OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cupido lorquinii

Cupido lorquinii is a small butterfly found in the West Palearctic (North Africa, Iberia) that belongs to the blues family.

## Description from Seitz

C. lorquinii H.-Schaff. (82 d) resembles minima very much and has been considered a form of it. But Butler draws attention to the differences between them, lorquinii having the wing-bases above dusted with purplish violet instead of blue-green. The ocelli of the underside are differently arranged, the submarginal row being much more regular and more evenly curved in lorqiiinii. In South France, Spain and the opposite districts of North Africa. — A very large form of this species, as large as or larger than Lyc. sebrus, is described from Central Asia; this is buddhista Alph. from the Tian-shan [now full species Cupido buddhista (Alphéraky, 1881)
* Images representing Cupido lorquinii at Consortium for the Barcode of Life

## Biology

The larva feeds on Anthyllis vulneraria. The habitat is hot dry places with flowers amongst scrub or trees.
* Habitat.Portugal
# Janai Road railway station

Janai Road railway station is a railway station on the Howrah–Bardhaman chord of Howrah Railway division of the Eastern Railway zone. It is located in Hooghly district in the Indian state of West Bengal.
# Emilianów

Emilianów may refer to the following places:
* Emilianów, Łowicz County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Emilianów, Sieradz County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Emilianów, Tomaszów Mazowiecki County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Emilianów, Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
* Emilianów, Gostynin County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Emilianów, Sochaczew County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Emilianów, Sokołów County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Emilianów, Wołomin County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Emilianów, Żyrardów County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Emilianów, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
# John Wright's Indian Summers

John Wright's Indian Summers (2007, ISBN 0285637959) is a book authored by John Wright describing his experiences as coach of Indian national cricket team. It is co-authored by Indian journalist Sharda Ugra and New Zealand writer Paul Thomas.
# Diet of Roncaglia

The Diet of Roncaglia, held near Piacenza, was an Imperial Diet, a general assembly of the nobles and ecclesiasts of the Holy Roman Empire and representatives of Northern Italian cities held in 1154 and in 1158 by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa to deliberate on the matter of sovereignty of his subjects, which was being challenged by the economical and political flourishing of the northern Italian cities and free comunes, including the cities of Chieri, Asti, Tortona, but most importantly Milan.
It followed a series of raids carried out by the forces of Frederick Barbarossa in Italy, which forced the submission of the leading city of Milan. The Emperor wished to establish his rights as feudal sovereign in the face of the growing independence of trading cities, which had won charters of municipal privilege during the earlier periods of strife between Papacy and Empire.
The determination of the respective rights of the parties was left to four jurists from Bologna, the home of the great law school founded in 1088. The lawyers' decision favored the emperor, judging that his rule was by divine right, thus restoring the Imperial rights established since the period of nascent trade under rule of Emperor Otto. The lawyers proceed to define taxes, tolls, and exactions of various kinds to be imposed on trade.
The Lombard cities would not accept the verdict, and it had to be enforced by war. Imperial forces dominated prior to the true unification of the Lombard League, and the city of Milan was razed to the ground in 1162. But the cities came to understand the value of a proper alliance post Destructionem Mediolani ("after the destruction of Milan").
The decisive battle in the continuing struggle was the Battle of Legnano in 1176, where Frederick was defeated by the Lombard League, and later forced to renege his rights of sovereignty south of the Alps, in the Kingdom of Italy.
# DNA polymerase III holoenzyme

DNA polymerase III holoenzyme is the primary enzyme complex involved in prokaryotic DNA replication. It was discovered by Thomas Kornberg (son of Arthur Kornberg) and Malcolm Gefter in 1970. The complex has high processivity (i.e. the number of nucleotides added per binding event) and, specifically referring to the replication of the E.coli genome, works in conjunction with four other DNA polymerases (Pol I, Pol II, Pol IV, and Pol V). Being the primary holoenzyme involved in replication activity, the DNA Pol III holoenzyme also has proofreading capabilities that corrects replication mistakes by means of exonuclease activity reading 3'→5' and synthesizing 5'→3'. DNA Pol III is a component of the replisome, which is located at the replication fork.

## Components

The replisome is composed of the following:
* 2 DNA Pol III enzymes, each comprising α, ε and θ subunits. (It has been proven that there is a third copy of Pol III at the replisome.)
** the α subunit (encoded by the dnaE gene) has the polymerase activity.
** the ε subunit (dnaQ) has 3'→5' exonuclease activity.
** the θ subunit (holE) stimulates the ε subunit's proofreading.
* 2 β units (dnaN) which act as sliding DNA clamps, they keep the polymerase bound to the DNA.
* 2 τ units (dnaX) which act to dimerize two of the core enzymes (α, ε, and θ subunits).
* 1 γ unit (also dnaX) which acts as a clamp loader for the lagging strand Okazaki fragments, helping the two β subunits to form a unit and bind to DNA. The γ unit is made up of 5 γ subunits which include 3 γ subunits, 1 δ subunit (holA), and 1 δ' subunit (holB). The δ is involved in copying of the lagging strand.
* Χ (holC) and Ψ (holD) which form a 1:1 complex and bind to γ or τ. X can also mediate the switch from RNA primer to DNA.

## Activity

DNA polymerase III synthesizes base pairs at a rate of around 1000 nucleotides per second. DNA Pol III activity begins after strand separation at the origin of replication. Because DNA synthesis cannot start de novo, an RNA primer, complementary to part of the single-stranded DNA, is synthesized by primase (an RNA polymerase):
("!" for RNA, '"$" for DNA, "*" for polymerase)

### Addition onto 3'OH

As replication progresses and the replisome moves forward, DNA polymerase III arrives at the RNA primer and begins replicating the DNA, adding onto the 3'OH of the primer:

### Synthesis of DNA

DNA polymerase III will then synthesize a continuous or discontinuous strand of DNA, depending if this is occurring on the leading or lagging strand (Okazaki fragment) of the DNA. DNA polymerase III has a high processivity and therefore, synthesizes DNA very quickly. This high processivity is due in part to the β-clamps that "hold" onto the DNA strands.

### Removal of primer

After replication of the desired region, the RNA primer is removed by DNA polymerase I via the process of nick translation. The removal of the RNA primer allows DNA ligase to ligate the DNA-DNA nick between the new fragment and the previous strand. DNA polymerase I & III, along with many other enzymes are all required for the high fidelity, high-processivity of DNA replication.
# Economists for Peace and Security

Economists for Peace and Security (EPS) is a New York–based, United Nations accredited and registered global organization and network of thought-leading economists, political scientists, and security experts founded in 1989 that promotes non-military solutions to world challenges, and more broadly, works towards freedom from fear and freedom from want for all.
Since 1995 EPS has been registered with the United Nations Economic and Social Council and the United Nations Department of Public Information. Since 2006 the UK branch of EPS publishes a peer reviewed journal, the Economists for Peace and Security Journal (EPSJ).
In 1995 EPS was involved with criticism of the United States Navy in Vieques, Puerto Rico, producing several reports on the subject.
Notable trustees of EPS include Kenneth Arrow and Lawrence Klein (founding trustees); Amartya Sen, Joseph Stiglitz, Robert Reich and Óscar Arias. James K. Galbraith was named Chair of the Board of Directors in 1996. Linda Bilmes was named Co-chair of the Board in 2020. Beginning in 2005, Bilmes and Trustee Joseph Stiglitz drew attention to the economic costs of the US wars in Iraq and Afghanistan at EPS sponsored panels of the American Economic Association.
In June 2017, EPS co hosted a conference in Brussels on NATO and the future of the transatlantic defense partnership with the Royal Military Academy of Belgium, which emphasized discussion on the geostrategic changes and economic trends in global defense. Topics included regional security, economics of security, globalization and global security, economics of conflict and war, economics of the arms trade, arms races and alliances, and the economics of terrorism.

## History and background

Inspired by International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, it was founded in 1989 as Economists Against the Arms Race (ECAAR), before becoming Economists Allied for Arms Reduction (ECAAR) in 1993. It adopted its present name in 2005. Stockbroker Robert J. Schwartz led its creation.

## Public figures and prominent members

The Economists for Peace and Security Board of Trustees has seventeen Nobel peace prize laureates in the prize for economics, including Joseph Stiglitz, Amartya Sen of Harvard University, Lawrence Klein, Óscar Arias, George Akerlof, Kenneth Arrow, Daniel McFadden, Roger Myerson, Thomas Schelling, William F. Sharpe of Stanford University, Robert Solow, Franco Modigliani of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sir Clive Granger, Wassily Leontief, Douglass North, Jan Tinbergen, and James Tobin of Harvard University and Yale University.
Other notable trustees include Former US Secretary of Labor Robert Reich, Former Prime Minister of Greece George Papandreou, Former US Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara.

## Publications

* ECAAR Review 2003: conflict or development?, Economists Allied for Arms Reduction, 2003, ISBN 0-9727838-0-6
* Walter Isard, Charles H. Anderton (1992), Economics of arms reduction and the peace process: contributions from peace economics and peace science, North-Holland, ISBN 978-0-444-88848-8 - book jointly sponsored with the Peace Society
# Cyperus nyererei

Cyperus nyererei is a species of sedge that is native to an area of eastern Africa.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Kåre Arnstein Lye in 1983.
# Enrique S. Quintana

Enrique Santos Quintana (1851-1896) was an Argentine jurist and politician, who served as Minister of Justice and Public Instruction of the Argentine Republic.

## Biography

He was born in Buenos Aires, the son of Pociano Quintana and María Rito Berro, belonging to a distinguished Creole family. He was married to Clementina Mendez, daughter of Mariano Méndez and Marta Palau.
He did his elementary studies in the National College, and he received a Law Degree in the University of Buenos Aires. He held various political positions, including deputy and senator. In 1893, he held for a brief period the leadership of the Ministry of Public Instruction of the Argentine Nation.
His family was related to Manuel Quintana, a third or fourth cousin of Enrique Santos Quintana.
# Fair Work Building and Construction

Fair Work Building & Construction (FWBC), or more formally the Office of the Fair Work Building Industry Inspectorate was an Government of Australia agency established by the Fair Work (Building Industry) Act 2012. FWBC commenced operations on 1 June 2012, replacing its predecessor, the Office of the Australian Building and Construction Commissioner. FWBC was replaced by the Australian Building and Construction Commission on 2 December 2016. FWBC was responsible for enforcing industrial relations laws in Australia’s building and construction industry through the provision of education, assistance and advice.
FWBC aimed to ensure the rule of law applies on building sites within Australia and that building work is carried out fairly, efficiently and productively for the benefit of all building industry participants and for the benefit of the Australian economy as a whole.
The agency had offices in Sydney, Brisbane, Adelaide, Canberra, Hobart, Darwin and Perth, with its head office located in Melbourne.
The agency’s investigators visited construction sites across Australia to ensure all building industry participants were complying with federal law.

## Functions

FWBC was responsible for the following workplace relations matters in the building and construction industry:

### Investigating and auditing

Investigating alleged contraventions of:
* the Fair Work Act 2009
* the Independent Contractors Act 2006
* Building Code 2013

### Educating and advising

* Responding to enquiries for advice and assistance.
* Conducting presentations on the rights and responsibilities of building industry participants.
* Producing and distributing fact sheets on legislation, regulations and industrial relations practices.
* Publishing updates on legal findings (e.g. outcomes of court cases), operational activities, newsletters and updates on topics affecting the industry.

### Instituting proceedings for contraventions of the Fair Work Act 2009 (FW Act)

If FWBC determined a contravention has occurred, the agency could commence legal action. FWBC also had the power to intervene in court proceedings—and Fair Work Commission proceedings—that involve a building industry participant or building work.
Contraventions may relate to:
* Coercion
* Industrial action
* Discrimination
* Workplace rights
* Strike pay
* Right of entry

### Referring matters to other Commonwealth or State and Territory bodies

Where appropriate, the FWBC could refer matters to other Commonwealth or State and Territory bodies, including the
* Fair Work Ombudsman
* Australian Taxation Office
* State and Federal Police
* Australian Securities & Investments Commission
* Director of Public Prosecutions
* Australian Competition *Consumer Commission.
# Diet of Mainz

The term Diet of Mainz may refer to any medieval Hoftag (high day) or early modern Reichstag (imperial diet) held in the city of Mainz. The following is an incomplete list of such diets by year and emperor:
* 1098, Henry IV
* 1119, Henry V
* 1184, Frederick I
* 1188, Frederick I
* 1235, Frederick II
* 1439, Frederick III
* 1441, Frederick III
# DXKB

DXKB (89.3 FM), broadcasting as 89.3 K5 News FM, is a radio station owned by Quest Broadcasting Inc. and operated by 5K Broadcasting Network. Its studio and transmitter are located at the 10th Floor, One Providence Bldg., Lifestyle District, Corrales Ext., Cagayan de Oro.

## History

The station was formerly known as Killerbee 89.3 from its inception in 1994 until March 27, 2013. This station, along with the other Killerbee stations, were relaunched under the Magic moniker (adopted from its then-parent station) by April 29, 2013.
On April 20, 2023, Magic 89.3 went off the air. It was at this time when 5K Broadcasting Network took over the station's operations. It was officially launched in May 1 under the Radyo Bandera Sweet FM network, which became K5 News FM on December 1.
# Ed Wood (engineer)

Peter Edwin "Ed" Wood (born March 1, 1968) is the former Chief Designer for the Williams Formula One team.

## Career

In 1987 he became a mechanic working on F1 motorcycles, Superbikes and MotoGP until 1990 when he went on to the TWR Jaguar Group C and Le Mans cars for one year. After picking up his two degrees he became a R&D Engineer for Ferrari till 2000 where he went to Renault F1 as the Senior Development Engineer. In 2003 he became Chief Designer for Prodrive until joining Williams as Chief Designer in March 2006, leaving the team in May 2018. His role was to co-ordinate the design process of the team's car.

## Education

Wood attended the University of Manchester between 1991 and 1995, to study for a mechanical engineering degree. Upon achieving this, he then relocated to the University of Oxford to study for a doctorate in engineering science between 1995 and 1998.

## Personal life

Wood lives with his wife Wendy and their two children, in Witney, Oxfordshire.
# Jack Rogers (cricketer)

Oliver Jack Wright Rogers (born 28 August 1998) is an English former first-class cricketer.
Rogers was born at Richmond in August 1998. He was educated at Eton College, before going up to St Edmund Hall, Oxford. While studying at Oxford, he made two appearances in first-class cricket for Oxford University against Cambridge University in The University Matches of 2018 and 2019, scoring 13 runs and taking a single wicket.
# HS2 (disambiguation)

HS2, or High Speed 2, is a planned high-speed railway, partly under construction in the United Kingdom.
HS2 or HS-2 may also refer to:

## Military

* HS-2, a US Navy helicopter squadron known as the Golden Falcons, re-designated in 2009 as HSC-12
* HS-2, a variant of the Curtiss HS US Navy flying boat of World War I

## Science and technology

* HS2, a Hypersonic Gun tunnel in Oxford University, part of the UK's National Wind Tunnel Facility
* HS2, also known as Hotspot 2.0 and Wi-Fi Certified Passpoint, a service for public access Wi-Fi
* HS2, a designation for a type of automotive light bulb for motorcycles
* HS-2, serial number of one of the plutonium-gallium hemispheres used for the core in the first nuclear test detonation, codenamed Trinity
* HS-2, a model of the Weisscam digital high-speed camera, manufactured by German company P+S Technik
* HS-2, a guitar pickup manufactured by US company DiMarzio

## Other

* HS-2, a variant of the Mrigasheer, a glider built by the Indian Civil Aviation Department
* HS2, a part of the British HS postcode area
# Farquet

Farquet may refer to:
* Damien Farquet (b. 1971), Swiss ski mountaineer and cross-country skier
* Ernest Farquet (b. 1975), Swiss ski mountaineer
# Indian Dental Association

Indian Dental Association (IDA) represents dental professionals in India. Established in 1949, The association currently has more than 75,000 members, 450 local branches, 28 state branches and 8 Union Territory branches and 1 Defence branch across India. The professional association is committed to public oral health, ethics, science and advancement of dental professionals through its initiatives in advocacy, education, research and development of standards.

## Overview

Indian Dental Association was founded in 1946 by Dr. Rafiuddin Ahmed, also known as the 'Father of Dentistry' in India. He serves two terms as the President of the association while actively handling prime duties and responsibilities. Initially, the association was called "All India Dental Association" but was later renamed as "Indian Dental Association", as it is known today.
The State Branch has its jurisdiction within the state territory and covers all members of the State or Union Territory. Every state branch acts as the coordinating link between the Head Office and local branches. It oversees the functions and activities of its local branches.
IDA members include dental professionals, dental students, and affiliates.The organisation focuses on public oral health through various IDA Health Initiatives and National Oral Health Programme.
The Association's official publication is the Journal of the Indian Dental Association, along with other publications like Clinical Dentistry, IDA Times, Oral Health, Product Profile, Dental Events, and Student Digest.
Indian Dental Association also focuses on educational programs to advocate, promote, and encourage continuing dental education by enhancing the knowledge and skills of dental professionals.

## Advocacy

The association is the voice of dental professionals that advocates 'optimal health for all' before the government and for policymakers. The association represents Indian dentistry, defending sound science and fair dealings on behalf of patients and the profession.
# Frederick B. Robinson

Frederick Bertrand Robinson (1883 – October 20, 1941) served as the fifth president of the City College of New York between 1927 and 1939.

## Biography

He graduated from City College of New York in 1904 and was the first alumnus to serve as president of the college. He received his doctorate from New York University.
During his tenure, the college was a hotbed of leftist activism. During his tenure, Robinson attempted to stifle leftist activism on campus by firing and suspending faculty and students who espoused Marxist viewpoints. In total, Robinson succeeded in having of 43 CCNY students expelled, 38 suspended, and hundreds of undergraduates summoned before campus disciplinary boards between 1931 and 1934. On October 9, 1934, Robinson invited an official delegation of students representing Mussolini's fascist regime in Italy to be honored at a special assembly. As a result of student protests in opposition to the invitation, Robinson had 21 student leaders expelled and temporarily dissolved the Student Council.
As an opponent of such movements, Robinson was the subject of frequent protests by students and faculty, leading to his resignation in June 1939. Robinson graduated from CCNY in 1904 and was the first CCNY alumnus to serve as its president.
He died on October 20, 1941.
# Diathrausta griseifusa

Diathrausta griseifusa is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1917. It is found in Santa Catarina, Brazil.
# Da Farinha River

The Da Farinha River is a river of Paraíba state in northeastern Brazil.
# Jack Sport

The Jack Sport was a French automobile manufactured from 1925 until 1930.
Built in Paris by one M. Corbeau (also a builder of motorcycles), it was a 410 cc single-cylinder cyclecar.
# Green Lake (South Dakota)

Green Lake is a natural lake in South Dakota, in the United States.
Green Lake was named on account of the green plants with it.
# HOPS 383

HOPS 383 is a Class 0 protostar. It is the first Class 0 protostar discovered to have had an outburst, and as of 2020, the youngest protostar known to have had an outburst. The outburst, discovered by the Herschel Orion Protostar Survey (HOPS) team, was first reported in February 2015 in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.

## Observations
### Outburst

HOPS 383 had an outburst between 2004 and 2006 (a "dramatic mid-infrared brightening"); the increase in magnitude was detectable at the 24 μm (35 times increase) and 4.5 μm, and was also detectable at the submillimetre.$^{:2}$ After 6 years, observations showed no signs of fading.$^{:1}$

### X-Ray

The Chandra X-Ray Observatory detected an X-ray flare from HOPS 383 in December 2017. This was the first detection of X-rays from a Class 0 protostar that will evolve into a sun-like star. The flare lasted 3 hours and 20 minutes. It significantly impacted the previously-thought timeline for when such events occur in the evolution of a protostar. Furthermore, it has improved astronomers' understanding of the Sun's earlier evolutionary stages.