OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ch. Surender Singh Memorial Herbal Park, Tosham

Ch. Surender Singh Memorial Herbal Park, Tosham is a herbal and medicinal plants park in Tosham town of Bhiwani district in the Indian state of Haryana.
It should not be confused with similarly named Ch. Surender Singh Memorial Herbal Park, Kairu (Hindi: चौधरी सुरेंद्र सिंह स्मारक जड़ी बूटी उद्यान, कैरू) in Kairu village, both are located in Bhiwani district in the Indian state of Haryana.

## Location

Ch. Surender Singh Memorial Herbal Park, Tosham is located on Hisar-Bhiwani road in Tosham town in Bhiwani district. It is nearly 40 km from Hisar and Hansi, and 30 km from Bhiwani.

## History

The 45 acre park was founded on protected forest land in 2009 by then Haryana's Forests Minister Kiran Choudhry in the memory of her politician husband late Surender Singh who was the son of former Chief Minister of Haryana Bansi Lal and father of politician Shruti Choudhry.

## Objectives of the Herbal Park

The herbal park aims to preserve and propagate the Ayurvedic, Naturopathy & endangered herbs. it also aims to educate people and farmers in commercial cultivation of these herbs to engage in profitable pursuits.

## Herbs at Park

The Forests Department, Haryana has planted several Ayurvedic medicinal herbs from different parts of the world at this park including Ashvagandha (Indian Ginseng), Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina), Mulethi (Liquorice), Shatavar (Asparagus racemosus), Brahmibooti (Centella asiatica), Chitrak (Plumbago), Gwarpatha (Aloe vera), Baansa (Justicia adhatoda), Rosha Ghas (Cymbopogon martinii) - type of lemon grass, Akarkara (Anacyclus pyrethrum root), Safed Musali (Chlorophytum borivilianum), Vach, Shatavari, Isabagol (Psyllium seed husks), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), Pippali, Makoy or Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum), Bhumi Amalki (Phyllanthus niruri), Bahera, Harad, Amla (Phyllanthus emblica), Rudraksh, Bael, Kalihari (Gloriosa superba), Patharchur (Coleus), Lemon grass, Jatropha, Palmarosa and Haldi (Turmeric).

## Facilities

The park has several visitor facilities, including lawns and swings for the kids, an observation watch tower, etc.

## Examples of herbs found

* Ayurvedic Herb Ashvagandha (Indian Ginseng) (Withania somnifera)
* Ayurvedic Herb Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina)
* Ayurvedic Herb Mulethi (Liquorice) roots with bark
* Flowers of Ayurvedic Herb Shatavar (Asparagus racemosus)
* Brahmibooti (Centella asiatica)
* Chitrak (Plumbago)
* Baansa (Justicia adhatoda)
* Akarkara (Anacyclus pyrethrum root)
# Chaeteessa valida

Chaeteessa valida is a species of praying mantis in the family Chaeteessidae.
# Chacornac (crater)

Chacornac is an irregular lunar impact crater attached to the southeast rim of the crater Posidonius. It lies just to the east of the Mare Serenitatis, and north of the crater Le Monnier. The crater is named after French astronomer Jean Chacornac.
The rim of Chacornac has a somewhat distorted, pentagonal outline, and appears uneven, especially in the northwest where it is attached to the rim of Posidonius. The flooded floor is irregular and uneven, and contains a system of faint rilles called the Rimae Charocnac. There is no central peak, and no trace of a ray system. The ground around the crater is rugged, with a hilly, sloping rampart to the west.

## Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Chacornac.
| Chacornac | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| A | 29.8° N | 31.5° E | 5 km |
| B | 29.8° N | 31.9° E | 6 km |
| C | 30.8° N | 32.6° E | 4 km |
| D | 30.6° N | 33.6° E | 26 km |
| E | 29.4° N | 33.7° E | 22 km |
| F | 29.2° N | 32.9° E | 26 km |
# Chaim Kamil

Chaim Kamil (1933–2005) was a rabbi and the rosh yeshiva (dean) of the yeshiva of Ofakim, Israel. He was a student of Rabbi Chaim Shmuelevitz. Kamil also delivered weekly Talmudic lectures in the yeshiva at Tifrach, Israel.
Many of Kamil's Musar-oriented lectures have been published under the name "Imrei Chaim".

## Sources

* obituary of Kamil
* This biographical article about an Israeli rabbi is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Functional generative description

Functional generative description (FGD) is a linguistic framework developed at Charles University in Prague since the 1960s by a team led by Petr Sgall. Based on the dependency grammar formalism, it is a stratificational grammar formalism that treats the sentence as a system of interlinked layers: phonological, morphematical, morphonological, analytical (surface syntax) and tectogrammatical (deep syntax). Continuing the tradition of Prague School, special attention is paid to the phenomenon of topic–focus articulation.
The Prague Dependency Treebank (PDT) is a treebank consisting of a subset of the Czech National Corpus annotated along the lines of FGD.
# Functional grammar

Functional grammar may refer to:
* Functional linguistics, a range of functionally based approaches to linguistics
* Functional discourse grammar, grammar models developed by Simon C. Dik that explain how utterances are shaped based on the goals of language users
* Systemic functional grammar, a grammatical description developed by Michael Halliday
* Danish functional linguistics, a strand of functional linguistics associated with linguists at the University of Copenhagen
* Lexical functional grammar, a variety of generative grammar initiated by Joan Bresnan and Ronald Kaplan.
* Role and reference grammar, a model of grammar developed by William Foley and Robert Van Valin, Jr.
# Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. betae

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. betae is a destructive fungal plant pathogen. It causes Fusarium yellows or fusarium wilt, characterized by yellowing and dwarfing.

## Hosts and symptoms

Fusarium oxysporum has multiple formae speciales each assigned to a particular host. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. betae is very host specific to sugar beet. The disease that this pathogen causes is fusarium yellows or fusarium wilt. Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. betae is a type of fungus whose spores survive in the soil. The symptoms of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. betae are yellowing between the large veins, chlorosis, wilting, and necrosis of leaves. The pathogen is xylem limited and soil-borne, so by definition it affects the vascular tissue of the roots in order to gain access to the vascular system of the host. This leads to symptoms such as discoloration, chlorosis, and wilting because the pathogen acts as a plug blocking transportation of water and nutrients to the rest of the sugar beet.

## Management

One mode of management is crop rotation, but there is differing effectiveness rates shown in the literature. One article suggests that rotating crops would reduce the number of overwintering spores in the soil. But another journal deems crop rotation ineffective because the pathogen can live on other crops in the rotation and appear asymptomatic. If you are only relying on this form of management, you should be performing sanitation measures on field equipment, as to not spread the disease. Fungicide is not an effective management practice. The most effective practice is to plant early in the season when the soil is at a cool temperature. Unnecessary irrigations should also be avoided, giving the fungal spores the least amount of water possible. A sugar beet with resistance would be a good option, but there are no such cultivars available for farmers to buy.

## Environment

The presence of the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. betae is amplified by high temperatures found during planting season. It was found that temperatures 24 °C and higher led to a proliferation of the pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. betae. There seems to be an optimal temperature, 25 °C, for the fungal spores to grow. Because fusarium yellows is caused by a fungal pathogen, high moisture conditions are optimal for the pathogen to infect the sugar beets. An ecosystem that is most beneficial to this pathogen is a low-lying field in high moisture conditions. The spores can multiply and infect at the greatest rate when there is a lot of water present. In addition, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. betae is a xylem limited disease, therefore it needs water to be able to infect the rest of the plant once it gets into the roots. Another way the environment takes effect on the rate of disease is in soil conditions. This is due to the fact that Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. betae is a soil-borne pathogen. The rate of disease is affected by an ever-changing triangle between the fungal growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. betae, physical and environmental factors in the soil, and rate of plant root growth.
# Chakra River

The Chakra River is a river flowing through Kundapur and Gungolli in western India. It joins with the Souparnika River, Varahi River and Kubja River known as Panchagangavali river and merges into the Arabian Sea.
The Chakra nagar is a small town which is famous because of this river.Chakranagar is on the way to Shivamogga from Mangaluru via Mastikatte, Nagara. There is also a Chakra dam which was built long ago as a balancing reservoir and does not have sluice gate to the Linganamakki Dam. Special permission is needed to visit this dam. The Chakra Dam was a KPC project and the chief engineer was B Seetharam.
# Chakra Bam

Chakra Bam (Nepali: चक्र बम) is a singer and model from the Kailali district of Nepal. He sing lok pop, lok dohori, and modern generation music. The majority of the songs he sings belong to the Deuda genre. He was born in 1993 AD.

## About

Chakra Bam Start his modeling career from 2070 BS with debut song "Mota Chamal" and singing career from his first song "Nach Meri Jhuma". Till now he has acted in over 250 music videos. "Karnali Tira", "Oya Jhuma", "Bhan Sali", and "Bambai Janye Rail", "Oya Kajal" ,"hey Suwa" are some popular song in his musical journey. He writes songs, sings, and dances, and has his own unique style of singing that emphasizes the dialect used in his songs. They sing songs that reflect the glory of the Far Western region of Nepal, which lies in the western part of Nepal. The western part of nepal follow Deuda cultural. Over the past five years, he sing's more than 100 songs . He has been awarded from different national awards.

## Songs

| SN | Songs Name | Release Date |
| 1 | Udhi aa Suwa | - |
| 2 | Bhan Sali | - |
| 3 | He suwa | - |
| 4 | Soltini | - |
| 5 | Nach Bhunti Nach | - |
| 6 | Gajal | - |
| 7 | ko ho ko ho | - |
# Chainalytics

Chainalytics is a global supply chain consulting, analytics, and market intelligence firm with locations across North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific.

## History
### Acquisitions

* 2011:Packaging Solutions Business From Adalis Corporation; The Adalis packaging engineering services and consulting team, located in Minnesota, formed a new practice within Chainalytics to focus on optimizing supply chain packaging and reducing package damage, materials and logistics costs. Tom Blanck joined as Principal of packaging optimization practice.
* 2011: Chainnovations, a supply chain management consultancy; This company brought experience in the area of service supply chains, encompassing reverse logistics, after-sales service, and service-centric networks. Chainnovations’ founder and managing partner, Irv Grossman, joined as vice president for Supply Chain Operations Practice.
* 2013: ROCE Partners,a pan-European supply chain management consultancy with offices in Helsinki, Milan, and Stockholm; With the addition, Chainalytics expanded its geographic coverage and gained capabilities in the areas of sales and operations planning (S&OP) and demand-supply planning. Janne Salmi, former Chairman of the Board at ROCE Partners, continued as Managing Director of Chainalytics Europe and lead of the global S&OP Practice.
* 2014: Logiworx, Australian Supply Chain & Logistics Firm; Since 2009, Chainalytics and Logiworx had partnered in multiple supply chain management projects in the Asia-Pacific region. Through acquisitions, Chainalytics gained expertise in verticals such as mining, metals, oil and gas, as well as extending capacity in supply management and procurement of direct and indirect materials. Logiworx partner and co-founder Tim Foster took on the role of Managing Director for Asia-Pacific.

## Executive Team

* Irv Grossman, Chief Executive Officer
* Erik Diks, Managing Director, Europe
* Ken Justin, Chief Technology Officer
* Steve Ellet, Senior Vice President, Supply Chain Design
* Neelesh Asati, Managing Director, Asia-Pacific
# Fındıkköy, Kütahya

Fındıkköy, also known as Fındık, is a village in the Kütahya District of Kütahya Province, Turkey. Its population is 132 (2022).
# Fındıcak, Mudurnu

Fındıcak is a village in the Mudurnu District, Bolu Province, Turkey. Its population is 87 (2021).
# Fındıklı, Alaplı

Fındıklı is a village in Alaplı District, Zonguldak Province, Turkey. Its population is 371 (2022).
# Chamot

Chamot is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Janine Chamot (born 1983), Swiss footballer
* José Chamot (born 1969), Argentine footballer and manager
* Mary Chamot (1899–1993), English art historian and museum curator
# Chambly (Province of Canada electoral district)

Chambly was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly of the Parliament of the Province of Canada, in Canada East. It was created in 1841, based on the previous electoral district of the same name for the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada, for an area south of Montreal. It was represented by one member in the Legislative Assembly.
The electoral district was abolished in 1867, upon the creation of Canada and the province of Quebec.

## Boundaries

The Union Act, 1840 merged the two provinces of Upper Canada and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada, with a single Parliament. The separate parliaments of Lower Canada and Upper Canada were abolished.
The Union Act provided that the pre-existing electoral boundaries of Lower Canada and Upper Canada would continue to be used in the new Parliament, unless altered by the Union Act itself. The Chambly electoral district of Lower Canada was not altered by the Act, and therefore continued with the same boundaries which had been set by a statute of Lower Canada in 1829:
The electoral district was located south of Montreal, in the Montérégie region. The elections were held at Longueuil.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly (1841–1867)

Chambly was a single-member constituency.
The following were the members of the Legislative Assembly for Chambly. The party affiliations are based on the biographies of individual members given by the National Assembly of Quebec, as well as votes in the Legislative Assembly. "Party" was a fluid concept, especially during the early years of the Province of Canada.
| Parliament | Members | Members | Years in Office | Party | Party |
| 1st Parliament 1841–1844 | John Yule | John Yule | 1841–1843 | Unionist and Government supporter | |
| 1st Parliament 1841–1844 | Louis Lacoste | Louis Lacoste | 1843–1844 (By-election) | French-Canadian Group | French-Canadian Group |
| 2nd Parliament 1844–1847 | Louis Lacoste | Louis Lacoste | 1844–1847 | French-Canadian Group | French-Canadian Group |
| 3rd Parliament 1848–1851 | Pierre Beaubien | | 1848–1849 | French-Canadian Group | French-Canadian Group |
| 3rd Parliament 1848–1851 | Louis Lacoste | Louis Lacoste | 1849–1851 (by-election) | Ministerialist | Ministerialist |
| 4th Parliament 1851–1853 | Louis Lacoste | Louis Lacoste | 1851–1853 | Ministerialist | Ministerialist |
| 5th Parliament 1854–1857 | Noël Darche | Noël Darche | 1854–1857 | Rouge | Rouge |
| 6th Parliament 1858–1861 | Louis Lacoste | Louis Lacoste | 1858–1861 | Bleu | Bleu |
| 7th Parliament 1861–1863 | Charles Boucher de Boucherville | | 1861–1867 | Independent | Independent |
| 8th Parliament 1863–1867 | Charles Boucher de Boucherville | | 1861–1867 | Confederation; Bleu | |
# GDF1

Growth differentiation factor 1 (GDF1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GDF1 gene.
GDF1 belongs to the transforming growth factor beta superfamily that has a role in left-right patterning and mesoderm induction during embryonic development. It is found in the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves of embryos.
# Chamonixia pachydermis

Chamonixia pachydermis, is a species of fungus in the family Boletaceae, found in New Zealand.
Chamonixia pachydermis is common in areas of New Zealand beech forest and is often partially buried on the ground. It has a blue discoloration.
# Changtang (disambiguation)

The Changtang is part of the Tibetan Plateau in western and northern Tibet and extending into India.
Changtang may also refer to:

## Towns or townships in China

* Changtang, Anhua (长塘镇), a town of Anhua County, Hunan
* Changtang, Linxiang (长塘镇), a town of Linxiang City, Hunan
* Changtang, Dongkou (长塘瑶族乡), a Yao ethnic township of Dongkou County, Hunan

## Other uses

* Chang Tang Nature Reserve (羌塘国家级自然保护区), a nature reserve in the northern Tibetan Plateau of China
# Chakar Ali Khan Junejo

Chakar Ali Khan Junejo (5 December 1928 – 31 October 1997) was Ambassador of Pakistan to the United Arab Emirates and a MPA. Khan was born in a Sindhi Junejo Muslim family.

## Career

Junejo was a close associate of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who became prime minister of Pakistan. The association started in early 1950s during student life in London and continued as the Pakistan Peoples Party emerged as the party of the masses in Pakistan. He was a member of a prominent land-owning Junejo family of Larkana, stood up to coercive pressures of the dictator, Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, enduring political arrests including solitary confinement, for his friend and the party.
He was the Author of "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: A Memoir".
# Changzhou sesame candy

Changzhou sesame candy is a kind of special traditional cookie which is very popular among people in local places in Changzhou. During the Tang dynasty, Changzhou locals started to produce a kind of sweets shaped like deep-fried sesame seed balls, hence the similar name.
There are two stories relating to how the Changzhou sesame candy earned its popularity. The first states that the emperor didn't have a good appetite and didn't feel like eating anything, since nothing pleased him; however, once he tried some sesame candy from Changzhou, he recovered and declared the sesame candy his favorite food. Another story states that during the Song dynasty the emperor was too afraid of fighting to retaliate when the region was invaded, and thus the nation was on the brink of being entirely destroyed. However, a great number of people made sesame candy to send to the emperor in order to remind him of the importance of the land. This inspired the emperor to fight back at last, and the whole country was saved. Changzhou sesame candy got its name during the Tang dynasty and was usually used for sacrificial rituals.
# GPR33

Probable G-protein coupled receptor 33 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR33 gene.
# Changeling (soundtrack)

Changeling is a soundtrack album released in 2008 based on the film of the same name. In common with all his films since Mystic River (2003), Clint Eastwood composed the music to the 2008 film Changeling himself. The score is jazz- and bebop-influenced, and mainly low-key, featuring lilting guitars and strings. The addition of brass instruments has its roots in film noir and plays to the film's setting in a city controlled by corrupt police. The theme shifts from piano to a full orchestra, and as the story develops the strings become more imposing, with increasing numbers of sustains and rises. Voices reminiscent of those in a horror film score are introduced during the film's flashback scenes to the child murders. Eastwood's bassist son, Kyle, played on the soundtrack. The score was released on CD in North America on November 4, 2008 through record label Varèse Sarabande.
# Chaplin Estates

Chaplin Estates is a neighbourhood that covers the southwest portion of the Yonge and Eglinton area in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It lies west of Yonge Street and is bounded by Eglinton Avenue to the north and Avenue Road to the west. The southern boundary is Chaplin Crescent, which runs parallel to the former Beltline Railway line, now the Beltline Trail, a scenic walking and biking trail.
A portion of the Toronto Transit Commission's Yonge-University-Spadina subway line runs above ground along the eastern fringe of Chaplin Estates, and transit access is provided through Davisville station and Eglinton station. Chaplin Estates is one of the wealthiest neighbourhoods in Toronto.
# Charles Bridges

Charles Bridges may refer to:
* Charles Bridges (theologian) (1794–1869), preacher and theologian in the Church of England
* Charles Bridges (painter) (1672–1747), English painter active in the American colonies
* Charles Bridges (politician) (1881–1955), Australian politician
* Charles Scott Bridges (1903–1961), American corporate executive
* Charles Higbee Bridges (1873–1948), officer in the United States Army
# Chamber of Commerce (Douala)

The Chamber of Commerce in Douala, Cameroon is a building constructed between 1927 and 1928 under the French mandate, under the umbrella of the League of Nations. This building is in a late Art Nouveau architectural style.

## History

The Chamber of Commerce was built between 1927 and 1928, and meant to host the Chamber of Commerce. It is among the earliest architectural testimonies of the early French era, within the framework of the Mandate, under the umbrella of the League of Nations, after Germany was defeated in September 1918.
Created in 1921, before the Conference and the treaty of Versailles, the Chamber of Commerce is merely an advisory body. Its mission was to give account of the resources dedicated to development, and also to fix the market prices lists for the farmers. The fifteen members of the Chamber were chosen by the Commissioner of the Republic, and appointed for two years through an arrêté. Among them were two natives: a farmer and a trader, a kind of social innovation within this very context of racial segregation.
At the entrance of the edifice, there is a plate that commemorates General Charles de Gaulle's visit to Cameroon in 1940. He delivered an appeal to the inhabitants to join Free France in front of the building.