# Francisco Louçã

Francisco Anacleto Louçã (Portuguese pronunciation:; born 12 November 1956) is a Portuguese economist and politician.

## Biography

He is the second son of António Seixas Louçã, a Portuguese Navy Officer, and his wife Noémia da Rocha Neves Anacleto, lawyer, granddaughter of António Neves Anacleto, from Silves, brother of Isabel Maria, António, João Carlos and Jorge Manuel, and cousin of Vítor Gaspar, former Minister of Finances at the right winged Pedro Passos Coelho's government.
Louçã was an active opponent of the pre-democracy regime. He was arrested for a protest against the colonial war in 1972, before the fall of the dictatorship, which lasted in Portugal for about forty years and finished with the Carnation Revolution, (25 April 1974). In 1999, after pursuing his academic career, he helped found the left-wing party Left Bloc (Portuguese: Bloco de Esquerda).

## Career

He is a Full Professor of Economics in Lisbon's Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão (Direct Translation - "Higher Institute of Economics and Management", officially in English - "Lisbon School of Economics and Management"), which belongs to the University of Lisbon (formerly Technical University of Lisbon) and was a member of the Portuguese Parliament from 1999 to 2012.
He is the author of several books and scientific articles on the history of economic thought, the dynamics of complex adaptive systems and the nature of long-term techno-economic change, including "Turbulence in Economics" (Elgar, 1997), "As Time Goes By" (with Christopher Freeman, Oxford University Press, 2011 and 2002, translated into Portuguese, Chinese), "The Years of High Econometrics" (Routledge, 2007) and a number of papers in scientific journals in economics, mathematical physics, history of economic ideas, mathematical modeling of financial markets, history of biology. His scientific books are translated into eleven languages. In 1999 he was awarded the prize for the best scientific paper of the year, "History of Economics Association".
Candidate in the Portuguese 2006 presidential elections, Louçã received 288,224 votes (5.31%).
Francisco Louçã is one of the five personalities elected by the Assembly of the Republic to the Council of State on 18 December 2015, and he took office on 12 January 2016, serving until 2022. He is also the first (and so far only) member of Left Bloc to accede to this body.

## Electoral history
### Legislative election, 1991

Ballot: 6 October 1991 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− |
| | PSD | Aníbal Cavaco Silva | 2,902,351 | 50.6 | 135 | –13 |
| | PS | Jorge Sampaio | 1,670,758 | 29.1 | 72 | +12 |
| | CDU | Álvaro Cunhal | 504,583 | 8.8 | 17 | –14 |
| | CDS | Diogo Freitas do Amaral | 254,317 | 4.4 | 5 | +1 |
| | PSN | Manuel Sérgio | 96,096 | 1.6 | 1 | new |
| | PSR | Francisco Louçã | 64,159 | 1.1 | 0 | ±0 |
| | Other parties | Other parties | 132,495 | 2.3 | 0 | –7 |
| Blank/Invalid ballots | Blank/Invalid ballots | Blank/Invalid ballots | 110,672 | 1.9 | – | – |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 5,735,431 | 67.78 | 230 | –20 |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições |||||||

### Lisbon City Council election, 1997

Ballot: 14 December 1997 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− |
| | PS/CDU/UDP | João Soares | 165,072 | 51.9 | 10 | –1 |
| | PSD/CDS–PP | Ferreira do Amaral | 124,866 | 39.3 | 7 | +1 |
| | PSR/PXXI | Francisco Louçã | 8,315 | 2.6 | 0 | new |
| | PCTP/MRPP | – | 6,070 | 1.9 | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank/Invalid ballots | Blank/Invalid ballots | Blank/Invalid ballots | 13,799 | 4.3 | – | – |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 318,102 | 48.29 | 17 | ±0 |
| Source: Autárquicas 1997 |||||||

### Legislative election, 1999

Ballot: 10 October 1999 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− |
| | PS | António Guterres | 2,385,922 | 44.1 | 115 | +3 |
| | PSD | José Manuel Durão Barroso | 1,750,158 | 32.3 | 81 | –7 |
| | CDU | Carlos Carvalhas | 487,058 | 9.0 | 17 | +2 |
| | CDS–PP | Paulo Portas | 451,643 | 8.3 | 15 | ±0 |
| | BE | Francisco Louçã | 132,333 | 2.4 | 2 | new |
| | Other parties | Other parties | 99,842 | 1.8 | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank/Invalid ballots | Blank/Invalid ballots | Blank/Invalid ballots | 108,194 | 2.0 | – | – |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 5,415,102 | 61.02 | 230 | ±0 |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições |||||||

### Legislative election, 2002

Ballot: 17 March 2002 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− |
| | PSD | José Manuel Durão Barroso | 2,200,765 | 40.2 | 105 | +24 |
| | PS | Eduardo Ferro Rodrigues | 2,068,584 | 37.8 | 96 | –19 |
| | CDS–PP | Paulo Portas | 477,350 | 8.7 | 14 | –1 |
| | CDU | Carlos Carvalhas | 379,870 | 6.9 | 12 | –5 |
| | BE | Francisco Louçã | 153,877 | 2.8 | 3 | +1 |
| | Other parties | Other parties | 88,542 | 1.6 | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank/Invalid ballots | Blank/Invalid ballots | Blank/Invalid ballots | 107,774 | 2.0 | – | – |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 5,473,655 | 61.48 | 230 | ±0 |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições |||||||

### Legislative election, 2005

Ballot: 20 February 2005 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− |
| | PS | José Sócrates | 2,588,312 | 45.0 | 121 | +25 |
| | PSD | Pedro Santana Lopes | 1,653,425 | 28.8 | 75 | –30 |
| | CDU | Jerónimo de Sousa | 433,369 | 7.5 | 14 | +2 |
| | CDS–PP | Paulo Portas | 416,415 | 7.3 | 12 | –2 |
| | BE | Francisco Louçã | 364,971 | 6.4 | 8 | +5 |
| | Other parties | Other parties | 122,127 | 2.1 | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank/Invalid ballots | Blank/Invalid ballots | Blank/Invalid ballots | 169,052 | 2.9 | – | – |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 5,747,834 | 64.26 | 230 | ±0 |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições |||||||

### Presidential election, 2006

Ballot: 22 January 2006 :
| Candidate | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Aníbal Cavaco Silva | 2,773,431 | 50.5 |
| | Manuel Alegre | 1,138,297 | 20.7 |
| | Mário Soares | 785,355 | 14.3 |
| | Jerónimo de Sousa | 474,083 | 8.6 |
| | Francisco Louçã | 292,198 | 5.3 |
| | Garcia Pereira | 23,983 | 0.4 |
| Blank/Invalid ballots | Blank/Invalid ballots | 102,785 | – |
| Turnout | Turnout | 5,590,132 | 61.53 |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições ||||

### Legislative election, 2009

Ballot: 27 September 2009 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− |
| | PS | José Sócrates | 2,077,238 | 36.6 | 97 | –24 |
| | PSD | Manuela Ferreira Leite | 1,653,665 | 29.1 | 81 | +6 |
| | CDS–PP | Paulo Portas | 592,778 | 10.4 | 21 | +9 |
| | BE | Francisco Louçã | 557,306 | 9.8 | 16 | +8 |
| | CDU | Jerónimo de Sousa | 446,279 | 7.9 | 15 | +1 |
| | Other parties | Other parties | 178,012 | 3.1 | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank/Invalid ballots | Blank/Invalid ballots | Blank/Invalid ballots | 175,980 | 3.1 | – | – |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 5,681,258 | 59.68 | 230 | ±0 |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições |||||||

### Legislative election, 2011

Ballot: 5 June 2011 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | Seats | +/− |
| | PSD | Pedro Passos Coelho | 2,159,181 | 38.7 | 108 | +27 |
| | PS | José Sócrates | 1,566,347 | 28.0 | 74 | –23 |
| | CDS–PP | Paulo Portas | 653,888 | 11.7 | 24 | +3 |
| | CDU | Jerónimo de Sousa | 441,147 | 7.9 | 16 | +1 |
| | BE | Francisco Louçã | 288,923 | 5.2 | 8 | –8 |
| | PCTP/MRPP | Garcia Pereira | 62,610 | 1.1 | 0 | ±0 |
| | PAN | Paulo Borges | 57,995 | 1.0 | 0 | new |
| | Other parties | Other parties | 126,521 | 2.3 | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank/Invalid ballots | Blank/Invalid ballots | Blank/Invalid ballots | 228,017 | 4.1 | – | – |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 5,585,054 | 58.03 | 230 | ±0 |
| Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições |||||||