OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dupont-Lapeer Airport

Dupoint-Lapeer Airport is a public use airport located two miles (3.2 km) northeast of Lapeer in Mayfield Township, Lapeer County, Michigan. The airport is publicly owned by the township.
The Civil Air Patrol operates a cadet program at the airport that teaches students to fly using gliders. The chapter participates in a variety of events besides flight training to keep cadets engaged with the program.

## History

DuPont-Lapeer Airport was built soon after World War II ended. It was purchased by the G. B. DuPont Company in 1956, who subsequently sold it to Mayfield Township in 1996.
The airport was initially funded through grants from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and local funds, many of which were provided by the DuPont Company. It is currently self-sustaining using fees from hangar rentals, fuel sales, and renting land to farmers for crop growth.

## Facilities and aircraft

The airport has two runways. Runway 18/36 is 3,800 by 75 feet (1,158 m × 23 m) and paved with asphalt. Runway 9/27 is 1,879 by 150 feet (573 m × 46 m) and is made of turf.
A fixed-base operator (FBO) is based on the field to provide fuel for local and transient aircraft. Restrooms, conference rooms, a lounge, and a weather briefing station are also available. The FBO is an FAA-certified repair station and offers aircraft rental.
The airport has hangar space for up to 60 based aircraft.
For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2021, the airport averaged 43 aircraft operations per day, or about 15,500 per year. It is all general aviation. For the same time period, there were 51 aircraft based on the field, all single-engine airplanes.
# John C. Butcher

John Charles Butcher ONZM (born 31 March 1933) is a New Zealand mathematician who specialises in numerical methods for the solution of ordinary differential equations.
Butcher works on multistage methods for initial value problems, such as Runge-Kutta and general linear methods. The Butcher group and the Butcher tableau are named after him. More recently, he is investigating a new type of method with stability identical to that of a Runge-Kutta method.

## Biography

* Positions held by John C. Butcher
* Lecturer, University of Sydney, 1959–1961.
* Senior Lecturer, University of Canterbury, 1961–1964.
* Computer Scientist, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, 1965–1966.
* Professor of Mathematics, University of Auckland, 1966–1979.
* Head of Mathematics Department, University of Auckland, 1967–1973.
* Founded Department of Computer Science, University of Auckland, 1980.
* Professor of Computer Science, University of Auckland, 1980–1988.
* Head of Applied and Computational Mathematics Unit, University of Auckland, 1989–1994, 1997–1998.
* Professor of Mathematics, University of Auckland, 1989–1999.
* Emeritus Professor, University of Auckland, 1999–present.
Butcher studied mathematics at Auckland University College - BSc and MSc - and the University of Sydney - PhD (1961) and DSc. Positions held are as aside.
He was awarded the Jones Medal from the Royal Society of New Zealand in 2010, for his "exceptional lifetime work on numerical methods for the solution of differential equations and leadership in the development of New Zealand mathematical sciences." In 2011, he received the Van Wijngaarden Award.
In the 2013 Queen's Birthday Honours, Butcher was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit, for services to mathematics.

## Publications

* Butcher, J. C. (1975), "A stability property of implicit Runge-Kutta methods", BIT, 15 (4): 358–361, doi:10.1007/bf01931672.
* Butcher, John C. (2008), Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations (2nd ed.), John Wiley & Sons Ltd., doi:10.1002/9780470753767, ISBN 978-0-470-72335-7, MR 2401398.
* John C. Butcher: "Trees, B-series and exponential integrators", IMA Journal of Numerical Analysis Vol.30, No. 1 (Jan. 2010), pp. 131–140. DOI:10.1093/imanum/drn086.
* Butcher, John C. (2016), Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations (3rd ed.), John Wiley & Sons Ltd., doi:10.1002/9781119121534, ISBN 978-1-119-12150-3.
* J.C.Butcher:"Trees and B-series", Numerical Algorithms (2019), vol.81, pp. 1311–1325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11075-018-0643-7
* John C. Butcher: "B-Series : Algebraic Analysis of Numerical Methods", Springer(SSCM, volume 55), ISBN 978-3030709556 (April, 2021).
# The Telephone Operator (1925 film)

The Telephone Operator (German: Das Fräulein vom Amt) is a 1925 German silent comedy film directed by Hanns Schwarz and starring André Mattoni, Alexander Murski, and Willy Kaiser-Heyl. The film's art direction was by Erich Czerwonski. It was notable for the number of leading UFA technicians who worked on it. It premiered on 15 October 1925 at the Tauenzienpalast in Berlin. It is also known by the alternative title Liebe und Telefon.

## Cast

* André Mattoni as Frank Caruther
* Alexander Murski as Baron Josua Caruther
* Willy Kaiser-Heyl as Baron Conrad
* Karl Platen as Jeff
* Kurt Wichulla as Kind
* Frida Richard as Aunt Betsy
* Paul Biensfeldt as Notar
* Frieda Türnowski as neighbour
* Fritz Richard as provost
* Hugo Döblin as usurer
* Lydia Potechina as room landlady
* Ellen Plessow as traveller
* William Huch as valet
* Mary Johnson as Mary Hard
* Margarete Lanner
# Edward H. Hynes

Edward H. Hynes (born May 9, 1946) is an American Democratic Party politician who served two terms in the New Jersey General Assembly.

## Biography

Hynes was born in Teaneck, New Jersey, in 1946 and grew up in Maywood. He attended St. Peter's Preparatory School in Jersey City, the University of Paris, Saint Peter's College in Jersey City, and Institut d'etudes politiques de Paris. During the Vietnam War, Hynes served a 30-month stint as an Army intelligence officer achieving the rank of First Lieutenant. While in Vietnam, he sought the Democratic nomination for a seat in the General Assembly from District 13-E, a narrow district that snaked through east-central Bergen County. After leaving the military, he began studying law at Fordham Law School. Whilst a student there, he narrowly won the November 1971 Assembly election by 57 votes.
For the 1973 elections, redistricting in the state brought 40 legislative districts to the map, Hynes's home was placed in the new 38th district. One of the new boroughs in the district, Oradell, had an ordinance prohibiting political canvassing without registering by mail to the local police. Hynes challenged this ordinance on First Amendment grounds. After a series of varying rulings from state courts, his case was eventually heard by the Supreme Court of the United States (Hynes v. Mayor and Council of Oradell) where the court decided in a 7–1 vote that the ordinance was unconstitutional. In the election itself, Hynes was reelected alongside his Democratic running mate Paul Contillo who both defeated incumbent Republican Assemblyman Charles E. Reid and Ralph W. Chandless, Jr.
In 1974, Hynes sought election to the U.S. House of Representatives from the 7th district. Hynes lost the Democratic primary to eventual general election winner Andrew Maguire. He did not seek a third term to the Assembly in 1975 and settled on pursuing a private law practice (after being admitted to the bar in 1974). In March 1978, Hynes was appointed by Governor Brendan Byrne to the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities. In 1994, Hynes was the Democratic nominee for Bergen County Executive but lost to incumbent Republican Pat Schuber. From 2003 to 2010, Hynes was the executive director of the Bergen County Improvement Authority however just after retiring, investigations revealed missing receipts for reimbursements by Hynes.
# Hats Off (1927 film)

Hats Off is a lost silent short film starring Laurel and Hardy. The team appeared in a total of 107 films between 1921 and 1951.

## Plot

Stan and Ollie are salesmen attempting to sell a washing machine; they fail constantly after several near misses. One would-be sale has them carrying the machine up a large flight of steps, only to find out that a young lady wants them to post a letter for her. The boys later get into an argument knocking off each other's hats, which eventually involves scores of others. A police van eventually carts all those involved away except Stan and Ollie, who afterwards try to find their own headgear amongst the hundreds of others lying on the street.

## Cast

* Stan Laurel as Stan
* Oliver Hardy as Ollie
* Anita Garvin as Customer at top of stairs
* Jimmy Finlayson as Proprietor, Kwickway Washing Machine Co.
* Dorothy Coburn as Vision
* Chet Brandenburg as Pedestrian #1
* Sam Lufkin as Pedestrian #2
* Ham Kinsey as Pedestrian #2

## Preservation status

Hats Off was an enormous success when first released, which made considerable headway in establishing the Laurel and Hardy team with the public. After being last publicly shown in Germany in 1930, Hats Off disappeared and is now considered a lost film. Laurel and Hardy historian Randy Skretvedt dubbed Hats Off the "Holy Grail of Laurel and Hardy movies."
# List of extinct languages of Oceania

This is a list of extinct languages of Oceania, languages which have undergone language death, have no native speakers and no spoken descendant. The languages listed are spoken in Australia, Hawaii, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, the Solomon Islands,Tonga, and Western New Guinea.

## Australia
### New South Wales

* Awabakal
* Barranbinja
* Darkinjung
* Dhanggati
* Dharug
* Dhurga
* Dyirringany
* Latji-Latji
* Ngarigo
* Ngunnawal
* Yugambal

### Northern Territory

* Alenjerntarrpe
* Amurdak
* Andegerebinha
* Doolboong
* Gaagudju
* Giyug
* Gunbarlang
* Ilgar
* Kamu
* Kungarakany
* Limilngan
* Marrgu
* Matngala
* Ngalakgan
* Ngandi
* Ngomburr
* Nhangu
* Nungali
* Umbugarla
* Wagaya
* Wulna
* Wurrugu
* Yangman

### Queensland

* Adithinngithigh
* Aghu Tharrnggala
* Alngith
* Arritinngithigh
* Ayabadhu
* Bidjara
* Bigambal
* Bindal
* Damin
* Dhangu-Djangu
* Dhungaloo
* Djinba
* Flinders Island
* Gkuthaarn
* Gubbi Gubbi
* Gudang
* Gugu Thaypan
* Kalali
* Kok-Nar
* Kukatj
* Mayi-Kutuna
* Mbabaram
* Mbara-Yanga
* Mbariman-Gudhinma
* Mbiywom
* Morrobolam
* Mpalityan
* Mutumui
* Ndra'ngith
* Ngawun
* Nyawaygi
* Pakanha
* Pirriya
* Pitta Pitta
* Umpithamu
* Uradhi
* Wakka Wakka
* Walangama
* Warluwarra
* Warrgamay
* Warrongo
* Wilson River
* Wulguru
* Yalarnnga
* Yandruwandha (also spoken in South Australia)
* Yir-Yoront

### South Australia

* Antakarinya
* Barngarla
* Bungandidj (also spoken in Victoria)
* Diyari
* Kaurna
* Narungga
* Nauo
* Ngadjuri
* Ngamini
* Nukunu
* Pilatapa
* Warray

### Tasmania

* Bruny Island Tasmanian
* Flinders Island lingua franca
* Lhotsky/Blackhouse
* Little Swanport
* Norman
* Nuenonne
* Paredarerme
* Peerapper
* Port Sorell
* Pyemmairre
* Tommeginne
* Toogee
* Tyerrernotepanner

### Victoria

* Barababaraba
* Boonwurrung
* Dhudhuroa
* Djabwurrung
* Gulidjan
* Pallanganmiddang
* Taungurung
* Wadawurrung
* Warrnambool
* Wemba Wemba
* Woiwurrung
* Yorta Yorta

### Western Australia

* Burduna
* Djugun
* Galaagu
* Gambera
* Jabirr Jabirr
* Jawi
* Jiwarli
* Jurruru
* Malgana
* Martuthunira
* Mirning
* Ngadjunmaya
* Ngumbarl
* Nimanburru
* Nyulnyul
* Warrwa

## Hawaii

* Pidgin Hawaiian

## New Caledonia

* Waamwang
* Zire

## New Zealand

* Moriori

## Papua New Guinea

* Aribwatsa
* Bina
* Guramalum
* Hermit
* Kaniet
* Karami
* Laua
* Mapia
* Mulaha
* Ouma
* Papuan Pidgin English
* Rema
* Uruava
* Yoba

## Samoa

* Samoan Plantation Pidgin

## Solomon Islands

* Kazukuru
* Laghu
* Rennellese Sign Language

## Tonga

* Niuatoputapu

## Vanuatu

* Aore
* Olrat
* Sowa
* Utaha
* Volow

## Western New Guinea

* Mapia
* Mawes
* Pidgin Onin
* Saponi
* Tandia
# Bemidji Regional Airport

Bemidji Regional Airport (IATA: BJI, ICAO: KBJI, FAA LID: BJI) is three miles northwest of Bemidji, in Beltrami County, Minnesota, United States. It is owned by the city of Bemidji and Beltrami County.
The airport is used for general aviation and is served by SkyWest Airlines, as Delta Connection for Delta Air Lines, as well as four cargo airlines. In 2012, a major terminal rehabilitation project was completed, which expanded the terminal from 13,000 square feet to almost 29,000 square feet.
Airline flights (Wisconsin Central DC-3s) began in 1951–52.

## Facilities

Bemidji Regional Airport covers 1,740 acres (700 ha) at an elevation of 1,391 feet (424 m). It has two asphalt runways: 13/31 is 7,004 by 150 feet (2,135 x 46 m) and 7/25 is 5,700 by 150 feet (1,737 x 46 m). The airport does not have a control tower.
In the year ending December 31, 2021 the airport had 13,756 aircraft operations, average 38 per day: 72% general aviation, 11% airline, 13% air taxi and 4% military. In December 2021, 72 aircraft were based at this airport: 38 single-engine, 31 multi-engine and 3 helicopter.

## Airlines and destinations
### Passenger

| Airlines | Destinations |
| Delta Connection | Minneapolis/St. Paul |

### Cargo

| Airlines | Destinations |
| Bemidji Airlines | Brainerd, Eveleth, Minneapolis/St. Paul |
| FedEx Feeder operated by Corporate Air | Fargo |
| Freight Runners Express | Madison, Seattle–Boeing |
| UPS Airlines | Minneapolis/St. Paul |

## Statistics
### Top destinations

Busiest routes out of BJI (September 2023 - August 2024) :
| Rank | City | Passengers | Carriers |
| 1 | Minneapolis/St Paul | 28,000 | Delta Connection |

## Medevac

Bemidji Regional Airport is one of four locations for Sanford Health AirMed, a level 1 Trauma Center located in Fargo, North Dakota.

## History

In 2020 the airport received a $1,123,770 CARES Act award.
On September 18, 2020, the Bemidji Airport was where President Donald J. Trump learned about the death of Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Trump was notified of her death after a campaign rally while walking towards Air Force One.
# Aleksandr Kosmodemyansky

Aleksandr Anatolyevich Kosmodemyansky (Russian: Алекса́ндр Анато́льевич Космодемья́нский; 27 July 1925 – 13 April 1945) was a Soviet military officer and Hero of the Soviet Union, who was bestowed this title posthumously after having been killed in World War II during the capture of the settlement of Vierbrüderkrug, in the Kaporner Heath near Metgethen, just west of Königsberg, East Prussia, Nazi Germany. He was the brother of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya.

## Legacy

The settlement of imeni Alexandra Kosmodemyanskogo in Kaliningrad Oblast was renamed after him in 1956. The minor planet 1977 Shura was named in his honour, while 1793 Zoya and 2072 Kosmodemyanskaya were named for his sister and for his mother, Lyubov Kosmodemyanskaya, respectively.

## Gallery

* Tombstone at Moscow's Novodevichy Cemetery
* 1969 CPA stamp
# Seoul International Youth Film Festival

The Seoul International Youth Film Festival (SIYFF) is the biggest youth film festival in Korea and has provided a venue for youths to share their culture via films and media education since 1999. It aims to promote broader international exchanges among talented cine kids and establish network to improve their competitiveness in the film industry.
# 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup Group N

Group N of the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup was the classification stage of the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup for four teams, bottom two teams from Group C and two from Group D. The results against the teams that also qualified were carried over. The teams played against the teams from the group they have not faced before, for a total of two games per team, with all games played at Wukesong Arena, Beijing. After all of the games were played, the first placed team was classified 17 to 20, the second placed team 21 to 24, the third placed team 25 to 28 and the fourth placed team 29 to 32.

## Qualified teams

| Group | Third place | Fourth place |
| C | Tunisia | Iran |
| D | Angola | Philippines |

## Standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | PF | PA | PD | Pts |
| 1 | Tunisia | 5 | 3 | 2 | 377 | 386 | −9 | 8 |
| 2 | Iran | 5 | 2 | 3 | 379 | 372 | +7 | 7 |
| 3 | Angola | 5 | 1 | 4 | 350 | 435 | −85 | 6 |
| 4 | Philippines | 5 | 0 | 5 | 352 | 499 | −147 | 5 |
All times are local UTC+8.

## Games
### Angola vs. Iran

* 6 September 2019 16:00
* Boxscore
| Angola | 62–71 | Iran |
| Scoring by quarter: 17–19, 12–9, 16–20, 17–23 |||
| Pts: Morais 17 Rebs: Moreira 7 Asts: 4 players 2 | | Pts: Nikkhah 21 Rebs: Geramipoor 7 Asts: Yakhchali 4 |
* Wukesong Arena, Beijing Referees: Yener Yılmaz (TUR), Scott Beker (AUS), Nicolas Fernandes (TAH)

### Tunisia vs. Philippines

* 6 September 2019 20:00
* Boxscore
| Tunisia | 86–67 | Philippines |
| Scoring by quarter: 27–10, 19–14, 21–15, 19–28 |||
| Pts: Abada 16 Rebs: Mejri 12 Asts: Roll 4 | | Pts: Blatche 24 Rebs: Blatche 11 Asts: five players 2 |
* Wukesong Arena, Beijing Referees: Matthew Kallio (CAN), Boris Krejić (SVN), Harja Jaladri (IDN)

### Tunisia vs. Angola

* 8 September 2019 16:00
* Boxscore
| Tunisia | 86–84 | Angola |
| Scoring by quarter: 31–20, 21–17, 15–28, 19–19 |||
| Pts: Roll 21 Rebs: Mejri, Romdhane 8 Asts: Romdhane 6 | | Pts: Moreira 21 Rebs: Moreira 9 Asts: Domingos 6 |
* Wukesong Arena, Beijing Referees: Yener Yılmaz (TUR), Boris Krejić (SLO), Harja Jaladri (INA)

### Iran vs. Philippines

* 8 September 2019 20:00
* Boxscore
| Iran | 95–75 | Philippines |
| Scoring by quarter: 30–24, 18–10, 27–16, 20–25 |||
| Pts: Haddadi 19 Rebs: Haddadi 7 Asts: Jamshidi, Yakhchali 5 | | Pts: Bolick 15 Rebs: Blatche 5 Asts: Blatche 5 |
* Wukesong Arena, Beijing Referees: Matthew Kallio (CAN), Scott Beker (AUS), Nicolas Fernandes (TAH)
# Tony Tsabedze

Tony Thulani "TT" Tsabedze (born 29 October 1984) is a retired Liswati footballer who played as a midfielder for Mbabane Swallows and the Eswatini national football team.

## Career

Tsabedze played domestically for Mhlambanyatsi Rovers before playing professionally in South Africa, appearing in the Premier Soccer League for Silver Stars, Supersport United, Maritzburg United, Engen Santos and Mbabane Swallows. He played for Swaziland in 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualifying, scoring twice in a 2–1 victory over Guinea on 23 July 2015.

### International goals

    Scores and results list Eswatini's goal tally first.
| No | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| 1. | 9 February 2008 | Somhlolo National Stadium, Lobamba, Swaziland | Botswana | 1–4 | 1–4 | Friendly |
| 2. | 12 June 2015 | Stade Mohamed V, Casablanca, Morocco | Guinea | 1–0 | 2–1 | 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |
| 3. | 12 June 2015 | Stade Mohamed V, Casablanca, Morocco | Guinea | 2–1 | 2–1 | 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |
| 4. | 22 June 2015 | Somhlolo National Stadium, Lobamba, Swaziland | Angola | 1–2 | 2–2 | 2016 African Nations Championship qualification |
| 5. | 9 October 2015 | El Hadj Hassan Gouled Aptidon Stadium, Djibouti City, Djibouti | Djibouti | 5–0 | 6–0 | 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification |
| 6. | 22 June 2016 | Sam Nujoma Stadium, Windhoek, Namibia | South Africa | 1–0 | 1–5 | 2016 COSAFA Cup |
# Chinook Peak (Alberta)

Chinook Peak is a 2,591-metre (8,501-foot) mountain summit located in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta, Canada.

## Description

Chinook Peak is situated 10 kilometers southwest of the town of Coleman in the Crowsnest Pass area and can be seen from Highway 3, the Crowsnest Highway. It is set on land managed by Castle Wildland Provincial Park. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into tributaries of the nearby Crowsnest River. Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises 1,300 meters (4,265 feet) above the river in 4.5 kilometers (2.8 miles). Sentry Mountain is 4.0 km (2.5 mi) to the northwest and the nearest higher neighbor is Andy Good Peak, 3.0 km (1.9 mi) to the southeast on the Continental Divide.

## History

Chinook Peak was named by Jim Kerr, a resident of the Crowsnest Pass. Jim knew that when snow started blowing from the top from the west, a chinook wind would soon follow. When mapping this area, Dr. Raymond A. Price of the Geological Survey of Canada mapping this area, used this name to identify the peak. The mountain's toponym was officially adopted in 1962 by the Geographical Names Board of Canada.

## Geology

Chinook Peak is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods. Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was pushed east and over the top of younger Cretaceous period rock during the Laramide orogeny.

## Climate

Based on the Köppen climate classification, Chinook Peak has an alpine subarctic climate with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C.

## Gallery

* Northeast aspect
* North aspect
* Chinook Peak in winter
* Chinook Peak centered at top
* Flathead Range Left to rightː Mount Coulthard, Andy Good Peak, Mount Parrish, Chinook Peak.
* Chinook Peak (left)
# Mark Craib

Mark Craib (born 8 February 1970) is a former Scottish footballer, who played in the Scottish Football League for Dundee and Montrose.
# Conchoidal fracture

A conchoidal fracture is a break or fracture of a brittle material that does not follow any natural planes of separation. Mindat.org defines conchoidal fracture as follows: "a fracture with smooth, curved surfaces, typically slightly concave, showing concentric undulations resembling the lines of growth of a shell". Materials that break in this way include quartz, chert, flint, quartzite, jasper, and other fine-grained or amorphous materials with a composition of pure silica, such as obsidian and window glass, as well as a few metals, such as solid gallium.
Crystalline materials such as quartz also exhibit conchoidal fractures when they lack a cleavage plane and do not break along a plane parallel to their crystalline faces. So, a conchoidal, or uneven fracture is not a specific indication of the amorphous character of a mineral, or a material. Amorphous, cryptocrystalline, and crystalline materials can all present conchoidal fracture when they lack a preferential cleavage plane.
Conchoidal fractures can occur in various materials if they are properly percussed (struck). Cryptocrystalline silica, such as chert, or flint, with this material property were widely sought after, traded, and fashioned into sharp tools in the Stone Age.
Conchoidal fractures often result in a curved breakage surface that resembles the rippling, gradual curves of a mussel shell; the word "conchoid" is derived from the word for this animal (Ancient Greek: κογχοειδής konchoeidēs < κόγχη konchē). A swelling appears at the point of impact called the bulb of percussion. Shock waves emanating outwards from this point leave their mark on the stone as ripples. Other conchoidal features include small fissures emanating from the bulb of percussion.
They are defined in contrast to the faceted fractures often seen in single crystals such as semiconductor wafers and gemstones and to the high-energy ductile fracture surfaces desirable in most structural applications.
* Obsidian gives conchoidal fractures.
* Conchoidal fracture in obsidian
* Conchoidal fracture in flint
* Multiple conchoidal fractures in knapped glass

## Subsets

Several subdefinitions exist, for instance on the Webmineral website:
* Brittle—conchoidal: very brittle fracture producing small, conchoidal fragments
* Brittle—subconchoidal: brittle fracture with subconchoidal fragments
* Conchoidal—irregular: irregular fracture producing small, conchoidal fragments
* Conchoidal—uneven: uneven fracture producing small, conchoidal fragments
* Subconchoidal: fractures developed in brittle materials characterized by semi-curving surfaces

## Lithics

In lithic stone tools, conchoidal fractures form the basis of flint knapping, since the shape of the broken surface is controlled only by the stresses applied, and not by some preferred orientation of the material. This property also makes such fractures useful in engineering, since they provide a permanent record of the stress state at the time of failure. As conchoidal fractures can be produced only by mechanical impact, rather than frost cracking for example, they can be a useful method of differentiating prehistoric stone tools from natural stones.