OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Charles Kaman

Charles Huron Kaman (/kəˈmɑːn/ kə-MAHN; June 15, 1919 – January 31, 2011) was an American aeronautical engineer, businessman, inventor, and philanthropist, known for his work in rotary-wing flight and also in musical instrument design via the Kaman Music Corporation.

## Biography

Charles Huron Kaman was born in 1919 to Charles William Kaman and Mabel Davis Kaman in Washington, D.C., the son of a construction supervisor. He later attended Catholic University of America, gaining an engineering degree magna cum laude in 1940.

### Helicopters

Kaman's first aircraft experience was working for Igor Sikorsky. In 1945, he started his own aircraft company, Kaman Aircraft, to pursue his own designs. In January 1947, the Kaman K-125 helicopter first flew. It utilized intermeshing rotors and Kaman's patented servo-flap rotor control. The Kaman K-225, first flown in 1951, also used intermeshing rotors with servo-flap control and was the world's first helicopter to be powered by a gas turbine.

### Business

Kaman was an aficionado of the guitar, and in 1966, he founded Ovation Instruments. The company would become the Ovation Guitar Company and developed an acoustic guitar using aerospace composite materials, featuring a rounded back design. Kaman also founded Kaman Industrial Technologies, one of the largest industrial distributors in North America. He and his second wife, Roberta, created the Fidelco Guide Dog Foundation, and developed a breed of German Shepherd to act as guide dogs.

### Marriage and children

Kaman's first wife was the former Helen Sylvander. They married in 1945 and divorced in 1971. Later in 1971 he remarried, to Roberta Hallock, who died in 2010. He had three children — C. William Kaman, II; Steven W. Kaman; and Mrs. Cathleen Kaman Wood.

### Death

Kaman died in Bloomfield, Connecticut, on January 31, 2011, at the age of 91. He had suffered from Alzheimer's disease in his last years.

## Awards

Kaman was awarded honorary degrees by the University of Connecticut, the University of Hartford, and the University of Colorado. His other honors included:
* National Inventors Hall of Fame (2003)
* Honorary Fellow of the American Helicopter Society (1950)
* Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy (1997)
* National Medal of Technology (1996)
* Naval Aviation Hall of Honor at the National Naval Aviation Museum (1996)
* Department of Defense Distinguished Public Service Medal (1995)
* Honorary Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society (1995)
* Kaman's K-225 helicopter is displayed in the Smithsonian Institution's Vertical Flight exhibition at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, VA. This design was the first helicopter to fly with a gas turbine-driven transmission. <Smithsonian Article on Kaman/13>
* International Air & Space Hall of Fame inductee (1999)
# Gangs of New York (disambiguation)

Gangs of New York is a 2002 historical film inspired by Asbury's book, directed by Martin Scorsese.
Gangs of New York may also refer to:
* Gangs of New York (1938 film), an American film directed by James Cruze
* The Gangs of New York (book), Herbert Asbury's 1928 nonfiction book
* Gangs of New York: Music from the Miramax Motion Picture, the soundtrack album for Scorsese's film
# Charles John Holt

Charles John Holt may refer to:
* Jack Holt (actor)
* Tim Holt, his actor grandson
# Gary Winter

Gary Winter (born 28 April 1977) is a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 2000s. He played as a second-row forward for the Northern Eagles and Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles in the NRL.

## Playing career

Winter was a Narrabeen junior. In round 7 of the 2002 NRL season, on his 25th birthday, Winter made his NRL debut for the Northern Eagles in their 34–16 loss to the Wests Tigers at Leichhardt Oval. He spent the majority of the season playing for the Eagles' NSW Cup side.
At the end of the 2002 season, the Northern Eagles were dissolved with the Manly club announcing that they had applied to the NRL to once again be a stand-alone club returning to the top grade for the first time since 1999. Winter played with the Sea Eagles until he was released from the club at the end of the 2003 season.

## Statistics
### NRL

    Statistics are correct to the end of the 2003 season
| Season | Team | Matches | T | G | GK % | F/G | Pts |
| 2002 | Northern Eagles | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2003 | Manly | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Career totals | Career totals | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
# Chavaughn Walsh

Chavaughn Camarley Walsh (born 29 December 1987) is an Antigua and Barbuda sprinter. He competed in the 4 × 100 metres relay event at the 2015 World Championships in Beijing finishing sixth in the final.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Antigua and Barbuda ||||||
| 2013 | Central American and Caribbean Championships | Morelia, Mexico | 18th (h) | 100 m | 10.54 |
| 2013 | Central American and Caribbean Championships | Morelia, Mexico | 23rd (h) | 200 m | 22.08 |
| 2014 | Commonwealth Games | Glasgow, United Kingdom | 50th (h) | 100 m | 10.88 |
| 2015 | IAAF World Relays | Nassau, Bahamas | 6th (B) | 4 × 100 m relay | 39.25 |
| 2015 | Pan American Games | Toronto, Canada | 1st (h) | 4 × 100 m relay | 38.14$^1$ |
| 2015 | World Championships | Beijing, China | 6th | 4 × 100 m relay | 38.61 |
| 2016 | World Indoor Championships | Portland, United States | 13th (sf) | 60 m | 6.61 |
| 2016 | Olympic Games | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 12th (h) | 4 × 100 m relay | 38.44 |
| 2017 | IAAF World Relays | Nassau, Bahamas | – | 4 × 100 m relay | DNF |
| 2017 | IAAF World Relays | Nassau, Bahamas | 8th (h) | 4 × 200 m relay | 1:24.33 |
| 2017 | World Championships | London, United Kingdom | 11th (p) | 100 m | 10.44 |
$^1$Disqualified in the final

## Personal bests

Outdoor
* 100 metres – 10.22 (+1.8 m/s, San Marcos 2015)
* 200 metres – 20.85 (-0.1 m/s, Houston 2015)
Indoor
* 60 metres – 6.59 (Houston 2016)
* 200 metres – 21.05 (College Station 2015)
# Chaturdasa Devata

The Chaturdasa Devata or Fourteen Gods is the Shaivite Hindu pantheon worshipped in the Indian state of Tripura.

## Overview

According to traditions, the origin for the worship of these deities was contemporary to the setting of the Mahabharata, during the reign of Yudhishthira. They state that the god Shiva, after the death of Tripur (one of Tripura's legendary ancient kings), promised to grant a son and heir to his widow. However, the god stipulated that worship of the Chaturdasa Devata be duly and regularly observed in the kingdom in return. Historically, it is believed that the indigenous Tripuri people of Tripura had adjusted their native culture and religion with that of Hinduism when the latter's influence reached the region. The non-Brahman high priests, the Chantai, continued to minister their rites and rituals, but absorbed the important Hindu deities, resulting in their national pantheon transforming into the Chaturdasa Devata, with the deities being identified with a corresponding Brahmanical name.
They became the family deities of the Manikya dynasty, the former rulers of Tripura. Human sacrifices were made in their honour under monarchs such as Deva Manikya and his son Vijaya Manikya, though this practice had died out by the latter half of the 1600s. The following century, the present temple dedicated to the deities was built in Agartala by Krishna Manikya, though an earlier structure had existed in the old capital Udaipur.
Worship of the Chatursasa Devata still continues in Tripura. Their festival, the Kharchi puja, is among the most prominent in the state, taking place over the course of a week in July. The first day of the celebration is declared a holiday by the government.

## List of deities

Deities of the Chatursasa Devata :
| | Name | Brahmanic equivalent | Role |
| 1. | Hara | Shiva | the Destroyer |
| 2. | Uma | Durga | Shiva's consort |
| 3. | Hari | Vishnu | the Preserver |
| 4. | Ma | Lakshmi | Vishnu's consort and the Goddess of prosperity |
| 5. | Bani | Sarasvati | Goddess of knowledge |
| 6. | Kumara | Kartikeya | God of war |
| 7. | Ganapa | Ganesha | God of wisdom |
| 8. | Biddhu | Chandra | the Moon |
| 9. | Ka | Brahma | the Creator |
| 10. | Abdhi | Samudra | God of the ocean |
| 11. | Ganga | Ganga | the river Ganges |
| 12. | Sekhi | Agni | God of fire |
| 13. | Kama | Kamadeva | God of love |
| 14. | Himadri | Himavat | the Himalayan mountains |
# Chaturbhuj Temple

Chaturbhuj Temple may refer to one of a number of temples at various locations:
* Chaturbhuj Temple, Khajuraho, the temple at Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh
* Chaturbhuj Temple, Orchha, the temple located at Orchha in Madhya Pradesh
* Chaturbhuj Temple, Gwalior, the temple at Gwalior Fort, Madhya Pradesh
# Charley Rogers

Charles Rogers (15 January 1887 – 20 December 1956) was an English film actor, director and screenwriter best known for his association with Laurel and Hardy. He was born in Birmingham, Warwickshire, England, and was the son of provincial English playwright Charles Rogers, and brother of actors John Rogers and Gerald Rogers.
In 1928, he joined the Laurel and Hardy crew on the Hal Roach lot, where he worked as an actor, writer, and ultimately director. Although he was known informally as "Charley," he was always billed on screen under his given name, Charles Rogers.
In 1931, Rogers was paired with Roach performer Charlie Hall in a short subject, Hopping Off (1931). The short was never released, and the remaining footage can be seen briefly in The Boy Friends short Wild Babies (1932).
In the 1940s, as an actor, Rogers was teamed briefly with Harry Langdon in feature films and with Andy Clyde for a few short comedies. Following this, Rogers became a writer for television and radio.
In 1956, Rogers died in Los Angeles, California, following injuries sustained in an automobile accident.

## Partial filmography

* Oliver Twist (1912) - Artful Dodger
* A Ticket to Red Horse Gulch (1914, Short)
* The Woman God Forgot (1917) - Cacamo
* The Light of Western Stars (1918) - Danny Marns
* Two Tars (1928, Short) - Motorist with Bent Fenders
* Habeas Corpus (1928, Short) - Ledoux - the Butler
* Double Whoopee (1929, Short) - Prime Minister (uncredited)
* Perfect Day (1929, Short) - The Parson (uncredited)
* Our Wife (1931, Short) - Finlayson's Butler (uncredited)
* Pardon Us (1931) - Insurgent Convict (uncredited)
* Pack Up Your Troubles (1932) - Rogers (uncredited)
* Fra Diavolo (1933)
* The Live Ghost (1934, Short)
* Going Bye-Bye! (1934, Short)
* Them Thar Hills (1934, Short)
* Babes in Toyland (1934) - Simple Simon (uncredited)
* Bonnie Scotland (1935)
* Tit for Tat (1935, Short)
* The Bohemian Girl (1936)
* Our Relations (1936)
* Way Out West (1937)
* Block-Heads (1938)
* The Flying Deuces (1939)
* A Chump at Oxford (1940)
* Saps at Sea (1940)
* Double Trouble (1941) - Alfred 'Alf' Prattle
* House of Errors (1942) - Alf
* They Raid by Night (1942) - Sgt. Harry Hall
* That Nazty Nuisance (1943) - Josef Goebbels (uncredited)
* The Dancing Masters (1943) - Butler (uncredited)
* Air Raid Wardens (1943)
* God's Country (1946) - Lumberjack (uncredited)
* Limelight (1952) - Man in Saloon (uncredited)
# Gary Lynn Harris

Gary Lynn Harris (1953 – 2020) was a professor of electrical engineering at Howard University and director of that school's National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network facility. His research involved semiconductor fabrication of electronic and optical materials. He was one of the first two African Americans to receive a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cornell University, along with Michael Spencer.

## Life

Gary Lynn Harris received a B.S. in 1975, and an M.S. in 1976, for electrical engineering. From 1977 to 1980, he was an associate with the National Research and Resource Facility for Sumicron Structures (NRRFSS). From 1981 to 1982, he was a visiting scientist at the Naval Research Laboratory. In 1980 he became an associate professor at Howard University. In 1984 he became a consultant to the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Harris remained a professor of electrical engineering at Howard University. He directed the school's National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network node, one of 14 in the nation. He was Dean of the Graduate School and Associate Provost for Research at Howard. Gary Harris died on Monday, October 26, 2020.

## Notable works

* Gary Lynn Harris (1992). Amorphous and crystalline silicon carbide IV: proceedings of the 4th international conference, Santa Clara, CA, October 9-11, 1991. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-55687-9.
* Mahmud Mahmudur Rahman; Cary Y.-W. Yang; Gary Lynn Harris (1989). Amorphous and crystalline silicon carbide II recent developments: proceedings of the 2nd International Conference, Santa Clara, CA, December 15-16, 1988. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 9780387516561.
* Gary Lynn Harris (1980). An experimental study of capless annealing of ion implanted gallium-arsenide. Cornell University, August.
* Gary Lynn Harris (1 November 2005). Properties of Silicon Carbide. Institution of Engineering & Technology. ISBN 978-0-86341-554-8.
# Charles Quatermaine

Charles Quatermaine (30 December 1877 in Richmond, Surrey – August 1958 in Sussex) was a British stage and film actor. He also appeared on Broadway. He was the second husband of actress Mary Forbes, and brother of Leon Quartermaine.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1919 | Westward Ho! | Don Guzman | |
| 1919 | The Lady Clare | Marquis of Hartlepool | |
| 1920 | The Auction Mart | Jacqueline's Father | |
| 1920 | The Face at the Window | Lucien deGradoff | |
| 1924 | The Eleventh Commandment | James Mountford | |
| 1929 | The Thirteenth Chair | Dr. Philip Mason | |
| 1929 | The Bishop Murder Case | John Pardee | |
| 1930 | Redemption | Artimiev | (scenes deleted) |
| 1931 | A Man of Mayfair | Dalton | |
| 1935 | Drake of England | Parson Fletcher | |
# Chavannes-sur-Reyssouze

Chavannes-sur-Reyssouze (French pronunciation:, literally Chavannes on Reyssouze) is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.
# Charlie Vignoles

Charles L. Vignoles (date of birth not known — 26 July 1976) was an Anglo-Argentine first-class cricketer.
Vignoles played first-class cricket for Argentina in January 1938, making two appearances against Sir T. E. W. Brinckman's XI. Playing as a middle order batsman, he scored 75 runs in his two matches, with a highest score of 45; this score came in his first match at the Hurlingham Club. Vignoles died at La Cumbre in Córdoba Province in July 1976.
# Gauff Hill, Pennsylvania

Gauff Hill is an unincorporated community in the extreme eastern Salisbury Township in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania. It is part of the Lehigh Valley, which has a population of 861,899 and was the 68th-most populous metropolitan area in the U.S. as of the 2020 census.
Gauff Hill is located at the head of a valley between arms of South Mountain to the north and south and is separated from the Lehigh River by the former. The East Branch Trout Creek starts just east of the village and flows west to join the South Branch in Allentown to become the Trout Creek, a tributary of the Lehigh River.
Gauff Hill is located at the junction of the two roads connecting the south sides of Allentown and Bethlehem, Emaus Avenue and Susquehanna Street. These two roads form a triangle intersection with Seidersville Road and join to become Broadway, which continues via Fountain Hill to Bethlehem.
The lines dividing the addresses and telephone exchanges between Allentown and Bethlehem both split the village, which uses area code 610. The Allentown and Bethlehem zip codes serving Gauff Hill are 18103 and 18015, respectively.
# Gaussian grid

A Gaussian grid is used in the earth sciences as a gridded horizontal coordinate system for scientific modeling on a sphere (i.e., the approximate shape of the Earth). The grid is rectangular, with a set number of orthogonal coordinates (usually latitude and longitude).
At a given latitude (or parallel), the gridpoints are equally spaced. On the contrary along a longitude (or meridian) the gridpoints are unequally spaced. The spacing between grid points is defined by Gaussian quadrature. By contrast, in the "normal" geographic latitude-longitude grid, gridpoints are equally spaced along both latitudes and longitudes. Gaussian grids also have no grid points at the poles.
In a regular Gaussian grid, the number of gridpoints along the longitudes is constant, usually double the number along the latitudes. In a reduced (or thinned) Gaussian grid, the number of gridpoints in the rows decreases towards the poles, which keeps the gridpoint separation approximately constant across the sphere.

## Examples of Gaussian grids

* CCCma global climate models of climate change
** [96×48]
** [128×64]
* European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
** 192×96
** 320×160
** 512×256
** 640×320
** 800×400
** 1024×512
** 1600×800
** 2048×1024
** 2560×1280
* Features for ERA-40 grids Archived 2016-09-25 at the Wayback Machine
# Gastrotheca antoniiochoai

Gastrotheca antoniiochoai is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Peru and only known from near its type locality near the Wayqecha Biological Station (Cusco Region). It has been collected from cloud forest at elevations of about 2,817–2,845 m (9,242–9,334 ft) above sea level. It appears to be an arboreal species living in bromeliads. The species occurs in the Manú National Park and does not face significant threats.
# Gastrotheca angustifrons

Gastrotheca angustifrons is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and rivers. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Gastrotheca argenteovirens

Gastrotheca argenteovirens is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Colombia and occurs in the Colombian Massif, Cordillera Central, and Cordillera Occidental in the Quindío, Tolima, Valle del Cauca, Cauca, and Nariño Departments. Common name Popayan marsupial frog has been coined for it.

## Description

Adult males measure 42–56 mm (1.7–2.2 in) and adult females 42–65 mm (1.7–2.6 in) in snout–vent length. The head is slightly wider than it is long. The snout bluntly rounded in dorsal view and truncate (or nearly so) in profile. The tympanum is brown. The finger discs are much wider than the digits. The toes are about half-webbed. The dorsum is tan or green. It is uniform or with dark brown longitudinal paravertebral markings and/or dark flecks. The flanks are brown or green, turning blue with black spots in the groin. The ventrum is creamy gray, usually with black flecks.

## Habitat and conservation

Gastrotheca argenteovirens occurs in Andean forests and sub-paramos at elevations of 1,650–3,300 m (5,410–10,830 ft) above sea level. It occurs both inside the forest and next to streams, and can also occur in open areas, pastures, and human disturbed areas. The female broods the eggs in her back and carries the tadpoles to small pools for further development.
Gastrotheca argenteovirens is a very common and adaptable species. It is not facing any major threats.
# Gastrotheca atympana

Gastrotheca atympana is a species of frog in the family Hemiphractidae. It is endemic to Peru and only known from its type locality in the Pampa Hermosa National Sanctuary, Junín Region. It lacks an external tympanum, hence the specific name atympana.

## Description

The holotype, an adult male, measured 47 mm (1.9 in) in snout–vent length. External tympanum is lacking. The dorsum and flanks are pale gray. There are orange-brown markings with narrow, dark brown edges. The dorsal skin is finely shagreen. The iris is pale yellowish tan above and pale gray below and has black reticulations.

## Habitat and conservation

Gastrotheca atympana inhabits humid montane primary forest at about 1,540 m (5,050 ft) above sea level. It has been collected in dense forest on tree branches some 1.2 meters above the ground.
Gastrotheca atympana is only known from two individuals collected in 2003 and 2004, despite regular searches. Outside the Pampa Hermosa National Sanctuary, potential threats to this species are illegal logging, slash and burn agriculture, mining activities and road construction. There is a risk of these activities to encroach the reserve.
# Cheeger constant

In Riemannian geometry, the Cheeger isoperimetric constant of a compact Riemannian manifold M is a positive real number h(M) defined in terms of the minimal area of a hypersurface that divides M into two disjoint pieces. In 1971, Jeff Cheeger proved an inequality that related the first nontrivial eigenvalue of the Laplace–Beltrami operator on M to h(M). In 1982, Peter Buser proved a reverse version of this inequality, and the two inequalities put together are sometimes called the Cheeger-Buser inequality. These inequalities were highly influential not only in Riemannian geometry and global analysis, but also in the theory of Markov chains and in graph theory, where they have inspired the analogous Cheeger constant of a graph and the notion of conductance.

## Definition

Let M be an n-dimensional closed Riemannian manifold. Let V(A) denote the volume of an n-dimensional submanifold A and S(E) denote the n−1-dimensional volume of a submanifold E (commonly called "area" in this context). The Cheeger isoperimetric constant of M is defined to be
    $h(M)=\inf _{E}{\frac {S(E)}{\min(V(A),V(B))}},$
where the infimum is taken over all smooth n−1-dimensional submanifolds E of M which divide it into two disjoint submanifolds A and B. The isoperimetric constant may be defined more generally for noncompact Riemannian manifolds of finite volume.

## Cheeger's inequality

Jeff Cheeger proved a lower bound for the smallest positive eigenvalue ${\lambda _{1}(M)}$ of the Laplacian on M in term of what is now called the Cheeger isoperimetric constant h(M):
    $\lambda _{1}(M)\geq {\frac {h^{2}(M)}{4}}.$
This inequality is optimal in the following sense: for any h > 0, natural number k, and ε > 0, there exists a two-dimensional Riemannian manifold M with the isoperimetric constant h(M) = h and such that the kth eigenvalue of the Laplacian is within ε from the Cheeger bound.

## Buser's inequality

Peter Buser proved an upper bound for the smallest positive eigenvalue $\lambda _{1}(M)$ of the Laplacian on M in terms of the Cheeger isoperimetric constant h(M). Let M be an n-dimensional closed Riemannian manifold whose Ricci curvature is bounded below by −(n−1)a$^2$, where a ≥ 0. Then
    $\lambda _{1}(M)\leq 2a(n-1)h(M)+10h^{2}(M).$
# Gioffre

Gioffre is a given name and surname. Notable people with the name include:
* Anthony B. Gioffre (1907–1996), American lawyer and politician
* Gioffre Borgia (c. 1481–c. 1516), Italian noble, illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI and brother of Lucrezia and Cesare Borgia
* Gioffré (drag queen), Italian drag queen