OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Domestic rates in Northern Ireland

Domestic rates are the local government taxation in Northern Ireland. Rates are a tax on property based on the capital value of the residential property on 1 January 2005. Domestic rates consist of two components, a regional rate set by the Northern Ireland Assembly and a district rate set by local councils. Rate levels are set annually. Valuation and rating of property is handled by Land and Property Services. Domestic rates are unique to Northern Ireland, in the rest of the United Kingdom the local taxation is Council Tax.

## Valuation

Land and Property Services is the authority responsible for registering and valuing property. The domestic rates are based on the capital value of the residential property on 1 January 2005. This is in contrast to non-domestic rates on businesses which are based on rental value.

## District rate

The district rate is set by local authorities, the eleven district councils. It is for services such as refuse collections and disposal, leisure, parks and street cleaning.
District rates in 2019 to 2020 are as follows:
| Council | Domestic rate poundage |
| Antrim and Newtownabbey Council | 0.008152 |
| Ards and North Down Borough Council | 0.007836 |
| Armagh City, Banbridge & Craigavon Borough Council | 0.008886 |
| Belfast City Council | 0.007901 |
| Causeway Coast and Glens | 0.008195 |
| Derry City and Strabane District Council | 0.009419 |
| Fermanagh and Omagh Council | 0.008142 |
| Lisburn & Castlereagh Council | 0.007611 |
| Mid & East Antrim Council | 0.00887 |
| Mid Ulster Council | 0.007841 |
| Newry, Mourne and Down Council | 0.008467 |

## Regional rate

The regional rate is set by the Northern Ireland Assembly. It is used for services such as education, health and roads.

## Rate Rebate

Working age customers living in Northern Ireland and claiming Universal Credit can now claim Rate Rebate for help with domestic rates.

## Housing benefit

Another rebate existed for domestic rates. Confusingly, this was named Housing Benefit & Rate Relief, despite another Housing Benefit also existing to assist with rent payments. This benefit is now restricted to pensioners, and benefit claimants receiving a Severe Disability Premium.
Administration of Housing Benefit was split between two organisations depending on whether the claimant was renting or was an owner-occupier; tenants could claim both kinds of Housing Benefit, while owner-occupiers could only get Housing Benefit for rates.
* Tenants had to apply to the Northern Ireland Housing Executive regardless of whether they rented from a private landlord, from the NIHE itself, or from a housing association.
* Owner-occupiers had to apply to the Land and Property Services agency.
# Grosch's law

Grosch's law is the following observation of computer performance, made by Herb Grosch in 1953:
   I believe that there is a fundamental rule, which I modestly call Grosch's law, giving added economy only as the square root of the increase in speed — that is, to do a calculation ten times as cheaply you must do it hundred times as fast.
This adage is more commonly stated as
   Computer performance increases as the square of the cost. If computer A costs twice as much as computer B, you should expect computer A to be four times as fast as computer B.
Two years before Grosch's statement, Seymour Cray was quoted in Business Week (August 1963) expressing this very same thought:
   Computers should obey a square law — when the price doubles, you should get at least four times as much speed.
The law can also be interpreted as meaning that computers present economies of scale: the more costly is the computer, the price–performance ratio linearly becomes better. This implies that low-cost computers cannot compete in the market.
An analysis of rental cost/performance data for computers between 1951 and 1963 by Kenneth E. Knight found that Grosch's law held for commercial and scientific operations (a modern analysis of the same data found that Grosch's law only applied to commercial operations). In a separate study, Knight found that Grosch's law did not apply to computers between 1963-1967 (also confirmed by the aforementioned modern analysis).

## Debates

Paul Strassmann asserted in 1997, that "it was never clear whether Grosch's Law was a reflection of how IBM priced its computers or whether it related to actual costs. It provided the rationale that a bigger computer is always better. The IBM sales force used Grosch's rationale to persuade organizations to acquire more computing capacity than they needed. Grosch's Law also became the justification for offering time-sharing services from big data centers as a substitute for distributed computing." Grosch himself has stated that the law was more useful in the 1960s and 1970s than it is today. He originally intended the law to be a "means for pricing computing services".
# Hamilton and Strathaven Railway

vteHamilton and Strathaven Railway :
Legend :
The Hamilton and Strathaven Railway was a historic railway in Scotland. It ran from a junction with the Hamilton Branch of the Caledonian Railway to a terminus at Strathaven. The railway was worked from the start by the Caledonian Railway, who absorbed the railway company in 1864.

## History

The railway was planned by William Smith Dixon, an Ironmaster.
Its construction was authorised on 10 August 1857; and it was opened on 9 August 1860, from Hamilton to Quarter, for the carriage of goods. It opened fully on 2 February 1863, between Hamilton and Strathaven, for goods and passengers.

## Connections to other lines

* Hamilton Branch of the Caledonian Railway at Haughhead Junction.
* East Kilbride Line of the Caledonian Railway at Hunthill Junction.
* Mid Lanark Lines of the Caledonian Railway at Strathaven Central
* Darvel and Strathaven Railway at Strathaven Central
# Jean de Glymes

Jean de Glymes was the name of several members of the nobility in the Habsburg Netherlands.
* John III of Glymes (1452–1532), Lord of Bergen op Zoom
* John IV of Glymes (1528–1567), Marquis of Bergen
* Jean de Glymes, Lord of Waterdijk (died 1583)
# Ernest Sykes (cricketer)

Ernest Castle Sykes (31 May 1869 — 30 November 1925) was an English first-class cricketer.
Sykes was born at Sheffield in May 1869. He made one appearance in first-class cricket as a wicket-keeper for Hampshire against the touring Australians at Southampton in 1896. Batting twice in the match at number eleven, he made two unbeaten scores of 0 and 5. In later life, Sykes worked in the mining industry in Derbyshire, where he was employed as a traffic superintendent at Bolsover colliery. Skyes died suddenly while shaving at his Bolsover residence on 30 November 1925. His son, Eric, was also a first-class cricketer.
# Jean-Claude Brou

Jean-Claude Kassi Brou (born 1953) is an Ivorian politician and economist who has served as the governor of the Central Bank of West African States since 3 July 2022. He was the president of the Economic Community of West African States Commission from 2018 to 2022. He previously served as minister of Industry and Mines of Ivory Coast from November 2012 to March 2018.

## Life

Brou was born in 1953. In 1976 he obtained a degree in economics from the National University of Ivory Coast. He moved to the United States where he studied at the University of Cincinnati, obtaining a master's degree in economics in 1979, an MBA in finance in 1980 and his PhD in economics in 1982. He worked as a professor of economics at the same university between 1981 and 1982. Brou started working for the International Monetary Fund in 1982. He worked as an economist and senior economist in several African countries. From 1990 to 1991 he was the IMF's resident representative in Senegal.
Brou then returned to Ivory Coast, where he served as Economic and Financial Advisor to the Prime Minister from 1991 to 1995. He was subsequently appointed as Chief of Staff to the Prime Minister Daniel Kablan Duncan, in which capacity he served until 1999. In this period he was also head of the privatisation committee, during which 70 state-owned companies were privatized. Brou worked for the Central Bank of West African States between 2000 and 2008. From 2010 until 2012 he was the World Bank representative for Chad. In November 2012 he was appointed Minister of Industry and Mines in the government of President Alassane Ouattara.
On 16 December 2017, during the 52nd Ordinary Session of the Authority of Heads of State and Government of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) the Presidency of the ECOWAS Commission was assigned to Ivory Coast, with Brou to be appointed the next year for a four-year term. Brou officially took over from Marcel Alain de Souza on 1 March 2018. Brou had remained Minister of Industry and Mines until his appointment.
In June 2022, Jean-Claude Brou was appointed as the new governor of the BCEAO (Central Bank of West African States).
Brou is married and has two children.
# Josey Rebelle

Josey Rebelle is a British musician.

## Biography

Rebelle was born in Tottenham and grew up listening reggae and soul. She started DJing at the age of 13. She was educated at the London School of Economics.
Rebelle started her career with Sony Music and later worked for a drum'n'bass label, Valve Recordings.
In 2017 Umfang and Rebelle collaborated to host a radio show, the Rinse FM Show, that Rebelle has been hosting since 2011.
In 2019 Rebelle was awarded BBC The Essential Mix of the Year.

## Discography

* "TTT Mixtape"
* "Josey in Space"

## Awards and nominations
### BBC Radio 1 Awards

Selected awards :
| Year | Award | Nominated work | Category | Result |
| 2019 | BBC Radio 1 | Josey Rebelle | Essential Mix of the Year | Won |
# Harold L. Moses

Harold L. Moses is the Ingram Professor of Cancer Research, Professor of Cancer Biology, Medicine and Pathology, and director emeritus at the Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center. He was president of the American Association for Cancer Research in 1991.

## Career

Moses graduated from Berea College in 1958 and from Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in 1962 with an MD. He completed his residency at Vanderbilt and did a postdoctoral fellowship at the National Institutes of Health. He then served as a faculty member at Vanderbilt for five years and then at the Mayo Clinic for twelve, where he was the chair of the department of cell biology. He returned to Vanderbilt where he was the chair of cell biology and the founding director of the Vanderbilt Cancer Center. He stepped down as director in 2004.

## Research

Moses' research focuses on TGF beta in cancer.

## Awards

* 1991 Rous-Whipple Award, American Association of Pathologists
* 2003 Elected Member, Institute of Medicine
* 2003-2005 President, Association of American Cancer Institutes
* 2009 T J Martell Foundation Lifetime Medical Research Award
* 2010 T J Martell Foundation Lifetime Scientific Achievement Award
* 2013 Fellow of the AACR Academy
* 2013 Lifetime Achievement Award, American Association for Cancer Research
* 2016 Elected Fellow, National Academy of Inventors
# In'oya

In'oya is a French dermo-cosmetics company established in 2011 which centers its research around the specific characteristics of black and brown skin. Based on genetic engineering and its scientific research work around melanogenesis, In'oya Laboratory has discovered the processes that cause the appearance of dark spots on skin of color and has patented a treatment to reduce these spots.

## History

In'oya Laboratory was founded in 2011 by Abd Haq Bengeloune, a young biomedical engineer of Senegalese origin working alongside a team of researchers from the CNRS of Saint-Jérôme in Marseille and the INSERM at the School of Pharmacy in La Timone. The goal was to create a dark spot reduction treatment which takes into account the specific genes of skin of color.
In 2013, Crédit Agricole Alpes-Provence Création enters into a fundraising campaign with In’oya Laboratory.
In 2014, In'oya Laboratory develops a technological innovation capable of blocking the TYRP1 gene and the Tyrosinase enzyme to act on hyper-pigmented spots. Applications for a European patent EP 2705830 and an international patent WO 2014037111 are filed in partnership with Aix-Marseille University and the CNRS .
In 2015, In'oya Laboratory wraps up a €430,000 fundraising campaign with PACA Investissement, CAAP Création and CPG with the goal of continuing its R&D efforts and launching a new line of skincare products in France and Africa.
In 2015, In'oya Laboratory launches the sales of its products to French pharmacies.

## Awards and recognition

In 2011, In'oya Laboratory receives the "Best Project of the Year" prize during the 13th annual "Le Phare de l’Entrepreneuriat" competition hosted by ACCEDE Provence.
In 2011, Abd Haq Bengeloune is named "Top African Entrepreneur in France" by the Africangels business angels network, whose aim is to support and enhance the value of multicultural entrepreneurs contributing to the development of the French economy.
In 2012, In'oya Laboratory is recognized at the 17th annual "Trophées de L’Economie" hosted by La Provence to highlight the value of innovative companies in the region.
In 2012, In’oya Laboratory wins the "Innovate, Buzz, Win" competition sponsored by Carrefour, which awarded the company an opportunity to sell its products in more than 200 Carrefour shops in France.

## Ecological commitments

In'oya Laboratory is committed to a sustainable development approach through the sourcing of its supplies from the Great Green Wall, a wall of trees that connects Dakar to Djibouti along the southern edge of the Sahara, which is cultivated and maintained by local populations.
# Domingos Dutra

Domingos Francisco Dutra Filho (born March 20, 1956) is a Brazilian politician. He was state deputy (1991–1995, 2003–2007), vice-mayor (1997–2000) and federal deputy (1995–2003, 2007–2015). Dutra is a mayor of Paço do Lumiar since 2017.
# FK Rečica

FK Rečica (Macedonian and Serbian Cyrillic: ФК Речица) is a football club of the Serbian community based in the village of Rečica near Kumanovo, North Macedonia. They currently play in the OFS Kumanovo league.

## History

The club was founded in 1950.
# Halymenia

Halymenia a genus of a macroscopic red algae that grows in oceans worldwide.
Species have been found in cold temperate areas but the highest diversity is found in warm temperate and tropical regions. For example, 41 names have been reported for the Indo-Pacific (Guiry & Guiry, 2011). Silva et al. (1996) listed 22 names (including two varieties) for the Indian Ocean.

## Species

It includes the following species:
* Halymenia abyssicola E.Y.Dawson
* Halymenia actinophysa M.A.Howe
* Halymenia angusta (J.Agardh) De Toni
* Halymenia asymmetrica Gargiulo, de Masi & Tripodi
* Halymenia bifida E.Y.Dawson
* Halymenia brasiliana S.M.P.B.Guimarães & M.T.Fujii
* Halymenia californica G.M.Smith & Hollenberg
* Halymenia carnosa
* Halymenia cerratei C.O.Acleto
* Halymenia chiangiana I.A.Abbott & Kraft
* Halymenia clathrata E.C.Oliveira, Pinheiro-Vieira & R.E.Norris
* Halymenia cromwellii I.A.Abbott
* Halymenia curvicornis J.Agardh
* Halymenia dilatata Zanardini
* Halymenia dubia Bory de Saint-Vincent
* Halymenia duchassaingii (J.Agardh) Kylin
* Halymenia durvillei Bory de Saint-Vincent
* Halymenia echinophysa F.S.Collins & M.A.Howe
* Halymenia elongata C.Agardh
* Halymenia fasciata Bory de Saint-Vincent
* Halymenia fimbriata Zanardini
* Halymenia flabellata F.Schmitz
* Halymenia floresii (Clemente) C.Agardh
* Halymenia floridana J.Agardh
* Halymenia foliacea W.R.Taylor
* Halymenia formosa Harvey ex Kützing
* Halymenia gardneri (Kylin) P.G.Parkinson
* Halymenia hancockii W.R.Taylor
* Halymenia harveyana J.Agardh
* Halymenia hawaiiana Hernández-Kantun & A.R.Sherwood
* Halymenia hollenbergii I.A.Abbott
* Halymenia hvarii Ercegovic
* Halymenia imbricata Dickie
* Halymenia integra M.A.Howe & W.R.Taylor
* Halymenia jelinekii Grunow
* Halymenia kraftii Womersley & J.A.Lewis
* Halymenia kuetzingii A.J.K.Millar
* Halymenia lacerata Sonder
* Halymenia latifolia P.L.Crouan & H.M.Crouan ex Kützing
* Halymenia lubrica Suhr
* Halymenia maculata J.Agardh
* Halymenia megaspora E.Y.Dawson
* Halymenia microcarpa (Montagne) P.C.Silva
* Halymenia mirabilis D.L.Ballantine & H.Ruiz
* Halymenia muelleri Sonder
* Halymenia multifida Zanardini
* Halymenia naegelii Kützing
* Halymenia nukuhivensis N'Yuert & Payri
* Halymenia plana Zanardini
* Halymenia platycarpa (Harvey ex Grunow) J.Agardh
* Halymenia pluriloba Ercegovic
* Halymenia polyclada A.Gepp & E.S.Gepp
* Halymenia porphyraeformis Parkinson
* Halymenia porphyroides Børgesen
* Halymenia pseudofloresii F.S.Collins & M.A.Howe
* Halymenia purpurascens
* Halymenia pusilla Sonder
* Halymenia refugiensis E.Y.Dawson
* Halymenia rhodymenioides Ercegovic
* Halymenia rosea M.A.Howe & W.R.Taylor
* Halymenia santamariae W.R.Taylor
* Halymenia schizymenioides Hollenberg & I.A.Abbott
* Halymenia stipitata I.A.Abbott
* Halymenia tenera M.A.Howe
* Halymenia tenuispina Kützing
* Halymenia tondoana O.DeClerck & Hernández-Kantun
* Halymenia utriana W.R.Taylor
* Halymenia venusta Børgesen
* Halymenia vinacea M.A.Howe & W.R.Taylor
# Ervy-le-Châtel

Ervy-le-Châtel (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Aube department in north-east France.

## Sights

* Arboretum Saint-Antoine
* Round hall
* Porte Saint-Nicolas
# Jean de Gassion

Jean, comte de Gassion (1609 Pau – 1647 Lens) was a Gascon military commander for France, prominent at the battle of Rocroi (1643) who reached the rank of Marshal of France at the age of thirty-four. He served Louis XIII and Louis XIV and died of wounds sustained during the 1647 siege of Lens (not to be confused with the Battle of Lens the following year).

## Biography

Cardinal Richelieu called him la Guerre ("War") and commandeered his services which had proved valuable to Gustavus Adolphus, one of the renovators of new cavalry tactics in the West. Fortuitously, he was present as a cavalry commander under the young duc d'Enghien, Louis II de Bourbon, the Grand Condé several days after the death of Louis XIII; Gassion was a crucial factor in the French success at Rocroi against combined Habsburg forces. De Gassion's role was gracefully acknowledged by Condé.
# José Saramago Foundation

The José Saramago Foundation is a cultural private institution located in the Casa dos Bicos, in Lisbon (Portugal). A smaller branch has been opened in Azinhaga do Ribatejo, home village of José Saramago, the Portuguese Nobel Prize in Literature 1998. Founded by the writer in June 2007, its main institutional principles are to defend and spread the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the promotion of culture in Portugal as well as in all the countries, and particular concerns about environmentalism.
The Casa dos Bicos, being the head office of this institution since June 2012, also offers, along with the permanent exhibition The seed and the fruits, about the life and work of José Saramago, cultural events such as books launching, theater plays, conferences, debates, poetry sessions, music concerts, among others.
The house where the writer and his wife Pilar del Río lived until his death in 2010, called just A Casa (The House), is also open to visitors in Tías, Lanzarote (Spain).
# Harold Rosenberg (mathematician)

Harold William Rosenberg (born 19 February 1941 in New York City) is an American mathematician who works on differential geometry. Rosenberg has worked at Columbia University, at the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, and at the University of Paris. He currently works at the IMPA, Brazil. He earned his Ph.D. at the University of California, Berkeley in 1963 under the supervision of Stephen P. L. Diliberto.
In 2004 he was elected to the Brazilian Academy of Sciences. His students include Norbert A'Campo, Christian Bonatti, and Michael Herman.
In 1993, he studied the hypersurfaces in Euclidean space with a given constant value of an elementary symmetric polynomial of the shape operator, known as a higher-order mean curvature. His primary result was to obtain some control of the height of such a surface over a plane containing its boundary. As an application, he was able to derive some rigidity results for complete surfaces with constant higher-order mean curvature.
In 2004, he and Uwe Abresch extended the classical Hopf differential, discovered by Heinz Hopf in the 1950s, from the setting of surfaces in three-dimensional Euclidean space to the setting of surfaces in products of two-dimensional space forms with the real line. They showed that, if the surface has constant mean curvature, then their Hopf differential is holomorphic relative to the natural complex structure on the surface. As an application, they were able to show that any immersed sphere of constant mean curvature must be rotationally symmetric, thereby extending a classical theorem of Alexandrov.

## Major publications

* Rosenberg, Harold (1993). "Hypersurfaces of constant curvature in space forms". Bulletin des Sciences Mathématiques. 117 (2): 211–239. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.27.7127. MR 1216008. Zbl 0787.53046.
* Nelli, Barbara; Rosenberg, Harold (2002). "Minimal surfaces in H$^2$ × ℝ". Bulletin of the Brazilian Mathematical Society. New Series. 33 (2): 263–292. doi:10.1007/s005740200013. MR 1940353. S2CID 122871070. Zbl 1038.53011. (Erratum: doi:10.1007/BF03259375)
* Abresch, Uwe; Rosenberg, Harold (2004). "A Hopf differential for constant mean curvature surfaces in S$^2$ × ℝ and H$^2$ × ℝ". Acta Mathematica. 193 (2): 141–174. doi:10.1007/BF02392562. MR 2134864. Zbl 1078.53053.
# El-Flaye

El-Flaye is a commune in northern Algeria in the Béjaïa Province. It is located in the Wilaya of Béjaïa and is administratively attached to the daïra of Sidi-Aich.

## Geography

El-Flaye is 50 km south-east of Béjaïa.
neighboring municipalities of El-Flaye are:
Tibane, Tinabdher, Sidi-Aich
Souk Oufella, Sidi Ayad
Seddouk, M'cisna.

### Transport

The municipality of El-Flaye has five municipal buses reserved for school transport.Several buses run the El-Flaye - Sidi-Aich route.And three other buses transport the students to the villages of Ait Daoud, Izghad and El Madi.
Public transport users take independent private minibuses.

### localities and neighborhoods

In addition to its capital El-Flaye, the municipality of El-Flaye is made up of the following localities:
El-Flaye, Ait Daoud, Izghad, El Madi et Maakal.

## Administration and politics

| Period | Period | Name | Party |
| 1989 | 1993 | Mekhlouf Alam | FLN |
| 1993 | 1997 | Lounis Hadidi | RCD |
| 1997 | 2002 | Lounis Hadidi | RCD |
| 2002 | 2005 | Morad Slawty | |
| 2005 | 2007 | Hafid Cherfi | FFS |
| 2007 | 2012 | Hafid Cherfi | FFS |
| 2012 | 2017 | Idir Aggad | RCD |

## Economy

There are many shops dans la commune, and theirs number is increasing.

## Everyday life

* Seat of El-Flaye People's Municipal Assembly;
* Poste office;
* Youth center;
* Girls primary school( now mixed);
* Boys primary school (now mixed);
* Primary school Izghad;
* Primary school Ikherban:
* Primary school Ait Daoud;
* Secondary school Imadali Laarbi;
* Policlinic Vouhouri;
* Traitment room Tiserfine;
* Former Algerian Muslim scoots Association;
* Ecological Association "Le Printemps éternel';
* Help for people with special needs Association "Les anges oubliés"

## Personlities

* Algeria portal
* Amour Abdenour, born in El-Flaye on February 17, 1952, He is Kabyle Singer.
* Marcel Mouloudji, he is a singer,songwriter, painter and actor.
* Karim Tahar, he is a singer and boxer nicknamed The Kabyle Toni Rossi .
36°36′08″N 4°39′49″E﻿ / ﻿36.60222°N 4.66361°E﻿ / 36.60222; 4.66361
* This article about a location in Béjaïa Province is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Dominican Summer League Yankees

The Dominican Summer Yankees are a minor league baseball team in the Dominican Summer League. The team plays in the Boca Chica South division and is affiliated with the New York Yankees.