ At the beginning of a word it can either come with diacritic, or it can be stand-alone and silent, succeeded by a vowel letter. Diacritics اَ اِ، اُ can be omitted in writing. Other diacritics (i.e. آ، أ، ٲ، إ، اٟ) are never omitted. For example, اَخبار "akhbār" is often written as اخبار, whereas أچھ " ȧchh" is never written as اچھ.
* ↑ Used mainly for Arabic loanwords.
* ↑ The letter wāw can either represent consonant ([ʋ]) or vowel ([oː]). It can also act as a carrier of vowel diacritics, representing several other vowels وٗ, ۆ, ۄ (uː], [o], [ɔ]). At the beginning of a word, when representing a consonant, the letter wāw will appear as a standalone character, followed by the appropriate vowel. If representing a vowel at the beginning of a word, the letter wāw needs to be preceded by an ạlif, او, اوٗ, اۆ, اۄ.
* ↑ This letter differs from do-chashmi hē (ھ) and they are not interchangeable. Similar to Urdu,do-chashmi hē (ھ) is exclusively used as a second part of digraphs for representing aspirated consonants.
* ↑ In initial and medial position, the letter hē always represents the consonant [h]. In final position, The letter hē can either represent consonant ([h]) or vowel ([a]). In final position, only in its attached form, and not in isolated form, it can also act as a carrier of vowel diacritics, representing several other vowels ـٔہ, ـہٕ ([ə], [ɨ]). For example, whereas a final "-rạ" is written as ـرٔ, a final "-gạ" is written as ـگٔہ.
* ↑ The letter yē can either represent consonant ("y" [j]) or vowel ("ē" [eː] or "ī" [iː]). The letter yē can represent [j] in initial or medial position, or it can represent "ē" [eː] or "ī" [iː] in medial positions, or "ī" [iː] in final position. In combination with specific diacritics, the letter yē in its medial position, can represent "ī" [iː], "e" [e], "ĕ" [ʲa], or ' [◌ʲ] as well. To represent the consonant "y" [j] or the vowel "ē" [eː] in final position, the letter boḍ yē (ے) is used. The letter boḍ yē (ے), in combination with specific diacritics, can represent "e" [e] in final position.
* ↑ The letter boḍ yē only occurs in final position. The letter boḍ yē represents the consonant "y" [j] or the vowel "ē" [eː]. With specific diacritics, vowel "e" [e] is also shown with the letter boḍ yē.