OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond

James Butler, 2nd Earl of Ormond (4 October 1331 – 18 October 1382) was a noble in the Peerage of Ireland. He was Lord Justice of Ireland in 1359, 1364, and 1376, and a dominant political leader in Ireland in the 1360s and 1370s.
The son of James Butler, 1st Earl of Ormond and Lady Eleanor de Bohun, James was born at Kilkenny Castle and given in ward on 1 September 1344 to Maurice FitzGerald, 1st Earl of Desmond for the fine of 2,306 marks; and afterwards to Sir John Darcy who married him to his daughter Elizabeth. He was usually called The Noble Earl, being a great-grandson, through his mother, of King Edward I of England. He died at Knocktopher Castle in Kilkenny, Leinster, Ireland.

## Career

In 1362, he slew 600 of Mac Murrough's followers at Teigstaffen (County Kilkenny). On 22 April 1364, was appointed Lord Deputy of Ireland to Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence: Clarence, from his first arrival in Ireland, placed great trust in him, and for a few years it seems that as Deputy he was almost all-powerful. In the 1360s he clashed with Maurice FitzGerald, 4th Earl of Kildare. In 1364 the Irish House of Commons sent a delegation to England, headed by Kildare, to complain of misgovernment, and to ask for the removal of "corrupt" officials, some of whom had links to Ormond. A number of these officials were removed, but Ormond's position was not seriously threatened.
He was Lord Justice by 24 July 1376, with a salary of £500 a year, in which office he was continued by King Richard II of England. On 2 April 1372, he was made constable of Dublin Castle, with the fee of £18 5s. a year. He was summoned to the Parliaments held by Richard II.
He died on 18 October 1382 in his castle of Knocktopher (near which he had, in 1356, founded a Friary for Carmelite friars). He was buried in St. Canice's Cathedral, Kilkenny.

## Marriage and Children

On 15 May 1346, he married Elizabeth Darcy, daughter of Sir John Darcy, Knight of Knaith (another Lord Justice of Ireland) and Joan de Burgh. They had five children:
* James Butler, 3rd Earl of Ormond (1362–1405).
* Thomas Butler, Justice of Cork 1359–1396
* Eleanor Butler 1350–1392, married Gerald FitzGerald, 3rd Earl of Desmond
* Joan Butler 1360–1393 (plague) married Teige O'Carroll, Prince of Éile
* Ralph Butler 1356–1367
# Independent Community Bankers of America

The Independent Community Bankers of America (ICBA) is the primary trade group for small U.S. banks. It represents approximately 5,000 small and mid-sized financial institutions that are commonly known as "community banks." The ICBA hosts conventions, publishes the monthly magazine ICBA Independent Banker and lobbies the United States Congress on issues relating to the banking industry.
The organization is headquartered in Washington, D.C., and maintains statewide chapters across the country. It was founded in 1930 and owns six subsidiaries: ICBA Bancard, ICBA Securities, ICBA Financial Services, ICBA Mortgage, ICBA Insurance Services and ICBA Reinsurance

## Advocacy

During financial reform attempts in the US, the ICBA has lobbied for:
* credit unions to not obtain a perceived competitive advantage;
* a loophole that would allow smaller banks to still choose their regulator—which is expected to result in those banks choosing the most lenient regulator.

## Legislation

On November 8, 2013, the ICBA published a letter in "strong support" of the bill To enhance the ability of community financial institutions to foster economic growth and serve their communities, boost small businesses, increase individual savings (H.R. 3329; 113th Congress). The bill would direct the Federal Reserve to revise certain regulations related to small bank holding companies (BHCs). Current regulations allow BHCs with assets of less than $500 million that satisfy other tests to incur higher amounts of debt than larger institutions in order to acquire other banks. H.R. 3329 would apply the less-stringent standard to more BHCs by raising the asset limit to $1 billion, and the bill also would allow savings and loan holding companies to qualify. The ICBA argued that "increasing the eligibility threshold to $1 billion to account for inflation, industry consolidation, and asset growth will help an additional 515 bank and savings and loan holding companies raise capital for additional consumer and small business lending, leading to job creation and community development."
# Extraplanar gas

Extraplanar gas is cold atomic hydrogen which has been discovered slowly rotating around some spiral galaxies and located well outside their thin disk regions. It was discovered by using radio telescopes to observe the distribution of atomic hydrogen around galaxy disks. Galaxies which have shown evidence of extraplanar gas include NGC 891, NGC 2403, UGC 7321, NGC 4559 and NGC 3198.
Possible explanations for the presence of this gas include ionised gas being swept up by stellar winds and supernova explosions and, upon cooling, falling back into the galactic plane and the accretion of intergalactic primordial gas.
# Frank S. Royal

Frank S. Royal (born c. 1940) is an American physician, company director and civic leader. He is the former chairman and president of the National Medical Association, an African-American medical organization.

## Early life

Royal was born circa 1940. He graduated from Virginia Union University in 1961, and he earned an MD from the Meharry Medical College in 1968.

## Career

Royal has practised medicine in Richmond, Virginia since 1969. According to the Nashville Post, "Royal also served as chief of staff at Richmond Community Hospital and as an assistant clinical professor of family practice at the Medical College of Virginia." He is the former president and chairman of the National Medical Association, an African-American medical association.
Royal served on the boards of directors of CSX Corporation from 1994 to 2008, SunTrust Banks from 1998 to April 2012, Smithfield Foods from 2002 to 2013. He was also a director of the Hospital Corporation of America.

## Civic activities

Royal served as the chairman of the board of trustees of Virginia Union University for three decades, and he was the chair of Meharry Medical College until 2017. He has served on the board of the Robert Russa Moton Museum.

## Personal life

Royal has a wife, Pamela.
# Hakea recurva subsp. arida

Hakea recurva subsp. arida is a plant in the family Proteaceae endemic to the south-west of Western Australia.

## Description

An erect dense shrub 1.7–5 m (6–20 ft) high with smooth to rough grey bark. Terete dark green leaves are thick and rigid 2.5–4 cm (1–2 in) long and 1.2–1.6 mm (0.05–0.06 in) wide ending with a very sharp point 2.8–4.5 mm (0.1–0.2 in) long. They may be straight or have an upward curve. Profuse white-cream fragrant flowers appear in dense clusters in the leaf axils. The fruit are 0.7–1 cm (0.3–0.4 in) wide, egg-shaped with a smooth to slightly rough surface ending with a small pointed beak.

## Taxonomy and naming

This hakea was first formally described in 1904 by Ludwig Diels who gave it the name Hakea arida and published the description in Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie. In 1999, William Barker and Robyn Barker changed the name to Hakea recurva subsp. arida. Named from the Latin aridus - dry, referring to the semi-arid area where it grows.

## Distribution and habitat

Grows inland from Mount Augustus south to Wubin on sandstone slopes, river banks, flats in sand, loam and stony soils with quartzite and laterite. An ornamental frost tolerant species requiring full sun and good drainage. A good habitat plant for wildlife due to its dense prickly growth habit.

## Conservation status

Hakea recurva subsp. arida is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
# Despaxia

Despaxia is a genus of rolled-winged stoneflies in the family Leuctridae. There are at least two described species in Despaxia.

## Species

These two species belong to the genus Despaxia:
* Despaxia asiatica Zwick, 2010
* Despaxia augusta (Banks, 1907) (autumn needlefly)
# European History Online

European History Online (Europäische Geschichte Online, EGO) is an academic website that publishes articles on the history of Europe between the period of 1450 and 1950 according to the principle of open access.

## Organisation

EGO is issued by the Leibniz Institute of European History in Mainz in cooperation with the Center for Digital Humanities in Trier and the Bavarian State Library, Munich. The editorial board comprises the two directors of the Institute as well as 25 European scholars of history. The project is funded by the federal state of the Rhineland-Palatinate and by the German Research Foundation.

## Conception

EGO investigates the history of modern Europe from a transcultural/transnational perspective, in interdisciplinary cooperation and across methodological boundaries. Articles are published in English and German and provide additional contextual materials (such as images, maps, videos, digitized sources, music etc.). The articles are categorized and can be accessed via ten thematic threads:
* Theories and Methods: Methodological and theoretical approaches to a transcultural history of Europe
* Backgrounds: Europe as a Communicative Space – Prerequisites and Backgrounds
* Crossroads: Spaces of Concentrated Communication
* Models and Stereotypes: The Formation of Models and Stereotypes in Intercultural Transfer Processes
* Europe on the Road: Migrants and Travellers as Mediators of Intercultural Transfer
* European Media: The Media and Media Events
* European Networks: The Transfer of Ideas, Technologies and Practices in Networks of Personal Relationships
* Transnational Movements & Organisations: Groups with cross-border programmes and structures
* Alliances and Wars: Rejection and Learning through Military Victories and Defeats
* Europe and the World: Entanglements between and Reflections of "Europe" and the Non-European World
# Gongguan, Taipei

Gongguan (Chinese: 公館; pinyin: Gōngguǎn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Kong-koán) is a commercial district straddling the Zhongzheng and Daan Districts of Taipei, Taiwan. It is a popular shopping and leisure area with a night market and it is also the location of the Gongguan Station of the Taipei Metro. Taiwan's most prestigious university, National Taiwan University, and the National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, National Taiwan Normal University, as well as the prestigious International Chinese Language Program are located in the area. Gongguan formerly housed Taipei Air Station, 327th Air Division, which was a U.S. Air Force installation closed on 7 Jan 1976 due to the withdrawal of American military forces from Taiwan. Gongguan is also the location of the old Taipei tap water facilities, now the Museum of Drinking Water. The name Gongguan can be traced to the Kangxi Era of the Qing Dynasty, when colonial chiefs established public houses (Chinese: 公館; pinyin: Gongguan) that facilitated trade between the Han Chinese settlers and local aboriginal traders.
# James Campbell (author)

James Campbell (born 1951) is a Scottish writer.

## Early life

James Campbell was born in Croftfoot, on the southside of Glasgow. He left school at the age of 15 to become an apprentice printer. After hitchhiking through Europe, Israel and North Africa, he studied to gain acceptance to the University of Edinburgh (1974–78).

## Career

On graduating, he immediately became editor of the New Edinburgh Review (1978–82). His first book, Invisible Country: A Journey Through Scotland, was published in 1984. Two years later, Campbell published Gate Fever, "based on a year's acquaintance with the prisoners and staff of Lewes Prison's C Wing".
Between 1991 and 1999, he wrote three books linked in theme: Talking at the Gates: A Life of James Baldwin, Paris Interzone: Richard Wright, Lolita, Boris Vian and Others on the Left Bank (published in the US as Exiled in Paris), and This Is the Beat Generation: New York, San Francisco, Paris. In 1993, Campbell's one-man play, The Midnight Hour, about a night in the life of James Baldwin, was staged at the Freedom Theatre, Philadelphia, with Reggie Montgomery in the role of Baldwin. A revised edition of Talking at the Gates, with a new introduction and an interview with Norman Mailer about Baldwin, was published in 2021.
For many years, Campbell worked for The Times Literary Supplement (TLS). Between 1998 and 2020, he wrote the weekly NB column on the back page of the TLS, under the pen-name "J.C.". A selection of the columns was published in 2023 under the title NB by J.C.: A Walk through the Times Literary Supplement. Reviewing the collection in The New York Times, Dwight Garner wrote: "one part of the TLS no one skips, in my experience, is the NB column . . . . He was interested in everything." The Herald's reviewer called Campbell "one of Scotland's finest under-recognised writers".
As a writer for The Guardian in the first decade of the present century, he wrote some fifty profiles of literary figures, including Ian Hamilton Finlay, Shirley Hazzard, Arthur Miller, Gary Snyder and John Updike. Campbell is also a writer for the New York Times Book Review.

## Personal life

Campbell's Just Go Down to the Road: A Memoir of Trouble and Travel – described by Brian Morton in a TLS review as "more than a conventional memoir" – was published in Britain and the US in May 2022.
# Görmin

Görmin is a municipality in the Vorpommern-Greifswald district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
# Independent Commission on Banking

The Independent Commission on Banking was a United Kingdom government inquiry looking at structural and related non-structural reforms to the UK banking sector to promote financial stability and competition in the wake of the financial crisis of 2007–08. It was established in June 2010 and produced its final report and recommendations in September 2011.

## Composition

It was chaired by John Vickers and included four other commissioners; Bill Winters, Martin Taylor, Clare Spottiswoode and Martin Wolf. The commissioners were supported by a Secretariat of fourteen officials seconded from HM Treasury, the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, the Financial Services Authority, the Bank of England and the Office of Fair Trading. The secretariat was headed by Sam Woods.

## Recommendations

The commission made its recommendations to the UK government on 12 September 2011. Its headline recommendation was that British banks should 'ring-fence' their retail banking divisions from their investment banking arms to safeguard against riskier banking activities, but it also made a number of other recommendations on bank capital requirements and competition in retail banking. The government announced the same day that it would introduce legislation into Parliament aimed at implementing the recommendations.
The text of the final report and recommendations is available from the UK National Archives.

## Influence on banking regulation in France and the European Union

Mainland European scholars had recommended the adoption of similar 'ring-fencing' regulations, notably in France where SFAF and World Pensions Council (WPC) banking experts argued that such rules should be adopted in European Union law. - and the Liikanen report in October 2012 on Bank Structural Reform had as its key recommendation a “ringfence” separating trading from deposits.
# Frank S. Tait

Sir Frank Samuel Tait (12 November 1883 – 23 August 1965) was an Australian theatre entrepreneur, managing director of J. C. Williamson's. He was the youngest of five Tait brothers, well known in Australia as show-business entrepreneurs and managers.

## History

Tait was born on 12 November 1883 in Richmond, Victoria, the youngest son of John Turnbull Tait, who in 1862 emigrated from Scotland to Victoria, Australia, where he married Sarah Victoria Leeming. They had children in Castlemaine, and one, Frank Samuel, in Melbourne. Tait attended Richmond State School and Melbourne Church of England Grammar School.
He became general manager of J. C. Williamson Theatres in 1914.
In February 1921 J. C. Williamson's Ltd created an additional 75,000 shares in the company, issued to the brothers John Henry Tait, Edward Joseph Tait, James Nevin Tait, and Frank Samuel Tait, trading as "J & N Tait", for £1 each. Tait was appointed a director of JCW around the same time.
He was co-founder in 1935 and co-proprietor of Village Theatre Ltd. with Hirsch Krantz, John Henry Tait, Karl Millbrook and Jascha Spivakosky, co-directors. Connection or otherwise with Village Roadshow or Village Cinemas has not been found.
In June 1938 Australian and New Zealand Theatres Ltd. was founded to control the assets of J. C. Williamsons. Initially G. B. Dean, S. S. Crick, and Frank Tait served as joint managing directors, then around 1940 he became the managing director of Australian and New Zealand Theatres Ltd.

## Later life and legacy

Tait was knighted in 1956 for services to the theatre and died in Portsea, Victoria on 23 August 1965, aged 81.
The Tait Memorial Trust, instituted in 1992, was named in his honour.

## Family

Tait married twice; firstly, on 29 November 1913 to Iris Olga Field Barnard; and secondly, on 16 August 1941 to the soprano Viola Wilson Hogg aka Viola Wilson. They had a residence in Hopetoun Road, Toorak, Victoria. His children include Joan Iris Tait, Peggy Elfrida Tait, Peter Frank Tait, Ruth Emelie Tait, Isla Violet Tait OAM, (Viola) Anne Tait and Sally Tait.
Brothers of Frank S. Tait include:
* Charles Tait
* John Henry Tait
* James Nevin Tait
* Edward Joseph Tait
Stage people gave nicknames to the young Tait brothers: "Agitate" (J. H. Tait), "Irritate" (J. N. Tait), "Hesitate" (E. J. Tait), and "Cogitate" (F. S. Tait).
# Cybebus

Cybebus is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It contains only one known species, Cybebus grandis, native to Colombia and Ecuador
# Despatch Box

Despatch Box is a late night political analysis television programme produced by the BBC. It was broadcast on BBC Two between 20 October 1998 and 20 December 2002. The programme was a replacement for the nightly political programme The Midnight Hour, and like its predecessor, was initially presented by a team of single-presenter journalists, rotated nightly, consisting of Zeinab Badawi, Michael Dobbs, Andrew Neil and Steve Richards. The programme regularly gained an audience of more than 350,000 viewers. Following a change of format, it was decided that the programme should have one, regular presenter, a role for which Andrew Neil was chosen. The programme was produced at the BBC's Millbank studios in London.
Following changes to sitting hours in the United Kingdom parliament, and extensive changes to the BBC's line-up of political programmes, Despatch Box was discontinued, and the programme's then regular presenter, Andrew Neil, moved on to present the Daily Politics and This Week.
# ETI Finance

Edirisinghe Trust Investments Finance Limited also popularly known as ETI Finance is a Sri Lankan private limited company as well as a non banking financial institution which worked as a licensed finance company accepting deposits from general public. The company's business was primarily based on lending money on gold securities. On 13 July 2020, Central Bank of Sri Lanka decided to cancel the license of the company due to insufficient capital and financial problems regarding repaying depositors' money on demand as well as before maturity.

## Corporate history

The company was founded by veteran entrepreneur E. A. P. Edirisinghe in 1967 initially as a pawning business registered under the Finance Companies Act no 78 of 1988. The company later expanded its business activities such as accepting deposits, leasing etc. ETI Finance is a core company of popular family controlled entity EAP Holdings. The company was regarded as a leading financial institution in Sri Lanka for decades and the reputation of the business started to make downfall soon after the death of E. A. P. Edirisinghe. Soma Edirisinghe, wife of EAP Edirisinghe took over the company and remained as the chairperson of the company until her death in 2015.
ETI Finance failed to maintain required liquidity position since 2011. The company was accused of not honouring the depositors request of money withdrawals since 2011. The company was issued its first official warning in February 2013 by the Fitch Ratings Lanka for not maintaining the required Statutory Liquid Asset Ratio threshold and downgraded the company's position from BB (lka) to CC (lka).
In 2018, the CBSL warned of temporary regulatory actions against the company under the provisions of Finance Business Act no 42 of 2011 for failing to maintain adequate liquidity position and for failing to pay depositors money and CBSL vehemently took over the ETI Finance with immediate effect. As of 2020, the company defaulted the sum of 20 billion rupees of around 2500 depositors.
In June 2020, the Colombo Magistrate Court issued arrest warrants against the directors of the company with regard to failing to appear on a due court case.
On 13 July 2020, the Central Bank of Sri Lanka officially suspended the licenses of ETI Finance and its subsidiary company Swarnamahal Financial Services following the decision reached during a meeting held by the Monetary Board of CBSL on 10 July 2020.
# European Hit Radio

European Hit Radio (EHR, Latvian: Eiropas Hītu Radio, Lithuanian: Europos Hitų Radijas) is a commercial radio station in the Baltic states. Music compiled on EHR singles charts, are mostly aired.

## History

EHR's history can be traced back to 1992, when Uģis Polis and Jānis Krauklis founded Radio Dejas, which was the first non-governmental radio station in Latvia. Radio Dejas was broadcast from a flat in Tērbatas Street, Riga and reached only the city of Riga.
In 1994 they renamed the radio station Super FM. In 2002, European Hit Radio started a new policy - to reflect the music situation in Europe with fresh music and charts from all European countries. In 2004 European Hit Radio went off air in Estonia after losing its broadcasting license competition to a new Adult Contemporary station, Radio 3.
European Hit Radio used to have stations in Hungary as well. However, Sopron Radio went off air in 2006 and only 1 year after the acquisition of Pilis Radio Szentendre, the latter was sold. Moreover, the owners bought Roxy Radio in Budapest which was sold years following the purchase. Finally, the last Hungarian EHR station went off air in 2012, in Zalaegerszeg.

## Schedule

Current programmes include the Morning Show with up-tempo music, European Hit Non-stop, UK and Germany charts, Airplay Top 40, Urban/Black Top 40, European Dance Traxx Top 40, European album top 50, Billboard Top 40, most popular music television MTV and VIVA airplay hits.
"Party Service" plays new club tracks and information about club life in the Baltic States on Friday and Saturday evenings at 21:00, live from Club Essential
EHR Listener's day top 5 at 17:00, top 9 at 21:20 and listener's European Hit Radio Top 40 each Friday evening at 17:00 and every Sunday morning at 11:00.

## Broadcasting

European Hit Radio reaches Latvian and Lithuanian territory. Transmitters are in almost every big city.
| In Latvia | Frequency |
| Riga | 104.3 FM |
| Gulbene | 88.4 FM |
| Daugavpils | 92.9 FM |
| Saldus | 93.6 FM |
| Liepāja | 96.1 FM |
| Valka | 96.2 FM |
| Jēkabpils | 98.4 FM |
| Cēsis | 99.2 FM |
| Talsi | 100.8 FM |
| Ventspils | 101.9 FM |
| Madona | 102.0 FM |
| Valmiera | 102.4 FM |
| Kuldīga | 107.4 FM |
| In Lithuania | Frequency |
| Vilnius | 99.7 FM |
| Klaipėda | 96.2 FM |
| Kaunas | 102.5 FM |