# Boris Savinkov

Boris Viktorovich Savinkov (Russian: Бори́с Ви́кторович Са́винков; 31 January 1879 – 7 May 1925) was a Russian writer and revolutionary. As one of the leaders of the SR Combat Organization, the paramilitary wing of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, Savinkov was involved in the assassinations of several high-ranking imperial officials in 1904 and 1905.
After the February Revolution of 1917, he became the Russian Provisional Government commissar to the Seventh Army, and then to the Southwestern Front. It was there that he met Lavr Kornilov and recommended to Alexander Kerensky that he be promoted during the 1917 summer offensive. Savinkov was later the Assistant Minister of War (in office from July to August 1917) in the Provisional Government. After the October Revolution of the same year, he organized armed resistance against the ruling Bolsheviks.
In 1921, he wrote:
   The Russian people do not want Lenin, Trotsky and Dzerzhinsky, not merely because the Bolsheviks mobilize them, shoot them, take their grain and are ruining Russia. The Russian people do not want them for the simple reason that ... nobody elected them.
Savinkov emigrated from Soviet Russia in 1920, but on August 16, 1924, he was arrested in Minsk, along with Lyubov Efimovna Dikgof and her husband A. A. Dikgof. The OGPU, with the help of agent Andrei Fedorov (who had gained the confidence of Savinkov) lured him back to the Soviet Union as part of a Syndicate-2 operation. He was either killed in prison or committed suicide.

## Early years

Born in Kharkov (now Kharkiv, Ukraine) as the son of Viktor Mikhailovich Savinkov, who worked as a regional military judge in Warsaw, Boris Savinkov entered the law department of St. Petersburg University in 1897, but was expelled in 1899 because of participation in student riots. Later he studied in Berlin and Heidelberg. From 1898 he was a member of various socialist organizations. Arrested in 1901 and sent into exile at Vologda, he served his exile with some prominent Russian intellectuals including Nikolai Berdyaev and Anatoly Lunacharsky. However, he became disappointed with Marxism and shifted to terrorism. In 1903, Savinkov escaped to Geneva and joined the Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party, where he soon became Deputy Head of its Combat Organization under Yevno Azef.

## Socialist Revolutionary Party

In 1906 he was arrested and sentenced to death for his assassination of Vyacheslav von Plehve, the Russian Minister of Interior, and for participation in the bombing death of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia. However, he escaped from his prison cell in Sevastopol—reportedly because a guard agreed to exchange places with him in his cell: Savinkov walked out, unchallenged, in the guard's uniform, and the guard was hanged instead of him. He left the Russian Empire to avoid recapture. When Azef was exposed as a mole for the Okhrana in 1908, Savinkov was promoted to leader of the SR Fighting Organization, which by now was no longer strong enough to conduct any serious operations. While in France Savinkov volunteered in the French Army during World War I. In April 1917, several months after the February Revolution, he returned to Russia, and in July became Deputy War Minister under Alexander Kerensky. On 30 August, however, he resigned from his post and was expelled from the Socialist Revolutionary Party due to his role in the attempted coup against Prime Minister Kerensky by General Lavr Kornilov.

## Civil war

Savinkov remained in Russia after the October Revolution and organised a new counter-revolutionary organisation called the Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom, whose headquarters were at 4 Molochny Alley in Moscow, where his deputy Dr. Grigoriev maintained a medical establishment as a façade.
Savinkov, a leader of the Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom, managed the organisation of several armed uprisings against the Bolsheviks, the most notable being in Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, and Murom in July 1918. Savinkov returned to France after these uprisings were crushed by the Red Army. There, he held various posts in the Russian emigre societies and was Admiral Aleksandr Kolchak's primary representative in Paris. During the Polish-Soviet War of 1919–1920, he moved to Poland, where he formed a Russian political organisation responsible for the formation of several infantry divisions and cavalry units out of the former Red Army PoWs. Together with Merezhkovsky, he published in Warsaw a newspaper entitled "For Freedom!" (Russian: «За свободу!», romanized: "Za svobodu!").
Once the Polish-Soviet War concluded in October 1921, Polish authorities sent Savinkov out of the country in order not to cause further friction with the Soviets.

## Trust Operation and death

He was an acquaintance of Sidney Reilly, the legendary renegade British agent, and was involved in a number of counter-revolutionary plots against the Bolsheviks, sometimes collaborating with the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS). These efforts were effectively undermined by the Trust Operation implemented by the Soviet security agency OGPU. Savinkov was lured into the USSR to meet with false conspirators and was consequently arrested. The USSR Supreme Court sentenced him to death but the Presidium of VTsIK converted the sentence to 10 years imprisonment. During his trial, Savinkov declared that he recognized the Bolsheviks and assumed his defeat. While imprisoned, he wrote satirical stories about white émigrés and was allowed to see them published in Moscow. According to the NKVD, he committed suicide by jumping from a window in the Lubyanka prison, in Moscow. However, according to modern publications by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and others, Savinkov was killed in prison by OGPU officers. Semyon Ignatyev wrote at the time of the Doctors' Plot that Stalin complained that the MGB was too humane in its interrogation of prisoners exclaiming, "Do you want to be more humanistic than Lenin, who ordered Dzerzhinsky to throw Savinkov out a window?" (Lenin had been already dead for several months by the time Savinkov returned to Russia.)

## Personality and ideology

Ilya Ehrenburg, who met Savinkov in Paris in 1916, wrote that:
   Never before had I met so incomprehensible and frightening a man. His face was startling because of his Mongolian cheekbones and his eyes, now sad, now extremely cruel; he often closed them, and his lids were heavy... In reality, Savinkov no longer believed in anything. Once he told me that it was the Azef affair that broke him. Up to the very end he had believed the agent provocateur to be a hero... Savinkov turned to writing mediocre novels revealing the inner emptiness of a terrorist who has lost faith in his cause.
Savinkov admired Benito Mussolini, praising his nationalist and anti-Communist policies and meeting personally with him several times with the hope of gaining Italian support in his counter-revolutionary plots. Savinkov believed that Fascist Italy was fundamentally democratic as it derived its support from the Italian peasantry. In his final letter written two days before his death, Savinkov admitted that fascism was the most "psychologically and ideologically close" to his own views.

## Legacy

Savinkov wrote several books. His most famous are two autobiographies: Memoirs of a Terrorist, and the loosely autobiographical novel The Pale Horse. Savinkov's works raised huge controversy among the SRs, and many of them were disclaimed as "spoofs" on terrorism.
In Poland, a street in the Praga Północ district of Warsaw was named after Savinkov in 2017. The street's previous name was Dąbrowszczacy, referring to Polish volunteers of the Dabrowski Battalion in the Spanish Civil War (the battalion itself named after the communard leader Jarosław Dąbrowski). The change was made due to a law forbidding promotion of communism and other totalitarian ideologies. This was met with controversy and a campaign to reverse the change, and the street's name was changed back to Dąbrowszczacy in 2019.

## In popular culture
### Films

* Karen Shakhnazarov directed a 2004 film entitled The Rider Named Death based on Savinkov's autobiographical fiction, The Pale Horse.

### Television

* Savinkov was played by Clive Merrison in the 1983 BBC miniseries Reilly: Ace of Spies.

## Works

* The Pale Horse (novel), 1909 (English edition 1919, online), Russian: Конь бледный (Kon' blednyj) – published under the pseudonym "V. Ropshin"
* What Never Happened: A Novel of The Revolution, 1912 (English edition 1917, online), Russian: То, чего не было (To, chego ne bylo) – published under the pseudonym "V. Ropshin"
* Memoirs of a Terrorist, 1917 (English edition 1931), Russian: Воспоминания террориста (Vospominanija terrorista)
* On The Path to a "Third" Russia, 1920 (Russian edition 1920), Russian: На пути к "Третьей" России (Na puti k "Tret'yey" Rossii)
* The Black Horse (novel), 1924 (Russian edition 1923), Russian: Конь вороной (Kon' voronoj)
* In the prison (novel), 1924 (Russian edition 1924), Russian: В тюрьме: Посмертный рассказ (V t'urme: posmernyi rasskaz)
* In France during the war (collection of articles), 1917 (Russian edition 1917), Russian: Во Франции во время войны (Vo Francii vo vremia voiny) – published under the pseudonym "V. Ropshin"
* Why I Recognized Soviet Power? (collection of articles ), 1924 (Russian edition 1924), Russian: Почему я признал Советскую власть? (Pochemu ja priynal sovetskuju vlast?)
* "Boris Savinkov's Letter to Felix Dzerzhinsky", in The Russian Review, Vol. 29, No. 3 (July 1970), pp. 325–327