OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Donner family

The Donner family is one of the renowned and wealthy Finland-Swedish families that grew in importance during the times of the Grand Duchy of Finland. Family members have been influential in Finnish politics and culture.

## Notable people

* Jürgen Donner (died c. 1681)
* Jochim Donner (1669–1748)
* Alexander Donner (1708–1772)
* Joachim Donner (1763–1822)
* Anders Donner Sr. [fi; sv] (1796–1857)
** Anders Donner Jr. (1827–1858)
*** Anders Severin Donner (1854–1938), astronomer
**** Sven Donner [fi; sv] (1890–1970)
***** Märta Donner [fi] (1922–2013)
** Alexander Donner (1827–1892)
*** Joakim Otto Evert Donner [fi] (1864–1942)
**** Gustav Donner [fi] (1902–1940)
**** Heinrich Wolfgang Donner [fi; sv] (1904–1980)
** Otto Donner (1835–1909), linguist, publisher and politician
*** Ossian Donner (1866–1957), industrialist and diplomat
**** Sir Patrick Donner (1904–1988), British Member of Parliament, son of Ossian.
*** Otto Donner Jr. [fi] (1871–1932)
**** Hans Otto Donner (1903–1982)
***** Henrik Otto Donner (1939–2013), musician and co-founder of Love Records
*** Uno Donner [fi; sv] (1872–1958), married Olly Donner (1881–1956)
*** Karl Reinhold "Kai" Donner (1888–1935), linguist and politician
**** Kai Otto Donner [fi] (1922–1995) professor of zoology
***** Kristian Donner [fi; sv] (1952–)
****** Ulla Donner [fi; sv] (1988–)
**** Joakim Donner [fi; sv] (1926–), professor of geology and paleontology. Son of Kai Donner (1888–1935).
**** Jörn Donner (1933–2020), writer, film director, actor, producer and politician. Brother of Joakim Donner.
***** Johan Donner [sv] (1955–)
***** Jakob Donner-Amnell (1959–)
***** Rafael Donner [fi; sv] (1990–)
*** Harry Donner [fi] (1889–1954)
*** Eva Louise Tigerstedt [fi], née Donner (1890–1967)
# Garfield Park, Chicago

Garfield Park, Chicago may refer to:
* East Garfield Park, Chicago, a City of Chicago community area
* West Garfield Park, Chicago, a City of Chicago community area
* Garfield Park (Chicago park), a park in the East Garfield Park neighborhood of Chicago known for its conservatory
# Charles John Hexamer

Charles John Hexamer, Ph.D. (May 9, 1862 - October 15, 1921) was the president of the National German-American Alliance from 1901 to 1917.

## Biography

He was born on May 9, 1862, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to Mary and Ernst Emil Julius Ferdinand Hexamer. He married Annie Josephine Haeuptner in 1890 in Philadelphia.
In 1901 Hexamer co-founded the National German-American Alliance, where he was its first president until 1917. In 1904 he received from Wilhelm II, German Emperor the 4th order of the Red Eagle for his activity on behalf of German Kultur.
He died on October 15, 1921, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was buried in Grove Church Cemetery in North Bergen, New Jersey.
# Constant fraction discriminator

A constant fraction discriminator (CFD) is an electronic signal processing device, designed to mimic the mathematical operation of finding a maximum of a pulse by finding the zero of its slope. Some signals do not have a sharp maximum, but short rise times $t_{r}$.
Typical input signals for CFDs are pulses from plastic scintillation counters, such as those used for lifetime measurement in positron annihilation experiments. The scintillator pulses have identical rise times that are much longer than the desired temporal resolution. This forbids simple threshold triggering, which causes a dependence of the trigger time on the signal's peak height, an effect called time walk (see diagram). Identical rise times and peak shapes permit triggering not on a fixed threshold but on a constant fraction of the total peak height, yielding trigger times independent from peak heights.

## From another point of view

A time-to-digital converter assigns timestamps. The time-to-digital converter needs fast rising edges with normed height. The plastic scintillation counter delivers fast rising edge with varying heights. Theoretically, the signal could be split into two parts. One part would be delayed and the other low pass filtered, inverted and then used in a variable-gain amplifier to amplify the original signal to the desired height. Practically, it is difficult to achieve a high dynamic range for the variable-gain amplifier, and analog computers have problems with the inverse value.

## Principle of operation

The incoming signal is split into three components. One component is delayed by a time $t_{d}$, with $0\ll t_{d}\leq t_{r}$ – it may be multiplied by a small factor to put emphasis on the leading edge of the pulse – and connected to the noninverting input of a comparator. One component is connected to the inverting input of this comparator. One component is connected to the noninverting input of another comparator. A threshold value is connected to the inverting input of the other comparator. The output of both comparators is fed through an AND gate. A discriminator without that constant fraction would just be a comparator.
Therefore the word discriminator is used for something different (namely for an FM-demodulator).
Often the logic levels are shifted from -15 V < low < 0 < high < 15 V delivered by the comparator to 0 V < low < 1.5 V < high < 3.3 V needed by CMOS logic.

## Applications

If the discriminator triggers a sampler with a following comparator this is called a single channel analyzer (SCA). If an Analog-to-digital converter is used, this is called a multi channel analyzer (MCA).
# Carlingford Stakes

The Carlingford Stakes is a Listed flat horse race in Ireland open to thoroughbreds aged three years or older. It is run at Dundalk over a distance of 1 mile, 2 furlongs and 150 yards (2,149 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in October.
The race was first run in 2007.
# Hubbard, Bowie County, Texas

Hubbard is an unincorporated community in Bowie County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 269 in 2000. It is part of the Texarkana metropolitan area.

## History

The community was most likely named for early settler Richard B. Hubbard. The oldest graves in the Hubbard Chapel Cemetery date as far back as 1835. There was a church, a cemetery, and several scattered houses in Hubbard in 1936. Its population was recorded as 269 from 1990 through 2000.

## Geography

Hubbard is located on U.S. Highway 259, 34 mi (55 km) west of Texarkana and 3 mi (4.8 km) southwest of DeKalb in western Bowie County.

## Education

Hubbard had its own school in 1936. The Hubbard Independent School District as well as the DeKalb Independent School District serves area students.
# Donner Party (band)

Donner Party was a San Francisco–based indie rock band, performing between 1986 and 1989. The band consisted of Melanie Clarin on drums and accordion; Sam Coomes on guitar, violin, and banjo; and Reinhold Johnson on bass. The band released two albums, both self-titled; the first was released in 1987 on the Cryptovision Records label, and the second on Camper Van Beethoven's Pitch-A-Tent label in 1988. These two albums, plus an unreleased third album and some live tracks, were collected and released as Complete Recordings 1987–1989 in 2000 on Innerstate Records. The band played a one-time reunion show on April 16, 2000, at Slim's in San Francisco.
Named after a group of 19th-century American travelers who turned cannibals while stranded, the Donner Party's songs frequently took a comic view of death and its attendant dread (and also, as it happens, food). Titles include "When You Die Your Eyes Pop Out", "John Wilkes Booth", "Try to Imagine a Terrible World", and "Boxfull of Bones". "When I Was a Baby", recorded with a cheap organ with almost whispery vocals to sound somehow homey and quaint, begins: "When I was a baby I looked like a pig/My nose was a snout and my ears were too big," and only gets creepier from there. The amusingly titled "Mom Please Don't Listen" is basically a litany of coprophagia and gory death. In "Would You Like to Have Something to Eat?", they link failing to follow parents' nutritional imperatives with being sent to Hell. In contrast, their cover version of the Sesame Street song "Up & Down," designed to teach the literal concepts of "up" and "down," is performed cheerfully yet not exaggeratedly—in keeping with the spirit of the original song from the series. In 2000, "Would You Like to Have Something To Eat?" was featured in a commercial for HomeGrocer.com, an early online grocery delivery service.
Clarin also played drums in another San Francisco folk-rock band, The Cat Heads, and also in Harm Farm. Coomes would later play in Heatmiser, and then form Motorgoat and Quasi with his ex-wife, Janet Weiss.

## Discography

* The Donner Party (1987), Cryptovision (shown as Donner Party on the label)
* Donner Party (1988), Pitch-A-Tent
* Complete Recordings 1987-1989 (2000), Innerstate
# Charles Bradshaw

Charles Bradshaw (1805 – 18??) was a merchant and politician in colonial Victoria (Australia), a member of the Victorian Legislative Council.
Bradshaw was a merchant in Melbourne from 1843. He was an Auditor for Society of St George in 1845, manager of the Union Bank of Australia 1850-1852 and commissioner Savings Banks in 1859.
Bradshaw was a nominated member of the Victorian Legislative Council from 1 August 1854 replacing Andrew Knight. Bradshaw remained a member until the original unicameral Council was abolished in March 1856.
In December 1860, Bradshaw sailed for England.
# David Solkin

David Hersh Solkin, FBA (born Montreal, 16 March 1951) is the Walter H. Annenberg Professor of the History of Art at the Courtauld Institute, which he joined in 1986. In 2007, Solkin became the institute's first dean and deputy director. Solkin is an expert in the art of J. M. W. Turner.
He was educated at Harvard College (AB), The Courtauld Institute of Art (MA) and Yale University (PhD, 1978).
In 2002, Solkin was awarded the William M. B. Berger Prize for the exhibition and catalogue Art on The Line: The Royal Academy Exhibitions at Somerset House 1780–1836 (The Courtauld Gallery, London, 2001–2).

## Selected publications

* Richard Wilson: The Landscape of Reaction, London: Tate Gallery, 1982.
* Painting for Money: The Visual Arts and the Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century England, New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1993.
* Painting out of the Ordinary: Modernity and the Art of Everyday Life in Early Nineteenth-Century Britain, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 2008.
* Turner and the Masters, Tate, London, 2009. Ed. and co-author.
* "Conquest, usurpation, wealth, luxury, famine: Mortimer's Banditti and the Anxieties of Empire", in Art and the British Empire, Timothy Barringer, Geoffrey Quilley and Douglas Fordham eds., Manchester University Press, Manchester 2006, 120–38.
* "Joseph Wright of Derby and the Sublime Art of Labor" in Representations 83 (Summer 2003), pp. 167–94 .
# Francis Betts

Francis Betts (11 January 1844 – 15 September 1893) was a New Zealand cricketer. He played in one first-class match for Wellington in 1873/74.
# Hans Stefan Santesson

Hans Stefan Santesson (July 8, 1914, Paris – February 18, 1975, Edgewater, New Jersey) was an American editor, writer, and reviewer.

## Career

He edited the selections of the Unicorn Mystery Book Club in the latter 1940s and early 1950s, the magazines Fantastic Universe from 1956 to 1960, the US edition of the British New Worlds Science Fiction in 1960 and the US version of The Saint Mystery Magazine from 1959 to 1967, and went on to edit several science fiction and fantasy anthologies, including:
* The Fantastic Universe Omnibus (1960)
* Rulers of Men (1965)
* Gods for Tomorrow (1967)
* Flying Saucers in Fact and Fiction (1968)
* Crime Prevention in the 30th Century (1969)
* The Mighty Barbarians: Great Sword and Sorcery Heroes (1969)
* Gentle Invaders (1969)
* The Mighty Swordsmen (1970)
* The Days After Tomorrow (1971)
President and chairman of the board, of the Society for the Study of the Unexplained.
# Enoploctenus

Enoploctenus is a genus of wandering spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1897.

## Species

As of April 2019 it contains eight species:
* Enoploctenus cyclothorax (Bertkau, 1880) (type) – Brazil
* Enoploctenus distinctus (Caporiacco, 1947) – Guyana
* Enoploctenus inazensis (Strand, 1909) – Ecuador
* Enoploctenus luteovittatus (Simon, 1898) – St. Vincent
* Enoploctenus maculipes Strand, 1909 – Brazil
* Enoploctenus morbidus Mello-Leitão, 1939 – Brazil
* Enoploctenus pedatissimus Strand, 1909 – Ecuador, Brazil
* Enoploctenus penicilliger (Simon, 1898) – St. Vincent
# Hubbard, Missouri

Hubbard is an unincorporated community in northwest Randolph County, Missouri.
The community is on a county road about one-quarter mile east of the Randolph-Chariton county line and two miles south of the Macon county line. The Thomas Hill Reservoir is two miles east.

## History

A post office called Hubbard was established in 1886 and remained in operation until 1902. The community was named after a local merchant with the surname "Hubbard".
# Hong Kong Christian Council

The Hong Kong Christian Council (Also known as HKCC; Chinese: 香港基督教協進會) is a Christian ecumenical organization founded in Hong Kong in 1954. It is a member of the World Council of Churches and the Christian Conference of Asia. The current general secretary is Rev Dr Lo Lung-kwong, the previous Director of the Divinity School of Chung Chi College, Chinese University of Hong Kong, effective from 1 July 2018.
Although not all Protestant churches in Hong Kong are members of the Christian Council, the HKCC assists to select the election committee of the Chief Executive of Hong Kong in the Protestant sector.
Notable leaders include Rev. Kwok Nai-wang, a senior pastor of the Hong Kong Council of the Church of Christ in China.
The Hong Kong Christian Service is the service arm of the Hong Kong Christian Council. All Executive Committee members of the Hong Kong Christian Council are members of the Hong Kong Christian Service.

## Member churches

* Chinese Christian Literature Council
* Christian Action Hong Kong (Part of Christian Aid)
* Evangelical Lutheran Church of Hong Kong
* Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Mission
* German-speaking Evangelical Lutheran Congregation in Hong Kong
* Hong Kong Bible Society
* Hong Kong Council of the Church of Christ in China
* Hong Kong Japanese Christian Fellowship
* Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui
* Hong Kong Young Women's Christian Association (HKYMCA)
* Kowloon Union Church
* Lutheran Theological Seminary, Hong Kong
* The Methodist Church, Hong Kong
* Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and South East Asia
* The Salvation Army Hong Kong and Macau Command
* Tao Fong Shan
* Tsung Tsin Mission of Hong Kong
* Union Church Hong Kong
* YMCA of Hong Kong
# Charles Reichel

Charles Parsons Reichel was an Anglican bishop and author in the 19th century. He was born in 1816, educated at Trinity College, Dublin and ordained in 1847. After a curacy at St. Mary's Church, Dublin he was a Professor of Latin at Queen's College, Belfast from 1850 to 1864. A son, Sir Harry Reichel, was the first Principal of the University College of North Wales, Bangor, and a Vice-Chancellor of the University of Wales. During his career he held incumbencies at Trim, Mullingar, and Clonmacnoise. He was Archdeacon of Meath from 1875 to 1882;Dean of Clonmacnoise from 1882 to 1885 before being consecrated Bishop of Meath in 1885, a position he held until his death on 29 March 1894.

## Arms

Coat of arms of Charles Reichel :
* NotesConfirmed on 24 November 1885 by Sir John Bernard Burke, Ulster King of Arms.
* CrestOut of a ducal coronet a demi-lion rampant double queued holding between the paws a sickle all Or.
* EscutcheonPer fess Sable and Or a lion rampant double queued holding between the paws a sickle all counterchanged.
* MottoVitam Impendere Vero
# Gawler and District College

Gawler and District College is a public early learning centre and primary and secondary school located in the suburb of Evanston on the southern side of Gawler, 45 kilometres (28 mi) north of the city centre of Adelaide, the capital of South Australia. The college offers education from birth to year 12.

## History

Gawler and District College was created in 2013 through combining the Gawler High School, Evanston Primary School and Evanston Preschool into one site, the site formerly occupied by the high school.
Gawler High School was a secondary public school located in Evanston, South Australia. The school was founded in 1907 as the Gawler School of Mines. It moved to a site on Lyndoch Road in Gawler East in 1915, and moved to the Evanston site in the 1960s. (with the motto, Vade ad Formicam), making it the oldest school in the area. The last principal of Gawler High School was Mr. Greg Harvey who succeeded Sandra Lowery, who left the school at the end of the 2007 school year, ending her 15 years as headmistress. Gawler High School had some 800 pupils as of 2009, ranging from educational year groups eight to twelve.
Evanston Primary School was founded in the 1950s as the suburb of Evanston was growing. It was located facing Para Road behind the Gawler High School.

## Notable alumni

* Simon Birmingham, Senator for South Australia
* Clyde Cameron
* Max Fatchen, journalist
* Alan Hickinbotham
* Brenton Langbein, violinist, composer, and conductor
* Darren Lehmann, cricketer
* Lisa Martin (Lisa Ondieki), long-distance runner
* Glenn Shorrock, singer/songwriter
# Granaria

Granaria is a genus of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the subfamily Granariinae of the family Chondrinidae.

## Species

Species within the genus Granaria include:
* Granaria arabica (Dohrn, 1860)
* † Granaria costata (Lueger, 1981)
* Granaria crassiventer Salvador, Höltke, Rasser & Kadolsky, 2016 †
* Granaria frumentum (Draparnaud, 1801)
* † Granaria fustis (O. Boettger, 1889)
* † Granaria grossecostata (Gottschick & Wenz, 1919)
* † Granaria helicidarum (Jooss, 1924)
* † Granaria intrusa (Slavík, 1869)
* Granaria lapidaria (Hutton, 1849)
* † Granaria moedlingensis Harzhauser & H. Binder, 2004
* † Granaria multicostulata (Gutzwiller, 1905)
* † Granaria oryza (F. E. Edwards, 1852)
* Granaria persica Gittenberger, 1973
* † Granaria schlosseri (Cossmann, 1908)
* † Granaria schuebleri (Klein, 1846)
* Granaria stabilei (Martens, 1865)
* † Granaria subvariabilis (Sandberger, 1858)
* Granaria variabilis (Draparnaud, 1801)

### Species brought into synonymy

* Granaria antiqua (Zieten, 1832) † : synonym of Granaria schuebleri (Klein, 1846) † (junior homonym of Pupa antiqua Matheron, 1832)
* Granaria braunii (Rossmässler, 1842): synonym of Graniberia braunii (Rossmässler, 1842) (superseded generic combination)
* Granaria illyrica (Rossmässler, 1835): synonym of Granaria frumentum illyrica (Rossmässler, 1835) (unaccepted rank)
* Granaria pachygastra K. Miller, 1900 † : synonym of Granaria crassiventer Salvador, Höltke, Rasser & Kadolsky, 2016 †
# Heatball

Heatball is a brand name for an incandescent lamp. The brand was used as part of a scheme by Siegfried Rotthäuser, a mechanical engineer from Essen in Germany, to stimulate discussion of EU Regulation 244/2009. This Regulation forbade the importation or sale of light sources with energy efficiency worse than 'Class C' after September 2012 as part of the phase-out of incandescent light bulbs.
The scheme's declared purpose was to sell incandescent lamps as small heating elements for winter, or for use in chicken coops. The scheme was covered by several members of the international press.

## History

In April 2010, two brothers Rudolf and Siegfried Rotthäuser Hannot started selling incandescent lamps over the Internet. They referred to them as Heatballs and sold each as small heating device with a price of €1.69. Thirty cents per unit sold would be donated to a project to protect the rain forest, which, according to Rotthäuser, would benefit the climate more than the ban. Within a few days, the initial stock of 4,000 units was sold out and orders of 40,000 units outstanding. The second batch was ordered but the shipment was held back on 16 November 2010 by the customs officials at Cologne Airport.

## Awards

* 2011: IQ Award
# Francesc

Francesc (Catalan pronunciation:) is a masculine given name of Catalan origin. It is a cognate of Francis, Francesco, Francisco, François, and Franz. People with the name include:
* Cesc Fàbregas (Francesc Fàbregas i Soler) (born 1987), Spanish professional football player
* Francesc Antoni de la Dueña y Cisneros (1753–1821), Roman Catholic prelate; Bishop of Urgell 1797–1816
* Francesc Areny Casal (contemporary), Andorran politician
* Francesc Arnau (1975–2021), Spanish professional football player
* Francesc Bellmunt (born 1947), Spanish screenwriter and film director
* Francesc Berenguer i Mestres (1866–1914), Spanish Art Nouveau architect
* Francesc Cambó (1876–1947), Spanish politician, government minister, and artistic supporter
* Francesc Candel Tortajada (a.k.a. Paco Candel) (1925–2007), Spanish writer and journalist
* Francesc Capdevila (born 1956), Spanish artist and illustrator
* Francesc de Tamarit (1600–1653), Spanish politician and military leader during the Catalan Revolt
* Francesc Eiximenis (c. 1340–1409), Spanish Franciscan priest, encyclopedist, and writer
* Francesc Ferrer i Guàrdia (1859–1909), Spanish Catalan free-thinker and anarchist
* Francesc Fontanella (1622–1685), Spanish poet, dramatist, and priest
* Francesc Gaset Fris (born 1947), Andorran sport shooter
* Francesc Layret (1880–1920), Spanish nationalist, politician, and lawyer; assassinated
* Francesc Macià (1859–1933), Spanish military officer and president of Catalonia
* Francesc Pi i Margall (Francisco Pi y Margall), Second President of the First Spanish Republic and Catalan romanticist writer
* Francesc Pujols (1882–1962), Spanish writer and philosopher
* Francesc Sabaté Llopart (1915–1960), Spanish anarchist; fought against the regime of Francisco Franco
* Francesc Santacruz i Artigas (fl. 1665–1721), Spanish sculptor
* Francesc Vicent Garcia (1582–1623), Spanish poet
* Francesc Vicent (1450–1512), Spanish author who wrote about chess
* Francesc Vilanova (1968–2014), Spanish professional football player and manager
* Francesc Xavier Butinyà i Hospital (1834–1899), Spanish missionary Jesuit, teacher, and writer
* François Arago (Francesc Joan Domènec Aragó) (1786–1853), French mathematician, physicist, astronomer, and politician
* Xesco Espar (Francesc Espar Moya) (born 1963), Spanish handball player and trainer
# Dance in Uzbekistan

There are three schools of dance in Uzbekistan: Khorezm, Fergana, and Bukhara. Each one has its peculiarities and specific features.

## Khorezm dance

Khorezm dance is known for its fiery nature. The most popular style of dance is "Lazgi", which has been included in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage of UNESCO in 2019. The music consists of an introduction and main body including folk melodies. First, slow and simple dance movements are made with the fingers, wrists, and shoulders, and then the whole body starts to move. The pace accelerates and becomes increasingly energetic. Men and women dance it very differently.

## Fergana dance

In contrast to Khorezm, Fergana is fluent and lyrical, with smooth rounded movements of dancers' hands.

## Bukhara dance

Bukhara dance is complex and measured. Some local monuments of the early Middle Ages portray this original art and its place in the life and culture of the residents of Bukhara Region.
# Eosqualodon

Eosqualodon is a genus of squalodontid odontocete from the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene (Chattian-Aquitanian) of northwestern Germany and northeastern Italy.

## Taxonomy and description

Two species are recognized, E. langewieschei and E. latirostris. The latter was originally described as a subspecies of Squalodon bariensis, S. b. latirostris, but is distinct from S. bariensis. Eosqualodon can be distinguished from Squalodon in having a broader rostral base, the caudal border of the external nares (blowhole) at the height of the caudal part of the orbits, and weakly developed intertemporal construction.