OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cat tree

A cat tree (also referred to as a cat house, cat condo, kitty condo, or cat tower) is an artificial structure for a cat to play, exercise, relax and sleep on.
Cat trees vary in height and complexity, with most cats preferring features offering height over comfort, particularly if tall enough to allow a clear survey of their territory. Some cats prefer options which offer shelter or a secluded escape, which may be at any height of the structure.
Conventional cat tree designs are of a floor-based solid structure, composed of square-shaped sheets of particle board (as platforms, boxes and enclosed structures) combined with wooden studs and planks (used as elevators or stairs), with exteriors and interiors typically covered with carpet. Elevators are also frequently covered with an abrasive materials (sisal rope being the most common), intended to induce cats to scratch in those areas and reduce overall wear of the structure. The levels created by the layer of interactive features offer cats anything from bedding and shelter to exercise and play.
There are specialized alternatives to the traditional cat tree that offer improved function for cats. These alternative designs include wall-mounted pieces and sets, as well as ergonomic designs and geometries that contour to feline anatomy. Some designs simulate the shape or appearance of real trees. Soft textiles and heavyweight fabrics have also replaced abrasive carpet in some of the more luxury-themed designs.
Cat trees are meant to offer cats a sense of security, by creating interactive areas that are only used by them. While cat trees can help to deter cats from scratching on other furniture, not every cat will react the same and cat owners have reported varied results in that regard.
Some companies are developing modern cat trees in stylish designs. These cat trees combine the functions cats need, such as stepped platforms and height, with more visually appealing design such as exposed wood. This more modern cat furniture is constructed to match a home's décor.
# Cat train

A Cat train is a train of one or more supply sleds/sleighs hauled by a continuous track vehicle, and is typically used in roadless areas. They are so named for the caterpillar tracks of the hauling vehicle.
In northern climates, they were used to haul supplies to isolated communities in winter before engineers such as John Denison created modern winter roads which enabled standard winterized semi-trucks and trailers to haul these loads and heavier freight.
Cat trains are still used in areas where winter roads cannot be built, such as along the Hudson Bay, as seen in Season 9 of Ice Road Truckers.
# Frederick Vining

Frederick August Vining (4 November 1790 – 2 June 1871) was an English actor. His first appearance on the stage was at Gravesend, after which he worked at provincial theatres at Bath and Norwich. He went on to perform in London and was manager of the Theatre Royal, Haymarket.$^{:260}$ He enjoyed considerable repute in his heyday and was included in a collection of brief biographies of the principal actors and actresses of the British stage published in 1824 by Sherwood, Jones & Co.

## Family

He was the son of Charles Vining, a silversmith in Kirby Street, Hatton Garden, and was born in London in 1790. The actor George Vining was Frederick's nephew. They were part of an extensive family of actors.

## Career

His first appearance was at the age of sixteen. He played Young Norval in the play Douglas at the Theatre Royal, Gravesend.$^{:259}$ He remained on the Gravesend, Worthing, Hythe, and Brighton circuit for four years.
He appeared at Covent Garden in London in 1813: roles included Frederick in The Poor Gentleman, Harry Dornton in The Road to Ruin, Count Frederick Friberg in The Miller and his Men by Isaac Pocock, as one of the original cast, and Frederick in The Jew.
At Bath he appeared in 1821 as Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing, and played during the 1821/22 season, among other roles, one or two original parts, including Tressilian in Kenilworth.
From 1823 he appeared at the Haymarket in London: roles included Young Rapid in A Cure for the Heart Ache, Dick Dowlas in The Heir at Law, Almaviva in The Marriage of Figaro, Charles Franklin—an original part—in Sweethearts and Wives by James Kenney, and Flexible in Kenney's Love, Law, and Physic. He later acted as stage manager at the Haymarket for a short period.
He died in Camberwell and is buried in West Norwood Cemetery. In an obituary published in the Birmingham Daily Gazette he was described as having the skill and gallant bearing which "gave evidence of the good training which characterised the comedian of the old school" which he exhibited up to his last engagement at the Olympic Theatre at the beginning of the 1860s, after which he suffered from reduced mental capacity, being cared for in a private asylum for the last years of his life.

## Garotte attack

In June 1867 he was the victim, with others, of what was termed 'a garotte attack', from which he recovered. The circumstances were not reported by the press, and are unknown; however, robbery by clutching of the throat was then a widely-feared risk in London.
# Frederick Viggers Smith

Frederick Viggers Smith (1912–2006) was an Australian/British psychologist.

## Academic career

After training as a teacher, Smith completed a BSc in Psychology at the University of Sydney. He then moved to the UK where he obtained a PhD from the University of London in 1948. He was appointed as a lecturer at Birkbeck College and then at the University of Aberdeen. In 1950 he was appointed Professor of Educational Psychology at Durham University and subsequently Chair of Psychology. He retired in 1976.

## Publications

* Smith, F.V. Explanation of Human Behaviour
* Smith F.V. Attachment of the Young: Imprinting and Other Developments
* Smith, F.V. Purpose in Animal Behaviour

## Awards

* Fellow, British Psychological Society
* President, British Psychological Society, 1959–60
# Frederick Villiers

Frederick Villiers may refer to:
* Frederic Villiers (1851–1922), British war artist and correspondent
* Frederick Villiers Meynell (1801–1872), British Whig politician, initially known as Frederick Villiers
* Frederick Child Villiers (1815–1871), British Conservative politician
# Cecil Salmon

Samuel Cecil Salmon (1885–1975) was an agronomist who was attached to the American occupying forces in Japan after World War II. He worked for the Agricultural Research Service and during his time in Japan, Salmon collected 16 varieties of wheat samples including a dwarf strain Norin 10 which later triggered the Green Revolution.

## Life and career

Salmon was born in South Dakota and received a B.S. degree from South Dakota State University, a M.S. degree from Kansas State University and a Ph.D. degree from the University of Minnesota.
He taught and conducted research on wheat production at Kansas State from 1913 to 1931. In 1931, he became Principal Agronomist in the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) "Office of Cereal Crops and Diseases".
While serving as the cereal crops consultant with the U.S. Army of Occupation in Japan after World War II, Salmon noted the vigorous, productive semi-dwarf wheats developed in Japan. He collected 16 varieties of the wheats including Norin 10 and sent seeds of those wheats to the USDA Small Grains Collection.
These seeds were used by Orville Vogel at Washington State University to develop the variety ‘Gaines,’ which holds the world record for wheat yields, and Norin 10 was used by International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in Mexico to develop the varieties that started the Green Revolution.
Salmon went on to serve two years in the Philippines helping to rehabilitate the University of the Philippines College of Agriculture at Los Baños (UPLB) and undertook four tours with the U.S. Agency for International Development.
He co-authored several books on experimental design in agricultural research, including The principles and practice of agricultural research, published by L. Hill in 1964.
# Catalyst Arts

Catalyst Arts a non-profit artist-run space based in Belfast city centre.

## History

Catalyst Arts was formed in 1993 in response to what was seen as a cultural vacuum. In accordance with its constitution it is run by unpaid volunteers, and seeks to adopt a poly-vocal strategy towards the promotion of contemporary art practices by large selection of artists and projects from the widest possible range of disciplines. It is modeled after Transmission Gallery, and spawned 126 Artist-run Gallery. Catalyst Arts was envisioned as an agency that would act as a 'catalyst' cajoling, supporting and promoting culturally engaged artistic endeavours on a local, national and international basis Academic and critic, Declan Long describes Catalyst as a "locally influential... collective."
Catalyst Arts was founded on a constitution that provides a structure in which power flows from the roots of its membership to the committee of directors. Catalyst Arts boasts an archive of over 2000 unique documents of Northern Irish art history, which it is currently preparing to make publicly accessible. Catalyst Arts has also organised projects internationally. Catalyst has strong links with the University of Ulster. Catalyst Arts has shown works of David Shrigley, Ross Sinclair, Susan Phillipz, Phil Collins, Michelle D Hannah, Roddy Buchanan, Simon Starling, Bill Drummond to name a few, and has turned the gallery into a sauna with Joanna Karolini. They have also worked on exchanges with 126 in Galway.
# Catoptria orientellus

Catoptria orientellus is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in Romania.
# Cauchois

Cauchois could refer to:
* Yvette Cauchois, 1908–1999, French physicist
* Cauchois dialect, a Norman dialect
* The Cauchois horse, an extinct French horse breed
# Cedar Township, Arkansas

Cedar Township, Arkansas may refer to:
* Cedar Township, Carroll County, Arkansas
* Cedar Township, Polk County, Arkansas
* Cedar Township, Scott County, Arkansas
# Catherine Place, Missouri

Catherine Place (more commonly called Catherine) is an unincorporated community in Madison County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.
The community derives its name from Catherine Cantwell, the wife of the proprietor of a nearby mine.
# Caughall

Caughall is a former civil parish, now in the parish of Backford, in the borough of Cheshire West and Chester and ceremonial county of Cheshire in England. In 2001 it had a population of 29. The parish included Caughall Manor and Chester Zoo. Caughall was formerly a township in the parish of Backford, in 1866 Caughall became a separate civil parish, on 1 April 2015 the parish was abolished and merged with Backford.
# Fredric Weigel

Fredric Weigel (born April 23, 1992) is a Swedish professional ice hockey player who currently plays for IF Björklöven in the HockeyAllsvenskan (Allsv). He previously played for the Djurgårdens IF in the then Swedish Elitserien.
# Fredric Wise

Sir Fredric Wise JP DL (1871 – 26 January 1928) was a British politician who served as the Conservative and Unionist Member of Parliament for Ilford in Essex after winning the 1920 Ilford by-election. Wise served until his death in 1928, when he was succeeded in another by-election by George Hamilton.

## Political career

Wise ran for parliament in 1920 in a by-election, which was triggered after the death of the Coalition Unionist Member of Parliament Sir William Peter Griggs. He was elected with a majority of the votes cast.
Wise was re-elected in the general elections of 1922, 1923 and 1924.
Wise died in 1928.

## Electoral history
### 1920 by-election

1920 Ilford by-election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| C | Unionist | Fredric Wise | 15,612 | 54.38 | −12.4 |
| | Labour | Joseph King | 6,577 | 22.91 | +3.4 |
| | Liberal | John Thompson | 6,515 | 22.69 | +8.9 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 28,704 | | |
| | Unionist hold | Unionist hold | Swing | | |
| C indicates candidate endorsed by the coalition government. ||||||

### 1922 general election

General election 1922: Ilford :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Unionist | Fredric Wise | 14,071 | 44.4 | −10.0 |
| | Liberal | John Thompson | 7,625 | 24.0 | +1.3 |
| | Labour | Augustus West | 5,414 | 17.1 | −5.8 |
| | Ind. Unionist | Frederick C. Bramston | 4,610 | 14.5 | n/a |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 6,446 | 20.4 | −11.1 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | 70.5 | +4.3 |
| | Unionist hold | Unionist hold | Swing | -5.6 | |

### 1923 general election

General election 1923: Ilford :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Unionist | Fredric Wise | 14,136 | 44.4 | 0.0 |
| | Liberal | John Morris | 11,965 | 37.5 | +13.5 |
| | Labour | Dan Chater | 5,775 | 18.1 | +1.0 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 2,171 | 6.9 | −13.5 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | 64.8 | −5.7 |
| | Unionist hold | Unionist hold | Swing | -6.8 | |

### 1924 general election

General election 1924: Ilford :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Unionist | Fredric Wise | 22,825 | 58.4 | +14.0 |
| | Labour | Dan Chater | 8,460 | 21.7 | +3.6 |
| | Liberal | John Morris | 7,780 | 19.9 | −17.6 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 14,365 | 36.7 | +29.8 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | 74.8 | +10.0 |
| | Unionist hold | Unionist hold | Swing | +5.2 | |
# Fredric U. Dicker

Fredric Uberall "Fred" Dicker is a former columnist for the New York Post. He served as the state editor for New York since 1982, where he covered the administrations of Hugh Carey, Mario Cuomo, George Pataki, Eliot Spitzer, David Paterson, and Andrew Cuomo.
Prior to 1982, Dicker was a state government reporter for the Albany Times Union, a morning daily newspaper owned by the Hearst Corporation. He broke the story in November 1976 of alleged Latvian war criminals hiding in the U.S., naming Vilis Hāzners, an upstate New York resident, based on official Latvian publications and Hazners' mention by name to Gertrude Schneider on her visit to Latvia. The information provided eventually proved to be a KGB hit list, per the author, Pauls Ducmanis, of Daugavas Vanagi, Who Are They, and Imants Lešinskis, the KGB operative and "minister" who made the Hazners allegation to Schneider. Dicker subsequently covered the federal deportation trial precipitated against Hazners for the Times Union.
In October 1987, Dicker was physically shoved out of the offices of the New York State Assembly House Operations Committee by Norman Adler, a senior aide to the then Assembly Speaker Mel Miller, creating quite a public stir. A 2005 New York Observer story on Dicker stated that he is a "political institution in his own right" and his reporting "regularly drives news coverage". Dicker broke the Troopergate scandal in July 2007 and engaged in a heated argument with Republican gubernatorial candidate Carl Paladino in October 2010, in which Paladino accused Dicker of authorizing a photographer to take pictures of his daughter.
Dicker retired from the Post in September 2016.
In addition to his newspaper work, Fred Dicker also hosted a talk show from 1997 to 2018 on WGDJ in Albany and WVOX in New Rochelle. He abruptly ended the radio show in November 2018 due to a family illness and his relocation to Florida.
# Fredrica Bailey

Fredica Bailey is a screenwriter, who co-wrote the Netflix film See You Yesterday. Bailey won, with Stefon Bristol, the Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay for See You Yesterday. Bailey and Bristol met at New York University, where Bailey was in the Dramatic Writing department.
# Catherine Ruge

Catherine Ruge (born June 25, 1982) is a Tanzanian politician who served as the Chadema (Special Seats) MP for Serengeti, between 2017 and 2020.

## Early years and education

Ruge graduated high school in Dodoma in 2003. She attended the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM) from 2004 to 2007, obtaining a degree in Business and Accounting. In 2015 she gained her master's degree in Business Management at the Eastern and Southern African Management Institute. Currently, she is pursuing a doctoral degree (PhD) at UDSM on gender issues in the field of accounting. Ruge is a Certified Public Accountant (CPA), holding the CPA certificate accredited by the National Board of Accountants and Auditors (NBAA) in Tanzania.

## Politics

Ruge entered politics while attending UDSM. In 2005, she became a youth activist in the Ubungo constituency, helping John Mnyika to win the election as member of parliament. She joined Chadema in 2010, and successfully ran for the position of Finance Secretary in the Serengeti region. On May 4, 2017 she was appointed by the Chadema NEC to be the Chairman of the party's Special Seats, replacing Dr Elly Marco Macha.
# Catholic Church of St Osmund, Barnes

The Catholic Church of St Osmund, Barnes is a Roman Catholic church in Castelnau, Barnes, London SW13. Its parish priest is Reverend Monsignor Canon James Cronin. The church is affiliated to Churches Together in Barnes. The parish is part of the Archdiocese of Southwark.

## History

The church was built in 1958. The architect was Ronald Hardy.

## Services and activities

Mass is held every morning and also on Saturday and Sunday evenings.
A mother and toddler group meets every Thursday morning during term time.

## Education

The church has an affiliated primary school – St Osmund's Catholic Primary School – nearby at Church Road, Barnes.
# Cavarus

Cavarus was a Celtic king in Thrace and the last king of Tylis. Under Cavarus, Tylis was destroyed by the Thracians in 212 BC.
# Celestri

The Celestri Multimedia LEO System was a planned Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite constellation, which was intended to offer global, low-latency broadband Internet services via Ka-band radio links. It was planned by Motorola circa 1997-1998 as one of the earliest "Internet in the sky" constellations, and as a successor to the company's Iridium satellite constellation, but never built or launched.
The Celestri constellation was envisioned to consist of 63 operational satellites in 7 orbital planes, inclined at 48° with respect to the Equator, plus up to 7 in-orbit spares. Satellites in each plane would follow circular orbits at an altitude of 1400 kilometers. Each satellite was envisioned to contain all hardware and software needed to route traffic throughout the network, including Earth-to-space in the 28.6-29.1 GHz and 29.5-30.0 GHz bands, space-to Earth in the 18.8-19.3 GHz and 19.7-20.2 GHz bands, and space-to-space connections via optical inter-satellite links. Satellites were expected to employ phased array antennas supporting 432 uplink beams and 260 downlink beams per satellite, provided by Raytheon, to communicate with Celestri ground stations, which would have equivalent antenna aperture sizes from 0.3 to 1 meter to support communications at rates from 2.048 to 155.52 Mbps.
Celestri's anticipated cost was $12.9 billion. In May 1998, Motorola announced that it was dropping its plans for the Celestri system, and instead would invest $750 million in the rival Teledesic constellation. The combined project was ultimately abandoned in 2003.
# Celestite (album)

Celestite is the fifth full-length studio album by American black metal band Wolves in the Throne Room. It was released through their own label Artemisia Records on July 8, 2014. The album explores the themes of the band's previous album Celestial Lineage through an experimental, drone-based dark ambient style, eschewing vocals and the black metal aggression which characterizes their other works.

## Personnel

Adapted from the AllMusic credits.
* Aaron Weaver – synthesizers, guitars
* Nathan Weaver – synthesizers, guitars

### Guest musicians

* Randall Dunn – synthesizers, H3000 sound design, electrical processing
* Timm Mason – serge modulator (all tracks)
* Steve Moore – French horn, trombone (on tracks: 1, 4, 5)
* Josiah Boothby – French horn, trombone (on tracks: 1, 4, 5)
* Mara Winter – flute (on tracks: 1, 4)
* Veronica Dye – flute (on tracks: 3, 5)

### Production

* Produced By: Randall Dunn and Wolves in the Throne Room
* Recorded By: Randall Dunn at AVAST and Owl Lodge
* Additional Recording by: Aaron Weaver at Owl Lodge
* Mixed at AVAST by Randall Dunn
* Mastered by Jason Ward at Chicago Mastering Service
# Frederick Bullock (police officer)

Frederick Shore Bullock CIE (3 October 1847 – 12 January 1914) was a British civil servant and police officer.

## Biography

Bullock was born in British India, the son of Thomas Henry Bullock, Deputy Commissioner of Berar. Sir George Bullock was his younger brother. He was educated at Cheltenham College and passed for the Indian Civil Service in 1868. He arrived in India in 1870 and served in the North-Western Provinces as judge and collector until 1892, when he was made Judicial Commissioner of Berar. He was then Commissioner of the Hyderabad assigned districts from 1895 until he retired from the Indian Civil Service in 1899. He was made a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire in the 1897 Diamond Jubilee Honours.
Returning to England, Bullock was served as a Chief Constable in the Metropolitan Police from 1903 to 1909, and as Fourth Assistant Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis from 1 December 1909 until his death on 12 January 1914. During this time he also served as British delegate to the International Congress on White Slave Traffic in Paris, 1906, to the International Congresses on White Slave Traffic and Obscene Literature, 1910, and to the International Conference on White Slave Traffic in Madrid, 1910.
In 1870 Bullock married Alexandrina Margaret, daughter of Brigadier-General Frederick Brind CB, Bengal Horse Artillery, and granddaughter of Sir Robert and Lady Sale; they had two sons and two daughters. In London he lived at 19 The Grove, The Boltons and was a member of the Junior Carlton Club and Ranelagh Club. In Who's Who he listed his recreations as golf, cricket and shooting.
# French frigate Libre (1796)

Libre was a Romaine-class frigate of the French Navy. She was commissioned in 1800 and remained in active service until the Royal Navy captured her in 1805.

## Career

Libre was built at Le Havre, launched in 1796, and commissioned there on 24 December 1800 under Commander Bourdet. She sailed from Le Havre in March 1801 in the company of Indienne towards Cherbourg, then Cadiz and A Coruña, before cruising to Saint-Domingue and into the North Sea.
From September to December 1803 she was stationed at the mouth of the River Meuse.
On 24 December 1805, HMS Egyptienne and HMS Loire captured her six leagues (29 km) north-west of Rochefort, near the "Phare de Baleines" (Lighthouse of the Whales) on the Île de Ré. Libre suffered two killed and 18 wounded, including her captain, Commander Deschorches. Loire had no casualties but Egyptienne had eight men wounded, one mortally.
By British report, Libre was armed with twenty-four 18-pounders (which had replaced her originally-planned 24-pounders), six 36-pounder obusiers and ten 9-pounder guns. Libre was badly damaged and lost her masts soon after she struck. Loire then took her in tow and reached Plymouth with her on 4 January 1806. The British did not take Libre into Royal Navy service.
# Frederick John Litchfield

Frederick John Litchfield was a New Zealand settler who served as the first mayor of Blenheim.

## Biography

Frederick was born in 1820 at Cambridge, England, travelling to New Zealand in 1853 where he settled at Motueka and worked as a schoolmaster. By 1858, he was settled at the infant town of Beaver where he worked John Symon's store and ran the Beaver Inn. In June 1869, he was elected as one of nine members of the first Marlborough Borough Council and was elected as their first mayor.

## Personal life

Fredrick died at Hastings, South East England on 18 February 1900 at the age of eighty. He was buried at Omaka Cemetery.
# French ship Faucon

Several ships of the French navy have borne the name Faucon:
* Faucon (1638), broken up in 1661
* Faucon (1674), broken up in 1708
* Faucon (1728), a brig
* Faucon (1759), a cutter
* French destroyer Faucon (1887), a destroyer, withdrawn from service 1920