# Franz Marijnen

Franz Marijnen (4 April 1943 – 3 August 2022) was a Belgian theatre director. His early career, in the Netherlands and Belgium, was influenced by the work of the Polish theatre director and theorist Jerzy Grotowski. Marijnen then moved to the United States where he founded the experimental theatre company Camera Obscura. By the latter half of the 1970s, he was again working primarily in Europe. He served as artistic director of several large theatres in the Netherlands and Belgium, including the Ro Theatre in Rotterdam and the KVS in Brussels.

## Life and career

Marijnen was born in Mechelen on 4 April 1943. He studied directing at the Royal Institute for Theatre, Cinema & Sound (RITCS) in Brussels. Marijnen began directing for the Mechels Miniatuur Teater while a student at RITCS, and in 1966 directed a production of Edward Albee's The Zoo Story that received positive reviews.
In 1966, Marijnen met Polish theatre director and theorist Jerzy Grotowski at a workshop in Brussels. In 1967, Marijnen went to Poland for an internship at Grotowski's Laboratory Theatre in Opole. He was inspired by Grotowski's method, which focused on the actor's physical presence on the stage. Marijnen wrote and published a report about Grotowski's workshop in the theatre magazine Windroos. The report was later reprinted in Grotowski's 1968 book Towards a Poor Theatre.
Marijnen tried to apply Grotowski's method upon his return to Belgium, in 1969. He taught workshops at multiple Flemish and Dutch theatre companies, including the Nederlandse Komedie in Amsterdam, and found that classically trained actors were not open to the method.
In 1971, Marijnen moved to the United States, looking for a more receptive environment to teach and apply Grotowski's method. He had several teaching appointments while in the United States, including at the Carnegie Mellon School of Drama. In 1973, he founded his own theatre company, Camera Obscura, which was based in Jamestown, New York. He directed multiple productions at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club in New York City during the early 1970s, including Fernando Arrabal's Fando and Lis (1971), Camera Obscura in Andy Wolk's Oracles (1973), Camera Obscura in Wolk's adaptation of Comte de Lautreamont's Maldoror (1974), and Camera Obscura in Shakespeare's Measure for Measure (1974). Camera Obscura went on tour in Europe in 1973, 1974, and 1975.
He returned to Europe in 1977 to become the first director of the Ro Theatre in Rotterdam. As a freelance director at other theatres, he produced large-scale productions such as Wasteland (Rotterdam, 1980) and Bataille Bataille (Groningen, 1992). He continued using Grotowski's method, and was one of the few directors who successfully produced large-scale productions that were experimental.
In 1993, Marijnen became the director of the KVS in Brussels where he produced classical pieces such as King Lear (1987) and Oedipus / In Kolonos (1994). He brought audiences from French-speaking Brussels and endeavoured to give Arab culture a place in the theatre. He resigned in 2000 after seven years as director, partially due to financial issues the theatre was experiencing.
He then joined the National Theatre in The Hague to direct productions such as Glenn Gould (2008) and Pier Paolo Pasolini – PPP (2010). Since 2012, he was directing in Mechelen at Arsenaal, the former Mechels Miniatuur Teater, where he started his career. In early 2014, he produced Scarlatti with an international cast.

## Selected works
### 1966

    The Zoo Story, Edward Albee – Mechels Miniatuur Teater

### 1968

    Saved, Edward Bond – Mechels Miniature Teater

### 1970

    Learn about Leather / Measure for Measure, William Shakespeare – Dutch Comedy

### 1973

    Oracles, with Andy Wolk (after Sophocles' Oedipus) – Camera Obscura
    Yerma, Federico García Lorca - Nederlands Toneel Gent (NTGent)

### 1975

    Grimm! (collaborative project about the Brothers Grimm – Schauspielhaus Hamburg

### 1980

    Wasteland (Simon Rozendaal Ensemble) – Ro Theater in collaboration with Werkcentrum Dans
    De Meiden, Jean Genet – Ro Theater

### 1983

    Aida, Giuseppe Verdi – Royal Ballet of Flanders, Antwerp Orchestra, and Flanders Opera

### 1984

    Jules Verne, Rob Scholten and Marijnen – Ro Theater, Stichting Noordelijk Theater de Voorziening
    Exit the King, Eugène Ionesco – NTGent

### 1985

    I Jan Cremer, Lennaert Nijgh (after Jan Cremer) – Ro Theater

### 1987

    Doktor Faust, libretto by Ferruccio Busoni – Dutch Opera Foundation
    King Lear, William Shakespeare – NTGent

### 1988

    Woyzeck, Georg Büchner – The National Theater

### 1989

    Orgy, Pier Paolo Pasolini – The Southern Theater

### 1991

    Endgame, Samuel Beckett – Royal Flemish Theater

### 1992

    Waiting for Godot, Samuel Beckett – The National Theater
    Bataille / bataille, Georges Bataille – North Dutch Theater

### 1993

    King Lear, William Shakespeare – Royal Flemish Theater

### 1994

    Oedipus, Hugo Claus (to Seneca) – Royal Flemish Theater
    In Kolonos, Hugo Claus (after Sophocles) – Royal Flemish Theater

### 1996

    Oresteia, Aeschylus – Royal Flemish Theater

### 2000

    Winter, Jon Fosse – The Arsenal

### 2008

    Red Rubber Balls, Peter Verhelst – The National Theater
    Glenn Gould, Marijnen – The National Theater

### 2010

    Pier Paolo Pasolini – PPP, Marijnen – The National Theater

### 2011

    The Threepenny Opera, Bertolt Brecht with music by Kurt Weill – The National Theater

### 2014

    Scarlatti, Marijnen – The Arsenal