OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Liquefaction

In materials science, liquefaction is a process that generates a liquid from a solid or a gas or that generates a non-liquid phase which behaves in accordance with fluid dynamics. It occurs both naturally and artificially. As an example of the latter, a "major commercial application of liquefaction is the liquefaction of air to allow separation of the constituents, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and the noble gases." Another is the conversion of solid coal into a liquid form usable as a substitute for liquid fuels.

## Geology

In geology, soil liquefaction refers to the process by which water-saturated, unconsolidated sediments are transformed into a substance that acts like a liquid, often in an earthquake. Soil liquefaction was blamed for building collapses in the city of Palu, Indonesia in October 2018.
In a related phenomenon, liquefaction of bulk materials in cargo ships may cause a dangerous shift in the load.

## Physics and chemistry

In physics and chemistry, the phase transitions from solid and gas to liquid (melting and condensation, respectively) may be referred to as liquefaction. The melting point (sometimes called liquefaction point) is the temperature and pressure at which a solid becomes a liquid. In commercial and industrial situations, the process of condensing a gas to liquid is sometimes referred to as liquefaction of gases.

### Coal

Coal liquefaction is the production of liquid fuels from coal using a variety of industrial processes.

### Dissolution

Liquefaction is also used in commercial and industrial settings to refer to mechanical dissolution of a solid by mixing, grinding or blending with a liquid.

#### Food preparation

In kitchen or laboratory settings, solids may be chopped into smaller parts sometimes in combination with a liquid, for example in food preparation or laboratory use. This may be done with a blender, or liquidiser in British English.

### Irradiation

Liquefaction of silica and silicate glasses occurs on electron beam irradiation of nanosized samples in the column of transmission electron microscope.

## Biology

In biology, liquefaction often involves organic tissue turning into a more liquid-like state. For example, liquefactive necrosis in pathology, or liquefaction as a parameter in semen analysis.
# Mizoguchi Naoatsu

Mizoguchi Naoatsu (溝口直温, June 20, 1716 – October 1, 1780) was the 7th daimyō of Shibata Domain in Echigo Province, Japan (modern-day Niigata Prefecture). His courtesy title was Izumo-no-kami, and his Court rank was Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade.

## Biography

Mizoguchi Naoatsu was the fourth son of Mizoguchi Naomichi, a hatamoto retainer of Shibata Domain from a cadet branch of the Mizoguchi clan. His childhood name was Kamenosuke. He was adopted as posthumous heir to Mizoguchi Naoharu in 1732 and received in formal audience by Shōgun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi the same year. In 1733, the clan was ordered to help repair the moats on Edo Castle. In 1735, the clan was ordered to survey and assist in land reclamation of the Shiunjigata marshes in Echigo Province, after which the clan was entrusted with administration of 16,850 koku of new tenryō lands. Although the domain suffered from fewer flooding disasters than under his predecessors, good harvests conversely drove the price of rice down, and the domain remained unable to free itself of debt. Furthermore, in 1738, the domain was ordered to return the 83,400 koku of tenryō lands back to direct administration by the shogunate. In 1748, the domain was ordered to assist the Korean embassy to Japan during its stay ate Kanagawa-juku on the Tōkaidō. In 1754, the domain traded 52 villages with an assessed kokudaka of 10,000 koku to the shogunate in exchange for 33 villages in another location. A similar trade occurred the following year, with the domain trading 15 villages for 31 others. Naoatsu retired in 1761, citing illness, and died in 1780. His grave is at the temple of Kisshō-ji in Tokyo.
Naoatsu was married to a daughter of Matsudaira Nobutoki of Hamamatsu Domain, and had 8 sons and 4 daughters.
# Stenodacma wahlbergi

Stenodacma wahlbergi is a moth of the family Pterophoridae described by Philipp Christoph Zeller in 1851. It is known from Japan (Honshu, Kyushu, Tsushima), China, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Sri Lanka, India, Central, East and South Africa, St. Helena, Mauritius, the Seychelles and Rodrigues. It has recently been recorded from Vietnam. Records for Australia were based on synonymisation with Stenodacma pyrrhodes.
The length of the forewings is 6–7 mm. Adults emerge from April to October in Japan.
The larvae feed on Oxalis species (including Oxalis corniculata), Ipomoea batatas and Vitaceae (Vitis indica). They feed on the leaf and pod of the host plant.
# Taractes rubescens

Taractes rubescens, the pomfret, keeltail pomfret, knifetail pomfret or black pomfret, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a pomfret of the family Bramidae. T. rubescens is closely related, and quite similar, to Taractes asper, but adults can most easily be distinguished by the bony keel present on the caudal peduncle. In fact, this bony keel is unique to Taractes rubescens and will distinguish it from all other bramids.

## Diet

T. rubescens have a varied diet consisting of marine invertebrates (including decapods and cephalopods) and, presumably, small fishes.

## Habitat and Ecology

As with most bramids,T. rubescens are epi- mesopelagic fish that are typically found at depths between 0-600m. They are highly migratory and believed to be solitary.
They are frequently found in the stomachs of large pelagic predator fishes, including billfish and tuna, suggesting that they play an important role in the diets of fast swimming, predatory fishes.

## Distribution

Tokiharu Abe suggested in personal communications with Giles W. Mead that T. rubscens adults are likely distributed throughout the tropical oceanic Pacific. Specimens at various stages of development have been collected throughout the Pacific Ocean, from the Sea of Japan to the coast of Hawaii. Limited collections have been made in the Atlantic Ocean, including the Gulf of Mexico and off the coast of Trinidad. T. rubscens had never been scientifically documented in the Indian Ocean until the year 2010, where it was reportedly collected in the Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea. A single record was reported in 2016 from the Mediterranean Sea off Sicily. Despite their widespread distribution, they remain quite uncommon.
# Friedrich Ludwig Schröder

Friedrich Ludwig Schröder (3 November 1744 – 3 September 1816) was a German actor, manager, dramatist and prominent masonic leader.
He was born in Schwerin. Shortly after his birth, his mother, Sophie Charlotte Bierreichel (1714–1792), separated from her husband, and, joining a theatrical company, toured with success in Poland and Russia. Subsequently, she married Konrad Ernst Ackermann and appeared with his company in many German cities, finally settling in Hamburg. Young Schröder early showed considerable talent, but his childhood was rendered so unhappy by his stepfather that he ran away from home and learned the trade of a shoemaker.
He rejoined his parents, however, in 1759, and became an actor. In 1764 he appeared with the Ackermann company in Hamburg, playing leading comedy parts; but these he soon exchanged for the tragic roles in which he became famous. These included Hamlet, King Lear and Philip in Schiller's Don Carlos.
After Ackermann's death in 1771 Schröder and his mother took over the management of the Hamburg theatre, and he began to write plays, largely adaptations from the English, making his first success with the comedy Die Arglistige. In 1780 he left Hamburg, and after a tour with his wife, Anna Christina Hart, a former pupil, accepted an engagement at the Court Theatre in Vienna. In 1785 Schröder again took over his Hamburg management and conducted the theatre with marked ability until his retirement in 1798. The Hamburg theatre again falling into decay, the master was once more summoned to assist in its rehabilitation, and in 1811 he returned to it for one year. He died in 1816.
As an actor Schröder was the first to depart from the stilted style of former tragedians; as a manager he raised the standard of plays presented and contributed, with Abel Seyler, to introducing Shakespeare on the German stage. Schröder's Dramatische Werke, with an introduction by Tieck, were published in four volumes (Berlin, 1831).
# Henryk Samsonowicz

Henryk Bohdan Samsonowicz (23 January 1930 – 28 May 2021) was a Polish historian specializing in medieval Poland, prolific writer, and professor of the University of Warsaw. In 1989–1990, he was the minister of education in the government of prime minister Tadeusz Mazowiecki.

## Life

Samsonowicz graduated in 1950 from University of Warsaw, and 1954 he received a PhD, and in 1960 was habilitated. In 1971 Samsonowicz was named a professor. Since 1967, he was a vice-dean of Department of Humanistic Studies at University of Warsaw, and in 1970 - 1973, he was the dean of the Department. Also, in 1975 - 1980, Samsonowicz was the director of the Institute of History.
In 1980, he became a member of Solidarity, and on 1 October 1980, he was nominated a rector of the University of Warsaw. Dismissed from this post on 8 April 1982, Samsonowicz participated in late 1980s in talks of the Round Table. After the 4 June 1989 election, he became Minister of Education, and in 1990, upon his decision, teaching of religious studies returned to Polish schools. Samsonowicz remained a minister until January 1991.
He lectured at the Humanistic Academy in Pułtusk, was a member of the Polish Academy of Learning, and of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He also had honorary degrees of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, and University of Wrocław. He was a bearer of the Samson coat of arms, in 1984 he was awarded Légion d'honneur. Since 2008, he has been an honorary citizen of Pultusk and Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski.
He died on 28 May 2021.

## Works

Samsonowicz wrote around 800 scientific papers, mostly on history of medieval Poland, including 16 books and university textbooks. Selected works include:
* Henryk Samsonowicz, Historia Polski do roku 1795 (History of Poland until 1795), Kraków 2000,
* Henryk Samsonowicz, Późne średniowiecze miast nadbałtyckich. Studia z dziejów Hanzy nad Bałtykiem w XIV-XV w. (Late Middle Ages of Baltic cities. Studies of history of the Hanseatic League in the 14th and 15th century), Warsaw 1968
* Henryk Samsonowicz, Miejsce Polski w Europie (Poland's location in Europe), Warsaw 1995
* Henryk Samsonowicz, Ziemie polskie w X wieku i ich znaczenie w kształtowaniu się nowej mapy Europy (Polish lands in the 10th century and their significance in shaping of new map of Europe), Kraków 2000
* Henryk Samsonowicz, Tysiącletnie dzieje (Thousand years of history, together with Janusz Tazbir), Wrocław 1997
* Henryk Samsonowicz, Idea uniwersytetu u schyłku tysiąclecia (The idea of a university at the dawn of the millennium, co-author), Warsaw 1998.
# Tapado Glacier

The Tapado Glacier is a glacier in Chile
# Kutabpur, Kapurthala

Kutabpur is a village in Kapurthala district of Punjab State, India. It is located 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from Kapurthala, which is both district and sub-district headquarters of Kutabpur. The village is administrated by a Sarpanch who is an elected representative.

## Demography

According to the report published by Census India in 2011, Kutabpur has 45 houses with the total population of 204 persons of which 109 are male and 95 females. Literacy rate of Kutabpur is 75.57%, lower than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children in the age group 0–6 years is 28 which is 13.73% of the total population. Child sex ratio is approximately 1000, higher than the state average of 846.

## Population data

| Particulars | Total | Male | Female |
| Total No. of Houses | 45 | - | - |
| Population | 204 | 109 | 95 |
| Child (0-6) | 28 | 14 | 14 |
| Schedule Caste | 6 | 3 | 3 |
| Schedule Tribe | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Literacy | 75.57 % | 80.00 % | 70.37 % |
| Total Workers | 105 | 68 | 37 |
| Main Worker | 105 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal Worker | 0 | 0 | 0 |
# St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute

St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute (SEERI) is a centre for Syriac studies located in Kottayam, Kerala. It is a research centre of the Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam.

## History

Named after the Syriac saint, Ephrem the Syrian, SEERI was inaugurated on 14 September 1985 by Marthoma Mathews I, Catholicos of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church. It works in collaboration with various churches that share the Syriac patrimony to foster ecumenism and deepen the mutual understanding of these churches in the study and search of their common heritage. It is sponsored and supported by the Archeparchy of Tiruvalla of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church.
SEERI was developed to be a place for the advanced teaching and learning of the Syriac language and heritage in India, as well as making available manuscripts, documents, and source books necessary for such study and research.
SEERI's first doctoral dissertation, The History of the Assyrian Church of the East in the Twentieth Century, was completed by Mar Aprem Mooken in 2000.

## Affiliations

SEERI is a research center of the Mahatma Gandhi and affiliated with the Catholic University of America.

## Administration
### Presidents and director

The President is Thomas Mor Koorilos, Metropolitan Archbishop of Tiruvalla.
The Director is Jacob Thekkeparambil.

### Notable faculty

* Rev. Dr. Baby Varghese
* Rev. Dr. Jacob Thekeparampil (Director)
* Rev. Fr. John Kannanthanam
* Rev. Dr. Johns Abraham Konat
* Dr. Kuriakose Valavanolickal
* Rev. Fr. Kuriakose Moolayil Corepiscopa
* Rev. Fr. Mathew Kuttiani
* Rev. Fr. Raju Parakkott (Asst. Director)
* Rev. Dr. Sebastian Naduthadom
* Rev. Dr. Stephen Plathottathil OIC
* Rev. Dr. Thomas Koonammakkal (Dean of Studies)
* Rev. Fr. Varghese Varghese, Kaloor

## Publications

* The HARP: (English periodical) A review of Syriac, Ecumenical and Oriental Studies. Contains articles of renowned writers from all over the world.
* MŌRĀN ETH'Ō (Monographs - occasional English publications)
* S.C.C: (SEERI Correspondence Course in English on Syrian Christian heritage. Complete set includes 12 books. The course is to be completed in two years. 9 books have already been published).
* Blue Series: German translations of Syriac Liturgical text.
* Madrōsō (Malayalam)
* Nuhro (Malayalam)
* AWSĀR SLAWŌT'O (translations from Syriac to English)
# Liquan South railway station

Liquan South railway station (Chinese: 礼泉南站) is a railway station in Liquan County, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China. It is an intermediate stop on the Yinchuan–Xi'an high-speed railway and was opened with the line on 26 December 2020.
Immediately to the east of this station, there is a spur allowing trains to join the Xi'an–Pingliang railway.
# Hail to the Chimp

Hail to the Chimp is a video game developed by Wideload Games and published by Gamecock Media Group. It was released in 2008 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.

## Gameplay

Up to four players compete as anthropomorphic animals in a variety of mini-games while vying for the role of "President of the Animal Kingdom". By competing in mini-game tournaments named Primaries, the players will collect clams that make the characters stronger, and complete different objectives at the same time. The one who gets the most votes will win the election. Clams are designed to be used in several ways as an all-around currency, whether by shooting them, giving out as donations or exchanging for other things like election signs or money.

## Reception

Aggregate score :
| Aggregator | Score | Score |
| Aggregator | PS3 | Xbox 360 |
| Metacritic | 51/100 | 52/100 |
Review scores :
| Publication | Score | Score |
| Publication | PS3 | Xbox 360 |
| 1Up.com | N/A | B+ |
| Destructoid | N/A | 4/10 |
| Edge | 7/10 | N/A |
| Game Informer | 4/10 | 4/10 |
| GamePro | | |
| GameSpot | N/A | 5.5/10 |
| GameZone | 6/10 | N/A |
| IGN | 3.5/10 | 3.5/10 |
| Official Xbox Magazine (US) | N/A | 7/10 |
| PlayStation: The Official Magazine | | N/A |
| Maxim | 6/10 | 6/10 |
| Variety | N/A | (unfavorable) |
The game received "mixed" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.
# Taracticus

Taracticus is a genus of robber flies in the family Asilidae. There are about 16 described species in Taracticus.

## Species

These 16 species belong to the genus Taracticus:
* Taracticus aciculatus Pritchard, 1938
* Taracticus argentifacies James, 1953
* Taracticus dimidiatus (Macquart, 1847)
* Taracticus geniculatus (Bigot, 1878)
* Taracticus guerrerensis Pritchard, 1938
* Taracticus nigrimystaceus Williston, 1901
* Taracticus nigripes Williston, 1901
* Taracticus octopunctatus (Say, 1823)
* Taracticus paulus Pritchard, 1938
* Taracticus ruficaudus Curran, 1930
* Taracticus rufipennis (Macquart, 1847)
* Taracticus similis Williston, 1901
* Taracticus vitripennis (Bellardi, 1861)
* † Psilocephala hypogaea (Cockerell, 1909)
* † Taracticus contusus Cockerell, 1910
* † Taracticus renovatus Cockerell, 1911
# Yo Protesto

Yo Protesto is the first album from Puerto Rican folk singer Roy Brown. The album was initially released under the small label Vanguardia, but was later released by Disco Libre, a label owned by the Puerto Rican Socialist Party.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Roy Brown

## Cultural impact

Although released in 1969, the album became a symbol of the riots at the University of Puerto Rico that began in 1970. The songs were considered to be part of the movement of rebellion that sparked in the island, highlighting the sociopolitical situation.
In 2005, a tribute album to Roy Brown was released under the title of Yo Protesto: Roy Brown y sus Amigos, coinciding with the 35 anniversary of the release of the album. The album featured new versions of the same songs, some of them with the collaboration of other artists like Danny Rivera, Fiel a la Vega, Tony Croatto, and Silvio Rodríguez, among others.
In 2011, Brown celebrated the 40th anniversary of the album with a concert at the Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center.
# Hermle AG

Maschinenfabrik Berthold Hermle AG is a publicly traded German company with headquarters in Gosheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is one of the leading manufacturers of milling machines. There are over 20,000 Hermle-manufactured machines in use worldwide. The chief users are suppliers of medical technology, the optical industry, aviation, and the automotive industry and racing.
Most development and manufacturing is located in Gosheim. The universal milling machines and machining centers from Hermle are used to produce tools, molds, and production parts.

## History

In 1938 Berthold Hermle founded Berthold Hermle Gosheim - Schraubenfabrik and Fassondreherei. In 1957 the company began production of milling machines. Hermle went public in 1990 and changed its name to Maschinenfabrik Berthold Hermle AG—previously, it was primarily known by its initials of BHG (for Berthold Hermle Gosheim).
# Duskywing

Erynnis is a genus in the skippers butterfly family Hesperiidae, known as the duskywings. Erynnis is found in the Neotropical realm and across the Palearctic, but the highest species diversity is in the Nearctic. The genus was erected by Franz von Paula Schrank in 1801.

## Species and notable subspecies

Listed alphabetically:
* Erynnis afranius (Lintner, 1878) – Afranius duskywing
* Erynnis baptisiae (Forbes, 1936) – wild indigo duskywing
* Erynnis brizo (Boisduval & LeConte, [1837]) – sleepy duskywing
** Erynnis brizo burgessi (Skinner, 1914) – Rocky Mountain sleepy duskywing
* Erynnis funeralis (Scudder & Burgess, 1870) – funereal duskywing
* Erynnis horatius (Scudder & Burgess, 1870) – Horace's duskywing
* Erynnis icelus (Scudder & Burgess, 1870) – dreamy duskywing
* Erynnis juvenalis (Fabricius, 1793) – Juvenal's duskywing
* Erynnis lucilius (Scudder & Burgess, 1870) – columbine duskywing
* Erynnis martialis (Scudder, 1869) – mottled duskywing
* Erynnis marloyi (Boisduval, [1834]) – inky skipper
* Erynnis mercurius (Dyar, 1926) Mexico
* Erynnis montana (Bremer, 1861) South China, Formosa, Amur, Japan
* Erynnis meridianus Bell, 1927 – meridian duskywing – California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico
* Erynnis pacuvius (Lintner, [1878]) – Pacuvius duskywing, Dyar's duskywing, or buckthorn dusky wing
** Erynnis pacuvius callidus (Grinnell, 1905) – Californian – Pacuvius duskywing
* Erynnis pathan Evans, 1949 Ghissar, Chitral, North Baluchistan
* Erynnis pelias (Leech, 1891) West China, Arunachal Pradesh
* Erynnis persius (Scudder, 1863) – Persius duskywing or hairy duskywing
** Erynnis persius fredericki (H. A. Freeman, 1943) – eastern Persius duskywing
* Erynnis popoviana Nordmann, 1851 Mongolia, North China, East China, Central China, Ussuri
* Erynnis propertius (Scudder & Burgess, 1870) – Propertius duskywing or western oak duskywing
* Erynnis scudderi (Skinner, 1914) – Scudder's duskywing – Mexico, Arizona
* Erynnis tages (Linnaeus, 1758) – dingy skipper
* Erynnis telemachus Burns, 1960 – Rocky Mountain duskywing – Arizona
* Erynnis tristis (Boisduval 1852) – mournful duskywing – Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas, Mexico to Colombia, Central America
** Erynnis tristis tatius (W. H. Edwards, 1882) – Tatius duskywing – Arizona, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Panama, to Colombia
* Erynnis zarucco (H. Lucas, 1857) – zarucco duskywing
# Southside (East Chicago)

Southside or South Side is a neighborhood in western East Chicago, Indiana. Together with Northside and Roxana, it makes up "East Chicago proper," as distinct from Indiana Harbor. The population is 64% Hispanic and 25% African American. The neighborhood is home to 20% of East Chicago's population. The neighborhood is dominated by residential properties, with relatively few institutional buildings.
Southside is bounded on the north by the commercial corridor along Chicago Avenue (Indiana State Road 312), and on the south by the Grand Calumet River. To the east, the residential area is bounded by Indianapolis Boulevard; beyond that lies the industrial district along the Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal. To the west, Southside adjoins North Hammond.
Southside was the site of the very first home built in East Chicago, that of William H. Penman (later East Chicago's first mayor), built in 1888. Most of the residential development in East Chicago's first decades, prior to the 20th century, took place in this neighborhood.
# Lahsa

Lahsa may refer to:
* Lahsa Apso, a dog breed originating in Tibet
* Lahsa Eyalet, an eyalet of the Ottoman Empire, now part of Kuwait and Qatar
* Los Angeles High School of the Arts (LAHSA), in Central Los Angeles, California, U.S.
* Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority
# Society for Humanitarian Solidarity

The Society for Humanitarian Solidarity is a non profit humanitarian NGO based in the Mayfa'a District (Shabwa Governorate) near Aden, Yemen. It was founded by Naseer Salim Ali Al-Hamairy in 1995.
The SHS provides assistance to refugees and migrants who arrive in Yemen every year. The NGO has 290 staff members. The organization also assists the local community in Ahwar, Mayfa'a district, and Hadramaut to mitigate the impact of new arrivals on the local population. The NGO won the Nansen Refugee Award, dedicated by the UNCHR.