OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# French ship Espoir

Four ships of the French Navy have borne the name of Espoir, in honour of hope.

## French ship named Espoir

* Espoir (1788), a Hasard-class brig-sloop (brig-aviso in French nomenclature)
* Espoir (1795), a storeship
* Espoir (1939), a police patrol boat
* Espoir (Q167, 1931), a Redoutable-class submarine
* Espoir and Liguria, with Gibraltar in the background. Aquatint by Nicholas Pocock, 1801
# Cecil Hunter-Rodwell

Sir Cecil William Hunter-Rodwell GCMG (29 December 1874 – 23 February 1953) was a British colonial administrator who served as Governor of Southern Rhodesia, British Guiana, and Fiji.

## Biography

Born in England, Rodwell attended Cheam School and Eton College and went up in 1892 to study at King's College, Cambridge, graduating with a BA in 1896. Upon the outbreak of the South African War, Rodwell joined the Suffolk Yeomanry and was awarded the Queen's Medal with two clasps for bravery.
Rodwell remained in South Africa after the war, working on the staff of Lord Milner, the British High Commissioner in South Africa, from 1901 to 1903 and as Imperial Secretary for the High Commission from 1903 to 1918, during which time he was made a CMG.
In 1918 Rodwell was appointed Governor of Fiji and High Commissioner for the Western Pacific, positions he held until 1924 when he was appointed Governor of British Guiana. During his term the Legislative Council of British Guiana was established and Rodwell did much to develop the economic resources of the colony.
In 1928 Rodwell was appointed Governor of Southern Rhodesia, where he left a controversial legacy. Remembered fondly by the white settlers (in one case he was referred to as a "top-hole person"), Rodwell's response to a plea by a Jesuit missionary for funds to build a hospital for the black community around Kutama College; "Why do you worry about a hospital? After all, there are too many natives in the country already", would have been concerning enough had it not been said in the presence of a young Robert Mugabe. Mugabe later said that he never forgot nor forgave Rodwell's response.
Rodwell returned to South Africa to work in the mining industry at the end of his term as Governor of South Rhodesia in 1934, serving on the board of directors of the oil company Ultramar. After retiring and moving to England Rodwell was appointed Controller of Industrial Diamonds in the Ministry of Supply in 1942, serving until 1945.
Rodwell died at his home near Ipswich, survived by his wife, three sons, and two daughters. He was appointed CMG in 1909, KCMG in 1919 and GCMG in 1934.
# Freundlich

Freundlich is a surname which may refer to:
* Bart Freundlich (born 1970), American film director, screenwriter and producer
* Herbert Freundlich (1880–1941), German chemist
* Irwin Freundlich (1908–1977), US music teacher and academician
* Jeff Lindsay (writer), pen name of Jeffry Freundlich (born 1952), American author
* Otto Freundlich (1878–1943), German artist
# Cedar Hill, Frederick County, Virginia

Cedar Hill is an unincorporated community in northern Frederick County, Virginia, United States. Cedar Hill is located to northwest of Clear Brook off Cedar Hill Road along Browns Lane.
# Center for Advanced Materials

The Center for Advanced Materials (CAM) is a research center at Qatar University that hosts faculty members and researchers involved in advanced materials research. It provides the opportunities for collaborative research projects between academic and industry experts, as well between faculty members and students. The Center for Advanced Materials works under Qatar University's Office of Vice President for Research and Graduate Studies. CAM's research clusters are broadly grouped into the following areas: Metallurgy, Sustainable Materials, Corrosion, Polymer Materials and Renewable Energy Resources.
In 2022, the UNESCO established a Chair on desalination at Qatar University and hosted in CAM to study water security in the Gulf region and to adapt to drought due to climate changes; The Chair contributes to capacity development to meet the UN SDG6.
# Centauro event

A Centauro event is a kind of anomalous event observed in cosmic-ray detectors since 1972. They are so named because their shape resembles that of a centaur: i.e., highly asymmetric.
If some versions of string theory are correct, then high-energy cosmic rays could create black holes when they collide with molecules in the Earth's atmosphere. These black holes would be tiny, with a mass of around 10 micrograms. They would also be unstable enough to explode in a burst of particles within around 10$^{−27}$ seconds.
Theodore Tomaras, a physicist at the University of Crete in Heraklion, Greece, and his Russian collaborators hypothesize that these miniature black holes could explain certain anomalous observations made by cosmic-ray detectors in the Bolivian Andes and on a mountain in Tajikistan.
In 1972, the Andean detector registered a cascade that was strangely rich in charged, quark-based particles; far more particles were detected in the bottom portion of the detector than in the top portion.
In years since, the detectors in Bolivia and Tajikistan have detected more than 40 Centauro events. Various explanations have been suggested. One possible explanation might be if the strong force between particles behaves unusually when they have extremely high energies.
Exploding black holes are also a possibility. The team calculated what signal a detector would register if a cosmic ray creates a miniature black hole that explodes nearby. The researchers' prediction is consistent with the observed Centauro events.
The Tomaras team hopes that computer simulations of mini-black holes exploding, and further observations, will solve the puzzle.

## Solution to the Centauro puzzle

In 2003 an international team of researches from Russia and Japan found out that the mysterious observation from mountain-top cosmic ray experiments can be explained with conventional physics.
The new analysis of Centauro I reveals that there is a difference in the arrival angle between the upper block and lower block events, so the two are not products of the same interaction. That leaves only the lower chamber data connected to the Centauro I event. In other words, the man-horse analogy becomes redundant. There is only an obvious "tail", and no "head". The original detector setup had gaps between neighboring blocks in the upper chamber. Linear dimensions of gaps were comparable to the geometrical size of the event. The signal observed in the lower detector was similar to an ordinary interaction occurred at low altitude above the chamber, thus providing a natural solution: passing of a cascade of particles through a gap between the upper blocks.
In 2005 it was shown that "other Centauro events" can be explained by peculiarities of the Chacaltaya detector. So-called "exotic signal" observed so far in cosmic ray experiments using a traditional X-ray emulsion chamber detector can be consistently explained within the framework of standard physics.
# Fredin

Fredin is a Swedish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Edvard Fredin (1857–1889), Swedish playwright, actor, reviewer, and translator
* Hans Fredin (born 1966), Swedish swimmer
* Ingegärd Fredin (1930–2020), Swedish swimmer
# Central Philharmonic Orchestra

The Central Philharmonic (Chinese: 中央乐团; pinyin: Zhōngyāng Yuètuán) is a symphony orchestra (with chorus, chamber orchestra, and group of soloists) based in Beijing, China. Its predecessor was the Central Opera Company Orchestra. In 1996, it was renamed the China National Symphony Orchestra.
The orchestra's first director was Zheng Xiaoying. Other directors have included Li Delun and Yan Liangkun [zh] (严良堃). During the 1970s, Wang Jianzhong was its composer-in-residence.
The orchestra has performed in China, Hong Kong, and Macau, as well as the United States, Spain, South Korea, and Taiwan. It has given the first performances of many new compositions by Chinese composers.
Notable works produced by the orchestra include the Yellow River Cantata and Yellow River Piano Concerto.
# Center for Architecture, Science and Ecology

The Center for Architecture, Science and Ecology (CASE) is a research facility of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI). It is a joint project of RPI and architecture firm Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM). It is located SOM's Wall Street offices in Lower Manhattan.
# Friedrich Wilhelm Riemer

Friedrich Wilhelm Riemer (19 April 1774 – 19 December 1845) was a German scholar and literary historian. He worked in the households of Wilhelm von Humboldt and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

## Biography

Riemer was born at Glatz. He studied theology and philology at Halle, was a tutor in the family of Wilhelm von Humboldt from 1801 to 1803, and then for nine years lived with Goethe as his literary assistant and his son's tutor. In 1812, he became professor at the Weimar gymnasium; from 1814 to 1820 he was assistant librarian, and from 1837 to his death he was librarian-in-chief at Weimar.

## Works

Riemer published some poetry, a Greek lexicon (1802–04), and Mitteilungen über Goethe (Notifications of Goethe, 1841). He edited the correspondence between Goethe and Carl Friedrich Zelter (Briefwechsel zwischen Goethe und Zelter, 1833–34), and his own correspondence with Goethe was published in two volumes, Briefe von und an Goethe (1846) and in Aus dem Goethehause (1892, edited by Franz Ferdinand Heitmüller).
# Friedrich Wilhelm Scanzoni von Lichtenfels

Friedrich Wilhelm Scanzoni von Lichtenfels (21 December 1821 – 12 June 1891) was a German gynecologist and obstetrician born in Prague, in the Austrian Empire.
He studied medicine in Prague, and spent most of his professional career as chair of obstetrics (1850–1888) at the University of Würzburg, where he succeeded Franz Kiwisch von Rotterau.
Scanzoni was a leading authority of obstetrics in 19th-century Europe. He is best remembered today for the birthing procedure known as the "Scanzoni maneuver". In 1849 he was a major factor in the appointment of Rudolf Virchow to the chair of pathological anatomy at the University of Würzburg. He was an ardent critic of Ignaz Semmelweis. However, in later years, he became convinced Semmelweis was correct, even if he did not like to admit it.

## Associated eponyms

* "Scanzoni maneuver": (Scanzoni forceps technique) A method of applying an obstetrical forceps in order to rotate a fetus.
* "Scanzoni's second os": (pathologic retraction ring) A constriction at the junction of the thinned lower uterine segment with the thick retracted upper uterine segment. This condition results from obstructed labor, and is a sign of threatened rupture of the uterus.

## Selected writings

* Die geburtshilflichen Operationen (The obstetrical operation), 1852.
* Beiträge zur Geburtskunde und Gynäkologie (Contribution to obstetrics and gynecology), seven volumes (1854–73).
* Die Krankheiten der weiblichen Brüste und Harnwerkzeuge, second edition 1859.
* Kompendium der Geburtshilfe (Compendium of midwifery), second edition 1861.
* Die chronische Metritis (Chronic metritis), 1863.
* Lehrbuch für Geburtshilfe (Textbook for obstetrics), fourth edition 1867.
* Lehrbuch der Krankheiten der weiblichen Sexualorgane (Textbook on diseases of the female sex organs), fifth edition 1875.
# Frigidoalvania brychia

Frigidoalvania brychia is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.

## Distribution

The species has been reported from Saguenay Fjord and Gulf of Saint Lawrence in Canada as well as the Gulf of Maine in the North Atlantic Ocean.

## Description

The maximum recorded shell length is 5 mm.

## Habitat

Minimum recorded depth is 186 m. Maximum recorded depth is 2359 m.
# Center for Medicine in the Public Interest

The Center for Medicine in the Public Interest (CMPI) is a non-profit medical issues research group. It was founded by the "free-market think tank" Pacific Research Institute. CMPI's research agenda deals with clinical outcomes and econometric studies that analyze the value of new medicines and genomic and molecular-based medical innovation.
CMPI is a 501(c)(3) organization and as such is not permitted to devote a substantial part of its activity to lobbying. Its officers have written articles on various issues including price controls on pharmaceutical products in publicly funded healthcare schemes in the United States, and restrictions on advertising in the European Union. The Economist Intelligence Unit has written that the organisation generally takes a pro-drug industry viewpoint.

## Issues
### Universal healthcare

CMMPI is a strong opponent of universal healthcare and favors a free-market approach to health care policy. The center created a website called BigGovHealth.org to tell the stories of people who faced difficulties with the health care systems in Europe and Canada. The site also included interviews with health policy experts in Europe and Canada. The website is no longer up, now showing a page where you can offer to purchase the domain.

### Drug imports

The group opposes the importation of drugs in order to lower prices in the United States, arguing in part that Canadian pharmaceutical companies' products are dangerous because they are not regulated by the FDA but by foreign government agencies.

## Personnel

CMPI was founded by Peter Pitts, former FDA Associate Commissioner for External Relations under the Bush administration, and Dr. Robert Goldberg, former fellow at the Manhattan Institute.
CMPI Senior Fellows include:
* Marc Siegel
* Doug Badger
* John F. P. Bridges
* Jacob Arfwedson

## Funding

Funders include PhRMA and Pfizer.

## Reports

CMPI has published studies on the value of new cancer drugs, the cost-effectiveness of certain Alzheimer's treatments, evidence-based medicine, and drug counterfeiting.
# Ceratina cockerelli

Ceratina cockerelli is a species of small carpenter bee in the family Apidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea and North America.
# Frisilia compsostoma

Frisilia compsostoma is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1921. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo's former Katanga Province and in Zimbabwe.
The wingspan is about 17 mm. The forewings are pale ochreous, on the posterior half thinly sprinkled with dark fuscous, the subdorsal furrow yellowish anteriorly and the base of the costa dark fuscous. The discal stigmata are small and blackish. The hindwings are grey.
# Fresno shootings

Fresno shootings may refer to:
* Fresno meat plant shooting
* 2017 Fresno shootings, which occurred at a Motel 6 and the downtown area
* 2019 Fresno shooting, which occurred at a football watch party
# Century Rain

Century Rain is a 2004 noir science fiction alternative history mystery novel by Welsh author Alastair Reynolds (ISBN 0-575-07436-1).

## Plot summary

Wendell Floyd is an expatriate American living in an alternative version of 1950s Paris. In this world, the Nazi invasion of France failed, and Hitler was deposed by the German High Command. Without World War II, technology in this world has stagnated at 1930s levels, and Fascist political parties have gained power in France. Floyd is a part-time jazz musician whose career has stalled since his ex-girlfriend, Greta, left Paris to pursue a musical career touring with another jazz band. He and his band-mate André Custine earn a supplemental income working as private detectives. When the novel opens, Floyd and Custine are hired by a concerned landlord to investigate the death of one of his tenants. Blanchard, the landlord, is certain that the death of Susan White, which the Parisian police have written off as an accident, is murder. Floyd is not so certain, but he's willing to investigate.
In a scene seemingly from another novel, Verity Auger finds herself responsible when her archaeology dig beneath the frozen ruins of some far-flung future Paris results in the death of one of her students. During her trial she is caught up in political infighting, and maneuvered into accepting a high risk assignment, without knowing what it entails.
But when she is summoned on a mission to Mars by the top-secret security agency Contingencies, Auger is more than relieved to be exempt from her tribunal and the years of prison that she would otherwise have to face. However, when she is taken to a secret underground base on the Martian moon Phobos containing an ancient alien relic that opens a portal to a distant part of the galaxy, and told that she is to go through it, she begins to have second thoughts about continuing with her mission. Things get even more bizarre when she finds out that at the other end of the portal is an alternative-history version of Earth in the year 1959 – almost 300 years behind her present-day – and that she is to retrieve a tin of documents that was left behind by Susan White, an earlier agent sent to "Earth Two", who died under mysterious circumstances.

## Reviews

* Cassada, Jackie. "Century Rain." Library Journal 130.11 (15 June 2005): 66–66.
* "Century Rain." Publishers Weekly 252.19 (9 May 2005): 51–51.
* Schroeder, Regina. "Century Rain." Booklist 101.19/20 (June 2005): 1769–1769.
* "CENTURY RAIN." Entertainment Weekly (8 July 2005): 73–73.
* "CENTURY RAIN." Science Fact & Science Fiction Concatenation (15 April 2009): vol 19 (3).
# Frittole

Frittole may refer to:
* Frittole (meat dish), a Calabrian pork parts dish
* Frittole (doughnut), a sweet originating in the northern Adriatic
# Friars Square

Friars Square is a shopping centre located in the town centre of Aylesbury. The landlord is the Buckinghamshire Council, and managed by Montagu Evans.
The shopping centre is a mixed-use development, incorporating elements of a previous shopping centre development of the same name. Friars Square includes over 60 shops and restaurants, offices, 400-space multi-storey car park and bus station. The Cloisters indoor market was closed in 2012. to make store space for H&M and space for a gym The centre is anchored by House of Fraser.

## History

The original Friars Square (or Friar's Square) was created in the 1960s as the Aylesbury Town Centre Redevelopment. It transformed the south-west part of the town centre including the Market Square and Silver Street areas. The first phase opened in 1967, it included a number of shops in an open-air pedestrian only area, and included a new location for the town's market. The second phase which included Woolworths and the bus station opened in 1969.
The Cadena cafe, which later became a Wimpy, was housed in a modern architectural pavilion over the open market.
The current shopping centre was formally opened in 1993 at a cost of £70m, following the closure and extension of the previous town centre development of the same name. The redevelopment was designed by Stanley Bragg Architects. The large Woolworth building was integrated into the development, to house the new anchor store (now House of Fraser) and the library.
In 2007 the centre was sold by F&C Property Asset Management to Multiplex. In 2011, ownership passed to Royal Bank of Scotland's West Register asset division, as the newly merged Brookfield Multiplex subsequently moved out of the UK retail market following its acquisition of Multiplex. RBS had previously provided the debt for Multiplex to buy Friars Square for £89.5 million.
In 2012, the vacant office building was proposed to be converted into 50 apartments.
In January 2013, a branch of clothing chain H&M opened in Friars Square, on the site of the old madhouse clothing store. The HMV store which was closed on 11 February 2012 office shoes now occupies the store. In September 2013, a branch of rival clothing chain Topshop opened in Friars Square, in a newly constructed part in the middle of the main shopping mall. That closed down, and JD Sports now occupies the space.
In October 2017, a branch of Smiggle specialising in stationery products opened.
In June 2018 the Friars Square security team won Security Team of the Year title at the annual SCEPTRE Awards at the Dorchester in London.
# Cerverí de Girona

Cerverí de Girona (Catalan pronunciation:; fl. 1259 – 1285) was a Catalan troubadour born Guillem de Cervera in Girona. He was the most prolific troubadour, leaving behind some 114 lyric poems among other works, including an ensenhamen of proverbs for his son, totaling about 130. He was a court poet to James the Conqueror and Peter the Great. He wrote pastorelas and sirventes and his overriding concern was the complexities of court life. None of his music survives.
Cerverí spent some time under the patronage and at the court of Hugh IV and Henry II of Rodez. He was in Spain in 1269, for he is found that year in the entourage of the then-infante Peter the Great. With fellow troubadours Folquet de Lunel and Dalfinet he accompanied Peter to Toledo. On 26 April at Riello, near Cuenca, he received one solidus for his services. Cerverí's Cobla en sis lengatges ("Verse in six languages") copied the metre of either Folquet's Al bon rey q'es reys de pretz car or Sordel's Bel m'es ab motz leugiers a far.
Cerverí wrote Si per tristor, per dol no per cossir, a planh, on 26 August 1276 for the death of James the Conqueror. It is direct and almost personal. The troubadour asks the Virgin Mary to show as much mercy to James as he showed on earth, referring to his establishing the Mercedarian Order in Barcelona. The poet Matieu de Caersi wrote a very different planh, Tant suy marritz que no.m puese alegrar, for James, moralising and religious in tone.

## Sources

* Cabré, Miriam. Cerverí de Girona: un trobador al servei de Pere el Gran. Barcelona-Palma: Universitat de Barcelona-Universitat de les Illes Balears, 2011. ISBN 978-84-475-3513-2.
* Cabré, Miriam. Cerverí de Girona and his Poetic Traditions. London: Tamesis, 1999. ISBN 978-1-85566-042-7.
* Gaunt, Simon, and Kay, Sarah. "Appendix I: Major Troubadours" (pp. 279–291). The Troubadours: An Introduction. Simon Gaunt and Sarah Kay, edd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-521-57473-0.
* Riquer, Martín de. Los trovadores: historia literaria y textos. 3 vol. Barcelona: Planeta, 1975.
# Cervical polyp

A cervical polyp is a common benign polyp or tumour on the surface of the cervical canal. They can cause irregular menstrual bleeding but often show no symptoms. Treatment consists of simple removal of the polyp and prognosis is generally good. About 1% of cervical polyps will show neoplastic change which may lead to cancer. They are most common in post-menarche, pre-menopausal women who have been pregnant.

## Signs and symptoms

Cervical polyps often show no symptoms. Where there are symptoms, they include intermenstrual bleeding, abnormally heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia), vaginal bleeding in post-menopausal women, bleeding after sex and thick white vaginal or yellowish discharge (leukorrhoea).

## Cause

The cause of cervical polyps is uncertain, but they are often associated with inflammation of the cervix. They may also occur as a result of raised levels of estrogen or clogged cervical blood vessels.

## Diagnosis

Cervical polyps can be seen during a pelvic examination as red or purple projections from the cervical canal. Diagnosis can be confirmed by a cervical biopsy which will reveal the nature of the cells present.

### Structure

Cervical polyps are finger-like growths, generally less than 1 cm in diameter. They are generally bright red in colour, with a spongy texture. They may be attached to the cervix by a stalk (pedunculated) and occasionally prolapse into the vagina where they can be mistaken for endometrial polyps or submucosal fibroids.

## Treatment

Cervical polyps can be removed using ring forceps. They can also be removed by tying surgical string around the polyp and cutting it off. The remaining base of the polyp can then be removed using a laser or by cauterisation. If the polyp is infected, an antibiotic may be prescribed.

## Prognosis

99% of cervical polyps will remain benign and 1% will at some point show neoplastic change. Cervical polyps are unlikely to regrow.

## Epidemiology

Cervical polyps are most common in women who have had children and perimenopausal women. They are rare in pre-menstrual girls and uncommon in post-menopausal women.