OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Henry I. Kowalsky

Colonel Henry I. Kowalsky (August 16, 1859 - November 28, 1914) was a San Francisco defense attorney. He was employed by King Leopold II of Belgium as a lobbyist to the US government in favor of the Congo Free State. Kowalsky was known as "Colonel" without having ever been in the military. He earned the designation when he was appointed to, and served as, the Judge Advocate General for California Governor Robert Waterman.

## Biography

The fourth son of Levi and Fannie Kowalsky, Henry was born in Buffalo, New York on August 16, 1859. His family moved to San Francisco, California in 1866 to join his father who had been living in different areas around the state. Kowalsky attended Lincoln Grammar School in San Francisco until his graduation in 1874. His early attempt at business was short lived, selling his paper delivery route after only a few days of operation while still in school.
Kowalsky became the editor of a monthly magazine, originally called Our Boys Monthly Magazine, called Field and Fireside. Kowalsky's magazine became a success and he was praised for his leadership of the publication. It was discontinued, and he moved to Tomales, a small town in Marin County, California, and began working as a store clerk for his brother, Edward H. Kowalsky in 1872. Leaving the store in 1877, he and his brother became members of the United States Election Map Co., along with Henry C. Donnell and Charles S. Israel.

## King Leopold II controversy

Kowalsky sought out the friendship of the Belgian heir apparent, Prince Albert, during one of the Prince's trips to the United States. Through this friendship, Kowalsky was introduced to King Leopold II in December 1904.
King Leopold II was working to thwart negative press he was receiving in the United States, in regards to atrocities being committed in his personally owned Congo Free State. He needed someone with connections to the people who would shape the policy of the United States. The King hired Kowalsky with an annual retainer of 100,000 francs (over $2 million US in 2013 dollars). It seems however, that this new position raised the ire of Congo state officials already working in the US. After several months, Kowalsky gave them the ammunition they needed in order to work to remove him: getting into a fist fight with a creditor in open court. A year after signing it, the King let Kowalsky's hefty contract expire, embarrassing Kowalsky. He beseeched the King to reinstate it. As Kowalsky was becoming a burden, and an embarrassment to the Congo state, the King paid him off, reinstating the contract and adding 125,000 francs to go away quietly.
The payoff backfired, and for a week after December 10, 1906, newspapers across the country detailed the correspondence between Kowalsky, King Leopold II, and the Congo state. This was a dreadful turn of events for the King, leading directly to joint efforts between the United States and Great Britain to end his one-man rule in the Congo.
# Joe's Crab Shack

Joe's Crab Shack is an American chain of beach-themed seafood casual dining restaurants. Founded in Houston, Texas, the restaurant now operates locations all across the United States.

## History

The first Joe's Crab Shack location was opened in Houston, Texas, in 1991 by Richard K. Park and Ed Newman. Landry's Restaurants, Inc., purchased the original Joe's in Houston in early 1994 to convert it into a Landry's Restaurant. By 1995 the chain had grown to three locations in Houston and one in Dallas.
On November 17, 2006, Joe's was sold to J.H. Whitney & Company, a privately held company, operating as JCS Holdings, LLC. The sales price was $192 million including the assumption of liabilities of $225 million.
JCS Holdings changed their name to Ignite Restaurant Group in April 2009 and operated the 130 existing Joe's and 26 Brickhouse Tavern and Tap restaurants. Ignite Restaurant Group went public in 2012. The company was headquartered on Westpark Drive near the Westchase District of Houston.
In March 2016, the Joe's location in Roseville, MN, was criticized for including a photo of the Texas execution by hanging of Joseph Burleson, a black man convicted of murder, as table decor. The photo included a cartoon bubble reading "All I said was that I didn't like the gumbo." The use of the photo was condemned by the NAACP and the city of Roseville. A spokesman for Joe's Crab Shack apologized. This restaurant along with others has since been closed when Ignite Restaurant Group filed bankruptcy in 2017.
Ignite Restaurant Group filed for bankruptcy protection on June 6, 2017, and was re-acquired by Landry's, Inc., in August 2017 at bankruptcy auction for $57 million.
In August 2017, the chain closed 40 locations in several states amid bankruptcy proceedings as Landry's prepared to take over. Landry's has plans to re-focus the chain, and then to grow it again.
As of May 2021, the chain operated 44 locations in 18 states.
As of November 2023, the chain had decreased its operations to 30 locations in 12 states.
# Darby Lloyd Rains

Darby Lloyd Rains (born November 20, 1947) is a former adult film actress who was prolific during the golden age of pornography. She is a member of the XRCO Hall of Fame as a "film pioneer".

## Career

Darby Lloyd Rains's early work in the 1970's was in 16mm silent adult film loops, and she appeared as an uncredited stripper in the 1971 film The French Connection. Lloyd Rains is best known for her roles in sexploitation and pornographic feature films such as Memories Within Miss Aggie, The Private Afternoons of Pamela Mann and Naked Came the Stranger. She has been described as "ruling over half of the pornographic film production (good, bad or terrible) of the time", "one of the very first porn stars", and "perhaps the prettiest, most unlikely-looking of the sex vets". After her on screen career was over she worked on set and in production for other adult films. Additionally, after she left acting she worked on a film with Joe Negroni, and would later work with Sandy Fox to form a talent agency in New York City. She identifies as bisexual.

## Partial filmography

* This Film Is All About '....' (1970) directed by Gerard Damiano
* Sex USA (1970) directed by Gerard Damiano
* Dark Dreams (1971) directed by Toby Ross
* Both Ways (1971)
* Rosebud (1972)
* The Erotic Memoirs of a Male Chauvinist Pig (1973)
* Lovelace Meets Miss Jones (1973)
* Sleepy Head (1973) directed by Joseph Samo
* Devil's Due (1973) directed by Ernest Danna
* Memories Within Miss Aggie (1974) directed by Gerard Damiano
* Angel Number 9 aka Angel on Fire (1974) directed by Roberta Findlay
* Not Just Another Woman (1974) directed by Toby Ross
* The Private Afternoons of Pamela Mann (1974) directed by Radley Mezger
* Naked Came the Stranger (1975) directed by Radley Mezger
* Slip Up (1975)
* Every Inch A Lady (1975)
* Abduction of an American Playgirl (1975)
* Practice Makes Perfect aka Countrylife (1976)
* More, More, More (1976)
* Ta mej i dalen [sv] (1977) directed by Torgny Wickman
* French Kiss (1979)
* Street Girls of New York (1981) directed by Sid Roth
# La Pandera

La Pandera (altitude 1,872 m (6,142 ft)) is a mountain and the highest point of the Sierra Sur de Jaén mountain range in the Province of Jaén, Spain. There is a military station at the summit.

## Sport
### Cycling

The Vuelta a España has had a stage finish, at the summit of La Pandera, on several occasions.
| Edition | Winner |
| 2002 | Roberto Heras (ESP) |
| 2003 | Alejandro Valverde (ESP) |
| 2006 | Andrey Kashechkin (KAZ) |
| 2009 | Damiano Cunego (ITA) |
| 2017 | Rafał Majka (POL) |
| 2022 | Richard Carapaz (ECU) |
# 3rd World Science Fiction Convention

The 3rd World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon), also known as Denvention I, was held on 4–6 July 1941 at the Shirley-Savoy Hotel in Denver, Colorado, United States.

## Guest of Honor

* Robert A. Heinlein, who gave a speech entitled "The Discovery of the Future"

## Participants

The convention was chaired by Olon F. Wiggins.
Attendance was 90.
This was the last Worldcon before a five-year break in the annual tradition due to World War II. The next one was held in 1946.

## Venue

The Shirley-Savoy Hotel. Savoy Hotel opened in 1904; Shirley Hotel opened in 1903; Hotels joined in 1919; Hotels razed in 1970.
# Kūchū Camp

Kūchū Camp (Japanese: 空中キャンプ, lit. Aerial Camp) alternatively titled Something in the Air, is the fifth studio album by Japanese band Fishmans, released on February 1, 1996 on Polydor Records. The album was the bands most notable change in style, leading into a more psychedelic and dream pop sound while still retaining their earlier dub roots.
Kūchū Camp was the first studio album to introduce their new supporting multi-instrumentalist member Honzi, who would go on playing with the band until her passing in 2007.

## Background

The album has a drastic musical style change in Fishmans discography due to the record change from Media Remoras to Polydor Records, which gave more creative freedom and a private studio given by the label called "Waikiki Beach".
Fishmans started recording in the Waikiki Beach in late 1995. Kūchū Camp became their most praised album in their home country, with two singles "Baby Blue" and "ナイトクルージング " pushing the band into occasional radio play.
Kūchū Camp was the roots for the idea that created Long Season, when Shinji Sato felt that the album felt like one long song with the track "新しい人" being a bonus track.

## Personnel

Main Artists
* Shinji Sato – Voice, Guitar, Composition
* Yuzuru Kashiwabara – Bass, Chorus
* Kinichi Motegi – Drums, Chorus
Guest musicians
* Honzi – Keyboard, Violin, Chorus
* Shinya Kogure – Guitar, Chorus
* Sugar Yoshinaga – Guitar on "Slow Days"
* Tadashi Ueda – Piano on "Subarashikute Nice Choice"
Mixing and others
* ZAK – Producer, Mixing Engineer, Recording Engineer, Programming
* Tak – Recording Engineer
* Phonic – Design, Art Direction
* Mariko Yamamoto – Design, Art Direction
* Moog Yamamoto – Design, Art Direction, Photography
* Tohru Kotetsu – Cutting Engineer
* Tsutomo Okada – Assistant Engineer
* Kazuo Saimoto – assistant Engineer
* Yuka Koizumi – mastering Engineer
* Toshiya Sano – A&R
* Masaki Morimoto – A&R
* Naoko Nozawa – Artist Promotion
* Shuji Kudoh – Artist Promotion
* Ichiro Asatsuma – Executive Producer
* Yoshiyuki Okuda – Executive Producer
* Tadataka Watanabe – Executive Producer
* Kokoro Moriguchi – Management Staff
* Akiko Ueta – Management Staff
* Mitsuteru Takasugi – Equipment
* Takeshi Umezawa – Equipment
* Pardon Kimura – Interior Coordination of Hawaii Studio (Wakiki Beach)
* Ayako Mogi – Photography
* Keiji Ito – Graffiti
* Friends – Photography

## Charts

| Chart | Peak Position |
| Japanese Album (Oricon) | 46 |
# Bill Tyson

Bill Tyson is an Irish writer, producer and documentary maker. As of 2020, he was working with Dublin Community Television and the Irish Mail on Sunday. He previously worked for the Sunday Tribune and the Irish Independent.

## Journalism

In 2000 and 2002, while working for the Irish Independent, Tyson won two ESB National Media Awards in the "Business & Finance" category. The 2002 award was for his "hard-hitting pieces relating to personal finances" and "his exposure of over-pricing by financial institutions". He won a further ESB National Media Award in 2004.
In 2007, while working as a business correspondent for the Sunday Tribune, Tyson was shortlisted in the "Specialist Business Reporting" category of the inaugural UCD Smurfit School Business Journalist Awards. In 2008, Tyson resigned from the Tribune "in solidarity with" the then business editor of the Sunday Tribune, who was reputedly sacked following a complaint from an advertiser about an unsigned article.
As of 2013, Tyson was a contributor to the RTÉ TV series "The Consumer Show". Since 2013, he has also been a columnist with the Irish Daily Mail and Irish Mail on Sunday titles.

## Producer

Tyson produced a short film, "Whatever Turns You On", which won several awards, including Best Short Short at the 2009 Aspen Shortsfest. It was also short-listed for the Best Short Film award at the Boston Irish Film Festival. Also in 2009, the short film Veronique was released. It was written and produced by Tyson under the Irish Film Board's Virtual Cinema scheme.
By late 2020, Tyson had a production role on "Romancing Ireland", a six part series on sustainable food production for DCTV. Tyson, who has an MA in screenwriting, also co-wrote and produced a four-hour television series for DCTV, The House. He also produced another documentary for DCTV, titled A Century of Sailing, about the oldest sailing boats in the world still racing.
In 2020, Tyson produced "Nicolas Cruz Hernandez: Still Fighting", an RTÉ Radio 1 documentary about a Cuban who coached Ireland to Olympic boxing success.

## Books

Tyson wrote and published a finance book, "Your Money", which was a top ten non-fiction best-seller several times between 1996 and 2004.
A biography of Mayoman Admiral William Brown, written by the Argentine author Marcos Aguinis and translated by Bill Tyson, was published in 2006.
# Penny Fellows Lumley

Penny Fellows Lumley (born 1963), is a world real tennis singles and doubles champion and regarded as one of "the greatest female players in the history of tennis."

## Early life

Born Penny Bland, Lumley first played lawn tennis prior to taking up real tennis in 1985. Just 4 years later, she was the World Champion, beating British journalist and three-time World Champion Sally Jones in 1989 in Philadelphia.

## Career

Lumley secured a streak of impressive victories between 1989 and 2004, including securing 6 out of 8 World Championship titles (singles) (1989, 1991, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2003). In that same period she played in every World Championship doubles final, winning 6 times (1993, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2001 and 2003) with various partners including Evelyn David, Jo Wood Iddles, Sue Haswell and Fiona Deuchar. She won the doubles title in the 2007 World Championships in Manchester with her partner Charlotte Cornwallis.
She dominated the LRTA International tournament from its inception in 1998 through the next 3 tournaments. Penny was the British Open singles champion 12 times between 1989 and 2004, including an unbeaten run of 8 victories from 1995 to 2002. She won the doubles title 10 times between 1991 and 2008. She was also successful abroad, winning the US Open (both singles and doubles) 6 times, the French Open singles 7 times and the doubles 10 times, and the Australian Open singles 3 times. In 1996–97 she won the Grand Slam, taking the British, French, American and Australian Opens as well as the World singles and doubles titles.
Lumley continues to compete today. In 2014, she won the US Open Singles Title together with the US Open Doubles title with her daughter Tara. She won the French Open Singles in 2015. Lumley also recently retained the Ladies’ Masters Singles title.

## Awards

Lumley was the first female recipient of the Baerlein Cup bestowed by the Tennis and Rackets Association for the best tennis performance by an amateur. She was also the first woman to receive the Greenwood Trophy in 1989 for the most improved tennis player of the year.
In 1999, her achievements in tennis and her 7 French Open singles titles were acknowledged with a Medal of the French Republic. In 2000 she won the Unsung Hero/Heroine category and the overall Grand Prix Prize at the Best of British Awards for Great Sporting Achievement.
She was inducted as a Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire, “M.B.E.” in 2004. In 2011 Penny was inducted into the International Hall of Fame of the US Court Tennis Association, only the second lady ever to receive this award. The award ceremony was held at the Racquet and Tennis Club.

## Personal life

Lumley has two children, Tara and John who are also real tennis players. She is a Founder Honorary Life Member of Prested Hall. Her hobbies include running.
# Pico Mágina

Pico Mágina is a 2,165-metre-high (7,103 ft) mountain in Spain.

## Geography

The mountain is located in Jaén Province, in the northern part of the autonomous community of Andalusia. It's the highest peak of the province and also of Sierra Mágina, and is located on the border between the municipalities of Albanchez de Mágina and Huelma.

## Access to the summit

The summit can be accessed by hiking trails. The walk up to the summit is quite long: the first part follows a dirt road and the last one a hiking path through rocky terrain.

## Nature conservation

The mountain and most of its chain are included from 1989 in the Parque Natural de Sierra Mágina.
# Casimir Pfyffer

Casimir Pfyffer von Altishofen (10 October 1794 in Rome – 11 November 1875) was a Swiss politician and jurist. He was mayor of Lucerne (1832–1835), President of the Swiss National Council (1854/1855) and five times President of the Federal Supreme Court.
Kasimir-Pfyffer-Strasse in Lucerne is named for him.

## Works

* Pfyffer, Kasimir (1850). Geschichte der Stadt und des Kantons Luzern: Vom Ursprunge bis zur Staatsumwälzung im Jahr 1798 (in German). Zürich: Orell, Füssli & Co.
* Pfyffer, Kasimir (1852). Geschichte der Stadt und des Kantons Luzern: Geschichte des Kantons Luzern während der letzten 50 Jahre: Staatsumwälzung im Jahr 1798 bis zur neuen Bundesverfassung im Jahr 1848 (in German). Zürich: Orell, Füssli.
* Der Kanton Luzern historisch-geographisch-statistisch geschildert ; ein Hand- und Hausbuch für Jedermann. 2 volumes, St. Gallen: Huber 1858/59.
# Gracija Filipović

Gracija Filipović is a Croatian film actress. She is known for her starring role in Murina as well her collaborations with director Antoneta Alamat Kusijanović.
In 2022, she won the Gotham Award for Break Through Performer for her role in Murina.
She grew up in Dubvorik and began acting in as a child in theatre. She is also a former professional swimmer.

## Awards

* 2022 Gotham Independent Film Award for Break Through Performer

## Films

* The Little Raccoon (2013), short
* Into the Blue [U plavetnilo] (2017), short
* Murina (2022)
# 1809 Stamford by-election

The 1809 Stamford by-election was held on 7 March 1890, when the incumbent Tory MP Albemarle Bertie became ineligible after acceding to the Earldom of Lindsey. The by-election was won by the Tory candidate Charles Chaplin.

## Result

By-Election 27 February 1809: Stamford :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Tory | Charles Chaplin | 306 | 68.3 | N/A |
| | Whig | Jephson Oddy | 142 | 31.7 | New |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 154 | 36.6 | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 448 | | N/A |
| | Tory hold | Tory hold | Tory hold | Tory hold | Tory hold |
# Malaysian Armed Forces Football Association

Malaysian Armed Forces Football Association (commonly abbreviated as AFFA; Malay: Persatuan Bolasepak Angkatan Tentera Malaysia) is the governing body of football representing the Malaysian Armed Forces, Malaysia. AFFA is a member of the Football Association of Malaysia (FAM), the official governing body of football in Malaysia.

## History

The Malaysian Armed Forces Football Association (AFFA) was established in 1920, being one of the earliest football teams to exist in Malaysia. The British forces were the first to introduce football competitions in Malaysia by creating the HMS Malaya Cup (now known as the Malaysia Cup), which was contested by states including Singapore in 1921. However, in line with the development of Malaysian football towards the professional era, the team has joined the Liga Semi-Pro which was first introduced in 1989.

## Association management

| Positions | Name |
| President | Datuk Muhammad Hafizuddeain bin Jantan |
| General secretary | Mior Rasidi Mohd Idris |

## Competitions

The Armed Forces Football Association organises the Liga Tiga Perkhidmatan for its regional level clubs.

## Notable affiliations

* Armed Forces F.C.
* Tentera Darat F.A.
* Royal Malaysian Navy F.A.
* RMAF Hornet F.A.
* Royal Malay Force Regiment F.C.
* Armed Forces F.A. Futsal
# Homalocephale

Homalocephale (from Greek ὁμαλός, homalos, "even", and κεφαλή, kephalē, "head") is a genus of pachycephalosaurid dinosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous period of what is now the Nemegt Formation, Mongolia, about 70 million years ago. The genus was described in 1974 by Halszka Osmólska and Teresa Maryańska, and consists of a single species, H. calathocercos. Though Homalocephale has been regarded as a synonym (and juvenile form) of Prenocephale, juvenile specimens of the latter indicate that they were distinct. Homalocephale was 1.8 m (5.9 ft) long and possibly an omnivore.

## Discovery

The type species, H. calathocercos, was described from an incomplete skull and postcranial material (holotype MPC-D 100/1201) from the Nemegt locality of the Nemegt Formation. The specimen has large openings on the top of the skull, a distinct frontoparietal suture, low and long infratemporal fenestrae, and a large, round eye socket. The forehead is notably rough, with multiple nodules on the lateral and posterior sides of the squamosal bone. Paleontologists concluded that the specimen was an adult, despite the fact that the sutures are discernible and that it had a flat skull (a juvenile trait in many pachycephalosaurid species).
In 2010, a study by Nick Longrich and colleagues suggested that flat-headed pachycephalosaurs were just juvenile forms of dome-headed adults, a view also supported by the earlier analysis of Horner and Goodwin in 2009. Longrich and colleagues suggested that Homalocephale is actually the juvenile or sub-adult stage of Prenocephale mainly based on the lack of a dome and being discovered in the same locality (Nemegt) as the latter.
David C. Evans and team in 2018 reported juvenile specimens of Prenocephale from the Nemegt Formation, noting a relatively linear growth in this pachycephalosaur characterized by a rounded dome. This differs from the flat skull of Homalocephale and given that even juvenile Prenocephale possessed a rather rounded dome, both taxa should be regarded as separate.

## Description

Homalocephale was about 1.8 m (5.9 ft) long. Unlike other definitely adult pachycephalosaurs (though similar to probable juvenile specimens referred to Dracorex and Goyocephale), Homalocephale sported a flat, wedge-shaped skull roof. Nonetheless, the surface of the skull was fairly thickened.

## Classification

Below is a cladogram from Evans et al. (2013).

## Paleobiology

Homalocephale is also noted for having an unusually broad pelvis and some have suggested that the width served to protect vital organs from harm during flank-butting. Others think that they were for giving birth to live young. Instead of laying eggs. Homalocephale also had rather long legs, indicating a fast-moving gait.
# List of earthquakes in Georgia

This is an incomplete list of earthquakes in Georgia.
| | Region | Date | Mag. | Intensity | Epicenter | Depth (km) | Deaths | Injuries | Source |
| 2022 | Lori, Armenia | February 13 | 5.3 M$_w$ | VI | 41°09′14″N 44°00′14″E﻿ / ﻿41.154°N 44.004°E﻿ / 41.154; 44.004 | 10 | | 2 | |
| 2009 | | September 8 | 6.0 M$_w$ | VII | 42°40′N 43°26′E﻿ / ﻿42.66°N 43.44°E﻿ / 42.66; 43.44 | 15 | | 1 | |
| 2002 Tbilisi earthquake | Tbilisi | April 25 | 4.8 M$_b$ | VII–VIII | 41°46′N 44°52′E﻿ / ﻿41.77°N 44.86°E﻿ / 41.77; 44.86 | 10 | 5–7 | 52–70 | |
| 1991 Racha earthquake | Racha | April 29 | 7.0 M$_w$ | IX | 42°27′N 43°40′E﻿ / ﻿42.45°N 43.67°E﻿ / 42.45; 43.67 | 17 | 270 | | |
| 1920 Gori earthquake | Gori | February 20 | 6.2 M$_s$ | IX | 42°00′N 44°06′E﻿ / ﻿42.0°N 44.1°E﻿ / 42.0; 44.1 | 11 | 114–130 | | |
| 1900 | Tbilisi | January 4 | | | 41°46′N 44°52′E﻿ / ﻿41.77°N 44.86°E﻿ / 41.77; 44.86 | | >1,000 | Many | |
| 1283 | Samtskhe | | 6.3 | IX | 41°42′N 43°12′E﻿ / ﻿41.7°N 43.2°E﻿ / 41.7; 43.2 | | | | NGDC1972 |
| 1088 Tmogvi earthquake | Tmogvi | April 16 or 22 | 6.5 M$_s$ | | 41°24′N 43°12′E﻿ / ﻿41.4°N 43.2°E﻿ / 41.4; 43.2 | | Many | | |
| M$_w$ = moment magnitude scale, M$_b$ = body wave magnitude, and M$_s$ = surface-wave magnitude. The inclusion criteria for adding events are based on WikiProject Earthquakes' notability guideline that was developed for stand alone articles. The principles described are also applicable to lists. In summary, only damaging, injurious, or deadly events should be recorded. ||||||||||