# Timeline of Samarkand

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Samarkand, Uzbekistan.

## Prior to 14th century

Part of a series on the :
History of Uzbekistan :
PrehistoricPaleolithic* Teshiktash70,000 BC Neolithic* Kelteminar culture5,500–3,500 BC Bronze Age* BMAC2400–1950 BC* Andronovo culture2,000–1,150 BC* Tazabagyab culture1850–1500 BC* Chust culture1500–900 BC* Scythians900-300 BC :
Early History Sogdia Transoxiana Bactria Kushan Empire Kangju Kidarites Hephthalites :
Medieval history Turkic Khaganate Onoq Türgesh Tang Protectorate Muslim conquest Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Samanid Empire Ghaznavids Kara-Khanid Khanate Anushtegin dynasty Khwarazmian Empire Mongol conquest ChagataiTimurid EraRise of Timurcapital SamarkandSiege of Balkh (1370)Period of expansionTimurid RenaissanceTimurid artTimurid architectureStagnation and decline 1370–1507 :
Uzbek khanatesUzbek KhanateConsolidating Uzbek tribesConquest of Urganj (1431)Conquest of Sighnaq (1448)Özbek-Qazaqs (separated Uzbeks)Conquest of Samarkand (1500)Shaybanid Architecture 1428–1471Khanate of KhivaShaybanid-Arabshahid dynasty (1511–1804)Khivan slave tradeQungrat dynasty (1804–1920)Abolition of slavery in Khwarezm (1873)First Uzbek documentary (1910)Turkoman Revolt of 1912–1913 1511–1920Khanate of BukharaShaybanid dynastyJanid dynastyBukhara slave trade 1501–1785Emirate of BukharaReconstruction of SamarkandKhitoy-Qipchoq rebellionBattle of Ura-Tyube (1861)Abolition of slavery in BukharaBukhara operation (1920)Bukharan Revolution 1785–1920Khanate of KokandLegitimization of Ming dynastyFoundation of TepaqurghonEstablishment of Istanbul embassy (1819)Annexation of the Kokand Khanate (1876) 1709–1876Tashkent State 1784–1808 :
Colonial period Russian conquest of Central Asia Great Game Khivan campaign of 1839–1840 Siege of Tashkent Siege of Samarkand1868 Russian conquest of Bukhara Khivan campaign of 1873 Russian Turkestan :
National Awakening Basmachi movement Turkestan Autonomy Young Bukharans Young Khivans Jadidism :
Modern UzbekistanKhorezm People's Soviet Republic Bukharan People's Soviet Republic Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic Republic of Uzbekistan Commonwealth of Independent States :
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Here is the translation into English:
* 8th century BC - the foundation of the ancient settlement of Afrasiab.
* 329 BCE - City sacked by Alexander the Great.
* 260 CE - Sassanians in power (approximate date).
* 712 - City taken by forces of Umayyad Caliphate under Qutayba ibn Muslim.
* 751 - Papermaking begins.
* 806 - Led by Rafi ibn al-Layth, Samarkand revolted against Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan, Governor of Khurasan due to his oppressive taxation.
* 819 - Samanid rule of Samarkand begins. Nuh ibn Asad was appointed authority over the city of Samarkand by Caliph Al-Ma'mun's governor of Khurasan, Ghassan ibn 'Abbad, as a reward for his support against the revolt.
* 841/842- After the death of Nuh ibn Asad, Abdallah, the governor of Khurasan, appointed two of Nuh's brothers, Yahya and Ahmad, to jointly rule over Samarkand.
* 864/865 - Upon his father Ahmad's death, Nasr I inherits Samarkand.
* 859 - Rudaki Samarkandi the father of Persian poetry, was born, in the village of rudak.
* 892 - Isma'il ibn Ahmad, Nasr's brother, moves the capital to Bukhara after Nasr's death.
* 914 - Nasr II becomes amir of the Samanids after his father Ahmad Samani dies, sparking a revolt in Samarkand, led by his great-uncle Ishaq ibn Ahmad.
* 991 - Fa'iq is given governorship of Samarkand by Samanid amir Nuh II.
* 999 - Isma'il Muntasir, son of Nuh II, briefly recaptures Samarkand from the Karakhanids before having to abandon it to flee from them, thus definitively ending the Samanid rule of Samarkand.
* 1000 - Karakhanid Nasr ibn Ali, is given the large central area of Transoxiana, including Samarkand and Bukhara as an appanage (approximate date).
* 1052 - Tamghach Khan Ibrahim, son of Nasr, won control of a large part of Transoxania, and made Samarkand the capital.
* 1066 - Afrosiab madrasa built by Ibrahim.
* 1089 - During the reign of Ibrahim's grandson Ahmad ibn Khidr, at the request of the ulama of Transoxiana, the Seljuks entered and took control of Samarkand, together with the domains belonging to the Western Khanate. The Western Karakhanids Khanate became a vassal of the Seljuks.
* 1141 - After Yelü Dashi's victory over the Seljuks in the Battle of Qatwan north of Samarkand, the Karakhanids became vassals of the Kara-Khitan Khanate. Yelü Dashi spent ninety days in Samarkand, accepting the loyalty of Muslim nobles and appointing Ibrahim Tabghach Khan as the new ruler of Samarkand.
* 1158 - Khwarezm-shah Il-Arslan besieged the Karakhanids in Samarkand at the behest of the Qarluks who had been persecuted by them. In the end a peace was mediated where Chaghrï Khan was forced to take back the Qarluk leaders and restore them to their former positions.
* 1210 - Ala ad-Din Muhammad II, Shah of the Khwarezmian Empire takes Samarkand.
* 1212 - Supported by Uthman Ulugh Sultan, its last Kara-Khanid ruler, the city of Samarkand revolted, killing 8,000-10,000 Khwarezmians living there. Muhammad, in retaliation, sacked the city and executed 10,000 citizens of Samarkand, including Uthman.
* 1221 - City besieged by forces of Mongol Genghis Khan.

## 14th-19th centuries

* 1340s - Khodja-Akhmad Mausoleum built in Shah-i-Zinda necropolis.
* 1365 - Uprising against Mongol control.
* 1369 - Timur made it his residence.
* 1370
** City becomes capital of Timurid Empire.
** Population: 150,000.
* 1388 - College of Bibikhanum built.
* 1405
** Bibi-Khanym Mosque and Gur-e Amir (tomb) built.
** Timurid capital relocated from Samarkand to Herat (approximate date).
* 1420 - Ulugh Beg Madrasah built in the Registan.
* 1429 - Ulugh Beg Observatory built.
* 1434 - Mosque of Ulug-Beg built in the Registan.
* 1437 - Zij-i Sultani astronomical work published.
* 1464 - Ishrat Khana Tomb built.
* 1494 - Siege of Samarkand (1494).
* 1497 - Siege of Samarkand (1497).
* 1500 - City taken by Uzbeks of Muhammad Shaybani.
* 1501 - Siege of Samarkand (1501).
* 1599 - Ashtarkhanids of Bukhara in power.
* 1616 - Mosque of Shir-Dar built in the Registan.
* 1636 - Sher-Dor Madrasah built in the Registan.
* 1660 - Tilya-Kori Madrasah built in the Registan.
* 1740 - Capture of Samarkand by Nader Shah Afshar
* 1756 - Manghyts of Bukhara in power.
* 1868 - Russia in power.
* 1882 - Citadel built.
* 1885 - Population: 33,117.
* 1886 - City becomes capital of Samarkand Oblast of Russian Turkestan.
* 1888 - Trans-Caspian railway begins operating.
* 1895 - Tashkent-Samarkand railway begins operating.
* 1897 - Population: 54,900.
* 1900 - Population: 58,194.

## 20th century

* 1913 - Population: 97,600.
* 1919 - Hazrat-i Khizr Mosque restored.
* 1925 - City becomes capital of Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic.
* 1930 - Uzbek capital relocated from Samarkand to Tashkent.
* 1963 - Dynamo Samarkand Stadium opens.
* 1965 - Population: 233,000.
* 1970 - Ulugh Beg Observatory Museum built.
* 1974 - Bibi-Khanym Mosque reconstruction begins.
* 1985 - Population: 371,000 (estimate).
* 1996 - Samarkand Challenger tennis tournament begins.

## 21st century

* 2001 - Population: 361,339.
* 2018 - Population: 529,633 (estimate).