# Chiefs of Staff Committee (India)

The Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC) is an administrative forum of the senior-most military leaders of the Indian Armed Forces, which advises the Government of India on all military and strategic matters deemed privy to military coordination, direction and policy between the country's three armed services. By organization, the COSC is comprised several key members, namely, Chief of Defence Staff - who acts as the Committee's Permanent Chairman, along with the Chief of the Army Staff, the Chief of the Naval Staff and the Chief of the Air Staff - all of whom are also additionally supported by the Chief of Integrated Defence Staff.
By function, the COSC has two principal responsibilities: one, to inculcate and implement jointness through integration of, inter alia, the doctrine, logistics, and operations of the three armed services; two, to apprise to the nation's civilian leadership i.e., the Prime Minister and Minister of Defence, on all matters related to the nation's security. As such, it exists primarily as an advisory body, endowed with no executive command authority.
To execute its mandate, the COSC is closely supported by the Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) and other inter-service bodies under its patronage that specialize in facets such as intelligence, personnel, operations and training. Comparably, the forum is identical to the United Kingdom's Chiefs of Staff Committee and Pakistan's Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.
From 1947 to 2019, and briefly from 2021 to 2022 - the leadership of the COSC was rotated amongst the service chiefs (or Chiefs of Staff) of the three armed services, with the senior-most chief serving as Chairman-COSC with no fixed tenure; however, since 2020, the mantle of the COSC's chairmanship is held by the Chief of the Defence Staff, a separate office that functions independent of the service chiefs.

## Functioning

The current membership of the Chiefs of Staff Committee:
| Office | Incumbent | Incumbent since | Service |
| Chief of Defence Staff (Permanent Chairman) | General Anil Chauhan PVSM UYSM AVSM SM VSM ADC | September 2022 | Indian Army |
| Chief of the Army Staff | General Upendra Dwivedi PVSM AVSM ADC | June 2024 | Indian Army |
| Chief of the Naval Staff | Admiral Dinesh Kumar Tripathi PVSM AVSM NM | April 2024 | Indian Navy |
| Chief of the Air Staff | Air Chief Marshal Amar Preet Singh PVSM AVSM | September 2024 | Indian Air Force |
| Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (Non-voting member) | Lieutenant General Johnson P Mathew PVSM UYSM AVSM VSM | April 2023 | Indian Army |

### Chief of Defence Staff

The Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) is the principal military authority and senior-most appointment of the Indian Armed Forces. Introduced in 2019, the CDS operates on a status of primus inter pares i.e., first among equals with the Chiefs of Staff and functions as the COSC's Permanent Chairman, independent of the Chiefs of Staff.
As Permanent Chairman-COSC, the CDS maintains the following responsibilities within the forum:
* Acting as the principal military advisor to the Minister of Defence on all affairs related to inter-service integration, coherence and functioning.
* Participating as a member of the Defence Acquisition Council chaired by Minister of Defence and Defence Planning Committee chaired by National Security Advisor.
* Exercising command authority over specific inter-service organizations/agencies/commands, namely, the Defence Cyber Agency (DCyA), the Defence Space Agency and the Armed Forces Special Operations Division vis-à-vis the Integrated Defence Staff (IDS).
* Functioning as the Military Adviser to the Nuclear Command Authority.

### Chiefs of Staff

The service chiefs (also referred to as the Chiefs of Staff) of the three services are, namely, the Chief of the Army Staff (COAS), the Chief of the Naval Staff (CNS) and Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) - all of whom are customarily four-star officers.
As voting members of the COSC, the Chiefs of Staff function in the undermentioned manner:
* Functioning with the dual role of leadership as the service's statutory chief of staff and activity as its ex-officio commander i.e., in the former role, overseeing the staff-cum-administrative duties of the services; in the latter role, overseeing the service's operational duties.
* Advising the COSC and the civilian leadership on matters privy to their respective services; this is in contrast to the CDS, whose advice reflects a comprehensive nature involving multiple, rather than concerned inputs.
* Deliberating inter-service issues to foster joint-realization of the country's national security objectives.
However, their mandate of the Chiefs of Staff are not formally defined by statute, and are obfuscated by the undermentioned:
* The Organisation, Functions, Powers and Procedure of Defence Headquarters, 1952 defines the Service Headquarters (SHQ) i.e., the administrative centers of the three services as attached offices, which by statute, excludes them from the departmental structure of the Ministry of Defence (MoD).
* The (Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961, which defines the authority, responsibility and obligations of government departments, prescribes that the responsibility for the defence of India thereof is placed with the Defence Secretary; there is no mention of the Chiefs of Staffs or their respective SHQs.

### Chief of Integrated Defence Staff

In addition to its aforementioned core members, the COSC's functioning is supported by the Integrated Defence Staff (IDS), which functions as the COSC's principal arm and secretariat. The IDS, which by role also acts as an inter-service interface for coordinating the armed services, is led by the Chief of Integrated Defence Staff (CISC) - a three-star officer, who is a non-voting member of the COSC. Functionally, the CISC operates with the unofficial role of vice-CDS, to act as an adjudicator towards fostering inter-service coordination between the Service Headquarters (SHQ) of the three services.
To support the Chairman-COSC, the CISC undertakes the following roles:
* Chair the Defence Crisis Management Group.
* Supervise the co-ordination of Long Range Plans, Five Years Plans and annual budgetary proposals for the three services and presenting coordinated set of proposals to Minister of Defence after discussion with Chiefs of Staff in COSC and Defence Secretary.
* Coordinating and analyzing critical deficiencies in force capabilities, assessing the impact of such deficiencies on national military objectives.

## History
### Creation (1947)

Before India's attainment of independence in 1947, the military organization in the then-British Raj had been constituted as a theatre of operations, wherein the policymaking for the colony's defence affairs emanated from the Committee of Imperial Defence (CID), which oversaw the formulation of military strategy for the overall British Empire. Following the dissolution of the Raj, India's inaugural Governor-General, Lord Mountbatten, sought to establish an administrative structure for the management of the armed forces of the new country. Consequently, Mountbatten selected his chief of staff, Lord Ismay, to execute the task.
Ismay, in his own stead, had spent a significant portion of his military career as a staff officer: he had served in the CID in a secretarial role during the 1920s-1930s with the responsibility of military planning, and had later served on the British Chiefs of Staff Committee during the Second World War; these postings thus allowed him to gain rich expertise in defence administration and subsequently, Mountbatten's choice.
As such, Ismay formulated a practical model for India's higher defence management, comprising a three-tier higher defence organization:
* Defence Committee of the Cabinet (DCC), chaired by the Prime Minister.
* Defence Minister's Committee (DMC), chaired by the Defence Minister.
* Chiefs of Staff Committee (COSC), as part of the Military Wing of the Cabinet Secretariat.
The COSC, which formed the third-tier of Ismay's formula, consisted of three Chiefs of Staff, who would serve as professional advisors to the civilian government wherein their mandate was to render guidance on military planning and operational matters. The COSC, which would come to be a part of the Military Wing of the Cabinet Secretariat, was thus to be led by the Chiefs of Staff on a rotational basis, with the senior-most Chief serving as Chairman-COSC.
Additionally, Ismay formulated a series of several sub-committees that would address the functioning of the COSC and coordination between the three services, staff both by civil servants and uniformed officers; some of them were:
* Joint Operation Committee (JOCOM).
* Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC).
* Joint Training Committee (JTC).
* Joint Planning Committee (JPC).

## Chairmen

† Died in office.
| No. | Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Defence branch | Ref. |
| 1 | Lockhart, RobGeneral Sir Robert Mcgregor Macdonald Lockhart KCB CIE MC (1893–1981) | 15 August 1947 | 31 December 1947 | 138 days | Indian Army | |
| 2 | Elmhirst, ThomasAir Marshal Sir Thomas Elmhirst KBE, CB, AFC, DL (1895–1982) | 31 December 1947 | 22 February 1950 | 2 years, 53 days | Royal Indian Air Force Indian Air Force | |
| 3 | Parry, EdwardAdmiral Sir William Edward Parry KCB (1893–1970) | 22 February 1950 | 13 October 1951 | 1 year, 233 days | Indian Navy | |
| 4 | Cariappa, K MGeneral Kodandera Madappa Cariappa OBE (1899–1993) | 14 October 1951 | 14 January 1953 | 1 year, 92 days | Indian Army | |
| 5 | Pizey, CharlesAdmiral Sir Charles Thomas Mark Pizey KBE CB DSO* (1899–1993) | 14 January 1953 | 22 July 1955 | 2 years, 189 days | Indian Navy |
| 6 | Mukerjee, SubrotoAir Marshal Subroto Mukerjee OBE (1911–1960) | 22 July 1955 | 8 November 1960† | 5 years, 109 days | Indian Air Force | |
| 7 | Thimayya, K SGeneral Kodandera Subayya Thimayya DSO (1906–1965) | 9 November 1960 | 7 May 1961 | 179 days | Indian Army | |
| 8 | Katari, Ram DassVice Admiral Ram Dass Katari (1911–1983) | 7 May 1961 | 4 June 1962 | 1 year, 28 days | Indian Navy | |
| 9 | Engineer, AspyAir Marshal Aspy Marwan Engineer DFC (1912–2002) | 4 June 1962 | 24 July 1964 | 2 years, 50 days | Indian Air Force | |
| 10 | Soman, Bhaskar SadashivVice Admiral Bhaskar Sadashiv Soman (1913–1995) | 24 July 1964 | 3 March 1966 | 1 year, 222 days | Indian Navy | |
| 11 | Chaudhuri, Jayanto NathGeneral Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri OBE (1908–1983) | 3 March 1966 | 7 June 1966 | 96 days | Indian Army | |
| 12 | Singh, ArjanAir Chief Marshal Arjan Singh DFC (1919–2017) | 8 June 1966 | 15 July 1969 | 3 years, 37 days | Indian Air Force | |
| 13 | Chatterji, Adhar KumarAdmiral Adhar Kumar Chatterji (1914–2001) | 15 July 1969 | 24 February 1970 | 224 days | Indian Navy | |
| 14 | Manekshaw, SamField Marshal Sam Hormusji Framji Jamshedji Manekshaw MC (1914–2008) | 24 February 1970 | 15 January 1973 | 2 years, 326 days | Indian Army | |
| 15 | Bewoor, GopalGeneral Gopal Gurunath Bewoor PVSM (1916–1989) | 15 January 1973 | 31 May 1975 | 2 years, 136 days | Indian Army | |
| 16 | Mehra, Om PrakashAir Chief Marshal Om Prakash Mehra PVSM (1919–2015) | 31 May 1975 | 31 January 1976 | 245 days | Indian Air Force | |
| 17 | Kohli, Sourendra NathAdmiral Sourendra Nath Kohli PVSM (1916–2007) | 31 January 1976 | 29 February 1976 | 2 years, 326 days | Indian Navy | |
| 18 | Raina, TapishwarGeneral Tapishwar Narain Raina MVC (1921–1980) | 29 February 1976 | 31 May 1978 | 2 years, 92 days | Indian Army | |
| 19 | Moolgavkar, HrushikeshAir Chief Marshal Hrushikesh Moolgavkar PVSM, MVC (1920–2015) | 1 June 1978 | 30 August 1978 | 90 days | Indian Air Force | |
| 20 | Cursetji, JalAdmiral Jal Cursetji PVSM (1919–1991) | 30 August 1978 | 1 March 1979 | 183 days | Indian Navy | . |
| 21 | Malhotra, Om PrakashGeneral Om Prakash Malhotra PVSM (1922–2015) | 1 March 1979 | 31 May 1981 | 2 years, 91 days | Indian Army | |
| 22 | Latif, IdrisAir Chief Marshal Idris Hasan Latif PVSM (1923–2018) | 1 June 1981 | 30 August 1981 | 90 days | Indian Air Force | |
| 23 | Pereira, RonaldAdmiral Ronald Lynsdale Pereira PVSM, AVSM (1923–1993) | 1 September 1981 | 26 February 1982 | 178 days | Indian Navy | |
| 24 | Rao, KrishnaGeneral Kotikalapudi Venkata Krishna Rao PVSM (1923–2016) | 1 March 1982 | 31 July 1983 | 1 year, 152 days | Indian Army | |
| 25 | Singh, DilbaghAir Chief Marshal Dilbagh Singh PVSM, AVSM, VM (1926–2001) | 1 August 1983 | 5 September 1984 | 1 year, 35 days | Indian Air Force | |
| 26 | Dawson, OscarAdmiral Oscar Stanley Dawson PVSM, AVSM (1923–2011) | 5 September 1984 | 30 November 1984 | 86 days | Indian Navy | |
| 27 | Vaidya, ArunGeneral Arun Shridhar Vaidya PVSM, MVC & Bar, AVSM (1926–1986) | 1 December 1984 | 31 January 1986 | 1 year, 61 days | Indian Army | |
| 28 | Tahiliani, RadhakrishnaAdmiral Radhakrishna Hariram Tahiliani PVSM, AVSM (1930–2015) | 1 February 1986 | 30 November 1987 | 1 year, 302 days | Indian Navy | |
| 29 | La Fontaine, DenisAir Chief Marshal Denis La Fontaine PVSM, AVSM, VSM (1929–2011) | 1 December 1987 | 31 July 1988 | 182 days | Indian Air Force | |
| 30 | Nadkarni, JayantAdmiral Jayant Ganpat Nadkarni PVSM, AVSM, NM, VSM (1931–2018) | 1 August 1988 | 30 November 1990 | 2 years, 121 days | Indian Navy | |
| 31 | Mehra, SurinderAir Chief Marshal Surinder Mehra PVSM, AVSM, VM (1932–2003) | 1 December 1990 | 31 July 1991 | 242 days | Indian Air Force | |
| 32 | Rodrigues, SunithGeneral Sunith Francis Rodrigues PVSM, VSM (1933–2022) | 1 August 1991 | 30 June 1993 | 1 year, 333 days | Indian Army | |
| 33 | Ramdas, LaxminarayanAdmiral Laxminarayan Ramdas PVSM, AVSM, VrC, VSM (1933–2024) | 30 June 1993 | 30 September 1993 | 92 days | Indian Navy | |
| 34 | Joshi, BipinGeneral Bipin Chandra Joshi PVSM, AVSM (1935–1994) | 1 October 1993 | 18 November 1994† | 1 year, 48 days | Indian Army | . |
| 35 | Kaul, SwaroopAir Chief Marshal Swaroop Krishna Kaul PVSM, MVC (born 1935) | 20 November 1994 | 31 December 1995 | 1 year, 41 days | Indian Air Force | |
| 36 | Shekhawat, Vijai SinghAdmiral Vijai Singh Shekhawat PVSM, AVSM, VrC (born 1933) | 31 December 1995 | 30 September 1996 | 274 days | Indian Navy | |
| 37 | Roychowdhury, ShankarGeneral Shankar Roychowdhury PVSM (born 1937) | 1 October 1996 | 30 September 1997 | 364 days | Indian Army | |
| 38 | Sareen, SatishAir Chief Marshal Satish Sareen PVSM, AVSM, VM (born 1939) | 1 October 1997 | 31 December 1998 | 1 year, 91 days | Indian Air Force | |
| 39 | Malik, VedGeneral Ved Prakash Malik PVSM, AVSM (born 1939) | 1 January 1999 | 30 September 2000 | 1 year, 273 days | Indian Army | |
| 40 | Kumar, SushilAdmiral Sushil Kumar PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, NM (1940–2019) | 1 October 2000 | 29 December 2001 | 1 year, 89 days | Indian Navy | |
| 41 | Padmanabhan, SundararajanGeneral Sundararajan Padmanabhan PVSM, AVSM, VSM (1940–2024) | 30 December 2001 | 31 December 2002 | 1 year, 1 day | Indian Army | |
| 42 | Singh, MadhvendraAdmiral Madhvendra Singh PVSM, AVSM | 31 December 2002 | 31 July 2004 | 1 year, 213 days | Indian Navy | |
| 43 | Krishnaswamy, SrinivasapuramAir Chief Marshal Srinivasapuram Krishnaswamy PVSM, AVSM, VM & bar (born 1943) | 31 July 2004 | 29 December 2004 | 151 days | Indian Air Force | |
| 44 | Vij, Nirmal ChanderGeneral Nirmal Chander Vij PVSM, UYSM, AVSM (born 1943) | 30 December 2004 | 30 January 2005 | 31 days | Indian Army | |
| 45 | Prakash, ArunAdmiral Arun Prakash PVSM, AVSM, VrC, VSM (born 1944) | 31 January 2005 | 31 October 2006 | 1 year, 273 days | Indian Navy | |
| 46 | Tyagi, Shashindra PalAir Chief Marshal Shashindra Pal Tyagi PVSM, AVSM, VM (born 1945) | 31 October 2006 | 31 March 2007 | 151 days | Indian Air Force | . |
| 47 | Singh, Joginder JaswantGeneral Joginder Jaswant Singh PVSM, AVSM, VSM (born 1945) | 31 March 2007 | 30 September 2007 | 183 days | Indian Army | . |
| 48 | Mehta, SureeshAdmiral Sureesh Mehta PVSM, AVSM (born 1947) | 30 September 2007 | 31 August 2009 | 1 year, 335 days | Indian Navy | . |
| 49 | Kapoor, DeepakGeneral Deepak Kapoor PVSM, AVSM, SM, VSM (born 1948) | 31 August 2009 | 31 March 2010 | 212 days | Indian Army | . |
| 50 | Naik, PradeepAir Chief Marshal Pradeep Vasant Naik PVSM, VSM (born 1949) | 31 March 2010 | 30 July 2011 | 1 year, 121 days | Indian Air Force | |
| 51 | Naik, PradeepAdmiral Nirmal Kumar Verma PVSM, AVSM (born 1949) | 30 July 2011 | 31 August 2012 | 1 year, 32 days | Indian Navy | |
| 52 | Browne, NormanAir Chief Marshal Norman Anil Kumar Browne PVSM, AVSM, VM (born 1951) | 31 August 2012 | 31 December 2013 | 1 year, 122 days | Indian Air Force | . |
| 53 | Singh, BikramGeneral Bikram Singh PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, SM, VSM (born 1951) | 31 December 2013 | 31 July 2014 | 212 days | Indian Army | |
| 54 | Raha, ArupAir Chief Marshal Arup Raha PVSM, AVSM, VM (born 1954) | 31 July 2014 | 31 December 2016 | 2 years, 153 days | Indian Air Force | . |
| 55 | Raha, ArupAdmiral Sunil Lanba PVSM, AVSM (born 1957) | 31 December 2016 | 31 May 2019 | 2 years, 151 days | Indian Navy | |
| 56 | Dhanoa, Birender SinghAir Chief Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa PVSM, AVSM, YSM, VM (born 1957) | 31 May 2019 | 27 September 2019 | 119 days | Indian Air Force | |
| 57 | Rawat, BipinGeneral Bipin Rawat PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, YSM, SM, VSM (1958–2021) | 27 September 2019 | 8 December 2021† | 2 years, 72 days | Indian Army | |
| Vacant 8–15 December 2021 ||||||||
| – | Naravane, Manoj MukundGeneral Manoj Mukund Naravane PVSM, AVSM, SM, VSM, ADC (born 1960) Acting | 15 December 2021 | 30 April 2022 | 136 days | Indian Army | |
| Vacant 30 April 2022 – 30 September 2022 ||||||||
| 58 | Chauhan, AnilGeneral Anil Chauhan PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, SM, VSM (born 1961) | 30 September 2022 | Incumbent | 2 years, 152 days | Indian Army |