OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Index of Åland Islands–related articles

This page list topics related to Åland.
* Top
* 0–9
* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z

## A

* Åland crisis
* Åland State Provincial Office
* Åland Swedish
* Archipelago Sea

## B

* Baltic Sea

## F

* Fasta Åland

## G

* Geography of Åland
* Government of Åland
* Gulf of Bothnia
* Geta, Åland

## H

* History of Åland

## I

* International Island Games Association

## M

* Mariehamn
* Märket
* Municipalities of Åland

## N

* Nordic Council

## P

* Parliament of Åland
* Politics of Åland

## S

* Sea of Åland
* Small European Postal Administration Cooperation
* Sweden

## T

* Treaty of Fredrikshamn
# Kultham

Kultham is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) away from Banga, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from Phagwara, 27 kilometres (17 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 119 kilometres (74 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village. Singer Avtar Singh Kang was born in this village and later went to the United Kingdom.

## Demography

As of 2011, Kultham has a total number of 523 houses and population of 2511 of which 1295 include are males while 1216 are females according to the report published by Census India in 2011. The literacy rate of Kultham is 78.91%, higher than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 211 which is 8.40% of total population of Kultham, and child sex ratio is approximately 803 as compared to Punjab state average of 846.
Most of the people are from Schedule Caste which constitutes 66.15% of total population in Kultham. The town does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.
As per the report published by Census India in 2011, 716 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Kultham which includes 675 males and 41 females. According to census survey report 2011, 98.74% workers describe their work as main work and 1.26% workers are involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months.

## Education

The village has a Punjabi medium, co-ed primary school established in 1938. The schools provide mid-day meal as per Indian Midday Meal Scheme. The school provide free education to children between the ages of 6 and 14 as per Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act. The village also has an privet un-aided Punjabi medium, co-ed upper primary with secondary school which was established in 1960.
Amardeep Singh Shergill Memorial college Mukandpur and Sikh National College Banga are the nearest colleges. Industrial Training Institute for women (ITI Nawanshahr) is 30 kilometres (19 mi) The village is 76 kilometres (47 mi) from Indian Institute of Technology and 18 kilometres (11 mi) away from Lovely Professional University.

## Transport

The village has a railway station (Kulthamabdullashah Halt) which is named after Abdullah Shah Qadri and located 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from State Highway 18. Phagwara Junction train station is 10.4 kilometres (6.5 mi) away from the village. Sahnewal Airport is the nearest domestic airport located 57 kilometres (35 mi) away in Ludhiana and the nearest international airport is located in Chandigarh also Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the second nearest airport which is 126 kilometres (78 mi) away in Amritsar.

## Kultham.ml - Website

The village has a private website which collects data that otherwise would be near impossible. http://kultham.ml/ was created by the subsection of Asia Foundation.
# Ibrahim Garba

Ibrahim Garbapronunciation is a Nigerian geologist and university administrator. He was the former vice chancellor of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria he was succeeded by Kabir Bala. He had also served as the vice chancellor of the Kano State University of Science and Technology, Wudil. Garba hails from Riruwai in Kano State.

## Education

Garba holds bachelor's degree and Master's degree in Geology all from Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and Phd in Imperial College, London.

## Career

Garba worked on secondment at the Federal Ministry of Mines and Steel Development, Abuja as Director-General, Nigeria Mining Cadastre Office. He spear-headed the development and implementation of the Mining Cadastre System in Nigeria.

## Fraud controversy

On the 29th of March 2023, The Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) took Ibrahim Garba to court over N1 billion fraud. He was charged with money laundering and diversion of the money meant for Kongo Conference Hotel, Zaria between 2013 and 2016.
# Khalid Yahya Blankinship

Khalid Yahya Blankinship (born 1949 in Seattle, Washington) is an American historian who specialises in Islamic and Middle Eastern studies.

## Biography

He graduated (BA) in History from the University of Washington in 1973 and in the same year, while still in Seattle, converted to Islam.
In 1975 Blankinship received an MA in teaching English as a foreign language from the American University in Cairo, in 1983 a second MA in Islamic History from Cairo University and in 1988 a Ph.D. in History from the University of Washington. He was an advisor for the PBS-broadcast documentary Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet (2002), produced by Unity Productions Foundation.
He has lived and traveled widely in the Middle East, including time in Egypt and Mecca, Saudi Arabia. He is currently a tenured professor of religion at Temple University.
# Jean-Michel Goudard

Jean-Michel Goudard (13 November 1939 – 6 November 2020) was a French Public relations consultant, who was the President and Chairman of the board of BBDO Paris.

## Biography

Goudard was born in Montpellier, France on 13 November 1939. He graduated from HEC Business School in 1962, became a Navy Officer in 1964, and brand manager at Procter and Gamble in 1965, managing director of Young and Rubicam in France in 1970, he created with Bernard Roux, Jacques Seguela and Alain Cayzac the advertising agency RSCG (Roux Seguele Cayzac Goudard) which grew into an international network agency. Goudard was also a hobbyist bullfighter.
Together with Bernard Brochand, he made the winning campaign of Jacques Chirac and his Gaullist party RPR "Oui à la France qui gagne" in 1978. He did it again in 1986 with the campaign "Vivement Demain". The same year, he published his book "Je vous salue fiascos" (Jean-Claude Lattes) about his own fiascos in advertising. In 1988, Jacques Chirac, then Prime Minister, asked him to manage his presidential campaign against François Mitterrand. In 1991, he became the president of Euro-RSCG International, covering the whole worldwide network outside France. In 1995, he managed again the presidential campaign of Jacques Chirac ("La France pour tous"), and, immediately after the election of Jacques Chirac as President of France, he left Euro-RSCG and France to live in New York City, for 10 years, as president of BBDO International. He retired in April 2006 to run the presidential campaign of Nicolas Sarkozy, and became so close to the President that he even attended the G7 summit. Goudard created the claim "Ensemble, tout devient possible" ("Together, everything becomes possible"). Immediately after Sarkozy's election, in 2007, he retired in Switzerland in Rolle (canton of Vaud). In 2008, President Sarkozy asked him to become his Chief Strategy Officer. Goudard accepted. He came back to France to work at the Elysée Palace. In 2016 Jean-Michel Goudard was indicted in the affair of the polls of the Elysée for his work with Nicolas Sarkozy.
# 1872 Newcastle colonial by-election

A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Newcastle on 27 May 1872. The by-election was triggered because George Lloyd had been appointed Postmaster-General in the first Parkes ministry.
Henry Parkes comfortably retained his seat at the East Sydney by-election held the week before, while the five other ministers were re-elected unopposed.

## Dates

| Date | Event |
| 14 May 1872 | George Lloyd appointed Postmaster-General. |
| 15 May 1872 | Writ of election issued by the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. |
| 27 May 1872 | Day of nomination |
| 29 May 1872 | Polling day |
| 11 June 1872 | Return of writ |

## Results

1872 Newcastle by-election Wednesday 29 May :
| Candidate | Candidate | Votes | % |
| George Lloyd (re-elected) | George Lloyd (re-elected) | 692 | 57.1 |
| Daniel Macquarie | Daniel Macquarie | 519 | 42.9 |
| Total formal votes | Total formal votes | 1,211 | 98.6 |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | 17 | 1.4 |
| Turnout | Turnout | 1,228 | 78.8 |
# 1876 Huntingdon by-election

The 1876 Huntingdon by-election was fought on 16 February 1876. The by-election was fought due to the resignation of the incumbent Conservative MP, John Burgess Karslake. It was won by the unopposed Conservative candidate Viscount Hinchingbrooke.
# GSBA Zurich

The Graduate School of Business Administration Zurich (GSBA Zurich) was a business school in Switzerland with several international collaborations (USA, UK, China, South Africa). The flagships were an international and a global MBA.
The school was founded in 1968 as "Oekreal Management Zentrum," offering Swiss professional degrees.
In July 2009 Peter Lorange, former IMD president, bought GSBA Zurich.
# Inscriptional Pahlavi (Unicode block)

Inscriptional Pahlavi is a Unicode block containing monumental inscription characters for writing Middle Persian.
Inscriptional Pahlavi Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) :
| | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F |
| U+10B6x | 𐭠 | 𐭡 | 𐭢 | 𐭣 | 𐭤 | 𐭥 | 𐭦 | 𐭧 | 𐭨 | 𐭩 | 𐭪 | 𐭫 | 𐭬 | 𐭭 | 𐭮 | 𐭯 |
| U+10B7x | 𐭰 | 𐭱 | 𐭲 | | | | | | 𐭸 | 𐭹 | 𐭺 | 𐭻 | 𐭼 | 𐭽 | 𐭾 | 𐭿 |
| Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 16.0 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points |||||||||||||||||

## History

The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Inscriptional Pahlavi block:
| Version | Final code points | Count | L2 ID | WG2 ID | Document |
| 5.2 | U+10B60..10B72, 10B78..10B7F | 27 | L2/00-128 | | Bunz, Carl-Martin (2000-03-01), Scripts from the Past in Future Versions of Unicode |
| 5.2 | U+10B60..10B72, 10B78..10B7F | 27 | L2/01-007 | | Bunz, Carl-Martin (2000-12-21), "Inscriptional Alphabets (Middle Persian, Parthian) and Sogdian vs. Aramaic", Iranianist Meeting Report: Symposium on Encoding Iranian Scripts in Unicode |
| 5.2 | U+10B60..10B72, 10B78..10B7F | 27 | L2/02-009 | | Bunz, Carl-Martin (2001-11-23), "Avestan and Pahlavi scripts", 2nd Iranian Meeting Report |
| 5.2 | U+10B60..10B72, 10B78..10B7F | 27 | L2/02-449 | N2556 | Everson, Michael (2002-12-04), Revised proposal to encode the Avestan and Pahlavi script in the UCS |
| 5.2 | U+10B60..10B72, 10B78..10B7F | 27 | L2/07-102 | N3241 | Everson, Michael (2007-04-12), Proposal for encoding the Parthian, Inscriptional Pahlavi, and Psalter Pahlavi scripts in the BMP of the UCS |
| 5.2 | U+10B60..10B72, 10B78..10B7F | 27 | | N3353 (pdf, doc) | Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2007-10-10), "M51.16", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 51 Hanzhou, China; 2007-04-24/27 |
| 5.2 | U+10B60..10B72, 10B78..10B7F | 27 | L2/07-268 | N3253 (pdf, doc) | Umamaheswaran, V. S. (2007-07-26), "8.17", Unconfirmed minutes of WG 2 meeting 50, Frankfurt-am-Main, Germany; 2007-04-24/27 |
| 5.2 | U+10B60..10B72, 10B78..10B7F | 27 | L2/07-225 | | Moore, Lisa (2007-08-21), "C.8", UTC #112 Minutes |
| 5.2 | U+10B60..10B72, 10B78..10B7F | 27 | L2/07-207R | N3286R | Everson, Michael; Pournader, Roozbeh (2007-08-24), Proposal for encoding the Inscriptional Parthian, Inscriptional Pahlavi, and Psalter Pahlavi scripts in the SMP of the UCS |
| ↑ Proposed code points and characters names may differ from final code points and names ||||||
# Guzerá

The Guzerá or Guzerat is a Brazilian breed of domestic cattle. It derives from cross-breeding of Indian Kankrej cattle, imported to Brazil from 1870 onwards, with local taurine Crioulo cattle of European origin.$^{:193}$ The name is a Portuguese spelling of that of the western Indian state of Gujarat.$^{:193}$
The herd-book for the breed was started in 1938; in it, a dual-purpose (meat and dairy) line is distinguished from the beef type, and a polled variant is also distinguished. In 2010 there were approximately 92 000 head registered, constituting some 3.5% of the total number of indicine cattle in Brazil.$^{:193}$
The Guzerá was one of the principal breeds from which the American Brahman developed in the twentieth century.$^{:137}$
# I Wrote the Book

I Wrote the Book may refer to:
* "I Wrote the Book" (Beth Ditto song), 2011
* "I Wrote the Book" (Morgan Wallen song), 2023
* "I Wrote the Book", by Matt King from the album Five O'Clock Hero (1997)
# Gluma

Gluma is a brand-name desensitizer, used in dentistry to treat sensitivity, product created by manufacturer Heraeus Kulzer, a German company.

## Use

Its formula of 5% glutaraldehyde and 35% HEMA (hydroxy-ethyl methacrylate) in water is used to help control both hypersensitive dentin and reduce the incidence of post-operative sensitivity in restorative dentistry procedures. It’s also useful as a cavity disinfectant, a rewetting agent and an adhesion promoter (when combined with most dentin bonding systems).
Research indicates that when used as a desensitizer under bonded restorative material, Gluma has no significant influence on bond strength, unlike some other liners, which contribute to a decrease in bond strength. In one study, potassium nitrate was more effective at reducing sensitivity.

## Method of action

The glutaraldehyde in Gluma works by occluding (blocking) the microscopic tubules that compose dentin, thereby preventing the flow of fluid and decreasing sensitivity.
Gluteraldehyde induces coagulation of proteins in dentinal tubules, which reacts with the serum albumin in the dentinal fluid to cause its precipitation. HEMA forms deep resinous tags and then occludes the dentinal tubules.
# Golyam Beglik

Golyam Beglik is a reservoir near the central parts of the Rhodope Mountains, Bulgaria. It was formerly officially called the Vasil Kolarov reservoir in honour of Vasil Kolarov, a communist political leader of the People's Republic of Bulgaria.

## Geography

The reservoirs Batak, Beglika, Shiroka Polyana and Golyam Beglik are the main tourist places in the region of Batak. Except Batak, the other dam lakes are located to the north and to the south between 1,450 and 1,560 m altitude, and Golyam Beglik is the largest in area- 4,1 km$^2$.
The area around Golyam Beglik and the other reservoirs is called Beglika Plain. It is surrounded by the Batak Mountain (Баташка планина) and Syutkya Range from the north and west, and is gradually merged with the Veliytsa-Videnitsa Range of the Rhodope Mountains and its branches on the south and east.
Golyam Beglik is supplied by small rivers and streams from Syutkya Range, of which the largest ones are Cherno Dere and Zhalto Dere. It discharges by a stream that joins another stream coming from the smaller Beglika reservoir. These two streams form Devinska River which flows into Vacha River, and then to Maritsa River.

## Flora and fauna

The area around Golyam Beglik is included in the Beglika Natural Reserve that covers large parts of Beglika Plain. Most of this area is covered by coniferous forests, mainly Norwegian spruce and White pine. The Beglika Plain has a rich variety of mountain streams with a lot of meadows around them.
There is a large diversity of wildlife near the reservoir territory. There are bear, deer, foxes, wolves, as well as smaller animals such as rabbits, hedgehogs, squirrels. There are also many wild ducks and geese near its water areas. The place is well suited for developing hunting tourism that is traditional in the region.

## Tourism

The main way to reach Golyam Beglik and the surrounding area is by the road connecting the towns of Batak and Dospat. Currently, tourism is not very developed, and there are only some private villa areas, and a small private hotel, called Siniya Zaliv (Blue Bay). An interesting place is Chatama (Чатъма), located at the western shores of the reservoir. This is not only a complex of bungalows that offer accommodation, but also a center of Bikearea organization that provides summer camps, trekking, biking and other kinds of adventurous tours.
# Ki Ki railway station

Ki Ki railway station was located in the town of Ki Ki, about 168 kilometres from Adelaide station.

## History

Ki Ki station was located between Yumali and Coonalpyn on the Adelaide-Wolseley line, and it was on the Nairne to Bordertown section of the line which opened in 1886. The line opened in stages: on 14 March 1883 from Adelaide to Aldgate, on 28 November 1883 to Nairne, on 1 May 1886 to Bordertown and on 19 January 1887 to Serviceton. The station at Ki Ki was not included as part of the 1886 extension, but instead was built years later and it was opened on 30 August 1911. The original station was replaced with a smaller brick building and platform in later years. This station design was also used at other stations on the Tailem Bend-Wolseley section of the line.The station closed on 31 December 1990 upon cessation of all AN intrastate services in South Australia. It has since been demolished, but the station sign remains at the site.
# Jubani

Jubani is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Dom Simon Jubani (1927–2011), Catholic priest and Albanian political prisoner
* Zef Jubani (1818–1880), Albanian folklorist, philosopher, and activist
# Empyrean Isles

Empyrean Isles is the fourth studio album by American jazz pianist Herbie Hancock, released on Blue Note Records in November 1964. The album features Hancock alongside trumpeter Freddie Hubbard, bassist Ron Carter, and drummer Tony Williams.

## Recording and composition

Empyrean Isles was recorded at Van Gelder Studio in Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, on June 17, 1964. Freddie Hubbard played cornet rather than his typical trumpet on the session. The four compositions on the album, including the future standard "Cantaloupe Island", are Hancock originals written over a two-year period.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Jazz Journal | |
| Jazzwise | |
| The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz | |
The Penguin Guide to Jazz awarded Empyrean Isles four out of four stars.
AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the album five out of five stars, calling it "a record that officially established Hancock as a major artist in his own right."

## Track listing
### Original release

All tracks are written by Herbie Hancock

### 1999 CD reissue

All tracks are written by Herbie Hancock

## Personnel

* Herbie Hancock – piano
* Freddie Hubbard – cornet
* Ron Carter – double bass
* Tony Williams – drums

### Technical personnel

* Alfred Lion – producer
* Rudy Van Gelder – engineer
* Reid Miles – design
* Francis Wolff – photography
* Nora Kelly – liner notes

## Charts

Chart performance for Empyrean Isles :
| Chart (2023) | Peak position |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 67 |
# Jurinea modesta

Jurinea modesta is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae, native to Afghanistan and west Pakistan. It was first described by Pierre Edmond Boissier in 1856.
# Electroclash Festival

Electroclash is a genre of music that emerged at the end of the 1990s. In the US it came to media attention, when the Electroclash Festival was held from October 10 to 14, 2001 in Williamsburg, New York. The festival was founded by DJ Larry Tee, and held again in 2002 with subsequent live tours across the US and Europe in 2003 and then 2004. Other notable artists who performed at the festivals and subsequent tours include: Scissor Sisters, ADULT., Fischerspooner, Erol Alkan, Princess Superstar, Mignon, Miss Kittin & The Hacker, Mount Sims, Tiga, Johnathan Beebe "DJ John Soviet", DJ Simon and Spalding Rockwell. Boy George also made a guest appearance at the event. Also, Hungry Wives, led by Joseph Corcoran. Electroclash had also been successful in Germany before, but the hype is said to have been over by 2003.
# I Wrote the Book (Beth Ditto song)

"I Wrote the Book" is a song performed by American recording artist Beth Ditto. Produced by James Ford and Jas Shaw of Simian Mobile Disco. The song was released in March 2011 as the first single from the Beth Ditto EP on Deconstruction Records.

## Music video

The music video for the song was uploaded to Ditto's official YouTube account on February 19, 2011, and contains several references to Madonna videos of the 1990s, such as "Justify My Love", "Vogue" and "Erotica".

## Charts
### Weekly charts

Weekly chart performance for "I Wrote the Book" :
| Chart (2011) | Peak position |
| Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) | 43 |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 6 |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) | 13 |
| France (SNEP) | 89 |
| Germany (Official German Charts) | 24 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) | 29 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 28 |
| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 59 |
| US Dance Club Songs (Billboard) | 19 |
| US Dance/Mix Show Airplay (Billboard) | 19 |

### Year-end charts

Year-end chart performance for "I Wrote the Book" :
| Chart (2011) | Position |
| Belgium (Ultratop Flanders) | 42 |
| Belgium (Ultratop Wallonia) | 99 |
# Gogo fish

The term Gogo fish may refer to the following fossil fish found in the Gogo Formation in Western Australia:
* Gogonasus
* Mcnamaraspis kaprios
# Fez III: Angry Wizard

Fez III: The Angry Wizard is an adventure for fantasy role-playing games published by Mayfair Games in 1984.

## Contents

Fez III: The Angry Wizard is a scenario for character levels 1–4. The wizard Fez transforms the heroes into monsters and sends them on a mission into a pyramid full of tricks and traps.

## Publication history

Fez III: The Angry Wizard was written by James Robert and Len Bland, with a cover by David B. Mattingly, and was published by Mayfair Games in 1984 as a 32-page book.
# Gordon Avenue Apartments

The Gordon Avenue Apartments is an apartment building at 424 Gordon Avenue in Thomasville, Georgia which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
It is a Tudor Revival building designed by Atlanta architects Daniell and Beutell and built in 1929.
Note that Gordon Avenue Historic District, an NRHP-listed district consisting of five houses and their grounds, is further out Gordon Avenue.
# Khelil, Algeria

Khelil is a town and commune in Bordj Bou Arréridj Province in Hautes Plaines area, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 23,537.
# Gaetani

Gaetani may refer to:
* Inhabitants of the Italian city of Gaeta (Lazio)
* Caetani, an Italian noble family
* Filippo Gaetani (born 1964), Italian-born musician
* Ottavio Gaetani (1566–1620), Italian Jesuit and historian
* Pietro Gaetani (died 1500), Roman Catholic prelate
* Raimonda Gaetani (born 1942), Italian costume designer
* Romina Gaetani (born 1977), Argentine actress