OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ferroelectric capacitor

Ferroelectric capacitor is a capacitor based on a ferroelectric material. In contrast, traditional capacitors are based on dielectric materials. Ferroelectric devices are used in digital electronics as part of ferroelectric RAM, or in analog electronics as tunable capacitors (varactors).
In memory applications, the stored value of a ferroelectric capacitor is read by applying an electric field. The amount of charge needed to flip the memory cell to the opposite state is measured and the previous state of the cell is revealed. This means that the read operation destroys the memory cell state, and has to be followed by a corresponding write operation, in order to write the bit back. This makes it similar to (now obsolete) ferrite core memory. The requirement of a write cycle for each read cycle, together with the high but not infinite write cycle limit is a potential problem for some special applications.

## Theory

In a short-circuited ferroelectric capacitor with a metal-ferroelectric-metal (MFM) structure, a charge distribution of screening charges forms at the metal-ferroelectric interface so as to screen the electric displacement of the ferroelectric. Due to these screening charges, there is a voltage drop across the ferroelectric capacitor with screening in the electrode layer that can be obtained using the Thomas-Fermi approach as follows:
$V=E_{f}d+E_{e}\left(2\lambda \right)$
Here $d$ is the film thickness, $E_{f}={\frac {V+8\pi P_{s}a}{d+\epsilon _{f}\left(2a\right)}}$ and $E_{e}={\frac {\epsilon _{f}}{\epsilon _{e}}}E_{f}-{\frac {4\pi }{\epsilon _{e}}}P_{s}$ are the electric fields in the film and electrode at the interface, $P_{s}$ is the spontaneous polarization, $a={\frac {\lambda }{\epsilon _{e}}}$, and $\epsilon _{f}$ & $\epsilon _{e}$ are the dielectric constants of the film and the metal electrode.
With perfect electrodes, $\lambda =0$ or for thick films, with $d\gg a$ the equation reduces to:
$V=E_{f}d\Rightarrow E_{f}={\frac {V}{d}}$
# Los Lagos

Los Lagos (Spanish meaning "The Lakes") may refer to:
* Los Lagos Region, Chile
* Los Lagos Department, Neuquén Province, Argentina
* Los Lagos, Chile, a town and municipality in Los Rios Region
# Mantle

A mantle is a piece of clothing, a type of cloak. Several other meanings are derived from that.
Mantle may refer to:
* Mantle (clothing), a cloak-like garment worn mainly by women as fashionable outerwear
** Mantle (vesture), an Eastern Orthodox vesture worn by monastics and higher clergy
** Mantle (royal garment), a garment worn by monarchs and princes as a symbol of authority
** Mantle (heraldry), a heraldic element
* Mantle (geology), a layer in the interior of a planet
** The Earth's mantle
* Mantle (surname)
* Mantle, a feature of bird anatomy
* Mantle (climbing), the external covering of a climbing rope.
* Mantle, a black and white dog coat colour, especially in Great Danes
* Mantle (mollusc), a layer of tissue in molluscs which secretes the shell
* Fireplace mantle or mantel, the hood over the grate of a fire
* Gas mantle, a device for generating bright white light when heated by a flame
* Mantle Site, in Whitchurch-Stouffville, near Toronto
* Mantle (API), a low-level GPU API developed by AMD

## Entertainment

* The Mantle, an album by Agalloch
* Greenmantle, a novel by John Buchan
# Savarino

Savarino is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Jefferson Savarino (born 1996), Venezuelan footballer
* Jim Savarino (born 1954), American musician and singer-songwriter
# Dole effect

The Dole effect, named after Malcolm Dole, describes an inequality in the ratio of the heavy isotope $^{18}$O (a "standard" oxygen atom with two additional neutrons) to the lighter $^{16}$O, measured in the atmosphere and seawater. This ratio is usually denoted δ$^{18}$O.
It was noticed in 1935 that air contained more $^{18}$O than seawater; this was quantified in 1975 to 23.5‰, but later refined as 23.88‰ in 2005. The imbalance arises mainly as a result of respiration in plants and in animals. Due to thermodynamics of isotope reactions, respiration removes the lighter—hence more reactive—$^{16}$O in preference to $^{18}$O, increasing the relative amount of $^{18}$O in the atmosphere.
The inequality is balanced by photosynthesis. Photosynthesis emits oxygen with the same isotopic composition (i.e. the ratio between $^{18}$O and $^{16}$O) as the water (H$_2$O) used in the reaction, which is independent of the atmospheric ratio. Thus when atmospheric $^{18}$O levels are high enough, photosynthesis will act as a reducing factor. However, as a complicating factor, the degree of fractionation (i.e. change in isotope ratio) occurring due to photosynthesis is not entirely dependent on the water drawn up by the plant, as fractionation can occur as a result of preferential evaporation of H$_2$$^{16}$O - water bearing lighter oxygen isotopes, and other small but significant processes.

## Use of the Dole effect

Since evaporation causes oceanic and terrestrial waters to have a different ratio of $^{18}$O to $^{16}$O, the Dole effect will reflect the relevant importances of land-based and marine photosynthesis. The complete removal of land-based productivity would result in a Dole effect shift of -2-3‰ from the current value of 23.5‰.
The stability (to within 0.5‰) of the atmospheric $^{18}$O to $^{16}$O ratio with respect to sea surface waters since the last interglacial (the last 130 000 years), as derived from ice cores, suggests that terrestrial and marine productivity have varied together during this time period.
Millennial variations of the Dole effect were found to be related to abrupt climate change events in the North Atlantic region during the last 60 kyr (1kyr=1000years). High correlations of the Dole effect to speleothem δ$^{18}$O, an indicator for monsoon precipitation, suggest that it is subject to changes in low-latitude terrestrial productivity. Orbital scale variations of the Dole effect, characterized by periods of 20-100 kyr, respond strongly to Earth's orbital eccentricity and precession, but not obliquity.
The Dole effect can also be applied as a tracer in sea water, with slight variations in chemistry being used to track a discrete "parcel" of water and determine its age.
# HP Neoview

HP Neoview was a data warehouse and business intelligence computer server line based on the Hewlett-Packard NonStop line. It acted as a database server, providing NonStop OS and NonStop SQL, but lacked the transaction processing functionality of the original NonStop systems.
The line was retired, and no longer marketed, as of January 24, 2011.
# Allopseudaxinoides

Allopseudaxinoides is a genus which belongs to the phylum Platyhelminthes and class Monogenea; all its species are parasites of fish. It was created by Yamaguti in 1965, to include Allopseudaxinoides euthynni.

## Morphology

Species of Allopseudaxinoides are ectoparasites that affect their host by attaching themselves as larvae on the gills of the fish and grow into adult stage. This larval stage is called oncomiracidium, and is characterized as free swimming and ciliated. The name Allopseudaxine is composed of a root Allopseudaxine: a monogenean genus, and the suffix oides which means resembling. Thus, the name Allopseudaxinoides means resembling Allopseudaxine. In fact, species of Allopseudaxine have a large body tapering anteriorly, and a unilateral, oblique haptor, (which means that they have a single oblique row of clamps,) giving them a triangular appearance. By this triangular shape, they resemble Allopseudaxine. However, species of Allopseudaxinoides can be distinguished from Allopseudaxine by a complete absence of vaginae or the presence of rudimentary ones, the presence of thickenings of clamps capsule, and an accessory clamp sclerite.

## Species

Allopseudaxinoides comprises two species:
* Allopseudaxinoides euthynni Yamaguti, 1965
* Allopseudaxinoides vagans (Ishii, 1936) Yamaguti, 1968
# Debeli Lug (Žitorađa)

Debeli Lug is a village in the municipality of Žitorađa, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 34 people.
# Sapperton, New Westminster

Sapperton is a neighbourhood within the City of New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada, located in the northeastern part of the city, which borders the areas of Coquitlam and Burnaby. It is located on the slope above the Fraser River, which is mainly concentrated on Brunette Avenue and Columbia Street and is also northeast of the former British Columbia Penitentiary.
The neighbourhood was the location of the barracks and other housing for the Royal Engineers, Columbia Detachment, otherwise known as “sappers”. The Royal Columbian Hospital is located in Sapperton. The neighbourhood of Sapperton consists of Sapperton and Hume Park, that has a forested area leading to the Brunette River. Sapperton is also located close to two SkyTrain stations, Sapperton station and Braid station.
# Mantius (spider)

Mantius is a spider genus of the jumping spider family, Salticidae.
There is no recent information on any of the five described species from south east Asia. The genus is said to be close to Ptocasius.

## Description

Females are 5 to 8 mm (0.20 to 0.31 in) long, males 6 to 10 mm (0.24 to 0.39 in). The cephalothorax is often dark reddish brown. The abdomen is yellowish brown with whitish hairs and plump oval. The legs are yellowish brown except for the front pair, which is reddish brown.

## Name

Mantius was the son of Melampus and Lysippe in Greek mythology.

## Species

* Mantius armipotens Peckham & Peckham, 1907 – Borneo
* Mantius difficilis Peckham & Peckham, 1907 – Borneo
* Mantius frontosus (Simon, 1899) – Java
* Mantius ravidus (Simon, 1899) – Sumatra
* Mantius russatus Thorell, 1891 – Malaysia

## Footnotes

* 1 2 Murphy & Murphy 2000: 285
# Poverty map

A poverty map is a map which provides a detailed description of the spatial distribution of poverty and inequality within a country. It combines individual and household (micro) survey data and population (macro) census data with the objective of estimating welfare indicators for specific geographic area as small as village or hamlet.
Recent advances in geographic information systems (GIS), databases and computer aided software engineering make poverty mapping possible, where data can be presented in the form of maps and overlaying interfaces for cross-comparisons. Spatial analysis and benchmarking are also applied to assess the relationships between the two sets of micro and macro data according to their geographic location.
# Dole pod Sveto Trojico

Dole pod Sveto Trojico (pronounced) is a small settlement in the Municipality of Moravče in central Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.

## Name

The name of the settlement was changed from Dole pod Sveto Trojico (literally, 'Dole below the Holy Trinity') to Dole pod Trojico (literally, 'Dole below Trinity') in 1955. The name was changed on the basis of the 1948 Law on Names of Settlements and Designations of Squares, Streets, and Buildings as part of efforts by Slovenia's postwar communist government to remove religious elements from toponyms. The name Dole pod Sveto Trojico was restored in 1992.

## Cultural heritage

A small chapel-shrine in the settlement was erected in 1897 and renovated in 2001.
# Evelyn O'Callaghan

Evelyn O'Callaghan (born 20 September 1954) is a Jamaican academic who is a professor of West Indian literature at the University of the West Indies. She was the first Jamaican woman to win a Rhodes Scholarship.

## Biography

O'Callaghan was born in Nigeria to parents of Irish descent. She moved to Jamaica as a small child, and attended Mount Alvernia High School in Montego Bay. O'Callaghan completed her undergraduate education at Ireland's University College Cork, which her father had attended. She was Jamaica's Rhodes Scholar for 1978, the first woman to be selected for the honour, and subsequently completed a Master of Letters degree at Wolfson College, Oxford. She later completed a doctorate at the University of the West Indies (UWI), with her thesis being supervised by Edward Baugh. O'Callaghan initially worked as a junior lecturer in English literature at the UWI campus in Mona, Jamaica. She transferred to the Cave Hill, Barbados, campus in 1983, and was eventually awarded a full professorship. O'Callaghan is the current dean of the Faculty of Humanities and Education, and has previously served as head of the Department of Language, Linguistics and Literature. She is an editor of the Journal of West Indian Literature, and has written several books about early West Indian women writers.
# Allopsontus

Allopsontus is a genus of the family Machilidae which belongs to the insect order Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails). Certain species in this genus have been found as high as 5 kilometres above sea level on the Himalayas.

## Species

* Allopsontus annandalei Silvestri, 1911
* Allopsontus armenicus Mendes, 1983
* Allopsontus davydovae Kaplin, 1987
* Allopsontus europaeus Kaplin, 1983
* Allopsontus kerzhneri Kaplin, 1982
* Allopsontus lineatus Kaplin, 2002
* Allopsontus oubehi Bitsch, 1968
* Allopsontus schmidi Wygodzinsky, 1974
* Allopsontus spinosissimus Mendes, 1981
* Allopsontus swani Wygodzinsky, 1974
* Allopsontus tianshanicus Kaplin, 1982
* Allopsontus tuxeni Wygodzinsky, 1950
* Allopsontus wygodzinskyi Bitsch, 1968
# 2020 FA Cup

2020 FA Cup may refer to:
* 2019–20 FA Cup
** 2020 FA Cup final
* 2019–20 Women's FA Cup
** 2020 Women's FA Cup final
* 2020–21 FA Cup
* 2020–21 Women's FA Cup
# Comamonas badia

Comamonas badia is a Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, highly motile bacterium with a single polar flagellum from the genus Comamonas and family Comamonadaceae, which was isolated from activate sludge in Japan.
# Prince Sahle Selassie

Prince Sahle Selassie (Amharic: ልኡል ሣህለ ሥላሴ; 27 February 1931 – 24 April 1962) was the youngest child of Emperor Haile Selassie and Empress Menen Asfaw of Ethiopia. His full title was "His Imperial Highness, Prince Sahle Selassie Haile Selassie".

## Biography

Born after his parents had been crowned Emperor and Empress of Ethiopia, he was the only one of the Emperor's children to have been born with the title of Prince. Since his older brothers, Prince Asfa Wossen and Prince Makonnen, had both been born before the 1930 coronation, Prince Sahle Selassie was also the first legitimate child born to a reigning Emperor since the birth of Dejazmach Alemayehu Tewodros, son of Emperor Tewodros II. He was educated in the United Kingdom, at Wellington College, Berkshire and Queens' College, Cambridge.
Prince Sahle Selassie was married in 1959 to Princess Mahisente Habte Mariam, the daughter of Dejazmach Habte Mariam Gabre-Igziabiher, the heir to the old Oromo kingdom of Leqa Naqamte in Welega Province, and later served as governor of Welega province. They had a son, Prince Ermias Sahle Selassie, who currently is the President of the Crown Council of Ethiopia. The Prince was a man of an artistic bent, who is said to have made a movie which was banned from publication by the Imperial Government censor despite the fact the Prince was a member of the Imperial family. It was believed that the movie indirectly questioned the fast pace of development, and the strains it caused on rural society, and was thus unflattering to the policies of the Imperial government.
Prince Sahle Selassie died in 1962, months after the death of his mother Empress Menen Asfaw. His cause of death was given as "a liver ailment complicated by pneumonia of both lungs and gastrointestinal hemorrages". He was survived by his wife and his son Prince Ermias, and was buried in the crypt of Holy Trinity Cathedral in Addis Ababa.

## Honours
### National honours

* - Grand Cordon of the Order of the Seal of Solomon.
* - Refugee Medal (1944).
* - Jubilee Medal (1955).

### Foreign honours

* - Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion (Czechoslovakia, 14 December 1959).
* - Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim (Kingdom of Sweden, 19 December 1959).
* - Knight Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum (Japan).
* - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the House of Orange (Kingdom of the Netherlands).
* - Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (1958).
* - Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Federal Republic of Germany, 1955).
* - Sash of the Order of the Aztec Eagle (United Mexican States, 1954).
* - Order of the Yugoslav Star, 1st class (21 July 1954).
* - Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the Pioneers of Liberia (Republic of Liberia).

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Prince Sahle Selassie :
# Mantissa Plantarum Altera

Mantissa Plantarum Altera (abbreviated Mant. Pl. Alt.) is an illustrated book with botanical descriptions which was edited by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the year 1771.
Mantissa Plantarum Altera was the continuation of Mantissa Plantarum published in 1767 as an appendix to the 12th edition of Systema Naturae.
# Cricket in Botswana

Cricket in Botswana was started by expatriates from South Africa and Indian Subcontinent. The team won the Pepsi ICC Africa World Cricket League in 2008.

## History

Cricket was started in Botswana by expatriates from South Africa and the Indian subcontinent. It has started to make strides in the game since becoming an Associate Member of the ICC in 2005.

## Performance

Its success in the Pepsi ICC Africa World Cricket League - runners up in 2006 and winners in 2008 - has paved the way to the international stage.
It has not found life easy since its elevation, however, being relegated from ICC World Cricket League Division Five and Six in successive years, hence its next participation was scheduled for World Cricket League Division Seven in March–April 2011.
# Expansion pack (disambiguation)

An expansion pack is an addition to an existing game.
Expansion pack or Expansion Pak may refer to:
* Expansion Pak, a Nintendo 64 accessory that enhances many of the system's games, and is required for a few games
* Memory Expansion Pak, a Nintendo DS accessory that adds 8 MB of system memory, and is required for the web browser
* Expansion Pack, a Nintendo Switch Online add-on with downloadable games, including Nintendo 64 and Sega Genesis games
# Dole pri Krašcah

Dole pri Krašcah (pronounced) is a settlement to the west of Moravče in central Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola. It is now included with the rest of the Municipality of Moravče in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.

## Name

Dole pri Krašcah was attested in historical sources as Süchadol and Suchadol in 1431, Suchodol in 1444, and Suchodoll in 1470.
# Allopterigeron

Allopterigeron is a genus of flowering plants in the daisy family described as a genus in 1981.
There is only one known species, Allopterigeron filifolius, endemic to Australia. It is known from Queensland and Northern Territory.
# Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Station

Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Plant is located at Yamuna Nagar in Haryana. The power plant is one of the coal based power plants of HPGCL. It was jointly constructed by Reliance Energy Limited and Shanghai Electric (China) in a collaboration. This plant is named after Sir Chhotu Ram.

## History

The project was first conceived in 1981-82 but it remained in suspended animation for more than two decades. The previous governments tried to implement the project, first through the private sector, then through the National Thermal Power Corporation, and thereafter attempts were also made to get it executed through foreign investments. But the project remained only on paper because governments were not serious about setting up this project. Former Indian prime minister, P V Narasimha Rao even laid the foundation stone of this project through remote control from Faridabad in March 1993. At that time, the project was planned to be executed by NTPC, but that too could not go beyond construction of a few residential and non-residential buildings. In year 2004 then chief minister of Haryana Om Prakash Chautala again laid the stone of this thermal plant but again the project remained on papers only. But in year 2005 the new chief minister of Haryana Bhupinder Singh Hooda gave nod to the project and the plant was finally developed in 2005-2008.

## Power plant

Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram Thermal Power Station has an installed capacity of 600 MW. The First unit was commissioned in April 2008. This is the first project in the state to award to private developer. The total available land of the project is 1107 acres. First unit was commissioned in a record period of 27 months which is the lowest for any coal based green field project in the country. The plant gets coal from Central coal fields.

## Installed capacity

| Stage | Unit Number | Installed Capacity (MW) | Date of Commissioning | Status |
| First | 1 | 300 | April, 2008 | Running |
| First | 2 | 300 | June, 2008 | Running |
| Second | 1 | 800 | 2028 | Upcoming |

## Future Expansions

HPGCL has announced the expansion of this plant. A 800 MW capacity additional super critical Thermal Unit at Yamuna Nagar will be operational by 2027. HPGCL has issued an order to Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited for EPC contract of 800MW unit which is likely to completed within 48-57 months.
# Alesso di Benozzo

Alesso di Benozzo (1473 – 1528), also known as Alesso Gozzoli, was an Italian Renaissance painter. He was born in Pisa in 1473 and began his career as an assistant to his father, the famous Florentine Benozzo Gozzoli. In 1492 he signed the Tabernacle of the Visitation (Castelfiorentino, Museo Benozzo Gozzoli) together with his father, who headed the project, and brother, Francesco. Because of their similar styles, the individual contributions of each painter are not easy to distinguish, but the art historian Anna Padoa Rizzo has proposed that the more refined and elegant figures are by Alesso, whom documents suggest was Gozzoli's most esteemed son, and that the coarser passages are by Francesco, apparently of lesser renown. Padoa Rizzo in turn identified Alesso as the anonymous artist previously known by two names: the "Maestro Esiguo," invented by Roberto Longhi in reference to the painter's skinny and exiguous figures, and the "Alunno di Benozzo," literally the "student of Benozzo," a nickname invented by Bernard Berenson. His works were also once wrongly assigned to Amedeo Laini, called Amedeo da Pistoia.
Though a relatively minor painter, Alesso was an active member of Florence's painters' confraternity, the Compagnia di San Luca. From 1495 until 1497, he and his brothers undertook to finish the frescoed Maestà in the Palazzo Comunale, Pistoia, which their father left incomplete on his death in 1497. In addition to frescoes, Alesso painted many small-scale devotional pictures, often of the Virgin and Child or scenes from the Passion of Christ or the life of the Virgin. Examples include the Annunciation in New York (Metropolitan Museum of Art), the Crucifixion in Boston (Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum), the Deposition of Christ in Tulsa (Philbrook Museum of Art), and two similar panels of the Man of Sorrows in Princeton (Princeton University Art Museum) and Geneva (Musée d'Art et d'Histoire). He also painted altarpieces, like the Visitation in Castelfiorentino (Museo di Santa Verdiana) and Madonna and Child with Four Saints in Florence (Museo del Bigallo). A smaller scale altarpiece by Alesso is now at the Zimmerli Art Museum at Rutgers University.
A significant number of drawings by Alesso have been identified, most by Berenson.
# Eiji Kikuchi

Eiji Kikuchi (菊池 栄二, Kikuchi Eiji) is a video game director best known as the series director of the Tales role-playing game series. He presently works for Namco Tales Studio where he is a minority shareholder.