OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Flags of the English Interregnum

There were a variety of flags flown by ships of the Commonwealth during the Interregnum of 1649–1660.
At sea, royalist ships continued to fly the Union Jack of 1606, while on 22 February 1649 the Council of State decided to send the parliamentary navy an order (signed by Oliver Cromwell on 23 February) that "the ships at sea in service of the State shall onely beare the red Crosse in a white flag" (viz., the flag of England). On 5 March 1649 the Council further ordered "that the Flagg that is to be borne by the Admiral, Vice-Admiral, and Rere-Admiral be that now presented, viz., the Armes of England and Ireland in two severall Escotcheons in a Red Flagg, within a compartment." A sole surviving example of a naval flag following this description is kept by the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich, others having fallen victim to the destruction of Commonwealth symbols at the Restoration of Charles II. Scotland was formally united with England in 1654. According to Perrin (1922), the saltire of Scotland did not reappear on naval flags of the Commonwealth until 1658.
In 1658 Cromwell's personal standard as Lord Protector became the "Standard for the General of his Highnesse fleet", while the Cross-and-Harp jack was replaced by the "Protectorate Jack", consisting of the royal Union Flag with the addition of the Irish Harp at the centre.

## Flags of the Commonwealth

* A flag used by the Commonwealth Parliamentary Navy and privateers beginning on 22 February 1649.
* Flag described as "the Parliament Jack", following a decision of the State Council on 23 February 1649: "And that upon the Sterne of the Shipps there shall be the Red Crosse in one Escotcheon, and the Harpe in one other, being the Armes of England and Ireland, both Escotcheons joyned according to the pattern herewith sent unto you.", replaced in 1658.
* An Ordinance of 12 April 1654 ordered: "That the arms of Scotland viz: a Cross commonly called the St Andrew's Cross be received onto and borne from henceforth in the Arms of this Commonwealth ... etc".
* Standard of the Lord Protector from 1653 to 1659.
* The jack used by the Commonwealth after 1658, replaced the impaled St George's Cross and Irish harp.)
# Krzywda

Krzywda may refer to the following places:
* Krzywda, Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
* Krzywda, Białobrzegi County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Krzywda, Garwolin County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Krzywda, Zwoleń County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Krzywda, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
* Krzywda, Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)
# Gmina Chynów

Gmina Chynów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Grójec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the village of Chynów, which lies approximately 16 kilometres (10 mi) east of Grójec and 35 km (22 mi) south of Warsaw.
The gmina covers an area of 137.07 square kilometres (52.9 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 9,442.

## Villages

Gmina Chynów contains the villages and settlements of Adamów Rososki, Barcice Drwalewskie, Barcice Rososkie, Budy Sułkowskie, Budziszyn, Budziszynek, Chynów, Dąbrowa Duża, Dobiecin, Drwalew, Drwalewice, Edwardów, Franciszków, Gaj Żelechowski, Gliczyn, Grobice, Henryków, Jakubowizna, Janów, Jurandów, Krężel, Kukały, Lasopole, Ludwików, Machcin, Mąkosin, Marianów, Martynów, Marynin, Milanów, Nowe Grobice, Pawłówka, Pieczyska, Piekut, Przyłom, Rososz, Rososzka, Staniszewice, Sułkowice, Watraszew, Węszelówka, Widok, Wola Chynowska, Wola Kukalska, Wola Pieczyska, Wola Żyrowska, Wygodne, Zalesie, Zawady, Żelazna, Żelechów and Żyrów.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Chynów is bordered by the gminas of Góra Kalwaria, Grójec, Jasieniec, Prażmów and Warka.

## Rural Poverty

According to a 2008 'Der Spiegel' article, the children who attend the elementary school in Chynów are suffering the consequences of rising food prices, to the point that a school meal is the best meal a child may receive, and has come to represent a major incentive for a child to attend school.
This state of affairs is difficult to reconcile with the facts that Poland is a contributor to many international and EU-wide food-aid programmes, and Chynów is situated in an area well endowed with agricultural land.
As to why such a problem has arisen with regard to food supply, above and beyond the current rise in prices, it would seem likely that lack of food production is due to EU agricultural policies and /or mal-administration at the state and/or county levels.
# Hagoita

Hagoita (羽子板 ｢はごいた｣) are the wooden paddles used to hit shuttlecocks (羽子 pronounced hago ｢はご｣ or hane ｢はね｣), traditionally made of soapberry seeds and bird feathers, that are used to play the traditional Japanese pastime called hanetsuki during the New Year. The paddles are decorated with various images, sometimes executed in relief, of women in kimono, kabuki actors, and so on. Japanese people think playing hanetsuki is a way to drive away evil spirits because the movement of the hagoita is similar to the harau action (a Japanese expression meaning “to drive away”). Thus playing hanetsuki with hagoita is often used as a charm against evil.

## History

Hagoita were introduced into Japan during the Muromachi period (1336–1573) from Ming dynasty China. In the Edo period (1603–1868), oshie-hagoita were designed with images of elegantly made-up kabuki actors (oshie meaning raised cloth pictures). They were made using washi or cloth cut out in the shape of flowers and people and pasted onto the paddle stuffed with cotton to give them a three-dimensional appearance. Over time, hagoita were not only used as game equipment but also as popular gifts and collectibles. During the Edo and Meiji period, many different kinds appeared; some high-quality paddles even used gold leaf and silver foil. With the industrial revolution, improved manufacturing technology promoted the development of hagoita. Also, among farmers, producing hagoita was a popular off-season side business.
After World War II, hagoita became popular decorations and souvenirs for locals and tourists. At present, hagoita are not limited to featuring portraits of kabuki actors but also of movie and TV stars and of famous athletes. For 350 years, an annual hagoita market has been held at the Sensō-ji temple in Tokyo. Operating from December 17 to 19, it attracts a large number of customers and also marks the end of the old year and the beginning of the new.
# Empey

Empey is the surname of:
* Arthur Guy Empey (1883–1963), American author, screenwriter and movie producer
* James Empey (born 1996), American football player
* Ralph Empey (1904–1960), Australian rules footballer
* Reg Empey (born 1947), Northern Ireland politician
* Walton Empey (born 1934), former Archbishop of Dublin
# The Electric Spanking of War Babies (song)

"The Electric Spanking of War Babies" is the title track from the last album recorded by the American funk band Funkadelic. The song was released as a single in 1981 by Warner Bros. Records. Instrumentally the track was constructed by co-writer Walter Morrison. It charted on the Billboard R&B chart, peaking at number 60.

## Personnel

* Bass, Guitar, Drums and Keyboards: Walter Morrison
* Lead Guitar: Michael Hampton
# Magasin för konst, nyheter och moder

Magasin för konst, nyheter och moder (meaning Magazine for Art, News and Fashion in English) was an illustrated Swedish fashion magazine, published between 1823 and 1844 by Fredrik Boije. It is recognized to be the first true fashion magazine in Sweden. It was also among the first fashion magazines outside France. The magazine was published monthly.
# Ransome (surname)

Ransome is the surname of:
* Arthur Ransome (1884–1967), English author and journalist
* Ernest L. Ransome (1852–1917), Anglo-American architect and concrete engineer
* Frederick Ransome (1818–1893), British inventor of artificial stone
* Frederick Leslie Ransome (1868–1934), English-American geologist
* Gordon Arthur Ransome (1910-1977), Professor of Medicine, First Master of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore.
* James Ransome (manufacturer) (1782–1849), British agricultural machinery manufacturer, son of Robert Ransome
* James Ransome (illustrator), American illustrator of children's books
* James Allen Ransome (1806–1875), British agricultural machinery manufacturer and writer, grandson of Robert Ransome
* Prunella Ransome (1943–2002), English actress
* Robert Ransome (1753–1830), British founder of an agricultural machinery maker
# Large Optical Test and Integration Site

The Large Optical Test and Integration Site, or LOTIS, is a facility at the Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company in Sunnyvale, CA for testing large optical components under realistic conditions. LOTIS has large, thermally stabilized vacuum chamber, vibration-isolated optical benches, and a large 6.5 meter telescope (run backwards as a collimator) to create images for the test optics to view. It can generate images from the visible through the mid-wavelength IR.
The fabrication error in the Hubble Space Telescope main mirror is the classic example that shows the need for such testing. In this case, a test facility such as LOTIS was not easily available, so the completed optics were not tested as a unit, and instead relied on careful testing of the individual components. Unfortunately, due to a mis-assembled null corrector, one of the tests was wrong, and a mis-figured mirror was not discovered until the telescope was placed into service. This is exactly the type of problem that LOTIS can detect, since it is designed to test large optical systems as a unit by creating realistic inputs and operating conditions for them.
# Small nucleolar RNA SNORD78

In molecular biology, SNORD78 (also known as U78) belongs to the C/D family of snoRNAs. It is predicted to guide 2'O-ribose methylation of the large 28S rRNA subunit at position G4593. The snoRNAs U44, U47, U74, U75, U76, U77, U79, U80 and U81, also of the C/D family, share the same host gene with U78 (protein non-coding).
# Australian Unity

Australian Unity is an Australian mutual company having its origins in the friendly societies movement. In 2012, Big Sky was merged with Australian Unity to become the banking arm of the company.

## History

It was formed as the Manchester Unity Independent Order of Oddfellows (MUIOOF) in Melbourne, Victoria, on 7 December 1840 by eight men including Thomas Strode, publisher of the Port Phillip Gazette and Augustus Greeves, inspired by Independent Order of Oddfellows Manchester Unity.
In 1993, Manchester Unity merged with the Australian Natives' Association to form Australian Unity. Later mergers occurred with Grand United Friendly Society in 2005, Lifeplan Australia Friendly Society in 2009, and Big Sky Credit Union in 2012. Australian Unity has about 8,500 employees across healthcare, insurance and banking (in the guise of Big Sky Credit Union) divisions.
In 2012, Big Sky merged with Australian Unity to become the banking arm of Australian Unity. Ownership of Big Sky Credit Union Limited was transferred to Australian Unity Limited's subsidiary Lifeplan Australia Building Society Limited and renamed Big Sky Building Society Limited. Members of Big Sky Credit Union became members of Australian Unity.

## Manchester Unity Building

The company commissioned the Manchester Unity Building, a neo-Gothic Art Deco skyscraper, and one of the most well-known and recognisable buildings in Melbourne, Australia, in 1928. The building was constructed in 1932.
Another Melbourne building, formerly owned by Manchester Unity Oddfellows, at 335–347 Swanston Street was compulsorily acquired by the Commonwealth government in 1947. The building, constructed in 1940–41, sits opposite the State Library of Victoria, adjacent to the Melbourne Central shopping centre.

## Predecessors and previous incarnations

   * Manchester Unity Independent Order of Oddfellows (MUIOOF)
   * Australian Natives' Association
   * Grand United Friendly Society
* Grand United Order of Oddfellows Friendly Society (GUOOFS)
   * Lifeplan Australia Friendly Society
   * Big Sky Credit Union
# The Electrical Experimenter

The Electrical Experimenter was an American technical science magazine that was published monthly. It was established in May 1913, as the successor to Modern Electrics, a combination of a magazine and mail-order catalog that had been published by Hugo Gernsback starting in 1908. The Electrical Experimenter continued from May 1913 to July 1920 under that name, focusing on scientific articles about radio, and continued with a broader focus as Science and Invention until August 1931.
The magazine was edited by Hugo Gernsback until March 1929, when the Experimenter Publishing empire of Sidney and Hugo Gernsback was forced into bankruptcy; after that date it was edited by Arthur H. Lynch.
Under the editorship of Gernsback, it also published some early science fiction; he published several of his own stories in the magazine starting in 1915, and encouraged others through a 1916 editorial arguing that a "real electrical experimenter, worthy of the name" must have imagination and a vision for the future. Between August 1917 and July 1919, Nikola Tesla wrote five articles for the magazine, and also published parts of his autobiography in segments in several issues in 1919.
# Asur, Thanjavur district

Asur is a village in the Kumbakonam taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu.

## Demographics

As per the 2001 census, Asur had a total population of 2212 with 1095 males and 1117 females. The sex ratio was 1020. The literacy rate was 67.47.
# Yochelson Ridge

Yochelson Ridge (79°36′S 84°25′W﻿ / ﻿79.600°S 84.417°W﻿ / -79.600; -84.417) is a rugged, partly snow-covered ridge, about 4 miles (6 km) long, extending north-northwest from Eley Peak, Soholt Peaks, in the Heritage Range, Ellsworth Mountains. It was mapped by United States Geological Survey (USGS) from surveys and U.S. Navy aerial photographs from 1961 to 1966. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after Ellis L. Yochelson, a USGS geologist at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC and a paleontologist with the United States Antarctic Research Program (USARP) Ellsworth Mountains Expedition of 1979–80.
# Madhavendra Banerji

Air Vice Marshal Madhavendra Banerji MVC VM (4 January 1934 – 17 November 2019) was an ex-officer of the Indian Air Force and a recipient of Maha Vir Chakra, India's second highest gallantry Award and the Vayu Sena Medal.

## Early life

He was born on 4 January 1934 in Kolkata, India, the son of Shri TK Banerji.

## Military career

Banerji was commissioned into the Indian Air Force on 16 April 1955. He saw action in both the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistan War.
During the 1971 war, as a squadron leader and a senior pilot in No. 101 Squadron, a fighter bomber squadron equipped with Sukhoi Su-7 aircraft, he led a number of missions against enemy targets, most of them in support of Army operations in the Chhamb battles. During these missions, he destroyed enemy tanks and guns. He was personally responsible for attacks on the enemy and showed bravery and skill by repeatedly returning to the fray in the face of extremely heavy ground fire, which relieved pressure on Indian ground troops and enabled them to press on with their operations. For bravery and leadership displayed in combat missions, Madhavendra Banerji was awarded the Mahavir Chakra.
He later rose to the rank of air vice marshal before retiring. He died on 17 November 2019 due to natural causes at the age of 85.
# Ransome G. Holdridge

Ransome Gillet Holdredge (1836 - 1899) was an early San Francisco school painter, specializing in Northern California landscapes.

## Biography

Holdredge was born in 1836, and moved to the San Francisco Bay Area in the late 1850s, where he became head draughtsman at Mare Island Naval Yard. In 1874, with the assistance of friends and patrons, he moved to Paris for two years where he studied painting and traveled around Europe. On his return, he gained a reputation as a leading landscape artist, traveling through the Western United States from Utah and the Rocky Mountains, to Oregon and the Sierra Mountains, to Yosemite and to the San Francisco Bay Area, often living with local Native American tribes.
He may have been a founder of the Bohemian Club of San Francisco, and was an early member of that association. He helped organize the San Francisco Art Association and was friends with Charles Warren Stoddard and Robert Louis Stevenson. After achieving fame, he attained some wealth, which he subsequently squandered on drink. He died destitute, on or around April 15, 1899.
There are claims that Holdredge served as a field artist for Scribner's or was present at Major Reno's actions at Custer's Last Stand, but these claims are disputed.

## Career

Holdredge was recognized as a great painter during his life. His paintings are in the permanent collections of many museums, particularly those specializing in California artists. His works are (or have been) displayed in the Shumate Collection of the Oakland Museum of California, the De Young Museum, the Hart Collection at the Sonoma County Museum, the Utah Museum of Fine Arts, Sacramento's Crocker Museum, Society of California Pioneers, Bohemian Club, University of California Berkeley's Bancroft Library, Prescott, Arizona's Phippen Museum of Western Art, The Colorado Heritage Center at the Colorado Historical Society in Denver, Colorado, Reno's Sierra Nevada Museum, Chrysler Museum of Art in Norfolk, Virginia, Hearst Art Gallery at Saint Mary's College of California, Jack S Blanton Museum of Art, Oregon Historical Society in Portland, Oregon, and Rockwell Museum in Corning, NY.
Prior to his studies in Europe, Holdredge painted in the Hudson River School style of realism, and signed his works with the surname spelled Holdridge. In Europe, he developed a romantic style evocative of the Barbizon School, and began spelling his surname as Holdredge.
# Large Mountain Landscape

Large Mountain Landscape is a large oil-on-canvas painting by Flemish painter Joos de Momper. The painting was completed in the early 17th century. It is currently part of the private collection of the Liechtenstein Museum in Vienna.

## Painting

The Large Mountain Landscape was probably painted in the early 17th century, possibly in the 1620s. Momper reportedly was particularly active in the 1620s, a period wherein he expanded his repertory. Most of Momper's paintings feature a mountainous topography and evince a more imaginative approach to landscape painting than that of other 17th-century landscapists.
The viewer stands on a high vantage point. In the foreground, there are a group of horsemen and walking travelers halting in the shade of a cliff. On the path, some people come, some people go. They travel a trail with wooded, steep cliffs on either side. The people travelling on the winding path, falling back to the background, emphasize the sense of dimension.
The staffage of small figures in the large painting is at variance with the large rock formations. To the right, the cliff grows into a peak shrouded by clouds. The contrast between staffage and huge natural features may symbolize the sway of nature over man. However, here, as in every other painting by de Momper, nature is the product of the Fleming's imagination working upon distant memories. Issues of "statics and tectonics" are not addressed here, and indeed the painting adheres to the imaginative landscape painting style of de Momper and his circle.
# SoL (newspaper)

soL ("Left" in Turkish) is a left-leaning newspaper in Turkey.

## Supplements

The newspaper publishes the following sections throughout the week:
* soL Güncel (Sol Daily),
* soL Kitap (Sol Literature),
* soL Kültür (Sol Culture),
* BilimsoL (Science Sol),
* Tercüme Odası (Interpretation Room),
* soL Bakış (Sol Viewpoint)
On Sunday, the publication has additional supplements.

## Columnists

The columnists of the newspaper are:
* Ahmet Abakay
* Asaf Güven Aksel
* Aslı Kayabal
* Aydemir Güler
* Emrah Kartal
* Erbil Tuşalp
* Fırat Tanış
* İlhan Cihaner
* İzzettin Önder
* Kemal Okuyan
* Kerem Esenoğlu
* Korkut Boratav
* Mehmet Bozkurt
* Mete Gönenç
* Metin Çulhaoğlu
* Oğuz Oyan
* Ömer Faruk Eminağaoğlu
* Pınar Aydınlar
* Renan Bilek
* Rıfat Okçabol
* Şükran Yiğit
* Yavuz Alogan
# Australian Universities Quality Agency

The Australian Universities Quality Agency (AUQA) was established in 2000, and was the government body responsible for providing audit of higher education institutions in Australia. AUQA was jointly established in 2000 as an independent quality agency by Federal, State & Territory Governments through the Ministerial Council for Education, Employment and Youth Affairs (MCEETYA). AUQA was in some respects a successor to the Committee for Quality Assurance in Higher Education (CQAHE)(1992-1995) and the Commonwealth Tertiary Education Commission (CTEC) that came before it (1977-1988).
AUQA was dissolved in 2011 and its functions were transferred to the Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency (TEQSA). TEQSA's implementation reflects a move away from the 'fitness-for-purpose' approach employed by AUQA to one premised on regulation and risk.
# Homo aestheticus

Homo aestheticus be:
* a term for man's higher nature in Goethe's Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre
* a reference to art as a human universal
* Homo Aestheticus, the title of a 1992 book
# Asur language

Asuri is an Austroasiatic language spoken by the Asur people, part of the Munda branch. Asuri has many Dravidian loanwords due to contact with Kurukh.
The majority of Asuri speakers reside in the Gumla district of Chota Nagpur. In addition, there are smaller groups of Asuri speakers in Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Odisha.
Ethnologue states that Birjia is a dialect of Asuri, but also that there is a related language Birjia; it is not clear if these refer to the same thing. However, Anderson (2008:195), based on Prasad (1961:314), suggests that Birjia (Binjhia) may be an Indo-Aryan language, although the Birjia are an ethnic subgroup of the Asuri tribe, along with the Asur proper and the Agariya.
Majhwar is unclassified, but based on location and other clues, it may turn out to be a dialect of Asuri. If so, its 35,000 speakers (reported in 1995, out of an ethnic group of 175,000) would make it the most populous form of Asuri.
Asuri is considered to be an endangered language. One important reason for its distinction as endangered is due to a lack of any written form of the language. It exists only as a spoken language There are a total of 31 phonemes in Asuri, made up of twenty-six "segmental" and five "supra-segmental" phonemes. Of the former, there are twenty-one consonants and five vowels.
The Asur language is listed in UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. Using mobile radio, the Asur community, a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group(PVTG) in Jharkhand, has been spreading the popularity of the language within their geographical limits. News and entertainment programmes are broadcast on speakers at public places.

## Geographical distribution

Ethnologue lists the following districts and states where Asuri is spoken.
* Jharkhand: southern Palamau district, northern Ranchi district, Gumla district, and Lohardaga district of the Chota Nagpur Plateau
* Chhattisgarh: Raigarh district and Jashpur district area
* Odisha: Sambalpur district
* West Bengal
# Frederick, Ohio

Frederick is an unincorporated community in Miami County, in the U.S. state of Ohio.

## History

Former variant names of Frederick were Fredericktown and Fidelity. A post office called Fidelity was established in 1849, and remained in operation until 1907. Frederick was named for Frederick Yount, a pioneer settler.
# Yonny Hernández

Yonny Hernández may refer to:
* Yonny Hernández (baseball) (born 1998), Venezuelan professional baseball infielder
* Yonny Hernández (motorcyclist) (born 1988), Colombian motorcycle racer