# British Bahamas

The British Bahamas were a British colony that existed from 1648 until 1973, when it became an independent nation. It is also referred to as the British Administered Bahamas, Commonwealth of the Bahamas, or the Crown Colony of the Bahamas. The colony changed hands between private settlers, English lords, and the British Crown of the United Kingdom during the 325 years it was a colony. The Bahamas territory is an archipelago of approximately 700 islands and 30 reefs located in the Atlantic Ocean in the region of the Caribbean. The nation was dissolved in 1973 during Bahamian independence.

## History
### Initial grant

In 1629, King Charles granted the territories of "Bahama and all other Isles and Islands lying southerly there or neare upon the foresayd continent." to attorney general Robert Heath. No effort to explore or settle the islands would ever be made on the part of Heath, and Englishmen would not arrive there in earnest for another decade.

### First settlements

The arrival of the Spanish in the early 16th century largely destroyed the native Lucayan and Taino populations, who were enslaved and transported to other colonies, leaving the islands relatively uninhabited by the mid-16th century.
British interest in the Bahamas emerged in 1647. Captain William Sayle, who had twice been governor of Bermuda, took the leadership of seeking a colony that would be a haven for religious freedom. Sayle and about 70 settlers, consisting of Bermudan religious independents sailed from Bermuda for the Bahamas by October 1648.
The settlers from Bermuda established a colony called Eleuthera in 1648, naming it after the Greek word for freedom. These settlers were known as the Eleutheran Adventurers and sought religious liberty and economic opportunity. Their initial attempts to establish a sustainable colony faced challenges, including scarce resources and conflicts with the Spanish. Settlers anticipated to establish a plantation colony for sugar and tobacco, but found the soil relatively unproductive. Sayle, along with a number of the initial settlers, returned to Bermuda. The remaining settlers founded communities on Harbour Island and Saint George's Cay (Spanish Wells) at the north end of Eleuthera. In 1670 about 20 families lived in the Eleuthera communities.
In 1666, a new wave of settlers arrived from Bermuda and established the city of New Providence. Charlestowne, named for Charles II, was established as well. Charlestowne was later renamed to Nassau, after King William III assumed the throne, with the German region of Nassau being in his family's possession. Lords proprietors, whom King Charles II had granted the colony of South Carolina on the American mainland, grew interested in the prospects of the Bahamas. They appointed Sayle as governor over South Carolina. In 1670, The Duke of Abemarle and five other lords were given a grant to establish a civil government in the Bahamas. New Providence was made the seat of government. John Wentworth was appointed as the first governor in 1671.
This settlement laid the groundwork for future British expansion in the region.

### Pirate Republic

The permanent settlement of the Bahamas began several decades of organised pirate activity in the islands, with figures like Edward Teach (Blackbeard) and Calico Jack using the Bahamas as a base. A loose confederation of pirate gangs operated a short-lived republic, with its base at Nassau. Many European criminals sought riches in the New World. Englishmen who were there due to initial waves of settlement often turned to piracy, as it was lucrative, and other means of subsistence in the territory were relatively ineffective. Buccaneers heavily raided Spanish ships and fleets, leading to frequent retaliatory raids. The proprietors were not active in defending the islands or incriminating the pirates at first. This period is often known as the Golden Age of Piracy in the Caribbean.

### Crown colony and campaign against piracy

In 1717, the lords proprietors returned the islands to the crown, and the Bahamas became a British Crown Colony. Captain Woodes Rogers was appointed as the new royal governor. Rogers implemented strict measures to suppress piracy. King George appointed Rogers to oversee the execution of a proclamation granting a pardon to any pirate who surrendered to a British crown within one year. When he arrived with an army in 1718, 1,000 pirates surrendered and received royal pardons. 8 pirates were hanged. Rogers declared the islands "clean" of pirates by the end of 1718.
The Bahamas developed under British rule as a strategic and economic outpost. Its location along transatlantic trade routes made it a valuable asset, while its economy relied on maritime activities, including fishing, shipbuilding, and salt production. The introduction of enslaved Africans underpinned the development of plantation agriculture, particularly cotton, though the islands' poor soil limited large-scale success.
Nassau was briefly captured by the United States Navy in 1776 during the American Revolution but was returned after a few days. After the revolution, many loyalist American colonists settled in the Bahamas due to favourable living conditions offered by the crown. Many of the American settlers brought slaves with them and increased the population. Cotton plantations were established, and yielded well briefly, but were soon exhausted due to soil quality and insect pests. The Bahamas experienced multiple slave revolts during this time period leading up to abolition.

### Abolition of slavery

The abolition of slavery throughout the British Empire in 1834 marked a significant turning point. Former slaves in the Bahamas faced limited economic opportunities but gradually built communities centered around fishing, farming, and small-scale trade. Former slaves and slave masters struggled to coexist on the islands, and social tensions were high. Over time, African cultural influences profoundly shaped Bahamian society.
During the American Civil War, the Bahamas experienced an economic boom as a center for Confederate blockade running. However, the collapse of the Confederacy brought an end to this prosperity. Similarly, during Prohibition in the United States, the Bahamas became a hub for rum-running, providing another short-lived economic boost.
The 20th century brought gradual political reforms. The Bahamian Progressive Liberal Party (PLP), formed in 1953, championed the rights of the predominantly Black majority, challenging the political dominance of the White merchant elite. This movement laid the groundwork for the islands’ eventual push for self-governance.

### Independence

In 1964, the Bahamas achieved internal self-government under a new constitution, with Lynden Pindling becoming the country's first Black Premier in 1967. Pindling, leader of the PLP, played a central role in advocating for greater autonomy and addressing social inequalities. These events officially ended the Crown Colony of the Bahamas and transitioned the country to independence.
The Bahamas gained full independence on July 10, 1973, becoming a sovereign nation within the Commonwealth. The British monarch remained the ceremonial head of state, represented by a Governor-General, while the Bahamas established its own parliamentary democracy.