# Endangered plants of Europe

Endangered plants of Europe, the list below contains plants that dwell in or migrate to any region in Europe and any nearby islands of the Atlantic Ocean. This includes plants that are found in the East Atlantic Ocean (Azores), Iceland, the Adriatic Sea, the Sea of Azov, the Black and Caspian Sea, Corsica, Cyprus, Palearctic, Russia, Eurasia, North African Coast, the Mediterranean Sea and islands located in the Mediterranean Sea, and the islands of Spain (Canary, Balearic). As of 2007, twenty-one percent of Europe's vascular plant species (flowering plants, conifers and ferns) are classified as threatened, according to the IUCN. The list below was compiled from data on the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species (IUCN) and "Earth's Endangered Creatures" (Online). The International Union for Conservation of Nature, identifies species in need of attention before approaching extinction and works to increase prevention of extinction. The list below includes vulnerable (VU), endangered (EN), critically endangered (CR), and recently extinct (EX) species.

## Threatened plants of Europe and their locations

| PLANT NAME | STATUS | RANGE/REGION |
| Akamas Centaury (Centaurea akamantis) | CR | Cyprus |
| Allium iatrouinum | CR | Greece |
| Antirrhinum subbaeticum | EN | It originated from Italy but was introduced into Spain |
| Apid den Bermejo (Apium bermejoi) | CR | Spain |
| Arran Service-tree (Sorbus pseudofennica) | CR | United Kingdom |
| Astragalus cavanillesii | CR | Spain |
| Avon Gorge Whitebeam (Sorbus avonensis) | CR | United Kingdom |
| Azores Juniper (Juniperus brevifolia) | VU | Portugal (Azores) |
| Barbaricina Colombine (Aquilegia barbaricina) | CR | Italy |
| Berberis maderensis | CR | Portugal |
| Betula celtiberica | ??? | Spain (possibly Great Britain) |
| Betula klokovii | CR | Ukraine |
| Brimeura duvigneaudii | CR | Spain |
| Bryoxiphium madeirense | EN | Portugal |
| Buglosse Crépu (Anchusa crispa) | CR | France, Italy |
| Bully Tree (Sideroxylon marginatum) | CR | Cape Verde, Portugal, Spain |
| Bupleuro delle (Bupleurum elatum) | CR | Madoni Italy |
| Bupleuro di Marettimo (Bupleurum dianthifolium) | CR | Italy |
| Calligonum triste | CR | Kazakhstan |
| Canary Islands Juniper (Juniperus cedrus) | CR | Portugal (Madeira); Spain (Canary Is.) |
| Canary Strawberry Tree (Arbutus canariensis) | ??? | Spain (Canary Islands) |
| Canutillo del Teide (Silene nocteolens) | CR | Spain (Canary Is.) |
| Cardón de Jandía (Euphorbia handiensis) | VU | Spain (Canary Is.) |
| Carum foetidum | ??? | Algeria, Spain |
| Casey's Larkspur (Delphinium caseyi) | CR | Cyprus |
| Centranthus amazonum | CR | Italy (Sardegna) |
| Centaurea borjae | EN | Spain |
| Centranthus trinervis | EN | France |
| Cerastium sventenii | EN | Spain (Canary Islands) |
| Cheddar Whitebeam (Sorbus cheddarensis) | CR | United Kingdom |
| Cineraria (Senecio elodes) | EN | Spain |
| Conservilla Majorera (Salvia herbanica) | CR | Spain (Canary Is.) |
| Cornish Path Moss (Ditrichum cornubicum) | CR | United Kingdom |
| Cretan Zelkova (Zelkova abelicea) | EN | Greece |
| Crimean Rowan (Sorbus tauricola) | CR | Ukraine |
| Cyprus Cedar (Cedrus brevifolia) | VU | Cyprus |
| Derbyshire Feather-moss (Thamnobryum angustifolium) | CR | United Kingdom |
| Distichophyllum carinatum | CR | Austria, Germany and Switzerland |
| Dracaena draco (Canary Islands dragon tree) | EN | Portugal (Madeira), Spain (Canary Islands) |
| Echinodium setigerum | EN | Portugal (Madeira) |
| Echinodium spinosum | EN | Portugal (Madeira) and Spain (Canary Is.) |
| Echium acanthocarpum | CR | Spain (Canary Islands) |
| Echium callithyrsum | VU | Spain (Canary Is.) |
| Echium gentianoides | VU | Spain (Canary Is.) |
| Echium handiense | CR | Spain (Canary Is.) |
| Echium portosanctense | CR | Portugal |
| Erysimum kykkoticum | CR | Cyprus |
| Evans's Whitebeam (Sorbus evansii) | CR | United Kingdom |
| Falsa Sanicola (Petagnaea gussonei) | EN | Italy |
| Flueggea anatolica | EN | Turkey |
| Gradsteinia torrenticola | VU | Spain |
| Gyrocaryum oppositifolium | VU | Spain |
| Harz' Mehlbeere (Sorbus harziana) | CR | Germany |
| Heberdenia excelsa | VU | Portugal (Madeira), Spain (Canary Islands) |
| Helianthemum guerrae | EN | Spain |
| Maltese Everlasting (Helichrysum melitense) | CR | Malta |
| Medicago citrina | CR | Spain |
| Hieracium lucidum | CR | Italy |
| Horstrissea dolinicola | CR | Greece |
| Jaramago de Alboran (Diplotaxis siettiana) | CR | Spain |
| Jasione mansanetiana | EN | Spain |
| Kythrean Sage (Salvia veneris) | CR | Cyperus |
| Lamyropsis microcephala | CR | Italy |
| Larkspur (Delphinium iris) | CR | Turkey |
| Ligusticum huteri | CR | Spain |
| Limonium strictissimum | EN | France, Italy |
| Lithodora nitida | EN | Spain |
| Llangollen Whitebeam (Sorbus cuneifolia) | EN | United Kingdom |
| Llanthony Whitebeam (Sorbus stenophylla) | EN | United Kingdom |
| Lonicera karataviensis | CR | Kazakhstan |
| Lunetiere de Rotges (Biscutella rotgesii) | CR | France |
| Lysimachia minoricensis | EW (Extinct in the Wild) | Spain |
| Maltase Cliff-orache | EN | Malta |
| Maltese Centaury (Cheirolophus crassifolius) | CR | Malta |
| Malus niedzwetzkyana | EN | Afghanistan, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan |
| Manzanilla de Sierra Nevada (Artemisia granatensis) | EN | Spain |
| Maura Scannell's Whitebeam (Sorbus scannelliana) | CR | Ireland |
| Meierotts Mehlbeere (Sorbus meierottii) | CR | Germany |
| Megrelian Birch (Betula megrelica) | CR | Georgia |
| Minuartia dirphya | CR | Greece |
| Moehringia fontqueri | EN | Spain |
| Morris Squill (Scilla morrisii) | EN | Cyprus |
| Myrica rivas-martinezii | CR | Spain (Canary Islands) |
| Narcissus gaditanus | ??? | Portugal, Spain |
| Narcissus lusitanicus | VU | Portugal, Spain |
| Narcissus nevadensis | EN | Spain |
| Narcissus willkommii | EN | Portugal |
| Naufraga balearica | CR | Spain |
| Nees’ Hornwort (Anthoceros neesii) | CR | Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Poland |
| No Parking Tree (Sorbus admonitor) | EN | United Kingdom |
| Nuragica Columbine (Aquilegia nuragica) | CR | Italy |
| Ochyraea tatrensis | CR | Slovakia |
| Orthotrichum handiense | CR | Spain (Canary Is.) |
| Pleiomeris canariensis | CR | Spain (Canary Islands) |
| Polygala helenae | CR | Greece (East Aegean Is.) |
| Polygala sinisica | CR | Italy |
| Pyrus anatolica | ??? | Turkey |
| Radula jonesii | EN | Portugal, Spain (Canary Islands) |
| Rhamnus integrifolia | ??? | Spain (Canary Islands) |
| Riccia atlantica | CR | Portugal (Madeira) |
| Salviablanca de Doramas (Sideritis discolor) | CR | Spain (Canary Is.) |
| Salix canariensis | ??? | Portugal (Madeira); Spain (Canary Is.) |
| Salix xanthicola | VU | Bulgaria, Greece |
| Saponaria jagelii | CR | Greece |
| Sardinian Currant (Ribes sardoum) | CR | Italy |
| Scapania sphaerifera | CR | Russia |
| Schuwerk Mehlbeere (Sorbus schuwerkiorum) | CR | Germany |
| Sea Marigold (Calendula maritima) | CR | Italy |
| Serbian Spruce (Picea omorika) | EN | Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Ship Rock Whitebeam (Sorbus parviloba) | CR | United Kingdom |
| Shrubby Buckwheat (Atraphaxis muschketowi) | EN | Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan |
| Sibiraea tianschanica | CR | Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan |
| Sicilian Fir (Abies nebrodensis) | CR | Italy |
| Silene de Ifac (Silene hifacensis) | EN | Spain and Baleares |
| Silene marizii | ??? | Portugal, Spain |
| Silene orphanidis | EN | Greece |
| Solenanthus reverchonii | CR | Spain |
| Sorbus barrandienica | CR | Czechia |
| Sorbus busambarensis | CR | Italy |
| Sorbus cucullifera | CR | Austria, Czechia |
| Sorbus thayensis | CR | Austria, Czechia |
| Sorbus milensis | CR | Czechia |
| Sorbus moravica | CR | Czechia |
| Sorbus pauca | CR | Czechia |
| Sorbus portae-bohemicae | CR | Czechia |
| Sorbus spectans | CR | United Kingdom |
| Sorbus tobani | CR | Hungary |
| Sorbus rhodanthera | CR | Czechia |
| Spiraeanthus schrenkianus | EN | Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan |
| Star Thistle (Centaurea corensis) | CR | Italy |
| Stonecress (Aethionema retsina) | CR | Greece |
| Succisella andreae-molinae | EN | Spain |
| Teucrium balthazaris | ??? | Spain |
| Thin-Leaved Whitebeam (Sorbus leptophylla) | EN | United Kingdom |
| Troodos Rockcress (Arabis kennedyae) | CR | Cyprus |
| Twin Cliffs Whitebeam (Sorbus eminentoides) | CR | United Kingdom |
| Urartuan Milkwort (Polygala urartu) | EN | Armenia |
| White's Whitebeam (Sorbus whiteana) | CR | United Kingdom |
| Würzburger Mehlbeere (Sorbus herbipolitana) | CR | Germany |
| Yesquera Roja (Helichrysum monogynum) | EN | Spain (Canary Is.) |
| Yesquera Amarilla (Helichrysum gossypinum) | VU | Spain (Canary Is.) |
| Yorkshire Feather-moss (Thamnobryum cataractarum) | CR | United Kingdom |
| Zelkova sicula | CR | Italy |

## Conservation

Propragation has been conducted using in vitro techniques in facilities across the country. This method of conservation is used in parts of the world to preserve plants for as long as possible. In vitro propagation has allowed material to be kept in in vitro gene banks, and this will expand with deeper developments in cryopreservation technology. An increasing number of botanic gardens now have in vitro facilities, and information on techniques is distributed between these in addition to cultures.