# Sierra Nevada (Spain)

Sierra Nevada (Spanish:; meaning "snow-covered mountain range") is a mountain range in the Andalusian province of Granada in Spain. It contains the highest point of continental Spain: Mulhacén, at 3,479 metres (11,414 ft) above sea level.
It is a popular tourist destination, as its high peaks make skiing possible in one of Europe's most southerly ski resorts, in an area along the Mediterranean Sea predominantly known for its high temperatures and abundant sunshine. At its foothills is found the city of Granada, and a little further south, Almería and Motril.
Parts of the range have been included in the Sierra Nevada National Park. The range has also been declared a biosphere reserve. The Sierra Nevada Observatory, the Calar Alto Observatory, and the IRAM 30m telescope are located on the northern slopes at an elevation of 2,800 metres (9,200 ft).

## Formation

Sierra Nevada was formed during the Alpine Orogeny, a mountain-building event that also formed the European Alps to the east and the Atlas Mountains of northern Africa across the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Sierra as observed today formed during the Paleogene and Neogene Periods (66 to 1.8 million years ago) from the collision of the African and Eurasian continental plates.

## Geography

Central to the mountain range is a ridge running broadly west-south-west - east-north-east. For a substantial distance, the watershed stays consistently above 3,000 metres (9,800 ft). This is sufficient altitude for the peaks to be consistently snow-covered.
On the southern side of the range, several long, narrow river valleys lead off towards the south-west, separated by a number of subsidiary ridges. On the steeper and craggier northern side, the valleys have less regular orientations. This side is dominated by the Rio Genil which starts near Mulhacén and into which many of the other rivers flow.
Geologically, the range is composed chiefly of soft micaceous schists, sloping steeply to the north, but more gradually to the south and south-east.

### Highest peaks

Highest peaks of Sierra Nevada :
| Peak (> 3,000m) | Height (m) |
| Mulhacén | 3,479 |
| Veleta | 3,398 |
| Alcazaba | 3,371 |
| Cerro los Machos | 3,324 |
| Puntal de Siete Lagunas | 3,248 |
| Puntal de la Caldera | 3,226 |
| Pico de Elorrieta | 3,206 |
| Crestones Río Seco | 3,198 |
| Loma Pelada | 3,187 |
| Cerro Pelado | 3,179 |
| Tajos de la Virgen | 3,160 |
| Tosal del Cartujo | 3,152 |
| Pico de La Atalaya | 3,148 |
| Puntal de Vacares | 3,143 |
| Cerro Rasero | 3,139 |
| Tajos del Nevero | 3,120 |
| Raspones Río Seco | 3,120 |
| Tajos Altos | 3,111 |
| Picón de Jeres | 3,090 |
| Tajo de los Machos | 3,088 |
| Cerrillo Redondo | 3,058 |
| Juego de Bolos | 3,018 |
| Pico del Caballo | 3,011 |

### Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification, Sierra Nevada has a Mediterranean climate (Csa/Csb), with different variations depending on the altitude. Above 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) the climate is subarctic (Dsc), due to the location's high elevation and low summer precipitation. With June and September being around the threshold of 10 °C (50 °F) in mean temperature to avoid the subarctic classification, the climate at a slightly lower elevation is humid continental (Dsa/Dsb). At an elevation slightly lower than that classification area; where February means average above −3 °C (27 °F); it falls into the normal cool-summer mediterranean classification transitioning with the hot-summer variety in surrounding lowland areas. This renders Sierra Nevada's climate a highland cooled-down variety of a typical mediterranean climate. Summer and winter daytime temperatures are some 12 °C lower than found in Granada, differences that are even greater in spring as Sierra Nevada takes longer to approach the short summers. In May daytime highs in Sierra Nevada are around 4 °C (39 °F) with Granada having an average of 24 °C (75 °F). The yearly temperature of 3.9 °C (39.0 °F) at the ski station of Pradollano is in stark contrast to Granada's 15.7 °C (60.3 °F) and coastal Málaga's 18.5 °C (65.3 °F).
Climate data for Pradollano Ski Station (1975–1989); 2,507 m (8,225 ft) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) | −0.9 (30.4) | 0.6 (33.1) | 3.2 (37.8) | 4.6 (40.3) | 14.9 (58.8) | 21.6 (70.9) | 19.8 (67.6) | 14.2 (57.6) | 10.4 (50.7) | 3.5 (38.3) | 2.6 (36.7) | 7.8 (46.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.9 (26.8) | −4.4 (24.1) | −3.4 (25.9) | −0.6 (30.9) | 0.9 (33.6) | 9.9 (49.8) | 16.6 (61.9) | 15.2 (59.4) | 9.9 (49.8) | 6.3 (43.3) | 0.1 (32.2) | −0.7 (30.7) | 3.9 (39.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.1 (21.0) | −7.9 (17.8) | −7.5 (18.5) | −4.3 (24.3) | −2.9 (26.8) | 5.6 (42.1) | 11.9 (53.4) | 10.6 (51.1) | 5.7 (42.3) | 2.2 (36.0) | −3.3 (26.1) | −4.0 (24.8) | 0.0 (32.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 86.7 (3.41) | 91.2 (3.59) | 78.8 (3.10) | 53.8 (2.12) | 53.6 (2.11) | 29.7 (1.17) | 6.1 (0.24) | 11.7 (0.46) | 33.7 (1.33) | 69.0 (2.72) | 85.2 (3.35) | 93.1 (3.67) | 692.0 (27.24) |
| Source 1: Phytosociological Research Center ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System (Complutense University of Madrid) ||||||||||||||

## Sport

* Sierra Nevada Ski Station

## In Media

The British Electronic-Duo The KLF filmed a portion of their unreleased 1989 Road Film "The White Room" around and on Sierra Nevada.

## Gallery

* Sierra Nevada - view from Granada city
* Alcazaba mountain
* Landscape south of Pitres
* Stone bridge over Rio Poqueira, Sierra Nevada
* The Sierra Nevada Ski Station
* Sierra Nevada Radiotelescope
* Calar Alto Observatory