# Great British Railways

Great British Railways (GBR) is a planned state-owned railway company that is to oversee passenger rail transport in Great Britain, with the exception of Transport for London, Merseytravel, light rail and tram services. It will assume the existing responsibilities of Network Rail, to become the owner and manager of most railway infrastructure across Great Britain.
The publicly-owned body will be the long-term replacement for the privatised rail franchising system which lasted from 1996 until its effective abolition in 2021. All train operating companies will be taken into public ownership as their contracts expire and then folded into GBR, reunifying passenger services under one publicly-owned entity for the first time since the privatisation of British Rail. This will not include open-access operators, who will be able to continue running services on selected routes.
GBR will be headquartered in Derby.
In September 2024, the DfT set up Shadow Great British Railways to start the work of GBR prior to its legal establishment by Parliament.

## History

Great Britain's railway system was originally built and run by private companies, but it was nationalised by the Transport Act 1947 and was run from then onwards by British Railways (which traded as British Rail from 1965) until privatisation, which was begun in 1994 and completed in 1997. Infrastructure, passenger, and freight services were separated at that time. The infrastructure was privately owned and operated by Railtrack from 1994 to 2002, when it was renationalised and transferred to Network Rail. Goods (freight) services are operated by a number of companies, the descendants of those created during the 1990s privatisation.
During 2020, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, all passenger train operating companies (TOCs) entered into Emergency Recovery Measures Agreements with the UK and Scottish Governments. Normal passenger service franchise mechanisms were amended, transferring almost all revenue and cost risk to the government, effectively re-nationalising those services temporarily.
The new GBR organisation was proposed under the Williams–Shapps Rail Review, which was published as a white paper on 20 May 2021. The review had been launched in September 2018 and was led by Keith Williams.
A fortnight before the Williams–Shapps Plan for Rail was unveiled, the Department for Transport (DfT) gave notice of a £6.5 million contract for Deloitte up to February 2023 as its "strategic change delivery partner: rail reform programme".
Also in May 2021, Andrew Haines and Peter Hendy, who were the CEO and chairman of Network Rail respectively, were appointed to oversee the establishment of GBR.
In October 2022, Transport Secretary Anne-Marie Trevelyan announced that the Transport Bill, which would have set up GBR, would not go ahead in the current parliamentary session. In February 2023, Transport Secretary Mark Harper reaffirmed the government's commitment to GBR and rail reform. The 2023 King's speech announced the progression of a draft Rail Reform Bill which would enable the establishment of GBR, although it has not been timetabled in the parliamentary programme. Harper later told the Transport Select Committee that the legislation was unlikely to reach Royal Assent within the 2023–2024 parliamentary session.
Prior to the 2024 general election, the Labour Party confirmed that it would be seeking to bring railways into public ownership, while preserving the role of open-access operators. In the 2024 King's Speech, the new Labour government announced that GBR would be established by two bills in the current parliamentary session: the "Passenger Railway Services (Public Ownership) Bill", which will bring rail franchises into public ownership as their contracts expire, and the "Railways Bill", which will establish GBR to oversee the passenger and freight rail network. The first bill became law on 28 November 2024.
In September 2024, the government announced that the organisation would be created at first in "shadow" form, pending legislation to formally create it. The chief executives of DfT OLR Holdings (now called DfT Operator) and Network Rail and the Director General for Rail Services in the DfT have been tasked with running Shadow Great British Railways in order to "[work] in closer collaboration, bringing together track and train to deliver for passengers and freight users." On 3 October, Laura Shoaf, previously chief executive of the West Midlands Combined Authority, was appointed as chair of Shadow GBR.
In December 2024, it was announced that the first three train operating companies to be brought into public ownership as part of the government’s plan would be South Western Railway (May 2025), c2c (July 2025) and Greater Anglia (Autumn 2025), as operators' contracts reach either their end date or the date that DfT can exercise a break clause.

## Headquarters

The government promised to base the organisation outside London to promote economic growth and skills in a region outside the capital. In February 2022, the DfT launched a public consultation for the location of GBR's headquarters. In total, 42 towns and cities submitted expressions of interest.
A shortlist comprising Birmingham, Crewe, Derby, Doncaster, Newcastle upon Tyne, and York was announced in July 2022, using the following criteria: alignment with "levelling up" objectives; connected and easy to get to; opportunities for GBR; railway heritage and links to the network; value for money; and public support. A public vote was held following the announcement.
In March 2023, then Transport Secretary Mark Harper announced Derby as the headquarters location.

## Scope and powers

Great British Railways is planned to operate in the existing areas of Network Rail, i.e. England, Scotland and Wales. Northern Ireland – where the railway is already operated by the vertically integrated and wholly state-owned NI Railways – was explicitly excluded from the scope of the Plan for Rail, and rail is not a reserved matter in Northern Ireland.$^{:25}$
GBR's powers were unconfirmed as of April 2023. However, the Williams-Shapps Plan for Rail suggested that GBR would develop rail strategies, manage budgets and operations, own stations and infrastructure and manage the procurement of contracts.$^{:30}$ Transport Secretary Mark Harper said that the government would respond to consultation on those powers in summer 2023.
Under devolution, a number of powers relating to rail services are devolved to administrations in Scotland, Wales, London and Merseyside. According to the Plan for Rail, these powers will be unaffected. The Plan states that GBR will co-operate with devolved administrations, but that those administrations will need to work with GBR to improve consistency across the national network.
Under Network Rail, all stations are formally in public hands since 2014, but only 20 (mainly large termini and central stations) are managed directly by it. GBR will own all stations and most infrastructure in Great Britain. Existing leases of stations to devolved transport authorities will continue. Dedicated station management teams will be created within regional divisions of GBR to manage stations and land. GBR will develop masterplans for station renewal.

### Regions

GBR will be made up of five regional divisions, organised in line with Network Rail's 'Putting Passengers First' programme. Budgets and delivery will be held at the local level as well as at the national level. Regional divisions will manage concession contracts, stations, infrastructure, and local and regional budgets, integrate track and train, and integrate rail with local transport services.

### Plans under the Labour government (2024–present)

Following its victory in the 2024 general election, the Labour government of Keir Starmer confirmed that plans for the establishment of Great British Railways under the previous Conservative government would be largely implemented. Additionally, the new government also announced that passenger rail services which are currently run by franchised train operating companies would be returned to public ownership under the Passenger Railway Services (Public Ownership) Act, which received royal assent in November 2024. A separate Railways Bill providing for the establishment of GBR will be brought forward later in 2025, with the new body anticipated to be fully operational by late 2026.
Under the plans, GBR will absorb the functions of Network Rail to own and manage most railway infrastructure (stations, track and signalling). It will take over the activities of the Rail Delivery Group, as well as both the public sector DfT Operator and the 14 franchised train operating companies. GBR will carry out the functions of these organisations as one entity.
GBR will be responsible for the operational delivery of the railways. This will include delivering services; planning timetables; operation and maintenance of rolling stock; setting fares; and managing access to the network, including setting access charges for existing and future open access operators.

## Branding

GBR will use modified forms of British Rail's Double Arrow symbol and Rail Alphabet typeface – Rail Symbol 2 and Rail Alphabet 2 respectively – for its branding. The Williams-Shapps plan recommended that there will be a single, unifying brand for railways, and it is expected that this will be a gradual rebranding over time. English regions, Scotland, and Wales will have their own variants, but these will still emphasise the national nature of GBR. The white paper does not specify whether the branding of devolved railways such as London Overground and Merseyrail will be affected.