OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dušan Veličković

Dušan Veličković (1947 – 5 January 2023) was a Serbian writer, journalist and filmmaker.

## Biography

Veličković was born in Belgrade in 1947.
Veličković was dismissed by the Yugoslav government from his post as editor-in-chief of the leading Serbian weekly NIN. Veličković's short stories, essays and reviews have been published widely both inside and outside his native Serbia. He published several books: "Images of Doubt" (interviews with European and American writers and philosophers), "Amor Mundi: Days of Bombardment and Martial Law in Belgrade, True Stories" (published in Belgrade 1999, Melbourne, Australia 2001, Barcelona, Spain 2003), "Internationale" (novel, Belgrade 2002), "Djindjic" (Belgrade 2007), "Serbia Hardcore" (Rovereto, Italy 2008, Belgrade 2009), and Bella, ciao (novel, Belgrade 2011). "Djindjic: A Face of Youth" was published in March 2013 by the Belgrade publisher Laguna, and "Balkan Pin-Up" is to be published by Italian publisher Zandonai Editore in Autumn 2013.
Veličković made two short films: Lenin on the Move (2003) and Mortal Men, Immortal Crimes (2004), as well as a feature documentary: Djindjic: A Life (2005).
Veličković received the International Award for Freedom (Premio Internazionale alla Liberta) from the Società Libera in 2009.
Veličković died in Belgrade on 5 January 2023.
# Prime ring

In abstract algebra, a nonzero ring R is a prime ring if for any two elements a and b of R, arb = 0 for all r in R implies that either a = 0 or b = 0. This definition can be regarded as a simultaneous generalization of both integral domains and simple rings.
Although this article discusses the above definition, prime ring may also refer to the minimal non-zero subring of a field, which is generated by its identity element 1, and determined by its characteristic. For a characteristic 0 field, the prime ring is the integers, and for a characteristic p field (with p a prime number) the prime ring is the finite field of order p (cf. Prime field).

## Equivalent definitions

A ring R is prime if and only if the zero ideal {0} is a prime ideal in the noncommutative sense.
This being the case, the equivalent conditions for prime ideals yield the following equivalent conditions for R to be a prime ring:
* For any two ideals A and B of R, AB = {0} implies A = {0} or B = {0}.
* For any two right ideals A and B of R, AB = {0} implies A = {0} or B = {0}.
* For any two left ideals A and B of R, AB = {0} implies A = {0} or B = {0}.
Using these conditions it can be checked that the following are equivalent to R being a prime ring:
* All nonzero right ideals are faithful as right R-modules.
* All nonzero left ideals are faithful as left R-modules.

## Examples

* Any domain is a prime ring.
* Any simple ring is a prime ring, and more generally: every left or right primitive ring is a prime ring.
* Any matrix ring over an integral domain is a prime ring. In particular, the ring of 2 × 2 integer matrices is a prime ring.

## Properties

* A commutative ring is a prime ring if and only if it is an integral domain.
* A nonzero ring is prime if and only if the monoid of its ideals lacks zero divisors.
* The ring of matrices over a prime ring is again a prime ring.
# Prince of Dongping

Prince of Dongping may refer to:
* Cao Hui (Prince of Dongping) (died 242), Cao Wei prince
* Zhu Wen (852–912), known as Prince of Dongping during the late Tang dynasty
# Stages (Cassadee Pope album)

Stages (stylized in all lowercase) is the second studio album by American country music singer and songwriter Cassadee Pope, released on February 1, 2019, through Awake Music. Pope co-wrote 7 of the 11 tracks on the album produced by Corey Crowder.

## Recording

About writing and recording for the new album, Pope stated: "I really don’t know how I would have moved on with my life without this album. In the past, I made records I thought everyone could relate to. This time, I didn’t think about that at all. I wanted to tell a story of my truths and perspective on how I approached life in hopes that the messages reach someone who may need help in their own stumble."
Guest vocals are provided by Shay Mooney (of Dan + Shay) on "If My Heart Had a Heart" and RaeLynn, Lauren Alaina, and Lindsay Ell on "Distracted."

## Promotion

On November 30, 2018, Pope was announced as the headliner during the CMT Next Women of Country Tour with guests Clare Dunn and Hannah Ellis starting in April 2019. On January 17, 2019, Pope announced she would be joining the US leg of country singer Maren Morris' GIRL: The World Tour as a supporting act to promote her album.

## Commercial performance

As of February 2019 the album has sold 2,300 copies in the US.

## Personnel

Performers
* Cassadee Pope - lead vocals
* Shay Mooney - background vocals (track 5)
* RaeLynn - background vocals (track 7)
* Lauren Alaina - background vocals (track 7)
* Lindsay Ell - background vocals (track 7)

## Charts

| Chart (2019) | Peak position |
| US Independent Albums (Billboard) | 7 |
| US Top Album Sales (Billboard) | 81 |
| US Top Country Albums (Billboard) | 39 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label |
| Various | February 1, 2019 | CDdigital download | Awake Music |
# Alex Breckenridge

Alex Breckenridge (born 17 April 1932 in Buffalo) is a former American marathon runner.
At the 1960 Summer Olympics he finished 30th, and at the 1962 Boston Marathon he finished third.
# Lottridge, Ohio

Lottridge is an unincorporated community in Athens County, Ohio, United States.

## History

A post office called Lottridge was established in 1850, and remained in operation until 1907. Postal services are now provided by the Guysville post office.
# Louis-Étienne

Louis-Étienne is a French given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Louis-Étienne Héricart de Thury (1776–1854), French politician and man of science
* Louis-Étienne de Thouvenin (1791–1882), French Army general
* Louis Étienne Arthur Dubreuil, vicomte de La Guéronnière (1816–1875), French politician and aristocrat
* Louis-Étienne Parent (1875–1960), Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada
* Louis Étienne Ravaz (1863–1937), French specialist of ampelography
* Louis-Étienne Ricard (1740–1814), French politician
* Louis-Étienne Jousserandot (1813–1887), French prefect
# Lothar Wundratsch

Lothar Wundratsch is a retired East German rower who won the 1957 European Rowing Championships title in coxed four, together with Gerhard Müller, Egon Meyer, Heinz Dathe and Dietmar Domnick. The men rowed for ASK Vorwärts Berlin. It was the first time that East Germany had its own team at the European Championships.
# Aleocharina

Aleocharina is the type subtribe and largest subtribe of the tribe Aleocharini. It contains 650 species in 16 genera. The type genus (Aleochara) contains 545 species and makes up the majority the subtribe, but this classification of the genus is under debate due to difficulties determining its limits. Members of the subtribe are characterized by a 5-5-5 segmented tarsi, but this character is found in many other groups of Aleocharinae.
The subtribe contains the following genera:
* Aleochara Gravenhorst, 1802
* Aleonictus Kistner, 1997
* Amarochara Thomson, 1858
* Formicaenictus Kistner, 1997
* Indiachara Pace, 2012
* Leptogenophilus Kistner, 1975
* Megalogastria Bernhauer, 1901
* Ocyota Sharp, 1883
* Paraleochara Cameron, 1920
* Paroxysmeme Bernhauer, 1928
* Piochardia Heyden, 1870
* Plesiochara Sawada, 1989
* Pseudocalea Luze, 1902
* Rencoma Blackwelder, 1952
* Tetrasticta Kraatz, 1857
* Ystrixoxygymna Pace, 1999
# Alex Rontos

Alex Rontos (born 1954 in Tanganyika Territory) has been one of the closest advisors to the former prime minister of Greece Georgios Papandreou during the tenure of the latter as the Minister of Foreign Affairs (1999–2004, Simitis Regime).
Rontos was raised in present-day Tanzania and studied History at the University of Oxford (UK). He has since then worked in Africa as a reporter and presiding over an NGO named Orthodox Christian Core before settling in Athens. He has exerted a strong and controversial influence on the Greek foreign policy during the aforementioned period (1999–2004). In this vein, it should be mentioned that he has played a pivotal role regarding the change of Athens' stance towards Slobodan Milošević.
After the collapse of the Simitis government, he served as an advisor to Mikhail Saakashvili.
# Alex Romero (American football)

Alexandre Romero (born June 25, 1985) is a former American football placekicker. He was signed by the New Orleans VooDoo as a free agent in 2008. He played college football at Nicholls State University.
Romero has also been a member of the San Francisco 49ers.
# Pristimantis turpinorum

Pristimantis turpinorum is a species of frog in the family Strabomantidae.
It is endemic to the north-eastern part of the island of Tobago in The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Its natural habitat is tropical moist lowland forests.
# Princes Arcade

Princes Arcade is an arcade of shops running between Piccadilly and Jermyn Street in central London. It is home to a number of small menswear shops and boutiques.
The arcade is located on the site of the former Princes Hotel, designed by Edward Robert Robson for the Royal Institute of Painters in Water Colours and opened in April 1883. A westward extension of the hotel was built between 1911 and 1913, which is now Nos. 39-40 Jermyn Street. The arcade was constructed between 1929 and 1933, linking the two streets. The hotel was subsequently converted into offices.
The arcade was refurbished by the Crown Estate in 2018 as "a space for innovative retail brands".
# Princes Avenue

Princes Avenue may refer to:
* Princes Avenue, Kingston upon Hull, a street in Hull, England
* Princes Avenue, a street in Liverpool
# Alessandro Bianchi (politician, born 1965)

Alessandro Bianchi (born 12 February 1965 in Oliena) is an Italian politician.
He graduated at the University of Cagliari and works as an oncologist in Nuoro. Bianchi is a member of the Democratic Party and served as Mayor of Nuoro from June 2010 to June 2015. He ran for a second term at the 2015 elections, but lost to independent candidate Andrea Soddu.
# Lou Albert-Lasard

Lou Albert-Lasard (1885 in Metz – July 1969 in Paris) was an Expressionist painter.
She was born in 1885 in Metz (then part of Germany) to a Jewish banking family. From 1908 until 1914, she studied art in Munich, where she and her sister, Ilse Heller-Lazard lived, and then in Paris. In 1909, she married Eugene Albert, a chemist 30 years her senior, (1856–1929) and had a daughter, Ingo de Croux-Albert (1911–1997). Separating from her husband, she studied with the artist Fernand Léger. She also had connections with the Belgian avant-garde magazine "Het Overzicht", which was directed by Michel Seuphor and Jozef Peeters.
In 1914–1916, while still legally married, she had an affair with German-language poet Rainer Maria Rilke. She lived with Rilke from 1914 until 1916 in Vienna, and moved in an artist circle that included, among others, Romain Rolland, Stefan Zweig, Paul Klee, and Oskar Kokoschka. After breaking up with Rilke, she lived in Switzerland.
After 12 years in Switzerland, she moved to Berlin and joined an avant-garde artist group known as the Novembergruppe. Her work consisted mainly of drawings and etchings of her friends. In 1928, she returned to Paris and was part of the Montparnasse art society. She befriended Henri Matisse, Alberto Giacometti, and Robert Delaunay.
She traveled with her daughter to North Africa, India, Tibet, Cambodia and other countries. Drawings and watercolors from these travels were shown in 1939.
In May 1940, she and her daughter were interned at Gurs in southwestern France, but were later released. While imprisoned, she painted and drew portraits of fellow prisoners and camp scenes. Several of her works signed done in Gurs (signed "Mabull" which in French slang means crazy) are included in the art collection of Beit Lohamei Haghetaot (The Ghetto Fighters' House Museum).
After her release, she returned to Paris and managed to escape the German and French raids by hiding, fearing denunciation. In the 1950s, she again traveled with her daughter, often in a mobile home, painting her experiences via watercolor and lithography.
# Stainmore (disambiguation)

Stainmore may refer to:
* Stainmore, a remote geographic area and civil parish in the Pennines near the borders of Cumbria, County Durham and North Yorkshire.
** North Stainmore, a village in the civil parish of Stainmore, Cumbria
** South Stainmore, a village in Stainmore, Cumbria
* Stainmore Railway, properly known as the South Durham and Lancashire Union Railway
** Stainmore Railway Company, an organisation attempting to restore the former Stainmore Railway
** Stainmore Summit, highest point on the Stainmore Railway
* Battle of Stainmore a battle fought in 954AD in Westmoreland, England
* Brough, Cumbria also known as Brough under Stainmore
# Stanisław Tochowicz

Stanisław Tochowicz (7 May 1923 – 3 October 1994) was a Polish metallurgist, professor of technical sciences, professor and Director of the Institute of Metallurgy of the Silsesian Polytechnic, prorector of the Silsesian Polytechnic, professor and Head of the Department of Metallurgy of Steel at the Częstochowa Polytechnic.

## Biography

He was born in 1925 as the son of Antoni Tochowicz from Słomniki near Kraków, and Kazimiera Florentyna Tochowicz née Malska. He had four siblings. Cardiologist Leon Tochowicz was his relative.
In 1949 he graduated from the AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków. From 1948, he worked at the "Pokój" steelworks in Nowy Bytom, where he came to the position of the steel mill's main technologist. In 1952, at the age of twenty-nine, he became the main steelworker of the Central Board of the Steel Industry (Centralny Zarząd Przemysłu Hutniczego). Then he became the deputy director for technical progress in the Union of Iron and Steel Industry (Zjednoczenie Hutnictwa Żelaza i Stali).
In 1968 he started working at the Silsesian Polytechnic. He organized a branch of the Polytechnic in Katowice. He was a professor and Director of the Institute of Metallurgy, and also a vice-rector of the Silsesian Polytechnic. In 1982 he moved to the Częstochowa Polytechnic, where he focused on scientific research and headed the Steel Metallurgy Department. He was particularly involved in the research on the use of plasma in metallurgy.
He was an expert of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization in South America, Africa and Turkey. He was an active member of the Association of Engineers and Technicians of the Steel Industry (Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Przemysłu Hutniczego), that granted him an honorary membership, and was the editor of several scientific journals. In 1990 he obtained the academic title of professor.
He was married and had two children.
He retired in 1993. He died on 3 October 1994. He was buried at the Rakowicki Cemetery in Kraków (quarter XXXIV, row: south, place: 19).

## Works (selection)

* Wytrawianie stalowych blach cienkich w kwasach. Stalinogród: Wydawnictwo Górniczo-Hutnicze. 1955. Co-author: Leonid Andrejew.
* Dokumentacja planowania wykonawczego produkcji wydziału stalowni. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwa Techniczne. 1953. Co-authors: Bogdan Kołomyjski, Jerzy Czarny.
* Elektrometalurgia stali. Katowice: Wydawnictwo "Śląsk". 1973. Co-author: Tadeusz Mazanek.
* Wpływ intensywności przenoszenia masy na kinetykę wielofazowych procesów metalurgicznych. Katowice: Politechnika Śląska. Instytut Metalurgii. 1977.
* Metalurgia próżniowa stali. Katowice: Wydawnictwo "Śląsk". 1978. Co-author: Zygmunt Klisiewicz.
# Alexander Bonde

Alexander Bonde (born 12 January 1975 in Freiburg im Breisgau) is a German politician of Alliance 90/The Greens who has been serving as the secretary-general of the German Federal Environment Foundation (DBU) since 2018.

## Early life and education

In 1992 and 1993 Bonde was an exchange student at Kahuku High School (Oahu, Hawaii, USA). One of his classmates was Jack Johnson.

## Political career
### Member of the Bundestag, 2002–2011

From 2002 to 2011, Bonde was a member of the Bundestag. There he represented his constituency 283 Emmendingen-Lahr, a rural area in the Black Forest that covers 41 municipalities in the state of Baden-Württemberg. Bonde was first elected in 2002 and was reelected in 2005 and 2009.
Bonde served on the Defense Committee and on the Budget Committee. He was also a member of the Financial Markets Committee that supervises the German banking rescue package. On the Budget Committee, Bonde served as “rapporteur-general” for agriculture (the equivalent to chairing a small subcommittee) as “rapporteur” (equivalent to being a member of a small subcommittee) for defence, economy and labor.
In addition to his committee assignments, Bonde served as vice-chairman of the German-American Parliamentary Group and of the Aviation & Space Caucus of the German Bundestag.

### State Minister for Rural Areas and Consumer Rights, 2011–2016

In 2011, Bonde was appointed State Minister for Rural Areas, Agriculture and Consumer Rights in the state government of Baden-Württemberg under Minister-President Winfried Kretschmann.
In the negotiations to form a coalition government with the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) under the leadership of Kretschmann following the 2016 state elections, Bonde led his party’s delegation in the working group on rural affairs and consumer protection. On 12 May 2016 Peter Hauk (CDU) became his successor.

## Later career

In December 2017, the board of trustees of the German Federal Environment Foundation (DBU) – at the time chaired by Rita Schwarzelühr-Sutter – appointed Bonde as the organization's secretary general.
In the negotiations to form another coalition government under Kretschmann's leadership following the 2021 state elections, Bonde was a member of the working group on climate, environmental policy and energy, co-chaired by Sandra Detzer and Andreas Jung.

## Other activities

* Vodafone Germany, Member of the Advisory Board on Sustainability (since 2020)
# Louis-Guillaume Verrier

Louis-Guillaume Verrier (October 19, 1690 – September 13, 1758) was a lawyer in the parliament of Paris and attorney general of the Sovereign Council of New France.
The son of Guillaume Verrier, king's attorney, and Marie-Madeleine Thibault, he was born in Paris, studied law and was admitted to the bar of Paris in August 1712. After Mathieu-Benoît Collet died in Quebec, Verrier sought to become his replacement and was named to the attorney general position in April 1728. He arrived in New France in September of that year. In 1730, French ministre de la marine Maurepas assigned him the task of examining the minute-books of the notaries of the provost court of Quebec and also compiling a list of any errors in notarial deeds with recommended remedies. In 1732, he was asked to compile a registry of all landed property in New France, a task which took Verrier eight years to complete.
He taught courses on law, which are believed to have been the first such courses given in North America. His students included Jean-Victor Varin de la Marre, François Foucault, Jacques de Lafontaine de Belcour, Guillaume Guillimin, René-Ovide Hertel de Rouville, Jean-François Gaultier and Jacques Imbert.
Verrier died intestate at Quebec City at the age of 67 and his succession was not settled until January 1776.
# Aleksandra Lalić

Aleksandra Lalić (Cyrillic: Александра Лалић) is a Serbian fashion designer who relies on structural tailoring and abstract configurations. She is well known in her native country for creating experimental clothing such as dresses made of human hair.

## Career

Under the label "LalicA", the designer has produced her clothing line since 2002. According to Fashion Reverie, Lalić "represents a continuing trend in European fashion of re-imaging and re-inventing the way consumers and industry professionals consider form, structure, fabrication, and wearability."
In 2012, she presented a collection at Modepalast, a fashion show which took place at the Museum of Applied Arts in Vienna. She also participated in the 2014 "Bending the Borders" multimedia exhibition in Belgrade, Serbia. Her 2016 show at Belgrade Fashion Week paid homage to Oskar Schlemmer, a German artist who created costumes for the theater. Using natural fibers like wool and silk, the clothing was characterized by abstract designs and tailored shapes. That same year, a second collection was inspired by the Mediterranean, in its use of oceanic blues and the traditional black clothing worn there. Lalic also created an all red collection for the Hemofarm Foundation, as part of a special project sponsored by Belgrade Fashion Week. Her 2017 line was described as " all smooth lines and earthy colours, a subtle mix of contemporary style and traditional references". In 2018, she participated in a group tribute to Boris Nikolić at Belgrade Fashion Week.
Lalić has become known for creating experimental dresses made of felt from human hair. She uses hair that had been cut-off or rejected, as part of a habitual beauty routine. By re-purposing the hair, the designer views the transformed material as returning "... to the body in the form of clothing as an undesirable surface".
# Quercus gemelliflora

Quercus gemelliflora is a tree species in the beech family Fagaceae. there are no known subspecies. It is placed in subgenus Cerris, section Cyclobalanopsis (the ring-cupped oaks).
It has been recorded from Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam (where it may be called sồi song sanh). The tree, grows from 15 to 30 m tall.
# Sakaguchia cladiensis

Sakaguchia cladiensis is a yeast species first found in the Florida Everglades.
# Stanydale

Stanydale is a hamlet on the island of Mainland, Shetland, Scotland.
The archaeological site of Stanydale Temple is less than 0.5 miles (0.80 km) to the south of the crofters' houses. There are three cairns on the ridge to the north of the hamlet, just over 100 feet (30 m) above the sea. The west cairn was described in 1931 as "A round cairn, about 50' in diameter and 3' high, which has been much destroyed."
# Danskegattet

Danskegattet is a strait in Albert I Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It is located between Danes Island to the south and Amsterdam Island to the north, leading into Smeerenburgfjorden. A common anchorage is west of Virgohamna.
# Alphyn

The alphyn is a rare heraldic creature. It is much like a heraldic tyger, but stockier and with tufts of hair covering its body, and also has a thick mane and long thin tongue. Another notable characteristic is its knotted tail, reminiscent of Celtic design and similar to that of the griffin. Sometimes it is depicted as having an eagle's or dragon's talons on its forelegs, other times they are cloven, like a goat's. Occasionally all four feet are depicted as having the claws of a lion. In English heraldry, the alphyn was used as a heraldic badge of the Lords de la Warr, and also appeared on the guidon held by the knight in the Milleflour Tapestry in Somerset.
The word alphyn has been previously identified with the Middle English word alfin, which refers to the bishop in chess and ultimately comes from the Arabic الْفِيل al-fīl, meaning "the elephant," as the bishop was formerly represented by an elephant-shaped piece. However, Williams (1989) argues that the alphyn does not at all resemble an elephant, and elephants themselves are not uncommon in heraldry. Williams instead suggests that as a hybrid animal, the alphyn is related to the heraldic enfield and ultimately sourced from the mythical Irish onchú.
# Alphus (beetle)

Alphus is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the following species:
* Alphus alboguttatus (Melzer, 1935)
* Alphus capixaba Marinoni & Martins, 1978
* Alphus marinonii Souza & Monne, 2013
* Alphus similis Martins, 1985
* Alphus tuberosus (Germar, 1824)