# Saint-Étienne

Saint-Étienne (French pronunciation: ; Franco-Provençal: Sant-Etiève) is a city and the prefecture of the Loire département, in eastern-central France, in the Massif Central, 60 km (37 mi) southwest of Lyon, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region.
Saint-Étienne is the thirteenth most populated commune in France and the second most populated commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Its metropolis (métropole), Saint-Étienne Métropole, is the second most populous regional metropolis after Lyon. The commune is also at the heart of a vast metropolitan area with 406,868 inhabitants (2020), the eighteenth largest in France by population, comprising 105 communes. Its inhabitants are known as Stéphanois (masculine) and Stéphanoises (feminine).
Long known as the French city of the "weapon, cycle and ribbon" and a major coal mining centre, Saint-Étienne is currently engaged in a vast urban renewal program aimed at leading the transition from the industrial city inherited from the 19th century to the "design capital" of the 21st century. This approach was recognised with the entry of Saint-Étienne into the UNESCO Creative Cities network in 2010. The city is currently undergoing renewal, with the installation of the Châteaucreux business district, the ‘Steel’ retail complex and the manufacturing creative district.
The city is known for its football club AS Saint-Étienne, which has won the Ligue 1 title ten times.

## History

Named after Saint Stephen, the city first appears in the historical record in the Middle Ages as Saint-Étienne de Furan (after the River Furan, a tributary of the Loire). In the 13th century, it was a small borough around the church dedicated to Saint Stephen. On the upper reaches of the Furan, near the Way of St. James, the Abbey of Valbenoîte had been founded by the Cistercians in 1222. In the late 15th century, it was a fortified village defended by walls built around the original nucleus.
From the 16th century, Saint-Étienne developed an arms manufacturing industry and became a market town. It was this which accounted for the town's importance, although it also became a centre for the manufacture of ribbons and passementerie starting in the 17th century.
Later, it became a mining centre of the Loire coal mining basin. The Hôtel de Ville (City Hall) was completed in 1830.
In the first half of the 19th century, it was only a chief town of an arrondissement in the département of the Loire, with a population of 33,064 in 1832. The concentration of industry prompted these numbers to rise rapidly to 110,000 by about 1880. It was this growing importance of Saint-Étienne that led to its being made seat of the prefecture and the departmental administration on 25 July 1855, when it became the chief town in the département and seat of the prefect, replacing Montbrison, which was reduced to the status of chief town of an arrondissement. Saint-Étienne absorbed the commune of Valbenoîte and several other neighbouring localities on 31 March 1855.

## Demographics

The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Saint-Étienne proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune of Saint-Étienne absorbed the former communes of Beaubrun, Montaud, Outre-Furent and Valbenoîte in 1855, ceded Planfoy in 1863, merged with the exclave Saint-Victor-sur-Loire and with Terrenoire in 1969 and Rochetaillée in 1973.
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 25,000 | — |
| 1800 | 16,259 | −5.96% |
| 1806 | 18,035 | +1.74% |
| 1821 | 19,102 | +0.38% |
| 1831 | 33,064 | +5.64% |
| 1836 | 41,534 | +4.67% |
| 1841 | 48,554 | +3.17% |
| 1846 | 49,614 | +0.43% |
| 1851 | 56,003 | +2.45% |
| 1856 | 94,432 | +11.01% |
| 1861 | 92,250 | −0.47% |
| 1866 | 96,620 | +0.93% |
| 1872 | 110,814 | +2.31% |
| 1876 | 126,019 | +3.27% |
| 1881 | 123,813 | −0.35% |
| 1886 | 117,875 | −0.98% |
| 1891 | 133,443 | +2.51% |
| 1896 | 136,030 | +0.38% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1901 | 146,559 | +1.50% |
| 1906 | 146,788 | +0.03% |
| 1911 | 148,656 | +0.25% |
| 1921 | 167,967 | +1.23% |
| 1926 | 193,737 | +2.90% |
| 1931 | 191,088 | −0.27% |
| 1936 | 190,236 | −0.09% |
| 1946 | 177,966 | −0.66% |
| 1954 | 181,730 | +0.26% |
| 1962 | 210,311 | +1.84% |
| 1968 | 223,223 | +1.00% |
| 1975 | 220,181 | −0.20% |
| 1982 | 204,955 | −1.02% |
| 1990 | 199,396 | −0.34% |
| 1999 | 180,210 | −1.12% |
| 2007 | 175,318 | −0.34% |
| 2012 | 171,483 | −0.44% |
| 2017 | 172,565 | +0.13% |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. :
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968–2017) :

## Culture

Saint-Étienne became a popular stop for automobile travelers in the early 20th century.
In 1998, Saint-Étienne set up a design biennale, the largest of its kind in France. It lasts around two weeks. A landmark in the history of the importance ascribed to design in Saint-Étienne was the inauguration of La Cité du design on the site of the former arms factory in 2009.
The city also launched the Massenet Festivals, (the composer Jules Massenet hailed from the area) devoted mainly to perform Massenet's operas. In 2000, the city was named one of the French Towns and Lands of Art and History. On 22 November 2010, it was nominated as "City of Design" as part of UNESCO's Creative Cities Network.
Saint-Étienne has four museums:
* the Musée d'Art Moderne has one of the largest collections of modern and contemporary art in France
* Musée de la Mine
* Musée d'Art et d'Industrie (fr)
* Musée du vieux Saint-Étienne (fr)
Saint-Étienne has 38 Monuments historiques, 6 buildings labeled Architecture contemporaine remarquable (Remarkable Contemporary Architecture), 2 sites classés (Classified sites) and 5 sites patrimoniaux remarquables (Remarkable heritage sites).

## Climate

The climate is temperate at the weather station due to its low altitude, but Saint-Étienne itself is much higher, above 530 m (1,739 ft) in the centre, as well as even above 700 m (2,297 ft) in the southern parts of the city. Saint-Étienne is very close from a warm-summer humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb); it is generally one of the snowiest cities in France, with an average of 85 cm (2.79 ft) of snow accumulation per year.
Climate data for Saint-Étienne–Bouthéon Airport (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1946–present), Alt: 400 m / 1312 ft :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.0 (68.0) | 23.2 (73.8) | 26.4 (79.5) | 28.8 (83.8) | 33.7 (92.7) | 37.8 (100.0) | 41.1 (106.0) | 39.3 (102.7) | 36.0 (96.8) | 29.2 (84.6) | 25.2 (77.4) | 20.2 (68.4) | 41.1 (106.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.3 (45.1) | 8.8 (47.8) | 13.1 (55.6) | 16.3 (61.3) | 20.3 (68.5) | 24.5 (76.1) | 26.9 (80.4) | 26.9 (80.4) | 22.2 (72.0) | 17.3 (63.1) | 11.4 (52.5) | 8.0 (46.4) | 16.9 (62.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.8 (38.8) | 4.5 (40.1) | 7.8 (46.0) | 10.7 (51.3) | 14.6 (58.3) | 18.5 (65.3) | 20.7 (69.3) | 20.6 (69.1) | 16.4 (61.5) | 12.7 (54.9) | 7.6 (45.7) | 4.6 (40.3) | 11.9 (53.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) | 0.2 (32.4) | 2.6 (36.7) | 5.0 (41.0) | 9.0 (48.2) | 12.6 (54.7) | 14.4 (57.9) | 14.2 (57.6) | 10.7 (51.3) | 8.1 (46.6) | 3.7 (38.7) | 1.1 (34.0) | 6.9 (44.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −25.6 (−14.1) | −22.5 (−8.5) | −13.9 (7.0) | −7.4 (18.7) | −3.9 (25.0) | −0.6 (30.9) | 2.9 (37.2) | 1.1 (34.0) | −2.6 (27.3) | −6.2 (20.8) | −10.6 (12.9) | −18.6 (−1.5) | −25.6 (−14.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 38.3 (1.51) | 30.3 (1.19) | 33.9 (1.33) | 55.0 (2.17) | 81.5 (3.21) | 80.8 (3.18) | 77.2 (3.04) | 72.8 (2.87) | 70.3 (2.77) | 76.2 (3.00) | 73.0 (2.87) | 39.0 (1.54) | 728.3 (28.67) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.8 | 7.0 | 7.1 | 9.2 | 10.1 | 8.8 | 7.8 | 7.6 | 7.5 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 7.6 | 97.9 |
| Average snowy days | 5.1 | 5.8 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 4.6 | 20.5 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 81 | 78 | 73 | 71 | 72 | 72 | 68 | 71 | 75 | 80 | 81 | 83 | 75.4 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 81.4 | 108.6 | 162.3 | 186.2 | 213.7 | 240.7 | 275.1 | 259.1 | 193.2 | 134.7 | 87.6 | 75.8 | 2,018.4 |
| Source 1: Météo France ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity, 1961–1990) ||||||||||||||

## Sport

The city's football club AS Saint-Étienne has won the Ligue 1 title a joint-record ten times, achieving most of their success in the 1970s. The British indie-dance band Saint Etienne named themselves after the club.
Saint-Étienne has many sports stadiums, the largest being Stade Geoffroy-Guichard used for football and Stade Henri-Lux for athletics. St. Étienne was the capital of the French bicycle industry. The bicycle wheel manufacturer Mavic is based in the city and frame manufacturers Motobécane and Vitus are also based here. The city often hosts a stage of the Tour de France.
Saint-Étienne resident Thierry Gueorgiou is a world champion in orienteering. The local rugby union team is CA Saint-Étienne Loire Sud Rugby.

## Transport

The nearest airport is Saint-Étienne–Bouthéon Airport which is located in Andrézieux-Bouthéon, 12 km (7.46 mi) north-northwest of Saint-Étienne. The main railway station is Saint-Étienne-Châteaucreux station, which offers high-speed services to Paris and Lyon (Saint-Étienne–Lyon railway), as well as connects to several regional lines. There are four other railway stations in Saint-Étienne (Bellevue, Carnot, La Terrasse and Le Clapier) with local services.
Saint-Étienne is also notable for its tramway (Saint-Étienne tramway) – which uniquely with Lille, it kept throughout the 20th century – and its trolleybus system (Saint-Étienne trolleybus system) – which is one of only three such systems currently operating in France.
Bus and tram transport is regulated and provided by the Société de Transports de l'Agglomération Stéphanoise (STAS), a public transport executive organisation.
The bicycle sharing system Vélivert with 280 short term renting bicycles has been available since June 2010.

## Colleges and universities

* Jean Monnet University
* École d'Économie - Saint-Étienne School of Economics (SE²)
* École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Étienne (EMSE or ENSMSE)
* École nationale d'ingénieurs de Saint-Étienne (ENISE)
* Telecom Saint Étienne (TSE)
* EMLYON Business School
* ENSASE (École National Supérieure d'Architecture de Saint-Étienne)

## Notable people

Saint-Étienne was the birthplace of:
* René Diaz (born 1926), French journalist and illustrator
* Augustin Dupré (1748–1833), engraver of French coins and medals, France's 14th graveur général des monnaies
* Claude Fauriel (1772–1844), historian, philologist and critic
* Saint Marcellin Champagnat (1789–1840), Catholic priest and founding members of the Society of Mary (Marist Fathers) who founded the Marist Brothers and was canonised in 1999
* Antonin Moine (1796–1849), sculptor
* Jules Janin (1804–1874), writer and critic
* Paul Jean Rigollot (1810-1873), pharmacist and inventor
* Francis Garnier (1839–1873), officer and explorer who explored the Mekong River, much to the surprise of the inhabitants
* Lucie Grange (1839–1908), medium, feminist prophet and newspaper founder
* Jules Massenet (1842–1912), composer, best known for his operas
* Paul de Vivie, aka Velocio (1853–1930), publisher of Le Cycliste, early champion of the dérailleur and father of French cycle touring
* Claudine Chomat (1915–1995), feminist and communist activist, member of the French Resistance during World War II
* Jean Bonfils (1921–2007), classical organist and composer
* André Bourgey (1936), geographer
* Jean-Michel Othoniel (1963), contemporary artist
* Bernard Lavilliers (born 1946) (Bernard Ouillon), singer
* Orlan (1947–), contemporary artist
* Willy Sagnol (born 1977), French International football player
* Jean Guitton (1901–1999), Catholic philosopher and theologian
* Thierry Gueorgiou (born 1979), Orienteering world champion
* Norma Ray (born 1970), singer
* Alexis Ajinça (born 1988), basketball player
* Sylvain Armand (born 1980), footballer
* Sliimy (born 1988), singer
* Aravane Rezai (born 1987), tennis player
* Loïc Perrin (born 1985), footballer
* Théophile Naël (born 2007), racing driver
It was also the place where Andrei Kivilev died.

## International relations

Saint-Étienne is twinned with:
| Annaba, Algeria, since 1982 Ben Arous, Tunisia, since 1994 Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, since 2009 Coventry, United Kingdom, since 1955 Des Moines, Iowa, United States, since 1984 Ferrara, Italy, since 1960 Geltendorf, Germany, since 1966 Granby, Quebec, Canada, since 1960 Katowice, Poland, since 1994 | Luhansk, Ukraine, since 1959 Monastir, Tunisia, since 2012 Oeiras, Portugal, since 1995 Patras, Greece, since 1990 Toamasina, Madagascar, since 1967 Windsor, Ontario, Canada, since 1963 Wuppertal, Germany, since 1960 Xúzhōu, China, since 1984 Kapan, Armenia, since 2023 Yerevan, Armenia, since 2023 |