OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Edinburgh Feeding Evaluation in Dementia Scale

The Edinburgh Feeding Evaluation in Dementia (EdFED) Scale is a psychometric screening tool to assess difficulty with self-feeding in older people with dementia. It was developed at The University of Edinburgh by Roger Watson and Ian Deary.
The original EdFED was composed of 11 items and was validated using Guttman scaling but a subsequent version was validated using Mokken scaling and was composed of only ten items. The scale measures aspects of the level of intervention required by carers (for example, verbal prompting), observations related to feeding (for example, spillage) and behavioural aspects (for example, refusal to eat). The items are scored on a three-point Likert type scale from ‘0’ (never) to ‘3’ (often) observed items on the scale. In 2014 Alzheimers Disease International highlighted the utility of the EdFED in their ‘’’Nutrition and Dementia’’’ report.
The EdFED has been translated and validated in several languages including Chinese (Taiwanese and Mainland) and Italian. The scale was used as an outcome measure of the first randomised controlled trial of an intervention to alleviate feeding difficulty and has been used as an outcome measure in a national study of feeding difficulty in older people with dementia in Canada; In this study it was shown that a 1-unit change in the EdFED score is equivalent to a loss of 63 kilocalories and 3 grams of protein per day.
# I Want to Hold Your Hand (disambiguation)

"I Want to Hold Your Hand" is a song by the Beatles.
I Want to Hold Your Hand may also refer to:
* I Wanna Hold Your Hand (film), a 1978 film
* I Want to Hold Your Hand (album), an album by Grant Green
# 1953 in philosophy

1953 in philosophy

## Events

* Internationale Hegelgesellschaft (International Hegel Society) was founded in 1953.
* Rudolf Carnap publishes an article called "Testability and Meaning" in Readings in the Philosophy of Science, which moves away from the philosophical position of logical positivism with respect to science (particularly the heavily mathematical sciences, such as physics). Carnap instead emphasizes the idea that progress in science depends on the gradual accumulation of many small results that support human understanding of the world, a view more in line with Ludwig Wittgenstein's later philosophy and the biological sciences.

## Publications

* Herman Dooyeweerd, A New Critique of Theoretical Thought, Volume I The Necessary Presuppositinos of Philosophy (1953)
* Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, The Principal Upanishads (1953)
* Ludwig Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations (1953)
* Martin Heidegger, Introduction to Metaphysics (1953)
* Czesław Miłosz, The Captive Mind (1953)

## Births

* March 5 - Michael Sandel
* June 2 - Cornel West

## Deaths

* April 9
** C. E. M. Joad, (born 1891)
** Hans Reichenbach (born 1891)
* September 28 - Edwin Hubble (born 1889)
# Johnny Mathis (disambiguation)

Johnny Mathis (born 1935) is an American pop music singer.
John or Johnny Mathis may refer to:
* "Country" Johnny Mathis (1930–2011), American country music singer and songwriter
* John Mathis, American politician from Utah
* John Mathis (1942–2023), American soul singer who performed as Johnny Johnson for Johnny Johnson and the Bandwagon
* Johnny Mathis (basketball) (1943–2023), American basketball player
# Ken Gill (disambiguation)

Ken Gill may refer to:
* Ken Gill (1927–2009), British trade unionist
* Ken Gill (bishop) (1932–2013), English Anglican bishop
* Ken Gill (rugby league), English rugby league footballer
# Ghaamsberg

Ghaamsberg is a mountain in South Africa. situated just east of Aggeneys, in the Namakwa District Municipality of the Northern Cape province, 33 km to the south of the border with Namibia. Its summit is 1148 metres above sea level.
It is noted for its biological diversity. The unique ecologies on the various inselbergs, peaks, hills and plains in the vicinity, having varied rocky and shallow soil substrates, support a wide diversity of plants, animals, birds and insects, including rare and endemic species, a number of them threatened. The writer William Charles Scully wrote that, “for sheer uncompromising aridity, for stark grotesque naked horror, these mountains stand probably unsurpassed on the face of the globe.”
This mountain should not be confused with Gamsberg, a mountain in Namibia.

## Gamsberg Mine

In 2006, there were proposals for an open-cast zinc mine on its summit.
In 2011, the Vedanta Resources bought the undeveloped mine from Anglo American.
The first blast off of Phase 1 was in July 2015, with an access ramp being completed in April 2017.
In November 2017, Vedanta Zinc International (VZI) announce a collaboration with General Electric and mining software developer MineRP. The initial stage of this collaboration will be part of the "Smart Ore Movement" launch at the Gamsberg mine.
The mine was officially opened on Thursday 28 February 2019 by South African President Cyril Ramaphosa.

### Gamsberg Mine Landslide

On 17 November 2020, a mining-related "geotechnical incident" caused a landslide and 10 miners to become trapped; with mining halted, eight miners were rescued, one died and one body was missing. On 18 January 2021, a press release stated mining operations had resumed.
# E. flavescens

E. flavescens may refer to:
* Echeandia flavescens, a herbaceous plant
* Echinocardium flavescens, a heart urchin
* Eicherax flavescens, a robber fly
* Eimeria flavescens, an apicomplexan parasite
* Elachista flavescens, a European moth
* Eleutherodactylus flavescens, a frog endemic to the Dominican Republic
* Elisolimax flavescens, a land snail
* Elleanthus flavescens, a flowering plant
* Empidonax flavescens, a tyrant flycatcher
* Empoasca flavescens, a green leafhopper
* Enneapogon flavescens, an Australian grass
* Eptesicus flavescens, a vesper bat
* Eria flavescens, a flowering plant
* Erebomaster flavescens, a daddy longlegs
* Eublemma flavescens, an owlet moth
* Eucalyptus flavescens, a flowering plant
* Eulaema flavescens, a euglossine bee
* Eumecynostomum flavescens, an acoelomorph worm
* Eurycorypha flavescens, a bush cricket
* Exorista flavescens, a Palearctic fly
# G.H.Raisoni Institute of Information Technology

G H Raisoni Institute of Information Technology (GHRIIT) is an autonomous educational institute located in Nagpur which is affiliated to the Rashtrasant Tukdoji Maharaj Nagpur University (RTMNU). It offers Post-Graduate and Undergraduate degrees in the fields of computer and information technology and is part of the Raisoni Group of Institutions. It was established in year 2000 & It is approved by All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE).

## Programs Offered

GHRIIT offers following Postgraduate, Undergraduate programs:
* Master of Computer Application
* Master of Computer Management
* Post-Graduate Diploma in Computer Science & Application
* Bachelor of Computer Application
# James George

James George may refer to:
* James Z. George (1826–1897), American military officer, lawyer, writer, and politician
* James George (academic) (1801–1870), acting Principal of Queen's University, 1853–1857
* James George (diplomat) (1918–2020), Canadian ambassador to the United Arab Emirates
* James George (weightlifter), American weightlifter
* James George (colonel), commander of the 2nd Minnesota Infantry Regiment during the American Civil War
* James George (writer) (born 1962), New Zealand writer
# INS Betwa (F139)

INS Betwa (F139) was a Leopard-class Type 41 anti aircraft frigate of the Indian Navy, named after the Betwa river.

## Development and design

These ships were designed to provide anti-aircraft escorts to convoys and light fleet aircraft carriers of the Sydney and Virkant classes and act as light destroyers on detached duties; as a result they were not built for fleet carrier task force speed —28 knots for the Victorious and Audacious classes and made only 24 knots (44 km/h). They were envisioned in late World War II and immediately after as part of the 1944 project for a common hull anti-submarine warfare (A/S), anti-air warfare (A/A), and A/D frigate, and the design of the Type 41 was completed by December 1947.
Through their diesel-electric propulsion the Type 41s achieved long range through their low fuel use. The Leopard class was also fitted with an early type of hydraulic stabiliser system consisting of two fins that could be extended outside the main hull, to port and starboard, from a compartment between the two engine rooms. Gyro controlled with a relatively simple control system, they proved very effective in use. During testing every three months at sea, the ship could be easily driven into a 20°+ roll from the manual control on the bridge. Prior warning had to be given over the ship's tannoy system before testing was carried out, to allow stowage of loose items. Slight reduction in top speed was also noticed when in use.
However, by 1955 success had been achieved, with difficulty and limitations, in developing new steam turbines giving 30-knot speed and the range to take convoys across the Atlantic, embodied in the Whitby-class Type 12 frigates. As a result, the orders for the new diesel-electric frigates were cancelled, changed to orders for Type 12, or sold to India.
Within a few years of the Type 41's introduction in the late 1950s they were regarded as obsolete for their intended function as anti-aircraft convoy escorts. This was emphasized when the planned replacement of the 4.5" guns with 3"/70 AA guns was abandoned (in January 1955) due to cost and the view that AA guns were obsolete against jets and missiles. Adding power-ramming for the twin 4.5" guns, intended to boost the rate of fire from 14rpm to 24rpm, failed. Innovative additions of STAAG ("Stabilised Tachymetric Anti-Aircraft Gun"), CIWS mount, and replacement of the experimental version of the fast rotating 992 target indicators with the slower standard 993 were all abandoned. Only a short range 262 radar MRS1 provided secondary AA fire control for the main armament.

## Construction and career

Betwa was laid down on 29 May 1957 by Vickers-Armstrong and launched on 15 September 1959. Commissioned on 8 December 1960. She was decommissioned on 31 December 1991.
She carried pennant number F139, in 1980s changed to F39.
She was broken up in 1998.
# Korec

Korec may refer to:
* Korets, city in Ukraine
* A trade name for quinapril
* Ján Chryzostom Korec (1924-2015), Roman Catholic cardinal
# French submarine Ouessant

Two submarines of the French Navy have borne the name Ouessant:
* French submarine Ouessant (Q180), a Redoutable-class submarine launched in 1936 and scuttled in 1940
* French submarine Ouessant (S623), an Agosta-class submarine launched in 1978 and sold to Malaysia in 2009
# Giovanni Francesco Cassana

Giovanni Francesco Cassana (1611–1691) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, active mainly in Genoa.

## Biography

He was a pupil of the painter Bernardo Strozzi. His pupils included his son Niccolò Cassana, Niccolò Bambini, and Giovanni Battista Langetti. He was known chiefly as a portrait artist. He passed some time at the Court of Mirandola, where he painted a St. Jerome in the church of that town.
His younger brother, Giovanni Agostino (died 1720), painted for the Grand duke of Tuscany, but died in Genoa. His sister, Maria Vittoria Cassana, studied under Giovanni Agostino. She died in Venice in 1711. Giovanni Francesco's son, Giovanni Battista, was also a painter.
# Kate Allen

Kate or Katie Allen may refer to:
* Kate Allen (Amnesty International) (born 1955), director of Amnesty International UK
* Kate Allen (triathlete) (born 1970), Australian triathlete
* Kate Slatter (born 1971), Australian rower whose married name is Kate Allen
* Katie Allen (field hockey) (born 1974), Australian Olympic field hockey player
* Katie Allen (politician) (born 1966), Australian politician
# E. ehrenbergii

E. ehrenbergii may refer to:
* Echinocereus ehrenbergii, a ribbed cactus
* Euphlyctis ehrenbergii, a frog endemic to the Red Sea coast
# Josephine Shaw Lowell Memorial Fountain

The Josephine Shaw Lowell Memorial Fountain is an outdoor fountain in Bryant Park, Manhattan, New York memorializing Josephine Shaw Lowell, a social worker active in the late 19th century. The fountain was designed by architect Charles A. Platt and dedicated in 1912.

## Description and history

The black granite memorial commemorates social worker Josephine Shaw Lowell, who founded the Charity Organization Society. According to the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, Shaw was the first female member of the New York State Board of Charities; the fountain marks the "first woman to be honored by a major monument" in the city. It is made of Stony Creek granite and bronze. The fountain was dedicated on May 21, 1912, and installed at the east side of Bryant Park in 1913. It was relocated to the west side of the park in 1936.
In 2009 the fountain was winterized with the installation of an internal electric heating system, enabling it to be left on in subzero temperatures and gather icicles. The fountain is switched off during extended cold spells to prevent enough ice gathering to cause structural damage.
# False Hopes (Doomtree album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| HipHopDX | |
False Hopes is a series of albums from Minneapolis indie hip hop collective Doomtree. These albums are released in between official releases and the content sometimes reappears on the official releases in a reworked fashion. This is the 12th False Hopes installment and the 1st to feature all members of Doomtree.
# Ian Dyck

Ian Dyck (23 July 1954 – 15 July 2007) was a Canadian historian noted for his work on William Cobbett, an English radical journalist and politician. Dyck contributed Cobbett's biography to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
Dyck was the son of Saskatchewan farmers and achieved BA and MA degrees from the University of Saskatchewan. He was an assistant Professor of History at Simon Fraser University, British Columbia. In 2007 he died of lymphocytic leukemia.

## Works

* Citizens of the World: Essays on Thomas Paine (editor) (Christopher Helm Publishers, 1987).
* William Cobbett and Rural Popular Culture (Cambridge University Press, 1992).
* 'Introduction' in William Cobbett, Rural Rides (Penguin Classics, 2005), pp. vii-xxviii.
# Guglielmo Micheli

Guglielmo Micheli (October 12, 1866 – September 7, 1926) was an Italian painter. Micheli's work consisted mainly of landscapes and seascapes using oils and watercolors.

## Biography

Micheli was born in Livorno. He was awarded a stipend named in honor of artist Michelangelo Bastoni, allowing him to enroll at the Academy of Fine Arts of Florence, where he was a pupil of Natale Betti. The school was then directed by Giovanni Fattori. He frequently wrote to Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo, who had been a fellow student at the academy, along with Plinio Nomellini, Mario Puccini, Francesco Fanelli, and Ferruccio Pagni. Influenced by Volpedo and others, Micheli initially painted in a style recalling the Macchiaioli painters, before developing his own style. He also made engravings and designed illustrations for books.
In 1888, he married Guglielmina Paganucci, granddaughter of the prominent sculptor of Livorno, Giovanni Paganucci.
His most prominent pupil was Amedeo Modigliani. Among his other pupils were Llewelyn Lloyd, Giulio Cesare Vinzio, Manlio Martinelli, Gino Romiti, Renato Natali and occasionally Oscar Ghiglia (painter).
Micheli died in Livorno on September 7, 1926.

## Selected paintings

* White Oxen
* Port of Livorno
# French submarine Papin

Papin was one of 18 Pluviôse-class submarines built for the French Navy (Marine Nationale) in the first decade of the 20th century.

## Design and description

The Pluviôse class were built as part of the French Navy's 1905 building program to a double-hull design by Maxime Laubeuf. The submarines displaced 404 metric tons (398 long tons) surfaced and 553 metric tons (544 long tons) submerged. They had an overall length of 51.12 meters (167 ft 9 in), a beam of 4.96 meters (16 ft 3 in), and a draft of 3.15 meters (10 ft 4 in). Their crew numbered 2 officers and 23 enlisted men.
For surface running, the boats were powered by two 350-metric-horsepower (345 bhp; 257 kW) triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller shaft using steam provided by two Du Temple boilers. When submerged each propeller was driven by a 230-metric-horsepower (227 bhp; 169 kW) electric motor. On the surface they were designed to reach a maximum speed of 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) and 8 knots (15 km/h; 9.2 mph) underwater. The submarines had a surface endurance of 865 nautical miles (1,602 km; 995 mi) at 11.6 knots (21.5 km/h; 13.3 mph) and a submerged endurance of 70 nmi (130 km; 81 mi) at 2.8 knots (5.2 km/h; 3.2 mph).
The first six boats completed were armed with a single 450-millimeter (17.7 in) internal bow torpedo tube, but this was deleted from the rest of the submarines after an accident with their sister Fresnel in 1909. All of the boats were fitted with six 450 mm external torpedo launchers; the pair firing forward were fixed outwards at an angle of seven degrees and the rear pair had an angle of five degrees. Following a ministerial order on 22 February 1910, the aft tubes were reversed so they too fired forward, but at an angle of eight degrees. The other launchers were a rotating pair of Drzewiecki drop collars in a single mount positioned on top of the hull at the stern. They could traverse 150 degrees to each side of the boat. The Pluviôse-class submarines carried eight torpedoes.

## Construction and career

Papin, named after the 17th-century physicist Denis Papin, was ordered on 26 August 1905 from the Arsenal de Rochefort. The submarine was laid down in 1906, launched on 4 January 1908 and commissioned on 1 September 1909.

## Citations

* 1 2 Gardiner & Gray, p. 209
* ↑ Garier 1998, pp. 51, 54, 56, 65
* ↑ Garier 1998, pp. 56–59
* ↑ Garier 1998, p. 67
* ↑ Garier 1998, pp. 59–60
* ↑ Garier, p. 49
* ↑ Couhat, p. 140
* ↑ Garier 1998, p. 50
# (R)-citramalate synthase

(R)-citramalate synthase (EC 2.3.1.182, CimA) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
    acetyl-CoA + pyruvate + H$_2$O $\rightleftharpoons$ CoA + (2R)-2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanedioate
This enzyme participates in a novel pyruvate pathway for isoleucine biosynthesis.
# Kazuko Hillyer International

Kazuko Hillyer International Inc was a performing arts production and management organization based in New York City. It was formed by Kazuko Hillyer in 1970. It arranged tours for a variety of clients, including the Tokyo String Quartet, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the Grand Kabuki, the Jewish Theater of Romania and the Zambia National Folk and Music Ensemble.

## History

The business was at first run out of the apartment Kazuko Hillyer shared with her husband, Juilliard String Quartet co-founder Raphael Hillyer. An early success was a successful arrangement in 1972 with musicians in East Germany, which was before that time closed to cultural exchanges with the West. By 1975 the Hillyer organization represented 50 conductors and soloists and 20 orchestras worldwide.
The company was notably responsible for organizing the Metropolitan Opera's first tour to Japan in May–June 1975. Hillyer successfully brokered a sponsorship deal for the tour with the Chubu-Nippon Broadcasting Company. The Met, which at the time was experiencing financial difficulties, jumped at a chance for three weeks of opera performances that had all costs covered and generated income for the company. The company toured Japan for three weeks, giving performances in Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya.
General director Schuyler Chapin and Hillyer were able to secure many of the world's leading opera singers for the tour. Their production of La traviata starred Joan Sutherland as Violetta and Robert Merrill as Germont with Sutherland's husband, Richard Bonynge, conducting. Marilyn Horne portrayed the title role in Carmen for the tour with conductor Henry Lewis, Lucine Amara is Micaela, and James McCracken as Don José. The role of Rodolfo in the tour's La bohème was alternated in performances between tenors Franco Corelli and Luciano Pavarotti with Dorothy Kirsten as Mimi.
In 1992, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, which was soon converted to Chapter 7.
# E. elegans

E. elegans may refer to:
* Echeveria elegans, a plant species
* Elionurus elegans, a grass species found in Nigeria, Senegal and Burkina Faso
* Eleutherodactylus elegans, a frog species found in Colombia
* Erythroneura elegans, a leafhopper species
* Eryx elegans, a non-venomous snake species found in western Central Asia
* Eudorina elegans, a green alga species
* Eudromia elegans, the elegant crested tinamou or Martineta tinamou, a medium-sized bird species found in southern Chile and Argentina
* Euparyphus elegans, a soldier fly species found in Mexico
* Euphorbia elegans, a plant species

## Synonyms

* Eudictyon elegans, a synonym for Corbitella elegans, a glass sponge species found in Indonesia
# G.B.H. (soundtrack)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | link |
| Encyclopedia of Popular Music | |
| NME | 8/10 |
G.B.H. is a soundtrack album by English musician Elvis Costello and composer Richard Harvey for the Channel 4's TV series of the same name, released in 1991. It was the first of two collaborations between Costello and Harvey.

## Track listing

All compositions written by Elvis Costello and Richard Harvey unless otherwise indicated.
* "G.B.H. Opening Titles: The Life and Times of Michael Murray" – 4:32
* "It Wasn't Me" – 2:01
* "Men of Alloy" – 3:51
* "Lambs to the Slaughter" – 4:17
* "Bubbles" – 2:11
* "The 'Goldilocks' Theme" – 3:06
* "Perfume - The Odour of Money" – 4:03
* "Barbara Douglas: Assassin" – 3:09
* "Pursuit Suite" – 5:06
* "The Roaring Boy", with The Prufrock Quartet (Costello, The Prufrock Quartet) – 4:01
* "'So I Used Five!'" – 1:27
* "Love from a Cold Land" – 2:28
* "In a Cemetery Garden" – 1:57
* "'Smack 'Im'" – 2:15
* "Woodlands - On Joy!" (Harvey) – 3:45
* "'It's Cold Up There'" – 2:52
* "Going Home Service" – 5:06
* "Grave Music" – 2:29
* "The Puppet Masters' Work" – 4:10
* "'He's So Easy'" – 1:58
* "Another Time, Another Place" – 2:02
* "Closing Titles" – 2:32
# Falsomesosella glacilior

Falsomesosella glacilior is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1884.
# Giuseppe Sala

Giuseppe Sala may refer to:
* Giuseppe Sala (music publisher) (c.1643-1727), Italian music publisher
* Giuseppe Sala (politician) (born 1958), Italian politician
* Giuseppe Antonio Sala (1762–1839), Italian cardinal of the Roman Catholic church
# Eduard van Roessel

Eduard van Roessel (7 September 1897 – 26 January 1976) was a Dutch footballer. He played in two matches for the Netherlands national football team in 1920.