OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Holographic sensor

A holographic sensor is a device that comprises a hologram embedded in a smart material that detects certain molecules or metabolites. This detection is usually a chemical interaction that is transduced as a change in one of the properties of the holographic reflection (as in the Bragg reflector), either refractive index or spacing between the holographic fringes. The specificity of the sensor can be controlled by adding molecules in the polymer film that selectively interacts with the molecules of interest.
A holographic sensor aims to integrate the sensor component, the transducer and the display in one device for fast reading of molecular concentrations based in colorful reflections or wavelengths.
Certain molecules that mimic biomolecule active sites or binding sites can be incorporated into the polymer that forms the holographic film in order to make the holographic sensors selective and/or sensitive to certain medical important molecules like glucose, etc.
The holographic sensors can be read from a fair distance because the transducer element is light that has been refracted and reflected by the holographic grating embedded in the sensor. Therefore, they can be used in industrial applications where non-contact with the sensor is required. Other applications for holographic sensors are anti-counterfeiting

## Metabolites

Some of the metabolites detected by a holographic sensor are:
* Ammonia
* pH
* Hydrocarbons
   * VOCs
   * Gases
* Glucose
* Water content
* Lactate and other biomolecules
* Metal ions
# Dusty Rhodes (disambiguation)

Dusty Rhodes (1945–2015) was an American professional wrestler
Dusty Rhodes may also refer to:

## Sports

* Dusty Rhodes (footballer) (1882–1960), English association football player
* Dusty Rhodes (cricketer) (1916–1983), English cricketer and umpire
* Dusty Rhodes (outfielder) (1927–2009), Major League Baseball player
* Dusty Rhodes (pitcher), Negro leagues baseball player
* Dusty Rhodes (baseball coach) (born 1946), former head coach of the North Florida Ospreys baseball team
* Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic, a yearly tournament created in 2015 named after the wrestler

## Music

* Dusty Rhodes, album by John Holt
* Dusty Rhodes (music producer), (fl. 1960s), country music producer on Willis Alan Ramsey
* Dusty Rhodes and the River Band, an indie rock group from Anaheim, California
* Robert Fripp (born 1946), guitarist who used the pseudonym "Dusty Rhodes"

## Publishing

* Dusty Rhodes (author), American author
* Thomas L. "Dusty" Rhodes (1939–2018), American political editor and president of National Review

## Other

* Raleigh "Dusty" Rhodes (1918–2007), American World War II fighter pilot
* Dusty Rhodes, radio presenter/DJ on various Irish radio stations, including Atlantic 252 and RTÉ 2fm
# Geumsusan

Geumsusan is a mountain of Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea. It has an elevation of 1,016 metres.
# Irish Problem

Irish Problem or Irish problem may refer to:
* Irish Question, late-19th-/early-20th–century UK political debate about the constitutional status of Ireland
* The Troubles, conflict in Northern Ireland during the late 20th century
* "An Irish solution to an Irish problem", political catchphrase
* The discrimination and persecution of Irish Americans
# Darawat Dam

Darawat Dam is concrete gravity dam across Nai Baran River near Village of Jhangri in Jamshoro district of Sindh, Pakistan.
Construction of dam started in March 2010 and its completion was inaugurated by Former President of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari on 9 March 2013. Its estimated cost was PKR 9.3 Billion.
The dam is 250 metres (820 ft) in length and 43 metres (141 ft) in height, which would store about 150 million cubic metres (120,000 acre ft) of water to help irrigate 10,000 hectares (25,000 acres) of land.
# Eric Bertherat

Eric Bertherat is a medical officer at the World Health Organization's Department of Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response, in the Communicable Diseases secretariat. Bertherat's home base is in Geneva. His activities focus on the plague and epidemic meningitis.

## Selected scientific biography

Bertherat has written extensively on the plague. In fact he is a principal investigator.
Bertherat stressed in 2011 that the "rapid onset and high lethality are (the pneumonic plague)'s only distinguishable clinical features as the disease otherwise manifests itself as a severe respiratory infection that could be caused by various pathogens." To isolate and contain Yersinia pestis necessitated modifications in diagnostic strategies; "trained personnel for quality specimen collection and appropriate specimen handling and preservation" were required for confirmation of this particular disease outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Bertherat wrote that:
   Pneumonic plague is of serious concern because of the potential for human-to-human transmission from aerosolized bacteria spread through coughing. Pneumonic plague can lead to localized outbreaks, or even devastating epidemics, because the infectious dose by inhalation can be as low as 100–500 organisms.
# Ferocactus diguetii

Ferocactus diguetii, commonly known as the giant barrel cactus, is the largest species of barrel cactus in the genus Ferocactus. It is an insular species endemic to several of Baja California Sur's southern islands in the Gulf of California. As the superlative giant of the barrel cacti, it reaches heights of up to 4 metres (13 ft) and diameters of 1 metre (3.3 ft) in the wild, a result of island gigantism. The species has red flowers that bloom from March to May. Although restricted in range, this species grows in protected habitat and lacks major threats.

## Description

Ferocactus diguetii is the largest barrel cactus in the genus Ferocactus, with massive, solitary, columnar stems reaching up to 4 metres (13 ft) and diameters of 1 metre (3.3 ft). It is usually about 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) tall and 60–80 cm (2.0–2.6 ft) in diameter. It has numerous thin ribs, 25 to 35, and has up to 8 radial spines per areole, with usually no central spines. The spines are yellow or rarely red, and are up to 4 centimetres (1.6 in), with a slight curve.
The flowers appear from March to May, and are a fiery red to orange in color, measuring 3–4 cm (1.2–1.6 in) in length and diameter. The barrel-shaped fruits reach similar sizes and are lemon yellow with crescent-shaped scales.
* The flower of Ferocactus diguetii on Isla Cerralvo
* Mature plant on Santa Catalina Island
* Small plant on Cerralvo Island
* Closeup of spines

## Taxonomy

Echinocactus diguetii was described in 1898 by Frédéric Albert Constantin Weber, who named it in honor of its discoverer, Léon Diguet, a French explorer who was investigating pearl fisheries on Isla Santa Catalina.
In 1922, Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose transferred the species to the genus Ferocactus, creating the current combination, Ferocactus diguetii.
* The plate of Echinocactus diguetii from the protologue by Weber, with a man standing next to the cactus

## Distribution and habitat

Ferocactus diguetii is endemic to the state of Baja California Sur in Mexico. It is only found on a number of islands in the southern Gulf of California, namely Isla del Carmen, Isla Danzante, Isla Monserrate, Isla Santa Catalina, Isla Santa Cruz, Isla San Diego, and Isla Cerralvo. Ivan M. Johnston reported the species for Isla Coronados, but it may be extirpated from that locality.
Ferocactus diguetii grows at elevations of 10–300 m (33–984 ft). Britton and Rose noted that the species did not seem to have a definite habitat, growing on from mountainsides along large igneous rocks to old shell beaches. The plant grows along with Bursera microphylla and Pachycereus pringlei.
* Habitat on Cerralvo Island coast showing F. diguetii growing along Bursera microphylla
* Habitat on Santa Catalina Island
# Doiras

Doiras is one of seven parishes (administrative divisions) in Boal, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.
It is 12.95 km$^2$ (5.00 sq mi) in size with a population of 172 (INE 2007).

## Villages

* La Cabana
* Carrugueiro
* Doiras
* La Escrita
* Froseira
* Llanteiróu
* El Mazo
* Muñón
* Piñeira
* Silvón
# Human Desolation

Human Desolation is the second full-length album by German band X Marks the Pedwalk. It was released by Zoth Ommog in Europe as both an LP and CD, and in North America by Cleopatra Records as a CD.
According to André Schmechta, Human Desolation is X Marks the Pedwalk's best-selling release.

## Track listing

* "I See You" – 3:48
* "The Relapse" – 3:40
* "Desolation" – 7:08
* "Repulsion" – 6:14
* "Criminal Disharmony" – 3:55
* "Paranoid Illusions" – 4:10
* "Experience" – 6:22
* "The Trap" – 4:29
* "Taciturnity" – 2:52
* "...Call You..." – 4:05
* "Don't Fall Asleep" – 3:47

## Personnel

* Sevren Ni-arb
* Raive Yarx
The music and lyrics on Human Desolation were written by André Schmechta (also known as Sevren Ni-arb) and performed by both André and Thorsten Schmechta (a.k.a. Raive Yarx). Human Desolation was recorded and mixed at T.G.I.F. studios in Germany.
# Cinzia Savi Scarponi

Cinzia Savi Scarponi (born 12 November 1963) is an Italian former swimmer who competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics.
# Equestrian at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Team dressage

The team dressage at the 1928 Summer Olympics took place at Hilversum. Scores from the individual competition were summed to give results in the team competition. 1928 marked the first appearance of the team dressage competition, making it the last of the modern six-event Olympic equestrian programme to appear.

## Results

Source: Official results; De Wael
| Rank | Nation | Rider | Horse | Average Score | Total Average |
| | Germany | Carl Freiherr von Langen | Draufgänger | 237.42 | 669.72 |
| | Germany | Hermann Linkenbach | Gimpel | 224.26 | 669.72 |
| | Germany | Eugen von Lotzbeck | Caracalla | 208.04 | 669.72 |
| | Sweden | Ragnar Olson | Gunstling | 229.78 | 650.86 |
| | Sweden | Janne Lundblad | Blackmar | 226.70 | 650.86 |
| | Sweden | Carl, Count Bonde | Ingo | 194.38 | 650.86 |
| | Netherlands | Jan van Reede | Hans | 220.70 | 642.96 |
| | Netherlands | Pierre Versteegh | His Excellence II | 216.44 | 642.96 |
| | Netherlands | Gerard le Heux | Valérine | 205.82 | 642.96 |
| 4 | France | Charles Marion | Linon | 231.00 | 642.18 |
| 4 | France | Robert Wallon | Clough-banck | 224.08 | 642.18 |
| 4 | France | Pierre Danloux | Rempart | 187.10 | 642.18 |
| 5 | Czechoslovakia | Emanuel Thiel | Loki | 225.96 | 637.94 |
| 5 | Czechoslovakia | Otto Schöninger | Ex | 210.28 | 637.94 |
| 5 | Czechoslovakia | Jaroslav Hanf | Elegán | 201.70 | 637.94 |
| 6 | Austria | Arthur von Pongracz | Turridu | 204.28 | 600.40 |
| 6 | Austria | Wilhelm Jaich | Graf | 204.16 | 600.40 |
| 6 | Austria | Gustav Grachegg | Daniel | 191.96 | 600.40 |
| 7 | Switzerland | Adolphe Mercier | Queen-Mary | 203.34 | 569.08 |
| 7 | Switzerland | Oskar Frank | Solon | 190.62 | 569.08 |
| 7 | Switzerland | Werner Stuber | Ulhard | 175.12 | 569.08 |
| 8 | Belgium | Oswald Lints | Rira-t-elle | 185.86 | 449.70 |
| 8 | Belgium | Henri Laame | Belga | 167.70 | 449.70 |
| 8 | Belgium | Roger Delrue | Dreypuss | 146.14 | 449.70 |
# Danish Squash Federation

Danish Squash Federation ("Dansk Squash Forbund" in Danish) is the National Organisation for Squash in Denmark.
# Eric Ghiaciuc

Eric M. Ghiaciuc [GUY-check] (born May 28, 1981) is an American former professional football center. He was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the fourth round of the 2005 NFL draft. He played college football at Central Michigan.

## Early life

While attending Oxford High School, Ghiaciuc was a three-sport standout in football, wrestling, and track and field. In football, he won All-League, All-County, All-Metro, All-State honors, and he was ranked No.37 prospect by The Detroit News, and No.47 by the Detroit Free Press. In wrestling, he was the state heavyweight champion. Ghiaciuc is of Romanian descent.

## College career

At Central Michigan University in Mount Pleasant, Michigan, Ghiaciuc was part of an offensive line which generated 105 touchdowns in a three-year stint. He was redshirted in 2000, saw limited action in 2001, then took over as starting center in 2002, starting for the next 37 games for the Chippewas. He was an Industrial Education major who graduated with a 3.30 GPA.

## Professional career
### Cincinnati Bengals

Ghiaciuc was selected by the Cincinnati Bengals in the fourth round (119th overall) of the 2005 NFL draft. Ghiaciuc's college teammate, Adam Kieft, was drafted in the fifth round. Paul Alexander, the Bengals' offensive line coach and assistant head coach, had also attended Central Michigan University. Ghiaciuc made his NFL debut and got his first career start against the Jacksonville Jaguars on October 9, 2005. He went on to play in four more games in his rookie season as a reserve. In 2006, Ghiaciuc started 12 of the final 13 games of the season at center, following an injury to Rich Braham in Week 2. He started in 12 games in 2007 and all 16 games in 2008 for the Bengals.

### Kansas City Chiefs

An unrestricted free agent after the 2008 season, Ghiaciuc signed with the Kansas City Chiefs on April 30. He was waived on September 4, 2009.

### San Diego Chargers

Ghiaciuc was signed by the San Diego Chargers on December 22, 2009, after center Scott Mruczkowski was placed on injured reserve. He was inactive for the final two games of the Chargers' regular season, as well as their playoff game against the New York Jets. He became a restricted free agent after the season but was not offered a tender by the Chargers.

### Cleveland Browns

Ghiaciuc was signed by the Cleveland Browns on April 8, 2010. He was released on June 16, 2010.

### Florida Tuskers

Ghiaciuc was a member of the Florida Tuskers' (United Football League) minicamp roster in June 2010.

### New England Patriots

Ghiaciuc was signed by the New England Patriots on August 4, 2010. He was released on September 3, during final cuts.

### Miami Dolphins

Ghiaciuc was signed by the Miami Dolphins on November 22, 2010, after placing Cory Procter on injured reserve. Ghiaciuc was released on December 28, 2010.
# Jean G. Bouyer

Sous lieutenant Jean Georges Bouyer was a French World War I flying ace credited with eleven confirmed aerial victories.

## Early life

Jean Georges Bouyer was born in La Rochelle, France on 12 January 1891.

## Military service

Bouyer joined the French infantry on 15 December 1911. On Christmas Day, 1914, he transferred to flying service as a bombardier assigned to the defense of Paris. When he was forwarded to aviation training, he earned Pilot's Brevet No. 5957 on 25 March 1917. On 16 May, he was posted to Escadrille N49 (the 'N' denoting the squadron's use of Nieuports).
He scored for the first time on 25 June 1917, downing an LVG two-seater reconnaissance plane. Four days later, he was promoted to Sergeant. On 7 July, he scored again. In August, he was medically evacuated to hospital. After his return to the unit, he scored again three times in December, becoming an ace.
On 4 January 1918, he was awarded the Médaille militaire; a prerequisite for the award was a prior award of the Croix de guerre. On 19 February 1918, having upgraded to a Spad, he notched win number six at Pfetterhouse. Bouyer then teamed with Adjutant Paul Hamot during May and July for four shared wins, over a Rumpler and some Albatroses. Then, on 27 July 1918, Bouyer became a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur. On 19 September 1918, he was commissioned a Sous lieutenant. He scored one final victory on 21 October, sharing it with Maurice Arnoux and Alexandre Bretillon.
Jean Georges Bouyer perished in a flying accident on 16 January 1926 while piloting a Hanriot.

## Honors and awards

Médaille Militaire "Brilliant pursuit pilot who always gives the highest example of modesty, skill and audacity. On 9 December 1917, after a hard combat, he succeeded in shooting down his 3rd enemy aircraft behind our lines." Médaille Militaire citation, 4 January 1918.
Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur "Elite pursuit pilot who is an example of devotion to all his unit through his splendid qualities of determination and bravery. Has downed in flames, behind its lines, an enemy aircraft reporting therewith his 8th victory. Médaille Militaire for feats of war. Five citations." Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur citation, 27 July 1918.
Jean Georges Bouyer also won the Croix de guerre and the British Distinguished Conduct Medal

## Endnotes

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918. p. 123.
* 1 2 Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918. p. 123–124.
* ↑ The Aerodrome http://www.theaerodrome.com/medals/gbritain/dcm.php Retrieved 11 November 2017.
# Emily M. Bishop

Emily Montague Bishop (née Mulkin; November 3, 1858 – November 22, 1916) was an American Delsartean lecturer and instructor in dress, expression and physical culture. She was recognized as one of the noted editors and authors on this subject in the United States, commonly using the name Emily M. Bishop. She was also a pioneer suffragist. Among her publications are Americanized Delsarte Culture (1892), Self-expression and Health: Americanized Delsarte Culture (1895), Interpretive Forms of Literature (1903), Seventy Years Young, or The Unhabitual Way (1907), Daily Ways to Health (1910), and The Road to "Seventy Years Young": Or, The Unhabitual Way (1916).

## Early life and education

Emily Montague Mulkin was born in Forestville, Chautauqua County, New York, November 3, 1858. Her parents were Asa L. Mulkins (1827-1893) and Ann E. (De Witt) Mulkins (1827-1861).
She was educated in the Forestville High School.

## Career

After leaving school, Bishop taught for four years, serving as assistant principal of the union school in Silver Creek, New York. She then gave several years to the study of Delsarte work in various cities.
After marriage, she moved to Black Hills, South Dakota. Bishop was elected superintendent of public schools in Rapid City, South Dakota, being the first woman thus honored in the Dakota Territory.
In 1885, she was invited to establish a Delsarte department in the Chautauqua School of Physical Education, in the Chautauqua Assembly, New York. She has had charge of that department for four seasons, and it steadily grew in popularity. In 1891, it was the largest single department in the Assembly. From the Chautauqua work grew a large public work in lecturing and teaching. Her lectures were on literature and physical culture. She gave public readings at the Pratt Institute, Brooklyn; Drexel Institute, Philadelphia; Mechanics Institute, Rochester, New York; and in principal cities of the U.S. and Canada. She was the originator and interpreter of the policical readings known as "Dramatic Scenes from the United States Senate", through which she gained national fame.
She wrote a number of articles for various magazines and published several books, including Americanized Delsarte Culture.

## Personal life

In 1884, she married Coleman E. Bishop, editor of the Judge, New York.
In addition to the Dakota Territory, Bishop lived in New York City, and in Washington, D.C.
Just before her illness, Bishop became connected with the Women's Democratic League and spoke at meetings on behalf of President Wilson. She died November 22, 1916, at New York Hospital, in New York City, age 59.

## Selected works

* Americanized Delsarte Culture, 1892
* Self-expression and Health: Americanized Delsarte Culture, 1895
* Interpretive Forms of Literature, 1903
* Seventy Years Young, or The Unhabitual Way, 1907
* Daily Ways to Health, 1910
* The Road to "Seventy Years Young": Or, The Unhabitual Way, 1916
# Control-V

In computing, Control-V is a key stroke with a variety of uses including generation of a control character in ASCII code, also known as the synchronous idle (SYN) character. The key stroke is generated by typing Ctrl+V. On MacOS based systems usually ⌘ Cmd+V is used instead.

## Usage

In many GUI environments, including Microsoft Windows and most desktop environments based on the X Window System, and in applications such as word processing software running in those environments, control-V can be used to paste text or other content (if supported) from the clipboard at the current cursor position. Control-V was one of a handful of keyboard sequences chosen by the program designers at Xerox PARC to control text editing.
Unix interactive terminals use Control-V to mean "the next character should be treated literally" (the mnemonic here is "V is for verbatim"). This allows a user to insert a literal Control-C or Control-H or similar control characters that would otherwise be handled by the terminal. This behavior was copied by text editors like vi and Unix shells like bash and tcsh, which offer text editing on the command line.

## Representation

The ASCII and Unicode representation of "Synchronous Idle" is 22 in decimal, which is 26 in octal and 16 in hexadecimal.
# Gorham Munson

Gorham Bockhaven Munson (May 26, 1896 – August 15, 1969) was an American literary critic.

## Biography

Gorham was born in Amityville, New York to Hubert Barney Munson and Carrie Louise Morrow. He received his B.A. degree in 1917 from Wesleyan University, where he became a member of Delta Kappa Epsilon. He married Elizabeth Hurwitz on April 2, 1921, in Brooklyn. Gorham died on August 15, 1969, at Hartford, Connecticut, and is buried in Mountain View Cemetery in Camden, Maine.
Gorham became a part of the Greenwich Village scene of avant-garde writers. In 1922 he founded and edited, with Matthew Josephson (August 1922-January 1923) and Kenneth Burke (January–September 1923) as co-editors, the eight issues of the literary review Secession (spring 1922- April 1924). Its contributors included Malcolm Cowley, Hart Crane, E. E. Cummings, Marianne Moore, Wallace Stevens, William Carlos Williams and Yvor Winters.
He joined the faculty of The New School in 1927 and spent the remainder of his career as an academic.
Who's Who in America (Volume V, 1969–73) lists Gorham as author of twelve books and three others on which he collaborated or was the editor. He was also a free-lance journalist whose articles appeared in Saturday Review, The Atlantic Monthly, Yale Review, New York Evening Post Literary Review, and Commonweal.
# Dismemberment (illusion)

Dismemberment is a stage illusion, designed and patented by the magician Edward M. Massey in 1935.

## Basic Effect

The illusion, as described in Massey's patent, involves a large torus—or doughnut-shaped—apparatus. Placed on edge to face the audience, the assistant's head extends from one side of the ring and feet on the opposite, meaning the assistant's torso is visible traversing across the center of the ring. The torus is then rotated, which seems to rotate along with the person's head and feet (as they would if attached to the outside of the ring)—but while the torso remains stationary in its original horizontal position. This seems to suggest that the assistant has been "dissociated" into three separate portions.

## Exposure

The Masked Magician (Val Valentino) performed the Dismemberment and revealed the method in Breaking the Magician's Code: Magic's Biggest Secrets Finally Revealed (2008).