# 2023 Cavite's 7th congressional district special election

A special election was held in Cavite's 7th congressional district on February 25, 2023, to fill the district's vacant seat in the House of Representatives of the Philippines for the remainder of the 19th Congress.
The vacancy arose when Jesus Crispin Remulla, the district's representative, opted to not take his seat in the 19th Congress to serve as the Secretary of Justice in the administration of President Bongbong Marcos. As a response, the House of Representatives passed a resolution urging the Commission on Elections to hold a special election to fill the vacancy.
Four candidates ran to fill the seat: Crispin Diego Remulla, an incumbent board member from the seventh district and a son of Jesus Crispin Remulla; Melencio de Sagun, a former mayor of Trece Martires; and independents Jose Angelito Aguinaldo and Michael Angelo Santos. Remulla won the election and succeeded his father.

## Electoral system

Each congressional district of the Philippines sends one representative to the House of Representatives. An election to the seat is via first-past-the-post, in which the candidate with the most votes, whether or not one has a majority, wins the seat. Based on Republic Act (RA) No. 6645, in order for a special election to take place, the seat must be vacated, the relevant chamber notifies the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) the existence of a vacancy, then the COMELEC schedules the special election. There is a dispute in the procedure as a subsequent law, RA No. 7166, supposedly amended the procedure, bypassing the need for official communication from the relevant chamber of the vacancy. The COMELEC has always waited on official communication from the relevant chamber before scheduling a special election.
Meanwhile, according to RA No. 8295, should only one candidate file to run in the special election, the COMELEC will declare that candidate as the winner and will no longer hold the election.

## Background

Cavite's 7th congressional district is composed of the province's de facto capital city of Trece Martires and the adjacent municipalities of Amadeo, Indang, and Tanza. The district's incumbent representative, Jesus Crispin Remulla, was unopposed in the 2022 general election, resulting in his reelection to a second term. Remulla is part of a political dynasty in Cavite; his younger brother, Jonvic, served as the former province's governor from 2010 to 2016 and again from 2019 until 2024 before resigning to become the secretary of the interior and local government. On May 23, 2022, Remulla was offered the position of secretary of justice under the incoming administration of then-president-elect Bongbong Marcos. He accepted the position, resigning his rights to the seat before his term as a representative began in order to assume the office.

## Preparation

After the 19th Congress of the Philippines convened in late July, it passed a resolution urging the Commission on Elections to hold a special election to fill the vacancy. Prior to the passing of the resolution, the commission stated that it was ready to hold a special election for the seat. John Rex Laudiangco, the acting COMELEC spokesperson, stated that the special election is to be held in March 2023, should the 2022 barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections should continue as planned, otherwise it would be held in December 2022 or January 2023. After the barangay elections were postponed to October 2023, COMELEC chairperson George Garcia stated that they will hold the election in February 2023. Speaker Martin Romualdez (Leyte–1st) served as the district's caretaker while the seat was vacant.
COMELEC Resolution No. 10848 set the timetable for the election. The filing of candidacies began on December 5, 2022, and ended on the following day. As multiple candidates were accepted by the commission, the election was conducted as scheduled. On election day, each precinct had at least ten voting machines. The printing of ballots began on January 11, 2023. It was reported that the commission set up four "technical hubs" as part of an "enhanced continuity plan" to ensure the fluidity of the elections. Laudiangco reported that each of the hubs “is capable of reconfiguring within one minute any secure digital (SD) card which may present issues”. There were 365,184 eligible voters for the election.

## Candidates

A total of four persons filed to fill the vacant seat. Among the four, one is a member of the National Unity Party, and three are independents.
The following have filed certificates of candidacies, formally notifying the commission that they are running.
* Jose Angelito Aguinaldo (Independent)
* Crispin Diego Remulla (NUP), incumbent Cavite Provincial Board member from the 7th district, and son of Jesus Crispin Remulla.
* Melencio de Sagun (Independent), former mayor of Trece Martires.
* Michael Angelo Santos (Independent)

## Campaign

The campaign period for the special election candidates began on January 26, 2023, and concluded on February 23, 2023. Sagun launched his campaign by visiting four churches from the towns of Amadeo, Indang, Tanza, and Trece Matires.
All candidates signed a peace covenant at the Diocesan Shrine of Saint Augustine in Tanza on January 31, pledging to commit to a "peaceful election".
Sagun sued to disqualify Remulla days before the election, alleging public funds were used in his campaign. The commission clarified that a disqualification case does not remove that person from the ballot. Remulla declined to comment on the petition, while his father had derided the petition as a "desperate measure" by Sagun. Nonetheless, the COMELEC has stated that the petition would "undergo the right process based on existing regulations.

## Results

The vote-counting for the election was done using an automated system. The COMELEC expected to proclaim a winner in the morning following the election. George Garcia, chairman of the Commission on Elections, is a registered voter in the district and voted at Indang.
On February 26, COMELEC proclaimed Remulla as the winner, taking just over two-thirds of the vote, with a voter turnout of less than half of voters.
2023 Cavite's 7th congressional district special election :
| Candidate | Candidate | Party | Votes | % | +/– |
| | Crispin Diego Remulla | National Unity Party | 98,474 | 66.68 | −33.32 |
| | Melencio de Sagun | Independent | 46,530 | 31.51 | N/A |
| | Jose Angelito Aguinaldo | Independent | 1,610 | 1.09 | N/A |
| | Michael Angelo Santos | Independent | 1,068 | 0.72 | N/A |
| Total | Total | Total | 147,682 | 100.00 | – |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | Valid votes | 147,682 | 98.73 | +27.04 |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 1,899 | 1.27 | −27.04 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 149,581 | 100.00 | – |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 355,184 | 42.11 | |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 51,944 | 35.17 | −64.83 |
| | National Unity Party hold | National Unity Party hold | National Unity Party hold | National Unity Party hold | National Unity Party hold |
Results per city and municipality
| City/Municipality | Remulla | Remulla | De Sagun | De Sagun | Aguinaldo | Aguinaldo | Santos | Santos | Valid votes | Valid votes | Valid votes |
| City/Municipality | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Votes | % | Total | RVs | % |
| Amadeo | 11,566 | 87.00 | 1,590 | 11.96 | 75 | 0.56 | 63 | 0.47 | 13,294 | 28,171 | 47.19 |
| Indang | 16,206 | 76.06 | 4,558 | 21.39 | 352 | 1.65 | 190 | 0.89 | 21,306 | 46,522 | 45.80 |
| Tanza | 38,734 | 61.41 | 23,040 | 36.53 | 962 | 1.53 | 335 | 0.53 | 63,071 | 159,950 | 39.43 |
| Trece Martires | 31,968 | 63.92 | 17,342 | 34.68 | 395 | 0.79 | 306 | 0.61 | 50,011 | 119,511 | 41.85 |
| Total | 98,474 | 66.68 | 46,530 | 31.51 | 1,610 | 1.09 | 1,068 | 0.72 | 147,682 | 354,154 | 41.70 |

## Aftermath

The National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections observed that while the administration of the election was orderly, paper jams were a common occurrence when voters fed their ballots to the voting machine, with voting machines shutting down also observed. The Philippine National Police noted that the exercise was peaceful and orderly. Meanwhile, George Garcia, chairman of the Commission on Elections, lamented the low voter turnout in the election.
   "To a certain extent, it is regrettable for government to spend so much funds and then have a low voter turnout. I hope in elections like this, our countrymen will realize that the Comelec spent government funds and that they have a corresponding duty to fulfill by voting."
Remulla was sworn into office at the Batasang Pambansa Complex on February 28, three days following the election. Meanwhile, on March 16, the National Unity Party designated Abeng Remulla, Crispin Diego's brother, as his successor in the Cavite Provincial Board.
After Benhur Abalos resigned as secretary of the interior and local government to run in the 2025 Senate election, President Marcos appointed Jonvic Remulla to succeed him. This promoted Jonvic to withdraw his reelection bid, with Abeng substituting for his father in the race. Crispin Diego is running for reelection for the seat, with Santos and Wally Abutin as his challengers. De Sagun, Crispin Diego's primary opponent in the special election, is seeking a return to the mayoralty of Trece Martires.

## 2022 election result

2022 Philippine House of Representatives election at Cavite's 7th district :
| Candidate | Candidate | Party | Votes | % |
| | Jesus Crispin Remulla | National Unity Party | 202,784 | 100.00 |
| Total | Total | Total | 202,784 | 100.00 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | Valid votes | 202,784 | 71.69 |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 80,065 | 28.31 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 282,849 | 100.00 |
| | National Unity Party hold | National Unity Party hold | National Unity Party hold | National Unity Party hold |