# Quebec – New England Transmission

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The Quebec – New England Transmission (officially known in Quebec as the Réseau multiterminal à courant continu (RMCC) and also known as Phase I / Phase II and the Radisson - Nicolet - Des Cantons circuit, and known in New England as the Northern Pass) is a long-distance high-voltage direct current (HVDC) line between Radisson, Quebec and Westford Road in Ayer, Massachusetts. As of 2012, it remains one of only two Multi-terminal HVDC systems in the world (the other one being the Sardinia–Corsica–Italy system, completed in the same year) and is "the only multi-terminal bipole HVDC system in the world where three stations are interconnected and operate under a common master control system".

## History

Initially, the Quebec – New England Transmission consisted of the 172 kilometres (107 mi) section between the Des Cantons station near Windsor, Quebec and the Frank D. Comerford Dam near Monroe, New Hampshire which, because of the asynchronous operation of the American and Québec power grids, had to be implemented as HVDC. This bipolar electricity transmission line, which is overhead for its whole length except the crossing of Saint Lawrence river, went into service in 1986. It could transfer a maximum power of 690 megawatts. The operating voltage was ±450kV or 900 kV from line to line.
The line was planned to extend beyond the two terminals at Des Cantons and Comerford to the hydroelectric power plants of the La Grande Complex, in the James Bay region of Québec, and to the high consumption area around Boston, Massachusetts — specifically, by 1,100 kilometres (680 mi) to the north toward the converter station at Radisson Substation, and to the south to the converter station at Sandy Pond in Massachusetts. The transmission power was increased by extending the existing converter stations to 2,000 megawatts, with the value of the transmission voltage remaining unchanged at ±450 kV. For the connection of the Montreal area, a further converter station at Nicolet was put into service in 1992 with a transmission capacity of 2,000 megawatts.
The line crosses the Saint Lawrence River between Grondines and Lotbinière via a tunnel. Until the tunnel was built, the line crossed the river via an overhead lattice tower electricity pylon—portions of one of these towers would later be used as part of the observation tower at La Cité de l'Énergie in Shawinigan.

### Failed Northern Pass initiative

In December 2008, Hydro-Québec, along with American utilities Northeast Utilities (parent company of Public Service of New Hampshire) and NSTAR (parent company of Boston Edison), created a joint venture to build a new HVDC line from Windsor, Quebec to Deerfield, New Hampshire, with an HVDC converter terminal intended to be built in Franklin, New Hampshire. Hydro-Québec would have owned the segment within Quebec, while the segment within the US would have been owned by Northern Pass Transmission LLC, a partnership between Northeast Utilities (75%) and NSTAR (25%). Estimated to cost US$1.1 billion to build, it was projected that the line would either run in existing right-of-way adjacent to the HVDC line that runs through New Hampshire, or it would have connected to a right-of-way in northern New Hampshire that runs through the White Mountains. This 180-to-190-mile (290 to 310 km) line, projected to carry 1,200 megawatts, would have brought electricity to approximately one million homes.
In order to go ahead, the project needed to receive regulatory approval in Quebec and the United States. The proposed transmission line could have been in operation in 2015. According to Jim Robb, a senior executive from Northeast Utilities, New England could have met one third of its Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative commitments with the hydropower coming through this new power line alone.
In October 2010, Northeast Utilities announced that it would merge with NSTAR. In effect, Northern Pass Transmission would have become a wholly owned subsidiary of Northeast Utilities, which was renamed Eversource Energy in 2015.
The purchase of power from Hydro-Québec was an issue during the Massachusetts gubernatorial election of 2010.
In July 2019, Eversource issued a statement that the Northern Pass project was now "off the table" after investing $318 million over a decade to develop and promote the project.

### New England Clean Energy Connect

Construction of the New England Clean Energy Connect, a similar project, started in February 2021. Massachusetts pursues it as an option to bring Canadian hydropower through transmission lines in Maine, estimated to cost $1 billion. The citizens of Maine voted in a 2021 referendum to revoke the project's permit, forcing a halt to construction which was already underway. In August 2022, the Supreme Court of Maine ruled the retroactive revocation of the permit was unconstitutional, but remanded the case to lower courts for more consideration.

## Sites

Important waypoints of the line.

### Radisson to Nicolet

| Site | Coordinates |
| Radisson, Quebec, Canada | 53°43′33″N 77°44′17″W﻿ / ﻿53.72583°N 77.73806°W﻿ / 53.72583; -77.73806﻿ (Radisson converter station) |
| Radisson Grounding Electrode ( not at main line) | 53°29′18″N 77°47′35″W﻿ / ﻿53.48833°N 77.79306°W﻿ / 53.48833; -77.79306﻿ (Radisson Grounding Electrode) |
| Saint-Maurice River, south of La Tuque, Quebec | 47°20′52″N 72°47′57″W﻿ / ﻿47.34778°N 72.79917°W﻿ / 47.34778; -72.79917﻿ (Crossing of Saint-Maurice River) |
| Northern Cable Terminal of Saint Lawrence River Crossing, Grondines, Quebec, Canada | 46°37′32″N 72°00′51″W﻿ / ﻿46.62556°N 72.01417°W﻿ / 46.62556; -72.01417﻿ (Northern Cable Terminal of Saint Lawrence River Crossing) |
| Southern Cable Terminal of Saint Lawrence River Crossing, Lotbinière, Quebec, Canada | 46°35′36″N 71°58′19″W﻿ / ﻿46.59333°N 71.97194°W﻿ / 46.59333; -71.97194﻿ (Southern Cable Terminal of Saint Lawrence River Crossing) |

### Nicolet to Des Cantons

| Site | Coordinates |
| Nicolet station, Sainte-Eulalie, Quebec, Canada | 46°04′47″N 72°14′58″W﻿ / ﻿46.07972°N 72.24944°W﻿ / 46.07972; -72.24944﻿ (Nicolet converter station) |
| Des Cantons station (Decommissioned) Windsor, Quebec, Canada | 45°33′44″N 71°57′01″W﻿ / ﻿45.56222°N 71.95028°W﻿ / 45.56222; -71.95028﻿ (Des Cantons converter station) |
| Des Cantons Grounding Electrode Windsor, Quebec, Canada | 45°36′29″N 71°51′06″W﻿ / ﻿45.60806°N 71.85167°W﻿ / 45.60806; -71.85167﻿ (Des Cantons Grounding Electrode) |

### Des Cantons to Comerford

| Site | Coordinates |
| Des Cantons station (Decommissioned) Windsor, Quebec, Canada | 45°33′44″N 71°57′01″W﻿ / ﻿45.56222°N 71.95028°W﻿ / 45.56222; -71.95028﻿ (Des Cantons converter station) |
| Des Cantons Grounding Electrode Windsor, Quebec, Canada | 45°36′29″N 71°51′06″W﻿ / ﻿45.60806°N 71.85167°W﻿ / 45.60806; -71.85167﻿ (Des Cantons Grounding Electrode) |
| Border crossing between USA and Canada (east of Stanhope, Quebec and Norton, Vermont) | 45°00′40″N 71°44′12″W﻿ / ﻿45.01111°N 71.73667°W﻿ / 45.01111; -71.73667﻿ (HVDC crossing of USA-Canada border) |
| Moore Dam / Connecticut River, Waterford, Vermont / Littleton, New Hampshire, USA | |

### Comerford to Ayer

| Site | Coordinates |
| Frank D. Comerford Dam / Comerford converter station (Decommissioned) Monroe, New Hampshire, USA | 44°19′9″N 71°59′35″W﻿ / ﻿44.31917°N 71.99306°W﻿ / 44.31917; -71.99306﻿ (Comerford converter station) |
| Merrimack River, East Merrimack/Litchfield, New Hampshire, USA | 42°53′42.24″N 71°27′34.40″W﻿ / ﻿42.8950667°N 71.4595556°W﻿ / 42.8950667; -71.4595556 |
| New Hampshire / Massachusetts state line Hudson, New Hampshire / Tyngsborough, Massachusetts, USA | 42°41′58.47″N 71°25′45.75″W﻿ / ﻿42.6995750°N 71.4293750°W﻿ / 42.6995750; -71.4293750 |
| Ayer, Massachusetts, USA | 42°34′13″N 71°31′27″W﻿ / ﻿42.57028°N 71.52417°W﻿ / 42.57028; -71.52417﻿ (Ayer converter station) |

### Des Cantons to Deerfield

Route listed here reflects the primary route, and is currently projected.
| Site | Coordinates |
| Des Cantons station (Decommissioned) Windsor, Quebec, Canada | 45°33′44″N 71°57′01″W﻿ / ﻿45.56222°N 71.95028°W﻿ / 45.56222; -71.95028﻿ (Des Cantons converter station) |
| Des Cantons Grounding Electrode Windsor, Quebec, Canada | 45°36′29″N 71°51′06″W﻿ / ﻿45.60806°N 71.85167°W﻿ / 45.60806; -71.85167﻿ (Des Cantons Grounding Electrode) |
| Border crossing between USA and Canada / Connecticut River (west of Pittsburg, New Hampshire) | |
| Northumberland, New Hampshire, USA | |
| Whitefield, New Hampshire, USA | |
| North Woodstock, New Hampshire, USA | |
| Beebe River, New Hampshire, USA | |
| Ashland, New Hampshire, USA | |
| Pemigewasset River, New Hampshire, USA | |
| Southern HVDC Converter Terminal, Franklin, New Hampshire, USA | |
| Oak Hill, New Hampshire, USA | |
| Deerfield, New Hampshire, USA | |

### Grounding electrodes

Quebec – New England Transmission has two grounding electrodes: one at Des Cantons at 45°36′29″N 71°51′06″W﻿ / ﻿45.60806°N 71.85167°W﻿ / 45.60806; -71.85167﻿ (Des Cantons Grounding Electrode) and the other near Radisson substation approximately at 53°29′18″N 77°47′35″W﻿ / ﻿53.48833°N 77.79306°W﻿ / 53.48833; -77.79306﻿ (Radisson Grounding Electrode).

## Opposition
### 2004 Hydro tower bombing

In 2004, shortly before U.S. President George W. Bush's visit to Canada, a tower along the Quebec–New England Transmission circuit in the Eastern Townships near the Canada–US border was damaged by explosive charges detonated at its base. The CBC reported that a message, purportedly from the Résistance internationaliste and issued to the La Presse and Le Journal de Montréal newspapers and CKAC radio, stated that the attack had been carried out to "denounce the 'pillaging' of Quebec's resources by the United States".

### 2015: Sierra Club of New Hampshire

In November 2015, the Sierra Club of New Hampshire expressed opposition to the new line, saying that it would benefit Connecticut and Massachusetts residents more than those in New Hampshire, and expressing concerns about the flooding of boreal forests during the construction of Hydro-Québec's dams in northern Quebec, disputes with the Innu First Nations, and the effects on tourism and the environment within the White Mountain National Forest.

### 2011-Present: Local government and community opposition

A coalition of New Hampshire communities and local government officials oppose the construction of the expanded transmission line. Elected representatives from New Hampshire's 10 counties have expressed opposition, including 114 officials in the New Hampshire House of Representatives and 5 members of the New Hampshire Senate. United States Congressional Representative Carol Shea-Porter and Senators Maggie Hassan and Jeanne Shaheen also oppose expansion of the line. Some of the incumbent power companies in New England oppose it, while other companies favor it.

### Scientific analysis

A 2024 study by Gazar, Borsuk, and Calder used Bayesian network modeling of historical data (1979–2021) to investigate whether proposed expansions of transborder transmission capacity between Quebec and the northeastern United States lead directly to new hydropower reservoir construction in Quebec.
Their analysis found that while increased transmission capacity can indirectly affect generation investments by facilitating exports, the primary drivers of hydropower expansion appear to be domestic demand in Quebec and electricity price differences relative to the United States, rather than the construction of new transmission corridors in and of itself. The authors concluded that environmental impacts of large reservoirs are therefore not necessarily a direct consequence of new transmission lines, especially if exports are settled primarily on the short-term market rather than through long-term power purchase agreements.