# Rutland

Rutland (/ˈrʌtlənd/) is a ceremonial county in the East Midlands of England. It borders Leicestershire to the north and west, Lincolnshire to the north-east, and Northamptonshire to the south-west. Oakham is the largest town and county town.
Rutland has an area of 382 km$^2$ (147 sq mi) and a population of 41,049, the second-smallest ceremonial county population after the City of London. The county is rural, and the only towns are Oakham (12,149) and Uppingham (4,745), both in the west of the county; the largest settlement in the east is the village of Ketton (1,926). For local government purposes Rutland is a unitary authority area. The county is the smallest of the historic counties of England.
The geography of Rutland is characterised by low, rolling hills, the highest of which is a 197 m (646 ft) point in Cold Overton Park. Rutland Water was created in the centre of the county in the 1970s; the reservoir is a nature reserve that serves as an overwintering site for wildfowl and a breeding site for ospreys.
There is little evidence of Prehistoric settlement in Rutland; however, a Roman mosaic and probable farming complex is located west of Ketton. The area was settled by the Angles from the 5th century and later formed part of the kingdom of Mercia. Rutland was first mentioned as a distinct county in 1179, and during the High Middle Ages much of it was forested and used as hunting grounds. The wool trade was important during the 16th century. The older buildings in the county are built from local limestone or ironstone, with many having roofs of Collyweston stone slate or thatch. Rutland's main industry is agriculture, and there is a limestone quarry near Ketton.

## History
### Etymology

Rutland is referred to as Roteland in the Domesday Book (completed in 1087). The name means "land belonging to Rōta", with Rōta being an Old English personal name, that meant 'the pleasant or cheerful one'.

### Early history – 1974

Earl of Rutland and Duke of Rutland are titles in the peerage of England held in the Manners family, derived from the historic county of Rutland. The Earl of Rutland was elevated to the status of Duke in 1703 and the titles were merged. The family seat is Belvoir Castle, Leicestershire.
The office of High Sheriff of Rutland was instituted in 1129, and there has been a Lord Lieutenant of Rutland since at least 1559. Oakham Castle was built c. 1180–1190 and is "one of the nation’s best-preserved Norman buildings" and is a Grade I listed building. By the time of the 19th century it had been divided into the hundreds of Alstoe, East Rutland, Martinsley, Oakham and Wrandike.
Rutland covered parts of three poor law unions and rural sanitary districts (RSDs): those of Oakham, Uppingham and Stamford. The registration county of Rutland contained the entirety of Oakham and Uppingham RSDs, which included several parishes in Leicestershire and Northamptonshire – the eastern part in Stamford RSD was included in the Lincolnshire registration county. Under the Poor Laws, Oakham Union workhouse was built in 1836–37 at a site to the north-east of the town, with room for 100 paupers. The building later operated as the Catmose Vale Hospital, and now forms part of the Oakham School.
In 1894 under the Local Government Act 1894 the rural sanitary districts were partitioned along county boundaries to form three rural districts. The part of Oakham and Uppingham RSDs in Rutland formed the Oakham Rural District and Uppingham Rural District, with the two parishes from Oakham RSD in Leicestershire becoming part of the Melton Mowbray Rural District, the nine parishes of Uppingham RSD in Leicestershire becoming the Hallaton Rural District, and the six parishes of Uppingham RSD in Northamptonshire becoming Gretton Rural District. Meanwhile, that part of Stamford RSD in Rutland became the Ketton Rural District.
Oakham Urban District was created from Oakham Rural District in 1911. It was subsequently abolished in 1974.

#### Plans for reorganisation

Rutland was included in the "East Midlands General Review Area" of the 1958–67 Local Government Commission for England. Draft recommendations would have seen Rutland split, with Ketton Rural District going along with Stamford to a new administrative county of Cambridgeshire, and the western part added to Leicestershire. The final proposals were less radical and instead proposed that Rutland become a single rural district within the administrative county of Leicestershire. There was fierce local opposition to the plans, with even the local Conservative Party branch campaigning against it; the campaign included successful publicity stunts such as mounting a pretend battleship called HMS Rutland on a lorry and shooting fireworks at the offices of Leicestershire County Council, where the commissioners were based.
On 1 August 1963, the Minister of Housing and Local Government, Sir Keith Joseph, announced that the proposed merger with Leicestershire would not be implemented citing Rutland's case as "unique", while the opposition alleged that cancelling the merger was a purely political consideration seeking to appease Tory voters in Rutland who did not want to see their county lose its status. Historian Alexander Hutton suggests that the 1962 by-elections in Orpington (where the Liberals successfully campaigned as a protest vote against local government reorganisation) and Leicester North East (where Conservative activists from Rutland and Leicestershire refused to campaign, instead endorsing the Liberals) caused the Conservative government to reverse their decision regarding Rutland.

### District of Leicestershire (1974–1997)

Rutland became a non-metropolitan district of Leicestershire under the Local Government Act 1972, which took effect on 1 April 1974. The original proposal was for Rutland to be merged with what is now the Melton borough, as Rutland did not meet the requirement of having a population of at least 40,000. The revised and implemented proposals allowed Rutland to be exempt from this.

### Unitary authority (1997–present)

In 1994, the Local Government Commission for England, which was conducting a structural review of English local government, recommended that Rutland become a unitary authority. This was implemented on 1 April 1997, when Rutland County Council became responsible for almost all local services in Rutland, with the exception of the Leicestershire Fire and Rescue Service and Leicestershire Police, which are run by joint boards with Leicestershire County Council and Leicester City Council. Rutland regained a separate lieutenancy and shrievalty, and thus also regained status as a ceremonial county.
Rutland was a postal county until the Royal Mail integrated it into the Leicestershire postal county in 1974. After a lengthy campaign, and despite counties no longer being required for postal purposes, the Royal Mail agreed to re-create a postal county of Rutland in 2007. This was achieved in January 2008 by amending the former postal county for all of the Oakham (LE15) post town and a small part of the Market Harborough (LE16) post town.

## Geography

The particular geology of the area has given its name to the Rutland Formation, which was formed from muds and sand carried down by rivers and occurring as bands of different colours, each with many fossil shells at the bottom. The formation has also preserved a well-preserved specimen of the sauropod dinosaur Cetiosaurus oxienensis at Great Casterton, currently on display at Leicester Museum & Art Gallery. At the bottom of the Rutland Formation is a bed of dirty white sandy silt. Under the Rutland Formation is a formation called the Lincolnshire limestone. The best exposure of this limestone (and also the Rutland Formation) is at the Ketton Cement Works quarry just outside Ketton.
Rutland is dominated by Rutland Water, a large artificial lake formerly known as "Empingham Reservoir", in the middle of the county, which is almost bisected by the Hambleton Peninsula. The west part is in the Vale of Catmose. Rutland Water, when construction started in 1971, became Europe's largest man-made lake; construction was completed in 1975, and filling the lake took a further four years. This has been voted Rutland's favourite tourist attraction.
The highest point of the county is at Cold Overton Park (historically part of Flitteriss Park) at 197 m (646 ft) above sea level close to the west border (OS Grid reference: SK8271708539). The lowest point is close to the east border, in secluded farmland at North Lodge Farm, northeast of Belmesthorpe, at just 17 m (56 feet) above sea level (OS Grid reference: TF056611122); this corner of the county is on the edge of The Fens and is drained by the West Glen.

### Rivers

* River Chater
* Eye Brook
* River Gwash
* River Welland

## Economy

There are 17,000 people of working age in Rutland, of which the highest percentage (30.8%) work in Public Administration, Education and Health, closely followed by 29.7% in Distribution, Hotels and Restaurants and 16.7% in Manufacturing industries. Significant employers include Lands' End in Oakham and the Ketton Cement Works. Other employers in Rutland include two Ministry of Defence bases – Kendrew Barracks (formerly RAF Cottesmore) and St George's Barracks (previously RAF North Luffenham), two public schools – Oakham and Uppingham – and one prison, Stocken. The former Ashwell prison closed at the end of March 2011 after a riot and government review but, having been purchased by Rutland County Council, has now been turned into Oakham Enterprise Park. The county used to supply iron ore to Corby steel works but these quarries closed in the 1960s and early 1970s resulting in the famous walk of "Sundew" (the Exton quarries' large walking dragline) from Exton to Corby, which even featured on the children's TV series Blue Peter. Agriculture thrives with much wheat farming on the rich soil. Tourism continues to grow.
The Ruddles Brewery was Langham's biggest industry until it was closed in 1997. Rutland bitter is one of only three UK beers to have achieved Protected Geographical Indication status; this followed an application by Ruddles. When Greene King, the owners of Ruddles, closed the Langham brewery it was unable to take advantage of the registration. However, in 2010 a Rutland Bitter was launched by Oakham's Grainstore Brewery.
It is 348th out of 354 on the Indices of Deprivation for England, showing it to be one of the least economically deprived areas in the country.
In March 2007, Rutland became only the fourth Fairtrade county.
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of the non-metropolitan county of Leicestershire and Rutland at current basic prices with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.
| Year | Regional gross value added | Agriculture | Industry | Services |
| 1995 | 6,666 | 145 | 2,763 | 3,758 |
| 2000 | 7,813 | 112 | 2,861 | 4,840 |
| 2003 | 9,509 | 142 | 3,045 | 6,321 |
^ includes hunting and forestry
^ includes energy and construction
^ includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured
^ Components may not sum to totals due to rounding.
As far as the NHS is concerned Rutland is generally treated as part of Leicestershire.

## Politics and subdivisions
### Rutland County Council

Rutland County Council is a unitary authority and is responsible for almost all local services in Rutland, with the exception of the Leicestershire Fire and Rescue Service and Leicestershire Police, which are run by joint boards with Leicestershire County Council and Leicester City Council.
Following the 2023 council elections, the Liberal Democrats emerged as the largest group and subsequently formed a cabinet led by Gale Waller.

### Wards

As of the May 2019 elections, there are 27 councillors representing 15 wards on Rutland County Council. They represent a mixture of one-, two- and three-person wards.
| Parliamentary constituency | Ward | Councillor | Party | Term of office |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Barleythorpe | David Blanksby | Independent | 2019–23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Barleythorpe | Sue Webb | Independent | 2019-23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Braunston & Martinsthorpe | Edward Baines | Conservative | 2019–23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Braunston & Martinsthorpe | William Cross | Conservative | 2019-23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Cottesmore | Samantha Harvey | Conservative | 2019-23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Cottesmore | Abigail McCartney | Liberal Democrats | 2019–23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Exton | June Fox | Conservative | 2016–23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Greetham | Nick Begy | Conservative | 2019-23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Ketton | Gordon Brown | Conservative | 2019-23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Ketton | Karen Payne | Conservative | 2019–23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Langham | Oliver Hemsley | Conservative | 2019-23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Lyddington | Andrew Brown | Independent | 2019-23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Normanton | Kenneth Bool | Conservative | 2019-23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Normanton | Gale Waller | Liberal Democrats | 2019-23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Oakham North East | Jeff Dale | Independent | 2019–23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Oakham North East | Alan Walters | Independent | 2019-23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Oakham North West | Paul Ainsley | Conservative | 2019–23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Oakham North West | Leah Toseland | Labour | 2021-23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Oakham South | Joanna Burrows | Liberal Democrats | 2019–23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Oakham South | Paul Browne | Liberal Democrats | 2022-23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Oakham South | Ray Payne | Liberal Democrats | 2022-23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Ryhall and Casterton | Richard Coleman | Conservative | 2019-23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Ryhall and Casterton | David Wilby | Conservative | 2019-23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Uppingham | Stephen Lambert | Liberal Democrats | 2022-23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Uppingham | Marc Oxley | Independent | 2019-23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Uppingham | Lucy Stephenson | Conservative | 2019–23 |
| Rutland and Melton constituency | Whissendine | Rosemary Powell | Independent | 2019-23 |

### Parliamentary constituency

Rutland formed a Parliamentary constituency on its own until 1918, when it became part of the Rutland and Stamford constituency, along with Stamford in Lincolnshire. From 1983 until 2024 it formed part of the Rutland and Melton constituency along with Melton borough and part of Harborough district from Leicestershire. Following the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, Rutland and Stamford was re-established for the 2024 general election.
As of the 2024 general election, Alicia Kearns of the Conservative Party is the member of parliament for Rutland and Stamford, having received 43.7% of the vote.

### Civil parishes

The county comprises 57 civil parishes, which range considerably in size and population, from Martinsthorpe (nil population) to Oakham (10,922 residents in the 2011 census).

## Demographics

The population in the 2011 Census was 37,369, a rise of 8% on the 2001 total of 34,563. The population saw a nearly 1% increase in the population at the 2021 Census with a recorded population of 41,049.
| Year | Population |
| 1831 | 19,380 |
| 1861 | 21,861 |
| 1871 | 22,073 |
| 1881 | 21,434 |
| 1891 | 20,659 |
| 1901 | 19,709 |
| 1991 | 33,228 |
| 2001 | 34,560 |
| 2011 | 37,400 |
| 2021 | 41.049 |
At the 2021 Census, the demographics for the county were recorded as follow:
Rutland had a recorded population of 41,049 at the 2021 census, an increase from the previous population recorded of 37,369 at the 2011 census and 34,563 at the 2001 census. In the 2021 Census, there was an estimated 21,072 men and 19,977 women living in Rutland.
The county had an ethnicity makeup at the 2021 Census of:
* 94.8% White - 38,909
* 1.5% Asian - 647
* 1.3% Black - 552
* 1.8% mixed - 744
* 0.5% other - 198
The county's religious makeup at the 2021 Census was:
* 55.4% Christianity - 22,728
* 37.1% no religion - 15,239
* 0.6% Islam - 258
* 0.2% Sikhism - 67
* 0.3% Hinduism - 125
* 0.4% Buddhism - 150
* 0.1% Judaism - 53
* 0.5% other - 201
* 5.4% not stated - ???
In 2006 it was reported that Rutland has the highest fertility rate of any English county – the average woman having 2.81 children, compared with only 1.67 in Tyne and Wear.
In December 2006, Sport England published a survey which revealed that residents of Rutland were the 6th most active in England in sports and other fitness activities. 27.4% of the population participate at least 3 times a week for 30 minutes.
In 2012, the well-being report by the Office for National Statistics found Rutland to be the "happiest county" in the mainland UK.

## Transport

A small part of the East Coast Main Line passes through Rutland's north-east corner, near Essendine. It was on this stretch that a train pulled by the locomotive Mallard set the world speed record for steam locomotives on 3 July 1938, with a speed of 125.55 mph (202.05 km/h).
Rutland was the last county in England without a direct rail service to London (apart from the Isle of Wight and several administrative counties which are unitary authorities). East Midlands Trains started running a single service from Oakham railway station to London St Pancras via Corby on 27 April 2009.
Through the Rutland Electric Car Project, Rutland was the first county to offer a county-wide public electric-vehicle charging network.

## In popular culture

Rutland's small size has led to a number of humorous references such as Rutland Weekend Television, a television comedy sketch series hosted by Eric Idle. The county is the supposed home of the parody rock band The Rutles, who first appeared on Rutland Weekend Television.
The events in several Peter F. Hamilton books (including Misspent Youth and Mindstar Rising) are situated in Rutland, where the author lives. Adam Croft is writing the Rutland crime series, beginning with What Lies Beneath (2020).
Rutland was the last county in England without a McDonald's restaurant. However, in January 2020 a planning application for a McDonald's restaurant on the outskirts of Oakham was approved by the County Council and the restaurant opened on 4 November 2020.

## Traditions

Rutland's traditions include:
* Letting of the Banks (Whissendine): The Banks are pasture land and the letting traditionally occurs in the third week of March
* Rush Bearing and Rush Strewing (Barrowden): Reeds are gathered in the church meadow on the eve of St Peter's Day and placed on the church floor (late June, early July)
* Uppingham Market was granted by Charter in 1281 by Edward I.
* According to tradition, any royalty or peers passing through Oakham must present a horseshoe to the Lord of the Manor of Oakham. The horseshoe has been Rutland's emblem for hundreds of years.

## Education

Rutland is home to many state and independent schools.
State schools include Catmose College, Uppingham Community College and Casterton College for secondary education and Harington School for sixth form.
Independent, fee-paying schools include Uppingham School and Oakham School, offering both secondary education and sixth form.

## Places of interest

* Barnsdale Gardens
* Lyddington Bede House
* Oakham Castle
* Rutland County Museum, Oakham
* Rutland Railway Museum, Ashwell
* Rutland Water
* Tolethorpe Hall
* The Viking Way
* Rutland Water Nature Reserve