OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Plant cryopreservation

Plant cryopreservation is a genetic resource conservation strategy that allows plant material, such as seeds, pollen, shoot tips or dormant buds to be stored indefinitely in liquid nitrogen. After thawing, these genetic resources can be regenerated into plants and used on the field. While this cryopreservation conservation strategy can be used on all plants, it is often only used under certain circumstances: 1) crops with recalcitrant seeds e.g. avocado, coconut 2) seedless crops such as cultivated banana and plantains or 3) crops that are clonally propagated such as cassava, potato, garlic and sweet potato.

## History

The history of plant cryopreservation started in 1965 when Hirai was studying the biology activities that happened when biological samples were frozen. Three years later, there was the first successful attempt cryopreserving callus cells. The following years, new methods to cryopreserve were developed, such as direct immersion, slow freezing and vitrification, as well as applied to more and more plants species and plant tissues.

## Methods

* Direct immersion. This is the immersion of plant material directly in liquid nitrogen, or after desiccation. This is often done with (orthodox) seeds that already have a low moisture content or pollen. This method cannot be used with tissues that contain a lot of water or are sensitive to dehydration.
* Slow freezing. This method relies on the mechanism of freeze dehydration to pull water out of the cells and thus prevent ice formation in the cell.
* Vitrification. By freezing at an ultra-fast rate and using osmotic dehydration, the water that is still present in the cell is unable to form crystals and will be part of a glass-like or vitrified solution. This method can be further split in different variants e.g. droplet vitrification, encapsulation dehydration and plate vitrification. These techniques were successfully used with several economically-important crops, such as chrysanthemum or bleeding heart.

## Hurdles and limitations

Aside from the challenges involved with cryopreservation in general, an important hurdle, when developing cryopreservation protocols for storage of plant germplasm, is that plants within a species can have a different tolerance to cryopreservation. This difference seems to be linked with the drought resistance of the different cultivars within the species. Even within the plant itself there can be noticeable differences depending on the tissue that is used, as both structure and composition play an important role during cryopreservation.

## Organizations relying on plant cryopreservation

* Alliance of Bioversity International and Ciat
* International Potato Center
* Huntington Garden
* Rural development administration of Korea
* Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research
# Constituent quark

A constituent quark is a current quark with a notional "covering" induced by the renormalization group.
In the low-energy limit of QCD, a description by means of perturbation theory is not possible: Here, no asymptotic freedom exists, but collective interactions between valence quarks and sea quarks gain strongly in significance. Part of the effects of virtual quarks and virtual gluons in the "sea" can be assigned to a quark so well that the term "constituent quark" can serve as an effective description of the low-energy system.
Constituent quarks appear like "dressed" current quarks, i.e. current quarks surrounded by a cloud of virtual quarks and gluons. This cloud, in the end, underlies the large constituent-quark masses.

## Definition

    Constituent quarks are valence quarks for which the correlations for the description of hadrons by means of gluons and sea-quarks are put into effective quark masses of these valence quarks.
The effective quark mass is called constituent quark mass. Hadrons consist of "glued" constituent quarks.

## Binding energy

The quantum chromodynamic binding energy of a valence quark in a hadron is the amount of energy required to make the hadron spontaneously emit a meson containing the valence quark. This is the same as the constituent-quark mass.
Note that the following values are model-dependent.
| Constituent quark | Mass |
| Up quark (u) | 336 MeV/c$^2$ |
| Down quark (d) | 340 MeV/c$^2$ |
| Strange quark (s) | 486 MeV/c$^2$ |
| Charm quark (c) | 1550 MeV/c$^2$ |
| Bottom quark (b) | 4730 MeV/c$^2$ |
| Top quark (t) | 177000 MeV/c$^2$ |
# Conostylis phathyrantha

Conostylis phathyrantha is a rhizomatous, tufted perennial, grass-like plant or herb in the family Haemodoraceae and is endemic to the south of Western Australia. It has flat, glabrous leaves, and yellow, tubular flowers.

## Description

Conostylis phathyrantha is a rhizomatous, tufted, perennial, grass-like plant or herb with short stems. Its leaves are flat, curved, 130–300 mm (5.1–11.8 in) long, 3–6 mm (0.12–0.24 in) wide and glabrous, apart from pimply leaf margins. The flowers are borne in heads on a flowering stem 60–160 mm (2.4–6.3 in) long with a linear bract 10–50 mm (0.39–1.97 in) long and several flowers, each flower on a pedicel about 5 mm (0.20 in) long. The perianth is 12–15 mm (0.47–0.59 in) long and yellow, with lobes about 5 mm (0.20 in) long, the anthers about 2 mm (0.079 in) long. Flowering occurs from August to October.

## Taxonomy and naming

Conostylis phathyrantha was first formally described in 1904 by Ludwig Diels in Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie from specimens collected by Sarah Brooks near Israelite Bay. The specific epithet (phathyrantha) means "sun-flowered".

## Distribution and habitat

This conostylis grows in sand in heath and mallee heath between Starvation Boat Harbour and Israelite Bay in the Esperance Plains and Mallee bioregions of southern Western Australia.

## Conservation status

Conostylis phathyrantha is listed as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
# Pleoticus

Pleoticus is a genus of decapods within the family Solenoceridae. Members of this genus are distributed in marine waters 12 to 2060 meters below sea level.

## Species

* Pleoticus muelleri (Spence Bate, 1888)
* Pleoticus robustus (Smith, 1885)
* Pleoticus steindachneri (Balss, 1914)
# Pleotarsobius

Pleotarsobius is a monotypic genus of centipedes in the family Henicopidae. It was described in 1909 by Austrian myriapodologist Carl Attems. The sole species is Pleotarsobius heterotarsus (Silvestri, 1904).

## Distribution

The species occurs in the Hawaiian Islands. The type locality is Kona, Hawaii.
# Saltoun railway station

Saltoun railway station served the villages of East Saltoun and West Saltoun in East Lothian, Scotland, from 1901 to 1933 on the Macmerry Branch.

## History

The station was opened on 14 October 1901 by the North British Railway. By the level crossing was the station building and to the west was the goods yard, which had two sidings and a loading bank. The yard carried whisky bottles from the nearby Glenkinchie distillery. It also had a signal box from 1901 to 1956. The station closed on 3 April 1933.
# Saltoun Parish Church

Saltoun Parish Church is a church in East Saltoun, East Lothian, Scotland. It is part of the Church of Scotland, and (along with Yester Church and Bolton Parish Church) serves the parish of Yester, Bolton and Saltoun, which includes the villages of Gifford, Bolton, East Saltoun and West Saltoun.
The church lies in the centre of the village.

## History

The first church in Saltoun Parish was built in 1244 by the Bishop of St Andrews, and was dedicated to Saint Michael. During the brief establishment of Episcopacy in Scotland in 1633, the church (and the control of electing a minister) was transferred to the Bishop of Edinburgh, before being passed to Andrew Fletcher, Lord Innerpeffer (the local land-owner) in 1643.
Gilbert Burnet (later the Bishop of Salisbury) started his ministry at Saltoun in 1665. During his five years there, he enlarged the church. He left in 1669 to become Professor of Divinity at Glasgow University and, later, Bishop of Salisbury.
The present church building was built in 1805, probably by the architect Robert Burn. The church is cruciform in shape, with the vestry and steeple occupying the eastern arm.
Below the church is the burial vault of the Fletchers of Saltoun Hall and in which is interred the body of Andrew Fletcher, (1655-1716) the politician and writer.
In 1929 the parishes of Bolton and Saltoun were united, and in 1970 the parish was linked (but not united) with Humbie to the south and Yester (Gifford) to the east.
# Ksenija Sidorova

Ksenija Sidorova (born on 18 May 1988 in Riga) is a Latvian accordionist.
In 2016, she signed an exclusive recording contract with Deutsche Grammophon. Her first album on the label, Carmen, is a recreation of Georges Bizet's Carmen for accordion that incorporates Latin, Asian, European and North American musical styles.
# Ksenija Zečević

Ksenija Zečević (Ксенија Зечевић; February 16, 1956 in Zadar – November 21, 2006 in Belgrade) was a popular Serbian pianist and composer. She worked on film and theatre music. She worked in Belgrade. She was of Montenegrin and Istrian ancestry.

## Filmography

* 1980 – Days of Dreams
* 1982 – Daleko nebo
* 1983 – Timočka buna
* 1988 – The Bizarre Country
* 1989 – Atoski vrtovi - preobraženje
* 1993 – Bolje od bekstva
* 1997 – Some Birds Can't Fly
# Platyhypnum

Platyhypnum is a genus of mosses in the family Amblystegiaceae.
Previously accepted as Ochyraea, that genus was named in honour of Ryszard Ochyra (born 1949), a Polish bryologist and was circumscribed by Jiří Váňa in J. Bryol. vol.14 on page 261 in 1986. They have been found in Europe and across Russia.

## Species

As accepted by Catalog of Life:
* Platyhypnum alpestre (Hedw.) Ochyra
* Platyhypnum alpinum (Lindb.) Loeske
* Platyhypnum cochleariifolium(Venturi) Ochyra
* Platyhypnum duriusculum (De Not.) Ochyra
* Platyhypnum molle (Hedw.) Loeske
* Platyhypnum norvegicum (Schimp.) Ochyra
* Platyhypnum smithii (Sw.) Ochyra
* Platyhypnum tatrense (Váňa) Hedenäs & Ignatov
* Platyhypnum tsurugizanicum (Cardot) Ochyra
# Platyja umbrina

Platyja umbrina is a species of noctuoid moth of the family Erebidae.

## Subspecies

* Platyja umbrina umbrina
* Platyja umbrina rufiscripta (Sundaland)

## Characteristics

There is a significant sexual dimorphism between the male and the female moths of this species. The wings are highly modified in the males. The abdomen extends well beyond the hindwings and has a conspicuous black tuft apically that arises from the valves of the genitalia. The wings are a uniform dark brown above, sometimes grade slightly paler at the margin, but rarely with the blue irroration of the typical mainland Asian race. The females are more typical of the genus in facies, with the strongly looped postmedial much more clearly delineated on the forewing, and with conspicuous, more or less straight submarginals that delimit a paler marginal zone. There is some variation, with uniform brown forms, and more variegated ones with extensive ochreous areas marginally and between the antemedial and submarginal on the forewing.
There has been some confusion in the past about the identity of the female of P. umbrina. On the basis of concordance of geography and altitude range, and a comparable sexual dimorphism in the Sulawesi representative of the group, the original suggestion by Willie Horace Thomas Tams (1924) and Joseph de Joannis (1929) that the taxon P. umbrina rufiscripta is based on the female of P. umbrina is considered correct.

## Distribution and habitat

It is found in the north-eastern parts of the Himalaya, Vietnam, Thailand, Hainan and Sundaland. The species is infrequent in lowland forests.
# Poblado station

Poblado is a station on line A of the Medellín Metro from north to south. It is named after El Poblado, where it is located adjacent to the Monterrey shopping center. The station was opened on 30 November 1995 as the terminus of the inaugural section of Line A, from Niquía to Poblado. On 30 September 1996 the line was extended to Itagüí.
# 2017 FIBA Women's Asia Cup squads

This article shows the rosters of all participating teams at the 2017 FIBA Women's Asia Cup in Bangalore, India.
# Consumer fraud

Consumer fraud are deceptive practices which result in financial losses of consumers. Common fraudulent tactics include false promises and inaccurate claims, as well as outright cheating.

## Types of consumer fraud

The United States Office of the Comptroller of the Currency gives an advice on the fraud related to currency:
* Advance fee fraud
** Debt elimination fraud
** Nigerian fraud
* Cashier's check fraud
* Ficitious banking
* High yield investment fraud
* Personal data fraud; may result in credit or debit card fraud
** Identity theft
** Phishing
Other types of consumer fraud include:
* Bait-and-switch
* Bank fraud
* Counterfeit consumer goods
* Pharma fraud
** COVID 19 fraud
* "Snake oil" fraud

## Legislation
### United States

The Bureau of Consumer Protection of the United States Federal Trade Commission is established to protect consumers against unfair or deceptive acts or practices in commerce.
The Federal Trade Commission Act is the United states law, which, among other things, prohibits unfair or deceptive acts or practices affecting commerce. In particular, it legally defines the concepts of "unfairness" and "deception" with respect to consumers.

#### Illinois

The 1974 Consumer Fraud Act supplements the 1965 Uniform Deceptive Trade Practices Act.
# Samni Junction railway station

Samni Junction railway station is a small railway station in Bharuch district, Gujarat. Its code is SAMN. It serves Vora Samni village. The station consists of two platforms, neither well sheltered. It lacks many facilities including water and sanitation.

## Trains

* 69195/96 Bharuch–Dahej MEMU
# Samnangjin

Samnangjin (also spelled Samrangjin) or Samnangjin-eup, is an eup, or town, in Miryang City, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. It is composed of thirteen ri. Samnangjin lies in the southeastern corner of Miryang, bordering Wondong-myeon in Yangsan City.
The Gyeongbu Line railroad passes through Samnangjin, and Mugunghwa-ho class passenger trains frequently stop there. The northern tip of the Gyeongjeon Line also lies with Samnangjin, but there are no stations along that portion of the line.
The landscape of Samnangjin is shaped by the Nakdong River and its tributary the Miryang River. Much of the land in Samnangjin lies along the eastern valleys of these two rivers, which also form the western border of the eup. Notable mountains on the borders of Samnangjin include Cheontaesan to the south and Maneosan to the north.
Much of the agriculture in Samnangjin is focused on livestock, particularly beef cattle.
The Miryang campus of Pusan National University is located in Samnangjin's Cheonghak-ri.
# Samningen

Samningen (The Samnanger Resident) is a local Norwegian newspaper published in the municipality of Samnanger in Vestland county. The paper was established in 1977 and is published weekly, on Thursdays. It is edited by Hallvard Tysse. The paper's office is located in Årland.

## Circulation

According to the Norwegian Audit Bureau of Circulations and National Association of Local Newspapers, Samningen has had the following annual circulation:
* 2004: 1,339
* 2005: 1,360
* 2006: 1,374
* 2007: 1,380
* 2008: 1,387
* 2009: 1,375
* 2010: 1,393
* 2011: 1,418
* 2012: 1,404
* 2013: 1,419
* 2014: 1,438
* 2015: 1,433
* 2016: 1,424
# Florencia Municipal Museum

Florencia Municipal Museum is a museum located in Florencia, Cuba. It was established on 14 December 1982.
The museum holds collections on history, weaponry, archeology and natural science.
# Constantine of Nicaea

Constantine of Nicaea or Constantine the Philosopher was a Neoplatonic philosopher in the Byzantine Empire during the reign of Manuel I (1143–1180).
Only two of Constantine's works survive, both written in Greek and preserved in the 13th-century codex Escorialensis graecus 256 (olim Y.II.10). One is a consolatory oration addressed to the megas hetaireiarches John Doukas on the death of his wife. Doukas took office between 1166 and 1170 and left it in 1182. Constantine praises Doukas' wife for her ascetic virtues, which he calls "real philosophy", as opposed to the academic kind he pursues.
Constantine's other work is a short philosophical treatise or logos (λόγος). Constantine demonstrates a certain originality of thought in his use of philosophical terms not attested elsewhere: εὐμεταδοσία (eumetadosia, generosity) and ἀλληλοδοσία (allelodosia, reciprocity). As he was writing at the time of an anti-Neoplatonist reaction, he may have been seeking a more Orthodox terminology than that condemned at the Council of Blachernae in 1157. His central claim is that, in the words of Merle Eisenberg and David Jenkins, "reciprocated generosity is the fundamental principle at work in Nature."
All the biographical data on Constantine is what can be derived from his surviving works. He was evidently well educated and in touch with the highest levels of Byzantine society. John Doukas was possibly a patron and he may have belonged to the school of adherents of Proclus attacked by Nicholas of Methone in the 1150s. Robert Browning identified Constantine of Nicaea as the subject of the anonymous epigram "To Constantine the Consul of Philosophers", but a more likely identification is with Michael Psellos, who became consul of the philosophers in 1047 while still known by his birth name, Constantine.
# Kropotkinsky

Kropotkinsky (masculine), Kropotkinskaya (feminine), or Kropotkinskoye (neuter) may refer to:
* Kropotkinsky District, name of Kavkazsky District of Krasnodar Krai, Russia in 1924–1944
* Kropotkinskoye Urban Settlement, several municipal urban settlements in Russia
* Kropotkinskaya, a station of the Moscow Metro, Moscow, Russia
# Continuity and Change

Continuity and Change is an international peer-reviewed academic journal published three times per year by Cambridge University Press. The journal was established by Richard Wall and Lloyd Bonfield with the intention of defining the field of historical sociology. It publishes articles concerned with long-term continuities and discontinuities in the structures of past societies, taking their methodology from the traditional fields of history, sociology, law, demography, economics, and anthropology.
* This social science-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Salisbury Island, Durban

Salisbury Island is located inside the Port of Durban on the east coast of South Africa; it is a former island until the Second World War when construction of a naval base connected it to the mainland by a causeway. The island, then a mangrove-covered sandbank, was named after HMS Salisbury, the Royal Navy ship that surveyed the future harbour area for the newly established Port Natal Colony in the 1820s.

## Second World War and after

Naval Base Durban was constructed for the Royal Navy during the Second World War in response to the threat of Japanese attacks on shipping along the east coast of Africa. It was during this construction that the island became a peninsula through the construction of a causeway. After the war the base was turned over to the South African Naval Service (SANS), which has since maintained a fluctuating and intermittent presence.
With the signing of the Simonstown Agreement in 1957, the Royal Navy gave up its control of the SANS in exchange for the use of the base at Simon's Town. The SANS became the South African Navy (SAN) and Salisbury Island its main base. When the Simonstown Agreement ended the SAN moved most of its operations to Simon's Town and Durban became a secondary facility.

## University College for Indians

In 1961, the University College for Indians was established on Salisbury Island. It closed down in 1971, when it was replaced by the University of Durban-Westville. Under apartheid the different population groups in South Africa had to have separate facilities. The college was the first fully fledged tertiary educational institution for Indian South Africans. Students used to commute to the college by ferry or boarded in hostels on the island.
Alumni of the college include Pravin Gordhan, the former Minister of Finance, Roy Padayachie, the former Minister of Public Service and Administration, and author and curator Sarat Maharaj.

## Naval base again

From the mid 1970s until the early 1990s, it was the home base of the Minister class strike craft flotilla. Even after the closure of the college, the island maintained a link with the Indian community in the form of SAS Jalsena which was the main training facility for Indian South African sailors. Upon the retirement of the strike craft, all combat ships of the navy were based at Naval Base Simon's Town and the Durban base was reduced to a naval station in 2002. Some of the facilities of the base were then taken over by the army as a general support base. In 2012, a decision to base the navy's offshore patrol flotilla in Durban led to a programme of renovation to restore the facility back to full naval base status. In December 2015, it was redesignated a naval base as the home port of the patrol flotilla.
# Krishnamacharyulu

Krishnamacharyulu is a masculine given name:
* Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu, Telugu poet.
* Nallan Chakravartula Krishnamacharyulu, a scholar, musician, teacher and exponent of the art of harikatha.
* Sri Kantha Krishnamacharyulu or Krishnamayya (12th-13th century CE) was the official songmaster, poet and bard of the Simhachalam Temple, in Visakhapatnam.
# Krishnamacharya: His Life and Teachings

Krishnamacharya: His Life and Teachings is a book written by A. G. Mohan with Ganesh Mohan. This book is a tribute to "the father of modern yoga," Tirumalai Krishnamacharya (1888–1989). Krishnamacharya was a renowned Indian yoga master, ayurvedic healer, and scholar who created many of the practices of yoga as exercise, and whose students B. K. S. Iyengar, Indra Devi, K. Pattabhi Jois, and T. K. V. Desikachar dramatically popularized yoga in the West.
In this book, A. G. Mohan, a personal student of Krishnamacharya for almost two decades (1971–1989), draws on his own memories and Krishnamacharya's diaries and recorded material to present a portrait of the man and his teachings.
# Samogitian

Samogitian may refer to:
* Anything pertaining to Samogitia (Žemaitija), the Lowlands of Lithuania
* Samogitians, inhabitants of Samogitia
* Samogitian dialect, a dialect of the Lithuanian language, sometimes regarded as a separate language
# Esashi Town Historical Museum

Esashi Town Historical Museum (江差町郷土資料館, Esashi-chō kyōdo shiryōkan) opened in Esashi, Hokkaidō, Japan in 2007. Dedicated to the nature, history, and way of life of Esashi, exhibits include Jōmon and Zoku-Jōmon artefacts, objects from the Satsumon culture, goods brought by the kitamaebune, and materials relating to the Battle of Hakodate.
The building in which the museum is housed dates to 1887. A former subprefectural government branch office with jurisdiction over the districts of Hiyama and Nishi, it has subsequently served in turn as Esashi Police Station, Esashi Town Hall, and Esashi Town Hall branch building. Restored and opened to the public in 1998, it is the only example of a District Office in Hokkaidō and has been designated a Prefectural Tangible Cultural Property.
# Yuya Kamoto

Yuya Kamoto (神本 雄也, Kamoto Yūya, born 14 September 1994 in Tokyo) is a Japanese male artistic gymnast and part of the national team. He won the gold medal at the 2014 Asian Games in men's gymnastics artistic individual all-around, as well as in the parallel bars and in the team event, held in Incheon, South Korea. He also won the bronze medal in men's floor gymnastics at the 2014 Asian Games.