# Table of specific heat capacities

The table of specific heat capacities gives the volumetric heat capacity as well as the specific heat capacity of some substances and engineering materials, and (when applicable) the molar heat capacity.
Generally, the most notable constant parameter is the volumetric heat capacity (at least for solids) which is around the value of 3 megajoule per cubic meter per kelvin:
$\rho c_{p}\simeq 3\,{\text{MJ}}/({\text{m}}^{3}{\cdot }{\text{K}})\quad {\text{(solid)}}$
Note that the especially high molar values, as for paraffin, gasoline, water and ammonia, result from calculating specific heats in terms of moles of molecules. If specific heat is expressed per mole of atoms for these substances, none of the constant-volume values exceed, to any large extent, the theoretical Dulong–Petit limit of 25 J⋅mol$^{−1}$⋅K$^{−1}$ = 3 R per mole of atoms (see the last column of this table). For example, Paraffin has very large molecules and thus a high heat capacity per mole, but as a substance it does not have remarkable heat capacity in terms of volume, mass, or atom-mol (which is just 1.41 R per mole of atoms, or less than half of most solids, in terms of heat capacity per atom). The Dulong–Petit limit also explains why dense substances, such as lead, which have very heavy atoms, rank very low in mass heat capacity.
In the last column, major departures of solids at standard temperatures from the Dulong–Petit law value of 3 R, are usually due to low atomic weight plus high bond strength (as in diamond) causing some vibration modes to have too much energy to be available to store thermal energy at the measured temperature. For gases, departure from 3 R per mole of atoms is generally due to two factors: (1) failure of the higher quantum-energy-spaced vibration modes in gas molecules to be excited at room temperature, and (2) loss of potential energy degree of freedom for small gas molecules, simply because most of their atoms are not bonded maximally in space to other atoms, as happens in many solids.
Table of specific heat capacities at 25 °C (298 K) unless otherwise noted. Notable minima and maxima are shown in maroon. :
| Substance | Phase | Isobaric mass heat capacity c$_P$ J⋅g$^{−1}$⋅K$^{−1}$ | Molar heat capacity, C$_{P,m}$ and C$_{V,m}$ J⋅mol$^{−1}$⋅K$^{−1}$ | Molar heat capacity, C$_{P,m}$ and C$_{V,m}$ J⋅mol$^{−1}$⋅K$^{−1}$ | Isobaric volumetric heat capacity C$_{P,v}$ J⋅cm$^{−3}$⋅K$^{−1}$ | Isochoric molar by atom heat capacity C$_{V,am}$ mol-atom$^{−1}$ |
| Substance | Phase | Isobaric mass heat capacity c$_P$ J⋅g$^{−1}$⋅K$^{−1}$ | Isobaric | Isochoric | Isobaric volumetric heat capacity C$_{P,v}$ J⋅cm$^{−3}$⋅K$^{−1}$ | Isochoric molar by atom heat capacity C$_{V,am}$ mol-atom$^{−1}$ |
| Air (Sea level, dry, 0 °C (273.15 K)) | gas | 1.0035 | 29.07 | 20.7643 | 0.001297 | |
| Air (typical room conditions$^A$) | gas | 1.012 | 29.19 | 20.85 | 0.00121 | |
| Aluminium | solid | 0.897 | 24.2 | | 2.422 | 2.91 R |
| Ammonia | liquid | 4.700 | 80.08 | | 3.263 | 3.21 R |
| Animal tissue (incl. human) | mixed | 3.5 | | | 3.7* | |
| Antimony | solid | 0.207 | 25.2 | | 1.386 | 3.03 R |
| Argon | gas | 0.5203 | 20.7862 | 12.4717 | | |
| Arsenic | solid | 0.328 | 24.6 | | 1.878 | 2.96 R |
| Beryllium | solid | 1.82 | 16.4 | | 3.367 | 1.97 R |
| Bismuth | solid | 0.123 | 25.7 | | 1.20 | 3.09 R |
| Cadmium | solid | 0.231 | 26.02 | | 2.00 | 3.13 R |
| Carbon dioxide CO$_2$ | gas | 0.839$^B$ | 36.94 | 28.46 | | |
| Chromium | solid | 0.449 | 23.35 | | 3.21 | 2.81 R |
| Copper | solid | 0.385 | 24.47 | | 3.45 | 2.94 R |
| Diamond | solid | 0.5091 | 6.115 | | 1.782 | 0.74 R |
| Ethanol | liquid | 2.44 | 112 | | 1.925 | |
| Gasoline (octane) | liquid | 2.22 | 228 | | 1.640 | |
| Glass | solid | 0.84 | | | 2.1 | |
| Gold | solid | 0.129 | 25.42 | | 2.492 | 3.05 R |
| Granite | solid | 0.790 | | | 2.17 | |
| Graphite | solid | 0.710 | 8.53 | | 1.534 | 1.03 R |
| Helium | gas | 5.1932 | 20.7862 | 12.4717 | | |
| Hydrogen | gas | 14.30 | 28.82 | | | |
| Hydrogen sulfide H$_2$S | gas | 1.015$^B$ | 34.60 | | | |
| Iron | solid | 0.449 | 25.09 | | 3.537 | 3.02 R |
| Lead | solid | 0.129 | 26.4 | | 1.440 | 3.18 R |
| Lithium | solid | 3.58 | 24.8 | | 1.912 | 2.98 R |
| Lithium at 181 °C | solid(?) | 4.233 | | | | |
| Lithium at 181 °C | liquid | 4.379 | 30.33 | | 2.242 | 3.65 R |
| Magnesium | solid | 1.02 | 24.9 | | 1.773 | 2.99 R |
| Mercury | liquid | 0.1395 | 27.98 | | 1.888 | 3.36 R |
| Methane at 2 °C | gas | 2.191 | 35.69 | | | |
| Methanol | liquid | 2.14 | | 68.62 | 1.695 | |
| Molten salt (142–540 °C) | liquid | 1.56 | | | 2.62 | |
| Nitrogen | gas | 1.040 | 29.12 | 20.8 | | |
| Neon | gas | 1.0301 | 20.7862 | 12.4717 | | |
| Oxygen | gas | 0.918 | 29.38 | 21.0 | | |
| Paraffin wax C$_{25}$H$_{52}$ | solid | 2.5 (avg) | 900 | | 2.325 | |
| Polyethylene (rotomolding grade) | solid | 2.3027 | | | 2.15 | |
| Silica (fused) | solid | 0.703 | 42.2 | | 1.547 | |
| Silver | solid | 0.233 | 24.9 | | 2.44 | 2.99 R |
| Sodium | solid | 1.230 | 28.23 | | 1.19 | 3.39 R |
| Steel | solid | 0.466 | | | 3.756 | |
| Tin | solid | 0.227 | 27.112 | | 1.659 | 3.26 R |
| Titanium | solid | 0.523 | 26.060 | | 2.6384 | 3.13 R |
| Tungsten | solid | 0.134 | 24.8 | | 2.58 | 2.98 R |
| Uranium | solid | 0.116 | 27.7 | | 2.216 | 3.33 R |
| Water at 100 °C (steam) | gas | 2.03 | 36.5 | 27.5 | 1.53 | |
| Water at 25 °C | liquid | 4.1816 | 75.34 | 74.55 | 4.138 | |
| Water at 100 °C | liquid | 4.216 | 75.95 | 67.9 | 3.77 | |
| Water at −10 °C (ice) | solid | 2.05 | 38.09 | | 1.938 | |
| Zinc | solid | 0.387 | 25.2 | | 2.76 | 3.03 R |
| Substance | Phase | Isobaric mass heat capacity c$_P$ J⋅g$^{−1}$⋅K$^{−1}$ | Isobaric molar heat capacity C$_{P,m}$ J⋅mol$^{−1}$⋅K$^{−1}$ | Isochore molar heat capacity C$_{V,m}$ J⋅mol$^{−1}$⋅K$^{−1}$ | Isobaric volumetric heat capacity C$_{P,v}$ J⋅cm$^{−3}$⋅K$^{−1}$ | Isochore atom-molar heat capacity in units of R C$_{V,am}$ atom-mol$^{−1}$ |
$^A$ Assuming an altitude of 194 metres above mean sea level (the worldwide median altitude of human habitation), an indoor temperature of 23 °C, a dewpoint of 9 °C (40.85% relative humidity), and 760 mmHg sea level–corrected barometric pressure (molar water vapor content = 1.16%).
$^B$ Calculated values
*Derived data by calculation. This is for water-rich tissues such as brain. The whole-body average figure for mammals is approximately 2.9 J⋅cm$^{−3}$⋅K$^{−1}$

## Mass heat capacity of building materials

(Usually of interest to builders and solar )
Mass heat capacity of building materials :
| Substance | Phase | c$_P$ J⋅g$^{−1}$⋅K$^{−1}$ |
| Asphalt | solid | 0.920 |
| Brick | solid | 0.840 |
| Concrete | solid | 0.880 |
| Glass, silica | liquid | 0.840 |
| Glass, crown | liquid | 0.670 |
| Glass, flint | liquid | 0.503 |
| Glass, borosilicate | liquid | 0.753 |
| Granite | solid | 0.790 |
| Gypsum | solid | 1.090 |
| Marble, mica | solid | 0.880 |
| Sand | solid | 0.835 |
| Soil | solid | 0.800 |
| Water | liquid | 4.1813 |
| Wood | solid | 1.7 (1.2 to 2.9) |
| Substance | Phase | c$_P$ J⋅g$^{−1}$⋅K$^{−1}$ |

## Human body

The specific heat of the human body calculated from the measured values of individual tissues is 2.98 kJ · kg−1 · °C−1. This is 17% lower than the earlier wider used one based on non measured values of 3.47 kJ · kg−1· °C−1. The contribution of the muscle to the specific heat of the body is approximately 47%, and the contribution of the fat and skin is approximately 24%. The specific heat of tissues range from ~0.7 kJ · kg−1 · °C−1 for tooth (enamel) to 4.2 kJ · kg−1 · °C−1 for eye (sclera).