OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cordotomy

Cordotomy (or chordotomy) is a surgical procedure that disables selected pain-conducting tracts in the spinal cord, in order to achieve loss of pain and temperature perception. This procedure is commonly performed on patients experiencing severe pain due to cancer or other incurable diseases. Anterolateral cordotomy is effective for relieving unilateral, somatic pain while bilateral cordotomies may be required for visceral or bilateral pain.

## Indications

Cordotomy is performed as for patients with severe intractable pain, usually but not always due to cancer. Being irreversible and relatively invasive, cordotomy is used exclusively for pain where treatment to level 3 of the World Health Organization pain ladder (i.e., use of major opiates such as morphine) has proved inadequate. Cordotomy is especially indicated for pain due to asbestos-related cancers such as pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma.

## Procedure

Most cordotomies are now performed percutaneously with fluoroscopic or CT guidance while the patient is awake under local anesthesia. The spinothalamic tract is normally divided at the level C1-C2.
Open cordotomy, which requires a laminectomy (removal of part of one or more vertebrae), takes place under general anaesthetic and has a longer recovery time and a higher risk of side-effects including permanent weakness. However, it is still sometimes used where percutaneous cordotomy is unfeasible, especially in children or other patients who are unable to co-operate. In open cordotomy, a thoracic approach is normally used so that the spinal cord tracts controlling the breathing muscles are not put at risk.

## Adverse effects

Cordotomy can be highly effective in relieving pain, but there are significant side effects. These include dysesthesia (abnormal sensation), urinary retention and (for bilateral cervical cordotomy) apnea during sleep (acquired central hypoventilation syndrome) caused by inadvertent division of the reticulospinal tracts.

## History

Cordotomy was first performed in 1912 by the American Neurosurgeons, William Gibson Spiller (1863–1940) and Edward Martin (1859–1938). Due to the surgical risks, it remained a rare procedure until the percutaneous technique was developed in 1965. During the 1990s the procedure became less widely used, partly because medical pain-control options had improved, and partly due to concern about side-effects. Nevertheless, it is still considered an effective treatment for severe pain.

## Alternative surgical procedures for pain

A number of alternative surgical procedures have evolved in the 20th century. These include:
Commissural myelotomy, for bilateral pain arising from pelvic or abdominal malignancies
Punctate or limited midline myelotomy for pelvic and abdominal visceral pain,
Other options for medically intractable pain which do not involve open surgery include implantation of an intrathecal pump (a syringe driver delivering medication into the space around the spinal cord) administering local anaesthetics and/or opiates
# Chief Development Officer (India)

The Chief Development Officer is an administrative post in the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand and Bihar tasked to oversee various developmental schemes of poverty alleviation and infrastructure creation of the state and central governments. The officer works under the overall supervision and control of the District Magistrate.
# Eden Park, Victoria

Eden Park is a locality in Victoria, Australia, 36 km (22 mi) north-east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Whittlesea local government area. Eden Park recorded a population of 1,194 at the 2021 census.

## History

Eden Park gets its name from an estate of the same name, which was sold by Ewen and Janet Robertson to an investor in 1888. Robertson originally acquired approximately 400ha in 1854 to build "Breadalbane", a twelve-roomed homestead. Much of the land is prone to erosion, which has limited development.
A primary school in Eden Park existed from 1904 to 1942. Eden Park Post Office opened on 7 October 1905, and closed in 1971.
Melbourne Polytechnic has a training centre in Eden Park called Northern Lodge, which operates as a thoroughbred stud and vineyard for students undertaking equine studies, and courses in viticulture and winemaking. During 2011, there were community protests to stop the Eden Park Kangaroo Cull on the property.
# Erzsébet Dolník

Erzsébet Dolník (née Erzsébet Czirók 13 May 1940 in Bratislava – 12 April 2021) was a Slovak politician. She served as an MP of the National Council between 2002 - 2006, serving as a replacement for Árpád Duka-Zólyomi, who became a Member of the European Parliament. In 2011, she was stripped of Slovak citizenship after publicly admitting she applied for and received Hungarian citizenship in spite of double-nationality ban in effect in Slovakia. Dolník unsuccessfully tried to contest the matter at the European Court of Human Rights.
# Clavulinaceae

The Clavulinaceae are a family of fungi in the order Cantharellales. The family is not well defined, but currently comprises species of clavarioid (club and coral) fungi as well as some corticioid (crust- and patch-forming) fungi. These species are nutritionally diverse, some being ectomycorrhizal, others wood-rotting saprotrophs, others lichenized, and yet others lichenicolous (growing on or parasitizing lichens).

## Taxonomy
### History

The Dutch mycologist Marinus Anton Donk first published the tribe Clavulinae in 1933 to accommodate species of clavarioid fungi in the genus Clavulina that had "stichic" basidia (basidia with nuclear spindles arranged longitudinally). He considered this feature placed the species concerned closer to the chanterelles (Cantharellales) than to other clavarioid fungi. In 1961, he raised the tribe to the rank of family, as the Clavulinaceae. In 1968, Estonian mycologist Erast Parmasto added the corticioid genus Clavulicium to the family, noting that it had very similar basidia to those found in Clavulina.

### Current status

Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has confirmed the placement of Clavulina within the Cantharellales, but has not yet addressed the circumscription of the family Clavulinaceae. The corticioid genus Membranomyces (formerly referred to Clavulicium) is closely related. The lichenized clavarioid genus Multiclavula is also closely related and has been included within the family. Several species formerly referred to the corticioid genus Sistotrema may be included, but have not been formally renamed. The genus Burgella, described for a probable anamorph of this latter group is, however, within the family. As such, the Clavulinaceae currently contain 4 genera and over 60 species. The genus Clavulicium which was formerly placed in the Clavulinaceae was found to belong in the new family Stereopsidaceae.

## Distribution and habitat

Species within the family are unusually diverse in habitat and ecology. Species of Clavulina are ectomycorrhizal, forming mutually beneficial associations with the roots of living trees and other plants. Species of Multiclavula are lichens, their basidiocarps typically found scattered on sheets of their associated algae. Species of Membranomyces and "Sistotrema" are presumed to be wood-rotting saprotrophs, typically forming corticioid basidiocarps on the undersides of dead, attached branches or fallen wood. Some of the latter group, however, (including the genus Burgella) often grow on and may parasitize lichens. Collectively, the Clavulinaceae have a cosmopolitan distribution.
# Bruce Hamilton

Bruce Hamilton may refer to:
* Bruce Hamilton (writer) (1900–1974), English novelist
* Bruce Hamilton (British Army officer) (1857–1936), British general
* Bruce Hamilton (cricketer) (born 1932), New Zealand cricketer
* Bruce Hamilton (ice hockey) (born 1957), Canadian ice hockey executive
* Bruce Hamilton (ophthalmologist) (1901–1968), Australian ophthalmologist
* Bruce Hamilton (public servant) (1911–1989), Australian senior public servant
* Bruce Hamilton (rugby union) (born 1923), Australian rugby player
# Eochaid mac Condlai

Eochaid mac Condlai (died 553) was a king of Ulaid from the Dal nAraide. He was the son of Condlae mac Cóelbad, also a king of Dal nAraide and grandson of the high king and King of Ulster Cáelbad mac Crond Ba Druí. He belonged to the main ruling dynasty of the Dal nAraide known as the Uí Chóelbad based in Mag Line, east of Antrim town in modern county Antrim.
The Dal Fiatach had dominated the kingship of Ulaid since the late 5th century and Eochaid is the first king of Ulaid from his sept since his grandfather's time. According to the king lists in the Book of Leinster, he succeeded his uncle Fíachna Lonn mac Cóelbad as king of Dal nAraide. He succeeded Cairell mac Muiredaig Muinderg of the Dal Fiatach as king of Ulaid. He ruled from 532 to 553.
His son Báetán Cáech was possibly also a king of Dal nAraide and was father of the Ulaid king Fiachnae mac Báetáin (died 626). The annals state that he was ancestor of the Ui Echach of Ulaid. However this term has many uses in Ulaid and the genealogies in Rawlinson do not agree with this. It is more probable they descended from a brother of Eochaid's grandfather, Cáelbad mac Crond Ba Druí, named Eochu.
# Bellanca Aries

The Bellanca T-250 Aries was a light airplane built in the United States in the early 1970s, which achieved only limited production. Designed by Marvin Greenwood in Texas while his company, Anderson-Greenwood, owned the Bellanca name, it was offered as a Bellanca product. It was a conventional low-wing monoplane with retractable tricycle undercarriage and a high T-tail. Federal Aviation Administration type certification was obtained on 28 July 1976.

## Specifications

Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1980–81
General characteristics
* Crew: one pilot
* Capacity: four passengers
* Length: 26 ft 2 in (7.98 m)
* Wingspan: 31 ft 4 in (9.55 m)
* Height: 8 ft 7 in (2.62 m)
* Wing area: 170 sq ft (15.8 m$^2$)
* Airfoil: NACA 600412 modified
* Empty weight: 1,850 lb (839 kg)
* Max takeoff weight: 3,150 lb (1,429 kg)
* Fuel capacity: 76 US gal (63 imp gal; 290 L)
* Powerplant: 1 × Lycoming O-540-A4D5 flat-six piston engine , 250 hp (190 kW)
* Propellers: 2-bladed Hartzell constant-speed propeller, 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) diameter
Performance
* Maximum speed: 215 mph (346 km/h, 187 kn) at sea level
* Cruise speed: 200 mph (320 km/h, 170 kn) (65% power)
* Stall speed: 64 mph (103 km/h, 56 kn) (wheels and flaps down)
* Never exceed speed: 244 mph (393 km/h, 212 kn)
* Range: 1,170 mi (1,880 km, 1,020 nmi) with four passengers
* Service ceiling: 18,100 ft (5,500 m)
* Rate of climb: 1,240 ft/min (6.3 m/s)
# Compsoptesis

Compsoptesis is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

* Compsoptesis klossi (Malloch, 1930)
* Compsoptesis phoenix Villeneuve, 1915
* Compsoptesis rufula Villeneuve, 1915
# Communism (disambiguation)

Communism is a political ideology and movement with the ultimate aim of achieving a communist society.
Communism may also refer to:
* Communism Peak, a mountain in Tajikistan
* Communist society, a hypothetical socioeconomic system
* Communist state, a term for a state with dominant communist ideology
# Cordón Baquedano

Cordón Baquedano is a low mountain range in the Chilean portion of Tierra del Fuego. The range is located in the northern part of the main island limiting to Inútil Bay to the south and grading over to lowlands to north before reaching the Straits of Magellan at Primera and Segunda Angostura. The highest part of the range reaches little over almost 600 m.a.s.l.
The range is an Important Bird Area, notable for the white-bridled finch.
# Easton Farm Meadow

Easton Farm Meadow is a 1.6-hectare (4.0-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Easton, west of Boxford in Berkshire. It is in the North Wessex Downs.
The site is lowland neutral grassland In the past the meadows around Easton Farm were managed traditionally as 'floated' water meadows.

## Fauna

The site has the following animals

### Birds

* Snipe

### Invertebrates

* Silis ruficollis
* Zicrona caerulea
* Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata
* Nemotelus pantherinus

## Flora

The site has the following Flora:
* Caltha palustris
* Eleocharis palustris
* Filipendula ulmaria
* Angelica sylvestris
* Cirsium palustre
* Galium uliginosum
* Lychnis flos-cuculi
* Holcus lanatus
* Valeriana dioica
* Carex panicea
* Carex nigra
* Iris pseudacorus
* Rumex hydrolapathum
* Carex acutiformis
* Carex paniculata
* Dactylorhiza praetermissa
* Dactylorhiza incarnata
* Blysmus compressus
# Choi Si-woo

Choi Si-woo (Korean: 최시우; born 12 November 1996) is a South Korean ice sledge hockey player. He was a member of South Korea's bronze medal winning team in Para ice hockey at the 2018 Winter Paralympics.
# Boban (album)

Boban is the self-titled debut studio album by Montenegrin singer Boban Rajović. It was released in 2000.

## Track listing

* Njena vrata (Her Door)
* Piroman (Arsonist)
* Barbika (Barbie)
* Ti si mene vezala (You Tied Me)
* Aerodrom (Airport)
* Svako svoj traži put (Everyone Is Looking For Their Own Road)
* Da pređemo na stvar (Cut to the Chase)
* Lijepa kao grijeh (Beautiful as Sin)
# Eochaid mac Óengusa

Eochaid mac Óengusa (died 522) was a King of Munster from the ruling Eoganachta dynasty. He was the son of Óengus mac Nad Froích (died 489), the first Christian king of Munster.
The chronology of the 6th century Munster kings is confusing in the sources. According to the Laud Synchronisms, he succeeded his father as king and was a contemporary of the high king Lugaid mac Lóegairi which would place the start of his reign before 507. However, in the Book of Leinster, he succeeded his brother Feidlimid mac Óengusa.
He had two sons born on the same night: Crimthann Srem (Feimin), ancestor of the Glendamnach sept (Glanworth, County Cork) of Eoganachta and another Crimthann by a woman named Dearcon (possibly of the Arada Cliach), ancestor of the Arithir Cliach sept (Tipperary town area) of Eoganachta. it is possible that the creation of two separate Crimthanns was an invention of the genealogists. He was succeeded by his son Crimthann Srem mac Echado.
Eochaid mac Óengusa Eóganachta :
| Regnal titles |||
| Preceded byFeidlimid mac Óengusa | King of Cashel c. 500 – 522 | Succeeded byCrimthann Srem mac Echado |
# Bedellia silvicolella

Bedellia silvicolella is a moth in the family Bedelliidae. It is endemic to the Canary Islands.
# Comparative army enlisted ranks of Lusophone countries

"none" is preferred when the title is already sufficiently detailed; see [[WP:SDNONE]] Rank comparison chart of Non-commissioned officer and enlisted ranks for armies/land forces of Lusophone states.
# Fenestratus

The fenestratus (Protomelas fenestratus) is a species of cichlid fish endemic to Lake Malawi in East Africa. This species can reach a length of 14 centimetres (5.5 in) TL. It can also be found in the aquarium trade. Protomelas fenestratus is a substrate blower. They blow away the substrate, to uncover insect larvae and crustaceans. They are characterized by vertical bars, and thin horizontal lines of varying darkness depending on location. The males blue colouration obscures the barring when dominant. The lattice like pattern on this fish's body is reminiscent of windows which is what the specific name fenestratus refers to.
# Cornuphallus

Cornuphallus is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae.

## Species

Recognised species in the genus Cornuphallus include:
* Cornuphallus onoribo (Möschler, 1883)
# Bho Bho

Bho Bho is a 2016 Indian Marathi-language film directed by Bharat Gaikwad, the film stars Prashant Damle, Subodh Bhave, Sharad Ponkshe and Ashwini Ekbote. Parth Bharat Thakkar composed the music with cinematography by Anil Chandel. It was released theatrically on 22 April 2016.

## Synopsis

After Professor Vinayak's wife is killed, their dog, Sandy, is found guilty. However, the wife's insurance company hires a private detective, Venkatesh Bhonde, to find the truth behind the murder.

## Cast

* Prashant Damle
* Subodh Bhave
* Sharad Ponkshe
* Ashwini Ekbote
* Saurabh Gokhale
* Sanjay Mone
* Kishore Chougule
* Anuja Sathe

## Reception
### Critical response

A reviewer of Loksatta Wrote "There are many things in the film that are logically flawed. Bhonde's easy entry into Bhandarkar's house, easy stealing of Vikram's mobile and taking away the data from it, sudden appearance of the suit used during the murder to the children playing does not meet the level of logic. Therefore, it would be appropriate to watch 'Bho Bho' from this point of view, a film that tells a different story of dog love against the backdrop of a mysterious fold". Ganesh Matkari from Pune Mirror Says "In spite of the theme being unusual in Marathi films, Bho Bho is extremely predictable as far as the mysteries go, even based on the character types". Saumitra Pote from Maharashtra Times wrote "Overall, the story is the backbone of the film. If only the script and dialogues had been written instead of the straight path and taken a roundabout way, the shock technique would have been more effective". Mihir Bhanage from The Times of India wrote "The film scores brownie points in its concept and the portrayal of cute dogs, but with a more gripping narrative, 'Bho Bho' could’ve been much better".
# Chodavaram, Nagayalanka mandal

Chodavaram is a village in Krishna district of Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Nagayalanka mandal of Machilipatnam revenue division.

## Geography

15°57′00″N 80°55′00″E﻿ / ﻿15.9500°N 80.9167°E﻿ / 15.9500; 80.9167. It has an average elevation of 10 metres (36 ft).
# Click and Grow

Click and Grow is an Estonian indoor gardening company, founded by Mattias Lepp in 2009. It develops consumer electronic products for growing edible plants indoors.

## History

Click and Grow was founded by Mattias Lepp, in Estonia, in 2009. In 2010, he won a local Ajujaht business idea competition with his idea for a 'Smart Flowerpot'. The idea took two years to develop before it was sold as a product.
As of 2018, Click and Grow employed 42 people, with offices in San Francisco, Tartu and Tallinn, and had more than 450,000 customers. In the same year the company received investment from INGKA Holding.
Between March and May 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Click and Grow saw sales that were three to five times higher than normal. It was claimed that this was due to fresh food shortages and fear of them continuing, an effort to improve mental health, and in order to reduce food shopping frequency.

## Products

Click and Grow's products are self-irrigating and the system uses 'plant pods' that contain plant seeds, a growing medium and a controlled-release fertiliser.

### Smart Flowerpot

The Smart Flowerpot was introduced in 2011, as a battery powered, indoor plant pot that did not require manual watering or fertilizing. By 2012 Click & Grow had sold 90,000 Smart Flowerpots. However, customers in Nordic countries found that they had insufficient natural sunlight to grow many varieties of plant.

### Smart Herb Garden and Smart Garden 3

In 2013, Click and Grow used Kickstarter to raise $625,000 for a Smart Herb Garden, which included an LED grow light, and could grow three plants at once. It began selling the Smart Herb Garden in January 2014. In 2017, a second generation of the garden was released called Smart Garden 3.

### Smart Garden 9 and 27

In 2016, Click and Grow launched a bigger version of the Smart Herb garden through another Kickstarter campaign - the Smart Garden 9, capable of growing nine plants at a time. The nine-plant unit is stacked using a three-tiered stand, to become a Smart Garden 27.

### Smart Farm

In 2015, Click and Grow introduced a larger indoor plant growing product which can grow up to 250 plants.

### Wall Farm

In 2016, Click and Grow launched the Wall Farm, which can grow up to 51 plants at a time.
# Erik Ezelius

John Erik Ezelius (born 1986) is a Swedish politician, army officer and member of the Riksdag, the national legislature. A member of the Social Democratic Party, he has represented Västra Götaland County East since September 2018. He had previously been a substitute member of the Riksdag for Urban Ahlin twice: September 2014 to October 2015; and January 2016 to September 2018.
Ezelius is the son of project manager Peter Ezelius and nurse Lena Ezelius (née Karlsson). He was educated in Tidaholm and worked as substitute teacher and appliance salesman. He has a military officer degree from the Swedish Defence University and has been a platoon leader in the Skaraborg Regiment since 2012. He has been a member of the municipal council in Tidaholm Municipality since 2006.
# First Take

First Take may refer to:
* First Take (album), a 1969 record album by Roberta Flack
* First Take (TV series), a television program on ESPN
* The First Take, a Japanese musical YouTube channel
# Belding Hibbard Scribner

Belding Hibbard Scribner (January 18, 1921 – June 19, 2003) was an American physician and a pioneer in kidney dialysis.

## Biography

Scribner received his medical degree from Stanford University in 1945. After completing his postgraduate studies at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, he joined the faculty of the School of Medicine at the University of Washington in 1951. Scribner was married to Ethel Hackett Scribner, and had four children from a previous marriage: Peter, Robert, Thomas and Elizabeth.
In 1960, he, Wayne Quinton, and David Dillard invented a breakthrough device, the Scribner shunt. The device subsequently saved the lives of numerous people with end-stage kidney disease around the globe. The first patient treated was Clyde Shields; due to treatment with the new shunt technique, he survived his chronic kidney failure for more than eleven years, dying in 1971.
Scribner's invention created a new problem for clinical practice and a moral dilemma for physicians: Who will be treated if possible treatment is limited? The ethical issues raised by this dilemma are known as the Seattle experience. In 1964, Scribner's presidential address to the American Society for Artificial Internal Organs discussed the problems of patient selection, termination of treatment, patient suicide, death with dignity, and selection for transplantation. This experience with selecting who would receive dialysis is often recognized as the beginning of bioethics.
To provide dialysis on a routine basis outside a research setting, Dr. Scribner turned to the King County Medical Society for sponsorship of a community-supported outpatient dialysis center. James Haviland, then president of the Society, worked to bring Scribner's vision to fruition. As a result, the Seattle Artificial Kidney Center was established in January 1962. Eventually renamed Northwest Kidney Centers, it was the world's first outpatient dialysis treatment center. Outpatient care has been the standard dialysis care delivery model worldwide since Scribner helped establish the Northwest Kidney Centers.
In 2002, Scribner received the Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research in 2002, together with Willem J. Kolff.
Scribner used a red canoe to commute from his houseboat to the hospital every day. He published many scientific papers and books up until his death on June 19, 2003, when a kayaker found his body floating near his houseboat; it was conjectured that he had lost his balance and drowned.
# Fenestration

Fenestration or fenestrate may refer to:
* Fenestration (architecture), relating to openings in a building
* Fenestra, in anatomy, medicine, and biology, any small opening in an anatomical structure
* Leaf window, or fenestration, a translucent or transparent area in a plant leaf
* Perforate leaf, sometimes described as fenestrate, a leaf that develops large holes as it grows
* Fenestration, holes in the rudders of some ships, supposedly giving greater control