OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# George Hedley (politician)

George Dixon Hedley (9 July 1817 – 14 March 1879) was an English-Australian politician who served as a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly for South Gippsland.

## Biography

Hedley was born in Camberwell, Surrey, England. His father was George Dixon, a merchant, and his mother was named either Isabella or Elizabeth. He studied medicine and became a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons in England in 1838. He married Anna Elizabeth Hawes Peck in Newmarket, Suffolk, in 1842. In 1846 he became an MD through the University of St. Andrews and he became a physician at Bedford Infirmary.
Hedley moved to Australia arriving in Port Phillip in February 1850 and he settled in Gippsland where he was appointed a clerk in Alberton in January 1851. He then moved to Greenhills and briefly worked as a miner before moving to Sale in 1864. He became the chief medical officer of Gippsland Hospital and also assisted with several developmental activities in both South and North Gippsland including mineral prospecting and serving as editor of the newspaper Gippsland Guardian. In 1861 he was nominated to represent South Gippsland in the Legislative Assembly of Victoria and the only other nominee resigned as they felt he was more suitable resulting in him being elected unopposed, and he held the position until resigning in 1862.
In 1872 Hedley purchased the Gippsland Times which his son inherited. He died in his residence in Sale in 1879.
# George Mackenzie (died 1760)

George Mackenzie (c.1662–1760) of Inchcoulter, Balconie, Kiltearn, Ross-shire, was a Scottish politician who sat in the Parliament of Scotland from 1704 to 1707, and in the British House of Commons from 1710 to 1713.
Mackenzie was the eldest son of Alexander Mackenzie of Inchcoulter and his first wife. Katherine Mackenzie, daughter of William Mackenzie of Belmathudie, Knockbairn, Ross- shire. He succeeded his father in about 1687. He married Anne Mackenzie (with 5,000 merks), daughter of Mackenzie of Fairburn, Ross-shire in June 1695.
By 1704, Mackenzie was appointed Sheriff depute for Ross-shire. He was returned as Shire Commissioner for Ross-shire at a by election in 1704. After the Act of Union in 1707, he was not one of those returned to the British House of Commons for Scotland.
Mackenzie became provost of Fortrose in 1710 and was also elected Member of Parliament for Inverness Burghs at the 1710 general election. He voted consistently against the government. He lost the seat at the 1713 general election and also ceased to be provost of Fortrose. In 1715 lost the post of Collector, rents and duties for the Earldom of Ross and the Lordship of Ardmarnock,.which had been presented to him earlier. From time to time he expressed Jacobite sentiments, but never took any action.
Mackenzie died on 1 April 1760, at the age of 98. He had two sons and five daughters,.
# Chris Van Puyvelde

Chris Van Puyvelde (born 5 December 1959), is a Belgian football manager who is currently the technical director of the Morocco national team.

## Career

Van Puyvelde was born in Sint-Niklaas and grew up in Waasmunster. He gained his first coaching experience at Standaard Wetteren, which he coached in the Third Division. Van Puyvelde, a sports teacher by training, then took a position at Gerda Sint-Niklaas, where he coordinated the youth ranks. In the early 1990s, Van Puyvelde moved to Lokeren as an assistant coach. The club had just been relegated to the Second Division when he was promoted to head coach. Van Puyvelde was eventually succeeded by James Storme during the 1994–95 season. After Lokeren he ended up at Eendracht Aalst. Van Puyvelde became a technical director and brought players such as Peter van der Heyden to Aalst. During the 1997–98 season, manager Urbain Haesaert was sacked, and Van Puyvelde succeeded him for a short period.
In 2000, Trond Sollied became the new manager of Club Brugge, bringing Van Puyvelde in as his second assistant. Van Puyvelde and the Sollied turned out to be a good match, and Club Brugge performed well. In 2002, Club Brugge won the Belgian Cup and the following season they won the Belgian First Division A title.
In 2005, Sollied announced that he was leaving the club, and he brought Van Puyvelde with him to his new position at Olympiacos. Sollied and Van Puyvelde propelled Olympiakos to the league title and Greek Football Cup. Sollied and Van Puyvelde were dismissed during the second season. In the summer of 2007 he moved to Gent together with Van Puyvelde and second assistant Čedomir Janevski. At the end of the season, Gent reached the final of the Belgian Cup, but were defeated. Sollied resigned and moved to SC Heerenveen. Van Puyvelde followed him again, and Heerenveen went through a changeable course, but reached the final of the KNVB Cup. In the final Heerenveen defeated opponent FC Twente after penalties. A few months later, Sollied's contract was terminated. Van Puyvelde also had to look for a new club. At the beginning of 2010, Van Puyvelde returned to Lokeren, where he became the assistant of coach Emilio Ferrera. However, after the end of the season, Ferrera was replaced by Peter Maes. Van Puyvelde himself then went to work as head coach of FC Brussels. After his resignation at FC Brussels at the end of January 2011, he succeeded Gunther Hofmans as technical director at Beerschot AC.
In 2013, Van Puyvelde was appointed as a sports advisor of the Belgian First Division A to lead the consultations between the professional football clubs in Belgium on a sports and technical level.
In 2019, he was appointed as technical director for China.
# George Kozmetsky

George Kozmetsky (October 5, 1917 – April 30, 2003) was an American technology innovator, businessman, educator, author and philanthropist. He co-founded Teledyne Inc. and was the dean of The University of Texas College of Business Administration (now the McCombs School of Business) for 16 years. In 1977 Kozmetsky founded the IC² Institute, a think tank charged with researching the intersection of business, government and education. In 1993 he received the National Medal of Technology Award from President Bill Clinton.
He received an undergraduate education at the University of Washington where he participated in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps program. After serving in the Army in WWII, he attended Harvard Business School where he earned his MBA and a Doctor of Commercial Science.
He was elected to the 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences.

## Awards and honors

* 1985 - Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
* 1993 - National Medal of Technology and Innovation
# Georges Basin

Georges Basin may refer to:
* Georges Basin in the Gulf of Maine
* George's Basin – a nineteenth-century dock in Liverpool, England
# Gephyroberyx

Gephyroberyx is a genus of fishes in the slimehead family.

## Species

Once, three species were placed in this genus, but Gephyroberyx philippinus is now considered to be a synonym of G. darwinii. Based on broadly overlapping morphological features, G. japonicus should also be regarded a synonym of G. darwinii, but both are recognized as valid species by FishBase:
* Gephyroberyx darwinii (J. Y. Johnson, 1866) (Darwin's slimehead)
* Gephyroberyx japonicus (Döderlein, 1883) (big roughy)
# George de Lalaing, Count of Rennenberg

George de Lalaing count Rennenberg (c. 1550 – 23 July 1581), was stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel in the service of Philip II of Spain from 1577 to 1581. The Lalaing family came from Hainaut and had a tradition of governing. His father was Philip de Lalaing, count of Hoogstraten; his mother, Anna of Rennenberg.

## Life

He was born around 1550, probably in the family castle of Hoogstraten in the Campine. Rennenberg (as he was known in the Netherlands) was appointed stadtholder of the Northern provinces by the States General of the Netherlands after the Pacification of Ghent in 1577, on a proposal from William of Orange. He allowed a number of important reforms in Friesland, such as the introduction of the Gedeputeerde Staten (Delegated States), and the forming of a fourth quarter in the States of Friesland to represent the eleven Frisian cities. He was a firm believer in the Pacification of Ghent as a means to reconcile the rebellious Calvinists with their Catholic king. When the treaty resulted in Protestantism gaining ground, notably in Brussels, Ghent and Bruges, he abandoned the cause of the rebels for the king on 3 March 1580, with the support of the city of Groningen, according to tradition convinced by his sister Cornelia van Lalaing. The rest of the province remained loyal to the rebel cause. He attempted to besiege Steenwijk but had to raise the siege once John Norreys arrived and relieved the place. He was then further defeated by Norreys at Kollum. Rennenberg, already ill, died at Groningen on 23 July 1581 and was buried in the Groningen Martinikerk. The city remained the scene of military action until 1594. Rennenberg's defection polarized the Dutch population further along religious lines. In the rebel provinces, Catholics would no longer be trusted with high posts.
# Christopher Hackett

Christopher or Chris Hackett may refer to:
* Chris Hackett (American football) (born 1993), American football player
* Chris Hackett (artist) (born 1972), American artist, engineer, and television presenter
* Chris Hackett (footballer) (born 1983), English footballer
* Chris Hackett (Pennsylvania politician), American politician
* Christopher Fitzherbert Hackett, Barbadian diplomat
# Christoff Lötter

Theunis Christoffel Lötter (born 8 June 1973) is a South African former rugby union player.

## Playing career

Lötter matriculated at Framesby High School in Port Elizabeth and represented Eastern Province at the annual Craven Week tournament in 1991. After school he enrolled at the University of Stellenbosch and represented the Maties and was selected for the Western Province under-20 team in 1993 and 1994. He made his senior provincial debut for Boland in 1996 and in 1998 he relocated to Griquas.
Lötter toured with the South Africa 'A' team to Britain and Ireland in 1996. After his playing career he started coaching and he was the head coach of the Paarl Gimnasium's first team, and the University of Stellenbosch's junior team during the Varsity Rugby.
# George Spaak

George Spaak (11 February 1877 - 25 February 1966) was a Swedish engineer.

## Biography

George Spaak was born in Stockholm, Sweden. He was the father of physician Ragnar Spaak (1907-1979). He was the brother-in-law of Birger and Fredrik Ljungström.
Spaak graduated from the department of electrical engineering at Royal Institute of Technology in 1897. Around 1898–1902 he was employed at The Ljungström Engine Syndicate in Newcastle, United Kingdom, and made business travels in the United States and the German Empire. He was employed at the engineering agency of Carl Wilhelm Bildt (1854-1906) in Stockholm 1902–1904, and at Bergvik och Ala Nya Aktiebolag 1904–1944.
Spaak was one of Sweden's first private sports pilots with his own aeroplane. He was a fellow of the 1931 Flight Technical Committee of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences 1924–1943 and responsible for aerial security in Söderhamn. He was a member of the municipality of Söderala 1919–1931. He died at Söderhamn in 1966.

## Works

* Männen kring Carl Daniel Ekman och tillkomsten av världens första sulfitcellulosafabrik ( (Stockholm: Svenska Cellulosa- och Trämasseföreningarna. 1957)

## Distinctions

* Sweden: Knight of the Order of the Polar Star
* Sweden: Knight of the Order of Vasa
* Sweden: Fellow of the Flight Technical Committee of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences
# Gerenkova, İncirliova

Gerenkova is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of İncirliova, Aydın Province, Turkey. Its population is 1,980 (2022).
# Gerennus

Gerennus (Welsh: Geraint map Elidyr) was a legendary king of the Britons as recounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He came to power in 275BC.
He was a son of King Elidurus and was succeeded by his son Catellus. According to Geoffrey, his descendants ruled Britain through the time of the Roman invasion of Britain.
# Christiansburg Institute

Christiansburg Institute was a private school for African American students, active from 1866 until 1966 in Christiansburg in Montgomery County, Virginia. It closed in the wake of desegregation and one of the buildings is now a museum. It was also named Christiansburg Industrial Institute.

## History

The school was founded after the Civil War by Captain Charles S. Schaeffer, a Union soldier and Baptist minister from Philadelphia. It was established to educate freed slaves. After the war, Schaeffer joined the Freedmen's Bureau agency and came to Christiansburg in 1866 with the mission to educate newly freed slaves and prepare them for freedom. The school started in a rented one-room house with only twelve students.
By 1869, it had grown to over two hundred students and came to be known as the Hill School. The school has a classical curriculum and was mostly taught by white teachers who traveled from the northern states to teach the freed slaves. By 1870, the Freedmen's Bureau stopped funding the school and Schaeffer was instead helped financially by a Quaker group called the Friends' Freemen's Association. In the 1880s, Schaeffer took on an advisory position and control of the school was given to an entirely African American staff.
Christiansburg Industrial Institute's (CII) educational approach was altered in 1896 when Booker T. Washington, founder of Tuskegee Institute, became an adviser. The school changed its curriculum from a classical education model that emphasized reading, writing, and history, to become a vocational and technical school exemplified by the Tuskegee Institute and Hampton Institute. A 185 acres (75 ha) farm was purchased for the school in 1905. By the 1940s Christiansburg Industrial Institute had grown to a campus of approximately 14 buildings.
The campus functioned as a teacher educational facility as well as a training school, and became a credentialed secondary school, recognized by both the State Board of Education and the Southern Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools. Christiansburg Institute's credentials made it one of the nation's premier African-American schools.
During segregation in Southwestern Virginia, Christiansburg Industrial Institute was the only secondary school for African Americans in Montgomery County. It also educated black students from 15 nearby counties. In 1934 the Montgomery County School Board began its management of the school. CII was converted in 1947 to a regional high school for African-American students, and closed in 1966, when the local schools were integrated.
Tillman Sease was the school's athletic director from 1948 until 1956 and coached at the school.
# Chrysocolla

Chrysocolla (/ˌkrɪsəˈkɒlə/ KRIS-ə-KOL-ə) is a hydrous copper phyllosilicate mineral and mineraloid with the formula Cu $_{2–x}$Al $_x$(H $_2$Si $_2$O $_5$)(OH) $_4$⋅nH $_2$O (x < 1) or (Cu, Al) $_2$H $_2$Si $_2$O $_5$(OH) $_4$⋅nH $_2$O).
The structure of the mineral has been questioned, as a 2006 spectrographic study suggest material identified as chrysocolla may be a mixture of the copper hydroxide spertiniite and chalcedony.
Chrysocolla typically forms amorphously.

## History

The name chrysocolla comes from the Ancient Greek χρυσός (khrusós) and κολλα (kolla), meaning "gold" and "glue" respectively, in allusion to the name of the material used to solder gold. The word was first used by Theophrastus in 315 BC.

## Geology

Chrysocolla has a cyan (blue-green) color and is a minor ore of copper, having a hardness of 2.5 to 7.0. It is of secondary origin and forms in the oxidation zones of copper ore bodies. Associated minerals are quartz, limonite, azurite, malachite, cuprite, and other secondary copper minerals. It is typically found as botryoidal or rounded masses and crusts, or vein fillings.
A 2006 study has produced evidence that chrysocolla may be a microscopic mixture of the copper hydroxide mineral spertiniite, amorphous silica and water.

## Jewelry

Due to being somewhat more common than turquoise, its wide availability, and vivid, beautiful blue and blue-green colors, chrysocolla has been popular for use as a gemstone for carvings and ornamental use since antiquity. It is often used in silversmithing and goldsmithing in place of turquoise and is relatively easy to work and shape. Chrysocolla exhibits a wide range of Mohs hardness ranging from 2 through 7, which is dependent on the amount of silica incorporated into the stone when it is forming. Generally, dark navy blue chrysocolla is too soft to be used in jewelry, while cyan, green, and blue-green chrysocolla can have a hardness approaching 6, similar to turquoise. Chrysocolla chalcedony is a heavily silicified form of chrysocolla that forms in quartz deposits and can be very hard and approach a hardness of 7.

## Gallery

* Powder-blue chrysocolla as stalactitic growths and as a thin carpet in vugs inside a boulder of nearly solid tyrolite, from the San Simon Mine, Iquique Province, Chile (size: 14.1 cm × 8.0 cm × 7.8 cm (5.6 in × 3.1 in × 3.1 in))
* Banded white to blue green chrysocolla, from Bisbee, Arizona (size: 12.2 cm × 5.5 cm × 5.2 cm (4.8 in × 2.2 in × 2.0 in))
* Chrysocolla and silver bolo tie. This chrysocolla specimen is from the Kennecot Copper Mine in Bingham Canyon, West Valley City, Utah.
* Brochantite (emerald green) and chrysocolla, from the Rokana Mine, Zambian Copperbelt
# German submarine U-1232

German submarine U-1232 was a Type IX U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.

## Design

German Type IXC/40 submarines were slightly larger than the original Type IXCs. U-1232 had a displacement of 1,144 tonnes (1,126 long tons) when at the surface and 1,257 tonnes (1,237 long tons) while submerged. The U-boat had a total length of 76.76 m (251 ft 10 in), a pressure hull length of 58.75 m (192 ft 9 in), a beam of 6.86 m (22 ft 6 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.67 m (15 ft 4 in). The submarine was powered by two MAN M 9 V 40/46 supercharged four-stroke, nine-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of 4,400 metric horsepower (3,240 kW; 4,340 shp) for use while surfaced, two Siemens-Schuckert 2 GU 345/34 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 1,000 shaft horsepower (1,010 PS; 750 kW) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.92 m (6 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 18.3 knots (33.9 km/h; 21.1 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.3 knots (13.5 km/h; 8.4 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 63 nautical miles (117 km; 72 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 13,850 nautical miles (25,650 km; 15,940 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-1232 was fitted with six 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and two at the stern), 22 torpedoes, one 10.5 cm (4.13 in) SK C/32 naval gun, 180 rounds, and a 3.7 cm (1.5 in) Flak M42 as well as two twin 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of forty-eight.

## Service history

She made one offensive patrol, from November 1944 until February 1945, to North America. On 14 January 1945, the boat torpedoed and sank three ships within 13 minutes near Halifax Harbour off the Atlantic coast of Canada. During this action she was damaged so severely that she was forced to return to base.

### Fate

In May 1945 the British military captured U-1232 at Wesermünde, Germany. On 4 March 1946 the boat sank at 54°11′N 07°24′E﻿ / ﻿54.183°N 7.400°E﻿ / 54.183; 7.400 after she foundered whilst being towed to the scuttling grounds.

## Summary of raiding history

| Date | Ship Name | Nationality | Tonnage (GRT) | Fate |
| 4 January 1945 | Nipiwan Park | Canada | 2,373 | Damaged |
| 4 January 1945 | Polarland | Norway | 1,591 | Sunk |
| 14 January 1945 | Athelviking | United Kingdom | 8,779 | Sunk |
| 14 January 1945 | British Freedom | United Kingdom | 6,985 | Sunk |
| 14 January 1945 | Martin Van Buren | United States | 7,176 | Total loss |
# Chínipas de Almada

Chínipas de Almada is a town in the south-western portion of the Mexican state of Chihuahua, in the Sierra Madre Occidental. It serves as the municipal seat of the surrounding municipality of Chínipas.
The name honours Francisco R. Almada, a historian and two-time governor of Chihuahua born in the town; the "de Almada" suffix was added by the State Congress on 17 June 1976, when Chínipas served as the state capital for one day.

## Demography

As of 2010, Chínipas de Almada had a population of 1,934, up from 1,398 as of 2005.

## History

Chínipas was founded as a mission town by the Jesuits Pedro Juan Castini and Julio Pascual on 31 December 1626. They were both killed, and the mission destroyed, during a Native war against the Spaniards, on 1 February 1632. The mission was rebuilt, slightly downstream, in 1676.
Gold was found locally in 1798, which led to the town's rapid expansion with European settlers in the late 19th century. Well known local family names include Piero, Sarracino the Santinis from Italy, Balderrama from Spain, the Schultzes from Germany, the Russos from Sicily, the O'Leary's from Ireland (now spelled Alire), the Bridge's from England (now spelled Breach) and the Willis' from England (now spelled Villis). The largest mine was called the Palmarejo and was British-owned. The equipment was manufactured in England, shipped to Guaymas on the Sonora coast, transported by mule or donkey to San Bernardo, Sonora and then over the mountains on people's backs.

## Geography
### Climate

Climate data for Chinipas (1951-2010) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 38.0 (100.4) | 42.0 (107.6) | 41.5 (106.7) | 44.0 (111.2) | 48.0 (118.4) | 49.0 (120.2) | 46.0 (114.8) | 42.0 (107.6) | 45.0 (113.0) | 44.0 (111.2) | 42.0 (107.6) | 37.5 (99.5) | 49.0 (120.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.3 (73.9) | 25.7 (78.3) | 29.1 (84.4) | 32.3 (90.1) | 35.7 (96.3) | 38.6 (101.5) | 35.7 (96.3) | 34.6 (94.3) | 33.8 (92.8) | 30.9 (87.6) | 26.6 (79.9) | 23.3 (73.9) | 30.8 (87.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 15.6 (60.1) | 17.6 (63.7) | 20.3 (68.5) | 22.8 (73.0) | 26.3 (79.3) | 30.3 (86.5) | 28.9 (84.0) | 28.4 (83.1) | 27.7 (81.9) | 24.2 (75.6) | 19.5 (67.1) | 16.2 (61.2) | 23.1 (73.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.2 (46.8) | 9.4 (48.9) | 11.4 (52.5) | 13.3 (55.9) | 16.9 (62.4) | 21.9 (71.4) | 22.1 (71.8) | 22.2 (72.0) | 21.5 (70.7) | 17.4 (63.3) | 12.4 (54.3) | 9.0 (48.2) | 15.5 (59.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −4.0 (24.8) | 0.0 (32.0) | 3.0 (37.4) | 4.0 (39.2) | 7.0 (44.6) | 6.0 (42.8) | 12.5 (54.5) | 13.0 (55.4) | 15.0 (59.0) | 7.0 (44.6) | 2.0 (35.6) | −6.0 (21.2) | −6.0 (21.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 41.7 (1.64) | 25.4 (1.00) | 11.0 (0.43) | 7.4 (0.29) | 8.1 (0.32) | 81.7 (3.22) | 253.9 (10.00) | 219.4 (8.64) | 133.3 (5.25) | 55.5 (2.19) | 28.5 (1.12) | 46.8 (1.84) | 912.7 (35.93) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.0 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 5.6 | 15.8 | 13.7 | 8.3 | 3.2 | 2.0 | 3.0 | 59.6 |
| Source: Servicio Meteorológico National ||||||||||||||