OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Compulsory cartel

A compulsory cartel or forced cartel is a cartel that is established or maintained by an administrative order or by a legal directive. The interference of policies on these associations of entrepreneurs of the same trade varied. It ranged from a mere decision to establish a cartel or to maintain an existing one, to a strict state control.

## Disagreement over the nature of compulsory cartels

The understanding of “compulsory cartels” as “cartels” has always been disputed. While the older cartel experts before the 1930s usually insisted in the free entrepreneurial will that constituted a “cartel”, later authors were more tolerant and accepted forced cartels as an exception. In recent times (2007), the economic-historian Jeffrey R. Fear took this stance of the “exception to the rule” that would not contradict the general nature of these organizations. The cartel-historian Holm Arno Leonhardt has positioned himself more differentiated in 2013: Forced cartels that were embedded in a totalitarian planning economy or were by other means unable to realize their own will, should be regarded as organs or appendages of another system. Thus, “compulsory cartels” without a permanent political influence could indeed constitute real “cartels”, while others being under strict control acted mainly as servants of an alien will.

## Examples

* German potash syndicate: This was since 1919 a public-law body and was integrated into a control structure with its customers, laborers, traders and instances of administration.
* Japanese steel cartel of the 1930s.
* Rhenish-Westphalian Coal Syndicate, Northwest Germany: This too was since 1919 a public body and integrated into a similar control structure as the German potash syndicate.
* Russian sugar syndicate of the 1890s.
# Cosmoclostis lanceatus

Cosmoclostis lanceatus is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is known from Oman, Saudi Arabia and Yemen.
# Bigarello

Bigarello (Mantovano: Bigarel) is a former comune (municipality) in the Province of Mantua in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 140 kilometres (87 mi) east of Milan and about 8 kilometres (5 mi) east of Mantua. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,850 and an area of 27.0 square kilometres (10.4 sq mi).
In January 2019 Bigarello merged with San Giorgio to form the comune of San Giorgio Bigarello.

## Geography

The municipality contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) of Bazza, Gazzo (municipal seat) and Stradella.
Bigarello borders the following municipalities: Castel d'Ario, Castelbelforte, Roncoferraro, San Giorgio di Mantova, Sorgà.
# Edgar J DaSilva

Edgar J. DaSilva (21 August 1941 – 28 October 2007) was an Indian microbiologist whose passion for the practical application of his subject had driven him to champion biotechnology in developing countries around the world.
DaSilva joined the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in 1974; and rose to be head of its Life Sciences section, as his foresight and perception of science in the global context allowed him to be proactive in identifying scientific priorities and developing new and appropriate thrusts for UNESCO's program actions.

## Leadership role in Culture Collections and Biotechnology

He was instrumental in the planning and implementation of several UNESCO regional and international programmes in applied microbiology and biotechnology as well in the development of global networks dealing with the management and use of microbial resources and training opportunities in the fields of marine and plant biotechnology. He was a co-founder of the Microbiological Resource Centres (MIRCEN) all around the world and played a major role in the establishment of the Biotechnology Action Countil (BAC). Through these two programmes he made a considerable contribution to the development of biotechnology research and training worldwide.

## Intergovernmental Activities

DaSilva's knack for developing strong links with international programs for co-ordinated action on topics of common interest led to his strong support for the International Organization of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IOBB), built strong links with the World Federation for Culture Collections (WFCC), played an important role in the conferences on the Global Impact of Applied Microbiology (GIAM) among many others. In addition, he mobilized several extra-budgetary programs in close cooperation with UNEP and UNDP and donor member states for activities in national development in biotechnology and regional cooperation in microbiology.

## Biotechnology Transfer

During his time with UNESCO, DaSilva honed his passion for teaching and knowledge transfer in his own area of specialization of microbiology and also in biotechnology. He worked tirelessly to develop training initiatives and set up fellowship and professorship programs to stimulate scientific exchange. He was a strong proponent of international scientific collaboration as a means to promote development and aid provide developing countries with the tools to drive their own scientific research.

## Encyclopedia for Life Support Systems

Most recently, he was co-editor of the "Biotechnology" theme for the UNESCO-sponsored Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)
Edgar J Da Silva died in Mumbai, India.
# Chondracanthus elegans

Chondracanthus elegans is a red algae species in the genus Chondracanthus. The name elegans is Latin for 'elegant.'
# Clear (EP)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Clear is the second EP by American progressive metal band Periphery. It was released on January 28, 2014 through Sumerian Records. This EP is an experimental work for the band: aside from the intro track, each member of the band composed a track and covered the role of creative director over that track.

## Background

Jake Bowen stated:
   Clear is an experiment to explore all of the different writing styles in the band. It's rare when you have a band where every member is capable of writing and producing music. With each member controlling their own track, this recording enabled us to go down any path we chose in terms of style and sound. Every track also contains a melodic theme established in Clear's intro track Overture, this common thread links all of the songs together, even though they all sound wildly different.
This EP has no artwork, by choice of the band. A preview of "Feed the Ground" surfaced in 2012 originally as a demo for Spencer Sotelo and Matt Halpern's project King Mothership.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Sotelo

## Personnel

Production and performance credits are adapted from the album liner notes.

### Periphery

* Spencer Sotelo — vocals
* Misha "Bulb" Mansoor — guitar
* Jake Bowen — guitar
* Mark Holcomb — guitar
* Adam "Nolly" Getgood — bass
* Matt Halpern — drums

### Additional musicians

* Nick Johnston — guitar solo on "The Parade of Ashes"

### Production

* Misha "Bulb" Mansoor — engineering, mixing on "Overture", "The Summer Jam", "Zero", "Pale Aura"
* Adam "Nolly" Getgood — mastering on "Overture", "The Summer Jam", "Zero", "Extraneous", "Pale Aura"; engineering, mixing on "Extraneous"
* Spencer Sotelo — production on "Feed the Ground", "The Parade of Ashes"; vocal production
* Matt Halpern — production on "Feed the Ground"
* Taylor Larson — production, recording, engineering, mixing, mastering on "Feed the Ground", "The Parade of Ashes"
* Ernie Slenkovich — additional engineering on "Feed the Ground", "The Parade of Ashes"

### Studios

* Top Secret Audio — engineering, mixing, mastering of "Overture", "The Summer Jam", "Zero", "Extraneous", "Pale Aura"
* Oceanic studios — recording, mixing, mastering of "Feed the Ground", "The Parade of Ashes"

## Charts

| Chart (2014) | Peak position |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 37 |
| Japanese Albums (Oricon) | 134 |
| US Billboard 200 | 62 |
| US Independent Albums (Billboard) | 10 |
| US Top Hard Rock Albums (Billboard) | 2 |
| US Top Rock Albums (Billboard) | 15 |
# Chiloglottis sphyrnoides

Chiloglottis sphyrnoides, commonly known as the forest wasp orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to north-eastern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland. It has two dark green leaves and a single green or reddish pink flower with a shiny black, insect-like callus surrounded by red club-shaped calli on two-thirds of the base of the labellum.

## Description

Chiloglottis sphyrnoides is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with two egg-shaped to elliptic leaves 35–85 mm (1–3 in) long and 15–23 mm (0.6–0.9 in) wide on a petiole 5–15 mm (0.2–0.6 in) long. A single green or reddish pink flower 18–22 mm (0.7–0.9 in) long and 7–9 mm (0.3–0.4 in) wide is borne on a flowering stem 50–90 mm (2–4 in) high. The dorsal sepal is spatula-shaped, 16–18 mm (0.6–0.7 in) long and 3–4 mm (0.1–0.2 in) wide. The lateral sepals are linear, 13–17 mm (0.5–0.7 in) long, about 1 mm (0.04 in) wide and curve downwards. There is a glandular tip 2–2.5 mm (0.08–0.1 in) long on the end of the dorsal sepal and 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) long on the lateral sepals. The petals are narrow oblong, 11–13 mm (0.4–0.5 in) long, about 4 mm (0.2 in) wide and turn downwards towards the ovary. The labellum is broadly spatula-shaped, 10–12 mm (0.4–0.5 in) long and 7–8.5 mm (0.28–0.33 in) wide. There is a shiny black, insect-like callus about 2 mm (0.08 in) long and wide near the base of the labellum. This large callus is surrounded by reddish, club-shaped calli and small red calli. The column is green with purplish black blotches, 9–10 mm (0.35–0.39 in) long and about 4 mm (0.2 in) wide with narrow wings. Flowering occurs from December to April.

## Taxonomy and naming

Chiloglottis sphyrnoides was first formally described in 1991 by David Jones from a specimen collected in the Lamington National Park and the description was published in Australian Orchid Research. The specific epithet (sphyrnoides) refers to the similarity of the shape of the large callus on the labellum resembling the head of a shark in the genus Sphyrna. The ending -oides is derived from an Ancient Greek word εἶδος (eîdos), meaning “form" or "likeness”.

## Distribution and habitat

The forest wasp orchid grows in moist places in tall forest near Nowendoc and in the Lamington National Park.
# Convention Concerning Statistics of Wages and Hours of Work, 1938

The Convention Concerning Statistics of Wages and Hours of Work, 1938 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1938:
   Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to statistics of wages and hours of work in the principal mining and manufacturing industries, including building and construction, and in agriculture,...

## Ratifications

As of 2013, the convention has been ratified by 34 states. Of the ratifying states, 20 have denounced the treaty by means of an automatic process that denounces the 1938 treaty when other superseding conventions are ratified by the same state.
# Conde, Bahia

Conde is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil.
# Brian Eyre

Brian Leonard Eyre (29 November 1933 – 28 July 2014) was a British material scientist, Chief Executive of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) and Professor at the University of Liverpool. He was also a visiting scholar at the University of Oxford and University College London.

## Career and research

Eyre was appointed Professor of Materials Science at the University of Liverpool from 1979 to 1984. His research investigated nuclear technology, including electron microscopy studies of radiation damage in metals and alloys. He played an important role in the privatisation of UKAEA to create AEA Technology.

## Awards and honours

Eyre was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001 and a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1992. He was elected foreign associate member of the National Academy of Engineering of the United States in 2009 for his understanding of neutron irradiation-induced damage in materials and for developing technologies and policies for nuclear power in the United Kingdom.
He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1993 New Year Honours.
# Cotriptyline

Cotriptyline (SD-2203-01) is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) which was never marketed.
# Eric Knott

Eric James Knott (born September 23, 1974) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played Major League Baseball for two seasons. He pitched for the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2001 and the Montreal Expos in 2003, playing in 16 career games.
Knott attended Florida Southwestern State College and Stetson University, and in 1994 he played collegiate summer baseball with the Harwich Mariners of the Cape Cod Baseball League. He was selected by the Diamondbacks in the 24th round of the 1996 MLB Draft.
# Edgar Jacob

Edgar Jacob (16 November 1844 – 25 March 1920) was an English churchman, who became Bishop of Newcastle and then Bishop of St Albans.

## Early life and education

He was born at the rectory in Crawley, Hampshire, on 16 November 1844. He was the fifth son of Philip Jacob, Rector of Crawley, Archdeacon of Winchester and Rural Dean, and Anna Sophia, eldest daughter of Gerard Thomas Noel.
He was educated at Winchester College and at New College, Oxford, of which he was a scholar, matriculating in 1863. He obtained a first class in classical moderations in 1865 and a third class in literae humaniores in 1867, B.A. in 1868, M.A. in 1871, D.D. by diploma in 1895 and Hon. D.D. (Durham) in 1896.

## Clerical career

He was ordained priest in 1869 (Oxford) and went to be assistant curate of Witney from that year until 1871. His second curacy was at St James's Bermondsey from 1871 until he went to be domestic chaplain to Robert Milman, Bishop of Calcutta in 1872. In 1876, he ceased to be the bishop's chaplain and become Commissary of Calcutta until 1888.
Jacob returned to England in 1876, and became examining chaplain to the Bishop of Winchester (Harold Browne until 1891, Anthony Thorold 1891–1895 and finally Randall Davidson from 1896 onwards) for twenty years until 1896. He was Vicar of Portsea from 1878 until 1896, and additionally Honorary Canon of Winchester Cathedral starting in 1884. He was also Honorary Chaplain to Queen Victoria from 1887 until he became her Chaplain-in-Ordinary in 1890, and Rural Dean of Landport and Chaplain to HM Prison Kingston, Portsmouth from 1892. In 1895, he became rector of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight and select preacher at Oxford.
In 1896, all of these roles ended when he was nominated Bishop of Newcastle on 16 January and consecrated on 25 January 1896. Bishop Edgar was translated to become Bishop of St Albans in May 1903, where he remained until 1919. The latter diocese, which embraced a large part of the poorer outlying parts of London, was large for the effective control of one bishop, consisting as it did of 630 benefices and nearly 900 clergy, and Jacob worked hard to secure the formation of a new bishopric out of it. It was not, however, until 1913 that the bill providing for the erection of the bishopric of Chelmsford passed.
Jacob was a vocal supporter of British involvement in the Great War, and encouraged his clergy to be active in assisting the National War effort. Although he emphatically rejected the notion that clergy could serve as combatants, which many sought to do, his diocese provided many army and navy chaplains, and staff for other organisations.
In 1919, he summarised this commitment by his priests : 2 chaplains, (1 army and 1 RN) killed; 1 chaplain died of influenza; 48 other chaplains in Army and RN; 24 officiating clergy to troops in parish or nearby; 23 served with Church Army, YMCA, Red Cross, Royal Army Medical Corps.
He retired from his see in December 1919, and died at the Hospital of St Cross in Winchester, Hampshire, England.
# Estadio COAC Mushuc Runa

Estadio Cooperativa de Ahorro y Crédito Mushuc Runa, known as Estadio COAC Mushuc Runa, is a football stadium in Ambato, Ecuador. The stadium is currently used on club level by owner Mushuc Runa, and has a capacity of 8,200 spectators.

## History

After Mushuc Runa's promotion from Segunda Categoría in 2011, the club started to prepare the grounds for a new stadium in March 2012. The construction was completed in late 2018, and had its inauguration on 17 November of that year, as Mushuc Runa beat Orense 3–0 in the Serie B.
# Clear (Bomb the Bass album)

Clear is the third studio album by English electronic music act Bomb the Bass released on 3 April 1995 by 4th & B'way Records.

## Release

Clear was released on 3 April 1995 by 4th & B'way Records. It peaked at number 22 on the UK Albums Chart.
"Bug Powder Dust" was issued as the lead single from Clear on 19 September 1994, peaking at number 24 on the UK Singles Chart. "Dark Heart" followed later that year, reaching number 35 on the chart. A further two singles were released in 1995: "One to One Religion" on 20 March, and "Sandcastles" on 4 September. They charted in the UK at numbers 53 and 54 respectively.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Guardian | |
| Q | |
| Rolling Stone | |
| Select | 4/5 |
NME named Clear the 42nd best album of 1995. In 2015, Fact placed the record at number 49 on its list of the best trip hop albums of all time.

## Track listing

Sample credits
* "Bug Powder Dust" contains samples of Naked Lunch.

## Personnel

Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.
Musicians
* Tim Simenon – drum programming, sampling
* Carlton – vocals (track 3)
* Dave Clayton – keyboards (tracks 1, 3–11), keyboard effects (tracks 10, 11), sampling (track 8), additional sampling (tracks 3–7)
* Danny Cummings – percussion (tracks 3, 4, 9–11)
* Bernard Fowler – vocals (track 9)
* Ivor Guest – drum programming (track 10), keyboard effects (track 10), sampling (track 10)
* Adam Holden – bass (track 10), additional programming (track 6), additional sampling (track 6)
* Kenji Jammer – guitar (tracks 2, 3)
* Keith LeBlanc – drum programming (tracks 2, 9), drums (track 4), sampling (tracks 2, 9)
* Inder "Goldfinger" Matharu – percussion (track 2)
* Skip McDonald – guitar (tracks 2, 9, 11), backing vocals (track 2)
* Sinéad O'Connor – vocals (track 11)
* River – vocals (track 10)
* Atticus Ross – programming (tracks 1, 7), drum programming (track 10), sampling (track 10), additional programming (track 6), additional sampling (tracks 1, 6, 7)
* Claudia Sarne – bass (track 6)
* Jeff Scantlebury – percussion (track 2)
* Will Self – vocals (track 7)
* Bim Sherman – vocals (track 2)
* Sista Joy – backing vocals (track 4)
* Spikey T – vocals (track 4)
* Justin Warfield – vocals (tracks 1, 6)
* Doug Wimbish – bass (tracks 1, 9, 11), bass effects (track 11)
* Leslie Winer – vocals (track 5)
* Jah Wobble – bass (track 7)
* Benjamin Zephaniah – vocals (track 11)
Production
* Tim Simenon – production, mixing
* Don Hozz – programming engineering
* Keith LeBlanc – production (track 2), mixing (track 2)
* Lee Boy – assistance
* Mike Marsh – mastering
* Q – mix engineering, recording
* Tom – assistance
* Doug Wimbish – production (track 9), mixing (track 9)
Design
* Richard Baker – editing
* The Baron von Kallstein – photography
* Cally on U Art – artwork, design
* Rob Crane – typography
* Phil Smee – photography

## Charts

| Chart (1995) | Peak position |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 122 |
| European Top 100 Albums (Music & Media) | 59 |
| Scottish Albums (OCC) | 38 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 22 |
| UK Dance Albums (OCC) | 1 |
| UK R&B Albums (OCC) | 3 |
# Eric Young (American football)

Eric Darrell Young (born November 22, 1983) is an American former professional football guard. He was signed by the Cleveland Browns as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He played college football at the University of Tennessee.
Young was also a member of the St. Louis Rams and San Diego Chargers.

## Early life

At Union High School, Union SC, Young was All-America by Parade, SuperPrep, CNNSI.com/TheInsiders.com and named First-team on CNNSI.com/BorderWars.com All-South Team . Also he was named First-team offense member of Fox Sports Net All-South Team. Young was a Two-time All-State selection and had 33 pancake blocks as senior and 183 during career. He ran 4.8 40-yard dash and as a junior, he won state high school shot put competition with toss of 54–6.

## College career

In his last two seasons as a starter, Young produced 148 knockdown blocks and he was the 2007 All-American Dream Team selection rated the second-best offensive guard prospect in the country by The NFL Draft Report He started the team's first eight games at left offensive tackle, earning Second-team All-Southeastern Conference honors, despite sitting out the final six contests after suffering a torn quadriceps muscle in his left leg. In 495 offensive snaps, Young registered 58 knockdowns with 11 touchdown-resulting blocks and seven more blocks downfield, leading SEC offensive linemen with an 86.38% grade for blocking consistency. He led an offensive line that allowed only four quarterback sacks for the season. Young has enjoyed a strong senior season at left tackle, and some believe he can remain there in the NFL. At his best as a run blocker, Young uses his hands and quick feet to generate movement at the point of attack. Played both left and right tackle for the Vols, but missed the last six games in '07 because of a torn quad muscle. In 2005, he played nine games with two starts. In 2004, he played in three games including Cotton Bowl Classic vs. Texas A&M. In 2003, he redshirted.

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables :
| Height | Weight | 40-yard dash |
| 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) | 310 lb (141 kg) | 5.18 s |
| All values from NFL Combine. |||

### Cleveland Browns

Young was signed by the Cleveland Browns as an undrafted rookie free agent on May 1, 2008. He was released for after the 2008 season by the Browns.

### St. Louis Rams

Young signed with the St. Louis Rams on May 20, 2009. After one game he was released on September 16. He was later signed to the Rams practice squad. On December 16, Young was promoted to the active roster.

### San Diego Chargers

Young was signed to a future contract by the San Diego Chargers on January 12, 2011.
# Flavored syrup

Flavored syrups typically consist of a simple syrup, that is sugar (fully mixed with water while heated), with naturally occurring or artificial (synthesized) flavorings also dissolved in them. A sugar substitute may also be used.
Flavored syrups may be used or mixed with carbonated water, coffee, pancakes, waffles, tea, cake, ice cream, and other foods. There are hundreds of flavors ranging from cherry and peach to vanilla to malt, hazelnut, coconut, almond, gingerbread, chocolate, peppermint, rootbeer, and even toasted marshmallow.
In addition to food and drink, flavored syrups are commonly used in pharmaceutical compounding.

## In coffee and espresso drinks

Flavored syrups can also be used to make frappes, which when made with coffee can have other names such as frappuccino, a word created by Starbucks Corporation to trademark their version.