# Glossary of field theory

Field theory is the branch of mathematics in which fields are studied. This is a glossary of some terms of the subject. (See field theory (physics) for the unrelated field theories in physics.)

## Definition of a field

A field is a commutative ring (F, +, *) in which 0 ≠ 1 and every nonzero element has a multiplicative inverse. In a field we thus can perform the operations addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
The non-zero elements of a field F form an abelian group under multiplication; this group is typically denoted by F$^×$;
The ring of polynomials in the variable x with coefficients in F is denoted by F[x].

## Basic definitions
### Characteristic

    The characteristic of the field F is the smallest positive integer n such that n·1 = 0; here n·1 stands for n summands 1 + 1 + 1 + ... + 1. If no such n exists, we say the characteristic is zero. Every non-zero characteristic is a prime number. For example, the rational numbers, the real numbers and the p-adic numbers have characteristic 0, while the finite field Z$_p$ with p being prime has characteristic p.

### Subfield

    A subfield of a field F is a subset of F which is closed under the field operation + and * of F and which, with these operations, forms itself a field.

### Prime field

    The prime field of the field F is the unique smallest subfield of F.

### Extension field

    If F is a subfield of E then E is an extension field of F. We then also say that E/F is a field extension.

### Degree of an extension

    Given an extension E/F, the field E can be considered as a vector space over the field F, and the dimension of this vector space is the degree of the extension, denoted by [E : F].

### Finite extension

    A finite extension is a field extension whose degree is finite.

### Algebraic extension

    If an element α of an extension field E over F is the root of a non-zero polynomial in F[x], then α is algebraic over F. If every element of E is algebraic over F, then E/F is an algebraic extension.

### Generating set

    Given a field extension E/F and a subset S of E, we write F(S) for the smallest subfield of E that contains both F and S. It consists of all the elements of E that can be obtained by repeatedly using the operations +, −, *, / on the elements of F and S. If E = F(S), we say that E is generated by S over F.

### Primitive element

    An element α of an extension field E over a field F is called a primitive element if E=F(α), the smallest extension field containing α. Such an extension is called a simple extension.

### Splitting field

    A field extension generated by the complete factorisation of a polynomial.

### Normal extension

    A field extension generated by the complete factorisation of a set of polynomials.

### Separable extension

    An extension generated by roots of separable polynomials.

### Perfect field

    A field such that every finite extension is separable. All fields of characteristic zero, and all finite fields, are perfect.

### Imperfect degree

    Let F be a field of characteristic p > 0; then F$^p$ is a subfield. The degree [F : F$^p$] is called the imperfect degree of F. The field F is perfect if and only if its imperfect degree is 1. For example, if F is a function field of n variables over a finite field of characteristic p > 0, then its imperfect degree is p$^n$.

### Algebraically closed field

    A field F is algebraically closed if every polynomial in F[x] has a root in F; equivalently: every polynomial in F[x] is a product of linear factors.

### Algebraic closure

    An algebraic closure of a field F is an algebraic extension of F which is algebraically closed. Every field has an algebraic closure, and it is unique up to an isomorphism that fixes F.

### Transcendental

    Those elements of an extension field of F that are not algebraic over F are transcendental over F.

### Algebraically independent elements

    Elements of an extension field of F are algebraically independent over F if they don't satisfy any non-zero polynomial equation with coefficients in F.

### Transcendence degree

    The number of algebraically independent transcendental elements in a field extension. It is used to define the dimension of an algebraic variety.

## Homomorphisms
### Field homomorphism

    A field homomorphism between two fields E and F is a ring homomorphism, i.e., a function
       f : E → F
    such that, for all x, y in E,
       f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y)
       f(xy) = f(x) f(y)
       f(1) = 1.
    For fields E and F, these properties imply that f(0) = 0, f(x$^{−1}$) = f(x)$^{−1}$ for x in E$^×$, and that f is injective. Fields, together with these homomorphisms, form a category. Two fields E and F are called isomorphic if there exists a bijective homomorphism
       f : E → F.
    The two fields are then identical for all practical purposes; however, not necessarily in a unique way. See, for example, Complex conjugate.

## Types of fields
### Finite field

    A field with finitely many elements, a.k.a. Galois field.

### Ordered field

    A field with a total order compatible with its operations.

### Number field

    Finite extension of the field of rational numbers.

### Algebraic numbers

    The field of algebraic numbers is the smallest algebraically closed extension of the field of rational numbers. Their detailed properties are studied in algebraic number theory.

### Quadratic field

    A degree-two extension of the rational numbers.

### Cyclotomic field

    An extension of the rational numbers generated by a root of unity.

### Totally real field

    A number field generated by a root of a polynomial, having all its roots real numbers.

### Global field

    A number field or a function field of one variable over a finite field.

### Local field

    A completion of some global field (w.r.t. a prime of the integer ring).

### Complete field

    A field complete w.r.t. to some valuation.

### Pseudo algebraically closed field

    A field in which every variety has a rational point.

### Henselian field

    A field satisfying Hensel lemma w.r.t. some valuation. A generalization of complete fields.

### Hilbertian field

    A field satisfying Hilbert's irreducibility theorem: formally, one for which the projective line is not thin in the sense of Serre.

### Kroneckerian field

    A totally real algebraic number field or a totally imaginary quadratic extension of a totally real field.

### CM-field or J-field

    An algebraic number field which is a totally imaginary quadratic extension of a totally real field.

### Linked field

    A field over which no biquaternion algebra is a division algebra.

### Frobenius field

    A pseudo algebraically closed field whose absolute Galois group has the embedding property.

## Field extensions

Let E/F be a field extension.

### Algebraic extension

    An extension in which every element of E is algebraic over F.

### Simple extension

    An extension which is generated by a single element, called a primitive element, or generating element. The primitive element theorem classifies such extensions.

### Normal extension

    An extension that splits a family of polynomials: every root of the minimal polynomial of an element of E over F is also in E.

### Separable extension

    An algebraic extension in which the minimal polynomial of every element of E over F is a separable polynomial, that is, has distinct roots.

### Galois extension

    A normal, separable field extension.

### Primary extension

    An extension E/F such that the algebraic closure of F in E is purely inseparable over F; equivalently, E is linearly disjoint from the separable closure of F.

### Purely transcendental extension

    An extension E/F in which every element of E not in F is transcendental over F.

### Regular extension

    An extension E/F such that E is separable over F and F is algebraically closed in E.

### Simple radical extension

    A simple extension E/F generated by a single element α satisfying α$^n$ = b for an element b of F. In characteristic p, we also take an extension by a root of an Artin–Schreier polynomial to be a simple radical extension.

### Radical extension

    A tower F = F$_0$ < F$_1$ < ⋅⋅⋅ < F$_k$ = E where each extension F$_i$ / F$_{i−1}$ is a simple radical extension.

### Self-regular extension

    An extension E/F such that E ⊗$_F$ E is an integral domain.

### Totally transcendental extension

    An extension E/F such that F is algebraically closed in F.

### Distinguished class

    A class C of field extensions with the three properties
   * If E is a C-extension of F and F is a C-extension of K then E is a C-extension of K.
   * If E and F are C-extensions of K in a common overfield M, then the compositum EF is a C-extension of K.
   * If E is a C-extension of F and E > K > F then E is a C-extension of K.

## Galois theory
### Galois extension

    A normal, separable field extension.

### Galois group

    The automorphism group of a Galois extension. When it is a finite extension, this is a finite group of order equal to the degree of the extension. Galois groups for infinite extensions are profinite groups.

### Kummer theory

    The Galois theory of taking nth roots, given enough roots of unity. It includes the general theory of quadratic extensions.

### Artin–Schreier theory

    Covers an exceptional case of Kummer theory, in characteristic p.

### Normal basis

    A basis in the vector space sense of L over K, on which the Galois group of L over K acts transitively.

### Tensor product of fields

    A different foundational piece of algebra, including the compositum operation (join of fields).

## Extensions of Galois theory
### Inverse problem of Galois theory

    Given a group G, find an extension of the rational number or other field with G as Galois group.

### Differential Galois theory

    The subject in which symmetry groups of differential equations are studied along the lines traditional in Galois theory. This is actually an old idea, and one of the motivations when Sophus Lie founded the theory of Lie groups. It has not, probably, reached definitive form.

### Grothendieck's Galois theory

    A very abstract approach from algebraic geometry, introduced to study the analogue of the fundamental group.

## Citations

* ↑ Fried & Jarden 2008, p. 45
* ↑ Fried & Jarden 2008, p. 214
* ↑ Serre 1992, p. 19
* ↑ Schinzel 2000, p. 298
* ↑ Schinzel 2000, p. 5
* ↑ Washington 1996
* ↑ Lam 2005, p. 342
* ↑ Fried & Jarden 2008, p. 564
* ↑ Roman 2007, p. 46
* ↑ Lang 2002, p. 243
* ↑ Fried & Jarden 2008, p. 28
* 1 2 Fried & Jarden 2008, p. 44
* ↑ Roman 2007, p. 102
* 1 2 Isaacs 1994, p. 389
* 1 2 Roman 2007, p. 273
* ↑ Cohn 2003, p. 427
* ↑ Lang 2002, p. 228