OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Parkhomivka, Kharkiv Oblast

Parkhomivka (Ukrainian: Пархомівка) is a village in Bohodukhiv Raion, Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine. It belongs to Krasnokutsk settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. The village has a population of 3,679.
Until 18 July 2020, Parkhomivka belonged to Krasnokutsk Raion. The raion was abolished in July 2020 as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Kharkiv Oblast to seven. The area of Krasnokutsk Raion was merged into Bohodukhiv Raion.
# Stirtonia curvata

Stirtonia curvata is a species of crustose lichen belonging to the family Arthoniaceae. It was formally described as a new species in 2009 based on specimens collected from Indonesia.

## Taxonomy

Stirtonia curvata was described by the Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot from specimens collected by Willem Vink in 1959 near Manokwari in Irian Jaya, Indonesia. The species epithet curvata refers to the often curved shape of its ascospores. The genus Stirtonia includes lichens with distinctive ascigerous areas that lack a true hymenium, have round asci, and thick-walled, septate ascospores.

## Description

Stirtonia curvata has a crustose, smooth thallus that spreads over an area up to about 5 cm in diameter. It is typically whitish-yellow to brownish, thin (less than 0.1 mm), and somewhat shiny in appearance. The thallus contains calcium oxalate crystals, detectable under the microscope.
The ascigerous areas, where the reproductive structures are located, appear as angular or linear zones, branched or unbranched, slightly raised above the thallus surface, and typically measure 0.1–0.2 mm wide by up to 1 mm long. They are white, slightly fibrous (byssoid), and reveal distinct reddish-brown or black dots when abraded. No algal cells are found within these reproductive zones.
Microscopically, the asci are oval-shaped, with each typically containing four to eight ascospores. The ascospores themselves are ellipsoid, measuring 35–55 μm long by 12–19 μm wide, with 7–11 transverse septa, frequently presenting a curved shape. They have thick cell walls and septa, each over 1 μm thick. When stained with iodine (the IKI test), the lower portions and the area surrounding the asci turn blue, while the upper portions react with a violet coloration.
Chemically, S. curvata contains perlatolic acid, and the thallus does not react to standard chemical spot tests (C−, Pd−, K−, UV−).

## Habitat and distribution

This lichen species is found on tree bark in lowland tropical areas. Its documented distribution includes Western New Guinea and Java, Indonesia. It grows at low elevations (around 2 meters above sea level), indicating a preference for humid, tropical environments. Given its limited records, it is considered to be locally rare or at least infrequently collected.
# What This Could Be

"What This Could Be" is a song by American singer-songwriter Joe Jonas. It was released as the second single from his upcoming second studio album, Music for People Who Believe in Love, on October 4, 2024.

## Background

On September 24, 2024, Jonas announced that "What This Could Be" was set to be released on October 4, serving as the second single from the album.

## Composition and lyrics

The song was described by People as featuring "guitar echoes over a soft beat and cinematic strings with the emotional lyrics".

## Promotion

The song was released as the second single from Jonas' upcoming sophomore album, Music for People Who Believe in Love. Like with the previous single, "What This Could Be" was accompanied by the release of its lyric video.

## Credits and personnel

* Joe Jonas – vocals, songwriting
* Dan Nigro – songwriting, production
* Leslie Feist – songwriting

## Release history

Release history for "What This Could Be" :
| Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| Various | October 4, 2024 | Digital downloadstreaming | Republic | |
# Jabbul

This page is subject to the extended confirmed restriction related to the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Jabbul (Arabic: جبول), is a depopulated former Palestinian Arab village located 7 km north of Baysan. During Operation Gideon, the village was occupied by the Golani Brigade.

## Location

Jabbul stood on a hill on the edge of the Baysan Valley, overlooking Wadi Yubla to the southwest. Wadi al-Ashsha ran through its land in the south. A secondary road linked it to the Baysan - Jericho highway, and other roads connected it to the surrounding villages.

## History

The site was probably known in Roman times as Gebul or, more likely, as Gebula. Roman and Byzantine ceramic remains have been found here. The Crusaders also referred to it as Gebul, which may have been derived from the Hebrew word for "boundary".

### Ottoman era

In 1596, Jabbul was a farm that paid taxes to the government.
In 1882, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine described the village as being situated on low ground and was built of stone and adobe.

### British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the Mandatory Palestine authorities, Jabul had a population of 231; 1 Christian and 230 Muslims, decreasing slightly in the 1931 census to 218, all Muslims, in 50 houses.
The village had a circular plan, with houses radiating out from the village center. The houses were surrounded by farmlands. The entire population was Muslim, and the village had a small mosque with a domed shrine which stood at the south of the houses. The village also had a number of shops, however, it mostly relied on Baysan and the village of Kawkab al-Hawa for education, medical care, trade and other services. A spring to the east of the village supplied them with water.
In the 1945 statistics, the village had 250 Muslim inhabitants, and a total of 4,367 dunums was allocated to cereals, 5 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards. The elevated lands around the village were used for grazing, while 33 were built-up (urban) land.

### 1948, and after

On 7 June 1948, a platoon of Barak troops, commanded by Yitzhak Shusterman raided the village along with others in the area. The troops arrived by bus and took up position on a high point on the outskirts of the village and lobbed a few two-inch mortar rounds into its centre and then moved in and searched it. The troops encountered harvesters who ran off and "[...] opened fire but hit no [one]". Arabs also fled from the village itself and the platoon "burned their crops and set alight several houses".
In September 1948, Nahum Hurwitz of Kfar Gil'adi appealed in a letter for permission to destroy Jabbul, Kawkab al-Hawa, al-Bira and al-Hamidiyya in the area for fear that they may be used by Arabs for military operations and to enable them to "take the village's lands, because the Arabs won't be able to return there".
Walid Khalidi described the remaining structures of the village in 1992:
   "The houses have been reduced to rubble and are overgrown with trees, thorns, and wild grass. The land around the site is cultivated."
# OpenRCT2

OpenRCT2 is a construction and management simulation video game that simulates amusement park management. It is a free and open-source re-implementation and expansion of the 2002 video game RollerCoaster Tycoon 2. In order to create an accurate clone of RollerCoaster Tycoon 2, the game was incrementally written in the platform-independent C programming language. In addition to various gameplay changes, the developers fixed a number of bugs and issues that were in the original game.

## Gameplay

As a re-implementation, OpenRCT2 requires a copy of the original game or the "Classic" re-release to already be installed on the computer. The gameplay of OpenRCT2 is, by nature of the project, very similar to the original RollerCoaster Tycoon 2 game upon which it is based. However, the re-implementation features a number of changes:
* Fast-forward mode
* Multiplayer support
* Support for high-definition resolutions.
* Support for higher framerates.
* Support for content from the original RollerCoaster Tycoon, such as scenarios.
* Increased previous software limits on parks, such as scenery availability.
* Options to exceed or tweak restrictions such as height clearance.
* Optional early victory conditions, should goals be met before time runs out.
* Improvements to pathfinding AI
* Cheats

## Development

Development of the game was started on April 2, 2014, by Ted "IntelOrca" John, and was continued by 250 other contributors.
In 2019, the game was brought to custom firmware Nintendo Switch systems by modder rsn8887 as a homebrew game, including touchscreen support.
A major update in 2022 allowed the game to use RollerCoaster Tycoon Classic (an official port of the original games) as a base install path.
In May 2023, Allister Brimble, the theme composer for the first two RollerCoaster Tycoon games, composed a new theme song for OpenRCT2. Commissioned by the YouTuber Deurklink, the song was paid for by his Patreon subscribers, in what he said was a community-funded effort. The theme was added to a game in a September 2023 update, which also added new main menu backgrounds selected through a contest. The same update also allowed for camera and UI frame rates to be unlocked from the previous 40 Hz limit.

## Reception

PC Gamer praised the increased scope for creativity with the new toolset, adding: "you can build the park of your dreams with coasters that no sane person who values their intestines would think about riding. It’s a great way to return to such a wonderful classic PC game." Vice noted that OpenRCT2 "allows players much greater freedom in what they are able to build." Kotaku Australia pointed out that OpenRCT2 allows RollerCoaster Tycoon 2 to run on modern systems "just fine", and features multiplayer support, weakening the incentive to purchase the later released RollerCoaster Tycoon Classic.
In 2020, Nerdist suggested OpenRCT2 among other stress-relieving games to play during the COVID-19 pandemic.
# Xingu corydoras

The Xingu corydoras (Corydoras xinguensis) is a tropical freshwater fish belonging to the subfamily Corydoradinae of the family Callichthyidae. It originates in inland waters in South America, and is found in the upper Xingu River basin in Brazil. It is named for the river in which it is found. In the system of "C-Numbers" developed by the German fishkeeping magazine DATZ to identify undescribed species of Corydoras in the aquarium hobby, this fish had been assigned numbers "C55", "C105", "C106", "C107", and "C108" until these were correctly identified.
The fish will grow in length up to 1.5 inches (3.8 centimeters). It lives in a tropical climate in water with a 6.0–8.0 pH, a water hardness of 2–25 dGH, and a temperature range of 72–79 °F (22–26 °C). It feeds on worms, benthic crustaceans, insects, and plant matter. It lays eggs in dense vegetation and adults do not guard the eggs.
The Xingu corydoras is of commercial importance in the aquarium trade industry.
As they mature they develop a pinkish tinge to their main body colouration which is broken by brown speckles.
# Fairburn Agate

The Fairburn Agate is a type of gemstone found in the agate beds of Southwestern South Dakota and Northwestern Nebraska. It is also the state gemstone of South Dakota. Fairburns are characterized from other types of agate by their colors and the shape of the bands.

## Distinction

Fairburns, like other types of agate, are composed of concentric layers of cryptocrystalline chalcedony colorized by different trace minerals. However, fortification banding distinguishes fairburns from other agate types. Fortification banding means that the concentric layers have sharp changes in direction which cause the bands to form angles in ways which are especially distinguishable from other agate types. Mainly, no other agate type forms these patterns.

## Formation

The genesis of fairburn agates is debated and not fully understood; however, two theories are most accepted.

### Theory 1

Fairburn formation takes place in sedimentary limestone, where calcite inside the limestone is replaced by silicon-dioxide or silicic acid over time in a high-pressure, micropourous environment. In this theory, bands of agate form from the inside of the agate outwards.

### Theory 2

The agates are created by heat and pressure filling cavities in igneous rock with layers of silica, over time. The first layer of silica lines the inside of the cavity and crystallizes. Then, during another geologic event, a different set of minerals and silica form on top of these layers, essentially forming the layers from the outside in, explaining why some agates have cavities in the center. These agates are incomplete and have not been fully filled with silica.

### Widely accepted facts

Colors found in the bands are created by trace amounts of minerals such as iron oxide, hematite, goethite, magnetite, and other oxidated minerals. These materials mixed with the silica and were included in the crystallization during formation, giving the layers of cryptocrystalline quartz their color.

### Formation location

It is suspected that fairburn agates originated in or near the Black Hills of Eastern Wyoming and Western South Dakota, were exposed due to erosion, and were carried into agate beds downstream. It is also possible they formed at the site where they lie and were washed free of dirt and limestone debris by wind and weather. However, the former is more plausible than the latter.

## Cultural significance

Fairburns, as well as other types of agates, are collected by geologists and other interested individuals for pleasure or use in jewelry or lapidary artwork. Yearly conventions are held in places such as Crawford, Nebraska, for collectors to exchange rocks and socialize with other collectors. Often during erosion, agates were broken in half. These festivals and conventions give collectors a chance to find the missing half of an agate they found.
The fairburn was designated as the state gemstone of South Dakota as of February 11, 1966, due to its prominence in the region and cultural impact with regard to collecting and decoration.
# Albert Schweitzer (train)

The Albert Schweitzer was a short-lived express train that linked Dortmund Hbf in Dortmund, Germany, with Strasbourg-Ville in Strasbourg, France. Introduced in 1980, it was operated by the Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB) and the SNCF.
The train was named after Albert Schweitzer (1875–1965), a German and then French theologian, organist, philosopher, physician, and medical missionary, who was born in the province of Alsace-Lorraine and educated partly in Strasbourg.
The Albert Schweitzer was a first-class-only Trans Europ Express (TEE) and operated on Mondays to Fridays only. It was intended mainly to provide transport between Bonn, then the capital of West Germany, and the European Parliament in Strasbourg. It was discontinued in 1983.

## Route and timetable

* Dortmund Hbf – Essen – Düsseldorf – Cologne (Köln) – Bonn – Darmstadt – Heidelberg – Karlsruhe – Strasbourg-Ville
The southbound train (TEE 9) was scheduled to depart from Dortmund at 6:35 and arrive in Strasbourg at 11:48. The northbound train (TEE 8) was scheduled to leave Strasbourg at 16:43 and reach Dortmund at 21:52.

## Formation (consist)

The train's coaches were all from German Federal Railways (DB) and included a separate restaurant car, operated by the German Sleeper and Dining Car Company (in German: Deutsche Schlafwagen- und Speisewagen-Gesellschaft, or DSG). Throughout its route, the train was hauled by electric locomotives, from DB within Germany and from SNCF within France.

## EC Albert Schweitzer

In June 2001, a EuroCity service was introduced with the name Albert Schweitzer, linking Frankfurt with Lyon via Strasbourg. In late 2002, the route was altered at its east end to originate and terminate in Stuttgart instead of Frankfurt. The EC Albert Schweitzer was still serving this route, Stuttgart – Strasbourg – Lyon (and vice versa), in summer 2003, but in September 2003 SNCF discontinued use of train names generally, and this EC service became unnamed.
# Lolita (Italian singer)

Graziella Franchini (5 January 1950 – 27 April 1986), better known as Lolita, was an Italian pop singer.

## Life and career

Born in Castagnaro, Lolita won several music festivals, including the Pesaro Music Festival [it] and the Italian Song Festival of Zurich [it]. She first became known in 1969, thanks to her participation to the Festival di Napoli, where she was finalist with two songs, and to the RAI musical show Settevoci, where she launched her hit "Come le rose".
In the following years Lolita took part in some of the most important musical events in Italy, including Un disco per l'estate and the 23rd edition of the Sanremo Music Festival.
With her career declining in the second half of the 1980s, she moved to Lamezia Terme, where she continued to perform in live events achieving some local success. The night of 27 April 1986 she had to attend a musical event but did not show up; she was found dead the following morning, murdered by stabbing, and with her body disfigured in several parts. The crime remains unsolved.
# Lake Village Airport

Lake Village Airport (FAA LID: C98) is a public-use airport located one mile (1.6 km) northwest of the central business district of Lake Village, in Newton County, Indiana, United States. The CTAF for the Airport is 122.9. This airport is privately owned by Michael Steinle.

## Facilities

Lake Village Airport covers an area of 27 acres (11 ha) which contains one runway:
* Runway 18/36: 2,500 x 140 ft (762 x 43 m), Surface: Turf
* Runway 18/36 is a 90' wide grass strip paralleled by a 38' wide asphalt surface.
* Runway 18/36 has pilot controlled runway lights and can be turned on using the CTAF 122.9
* There is a 1000' overrun on the north end of the runway that clears all trees on the approach and departure path. The first 500' of the overrun to the north of the runway is level enough to land or roll out on in the event of an emergency.
The Lake Village Aero Service FBO is a shop that does annual aircraft inspections and fabric recovery, as well as major repairs to airframe and powerplant.
# Cittabhumi

The early Buddhist thinkers emphasised the unitary nature of the mind. The Sarvastivadins in order to explain the unity of the mind described the mind as a ground or base which they called Cittabhumi. They rejected the realm of unconsciousness, alaya-vijnana, postulated by the Yogacarins of Mahayana Buddhism who believed that from the realm of unconsciousness arose the conscious mind and the objects. But the Sarvastivadins recognised five types of Cittabhumi from which psychological phenomenon arose.
Citta i.e. the mind, that alongside Manas, Buddhi and Ahamkara is an internal organ, whose function is recollection, constituted by three Gunas viz Sattva, Rajas and Tamas, reflects the self in accordance with any one of its modified states, vritti, which are Pramāṇa with its three kinds of cognition – perception, inference and verbal testimony, Vikalpa which is mere verbal idea caused by meaningless words, Viparyaya which is knowledge of things as they are not, Nidra or dreamless sleep and Smrti or memory. These reflections result in the self being afflicted by Klesas – Avidya (wrong or false knowledge), Asmita (false notion or perception), Raga (attachment), Dvea (aversion), and Abhnivesha (fear of death). Thus, the mind may remain in five different levels which mental levels or functions or stages, five in number, are known as Cittabhumi These five stages of the mind, as defined by Vyasa, are:-
    • Ksipta or distracted. The distracted mind being overpowered by Rajas is extremely unsteady unable to concentrate or decide, and is the source of pleasure or pain.
    • Mudha or infatuated. The infatuated mind being overpowered by Tamas succumbs to commit unrighteous acts influenced by violent emotions.
    • Viksipta or occasionally steady. The occasionally steady mind, unsteady for most part, influenced by Sattva is able to withdraw itself from painful objects and become fixed on pleasurable objects.
    • Ekagra or one-pointed. The one-pointed mind influenced by pure Sattva is able to withdraw from all objects i.e. totally introverted, to remain focussed on one object.
    • Niruddha or restrained. The restrained mind also influenced by pure Sattva arrests all mental functions i.e. there is complete suspension of all mental modes and sub-conscious dispositions.
The first three afore-mentioned stages of mind are unfit for concentration for they are attended by mental modes. Yoga is not possible in these conditions. Ordinary people live on the level of Ksipta or Mudha.
The last two mentioned stages are conducive to yoga and for Samadhi. Ekagra stage is also called Sampramata yoga in which the mind assumes the form of the object itself. Niruddha stage is known as Samprajnata yoga or Samadhi in which nothing is known or thought of by the mind. In the Yoga system Buddhi (intellect), Ahamkara (ego) and Indriyas (senses) are often called Citta.
# Ida Maclean

Ida Maclean (nee Smedley; 14 June 1877 – 2 March 1944) was an English biochemist and the first woman admitted to the London Chemical Society.

## Early life and education

Ida was born in Birmingham to William Smedley, a businessman, and Annie Elizabeth Duckworth. She was taught by her mother at home until the age of nine and lived in "a cultured and progressive home". She was educated at King Edward VI High School for Girls, Birmingham from 1886 to 1896, when she won a scholarship and began her studies at Newnham College, Cambridge. In the university's Natural Sciences Tripos she got a first class in part one and a second class in part two, studying chemistry and physiology. After a two-year break, holding a Bathurst scholarship, in 1901 she undertook postgraduate research at the Central Technical College in London and later at the Royal Institution's Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory. The University of London awarded her a D.Sc. in 1905.

## Academic career

In 1906 Maclean became an assistant lecturer in at the chemistry department of Manchester University, the department's first woman staff member. She taught there until 1910, as well as acting as a demonstrator in the women students' laboratories and researching the optical properties of organic compounds. In 1910, supported by one of the first Beit fellowships, she began her work in biochemistry at the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, receiving the American Association of University Women's Ellen Richards prize for her research. She married Hugh Maclean, a co-worker at the Lister Institute, on 28 March 1913; the couple had a son and a daughter. During World War I she worked at the Admiralty in areas such as gas warfare and the large-scale production of acetone by fermentation.
Between 1920 and 1941 Maclean published in the Biochemical Journal approximately thirty papers, many in collaboration, on her particular interests, namely the role of fatty acids in animals and the synthesis of fats from carbohydrates. In 1927 she co-authored with Hugh the second edition of his book The Lipins. She came to be regarded as an authority on biochemistry, and her 1943 monograph The Metabolism of Fat was the first published of Methuen's series Monographs on Biochemical Subjects.

## Women's rights

Maclean worked hard to improve the status of women in universities and was among the founders of the British Federation of University Women in 1907. Having been made a fellow of the Royal Institute of Chemistry in 1918, in 1920 she became the first woman to be formally admitted to the London Chemical Society. From 1931 to 1934 she was on the council of the London Chemical Society and from 1929 to 1935 she was president of the British Federation of University Women, which later named a research fellowship for women after her. From 1941 to 1944 she was on the women's appointments board of the University of Cambridge.

## Death

She died on 2 March 1944 at University College Hospital in London. Her body was cremated.