OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 2023 Challenger Città di Lugano – Doubles

Ruben Bemelmans and Daniel Masur were the defending champions but only Masur chose to defend his title, partnering Marco Bortolotti. They withdrew before their first round match.
Zizou Bergs and David Pel won the title after defeating Constantin Frantzen and Hendrik Jebens 6–2, 7–6$^{(8–6)}$ in the final.

## Seeds

* Dustin Brown / Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi (quarterfinals)
* Romain Arneodo / Sam Weissborn (quarterfinals)
* Dan Added / Albano Olivetti (first round)
* Patrik Niklas-Salminen / Bart Stevens (first round)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking
| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | D Brown A-u-H Qureshi | 6 | 6$^5$ | [15] | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | A Merino J Paul | 3 | 7$^7$ | [13] | 1 | D Brown A-u-H Qureshi | 6$^0$ | 6$^6$ | | | | | | | | |
| | J Eysseric R Ramanathan | 2 | 6$^1$ | | | N Oberleitner P Oswald | 7$^7$ | 7$^8$ | | | | | | | | |
| | N Oberleitner P Oswald | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | N Oberleitner P Oswald | 3 | 6$^3$ | | | | |
| 3 | D Added A Olivetti | 5 | 7$^7$ | [10] | | | | | | C Frantzen H Jebens | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | | |
| | V Durasovic O Virtanen | 7 | 6$^2$ | [12] | | V Durasovic O Virtanen | 3 | 4 | | | | | | | | |
| | C Frantzen H Jebens | 7$^7$ | 7$^7$ | | | C Frantzen H Jebens | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | |
| | V Manafov O Prihodko | 6$^2$ | 6$^4$ | | | | | | | | | | | C Frantzen H Jebens | 2 | 6$^6$ |
| | VV Cornea F Škugor | 6$^4$ | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | Z Bergs D Pel | 6 | 7$^8$ |
| | Z Bergs D Pel | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | Z Bergs D Pel | 7$^7$ | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | | |
| | K Drzewiecki S Walków | 6 | 3 | [10] | | K Drzewiecki S Walków | 6$^4$ | 6$^5$ | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | P Niklas-Salminen B Stevens | 4 | 6 | [7] | | | | | | Z Bergs D Pel | 7$^{11}$ | 6$^3$ | [10] | | | |
| WC | M Lībietis L Margaroli | 6$^3$ | 7$^9$ | [10] | | | | | WC | M Lībietis L Margaroli | 6$^9$ | 7$^7$ | [4] | | | |
| | L Broady J Sels | 7$^7$ | 6$^7$ | [7] | WC | M Lībietis L Margaroli | 7$^7$ | 7 | | | | | | | | |
| Alt | A Andreev O Krutykh | 3 | 2 | | 2 | R Arneodo S Weissborn | 6$^2$ | 5 | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | R Arneodo S Weissborn | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# List of Xiangqi variants

Many variants of xiangqi have been developed over the centuries. A few of these variants are still regularly played, though none are nearly as popular as xiangqi itself.

## Two-player variants

* Congo, invented by Demian Freeling
* Manchu chess, invented by the Bannermen during the Qing dynasty

## Three-player variants

* Game of the Three Friends
* Game of the Three Kingdoms

## Seven-player variants

* Game of the Seven Kingdoms (七国象棋), invented by Sima Guang
# Gornja Vas, Samobor

Gornja Vas is a settlement (naselje) in the Samobor administrative territory of Zagreb County, Croatia. As of 2011 it had a population of 36 people.
# Lathyrus hirsutus

Lathyrus hirsutus is a species of wild pea known by several common names, including Caley pea, singletary pea, hairy vetchling, and Austrian winter pea. It is native to Europe, North Africa, and much of Asia, and it is known from other continents, including North America, as an introduced species. This is an annual herb producing a winged stem and leaves each made up of two leaflike leaflets with a branching, coiled tendril. The inflorescence holds one or two pink, blue, or bicolored pea flowers each 1 to 1.5 centimeters wide. The fruit is a dehiscent legume pod covered in hairs with each hair growing from a minute bulbous base. The rest of the plant is generally hairless.
# Henry Hitchcock

Henry Hitchcock (September 11, 1792 – August 11, 1839) was the first attorney general of Alabama, having been elected by the Alabama General Assembly in December 1819 in its initial session. He was also the Secretary of the Alabama Territory, the position which was the precursor to the modern-day Secretary of State of Alabama.

## Early years

Henry Hitchcock was born in Burlington, Vermont, in 1792. He was the grandson of General Ethan Allen, leader of the Green Mountain Boys and hero of Ticonderoga, and the son of Judge Samuel Hitchcock. Major General Ethan Allen Hitchcock was his brother. Henry Hitchcock's son, Ethan Hitchcock, served as United States Secretary of the Interior under William McKinley. Another son, Henry Hitchcock, was a prominent attorney in St. Louis, Missouri.
Henry Hitchcock attended Middlebury College for a while and then graduated from the University of Vermont in 1811. While studying law, he cultivated a small farm in order to provide for the needs of his family. He became a member of the bar in 1815 and handled several important lawsuits before leaving Burlington for the lure of what was then called the Southwest. He traveled by flat boat down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, eventually arriving in Mobile on January 22, 1816, after a brief stay in Natchez.

## Political career

On May 14, 1818, six months after the creation of the Alabama Territory, Hitchcock was appointed its first secretary by Governor William Wyatt Bibb. He also participated in the writing of Alabama's first constitution, representing Washington County in the constitutional convention in Huntsville on July 5, 1819. Hitchcock was elected as the State's first Attorney General by the General Assembly in December 1819. In 1821, he married Ann Erwin (1803-1854). Two sons were Henry Hitchcock (1829-1902), a prominent attorney in St. Louis, Missouri, and Ethan Hitcocock (1835-1909), served as United States Secretary of the Interior under William McKinley. Hitchcock then had the distinction of producing the first book printed in the State of Alabama entitled, The Alabama Justice of the Peace, Containing All the Duties, Powers and Authorities of That Office, which was published in Cahawaba, Alabama, in 1822. In 1826, Hitchcock was appointed United States District Attorney for the Mobile region. On January 9. 1835, Hitchcock was elected to fill a vacancy on the Alabama Supreme Court. He became Chief Justice in June 1836. Hitchcock was also a very astute businessman, reputedly the wealthiest man in Alabama before feeling the effects of the Panic of 1837. On August 11, 1839, Hitchcock succumbed to yellow fever during one of the worst epidemics of that disease in Mobile's history.
* Henry Hitchcock
* Ethan A. Hitchcock in 1902
# Harold B. Sallada

Harold Bushnell Sallada (January 23, 1895 – April 25, 1977) was a admiral and naval aviator in the United States Navy. He served in the US navy as a vice admiral and retired from the service in October 1949 as a four star admiral. Before his retirement, he was assigned commander United States Pacific Fleet at San Diego.

## Biography

Sallada was born on January 23, 1895, in Williamsport, Pennsylvania, and later moved to Arlington, Texas. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1917 and the Naval War College, and became a naval aviator in 1921. His was first appointment as commander USS Albemarle (AV-5) in 1941 until he was promoted to the rank of captain with the second assignment as director of Bureau of Aeronautics for Plans Division on August 23, 1942. He was promoted to the rank of rear admiral in 1944 and subsequently was assigned commander Carrier Division 26. In the same year from 24 July to 1 August 1944, he commanded five escort carriers in the Battle of Tinian. He also commanded Carrier Division 6. As a rear admiral, he appointed as the chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics. During his assignment at the Bureau of Aeronautics, he played a central role for the development of slant-deck aircraft carriers.

### Later work

After retirement, he joined Fairchild Engine and Airplane Corp. and worked at its aircraft division as a manager of the Chicago plant. In 1952, he became vice president and a member of the board of directors at Chance Vought Aircraft, Inc. until he retired in 1960.
# Lavan Satyagrah Smarak railway station

Lavan Satyagrah Smarak railway station is a railway station on the Tamluk–Digha branch line of South Eastern Railway zone of Indian Railways. The railway station is situated beside Nandakumar–Digha Road, Brindabanpur at Chandipur in Purba Medinipur district in the Indian state of West Bengal. This railway station was established in memoirs of Salt March movement in undivided Medinipur district.

## History

The Tamluk–Digha line was sanctioned in 1984–85 Railway Budget at an estimated cost of around Rs 74 crore. Finally this line was opened in 2004. This track including Lavan Satyagrah Smarak railway station was electrified in 2012–13.
# 2023 Challenger Città di Lugano

The 2023 Challenger Città di Lugano was a professional tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 3rd edition of the tournament which was part of the 2023 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Lugano, Switzerland between 6 and 12 March 2023.

## Singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| NED | Gijs Brouwer | 114 | 1 |
| SUI | Dominic Stricker | 120 | 2 |
| SVK | Norbert Gombos | 126 | 3 |
| ITA | Raúl Brancaccio | 129 | 4 |
| GBR | Liam Broady | 135 | 5 |
| BEL | Zizou Bergs | 137 | 6 |
| SVK | Lukáš Klein | 140 | 7 |
| NED | Jelle Sels | 144 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of 27 February 2023.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Mika Brunold
* Pierre-Hugues Herbert
* Jakub Paul
The following player received entry into the singles main draw as an alternate:
* Raphaël Collignon
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Dan Added
* Marius Copil
* Calvin Hemery
* Cem İlkel
* Gauthier Onclin
* Vitaliy Sachko

## Champions
### Singles

* Otto Virtanen def. Cem İlkel 6–4, 7–6$^{(7–5)}$.

### Doubles

* Zizou Bergs / David Pel def. Constantin Frantzen / Hendrik Jebens 6–2, 7–6$^{(8–6)}$.
# Reggie Cressbrook

Reggie Cressbrook (born 23 October 1974) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1990s. Primarily a fullback, he was a foundation player for the North Queensland Cowboys

## Playing career

Born and raised in Woorabinda, Queensland, Cressbrook is the first (and so far only) person from the small Aboriginal community to play first grade rugby league.
In Round 15 of the 1995 ARL season, he made his first grade debut in the Cowboys' first ever home win, a 31-12 victory over the Western Suburbs Magpies. He finished his rookie season with 8 appearances and five goals. In 1996, he played 15 games for the Cowboys, scoring two tries and kicking 12 goals for 32 points, finishing as the club's second highest point scorer. In 1997, his final season with the club, he played 11 games, scoring three tries.
Following his departure from the Cowboys, Cressbrook played for the Townsville Stingers, Burleigh Bears and Ipswich Jets in the Queensland Cup, playing a total of 143 games between 1998 and 2006, scoring 89 tries and kicking 366 goals for 1,089 points. He played in five Grand Finals, winning two with Burleigh in 1999 and 2004. As of 2020, he currently holds Burleigh's most points (964) and most tries (69) records. In 2015, he was named at centre in the QRL's Queensland Cup 20th Anniversary Team.

## Achievements and accolades
### Individual

Queensland Cup 20th Anniversary Team: 2015

## Statistics
### ARL/SL

| Season | Team | Matches | T | G | GK % | F/G | Pts |
| 1995 | North Queensland | 8 | 0 | 5 | 62.5 | 0 | 10 |
| 1996 | North Queensland | 15 | 2 | 12 | 60.0 | 0 | 32 |
| 1997 | North Queensland | 11 | 3 | 0 | — | 0 | 12 |
| Career totals | Career totals | 34 | 5 | 17 | 60.7 | 0 | 54 |

## Post-playing career

In 2017, Cressbrook returned to Woorabinda to coach the Woorabinda Warriors A-Grade side.
# Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai

Gandhi Memorial Museum, established in 1959, is a memorial museum for Mahatma Gandhi located in the city of Madurai in Tamil Nadu, India. Known as Gandhi Museum, it is now one of the five Gandhi Sanghralayas (Gandhi Museums) in the country. It includes a part of the blood-stained garment worn by Gandhi when he was assassinated by Nathuram Godse.

## History

Years after the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, in 1948 an appeal was made to the citizens of India nationwide to build memorials for him. With the help of contributions from poor and rich citizens of India, a trust was established for this cause, the Mahatma Gandhi National Memorial Trust. This museum was inaugurated by the former Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on 15 April 1959. Gandhi Memorial Museum in Madurai comes under the Peace Museums Worldwide selected by the United Nations Organisation (UNO). The palace of Rani Mangammal was renovated and converted into the museum. It is near the Madurai Collector Office.

## Collections in the Museum

The museum has an original letter written personally by Gandhiji to Narayanan Satsangi of Devakottai. A congratulatory message sent by Gandhiji to freedom fighter and poet Subramania Bharati is also preserved in this museum. Another interesting letter is the one written by the Mahatma Gandhi to Adolf Hitler addressing him as "Dear Friend".

### India Fights for Freedom

A special exhibition on "India Fights for Freedom" with 265 illustrations depicts the history of the Freedom Movement.

### Visual Biography of Gandhiji

Located in a quiet place, this memorial of Gandhi contains a "Visual Biography of Bapuji" containing photos, paintings, sculptures, manuscripts, quotations and selected copies of his letters and renderings. This section contains 124 rare photographs depicting various phases of Gandhi from his childhood days until being taken to the crematorium. The pictures displayed here are carefully selected making viewers remember the importance of a national leader, who lived his life as an example to all.

### Relics and Replicas

This section contains 14 original artifacts used by Gandhi. There is a blood-stained cloth used by Gandhi on the day of his assassination, although it is also said that this is only a replica and not the original. It is conserved inside a vacuum glass box, making viewers remember the importance of that day in the history of India.
# Lawrence Henry Chamberlain

Lawrence Henry Chamberlain (March 15, 1906 – January 29, 1989) was an American political scientist and academic administrator. He was the dean of Columbia College and vice president of Columbia University.

## Biography

Chamberlain was born in Challis, Idaho, on March 15, 1906, and taught in the local schools while a student in college. He received a bachelor's and a master's degree from the University of Idaho. He was an assistant professor at his alma mater before joining the faculty of Columbia University in 1941 and received his Ph.D. from Columbia in 1945. During World War II, Chamberlain served as a lieutenant in the United States Navy and served as a director of the United States Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School at Columbia University.
He was also named assistant executive officer of the Third Commission at the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco in 1945. During that time, he worked with Grayson L. Kirk, who would go on to become president of Columbia University from 1953 to 1968.
Chamberlain became a full professor in 1949 and was named dean of Columbia College in 1950, serving in that position until 1958. After stepping down from his deanship, Chamberlain became the Joseph L. Buttenwieser Professor of Human Relations at the University. He was named vice president of Columbia in 1962 and retired in 1967.
Dwight Eisenhower said of Chamberlain: "No man I have known was more dedicated in enthusiastic commitment to the vocation of teaching than Larry Chamberlain." Under his stewardship, Columbia grew to become one of the leading undergraduate schools in the country.
Chamberlain died on January 29, 1989, in Monterey, California. He was a resident of Pacific Grove, California. He was a member of the Century Association.
The Shanley & Chamberlain Prize, named in the memory of Chamberlain and Columbia alum US Marine Captain James Shanley, is awarded annually at Columbia for the best undergraduate essay in the areas of the American presidency, Congress or public policy.
# Henderson Adams

Henderson Adams was an American politician. He was a state senator who also served as Auditor of North Carolina from 1868 until 1873. Serving during the Reconstruction era, he was a Republican.
He was a peace and convention advocate who was also reputed to have been a possible founder of the Heroes of America group.
An act of the U.S. Congress relieved Adams of "disabilities" resulting from his role in serving the Confederacy during the American Civil War. He was elected to the state senate from Davidson County, North Carolina, in 1862.
# Leptostylus orbiculus

Leptostylus orbiculus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1880.
# La Hermandad de la Sábana Santa

Hermandad de la Sábana Santa is a novel by Spanish author Julia Navarro, published in 2004.

## Plot

The novel recreates the investigation of a group of Italian policemen, led by the detective Marco Valoni and his right-hand woman, Doctor Sofia Galloni, to unravel the mystery of the successive mishaps in the Cathedral of Turin that have put the well-known Shroud of Turin at risk. At the same time, as a flashback, it narrates the origins of the Shroud, which the author locates in the city of Edessa in the time of King Abgaro.

## Sales

The book has reached 42 editions and has sold more than one million copies. It has been translated into fifteen languages.
# World War II US Navy dazzle camouflage measures 31, 32 and 33: battleships

Dazzle camouflage of warships was adopted by the U.S. Navy during World War II, following research at the Naval Research Laboratory. Dazzle consists in painting obtrusive patterns on vertical surfaces. Unlike some other forms of camouflage, dazzle works not by offering concealment but by making it difficult to estimate a target's identity, range, speed and heading. Each ship's dazzle pattern was unique to make it more difficult for the enemy to recognize different classes of ships. The result was that a profusion of dazzle schemes were tried, and the evidence for their success was at best mixed.
Dazzle camouflage patterns used on battleships are presented here.

## Colors

Typical color combinations :
| MS-31 | MS-31a | MS-32 | MS-32 | MS-33 | MS-33 | MS-33a | Horizontals |
| Haze Gray 5-H | Haze Gray 5-H | Light Gray 5-L | Light Gray 5-L | Pale Gray 5-P | Pale Gray 5-P | Light Gray 5-L | Ocean Gray 5-O |
| Ocean Gray 5-O | Ocean Gray 5-O | Dull Black 82 | Ocean Gray 5-O | Haze Gray 5-H | Haze Gray 5-H | Ocean Gray 5-O | Deck Blue 20-B |
| Dull Black 82 | Navy Blue 5-N | | Dull Black 82 | Navy Blue 5-N | Ocean Gray 5-O | |

## Patterns

Battleship designs :
| Name | Description | Known examples |
| MS-31 | For Colorado-class battleships | Maryland |
| MS-32/1B | For Iowa-class battleships | Iowa |
| MS-31a/6B | For USS Nevada (BB-36) | Nevada |
| MS-31a/7B | For USS Arkansas (BB-33) | Arkansas |
| MS-31a/8B | For New York-class battleships | New York, Texas |
| Adapted designs |||||
| MS-32/7A (aircraft carrier) | Adapted to Iowa-class battleships | Not used |
| MS-32/1D (destroyer) | Adapted to Tennessee-class battleships | Tennessee |
| MS-32/1D (destroyer) | Adapted to USS Massachusetts (BB-59) | Not used |
| MS-32/3D (destroyer) | Adapted to USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) | Not used |
| MS-32/3D (destroyer) | Adapted to New Mexico-class battleships | Not used |
| MS-32/3D (destroyer) | Adapted to Colorado-class battleships | Colorado |
| MS-32/6D (destroyer) | Adapted to New Mexico-class battleships | New Mexico, Mississippi |
| MS-32/7D (destroyer) | Adapted to USS West Virginia (BB-48) | West Virginia |
| MS-32v6/10D (destroyer) | Adapted to North Carolina-class battleships | Not used |
| MS-32/11D (destroyer) | Adapted to South Dakota-class battleships | Indiana |
| MS-32/16D (destroyer) | Adapted to Tennessee-class battleships | California |
| MS-32v11/18D (destroyer) | Adapted to North Carolina-class battleships | North Carolina |
| MS-32/22D (destroyer) | Adapted to Iowa-class battleships | Missouri |
# Xyleborus sporodochifer

Xyleborus sporodochifer is a species of lichen in the family Stereocaulaceae, and the type species of the genus Xyleborus. It was first reported in 2007, and found in the Ozarks of Missouri.
# Sarauw

Sarauw is a Danish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Anna Sarauw (1839–1919), Danish textile artist
* Georg F.L. Sarauw (1862–1928), Danish-Swedish botanist and archaeologist
* Janelle K. Sarauw (born 1985), Virgin Islander politician
* Paul Sarauw (1883–1959), Danish screenwriter
# Lake Ōwhareiti

Lake Ōwhareiti is a lake in the Northland Region of New Zealand, South of Pakaraka.
# Lavi (name)

Lavi is a masculine given name and surname of Hebrew origin meaning lion.
It may refer to the following notable people:

## Surname

* Amir Lavi (born 1988), Israeli football player
* Amos Lavi (1953–2010), Israeli stage and film actor
* Daliah Lavi (1942–2017), Israeli actress and singer
* David Lavi (born 1956), Israeli football player
* Inbar Lavi (born 1986), Israeli-American actress
* Moran Lavi (born 1983), Israeli football player
* Mordechai Lavi (born 1978), Israeli radio broadcaster
* Neta Lavi (born 1996), Israeli football player
* Shimon Lavi (1486–1585), Sephardi kabbalist, physician, astronomer and poet
* Shlomo Lavi (1882–1963), Zionist activist and politician
* Veikko Lavi (1912–1996), Finnish singer, songwriter and author.
* Yaniv Lavi (born 1988), Israeli football player and manager
* Yoel Lavi (born 1950), Israeli politician
# Makalea

Makalea is a village in the Bassar Prefecture in the Kara Region of north-western Togo.
# Friedrich Fahnert

Friedrich Hermann Fahnert (18 January 1879, in Limbach – 10 June 1964) was a German military officer who served in World War I and as a Luftwaffe general in World War II. He was the last of three officers to be appointed to the rank of General of air force communications troops.

## Military career

Fahnert entered the Imperial Army as an officer cadet in the 2nd railway regiment, Berlin in 1900. He took part in the campaign against the Hereros and the Nama. He served throughout World War I and became a battalion commander. After the war, he was retained in the Reichswehr and transferred to the Luftwaffe in 1936. At the outbreak of World War II, he was the commander of the Air Signals Training School in Berlin. He took part in the Siege of Leningrad. He then commanded the Air Signals Training Division in France and was promoted to General der Luftnachrichtentruppe on 1 April 1945.

## After World War II

On 2 May 1945, Fahnert was taken into British captivity in Lübeck and then held with other senior officers at Special Camp XI near Bridgend, South Wales until 5 December 1947. He then returned to Germany and lived in Baden-Baden until his death in 1964. A Bundeswehr barracks (Kaserne) in Karlsruhe was named after him in October 1964. In October 2016, it was renamed into "Kirchfeldkaserne".

## Awards and distinctions

* German Cross in Silver 7 December 1942 General Leutnant, Higher Signals Leader, Luftflotte 1
* Prussian Crown Order 4th Class with Swords
* Prussian Iron Cross 1st Class (1914) with 1939 Bar
* Prussian Iron Cross 2nd Class (1914) with 1939 Bar
* War Merit Cross 1st Class with Swords
* War Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords
* Saxon Albert Order Knight 1st Class with Crown and Swords
* Saxon Long Service Cross
* Cross of Honour for Combatants 1914–1918
* Southwest African Expedition Medal for Combatants 1904–1906
* Armed Forces Long Service Award 1st Class (25-year Service)
* Armed Forces Long Service Award 3rd Class (12-year Service)
* Austrian Military Merit Cross 3rd Class with War Decoration
* Germany Army Pilot's Badge World War I award
* Flyer's Commemorative Badge