# Kundiman

Kundiman is a genre of traditional Filipino ballads, predominantly with romantic themes. The lyrics of the kundiman are written in Tagalog. The melody is characterized by a smooth, flowing and gentle rhythm with dramatic intervals. Kundiman was the traditional means of serenade in the Philippines.
The kundiman emerged as an art song at the end of the 19th century and by the early 20th century, its musical structure was formalised by Filipino composers such as Francisco Santiago and Nicanor Abelardo; they sought poetry for their lyrics, blending verse and music in equal parts.

## Structure

The formalized art song structure of the kundiman is characterized by moderate 3/4 time, with the piece beginning in a minor key and ending in the parallel major.

## Origins and history

Dr. Francisco Santiago (1889–1947), the "Father of the Kundiman Art Song", briefly explains in his scholarly work The Development of Music in the Philippines that the reason this Tagalog song is called kundiman is because the first stanza of this song begins thus:
       "Cundiman, cundiman
       Cundiman si jele"
       "Hele ng Cundiman
       Hele ng Cundangan"
In 1872, the illustrious Franciscan Tagalist and poet, Joaquín de Coria wrote Nueva Gramática Tagalog Teorica-Práctica which, besides treating grammar, also enumerates the characteristics of Tagalog language, and discusses Tagalog poetry. In this book, Coria also listed the names of the most important songs of the Tagalogs. They are:
* Diona and Talingdao (songs in the homes and in ordinary work)
* Indolanin and Dolayin (songs in the streets)
* Soliranin (boat songs)
* Haloharin, Oyayi, and Hele-hele (lullabies)
* Sambotani (songs for festivals and social reunions)
* Tagumpay (songs to commemorate victory in war)
* Hiliraw and Balicungcung (sweet songs)
* Dopayinin (similar to Tagumpay; more serious and sincere)
* Kumintang (love song; also a pantomimic "dance song" – Dr. F. Santiago)
* Cundiman (love song; used especially in serenading)
The Spanish scholar V.M. Avella described the kundiman in his 1874 work Manual de la Conversación Familiar Español-Tagalog as the "canción indígena" (native song) of the Tagalogs and characterized its melody as "something pathetic but not without some pleasant feeling."
In his 1883 book Cuentos Filipinos, Don José Montero y Vidal recorded in Spanish the sad lyrics of what he describes as a popular kundiman of the Tagalogs:
       Cundiman, cundiman
       Cundiman si jele
       Mas que esta dormido
       Ta sona con ele.
       Desde que vos cara
       Yo ta mira
       Aquel morisqueta
       No puede traga.
       Cundiman, cundiman
       Cundiman, cundaman
       Mamatay, me muero
       Sacamay mo lamang.
The Spanish writer and historian Wenceslao E. Retana recorded in 1888 the lyrics of a popular kundiman in Batangas. The melancholic lyrics in the Tagalog original as recorded in Retana's book El Indio Batangueño reads:
       Aco man ay imbi, hamac isang ducha
       Nasinta sa iyo, naghahasic nga
       Di ba guin si David ng una ay aba
       Pastor ay nag harin ng datnan ng awa?
       Estrebillo:
       Hele ng Cundiman
       Hele ng Cundangan
       Mundo palibhasai, talinghaga lamang
       Ang mababa ngayon bucas ay marangal.
       Sa lahat ng hirap sintang dala-dala
       Salang cumilos isip coi icao na
       Acoi mananaog na hahanapin quita
       Estrebillo:
       Hele ng Cundiman
       Hele ng Cundangan
       Cundangan nga icao ang may casalanan
       Tataghoy-taghoy ni 'di mo pa paquingan.
In 1916, Dr. Juan V. Pagaspas, a doctor of philosophy from Indiana University and a much beloved educator in Tanauan, Batangas described the kundiman as "a pure Tagalog song which is usually very sentimental, so sentimental that if one should listen to it carefully watching the tenor of words and the way the voice is conducted to express the real meaning of the verses, he cannot but be conquered by a feeling of pity even so far as to shed tears."
Dr. Francisco Santiago, the "Father of Filipino Musical Nationalism", declared in 1931 that the kundiman "is the love song par excellence of the Filipinos, the plaintive song which goes deepest into their hearts, song which brings them untold emotions."
Endowed with such power, the kundiman naturally came to serve as a vehicle for veiled patriotism in times of colonial oppression, in which the undying love for a woman symbolized the love of country and desire for freedom.
José Rizal, leader of the Propaganda movement and the Philippine national hero, has consecrated the kundiman in his social novel Noli Me Tangere. Not only this but he himself wrote a kundiman which is not of the elegiac type because its rhythm sounds the threat, the reproach and the revindication of the rights of the race.
       Kundiman ni Rizal
       Tunay ngayong umid yaring diwa at puso
       Ang bayan palibhasa'y api, lupig at sumuko.
       Sa kapabayaan ng nagturong puno
       Paglaya'y nawala, ligaya'y naglaho!
       Datapuwa't muling sisikat ang maligayang araw
       Pilit na maliligtas ang inaping bayan
       Magbabalik man din at laging sisikat
       Ang ngalang Tagalog sa sandaigdigan!
       Ibubuhos namin ang dugo'y ibabaha
       Ng matubos lamang ang sa Amang Lupa!
       Hanggang 'di sumapit ang panahong tadhana
       Sinta ay tatahimik, tutuloy ang nasa!
       Sinta ay tatahimik at tutuloy ang nasa!
       O Bayan kong mahal
       Sintang Filipinas!
In 1941, National Artist for Music, Antonio Molina (composer) introduced Jocelynang Baliwag as the Kundiman of the Revolution. The melody of "Jocelynang Baliwag" is undeniably older than the title and the lyrics. The music sheet introduced by Molina describes the melody of "Jocelynang Baliwag" as "musica del legítimo kundiman procedente del Campo insurrecto" ('authentic kundiman music in the revolutionary camps'). In 1905, Isabelo de los Reyes wrote the kundiman and other written pieces including "Ang Singsing ng Dalagang Marmol" dedicated to Josefa 'Pepita' Tiongson y Lara from Baliwag, Bulacan, whom he courted. "Jocelynang Baliuag" is actually composed of four musical pieces – "Liwayway", "El Anillo de Dalaga de Marmol", "Pepita" and Jocelynang Baliuag". Maria Josefa Lara Tiongson aka "Josefa T. Mateo" (July 10, 1885-October 26, 1974) (89)is the daughter of José Tiongson and Maria de Lara, the wife of Pedro Rais Mateo (son of Domingo Rais Mateo and Saturnina Mercado) brother of Maria de la Paz Mercado Rais Mateo, with children Pacita Tiongson Mateo and Vicente R. Mateo.
       Jocelynang Baliwag
       P- Pinopoong sinta, niring calolowa
       Nacacawangis mo'y mabangong sampaga
       Dalisay sa linis, dakila sa ganda
       Matimyas na bucal ng madlang ligaya.
       E- Edeng maligayang kinaloclocan
       Ng galak at tuwang catamis-tamisan
       Hada cang maningning na ang matunghaya'y
       Masamyong bulaclac agad sumisical.
       P- Pinananaligan niring aking dibdib
       Na sa paglalayag sa dagat ng sakit
       'Di mo babayaang malunod sa hapis
       Sa pagcabagabag co'y icaw ang sasagip.
       I- Icaw na nga ang lunas sa aking dalita
       Tanging magliligtas sa niluha-luha
       Bunying binibining sinucuang cusa
       Niring catawohang nangayupapa.
       T- Tanggapin ang aking wagas na pag-ibig
       Marubdob na ningas na taglay sa dibdib
       Sa buhay na ito'y walang nilalangit
       Cung hindi ikaw lamang, ilaw niring isip.
       A- At sa cawacasa'y ang kapamanhikan
       Tumbasan mo yaring pagsintang dalisay
       Alalahanin mong cung 'di cahabagan
       Iyong lalasunin ang aba cong buhay.
The Filipino composer, conductor and scholar Felipe M. de León Jr., wrote that the kundiman is a "unique musical form expressing intense longing, caring, devotion and oneness with a beloved. Or with a child, spiritual figure, motherland, ideal or cause. According to its text, a kundiman can be romantic, patriotic, religious, mournful. Or a consolation, a lullaby. Or a protest and other types. But of whatever type, its music is soulful and lofty, conveying deep feelings of devotional love."
* Josefa Tiongson y Lara Bulwagan, Baliwag Museum and Library
* Maria Clara gown with umbrella for Jocelynang Baliwag 1998, created by Aureo Alonzo
* "Jocelynang Baliwag"

## Notable kundiman singers

* Cely Bautista (1939–2018)
* Carmen Camacho (b. 1939)
* Rudy Concepción (1912–1940)
* Cenon Lagman (1936–2013)
* Sylvia La Torre (1933–2022) (dubbed as the "Queen of Kundiman")
* Mabuhay Singers
* Dely Magpayo (1920–2008)
* Ric Manrique Jr. (1941–2017)
* Diomedes Maturan (1941–2002)
* Conching Rosal (1926–1985)
* Ruben Tagalog (1922–1985) (dubbed as the "King of Kundiman")