# 1090s in England

Events from the 1090s in England.

## Incumbents

* Monarch – William II

## Events

* 1090
** After buying the allegiance of several local barons, King William II takes control of eastern Normandy.
* 1091
** 2 February – William II invades western Normandy with a large army. His brothers, Henry and Robert Curthose, mobilise mercenary forces to resist him during a siege at Mont-Saint-Michel. Under terms of the Treaty of Caen, estates on the Cotentin Peninsula of Normandy are surrendered to William, matters being concluded in August.
** July – Malcolm III of Scotland invades England reaching as far south as Durham. The Normans led by William and Robert march north to oppose the Scots, but a conflict is averted. Malcolm is obliged to accept the terms of the Treaty of Abernethy (1072) and pays homage to William.
** 17 October – London tornado of 1091: A T8/F4 tornado is recorded in London, which destroys London Bridge and badly damages St Mary-le-Bow church.
* 1092
** May – William II annexes Cumbria from the Scottish Celtic kingdom of Strathclyde and builds Carlisle Castle.
** 9 May – Lincoln Cathedral is consecrated.
** 18 October – Walcher of Malvern correctly predicts the time of a lunar eclipse.
* 1093
** 6 March – Frankish monk, philosopher and theologian Anselm is nominated as Archbishop of Canterbury; he is consecrated on 4 December.
** 8 April – the new Winchester Cathedral, constructed by Bishop Walkelin, becomes operational.
** 11 August – construction of Durham Cathedral begins.
** 13 November – King Malcolm III of Scotland is killed at the Battle of Alnwick during an attempted invasion of England.
** Durham Priory re-establishes a monastic house on the Holy Island of Lindisfarne.
** Normans continue their occupation of southern Wales, constructing Pembroke Castle.
* 1094
** February – William II and Anselm quarrel about investiture and the overlordship of Church lands.
** 19 March – William II unsuccessfully invades Normandy.
** Welsh expel the Marcher Lords and destroy all Norman strongholds in Wales, except Pembroke Castle.
* 1095
** January – Robert de Mowbray, Earl of Northumberland, rebels. William II besieges his stronghold of Bamburgh Castle which is surrendered by Robert's wife after he has been captured.
** 25 February – a council at Rockingham is held to resolve the dispute between Anselm and William II, but fails to do so.
** May – Papal legate forces a reconciliation between William II and Anselm.
* 1096
** Teaching at what will become the University of Oxford is recorded.
** King William II takes control of the Duchy of Normandy while his brother Robert II, Duke of Normandy is on the First Crusade.
** Construction of Norwich Cathedral begun. Herbert de Losinga, first Bishop of Norwich, establishes a Benedictine priory at Norwich and, shortly afterwards, an episcopal grammar school, Norwich School.
* 1097
** October – Edgar Ætheling overthrows Donald III of Scotland and places his nephew Edgar on the Scottish throne.
** 8 November – Anselm leaves England following disagreements with William II.
** Construction of Westminster Hall.
* 1098
** June or July – in the Battle of Anglesey Sound, a fleet led by Magnus Barefoot, King of Norway, reverses an Anglo-Norman invasion of north Wales.
* 1099
** 11 November – flooding around North Sea and Mount's Bay, Cornwall.

## Births

* 1095
** Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk (died 1177)
* 1096
** King Stephen of England (died 1154)

## Deaths

* 1091
** Approximate date – Robert D'Oyly, Norman nobleman and landowner
* 1092
** 7 May – Remigius de Fécamp, Bishop of Lincoln
* 1094
** 21 November – Simeon, Abbot of Ely (born c. 994)
* 1095
** 19 January – Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester (born 1008)
** 26 June – Robert the Lotharingian, Bishop of Hereford
* 1096
** 2 January – William de St-Calais, Bishop of Durham and counsellor of William II
* 1097
** January/February – Odo of Bayeux, Earl of Kent (born c. 1030s in Normandy; died on First Crusade)
** c. 1097/8 – Baldwin, Abbot of Bury St Edmunds and royal doctor
* 1098
** 3 January – Walkelin, Bishop of Winchester
* 1099
** 3 December – Saint Osmund, Bishop of Salisbury and Lord Chancellor