# Franz Xaver Winterhalter

Franz Xaver Winterhalter (20 April 1805 – 8 July 1873) was a German painter and lithographer, known for his flattering portraits of royalty and upper-class society in the mid-19th century. His name has become associated with fashionable court portraiture. Among his best known works are Empress Eugénie Surrounded by her Ladies in Waiting (1855) and the portraits he made of Empress Elisabeth of Austria (1865).

## Early years

Franz Xaver Winterhalter was born in the small village of Menzenschwand (now part of Sankt Blasien), in Germany's Black Forest in the Electorate of Baden, on 20 April 1805. He was the sixth child of Fidel Winterhalter (1773–1863), a farmer and resin producer in the village, and his wife Eva Meyer (1765–1838), a member of a long established Menzenschwand family. His father was of peasant stock and was a powerful influence in his life. Of the eight brothers and sisters, only four survived infancy. Throughout his life Franz Xaver remained very close to his family, in particular to his brother Hermann (1808–1891), who was also a painter.
After attending school at a Benedictine monastery in St. Blasien, Winterhalter left Menzenschwand in 1818 at the age of 13 to study drawing and engraving. He trained as a draughtsman and lithographer in the workshop of Karl Ludwig Schüler (1785–1852) in Freiburg im Breisgau. In 1823, at the age of 18, he went to Munich, sponsored by the industrialist Baron von Eichtal (1775–1850). In 1825, he was granted a stipend by Ludwig I, Grand Duke of Baden (1763–1830) and began a course of study at the Academy of Arts in Munich with Peter von Cornelius (1783–1867), whose academic methods made him uncomfortable. Winterhalter found a more congenial mentor in the fashionable portraitist Joseph Karl Stieler (1781–1858). During this time, he supported himself working as lithographer.
Winterhalter entered court circles when in 1828 he became drawing master to Sophie Margravine of Baden, at Karlsruhe. His opportunity to establish himself beyond southern Germany came in 1832 when he was able to travel to Italy, 1833–1834, with the support of Grand Duke Leopold of Baden. In Rome he composed romantic genre scenes in the manner of Louis Léopold Robert and attached himself to the circle of the director of the French Academy, Horace Vernet. On his return to Karlsruhe he painted portraits of the Grand Duke Leopold of Baden and his wife, and was appointed painter to the grand-ducal court.
Nevertheless, he left Baden to move to France, where his Italian genre scene Il dolce Farniente attracted notice at the Salon of 1836. Il Decameron a year later was also praised; both paintings are academic compositions in the style of Raphael. In the Salon of 1838 he exhibited a portrait of the Prince of Wagram with his young daughter. His career as a portrait painter was soon secured when in the same year he painted Louise Marie of Orleans, Queen of the Belgians, and her son. It was probably through this painting that Winterhalter came to the notice of Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies, Queen of the French, mother of the Queen of the Belgians.

## Court painter

In Paris, Winterhalter quickly became fashionable. He was appointed court painter of Louis-Philippe, the king of the French, who commissioned him to paint individual portraits of his large family. Winterhalter would execute more than thirty commissions for him.
This success earned the painter the reputation of a specialist in dynastic and aristocratic portraiture, skilled in combining likeness with flattery and enlivening official pomp with modern fashion.
However, Winterhalter's reputation in artistic circles suffered. The critics, who had praised his debut in the salon of 1836, dismissed him as a painter who could not be taken seriously. This attitude persisted throughout Winterhalter's career, condemning his work to a category of his own in the hierarchy of painting. Winterhalter himself regarded his first royal commissions as a temporary intermission before returning to subject painting and the field of academic respectability, but he was a victim of his own success, and for the rest of his life he worked almost exclusively as a portrait painter. His success in this field made him rich. Winterhalter became an international celebrity enjoying Royal patronage.
Among his many regal sitters was also Queen Victoria. Winterhalter first visited England in 1842, and returned several times to paint Victoria, Prince Albert and their growing family, painting at least 120 works for them, a large number of which remain in the Royal Collection, on display to the public at Buckingham Palace and other royal residences. On display at Osborne House is Florinda, given by Victoria as a birthday present for Albert in 1852. Winterhalter also painted a few portraits of the aristocracy in England, mostly members of court circles. The fall of Louis-Philippe in 1848 did not affect the painter's reputation. Winterhalter went to Switzerland and worked in Belgium and England.
Persistence saw Winterhalter survive from the fall of one dynasty to the rise of another. Paris remained his home until a couple of years before his death. In the same year, his marriage proposal was rejected, and Winterhalter remained a bachelor committed to his work.
After the accession of Napoleon III, his popularity grew. From then on, under the Second Empire, Winterhalter became the chief portraitist of the imperial family and court of France. The French Empress Eugénie became a favorite sitter, and she treated him generously. In 1855 Winterhalter painted his masterpiece: The Empress Eugénie Surrounded by her Ladies in Waiting. He set the French Empress in a pastoral setting gathering flowers in a harmonious circle with her ladies in waiting. The painting was acclaimed and exhibited in the universal exposition in 1855. It remains Winterhalter's most famous work. The composition shows a marked similarity to Florinda and this gave rise to scandalous gossip that the Empress and her ladies had posed déshabillé for the earlier painting.
In 1852, he went to Spain to paint Queen Isabella II with her daughter. Russian aristocratic visitors to Paris also liked to have their portraits executed by the famous master. As the "Painter of Princes", Winterhalter was thereafter in constant demand by the courts of Britain (from 1841), Spain, Belgium, Russia, Mexico, the German states, and France. During the 1850s and 1860s, Winterhalter painted a number of important portraits of Polish and Russian aristocrats. In 1857, he painted the portrait of Tsarina Maria Alexandrovna. During this time he also painted portraits of members of the André family, including the art collector Édouard André, Henriette André Walther, and Ernest André, which now hang in the Musée Jacquemart-André in Paris.
During the Second Mexican Empire in the 1860s, headed by Maximilian I of Mexico, Winterhalter was commissioned to paint portraits of the Imperial couple. The Empress consort of Mexico, Charlotte of Belgium was the daughter of Louise-Marie of France, Queen of the Belgians, whom Winterhalter painted at the beginning of his career in France. Some of Winterhalter's paintings of the Mexican monarchs still remain in their Mexico City palace, Chapultepec Castle, now the National Museum of History.

## Last years

To deal with those pressing for portrait commissions, many of whom were calling for multiple replicas, Winterhalter made extensive use of assistants. No portrait painter had ever enjoyed such an extraordinary royal patronage as Winterhalter; only Rubens, Van Dyck and Thomas Lawrence worked as he did in an international network.
Winterhalter sought respite from the pressures of his work with holidays abroad in Italy, Switzerland, and above all Germany. Despite the many years he lived in France, he remained deeply attached to his native country. For all his success and popularity, Winterhalter continued to live simply and abstemiously. In 1859 he bought a villa in Baden-Baden, his favorite vacation spot.
In 1864, Winterhalter made his last visit to England. In the autumn of that year, he traveled to Vienna to execute the portraits of Emperor Franz Joseph and Empress Elisabeth that remain among his most well-known works. As he grew older, Winterhalter's links with France weakened while his interest in Germany grew. He was taking a cure in Switzerland at the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, the war that ended the Second French Empire. After the war, the painter did not return to France, going instead to Baden. He was officially still accredited at the court of Baden, and he settled in Karlsruhe. In the last two years of his life, Winterhalter painted very little. During a visit to Frankfurt am Main in the summer of 1873, he contracted typhus and died on 8 July. He was 68 years old.

## Style

Winterhalter came into his own as a portrait painter during the second Empire and he painted his best work during the last two decades of his life. He matched his style to the luxury and relaxed atmosphere of the age, its hedonism and gaiety. His female sitters of the 1850s and 1860s inhabit a different physiological climate from those he painted earlier; they are not reticent and reserved. His male sitters inspired few original or memorable compositions.
Winterhalter never received high praise for his work from serious critics, being constantly accused of superficiality and affectation in pursuit of popularity. However, he was highly appreciated by his aristocratic patrons. The royal families of England, France, Spain, Russia, Portugal, Mexico, and Belgium all commissioned him to paint portraits. His monumental canvases established a substantial popular reputation, and lithographic copies of the portraits helped to spread his fame.
Winterhalter's portraits were prized for their subtle intimacy; the nature of his appeal is not difficult to explain. He created the image his sitters wished or needed to project to their subjects. He was not only skilled at posing his sitters to create almost theatrical compositions, but also was a virtuoso in the art of conveying the texture of fabrics, furs and jewellery, to which he paid no less attention than to the face. He painted very rapidly and very fluently, designing most of his compositions directly in the canvas. His portraits are elegant, refined, lifelike, and pleasantly idealized.
Concerning Winterhalter's method of working, it is thought that, practiced as he was at drawing and representing figures, he painted directly onto the canvas without making preliminary studies. He frequently decided upon the dress and pose of the sitter. His style was suave, cosmopolitan and plausible. Many of the portraits were copied in his workshop or reproduced as lithographs.
As an artist, he remained a difficult figure to place; there are few painters with whom to compare him, and he does not fit into any school. His early affinities were Neoclassical but his style can be described as Neo-Rococo. After his death, his painting fell out of favor, being considered romantic, glossy, and superficial. Little was known about him personally and his art was not taken seriously until recently. However, a major exhibition of his work at the National Portrait Gallery (United Kingdom) in London and the Petit Palais in Paris in 1987 brought him into the limelight again. His paintings are exhibited today in leading European and American museums.

## Selected artworks

* A Swiss Girl from Interlaken
* A Young Girl called Princess Charlotte, 1864
* Adelina Patti, 1863
* Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, 1846
* Albert Edward, Prince of Wales
* Albert, Prince Consort, 1859
* Alexandra Feodorovna, 1856
* Alexandra Iosifovna, Grand Duchess of Russia, Princess Alexandra of Altenburg
* Alexandra, Princess of Wales, 1864
* Alfred Emilien, Comte de Nieuwerkerke, 1852
* Anna Dollfus, Baronness de Bourgoing, 1855
* Antoine-Marie-Philippe-Louis d'Orleans Duc de Montpensier, 1844
* Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington with Sir Robert Peel, 1844
* Barbara Dmitrievna Mergassov-Rimsky-Korsakova, 1864
* Caroline Elisabeth de Lagrange, 1841
* Charles Jerome, Comte Pozzo di Borgo, 1849
* Charlotte Stuart, Viscountess Canning, 1849
* Charlotte, Princess of Belgium
* Carlota, Empress of Mexico (Princess Charlotte of Belgium)
* Chopin
* Count Jenison Walworth, 1837
* Countess Alexander Nikolaevitch Lamsdorff, 1859
* Edouard Andre, 1857
* Elisabeth Kaiserin von Österreich, 1865
* Elizabeth, Empress of Austria, 1865
* Elzbieta Branicka, Countess Krasinka and her Children, 1853
* Emperor Don Maximiliano I of Mexico, c. 1865
* Emperor Frederick III of Germany, King of Prussia with his wife Empress Victoria, and their children Prince William and Princess Charlotte, 1862
* Emperor Napoleon III
* Empress Elisabeth of Austria in dancing dress, 1865
* Empress Eugenie
* Empress Eugenie, 1853
* Empress Eugenie, Surrounded by her Ladies-in-Waiting, 1855
* Eugénie de Montijo, Empress of France, 1857
* Eugénie, Empress Consort of the French, 1864
* Eugenie, Empress of the French
* Florinda, 1853
* Francois Ferdinand Philippe d'Orleans Prince de Joinville, 1843
* Francois-Horace, 1841
* Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria wearing the dress uniform of an Austrian Field Marshal with the Great Star of the Military Order of Maria Theresa, 1865
* Frubling
* Girl from Sabin Mountains, 1840
* Grand Duchess of Russia, Olga Feodorovna
* Grand Duchess Olga
* Harriet Howard, Duchess of Sutherland, 1849
* Helene-Louise de Mecklembourg-Schwerin, Duchess of Orleans with his son Count of Paris, 1839
* Henri Eugene Philippe Duc d'Aumale, Commander of the 17th Battalion of the Light Infantry
* His Royal Highness Prince Albert
* Il dolce Farniente, 1836
* Italian woman with child
* Jadwiga Potocka, Countess Branicka
* Kaiserin Auguste
* Karl Josef Berkmuller, 1830
* La Siesta, 1841
* Lady Clementina Augusta Wellington Child Villiers, 1857
* Leonilla Wittgenstein, 1849
* Leopold I
* Leopold I, 1840
* Leopold, Duke of Brabant
* Linden d'Hooghvorst, 1855
* Louis Philippe, 1841
* Louis Philippe I, King of the French, 1840
* Louis-Charles-Philippe of Orleans Duke of Nemours, 1843
* Louis-Philippe I, King of France
* Ludwig, Graf Von Langenstein, 1834
* Maria Carolina de Borbó Dues Sicílies
* Maria Cristina di Borbone, Princess of the Two Sicilies, c. 1818
* Maria Louise of Wagram Princess of Murat, 1854
* Maria Luisa von Spanien, 1847
* Marie Christine d'Orléans
* Marie Henriette of Austria
* Markgräfin Sophie von Baden, 1830
* Maximiliaan van Oostenrijk
* Maximilian
* Melanie de Bussiere, Comtesse Edmond de Pourtales, 1857
* Painting of baby Princess Alice of the United Kingdom
* Painting of the Count of Eu as a child
* Pauline Sandor, Princess Metternich, 1860
* Princess Clothilde von Saxen Coburg, 1855
* Portrait équestre de François Adolphe Akermann, 1870
* Portrait of a lady, 1872
* Portrait of a Lady, 1860
* Portrait of a lady with a fan, 1850
* Portrait of a lady with roses in her hair, (Countess Pushkina)
* Portrait of Amélie of Leuchtenberg
* Portrait of Augusta of Saxe Weimar Eisenach
* Portrait of Charlotte of Belgium, 1864
* Portrait of Charlotte of Belgium, 1864
* Portrait of Count Alexei Bobrinsky, 1844
* Portrait of Countess Olga Shuvalova, 1858
* Portrait of Countess Varvara Musina-Pushkina
* Portrait of Eliza Franciszka of Branicki Krasińska, 1857
* Portrait of Emperor Napoleon III, 1855
* Portrait of Empress Maria Alexandrovna, 1857
* Portrait of Eugénie, Empress of the French, 1862
* Portrait of Francisca Caroline de Braganca, 1844
* Portrait of Francisca Caroline Gonzaga de Bragança, princesse de Joinville, c. 1850
* Portrait of Grand Duchess Maria Nikolayevna, 1857
* Portrait of Grand Princess Yelena Pavlovna, 1862
* Portrait of HRH Princess Marie Clementine of Orleans, 1832
* Portrait of Infanta Luisa Fernanda of Spain, Duchess of Montpesier, c. 1847
* Portrait of Katarzyna Potocka, 1854
* Portrait of Katarzyna Potocka née Branicka, wife of Adam Potocki, c. 1850
* Portrait of Lady Middleton, 1863
* Portrait of Leonilla, Princess of Sayn Wittgenstein, 1843
* Portrait of Leopold I of Belgium, 1846
* Portrait of Louis d'Orleans, 1845
* Portrait of Louises von Orléans, 1841
* Portrait of Lydia Schbelsky Baroness Stael Holstein, 1857
* Portrait of Madame Ackerman, the wife of the Chief Finance Minister of King Louis Philippe, 1838
* Portrait of Madame Rimsky-Korsakov, Varvara Dmitrievna Mergassov, 1864
* Portrait of Marie Louise, the first Queen of the Belgians, c. 1841
* Portrait of Maximilian I of Mexico
* Portrait of Prince Albert, 1843
* Portrait of Prince Henri, Duke of Aumale, c. 1843
* Portrait of Princess Elizaveta Alexandrovna Tchernicheva, 1857
* Portrait of Princess Elizaveta Alexandrovna Tchernicheva, 1858
* Portrait of Princess of Baden, 1856
* Portrait of Princess Tatiana Alexanrovna Yusupova, 1858
* Portrait of Princess Victoria of Saxe Coburg and Gotha, 1840
* Portrait of Queen Isabella II of Spain and her daughter Isabella, 1852
* Portrait of Queen Sophie of Netherlands, born Sophie of Württemberg, 1863
* Portrait of Sophia Alexandrovna Radziwiłł, 1864
* Portrait of the Empress Eugénie, 1853
* Portrait of the Prince de Wagram and his daughter Malcy Louise Caroline Frederique Napoléon Alexandre Berthier, 1837
* Portrait of the Queen Marie Amelie of France, 1842
* Portrait of the Queen Olga of Württemberg, 1865
* Portrait of Victoria of the United Kingdom, 1843
* Portrait of Victoria of the United Kingdom, c. 1844 – c. 1845
* Portrait of Victoria, Princess Royal, 1857
* Prince Albert, 1842
* Prince Albert
* Prince Alfred and Princess Helena, 1849
* Princess Alice of England, 1861
* Princess Amelia of Bavaria, 1860
* Princess Beatrice, 1859
* Princess Catherine Dadiani
* Princess Charlotte of Belgium, 1842
* Princess Elizabeth Esperovna Belosselsky, 1859
* Princess Kotschoubey, 1860
* Princess Leonilla of Sayn
* Princess Mathilde Bonaparte
* Princess Pauline de Metternich, 1860
* Princess Tatiana Yussupova, 1858
* Queen Victoria, 1843
* Queen Victoria, 1859
* Queen Victoria, 1842
* Queen Victoria and Prince Albert with the Family of King Louis Philippe at the Chateau, 1845
* Queen Victoria with Prince Arthur, 1850
* Roman Genre Scene, 1833
* Rosa Potocka, 1856
* Self-Portrait of the Artist with his Brother, Hermann, 1840
* Sofia Gagarina, c. 1850
* Sophia Bobrinskaya, 1857
* Sophia Frederia of Wurtemberg
* Sophia Petrovna Narishkina, 1859
* Sophie Guillemette, Grand Duchess of Baden, 1831
* Sophie Trobetskoy, Duchess of Morny, 1863
* Spring
* Study for a portrait of Princess Amalie of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
* Study of a Girl in Profile, 1862
* Study of Italian girl, 1834
* The Cousins: Queen Victoria and Victoire, Duchesse de Nemours, 1852
* The daughters of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, 1849
* The Decameron, 1837
* The Empress Eugénie, 1854
* The Empress Eugenie Holding Louis Napoleon, the Prince Imperial, on her Knees, 1857
* The Empress Eugenie Surrounded by her Ladies in Waiting, 1855
* The First of May, 1851
* The Maharaja Dalip Singh, 1854
* The Princess Victoria, Princess Royal as Crown Princess of Prussia in 1867, 1867
* The Royal Family in 1846, 1846
* Varvara Rimskaya-Korsakova
* Victoria, Princess Royal, 1842
* Wienczyslawa Barczewska, Madame de Jurjewicz, 1860
* William Douglas Hamilton, 12th Duke of Hamilton, 1863
* Young Italian Girl by the Well
* Zofia Potocka, Countess Zamoyska, 1870

## Gallery

* Portrait of Leopold I of Belgium, 1840
* Louise of Orléans, 1841
* Portrait of Louis Philippe I, 1841
* Queen Victoria, 1843
* The Duke of Wellington and Sir Robert Peel, 1844
* Edward, Prince of Wales, 1846
* Florinda, 1853
* Portrait of Napoleon III, 1853
* Portrait of Countess Potocka, 1854
* Princess Louise of Prussia, 1856
* Portrait of Prince Albert, 1859
* Portrait of Alexandra of Denmark, 1864
* Portrait of Franz Joseph, 1865