# Dahlgren system

One of the modern systems of plant taxonomy, the Dahlgren system was published by monocot specialist Rolf Dahlgren in 1975 and revised in 1977, and 1980. However, he is best known for his two treatises on monocotyledons in 1982 and revised in 1985. His wife Gertrud Dahlgren continued the work after his death.
Dahlgren ranked the dicotyledons and monocotyledons as subclasses of the class of flowering plants (angiosperms) and further divided them into superorders. Originally (1975) he used the suffix -anae, as did Cronquist, to designate these, but in 1980 changed this to -florae in accordance with Thorne. In the 1989 revision, published by his wife, the alternate names Magnoliidae and Liliidae were dropped in favour of Dicotyledon and Monocotyledon, and the suffix -florae reverted to -anae (e.g. Alismatanae for Alismatiflorae).
Reveal provides an extensive listing of Dahlgren's classification. (Note the synonyms, both nomenclatural and taxonomic, for each name in the system.)

## 1980 system
### Summary

* Class Magnoliopsida (flowering plants (Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta)
    Subclass Magnoliidae (dicotyledons) 24 superorders
    Superorder Magnoliiflorae
    Superorder Nymphaeiflorae
    Superorder Ranunculiflorae
    Superorder Caryophylliflorae
    Superorder Polygoniflorae
    Superorder Malviflorae
    Superorder Violiflorae
    Superorder Theiflorae
    Superorder Primuliflorae
    Superorder Rosiflorae
    Superorder Podostemiflorae
    Superorder Fabiflorae
    Superorder Proteiflorae
    Superorder Myrtiflorae
    Superorder Rutiflorae
    Superorder Santaliflorae
    Superorder Balanophoriflorae
    Superorder Araliiflorae
    Superorder Asteriflorae
    Superorder Solaniflorae
    Superorder Corniflorae
    Superorder Loasiflorae
    Superorder Gentianiflorae
    Superorder Lamiiflorae
    Subclass Liliidae (monocotyledons) 7 superorders
    Superorder Alismatiflorae
    Superorder Triuridiflorae
    Superorder Ariflorae
    Superorder Liliiflorae
    Superorder Zingiberiflorae
    Superorder Commeliniflorae
    Superorder Areciflorae

### Magnoliidae (dicotyledons)

    Subclass Magnoliiflorae
       Superorder Magnolianae
          Order Annonales
             Family Annonaceae
             Family Myristicaceae
             Family Eupomatiaceae
             Family Canellaceae
             Family Austrobaileyaceae
          Order Aristolochiales
             Family Aristolochiaceae
          Order Rafflesiales
             Family Rafflesiaceae
             Family Hydnoraceae
          Order Magnoliales
             Family Degeneriaceae
             Family Himantandraceae
             Family Magnoliaceae
          Order Lactoridales
             Family Lactoridaceae
          Order Winterales
             Family Winteraceae
          Order Chloranthales
             Family Chloranthaceae
          Order Illiciales
             Family Illiciaceae
             Family Schisandraceae
          Order Laurales
             Family Amborellaceae
             Family Trimeniaceae
             Family Monimiaceae
             Family Gomortegaceae
             Family Calycanthaceae
             Family Lauraceae
          Order Nelumbonales
             Family Nelumbonaceae
       Superorder Nymphaeiflorae
          Order Piperales
             Family Saururaceae
             Family Piperaceae
          Order Nymphaeales
             Family Cabombaceae
             Family Nymphaeaceae
             Family Ceratophyllaceae
       Superorder Ranunculiflorae
          Order Ranunculales
             Family Lardizabalaceae
             Family Sargentodoxaceae
             Family Menispermaceae
             Family Kingdoniaceae
             Family Circaeasteraceae
             Family Ranunculaceae
             Family Hydrastidaceae
             Family Berberidaceae
          Order Papaverales
             Family Papaveraceae
             Family Fumariaceae
       Superorder Caryophylliflorae
          Order Caryophyllales
             Family Molluginaceae
             Family Caryophyllaceae
             Family Phytolaccaceae
             Family Achatocarpaceae
             Family Agdestidaceae
             Family Basellaceae
             Family Portulacaceae
             Family Stegnospermataceae
             Family Nyctaginaceae
             Family Aizoaceae
             Family Halophytaceae
             Family Cactaceae
             Family Didiereaceae
             Family Hectorellaceae
             Family Chenopodiaceae
             Family Amaranthaceae
       Superorder Polygoniflorae
          Order Polygonales
             Family Polygonaceae
       Superorder Malviflorae
          Order Malvales
             Family Sterculiaceae
             Family Plagiopteraceae
             Family Bixaceae
             Family Cochlospermaceae
             Family Cistaceae
             Family Sphaerosepalaceae
             Family Sarcolaenaceae
             Family Huaceae
             Family Tiliaceae
             Family Dipterocarpaceae
             Family Bombacaceae
             Family Malvaceae
          Order Urticales
             Family Ulmaceae
             Family Moraceae
             Family Cecropiaceae
             Family Barbeyaceae
             Family Cannabaceae
             Family Urticaceae
          Order Euphorbiales
             Family Euphorbiaceae
             Family Simmondsiaceae
             Family Pandaceae
             Family Aextoxicaceae
             Family Dichapetalaceae
          Order Plumbaginales
             Family Plumbaginaceae
             Family Limoniaceae
          Order Thymelaeales
             Family Gonystylaceae
             Family Thymelaeaceae
          Order Rhamnales
             Family Rhamnaceae
       Superorder Violiflorae
          Order Violales
             Family Flacourtiaceae
             Family Berberidopsidaceae
             Family Aphloiaceae
             Family Physenaceae
             Family Passifloraceae
             Family Dipentodontaceae
             Family Peridiscaceae
             Family Scyphostegiaceae
             Family Violaceae
             Family Turneraceae
             Family Malesherbiaceae
             Family Caricaceae
          Order Cucurbitales
             Family Achariaceae
             Family Cucurbitaceae
             Family Begoniaceae
             Family Datiscaceae
          Order Salicales
             Family Salicaceae
          Order Tamaricales
             Family Tamaricaceae
             Family Frankeniaceae
          Order Capparales
             Family Capparaceae
             Family Brassicaceae
             Family Tovariaceae
             Family Resedaceae
             Family Gyrostemonaceae
             Family Bataceae
             Family Moringaceae
          Order Tropaeolales
             Family Tropaeolaceae
             Family Limnanthaceae
          Order Salvadorales
             Family Salvadoraceae
       Superorder Theiflorae
          Order Dilleniales
             Family Dilleniaceae
          Order Paeoniales
             Family Glaucidiaceae
             Family Paeoniaceae
          Order Theales
             Family Stachyuraceae
             Family Pentaphylacaceae
             Family Marcgraviaceae
             Family Quiinaceae
             Family Ancistrocladaceae
             Family Dioncophyllaceae
             Family Nepenthaceae
             Family Medusagynaceae
             Family Caryocaraceae
             Family Strasburgeriaceae
             Family Ochnaceae
             Family Chrysobalanaceae
             Family Oncothecaceae
             Family Scytopetalaceae
             Family Theaceae
             Family Bonnetiaceae
             Family Clusiaceae
             Family Elatinaceae
          Order Lecythidales
             Family Lecythidaceae
       Superorder Primuliflorae
          Order Primulales
             Family Myrsinaceae
             Family Aegicerataceae
             Family Theophrastaceae
             Family Primulaceae
             Family Coridaceae
          Order Ebenales
             Family Sapotaceae
             Family Styracaceae
             Family Lissocarpaceae
             Family Ebenaceae
       Superorder Rosiflorae
          Order Trochodendrales
             Family Trochodendraceae
             Family Tetracentraceae
          Order Cercidiphyllales
             Family Cercidiphyllaceae
             Family Eupteleaceae
          Order Hamamelidales
             Family Hamamelidaceae
             Family Platanaceae
             Family Myrothamnaceae
          Order Balanopales
             Family Balanopaceae
          Order Fagales
             Family Nothofagaceae
             Family Fagaceae
             Family Corylaceae
             Family Betulaceae
          Order Juglandales
             Family Rhoipteleaceae
             Family Juglandaceae
          Order Myricales
             Family Myricaceae
          Order Casuarinales
             Family Casuarinaceae
          Order Buxales
             Family Buxaceae
             Family Daphniphyllaceae
             Family Didymelaceae
          Order Geissolomatales
             Family Geissolomataceae
          Order Cunoniales
             Family Cunoniaceae
             Family Baueraceae
             Family Brunelliaceae
             Family Davidsoniaceae
             Family Eucryphiaceae
             Family Bruniaceae
             Family Grubbiaceae
          Order Saxifragales
             Family Saxifragaceae
             Family Francoaceae
             Family Greyiaceae
             Family Brexiaceae
             Family Grossulariaceae
             Family Iteaceae
             Family Cephalotaceae
             Family Crassulaceae
          Order Droserales
             Family Droseraceae
             Family Lepuropetalaceae
             Family Parnassiaceae
          Order Rosales
             Family Rosaceae
             Family Neuradaceae
             Family Malaceae
             Family Amygdalaceae
             Family Anisophylleaceae
             Family Crossosomataceae
             Family Surianaceae
             Family Rhabdodendraceae
          Order Gunnerales
             Family Gunneraceae
       Superorder Podostemiflorae
          Order Podostemales
             Family Podostemaceae (including Tristichaceae)
       Superorder Fabiflorae
          Order Fabales
             Family Mimosaceae
             Family Caesalpiniaceae
             Family Fabaceae
       Superorder Proteiflorae
          Order Proteales
             Family Proteaceae
          Order Elaeagnales
             Family Elaeagnaceae
       Superorder Myrtiflorae
          Order Myrtales
             Family Psiloxylaceae
             Family Heteropyxidaceae
             Family Myrtaceae
             Family Onagraceae
             Family Trapaceae
             Family Lythraceae
             Family Combretaceae
             Family Melastomataceae
             Family Memecylaceae
             Family Crypteroniaceae
             Family Oliniaceae
             Family Penaeaceae
             Family Rhynchocalycaceae
             Family Alzateaceae
          Order Haloragales
             Family Haloragaceae
       Superorder Rutiflorae
          Order Sapindales
             Family Coriariaceae
             Family Anacardiaceae
             Family Leitneriaceae
             Family Podoaceae
             Family Sapindaceae
             Family Hippocastanaceae
             Family Aceraceae
             Family Akaniaceae
             Family Bretschneideraceae
             Family Emblingiaceae
             Family Staphyleaceae
             Family Melianthaceae
             Family Sabiaceae
             Family Meliosmaceae
             Family Connaraceae
          Order Rutales
             Family Rutaceae
             Family Ptaeroxylaceae
             Family Cneoraceae
             Family Simaroubaceae
             Family Tepuianthaceae
             Family Burseraceae
             Family Meliaceae
          Order Polygalales
             Family Malpighiaceae
             Family Trigoniaceae
             Family Vochysiaceae
             Family Polygalaceae
             Family Krameriaceae
          Order Geraniales
             Family Zygophyllaceae
             Family Nitrariaceae
             Family Peganaceae
             Family Balanitaceae
             Family Erythroxylaceae
             Family Humiriaceae
             Family Linaceae
             Family Ctenolophonaceae
             Family Ixonanthaceae
             Family Lepidobotryaceae
             Family Oxalidaceae (including Averrhoaceae)
             Family Geraniaceae
             Family Dirachmaceae
             Family Ledocarpaceae
             Family Vivianiaceae
             Family Biebersteiniaceae
          Order Linales (incorporated into Geraniales)
             Family Linaceae
             Family Humiriaceae
             Family Ctenolophonaceae
             Family Ixonanthaceae
             Family Erythroxylaceae
             Family Lepidobotryaceae
             Family Oxalidaceae
          Order Celastrales
             Family Stackhousiaceae
             Family Lophopyxidaceae
             Family Cardiopteridaceae
             Family Corynocarpaceae
             Family Celastraceae
          Order Rhizophorales
             Family Rhizophoraceae
             Family Elaeocarpaceae
          Order Balsaminales
             Family Balsaminaceae
       Superorder Santaliflorae
          Order Santalales
             Family Olacaceae
             Family Opiliaceae
             Family Loranthaceae
             Family Medusandraceae
             Family Misodendraceae
             Family Eremolepidaceae
             Family Santalaceae
             Family Viscaceae
       Superorder Balanophoriflorae
          Order Balanophorales
             Family Cynomoriaceae
             Family Balanophoraceae
       Superorder Araliiflorae
          Order Pittosporales
             Family Pittosporaceae
             Family Tremandraceae
             Family Byblidaceae
          Order Araliales
             Family Araliaceae
             Family Apiaceae
       Superorder Asteriflorae
          Order Campanulales
             Family Pentaphragmataceae
             Family Campanulaceae
             Family Lobeliaceae
          Order Asterales
             Family Asteraceae
       Superorder Solaniflorae
          Order Solanales
             Family Solanaceae
             Family Sclerophylacaceae
             Family Goetzeaceae
             Family Convolvulaceae
             Family Cuscutaceae
             Family Cobaeaceae
             Family Polemoniaceae
          Order Boraginales
             Family Hydrophyllaceae
             Family Ehretiaceae
             Family Boraginaceae
             Family Lennoaceae
             Family Hoplestigmataceae
       Superorder Corniflorae
          Order Fouquieriales
             Family Fouquieriaceae
          Order Ericales
             Family Actinidiaceae
             Family Clethraceae
             Family Cyrillaceae
             Family Ericaceae
             Family Empetraceae
             Family Monotropaceae
             Family Pyrolaceae
             Family Epacridaceae
          Order Eucommiales
             Family Eucommiaceae
          Order Sarraceniales
             Family Sarraceniaceae
          Order Cornales
             Family Garryaceae
             Family Alangiaceae
             Family Nyssaceae
             Family Cornaceae
             Family Roridulaceae
             Family Davidiaceae
             Family Escalloniaceae
             Family Helwingiaceae
             Family Torricelliaceae
             Family Aucubaceae
             Family Aralidiaceae
             Family Diapensiaceae
             Family Phellinaceae
             Family Aquifoliaceae
             Family Paracryphiaceae
             Family Sphenostemonaceae
             Family Symplocaceae
             Family Icacinaceae
             Family Montiniaceae
             Family Columelliaceae
             Family Stylidiaceae (including Donatiaceae)
             Family Alseuosmiaceae
             Family Hydrangeaceae
             Family Sambucaceae
             Family Viburnaceae
             Family Menyanthaceae
             Family Adoxaceae
             Family Phyllonomaceae
             Family Tribelaceae
             Family Eremosynaceae
             Family Pterostemonaceae
             Family Tetracarpaeaceae
          Order Dipsacales
             Family Caprifoliaceae
             Family Valerianaceae
             Family Dipsacaceae
             Family Morinaceae
             Family Calyceraceae
       Superorder Loasiflorae
          Order Loasales
             Family Loasaceae
       Superorder Gentianiflorae
          Order Goodeniales
             Family Goodeniaceae
          Order Oleales
             Family Oleaceae
          Order Gentianales
             Family Desfontainiaceae
             Family Loganiaceae
             Family Dialypetalanthaceae
             Family Rubiaceae
             Family Theligonaceae
             Family Gentianaceae
             Family Saccifoliaceae
             Family Apocynaceae
             Family Asclepiadaceae
       Superorder Lamiiflorae
          Order Lamiales
             Family Retziaceae
             Family Stilbaceae
             Family Buddlejaceae
             Family Scrophulariaceae
             Family Myoporaceae
             Family Globulariaceae
             Family Plantaginaceae
             Family Lentibulariaceae
             Family Pedaliaceae
             Family Trapellaceae
             Family Martyniaceae
             Family Gesneriaceae
             Family Bignoniaceae
             Family Acanthaceae
             Family Verbenaceae
             Family Lamiaceae
             Family Callitrichaceae
          Order Hydrostachyales
             Family Hydrostachyaceae
          Order Hippuridales
             Family Hippuridaceae

## 1982 system (monocotyledons)
### Summary

Six superorders
* Superorder Alismatiflorae
* Superorder Ariflorae
* Superorder Liliiflorae
* Superorder Zingiberiflorae
* Superorder Commeliniflorae
* Superorder Areciflorae

### Details

* Superorder Alismatiflorae 5 orders
* Superorder Ariflorae 1 order
** Order Arales
* Superorder Liliiflorae 11 orders
** Order Dioscoreales
** Order Taccales
** Order Asparagales
*** Family Smilacaceae
*** Family Petermanniaceae
*** Family Philesiaceae
*** Family Convallariaceae
*** Family Asparagaceae
*** Family Herreriaceae
*** Family Dracaenaceae
*** Family Doryanthaceae
*** Family Dasypogonaceae
*** Family Phormiaceae
*** Family Xanthorrhoeaceae
*** Family Agavaceae
*** Family Hypoxidaceae
*** Family Asphodelaceae
*** Family Aphyllanthaceae
*** Family Dianellaceae
*** Family Tecophilaeaceae
*** Family Cyanastraceae
*** Family Eriospermaceae
*** Family Hemerocallidaceae
*** Family Funkiaceae
*** Family Hyacinthaceae
*** Family Alliaceae
*** Family Amaryllidaceae
** Order Liliales
*** Family Iridaceae
*** Family Geosiridaceae
*** Family Colchicaceae
*** Family Alstroemeriaceae
*** Family Tricyrtidaceae
*** Family Calochortaceae
*** Family Liliaceae
*** Family Melanthiaceae
** Order Burmanniales
** Order Orchidales
** Order Pontederiales
** Order Haemodorales
** Order Philydrales
** Order Velloziales
** Order Bromeliales
* Superorder Zingiberiflorae 1 order
** Order Zingiberales
* Superorder Commeliniflorae 8 orders
* Superorder Areciflorae 3 orders

## 1985 system (monocotyledons)
### Summary

Ten superorders
* Superorder Liliiflorae
* Superorder Ariflorae
* Superorder Triuridiflorae
* Superorder Alismatiflorae
* Superorder Bromeliiflorae
* Superorder Zingiberiflorae
* Superorder Commeliniflorae
* Superorder Cyclanthiflorae
* Superorder Areciflorae
* Superorder Pandaniflorae

### Details
#### Liliiflorae

       Superorder Liliiflorae 6 orders p. 107
          Order Dioscoreales
             Family Trichopodaceae
             Family Dioscoreaceae
             Family Taccaceae
             Family Stemonaceae
             Family Trilliaceae
             Family Smilacaceae
             Family Petermanniaceae
          Order Asparagales
             Family Philesiaceae
             Family Luzuriagaceae
             Family Convallariaceae
             Family Asparagaceae
             Family Ruscaceae
             Family Herreriaceae
             Family Dracaenaceae
             Family Nolinaceae
             Family Asteliaceae
             Family Hanguanaceae
             Family Dasypogonaceae
             Family Calectasiaceae
             Family Blandfordiaceae
             Family Xanthorrhoeaceae
             Family Agavaceae
             Family Hypoxidaceae
             Family Tecophilaeaceae
             Family Cyanastraceae
             Family Eriospermaceae
             Family Ixioliriaceae
             Family Phormiaceae
             Family Doryanthaceae
             Family Hemerocallidaceae
             Family Asphodelaceae
             Family Anthericaceae
             Family Aphyllanthaceae
             Family Funkiaceae
             Family Hyacinthaceae
             Family Alliaceae
             Family Amaryllidaceae
                Tribe Amaryllideae
                Tribe Hippeastrae
                Tribe Lycoridae
                Tribe Stenomesseae
                Tribe Eucharideae
                Tribe Pancratieae
                Tribe Narcisseae
                Tribe Galantheae
          Order Melanthiales
             Family Melanthiaceae
             Family Campynemaceae
          Order Burmanniales
             Family Burmanniaceae
             Family Thismiaceae
             Family Corsiaceae
          Order Liliales
             Family Alstroemeriaceae
             Family Colchicaceae
             Family Uvulariaceae
             Family Calochortaceae
             Family Liliaceae
             Family Geosiridaceae
             Family Iridaceae
          Order Orchids
             Family Apostasiaceae
             Family Cypripediaceae
             Family Orchidaceae

#### Ariflorae

       Superorder Ariflorae 1 order p. 275
          Order Arales
             Family Araceae
             Family Lemnaceae

#### Triuridiflorae

       Superorder Triuridiflorae 1 order p. 287
          Order Triuridales
             Family Triuridaceae

#### Alismatiflorae

       Superorder Alismatiflorae 2 orders p. 292
          Order Alismatales
             Family Aponogetonaceae
             Family Butomaceae
             Family Limnocharitaceae
             Family Alismataceae
             Family Hydrocharitaceae
          Order Najadales
             Family Scheuchzeriaceae
             Family Juncaginaceae
             Family Potamogetonaceae
             Family Posidoniaceae
             Family Zosteraceae
             Family Zannichelliaceae
             Family Cymodoceaceae
             Family Najadaceae

#### Bromeliiflorae

       Superorder Bromeliflorae 6 orders p. 323
          Order Velloziales
             Family Velloziaceae
          Order Bromeliales
             Family Bromeliaceae
          Order Philydrales
             Family Philydraceae
          Order Haemodorales
             Family Haemodoraceae
          Order Pontederiales
             Family Pontederiaceae
          Order Typhales
             Family Sparganiaceae
             Family Typhaceae

#### Zingiberiflorae

       Superorder Zingiberiflorae 1 order p. 350
          Order Zingiberales
             Family Lowiaceae
             Family Musaceae
             Family Heliconiaceae
             Family Strelitziaceae
             Family Zingiberaceae
             Family Costaceae
             Family Cannaceae
             Family Marantaceae

#### Commeliniflorae

       Superorder Commeliniflorae 4 orders p. 374
          Order Commelinales
             Family Commelinaceae
             Family Mayacaceae
             Family Xyridaceae
             Family Rapateaceae
             Family Eriocaulaceae
          Order Hydatellales
             Family Hydatellaceae
          Order Cyperales
             Family Juncaceae
             Family Thurniaceae
             Family Cyperaceae
          Order Poales
             Family Flagellariaceae
             Family Joinvilleaceae
             Family Poaceae
             Family Ecdeiocolaceae
             Family Anarthriaceae
             Family Restionaceae
             Family Centrolepidaceae

#### Cyclanthiflorae

       Superorder Cyclanthiflorae 1 order p. 461
          Order Cyclanthales
             Family Cyclanthaceae

#### Areciflorae

       Superorder Areciflorae 1 order p. 467
          Order Arecales
             Family Arecaceae

#### Pandaniflorae

       Superorder Pandaniflorae 1 order p. 480
          Order Pandanales
             Family Pandanaceae