OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Liming (leather processing)

Liming is a process used for parchment or leather processing, in which hides are soaked in an alkali solution. It is performed using a drum and paddle or a pit. Its objectives are:
* Removal of interfibrillary proteins.
* Removal of keratin proteins.
* Collagen swelling due to the alkaline pH.
* Collagen fibre bundle splitting.
* Removal of natural grease and fats
Liming operations of cattle hides usually last 18 hours and are generally associated with the alkaline phase of beamhouse operations.

## Removal of interfibrillary proteins

The interfibrillary proteins are denatured by the presence of alkali (particularly sodium sulfide), rendered soluble, facilitating their removal from the leather. Removal is done by the mechanical action of liming or reliming, but more prominently when the pelt is deswelled (during deliming). Failure to remove these proteins results in a hard, tinny leather (due to fibre glueing upon drying) that is brittle and inflexible.

## Keratin removal

Keratin that is present in the hair, scales and in the epidermis of the skin is hydrolyzed in the presence of alkali (at pH values greater than 11.5). The disulfide bridges found in keratin protein are cleaved but can be reformed. Long periods of liming will result in hair removal. The main removal of keratin is performed during the unhairing operation. In traditional processing, liming and unhairing were indivisible and took place at the same time. During modern liming methods, and in particular the processing of sheepskins, the hair is removed first and then limed in a liming drum. In hair-save technology, the hides are unhaired first and then limed for a further 12–18 hours.

## Alkaline collagen swelling

The presence of calcium hydroxide results in the alkaline swelling of skin. The result is an influx of water into the hide/skin, and a marked increase in fibre diameter and fibre shortening. The thickness of the skin increases, but the surface area of the pelt decreases. The weight increase, owing to the uptake of water, results in a doubling of the hide/skin weight. However, this weight also needs to take into consideration that proteins (especially the hair) have been removed, and the fleshing operation is often performed after liming.

## Collagen fibre bundle splitting

The action of liming, in particular the swelling of the skin, results in the splitting of the fibre bundle sheath. Owing to the fibre diameter increasing, the bundle sheath cannot contain the thicker fibres, and it bursts open. This allows increased access to the fibres, which allows better tanning, retanning, dyeing and fatliquoring.
# Fresh water supply district

A fresh water supply district is a body which manages fresh water supply in a defined area in the United States. It may have the power of eminent domain. The term fresh water supply district is mostly used in Texas, while water district is used in much of the rest of the United States. Fresh water supply districts were first established in Texas in 1919 and serve as complements to Texas' other water supply system, water improvement districts. As of 1992, there were 38 fresh water supply districts in Texas.
# Fenland Survey

The Fenland Survey was an intense archaeological survey of the Fenlands of England that took place between 1982 and 1989. During the survey, approximately 250,000 hectares (615,000 acres) of land was fieldwalked by four archaeologists in the interest of creating a comprehensive overview of the sites within the area.
More than two thousand sites and potential sites were found, including more than 300 Roman and Iron Age salt production locations.
The area of study included: Cambridgeshire: 142,000 ha (351,000 acres)
Lincolnshire: 71,000 ha (175,000 acres)
Norfolk: 36,000 ha (89,000 acres)
The results of the survey were published in 1994.
# Saltsman

Saltsman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Adam Saltsman, American video game designer
* Bruce Saltsman (1930–2017), American civil servant from Tennessee
* Chip Saltsman (born 1968), American politician from Tennessee
* Dmitry Saltsman (born 1974), Tajikistani footballer
* Don Saltsman (1933–2014), American politician from Illinois
* Max Saltsman (1921–1985), Canadian businessman and politician
# Sterphus incarum

Sterphus incarum is a species of Hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

Bolivia.
# Antigo (YTB-792)

Antigo (YTB-792) was a United States Navy Natick-class large harbor tug named for Antigo, Wisconsin. She is the second ship to bear the name.

## Construction

The contract for Antigo was awarded 16 June 1966. She was laid down on 27 September 1966 at Marinette, Wisconsin, by Marinette Marine and launched 18 April 1967.

## Operational history

The second USS Antigo (YTB-792) was laid down on 27 September 1966 at Marinette, Wisconsin, by the Marinette Marine Corp.; launched on 18 April 1967; completed in July 1967; and placed in service soon thereafter.
Assigned to the 6th Naval District and based at Charleston, South Carolina, Antigo spent her entire Navy career providing towing and other support services for ships visiting Charleston.
Stricken from the Navy Directory 25 June 1999 she was sold through the General Services Administration (GSA) for reuse 17 May 2000. Currently in civilian service as Donal G. McAllister.
# Guará station

Guará (Station code: GUA) is a Federal District Metro station operating on the Orange and Green lines. It was opened on 10 May 2010 and added to the already operating section of the line, from Central to Terminal Samambaia and Terminal Ceilândia. It is located between Feira and Arniqueiras.
# Lasiopetalum membranaceum

Lasiopetalum membranaceum is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae and is endemic to near-coastal areas of south-western Western Australia. It is an erect, spreading shrub or subshrub with hairy young stems, egg-shaped leaves and mauve-pink and dark red flowers.

## Description

Lasiopetalum membranaceum is an erect, spreading shrub or subshrub that typically grows to a height of 30–50 cm (12–20 in) and has its young stems densely covered with star-shaped hairs. The leaves are pliable, egg-shaped, mostly 19–39 mm (0.75–1.54 in) long and 11–27 mm (0.43–1.06 in) wide on a petiole 10–21 mm (0.39–0.83 in) long, the upper surface more or less glabrous and the lower surface covered with star-shaped hairs. The flowers are borne in loose groups of seven to fourteen flowers, the groups 38–81 mm (1.5–3.2 in) long on a peduncle 19–31 mm (0.75–1.22 in) long, each flower on a pedicel 4.2–9.5 mm (0.17–0.37 in) long with egg-shaped, mauve-pink bracteoles 3.2–6.5 mm (0.13–0.26 in) long below the base of the sepals. The sepals are also mauve-pink with a dark red base, 5.3–6.3 mm (0.21–0.25 in) long with narrowly egg-shaped lobes 4.9–6.5 mm (0.19–0.26 in) long. There are no petals and the anthers are 1.4–1.9 mm (0.055–0.075 in) long on a filament 0.5–0.6 mm (0.020–0.024 in) long. Flowering occurs from September to December.

## Taxonomy

This taxon was first formally described in 1845 by Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel who gave it the name Corethrostylis membranacea in Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's Plantae Preissianae. In 1863, George Bentham changed the name to Lasiopetalum membranaceum in Flora Australiensis. The specific epithet (membranaceum) means "membranous", referring to the leaves.

## Distribution and habitat

This lasiopetalum grows in forest or woodland in near-coastal areas and occurs from Perth (including in Kings Park) to near Augusta in the Jarrah Forest, Swan Coastal Plain and Warren biogeographic area of southern Western Australia.

## Conservation status

Lasiopetalum membranaceum is listed as "Priority Three" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, meaning that it is poorly known and known from only a few locations but is not under imminent threat.
# Go Off (M.I.A. song)

"Go Off" is a song by British recording artist M.I.A. from her fifth studio album, AIM (2016). The track was written by M.I.A., Skrillex, and Blaqstarr. Production was handled by the latter two, alongside Tom Manaton. The song premiered on Annie Mac's eponymous radio show on 14 July 2016 and was self-released worldwide the following day as a digital download under exclusive license to Interscope Records. The track was met with mixed reviews.

## Music video

The music video for the song was directed by M.I.A. herself. It only consists of a series of surface mining site explosions as M.I.A. has revealed she did not want to feature any human beings in the video.

## Charts

| Chart (2016) | Peak position |
| France (SNEP) | 82 |
| UK Asian Music Chart (Official Charts Company) | 2 |
| US Dance/Electronic Digital Songs (Billboard) | 14 |
| US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs (Billboard) | 25 |
| US Twitter Top Tracks (Billboard) | 29 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref |
| Worldwide | 15 July 2016 | Digital download streaming | Interscope Polydor Universal | |
| Italy | 29 July 2016 | Contemporary hit radio | Universal | |
# Mill Bridge, North Carolina

Mill Bridge is an unincorporated community and populated place officially registered as Mill Bridge in 1874. It is located primarily in Atwell Township and Steele Township in Rowan County, North Carolina, United States. With part extending into Mount Ulla Township. The prominent features include the Kerr Mill, Thyatira Presbyterian Church, and Millbridge Speedway.

## History

While there have been farmers and large plantations in the area since the mid-1700s, the community of Mill Bridge was not officially registered until 1874. The Mill Bridge post office existed from July 23, 1874, to September 30, 1903, with Mary E. McCubbin as the first postmaster. In the 1880s, Mill Bridge was a small prosperous agricultural community, centered around it historic Thyatira Presbyterian Church. After the Civil War, many freed slaves remained in the region, where there community was centered around the church, Oakland Presbyterian Church, which was established by the Northern Presbyterian Church.
While Mill Bridge has never been used as a U.S. Census or demographic location, it has been used as a postal location and the population has never been more than a few hundred people based on available maps. The nearby historic sites, including Kerr Mill, Owen-Harrison House, and Thyatira Presbyterian Church have defined the community.

### Post office

All of the postmasters of Mill Bridge were women:
* Mary E. McCubbin, started Jul 23, 1874
* Belle M. Ramsay, started December 12, 1879
* Eula J. Sloan, started July 7, 1880
* Eualia "Eula" Jamima (Sloan) Bradshaw (1861–1929), started April 7, 1884
* Sarah J. Sloan (1839–1897), started March 29, 1886
* Jennie L. Sloan, started December 2, 1897
* Lucy C. Gillespie, started December 28, 1900
* post office discontinued on September 30, 1903
The 1860 U.S. Federal Census for Rowan County lists a postal route for Miranda. This post office existed from September 12, 1827 to January 25, 1871 and from February 9, 1886 to September 30, 1903. The Miranda post office was located near Mill Bridge or may have been a predecessor before 1871 for Mill Bridge. According to the 1860 U.S. Census, there were 440 free persons enumerated in the Miranda post office, including 70 families in 70 houses. Most were farmers by occupation. Other occupations included school teachers, shoemakers, blacksmiths, buggy makers, carpenters, and two millers (George Hendrix and Green Eller).
During the 1820s, Joseph Kerr was one of the largest and wealthiest plantation owners in Rowan County. His plantation included 1,500 acres between Sills and Cathey's Creeks and thirty to forty slaves. The community surrounding his plantation was registered as Kerrsville in 1827 when a post office was established at the Kerr plantation. Joseph died in 1829. The post office lasted only one year and was changed to Miranda, the plantation of John and James McConnaughy.
# Hassan Askari Sheikh

Hassan Askari Sheikh is a Pakistani politician who has been a member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab since 2024.

## Political career

He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of the Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q) from Constituency PP-248 Bahawalpur-IV in the 2024 Pakistani general election.
# French frigate Nymphe (1782)

Nymphe was a 40-gun Nymphe-class frigate of the French Navy.

## Career

In January 1783, Nymphe was in the Caribbean, with Concorde. On 7, they captured the corvette HMS Raven. On 17 February of the same year, Nymphe was with the 32-gun Amphitrite when she captured the 44-gun HMS Argo.
On 20 January 1785, Nymphe arrived at Brest, ferrying Lafayette.
In July 1792, she was under Coëtnempren de Kerdournan. Along with Dromadaire and Curieux, she sailed to Cayenne to ferry troops, as well as the new governor, Frédéric Joseph Guillot. She then returned to Lorient and was put in the ordinary.
In July 1793, Nymphe was brought into active again under Lieutenant Pitot to fight the Chouan royalist insurgency.

## Fate

On 30 December 1793, Nymphe was wrecked while battling Chouan coastal artillery near Noirmoutier.
# Fellhanera ivoriensis

Fellhanera ivoriensis is a species of foliicolous (leaf-dwelling) lichen. First described in 2001, this species is distinguished from its relatives in the Fellhanera by its soredia-covered thallus and the characteristics of its apothecia (fruiting bodies). It is native to the Ivory Coast in West Africa.

## Taxonomy

The lichen was formally described in 2001 by the lichenologists Robert Lücking and Rolf Santesson. The type specimen of Fellhanera ivoriensis was collected in the Ivory Coast, specifically in the Adiopodoume region, 17 km (11 mi) west of Abidjan at the IDERT Institute within a rainforest ecosystem.

## Description

The thallus of Fellhanera ivoriensis is foliicolous, presenting as a continuous, smooth to very minutely farinose surface (as if covered with a white, mealy powder). It has pale greenish to brownish grey colouration with scattered to confluent soralia. Initially, these soralia are rounded, measuring 0.1–0.3 mm in diameter, but later become irregularly confluent and very pale yellowish-green. The soredia are approximately 15–20 μm in diameter, consisting of algal cells about 3–4 μm in diameter and a paraplectenchymatous hyphal cortex that is 1–3 μm thick. The photobiont is a green algal species of Chlorococcaceae, with cells measuring 4–7 μm in diameter.
The apothecia (fruiting bodies) of Fellhanera ivoriensis are sessile with a constricted base, rounded, and measure 0.2–0.4 mm in diameter. The disc is flat to slightly convex, ranging in colour from brown to greyish brown, sometimes with an orange tinge, and has a non-prominent, chamois-coloured margin. The excipulum is paraplectenchymatous, 20–35 μm thick, and colourless, while the hypothecium in darker apothecia is dark brown to blackish brown, measuring 15–20 μm in height. The hymenium is 40–50 μm high and colourless. Paraphyses are 1 μm thick, branching, and anastomosing. Asci (spore-bearing cells) are clavate, 35–45 by 8–10 μm, with eight ascospores per ascus. These ascospores are oblong to ellipsoid, contain three septate, are colourless, and measure 14–18 by 3–4 μm.
Pycnidia in Fellhanera ivoriensis are wart- to barrel-shaped, 0.1–0.15 mm in diameter, and chamois-coloured with a wide ostiole. The conidia are narrowly ellipsoid to bacillar, non-septate, colourless, and measure 5–6 by 1.0–1.2 μm.

## Similar species

Fellhanera ivoriensis is part of the genus Fellhanera that includes species with sorediate thalli. It is distinguished from F. viridi by its darker apothecia with a dark brown hypothecium and the paler thallus and soralia. Fellhanera ivoriensis is similar to F. rhapidophylli but can be identified by its ellipsoid bacillar conidia. Other species with similar dark apothecia, such as F. lambinonii, F. seroexspectata, and F. muhlei, differ in either their apothecial discs or thallus and soralia characteristics.
# Saltuarius kateae

Saltuarius kateae, also known commonly as Kate's leaf-tailed gecko or the Mount Marsh leaf-tailed gecko is a species of gecko, a lizard in the family Carphodactylidae. The species is native to New South Wales.

## Etymology

The specific name, kateae, is in honor of Kate Couper, wife of the senior author of the original description of this species.

## Description

S. kateae may attain a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of 10.5 cm (4.1 in). The rostral is separated from the nostril, and the scales on the side of the snout grade evenly from small to large. There are no spinose tubercles on the dorsal surface of the digits. The tail has a slender tip without tubercles.

## Geographic range

S. kateae is endemic to the southern end of the Richmond Range in New South Wales. This area was severely affected by the 2019-2020 Australian megafires, with over 80% of the available habitat burned.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of S. kateae is forest.

## Reproduction

S. kateae is oviparous.
# Sterphus hinei

Sterphus hinei is a species of Hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

Honduras.
# Takanao

Takanao (written: 孝尚 or 隆直) is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Kikuchi Takanao (菊池 隆直, died 1185), Japanese samurai
* Takanao Sato (佐藤 孝尚, born 1933), Japanese water polo player
* This Japan-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Kundedjnjenghmi dialect

Kundedjnjenghmi is a dialect of Bininj Kunwok, an Australian Aboriginal language. The Kundedjnjenghmi dialect is native to the high 'stone country' of the Arnhem Plateau, including the communities of Kabulwarnamyo and Kamarrkawarn. Younger speakers in this area have largely switched to other varieties of Bininj Kunwok, although they retain a passive knowledge of Kundedjnjenghmi. A number of songs by the Nabarlek band use the Kundedjnjenghmi dialect, as do traditional 'Kunborrk' songs.
# Gmina Sierpc

Gmina Sierpc is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Sierpc County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. Its seat is the town of Sierpc, although the town is not part of the territory of the gmina.
The gmina covers an area of 150.23 square kilometres (58.0 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 7,141.

## Villages

Gmina Sierpc contains the villages and settlements of Białe Błoto, Białoskóry, Białyszewo, Białyszewo-Towarzystwo, Bledzewko, Bledzewo, Borkowo Kościelne, Borkowo Wielkie, Dąbrówki, Dębowo, Dziembakowo, Goleszyn, Gorzewo, Grodkowo-Włóki, Grodkowo-Zawisze, Karolewo, Kisielewo, Kręćkowo, Kwaśno, Mieszaki, Mieszczk, Miłobędzyn, Nowe Piastowo, Nowy Susk, Osówka, Pawłowo, Piaski, Podwierzbie, Rachocin, Rydzewo, Stare Piastowo, Studzieniec, Sudragi, Sułocin-Teodory, Sułocin-Towarzystwo, Susk, Szczepanki, Warzyn Kmiecy, Warzyn-Skóry, Wernerowo, Wilczogóra and Żochowo.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Sierpc is bordered by the town of Sierpc and by the gminas of Gozdowo, Mochowo, Rościszewo, Skępe, Szczutowo and Zawidz.
# Sulagaon

Sulagaon is a village in Belgaum district of Karnataka, India.
# Hippeastrum morelianum

Hippeastrum morelianum is a species of plant of the family Amaryllidaceae found in the southwest of Brazil.
# Wrexham and Chester Gold

Gold North Wales and Cheshire (originally Marcher Gold and later Classic Gold Marcher) was a British Independent Local Radio station broadcasting to Wrexham, Chester, Flintshire and some of the Wirral, and was part of the Gold radio network. It is the "sister" station to local FM station, Marcher Sound, launched by Marcher Radio Group in 1989. After a period of sales and takeovers which led to Gold being operated by a separate company to its FM sister station, both are now owned by Global Radio. It is broadcast from Mold Road, Gwersyllt, Wrexham, although most programming comes from London. Gold North Wales and Cheshire was replaced by Smooth Radio in March 2014.

## History

The station launched in 1989 when new radio regulations prevented the simulcasting of independent local radio stations on AM radio bands, and therefore Marcher Radio Group created MFM 103.4 on FM, while the 1260 AM frequency became Marcher Gold. Both frequencies previously simulcast Marcher Sound.
Marcher Radio Group was purchased by GWR Group in 2000, which also included the sale of Marcher Gold. However, after regulations on how many stations one company could own, Marcher Gold became part of the Classic Gold radio network, when the majority stake of the network was sold to UBC Media, with GWR retaining 20%. As a consequence, all participating stations in the network were re-branded, and Marcher Gold became Classic Gold Marcher. Despite the changes in ownership, Classic Gold Marcher continued to share facilities with the GWR Group-owned former sister station, MFM 103.4.
GWR Group merged with Capital Radio Group in 2005, creating GCap Media. After approval from the regulator, GCap successfully purchased 18 of the Classic Gold Network stations from UBC and merged it with its own Capital Gold network, forming simply "Gold" on 3 August 2007. As a result, the station's Wrexham and Chester licence was renamed "Gold North Wales and Cheshire".
In 2008 GCap Media was purchased by Global Radio.

## Content

Since the renaming of the station as Gold, local content included a daily four-hour local show, at one time presented by Simon Nicks. Local news bulletins feature hourly from 6am until 6pm, with local headlines during breakfast and drivetime. There are also regular local travel bulletins and local commercial breaks. It generally focuses on classic hit and late 20th Century music.
When the station was providing local programmes in daytime, Drivetime ended an hour earlier than the rest of the Gold Network at 6pm for an hour-long Welsh language programme called Cŵl Cymru which was networked with Champion 103 and later repeated at 10pm on Coast 96.3. All stations are in the Marcher Radio Group network of Global Radio. The Welsh programming was later dropped from Gold (though remaining on the FM stations as required by their licences) such that Gold could take the networked programming from London outside of a single daily local four-hour programme, also the format used by Gold's stations in England until local programming was dropped on these in 2010.
# Taeniolethrinops cyrtonotus

Taeniolethrinops cyrtonotus is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Malawi over areas with sandy substrates at depths of from 20 to 60 metres (66 to 197 ft). This species can reach a length of 11.2 centimetres (4.4 in) TL.
# South of the Clouds

South of the Clouds may refer to:
* South of the Clouds (1950 film), a documentary by William James
* South of the Clouds (2004 film) or 云的南方, a Chinese film by Zhu Wen
* South of the Clouds (2014 film) or 北回归线, a Chinese film by Guo Shuang and Feng Yuan
* South of the Clouds (novel), a 2018 novel by John D. Kuhns
# Gummiglobus

Gummiglobus is a genus of truffle-like fungi in the Mesophelliaceae family. The genus contains Australian two species described as new to science in 1996. The species, G. agglutinosporus and G. joyceae, "have columellae with wedge-shaped to digitate or strand-like projections that extend to the endocutis of the peridium and are embedded in a remarkable gummy tissue".