# Jefferson County, Colorado

Jefferson County is a county located in the U.S. state of Colorado. As of the 2020 census, the population was 582,910, making it the fourth-most populous county in Colorado. The county seat is Golden, and the most populous city is Lakewood.
Jefferson County is included in the Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. Located along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, Jefferson County is adjacent to the state capital of Denver.
In 2010, the center of population of Colorado was located in Jefferson County.
The county's slogan is the "Gateway to the Rocky Mountains", and it is commonly nicknamed Jeffco. The name Jeffco is incorporated in the name of the Jeffco School District, the Jeffco Business Center Metropolitan District No. 1, and several businesses located in Jefferson County. Jeffco is also incorporated in the unofficial monikers of many Jefferson County agencies. The Rocky Mountain Metropolitan Airport operated by Jefferson County was previously known as the Jeffco Airport.
A major employer in Jefferson County is the large Coors Brewing Company in Golden. Also, the state-supported Colorado School of Mines, a university specializing in mining, geology, chemistry, and engineering is located in Jefferson County.

## History

On August 25, 1855, the Kansas Territorial Legislature created Arapahoe County to govern the entire western portion of the territory. The county was named for the Arapaho Nation of Native Americans who lived in the region.
In June 1858, gold was discovered along the South Platte River in Arapahoe County (in present-day Englewood) by William Greeneberry Russell and Sam Bates who had been following up the June 22, 1850, discovery of gold on Ralston Creek in today's Jefferson County by Lewis Ralston, for whom the creek was named. This discovery precipitated the Pike's Peak Gold Rush. The Doniphan Party upon arriving upon Clear Creek discovered markers left over from earlier mining in 1834 by the Estes Party, placed their own alongside and on November 29, 1858, founded the future county's first town of Arapahoe City upon the land southeast of today's West 44th Avenue and McIntyre Street (with West 44th running through the town). On June 16, 1859, its second town, Golden, Colorado, was founded in the valley to the west. Many residents of the mining region felt disconnected from the remote territorial governments of Kansas and Nebraska, so they voted to form their own Territory of Jefferson on October 24, 1859. The following month on November 28, 1859, the Jefferson Territorial Legislature organized 12 counties for the new territory, including Jefferson County. Jefferson County was named for the namesake of the Jefferson Territory, Thomas Jefferson, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and the nation's third president. Golden City was elected on January 2, 1860, as the county seat of Jefferson County. Robert Williamson Steele, Governor of the Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson from 1859 to 1861, built his home in the county at Mount Vernon and later at Apex. Originally Jefferson County's borders extended to the 40th parallel north, the South Platte River (excluding the town of Highland) to the east, and to Bear Creek to the south.
The Jefferson Territory never received federal sanction, but during his last week in office, President James Buchanan signed an act which organized the Territory of Colorado on February 28, 1861. That November 1, the new Colorado General Assembly organized the 17 original counties of Colorado, including Jefferson County. The reorganized Jefferson County extended to most of its current borders and Golden continued as county seat. In 1908, the southern tip of Jefferson County was transferred to Park County, reducing Jefferson County to its present length of 54 miles (87 km). Several annexations by the City & County of Denver and the 2001 consolidation of the City & County of Broomfield removed the east and extreme northeastern corner of the county, respectively.

## Geography

At the 2020 United States census, the county had a total area of 774 square miles (2,000 km$^2$), of which 764 square miles (1,980 km$^2$) is land and 9.8 square miles (25 km$^2$) (1.3%) is water. As of April 1, 2020, the mean population center of the State of Colorado was located in Jefferson County at coordinates 39°32′05″N 105°11′07″W﻿ / ﻿39.5347°N 105.1854°W﻿ / 39.5347; -105.1854﻿ (2020 mean population center of the State of Colorado) near the (ironically) tiny hamlet of Phillipsburg.

### Adjacent counties

Jefferson County is one of the few counties in the United States to border as many as ten counties.
* Boulder County – north
* City and County of Broomfield – northeast
* Adams County – east
* City and County of Denver – east
* Arapahoe County – east
* Douglas County – east
* Teller County – south
* Park County – southwest
* Clear Creek County – west
* Gilpin County – northwest

### Major highways

* Interstate 70
* I-70 BS
* U.S. Highway 6
* U.S. Highway 40
* U.S. Highway 285
* State Highway 8
* State Highway 58
* State Highway 72
* State Highway 74
* State Highway 75
* State Highway 93
* State Highway 121
* State Highway 391
* State Highway 470
* Chatfield Ave
* 44th Ave

### Recreational areas

* Alderfer/Three Sisters Park
* Apex Park
* Bear Creek Lake Park
* Centennial Cone Park
* Clear Creek Canyon Park
* Coal Creek Canyon
* Crown Hill Park
* Deer Creek Canyon Park
* Elk Meadow Park
* Evergreen Lake
* Fairmount Trail
* Flying J Ranch Park
* Hildebrand Ranch Park
* Hiwan Homestead Museum
* Lair o' the Bear Park
* Lewis Meadows Park
* Lookout Mountain Nature Center
* Matthews/Winters Park
* Meyer Ranch Park
* Mount Falcon Park
* Mount Galbraith Park
* Mount Glennon
* Mount Lindo
* North Table Mountain Park
* Pine Valley Ranch Park
* Ranson/Edwards Homestead Ranch
* Reynolds Park
* Sister City Park
* South Table Mountain Park
* South Valley Park
* Standley Lake Regional Park
* Van Bibber Park
* Welchester Tree Grant Park
* White Ranch Park
* Windy Saddle Park
* Urban Trails

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 527,056 people, 206,067 households, and 140,537 families residing in the county. The population density was 683 people per square mile (264 people/km$^2$). There were 212,488 housing units at an average density of 275 people per square mile (106 people/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the county was
    90.59%White 0.89%Black or African American 0.75%Native American 2.28%Asian 0.08%Pacific Islander 3.23%from other races 9.95% of the population were either Hispanic or Latino of any race 2.18% in two or more races
There were 206,067 households, out of which 33.40% had children under age 18 living with them, 55.10% were married couples living together, 9.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.80% were non-families. 24.50% of all households were made up of individuals, of those 6.30% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52, and the average family size was 3.03 persons.
In the county, the population ages were spread out:
    25.30%under age 18 8.10%aged 18–24 32.10%aged 25–44 24.90%aged 45–64 9.60%65 years of age or older The median age was 37 years.
For every 100 females there were 99.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.80 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $57,339, and the median income for a family was $67,310. Males had a median income of $45,306 versus $32,372 for females. The per capita income for the county was $28,066. About 3.40% of families and 5.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.80% of those under age 18, and 5.10% of those age 65 or over.
According to a report in the JAMA, residents of Jefferson County had a 2014 life expectancy of 80.02 years.

## Education

The sole school district serving the county is Jefferson County School District R-1.

### Private schools

* Colorado Academy

### Higher Education

* Colorado Christian University
* Colorado School of Mines
* Red Rocks Community College
* Rocky Mountain College of Art and Design
Jefferson County Public Library is the county library system.

## Government and infrastructure

* The Federal Correctional Institution, Englewood is in unincorporated Jefferson County.
* The Rocky Flats Plant produced nuclear weapons in Jefferson County from 1952 until 1989.
* The Jefferson County Public Library, established in 1952.
* The Jefferson County Government Center, also known as the "Taj Mahal".
* The Denver Federal Center, the largest concentration of federal government agencies outside of Washington, D.C., is located in Lakewood.

### Government

The Board of County Commissioners operates as the governing body of the county. Established in 1861, the board consists of three commissioners who are elected at-large to four-year terms. The board sets policies that guide county programs and operations which serves residents and businesses. There are several elected officials that oversee a department or aspect of county operations.
Board of County Commissioners :
| District | Commissioner | Party |
| District 1 | Rachel Zenzinger | Democratic |
| District 2 | Andy Kerr | Democratic |
| District 3 | Lesley Dahlkemper | Democratic |
Elected County Officials :
| Title | Official | Party |
| Assessor | Scot Kersgaard | Democratic |
| Clerk and Recorder | Amanda Gonzalez | Democratic |
| Coroner | Dr. Annette Cannon | Democratic |
| Sheriff | Regina "Reggie" Marinelli | Democratic |
| Surveyor | Robert Hennessy | Republican |
| Treasurer | Gerald "Jerry" DiTullio | Democratic |
Jefferson County lies within the 1st Judicial District which is represented by District Attorney Alexis King.

### Sheriff's office

The Jefferson County Sheriff is an oldest elective office in Jefferson County (along with Clerk and Recorder, Assessor and Treasurer) and among the first popularly elected offices in Colorado, established in 1859 with the first Sheriff, Walter Pollard, elected on January 2, 1860. Its office holders over the course of over 150 years have included some of the most noted law enforcement officers in Colorado history.
The Jefferson County Sheriff's Office responded to the 1999 Columbine High School massacre, and investigated it together with the F.B.I. The Sheriff's Office received backlash after it was revealed the agency had the perpetrators Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold in and out of custody prior to the shooting. After the shooting Sue Klebold sued the Sheriff's office for failing to prevent their son from carrying out the Columbine High shootings. According to a "notice of intent to sue" filed by Susan and Thomas Klebold, county officials were "reckless, willful and wanton" in the way they handled a 1998 police report about Eric Harris' Internet ravings. This lawsuit was dismissed along with several others pertaining to the shooting.
The current county sheriff is Regina "Reggie" Marinelli. She was elected in 2022 and became the first woman to do so in county history and became the first Democrat to hold the office in nearly a century. She previously worked in the county Sheriff's Office for over 30 years.

### Politics

Jefferson County was a Republican stronghold for most of the 20th century, voting Republican in all but one presidential election between 1940 and 2004. However, it has voted Democratic in every presidential election since 2008, consistent with the general trend in the Denver metropolitan area. In 2024, Kamala Harris won the largest percentage for a Democratic presidential candidate since 1916.
United States presidential election results for Jefferson County, Colorado :
| Year | Republican | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Third party(ies) | Third party(ies) |
| Year | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
| 2024 | 140,505 | 38.84% | 210,875 | 58.30% | 10,336 | 2.86% |
| 2020 | 148,417 | 39.33% | 218,396 | 57.88% | 10,545 | 2.79% |
| 2016 | 138,177 | 42.01% | 160,776 | 48.89% | 29,930 | 9.10% |
| 2012 | 144,197 | 46.36% | 159,296 | 51.21% | 7,559 | 2.43% |
| 2008 | 131,628 | 44.61% | 158,158 | 53.60% | 5,282 | 1.79% |
| 2004 | 140,644 | 51.79% | 126,558 | 46.60% | 4,366 | 1.61% |
| 2000 | 120,138 | 51.02% | 100,970 | 42.88% | 14,383 | 6.11% |
| 1996 | 101,517 | 48.41% | 89,494 | 42.67% | 18,712 | 8.92% |
| 1992 | 82,705 | 37.05% | 80,834 | 36.22% | 59,664 | 26.73% |
| 1988 | 110,820 | 56.39% | 81,824 | 41.64% | 3,867 | 1.97% |
| 1984 | 124,496 | 68.92% | 53,700 | 29.73% | 2,432 | 1.35% |
| 1980 | 97,008 | 59.66% | 41,525 | 25.54% | 24,078 | 14.81% |
| 1976 | 87,080 | 60.44% | 52,782 | 36.64% | 4,211 | 2.92% |
| 1972 | 80,082 | 69.88% | 31,555 | 27.54% | 2,960 | 2.58% |
| 1968 | 50,847 | 56.90% | 31,392 | 35.13% | 7,118 | 7.97% |
| 1964 | 33,398 | 43.48% | 43,162 | 56.19% | 252 | 0.33% |
| 1960 | 34,105 | 59.62% | 22,962 | 40.14% | 137 | 0.24% |
| 1956 | 25,398 | 63.71% | 14,270 | 35.80% | 197 | 0.49% |
| 1952 | 19,971 | 63.05% | 11,509 | 36.34% | 194 | 0.61% |
| 1948 | 9,903 | 51.29% | 9,145 | 47.36% | 260 | 1.35% |
| 1944 | 9,815 | 57.20% | 7,277 | 42.41% | 68 | 0.40% |
| 1940 | 8,780 | 52.81% | 7,745 | 46.59% | 100 | 0.60% |
| 1936 | 5,271 | 41.10% | 7,283 | 56.79% | 271 | 2.11% |
| 1932 | 5,522 | 45.83% | 6,023 | 49.99% | 503 | 4.17% |
| 1928 | 6,754 | 69.09% | 2,880 | 29.46% | 141 | 1.44% |
| 1924 | 4,869 | 63.69% | 1,271 | 16.63% | 1,505 | 19.69% |
| 1920 | 3,593 | 61.52% | 1,941 | 33.24% | 306 | 5.24% |
| 1916 | 2,040 | 36.60% | 3,368 | 60.42% | 166 | 2.98% |
| 1912 | 1,011 | 18.87% | 2,309 | 43.10% | 2,037 | 38.03% |
| 1908 | 2,623 | 48.58% | 2,583 | 47.84% | 193 | 3.57% |
| 1904 | 2,903 | 60.76% | 1,739 | 36.40% | 136 | 2.85% |
| 1900 | 1,807 | 44.79% | 2,138 | 53.00% | 89 | 2.21% |
| 1896 | 300 | 8.41% | 3,176 | 88.99% | 93 | 2.61% |
| 1892 | 792 | 42.86% | 0 | 0.00% | 1,056 | 57.14% |
| 1888 | 970 | 52.92% | 767 | 41.84% | 96 | 5.24% |
| 1884 | 845 | 50.97% | 743 | 44.81% | 70 | 4.22% |
| 1880 | 832 | 49.55% | 790 | 47.05% | 57 | 3.39% |

## Recreation
### State parks

* Chatfield State Park
* Golden Gate Canyon State Park
* Staunton State Park

### National forests and wilderness

* Pike National Forest
* Roosevelt National Forest
* Lost Creek Wilderness

### National wildlife refuges

* Rocky Flats National Wildlife Refuge
* Two Ponds National Wildlife Refuge

### Historic trail

* South Platte Trail

### Recreational trails

* American Discovery Trail
* Apex National Recreation Trail
* Big Dry Creek National Recreation Trail
* Colorado Trail
* Platte River Greenway National Recreation Trail
* Two Ponds National Recreation Trail

### Scenic byway

* Lariat Loop Scenic and Historic Byway

### Golf course

* Hiwan Golf Club
* Indian Tree Golf Club

## Communities
### Cities

* Arvada (part)
* Edgewater
* Golden
* Lakewood
* Littleton (part)
* Westminster (part)
* Wheat Ridge

### Towns

* Bow Mar (part)
* Lakeside
* Morrison
* Mountain View
* Superior (part)

### Census-designated places

* Applewood
* Aspen Park
* Brook Forest
* Coal Creek (part)
* Columbine
* Dakota Ridge
* East Pleasant View
* Evergreen
* Fairmount
* Genesee
* Idledale
* Indian Hills
* Ken Caryl
* Kittredge
* West Pleasant View

### Unincorporated communities

* Buffalo Creek
* Conifer
* Foxton
* Pine
* Pine Junction
* Plastic