OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chapter XIII of the United Nations Charter

Chapter XIII of the United Nations Charter deals with the UN Trusteeship Council. It guarantees each of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council a seat on the council (albeit without veto) as well as those administering trust countries, and as many other members elected by the UN General Assembly as may be necessary to have an equal number of trust-administering and non-trust-administering countries on the Trusteeship Council. The Trusteeship Council is required to make an annual report to the UNGA on each trust territory. With all territories having reached independence, the Trusteeship Council is basically dormant today. There have been proposals to transform it into a trusteeship council of the global commons (i.e. the environment), although Kofi Annan recommended abolishing it altogether in his report, In Larger Freedom.
# GR 11

GR 11 may refer to:
* GR 11 (France), a long-distance footpath in Île-de-France.
* GR 11 (Spain), a long-distance footpath in the Spanish Pyrenees.
# GRX

GRX may refer to:

## Science and technology

* Glutaredoxin, a family of enzymes
* GPRS Roaming Exchange, in mobile telephony
* Shimano GRX groupsets, bicycle components for gravel riding

## Other uses

* Federico García Lorca Airport, Granada, Spain (IATA:GRX)
* Guriaso language, spoken on New Guineau (ISO 639-3:grx)
* Martin Garrix (born 1996), Dutch DJ and record producer
* GRX, a 2023 EP by Lola Índigo
* GRX, a fictional car in the Speed Racer franchise
# Chariton's Choir

Chariton's Choir (Greek: Η χορωδία του Χαρίτωνα / I horodia tou haritona) is a 2005 Greek film directed by Grigoris Karantinakis. It was Greece's submission to the 79th Academy Awards for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but was not accepted as a nominee.

## Plot

The flirtatious headmaster of a school in a small town prepares his pupils for the choirs' Olympics. The arrival of the new army commander in the town, upset the headmaster, as they both fall in love with the same woman.

## Cast

* George Corraface as Chariton (school's headmaster)
* Maria Nafpliotou as Eleni (teacher)
* Akilas Karazisis as Dimitriou (army commander)
* Christos Stergioglou as Drakos (teacher)

## Accolades

Winner:
* 2005: Greek State Film Awards for Best Film
* 2005: Greek State Film Awards for Best Sound
Nominated:
* 2006:Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film (not nominated)
# Gagan Chandra Chatterjee

Gagan Chandra Chatterjee was a North Indian classical violinist of the Senia Gharana who is known for inventing the gatkari style of North Indian classical violin.

## Early life and training

Gagan Chandra Chatterjee was born in Allahabad on 1890. He learnt Hindustani classical music on sarod from the Senia gharana master Ustad Keramatullah Khan. However, he chose a different instrument for expressing the music he learnt. He could accurately play the gatkari styles of sitar and sarod on the violin and spent the rest of his life with this instrument. He also learnt from Lachhmandas Munimji, a well-known harmonium player, and Pran Krishna Chattopadhyay, a well-known dhrupad singer.

## Career

Gagan Chandra Chatterjee played extensively in music conferences of his time. He recorded a few classical tracks accompanied by piano in which he is credited as 'G.C. Chatterjee'.

## Style

Prior to him, Hindustani classical violinists used to play by mimicking vocal Hindustani classical music. However, Hindustani classical music uses many techniques that are unique to sitar and sarod. Gagan Chandra Chatterjee was the first person to bring those techniques over to the violin. He used to play the complete alaap-jor-jhala of Hindustani classical music which was heard only on sitar and sarod prior to him.

## Students

Although Gagan Chandra Chatterjee inspired many musicians across instruments, he did not leave behind many students. His most well-known students were Sriram Srivastava and his younger brother Joi Srivastava.
# Charles Coleman

Charles Coleman may refer to:

## Arts

* Charles Coleman (English painter) (1807–1874), English painter
* Charles Caryl Coleman (1840–1928), American painter
* Charles Coleman (actor) (1885–1951), Australian-American actor
* Charles C. Coleman (director) (1900–1972), American film director
* Charles Coleman (music producer) (born 1977), American record producer and songwriter

## Other

* Charles Coleman (American football) (born 1963), American football player
* Charles Coleman (British Army officer) (1903–1974), British general
* Charles Coleman (engineer) (1926–2005), electronic engineer - video tape recording
* Charles Coleman (murderer) (1947–1990), American convicted murderer
* Charles Coleman (politician), American member of the Wisconsin State Assembly
* Chase Coleman III (Charles Payson Coleman III, born 1975), American investor
# Galahad library

The Galahad library is a thread-safe library of packages for the solution of mathematical optimization problems. The areas covered by the library are unconstrained and bound-constrained optimization, quadratic programming, nonlinear programming, systems of nonlinear equations and inequalities, and non-linear least squares problems. The library is mostly written in the Fortran 90 programming language.
The name of the library originates from its major package for general nonlinear programming, LANCELOT-B, the successor of the original augmented Lagrangian package LANCELOT of Conn, Gould and Toint.
Other packages in the library include:
* a filter-based method for systems of linear and nonlinear equations and inequalities,
* an active-set method for nonconvex quadratic programming,
* a primal-dual interior-point method for nonconvex quadratic programming,
* a presolver for quadratic programs,
* a Lanczos method for trust-region subproblems,
* an interior-point method to solve linear programs or separable convex programs or alternatively, to compute the analytic center of a set defined by such constraints, if it exists.
Packages in the GALAHAD library accept problems modeled in either the Standard Input Format (SIF), or the AMPL modeling language. For problems modeled in the SIF, the GALAHAD library naturally relies upon the CUTEr package, an optimization toolbox providing all low-level functionalities required by solvers.
The library is available on several popular computing platforms, including Compaq (DEC) Alpha, Cray, HP, IBM RS/6000, Intel-like PCs, SGI and Sun. It is designed to be easily adapted to other platforms. Support is provided for many operating systems, including Tru64, Linux, HP-UX, AIX, IRIX and Solaris, and for a variety of popular Fortran 90 compilers on these platforms and operating systems.
The GALAHAD Library is authored and maintained by N.I.M. Gould, D. Orban and Ph.L. Toint.
# Game Studio

Game Studio may refer to:
* Video game developer (game studio), a company specialized in the development of video games
* Game Studio (company), a game studio headquartered in Tokyo, Japan
* 3D GameStudio, a 3D game engine
* GameMaker Studio, a 2D game engine originally developed by Mark Overmars
# Garita District, Alajuela

Garita is a district of the Alajuela canton, in the Alajuela province of Costa Rica.

## History

Garita was created on 6 November 1922 by Decreto 28.

## Geography

Garita has an area of 33.91 km$^2$ and an elevation of 693 metres.

## Demographics

For the 2011 census, Garita had a population of 7,277 inhabitants.

## Transportation
### Road transportation

The district is covered by the following road routes:
* National Route 1
* National Route 3
* National Route 136
* National Route 721
# Charles Frederick Young

Charles Frederick Horace Frisby Young (5 April 1819 – 29 January 1874) was an Australian actor, comedian and theatrical manager. Young was born in Doncaster, Yorkshire, England, and died in Woolloomooloo, New South Wales.
# Gary Bauress

Gary Bauress (born 19 January 1971) is an English footballer, who played as a midfielder in the Football League for Tranmere Rovers.

## Personal life

Bauress is the father of the footballer Joe Bauress.
# Charisma compacta

Charisma compacta is a species of extremely small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

## Description

The height of the shell attains 1.9 mm, its diameter 2 mm. The shell is solid and has a turbinate shape. Its colour is pale cream. The four whorls are rather loosely coiled and separated by channelled sutures. The spire-whorls are smooth. The body whorl is sculptured with about twenty regularly spaced, sharp, spiral grooves. The umbilicus measures about one-eighth of the shell's diameter; its margin is smooth and rounded. The aperture-side of the umbilicus shows an obscure funicle. The circular aperture of the shell is descending. The inner lip is slightly expanded. The outer lip is simple.

## Distribution

This marine species is endemic to Australia and occurs off New South Wales.
# Gakuen Tengoku

Gakuen Tengoku (学園天国, School Heaven) is the fifth single by Japanese pop group Finger 5, released in March 1974. The single sold over 1.05 million copies.

## Overview

"Gakuen Tengoku" is the lead single from their studio album Second Album. It peaked at number two on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart. The theme of the song is school life. The song is about students wanting to sit next to the prettiest girl in class during seating arrangement. In the beginning of the song, the shout "Are You Ready?!" was spoken by Akira Tamamoto, the fourth son of the Tamamoto siblings. The second shout "Hey Hey Hey..." was based on the Gary U.S. Bonds song New Orleans.
In baseball, Konan High School & Akashi Commercial High School used the melody of the song as one of their cheering songs.

## In popular culture

The first cover of this song was in 1988, Kyoko Koizumi covered the song in her studio album "Natsumero" and was made into a single in 1989. The single would reach at number three on the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart. It was used as the ending theme for the 1989 Japanese drama series Aishiatteru Kai!. In 2006, a cover by Wonder☆5 was used as the ending theme for the anime Twin Princess of Wonder Planet Gyu!. A musical ensemble of the song was featured in the anime Sound! Euphonium. In 2022, a cover by Rie Takahashi was used as the ending theme for episode six of Teasing Master Takagi-san season three. Around 27 seconds in the credits, the caption "ヤングの祭典" (Young Festival) can be seen on the blackboard which is a direct reference to the caption for the 3rd Tokyo Music Festival (Silver Canary Award category) held on May 16, 1974, at Hibiya Public Hall in which the group also performed and competed live. In 2024, a cover by Sumire Uesaka was used as the ending theme for episode one of Alya Sometimes Hides Her Feelings in Russian anime series.

## Chart positions
### Weekly charts

| Year | Country | Chart | Position | Sales |
| 1974 | Japan | Oricon Weekly Singles Chart | 2 | 540,000 |

### Year-end charts

| Year | Country | Chart | Position | Sales |
| 1974 | Japan | Oricon Yearly Singles Chart (top 50) | 10 | 540,000 |

## Release history

| Date | Single | B-side | Country | Label | Format | Catalog number |
| March 5, 1974 | Gakuen Tengoku | Finger 5 Theme | Japan | Philips | 7" Single | FS-1785 |
| 2003 | Gakuen Tengoku | N/A | Japan | Glico (Time Slip Glico) | CD | AR-G008 |
# Charles Wallace Hunt

Charles Wallace Hunt (October 13, 1841 – March 27, 1911) was an American mechanical engineer, inventor and business executive, known as president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in the year 1898–99.

## Biography

Hunt was born at Candor, New York, on October 13, 1841. He came into prominence as founder of the C. W. Hunt Company in West New Brighton in 1871, three years after he had settled in Staten Island and had started a retail coal business.
Hunt was elected president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for the year 1898–99, and was elected an Associate of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1902.
He died March 27, 1911, at Richmond County in Staten Island, New York.

## Work
### C.W. Hunt Company

C.W. Hunt Company was a constructive engineering firm located in West New Brighton. The company made coal and ore-handling machinery, and build wharves, docks, storage warehouses, power stations, railways, cranes, etc.
The Robert Pearson Collection (2015) summarized that "although not as well known as other industrial suppliers, the C. W. Hunt Co. offered an amazing assortment of industrial equipment. Established in 1872, the New York based firm supplied rope, coal handling equipment, cranes, and complete industrial railways. The innovative company was purchased by the Yale and Towne Manufacturing in 1920 shortly after C. W. Hunt Co produced a battery powered lift truck."

## Selected publications

* Coal Handling Machinery: No. 9306, Published 1893 by C. W. Hunt Company
* Charles Wallace Hunt. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, President's Address 1898: The Engineer, His Work, His Ethics, His Pleasures. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1898
* Charles Wallace Hunt. Manila Rope: Transmission and Hoisting, 1912.
* Charles Wallace Hunt. Heat Transmission in Poor Conductors, 1913.

## Selected patents

* Patent US708713 - Hoisting apparatus, 1902
* Patent US729868 - Hoisting apparatus, 1902
* Patent US796074 - Coal-chute, 1905
* Patent US1020607 - Motor-truck, 1910
* Patent US1048834 - Conveyer, 1910
# Gall-inducing insect

A gall-inducing insect is any insect that can cause the growth of galls within plants. There are several groups of insects that meet this description. They include the gall wasps, scales, gall midges, aphids, psyllids and certain species of leafminer flies.
Galls are growth deformities induced in certain plants by various insects which are mostly species-specific. Galls induced by insects can be viewed as an extended phenotype of the inducing insect, and gall-inducing insects specialize on their host plants, often to a greater extent than insects that feed on the same plant without creating galls.
The gall's form or type depends on what organism is attacking the plant and where the plant is being attacked.
Based on the form, there are two classification systems used to identify the cause of galls: causative agents located outside plant tissues, and those agents located inside plant tissues.
Causative outside agents include:
* Krebs gall is caused by surface agents.
* Filz gall is caused by agents among surface hairs.
* Fold/roll gall is caused by agents within turned-over leaf blades.
* Pouch gall is caused by agents within a cup-like structure that occurs when opposite ends of the infected structure arch upward and form a spherical oval.
Causative inside agents include:
* Covering gall is caused by agents embedded within a gall when plant tissues rise up and surround the parasite.
* Lysenchyme gall is caused by agents that sink into the plant when the plant cells dissolve away and close around the parasite.
* Mark gall is caused by agents burrowing within plant tissue before gall develops.
This symbiotic relationship is rather one-sided, with not much research verifying any benefit given to the plant species; therefore such insects are most likely parasites of their host plant. The insect that causes the gall formation gets an entire microenvironment or microhabitat provided to it, safe from climate and predation, to grow within, and with a rich supply of food formed within the gall for the insect to feed upon. Ecologically, gall-inducing insects, because of their creation of a microhabitat, are often attacked by parasitoid or inquiline insects that take advantage of the excess resources the gall-inducer causes the plant to create, often leading to more biodiversity in the ecosystem than what would exist without the presence of gall-inducers. Thus gall-inducing insects are examples of ecosystem engineers.
# Galkynyş yacht

Galkynysh is a presidential yacht acquired by the Turkmenistan government in 2008, the first such boat in the Caspian Sea.

## History

The vessel was designed by Stefano Natucci and built by the Benetti shipyard in Italy as Wind. In 2008, it was first used in the field meeting of the Cabinet of Ministers of Turkmenistan. The yacht sails the coast of the Caspian Sea.
# Galaxy 18

Galaxy 18 is a Space Systems/Loral (SS/L) 1300-series hybrid communications satellite owned by Intelsat and located in geosynchronous orbit at 123° W longitude, serving the continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii, Mexico, and Canada with 24 C band, and 24 K$_u$ band transponders. Galaxy 18 replaced Galaxy 10R near the end of its design life.
Galaxy 18 was launched on May 21, 2008. The launch took place successfully at 09:43 GMT.

## Free-to-air television

Galaxy 18 is the home of a number of minor television networks, and in the past hosted the stations of Equity Media Holdings before its 2009 bankruptcy, where it used the satellite to beam several major network affiliates to their appropriate local transmitters, along with the local cable providers carrying them as Equity hubbed their master control from a hub in Little Rock, Arkansas.
# Gary Haisman

Gary Haisman (29 January 1958 – 28 November 2018) was an English singer and one of three acts whose No. 1 songs on the Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart were featured on D Mob's A Little Bit of This, a Little Bit of That album (the others being Cathy Dennis and LRS). His contribution to the set was the two-sided single "We Call It Acieed"/"Trance Dance", which was the first of D Mob's four straight No. 1 hits on the Dance chart in 1989.
# Charaxes acraeoides

Charaxes acraeoides is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae first described by Herbert Druce in 1908. It is found in Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## Description

It is one of the two Charaxes species with strikingly elongated forewings the outer margin of which are concave. The other is the less falcate Charaxes fournierae. The ground colour is black, the pattern is dull red.
Original description
"Charaxes acraeoides, sp. n.
Male.—Head black, with four yellow spots, two on each side above the eye; antennae black; collar, tegular, thorax, and abdomen black; a white spot on the thorax just behind the collar and two yellow spots on each side of the thorax;palpi above black, the underside orange-yellow; the underside of the thorax and abdomen orange-yellow; the legs black. Primaries [forewings] black, crossed near the apex by a band of four elongated cream-coloured spots, the inner margin streaked with red, above which are five large red spots, the one nearest the anal angle the largest: secondaries [hindwings] red, black at the base and partly along the inner margin, the anal angle and part of the inner margin cream-colour; a black streak at the end of the cell, with the black spots on the underside showing through; the outer margin from the apex to the anal angle black, with a series of minute white dots in the middle of the black margin. Underside: primaries, the apical part of the wing pale yellowish brown, the veins and streaks between the veins black; the cream-coloured band as above, edged on the inner side by a band of black spots which extend along the outer margin to the anal angle; the cell and the central part of wing greenish grey; the usual black marks in the cell; the wing below the cell to the inner margin orange-red: secondaries orange-red, palest above the cell and above the anal angle; the outer margins and veins all black; four large black spots on the costal margin, four in the cell, and a row of five partly round the outside of the cell; the black outer margin is spotted with blue and greenish-grey dots.
Expanse 4 and 1/2 inches.
Hab. Cameroons, Bitje, Ja River, 2000 feet; wet season (Mus. Druce). This very fine species reminds one at first sight of Pseudacraea clarki, Butler, which also came in the collection."
Female The female was not described until 1976

## Biology

These are fast-flying butterflies which are part of a mimicry ring with Acraea and Pseudacraea species.

## Habitat

The habitat consists of primary forest (Congolian forests).

## Realm

Afrotropical realm.

## Taxonomy

Charaxes acraeoides group
The supposed clade members are
* Charaxes acraeoides
* Charaxes fournierae rare
* Charaxes jolybouyeri rare
# Charles Wykeham Martin

Charles Wykeham Martin DL (11 September 1801 – 30 October 1870) was an English Conservative Party politician who sat in the House of Commons in three periods between 1841 and 1870.

## Biography

Martin was born Charles Wykeham the son of Fiennes Wykeham of Leeds Castle Maidstone and his wife Eliza Bignell, daughter of R. Bignell. He was educated at Eton College and at Balliol College, Oxford. In 1821 his father assumed the additional name of Martin. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Antiquaries, a corresponding member of the Academy d'Archeologie de Belgique, and a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society. He was also a lieutenant-colonel of the 3rd Battalion Kent Volunteers and a Deputy Lieutenant and J.P. for Kent and a J.P. for Hampshire.
Martin stood for parliament unsuccessfully at Newport (Isle of Wight) in 1837 but was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Newport in 1841. He lost the seat at Newport in 1852 and stood unsuccessfully at Maidstone in 1853. He was elected MP for West Kent at a by-election in 1857 as a Liberal but lost the seat in 1859. At the 1865 general election he was elected MP for Newport again and re-elected in 1868 when representation was reduced to one member. He held the seat until his death in 1870.
Martin died at the age of 69 at Leeds Castle on 30 October 1870.
Martin married firstly in 1828, Lady Jemima Isabella Cornwallis, daughter of James Mann, 5th Earl Cornwallis. She died in 1836 and he married secondly in 1838, Matilda Trollope daughter of Sir John Trollope, 6th Baronet. His son Philip was MP for Rochester. His second son Fiennes took the surname Cornwallis in 1859 by Royal licence in accordance with an inheritance from Caroline Cornwallis.
Charles Wykeham Martin is the grandfather of Fiennes Cornwallis, 1st Baron Cornwallis, the great-grandfather of Wykeham Cornwallis, 2nd Baron Cornwallis, and the great-great grandfather of Fiennes Neil Wykeham Cornwallis, 3rd Baron Cornwallis.

## Works

* Martin, Charles Wykeham (1869). The History and Description of Leeds Castle, Kent. Westminster: Nichols and Sons. Archived from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2023 – via Google Books.