OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gempack

GEMPACK (General Equilibrium Modelling PACKage) is a modeling system for CGE economic models, used at the Centre of Policy Studies (CoPS) in Melbourne, Australia, and sold to other CGE modellers.
Some of the more well-known CGE models solved using GEMPACK are the GTAP model of world trade, and the MONASH, MMRF, ORANI-G and TERM models used at CoPS. All these models share a distinctive feature: they are formulated as a system of differential equations in percentage change form; however, this is not required by GEMPACK.

## Main features

A characteristic feature of CGE models is that an initial solution for the model can be readily constructed from a table of transaction values (such as an input-output table or a social accounting matrix) that satisfies certain basic accounting restrictions. GEMPACK builds on this feature by formulating the CGE model as an initial value problem which is solved using standard techniques.
The GEMPACK user specifies her model by constructing a text file listing model equations and variables, and showing how variables relate to value flows stored on an initial data file.
GEMPACK translates this file into a computer program which solves the model, i.e., computes how model variables might change in response to an external shock. The original equation system is linearized (reformulated as a system of first-order partial differential equations). If most variables are expressed in terms of percentage changes (akin to log changes) the coefficients of the linearized system are usually very simple functions of database value flows.
Computer algebra is used at this point to greatly reduce (by substitution) the size of the system. Then it is solved by multistep methods such as the Euler method, midpoint method or Gragg's modified Midpoint method. These all require solution of a large system of linear equations; accomplished by sparse matrix techniques. Richardson extrapolation is used to improve accuracy. The final result is an accurate solution of the original non-linear equations.
This linearized approach, originally devised to solve medium-sized CGE models on early computers, has since proved capable (on modern computers) of solving very large models. Additionally it has lent itself to some interesting extensions, such as: a Gaussian quadrature method of estimating confidence intervals for model results from known distributions of shock or parameter values; a way to formulate inequality constraints or non-differentiable equations as complementarities; and a technique to decompose changes in model variables due to several shocks into components due to each individual shock.
The underlying numerical approach is complemented by several GUI programs that: ease viewing of large multidimensional arrays often found in CGE databases; manage complex (e.g., multi-period) simulations; and allow interactive exploration and explanation of simulation results.
# Iris Evans

Iris Sylvia Evans ECA (born December 31, 1941) is a former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta and Minister of International and Intergovernmental Relations for the Canadian province. From November 25, 2004 to December 15, 2006 she served as Alberta's Minister of Health and Wellness in Premier Ralph Klein's cabinet. After Ed Stelmach assumed the office of Premier, she was named Minister of Employment, Immigration and Industry in his cabinet. After the 2008 Alberta provincial election, Premier Stelmach appointed Evans as Minister of Finance and Enterprise. She was moved over to Intergovernmental Relations in January 2010.
A nurse by training, Evans was first elected to the legislature in 1997, representing the riding of Sherwood Park for the Progressive Conservatives. She previously held the portfolios of Minister of Municipal Affairs and Minister of Children's Services. Prior to being elected to the legislature, Evans served as a school board trustee, municipal councillor, and finally as the reeve of Strathcona County.

## Parenting controversy

Evans sparked a controversy when speaking to the Economic Club of Canada in Toronto on June 17, 2009, when she answered a question by stating that good parenting means sacrificing income to stay at home while children are young, and that her own children, now grown with young children of their own, "understood perfectly well that when you're raising children, you don't both go off to work and leave them for somebody else to raise."
In response to accusations that she had insulted working women, she later stated that she had not meant to "harm anybody or slam anybody's views on how they chose to parent or what choices they've made on the involvement in their families and parenting," suggesting that this demonstrated society's concern over parenting, and "So maybe its time for this debate ... maybe frequently we should examine what our choices are as families and see whether our choices are the ones that are working best for the child."
# Dorothea Dutcher Buck

Dorothea Dutcher Buck (1887 – 1986) was an American clubwoman. She was a president of the General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC) from 1947 to 1950.

## Biography

Buck née Dutcher was born on July 31, 1887, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. She attended Briarcliff College, Milwaukee-Downer College, and the Art Students League of New York. On September 19, 1914, she married J. L. Blair Buck in Magnolia, Massachusetts with whom she had three children. The couple settled in Hampton, Virginia.
Buck was an active clubwoman. In 1926 she was a charter member of the Woman's Club of Hampton.
The Bucks moved to Richmond, Virginia in 1930. There she was a member of the Richmond Woman's Club and served as the president of the Virginia Federation of Women's Clubs from 1930 through 1932. By 1933 Buck was involved as the Virginia representative to the General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC). In 1935 she became chairman of the GFWC Budget Committee, then served as treasurer from 1938 through 1941, then second vice president from 1941 through 1944, and first vice president from 1944 through 1947.
In 1947 Buck was elected the seventeenth international president of the GFWC. She served until 1950. During her term she advocated for world peace, and specifically the Atlantic Pact, the Marshall Plan, and the United Nations. As president she visited 48 states as well as China, Cuba, Denmark, Egypt, France, Great Britain, Greece, India, Japan, Korea, the Philippines, and Turkey.
In later years Buck was active in a variety of organizations including the American Red Cross, the Federal Civil Defense Administration as the regional director of women's activities, the Virginia League for Planned Parenthood, and the Virginia United Nations Association.
Dutcher died on May 9, 1983, in Chester, Connecticut.
# Juan Ramón Martínez

Juan Ramón Martínez may refer to:
* Juan Ramón Martínez (footballer) (1948–2024), football player from El Salvador
* Juan Ramon Martinez (politician) (born 1941), Honduran writer and politician
# Flint Ridge State Memorial

Flint Ridge Ancient Quarries and Nature Preserve is a Native American flint quarry located in Hopewell Township, Licking County, Ohio, about 3 miles (5 km) north of Brownsville at the intersection of Brownsville Road and Flint Ridge Road. Old quarry pits are visible, and a museum is located on the site.
Flint is a variety of quartz and the flint on the ridge is within the Vanport Limestone Member of the Allegheny Formation of Pennsylvanian age.
Flint Ridge was an important source of flint and Native Americans extracted the flint from hundreds of quarries along the ridge. This "Ohio Flint" was traded across the eastern United States and has been found as far west as the Rocky Mountains and south around the Gulf of Mexico.
# Julee

Julee is a given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Julee Cerda (born 1978), American actress
* Julee Cruise (1956–2022), American singer and songwriter
* Julee Rosso, American cook and food writer
# Diamond Valley, Utah

Diamond Valley is an unincorporated community in Washington County in the U.S. state of Utah. It is located in the geophysical feature of the same name.
As of 2010, the buildings are almost entirely residential, surrounded by large tracts of government-owned land used for grazing livestock. It includes part of Snow Canyon State Park that features an extinct volcanic cinder cone.
# Fortunatus of Spoleto

Saint Fortunatus of Spoleto (died c. AD 400) was a parish priest near Spoleto in Umbria sometime between the 4th and 5th centuries. He is venerated as a saint within the Catholic Church.
Little historical detail regarding Fortunatus survives, but he may have been a native of Montefalco, a hill town near Spoleto in Umbria. He became noted after his death for his charity and love for the poor. A legend told of him states that one day, while plowing a field, Fortunatus found two coins of apparently little value. He placed them in his pocket. That evening, upon meeting a poor man upon the road, Fortunatus decided to give the man the two coins. The sunlight suddenly illuminated the two coins, making them shine like gold. Not wishing to be tempted by avarice, Fortunatus quickly gave the small treasure to the poor man and hurried away.
After his death, Fortunatus became the focus of a local cult, and the Convent of San Fortunato near Montefalco was dedicated to him.
# Gordon W. Burnham

Gordon Webster Burnham (1803 – 1885) was an American businessman.

## Early life and education

He was born in Hampton, Connecticut, the son of Jedediah Burnham and Phebe (Martin) Burnham.

## Career

Burnham was a successful businessman, involved in the brass industry in Waterbury, Connecticut, and in New York City.

## Legacy

He donated a large bronze statue of Thomas Church Brownell to Trinity College and the Statue of Daniel Webster (New York City) in Central Park in 1876.
# K. M. Purushothaman

K. M. Purushothaman was an Indian civil servant and administrator. He was the administrator of Mahe from 12 December 1988 to 22 April 1991.
# Erwin Graf

Erwin Frederick Graf Jr. (July 28, 1917 – October 12, 2005) was an American basketball player who played two seasons in the National Basketball League (NBL) of the United States. Graf, from Elgin, Illinois, played college basketball at Marquette University and for the Sheboygan Red Skins of the NBL. In two seasons with the Red Skins, Graf averaged 2.2 points over 6 NBL games. He was also known by the nicknames "Moose" and "Ike."
# Dorylomorpha imparata

Dorylomorpha imparata is a species of fly in the family Pipunculidae.

## Distribution

Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Russia, Norway, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Netherlands.
# GATM (gene)

Glycine amidinotransferase, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GATM gene.
This gene encodes a mitochondrial enzyme that belongs to the Amidinotransferase family. This enzyme is involved in creatine biosynthesis, whereby it catalyzes the transfer of a guanido group from L-arginine to glycine, resulting in guanidinoacetic acid, the immediate precursor of creatine. Mutations in this gene cause arginine:glycine amidinotransferase deficiency, an inborn error of creatine synthesis characterized by mental retardation, language impairment, and behavioral disorders.
# Jesús Golindano

Jesus Enrique Golindano (born January 13, 1984) is a Venezuelan professional baseball infielder, who is currently with Beisbol Barcelona and the Spain national baseball team.
He was signed by the Los Angeles Dodgers as an undrafted free agent and played in the Venezuelan Summer League and Gulf Coast League while in the Dodgers system. Since 2004 he has played in the División de Honor de Béisbol, primarily with Beisbol Barcelona.
He also is a member of the Spain national baseball team, participating in the 2008 European Cup, 2008 Final Four, 2011 European Cup and 2012 European Baseball Championship and 2013 World Baseball Classic.
# Gaoyi West railway station

The Gaoyixi (Gaoyi West) railway station (Chinese: 高邑西站; pinyin: Gāoyìxī Zhàn) is a high-speed railway station on the Beijing–Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong High-Speed Railway located in Gaoyi County, Hebei. The station is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the northwest of the town center of Gaoyi County. It opened with the Beijing-Zhengzhou section of the Beijing-Guangzhou high-speed railway on 26 December 2012.

## Station layout

The station has 2 side platforms and 4 tracks. The station building, covering an area of 5,000 square metres (54,000 sq ft), lies to the east of the platforms.
# Hikaru Natsumi

Hikaru Natsumi (菜摘ひかる, Natsumi Hikaru, 1973 – November 4, 2002) was a Japanese writer and sex worker. She is best known for her blog The Sexual Adventures of Hikaru Natsumi (菜摘ひかるの性的冒険), which was published as a book in 1998.

## Biography
### Early life and career

Natsumi was born in 1973 in the Kantō region of Japan. While in high school, she contributed writing and manga to manga magazines specializing in adult comics that were edited by Yoshiaki Shioyama [ja]. After graduating high school, Natsumi began working as a clerk at a clothing store. She later transitioned to the water trade, alternately working as an erotic masseuse, at image clubs, and in soaplands. She additionally worked as a nude model for erotic books and adult films, though after being arrested for indecent exposure after stripping nude on a street in Shinjuku for a photo shoot in 1996, she retired from modeling.
In the mid-1990s, Natsumi began publishing a blog about her experiences as a sex worker titled The Sexual Adventures of Hikaru Natsumi (菜摘ひかるの性的冒険). The blog was later published as a book by the Japanese publishing house Yosensha in 1998; its success prompted Natsumi to become a full-time author of novels and manga. "Vulgarity Drifting Diary", an English-language column by Natsumi, was published in the American manga magazine Pulp. The column lasted until early 2002. Pulp's team was divided on Natsumi's treatment of vulgarity (ex: fascination with vomit), and was surprised to find that women were less disgusted by it than men.

### Personal life and death

In her writing, Natsumi referenced having once been married to an unnamed husband whom she divorced. She reported having a troubled relationship with her parents, particularly her father.
On November 4, 2002, Natsumi died at the age of 29. The cause of death was not released, beyond that she had been in poor health since mid-2002 and experienced a "sudden change in health". A private funeral was held. In February 2003, a commemorative issue of the literary magazine Bungei was published in Natsumi's memory. Among the contributors to the issue were Rika Kayama [ja], Yukari Fujimoto, Amari Hayashi [ja], and Naito Yamada [ja], the lattermost of whom regularly collaborated with Natsumi as the illustrator on her manga works.

## Works

* The Sexual Adventures of Hikaru Natsumi (菜摘ひかるの性的冒険), Yosensha, 1998; republished by Kobunsha in 2000
* Ikebukuro Image Club Diary (池袋イメクラ日記), Futami Shobo, 1998
* Love is Flesh-Colored (恋は肉色), Kobunsha, 2000
* If You Look Up (仰げば尊し), Akita Shoten, 2000
* Hikaru Natsumi: I Want to be a Turtle (菜摘ひかるの私はカメになりたい), Kadokawa Shoten, 2001
* Ecchi Principle (えっち主義), Kadokawa Shoten, 2002
* Dependent Princess (依存姫) (Seikatsusha, 2002)
* "Body Therapy" (ボディ・テラピー) in As You Indulge (耽溺れるままに), multi-author anthology, Tokuma Shoten, 2003
* Naughty Feelings (えっちな気持ち), Kadokawa Shoten, 2003
# Foyn Island

Foyn Island, also known as Svend Foyn Island, is the second largest island in the Possession Islands, East Antarctica, lying 6 kilometres (4 mi) south-west of Possession Island. An Adélie penguin rookery covers much of the island, which is often included in the itinerary of Antarctic cruises.

## History

The island was explored by a Norwegian whaling expedition of 1894–95, led by Henrik Johan Bull in the Antarctic, captained by Leonard Kristensen, and was named for Svend Foyn, primary sponsor of the expedition.

### Historic site

A message post comprising a pole with an attached box was erected on the island on 16 January 1895 by the Norwegian expedition. It was examined and found intact by the British Antarctic Expedition of 1898–1900, and later sighted from the beach by the USS Edisto in 1956 and USCGS Glacier in 1965. The site has been designated a Historic Site or Monument (HSM 65), following a proposal by New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.

## Important Bird Area

A 224 ha site comprising the whole island has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports a breeding colony of about 30,000 Adélie penguins. A substantial breeding colony of south polar skuas was reported from the island in the 1980s.
# Gordon W. Blackwell

Gordon W. Blackwell (born April 27, 1911) was an American educator, professor, administrator and college president.

## Early life and education

Born in Timmonsville, South Carolina, Blackwell grew up in Spartanburg. His father Benjamin was a Baptist Minister and his mother Amelia was a music teacher. Gordon was their only child. He earned his BA at Furman University in 1932 and a MA at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1933. He earned a MA from Harvard University in 1937 then married Elizabeth Blair Lyles. Blackwell headed the Department of Sociology at Furman from 1937 until 1941, while he also completed his doctorate from Harvard in 1940. He began as associate professor of Sociology at UNC Chapel Hill from 1941 until 1957, leaving as Kenan Professor. He served as Chancellor of the Women's College at the University of North Carolina from 1957 until 1960, when he was offered the presidency of Florida State University.

## College president

Blackwell was important in the process of racial integration at FSU. He managed growth, helped develop the academic program, oversaw numerous construction projects, and helped develop a balanced athletics program. He placed more emphasis on donations by hiring a fundraising professional to direct the FSU Foundation and faculty received salary increases of nearly 50%.
In 1965, Blackwell resigned at Florida State for the opportunity to return to Furman University as president at his alma mater.
Blackwell served as Furman's president from 1965 to 1976, then became an educational consultant.

## Honors

* Distinguished Leadership Award from South Carolina Foundation of Independent Colleges in 1991.
* Algernon Sydney Sullivan Award from Furman University in 1993.
* Trustee of Eckerd College since its founding in 1954.
* Former Deacon of First Baptist Church of Greenville.
* Inducted into the Furman Athletics Hall of Fame in 1981.
* Received seven honorary degrees.
Blackwell served on numerous boards, actively supported the arts, and held membership in the Rotary Club in three cities.

## Personal life

Blackwell's first wife, Elizabeth 'Lib' Blair Lyles (1913–2000), graduated from Converse College in 1935. They shared four children. After her death, he married Jean Hollingsworth.
# Justo Fidel Palacios

Justo Fidel Palacios is a corregimiento in Tolé District, Chiriquí Province, Panama. It has a land area of 25.8 square kilometres (10.0 sq mi) and had a population of 656 as of 2010, giving it a population density of 25.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (66/sq mi). It was created by Law 10 of March 7, 1997; this measure was complemented by Law 5 of January 19, 1998 and Law 69 of October 28, 1998. Its population as of 2000 was 575.
# Esme (disambiguation)

Esmé is a French given name.
Esme or ESME may also refer to:
* Esmeralda (disambiguation), used as a short form for the feminine name
* Eşme, a town in Turkey
* Esme (damselfly), a genus of damselflies
* "Esmé", a story by Saki
* "Esme", a song on the Joanna Newsom album Have One on Me, and its titular character
* External Short Messaging Entity, in telecommunications
* Eslöv Airport, an airport in Sweden
# Dorylomorpha confusa

Dorylomorpha confusa is a species of fly in the family Pipunculidae.

## Distribution

Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Bulgaria, Russia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Netherlands, Ukraine.
# Judo at the 2023 Parapan American Games – Women's 48 kg

The women's 48 kg competition of the judo events at the 2023 Parapan American Games was held on November 19 at the Contact Sports Center (Centro de Entrenamiento de los Deportes de Contacto) in Santiago, Chile. A total of 4 athletes from 3 NOC's competed. Due to the competition having only four competitors, only one bronze metal was presented and not the usual two.

## Results

The results were as follows:

### Pool A

| Athlete | Pld | W | L | Points | Result |
| Rosicleide Silva (BRA) | 3 | 3 | 0 | 30 | |
| Rocio Ledesma (ARG) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 20 | |
| Giulia Dos Santos (BRA) | 3 | 1 | 2 | 10 | |
| Katherine Yáñez (CHI) | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | Fourth-place |
| Date | Time | Player 1 | Score | Player 2 |
| November 19 | 10:24 | Giulia Dos Santos | 00–10 | Rosicleide Silva |
| November 19 | 10:28 | Rocio Ledesma | 10–00 | Katherine Yáñez |
| November 19 | 11:20 | Giulia Dos Santos | 01–10 | Rocio Ledesma |
| November 19 | 11:24 | Rosicleide Silva | 10–00 | Katherine Yáñez |
| November 19 | 12:42 | Giulia Dos Santos | 10–00 | Katherine Yáñez |
| November 19 | 12:46 | Rosicleide Silva | 10–00 | Rocio Ledesma |
# Jill Leovy

Jill Leovy is an American journalist and nonfiction writer. She is best known for the non-fiction book Ghettoside: A True Story of Murder in America, her 2015 New York Times best-seller about homicide in Los Angeles. Leovy argues in Ghettoside that more effort must be given to arresting and incarcerating perpetrators of inner-city murders, because "impunity for the murder of black men remained America’s great, though mostly invisible, race problem."

## Career

Leovy spent 24 years as a reporter and editor for The Los Angeles Times. Her work has appeared in The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, The Atlantic, and The American Scholar.
She is a senior fellow at the University of Southern California's Annenberg Center on Communication Leadership & Policy and a fellow with the Department of Sociology at Harvard.

## Awards

Ghettoside was a finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Award, and it won the gold medal for nonfiction at the 85th Annual California Book Awards. The book was also honored with the Ridenhour Book Prize, the PEN Center USA Prize for research nonfiction and the New York Public Library's Helen Bernstein Book Award for Excellence in Journalism.

## Books

* Ghettoside: A True Story of Murder in America (2015)
# Foynøya

Foynøya is an island off the coast of Nordaustlandet, Svalbard. Sources give the size as about 1.5 km$^2$ (0.58 sq mi) or about 2 km$^2$ (0.77 sq mi). The island is named after whaling pioneer Svend Foyn. Previous names include Walrus Eyland, Föyen's Island and Foyn Island.
The island is part of the Nordaust-Svalbard Nature Reserve.
# Isla Mejia

Isla Mejia is an island in the Gulf of California east of the Baja California Peninsula. The island is uninhabited and is part of the Mexicali Municipality.

## Biology

Isla Mejia has six species of reptiles: Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha (coast night snake), Lichanura trivirgata (rosy boa), Petrosaurus slevini (Slevin's banded rock lizard), Phyllodactylus nocticolus (peninsular leaf-toed gecko), Sauromalus hispidus (spiny chuckwalla), and Uta stansburiana (common side-blotched lizard).