OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gerald Davis

Gerald Davis may refer to:
* Gerald Davis (Irish artist) (1938–2005), Irish artist
* Gerald Davis (American artist) (born 1974), American artist
* Gerald Davis (philatelist) (1916–2005), British architect, graphic designer, postal historian and philatelist
* Gerald Davis (Canadian football) (born 1985), Canadian football offensive lineman
* Gerald Davis (politician) (born 1936), former American state senator
* Gerald Davis (photojournalist) (1940–1997), American photojournalist
* Gerald F. Davis (born 1961), American sociologist
# Giuseppe Chiarini

Giuseppe Chiarini may refer to:
* Giuseppe Chiarini (circus director) (1823–1897), Italian-born equestrian and circus director
* Giuseppe Chiarini (literary critic) (1833–1908), Italian writer and literary critic who discovered the talent of Gabriele D'Annunzio
# 1994 Atlantic 10 Conference baseball tournament

The 1994 Atlantic 10 Conference Baseball Championship was held at Bear Stadium in Boyertown, Pennsylvania from May 13 through 15. The double elimination tournament featured the league's top four regular-season finishers. Second-seeded West Virginia defeated St. Bonaventure in the title game to win the tournament for the fourth time, earning the Atlantic 10's automatic bid to the 1994 NCAA tournament.

## Seeding and format

The league's top four teams, based on winning percentage in the 24-game regular-season schedule, were seeded one through four.
| Team | W | L | Pct. | GB | Seed |
| Massachusetts | 19 | 4 | .826 | – | 1 |
| West Virginia | 17 | 4 | .810 | 2 | 2 |
| Rutgers | 15 | 4 | .789 | 4 | 3 |
| St. Bonaventure | 11 | 10 | .524 | 7 | 4 |
| George Washington | 12 | 11 | .522 | 7 | – |
| Temple | 9 | 12 | .429 | 9 | – |
| Saint Joseph's | 8 | 15 | .348 | 12 | – |
| Duquesne | 5 | 15 | .250 | 12.5 | – |
| Rhode Island | 1 | 22 | .043 | 18 | – |

## Bracket

| Upper round 1 | Upper round 1 | Upper round 1 | Upper final | Upper final | Upper final | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | Massachusetts | 1 | | | | | | | |
| 4 | St. Bonaventure | 2 | | | | | | | |
| 4 | St. Bonaventure | 2 | 4 | St. Bonaventure | 6 | | | | |
| | | | 2 | West Virginia | 1 | | | | |
| 2 | West Virginia | 12 | 2 | West Virginia | 1 | | | | |
| 3 | Rutgers | 1 | | | | | | | |
| 3 | Rutgers | 1 | | | | 4 | St. Bonaventure | 9 | 4 |
| | | | | | | 2 | West Virginia | 11 | 10 |
| Lower round 1 | Lower round 1 | Lower round 1 | Lower final | Lower final | Lower final | 2 | West Virginia | 11 | 10 |
| | | | 2 | West Virginia | 4 | | | | |
| 1 | Massachusetts | 9 | 1 | Massachusetts | 2 | | | | |
| 3 | Rutgers | 3 | | | | | | | |

## All-Tournament

West Virginia's Mark Landers was named Most Outstanding Player. His teammate Ryan Williams was named Most Outstanding Pitcher.
# Eutropis lapulapu

Lapu-lapu's sun skink (Eutropis lapulapu) is a species of skink found in the Philippines.
# François Arnal

François Arnal (2 October 1924 – 28 October 2012) was a French painter and sculptor.
Born and raised in a rural area of France, he was educated in Toulon high school and studied law at the University of Aix-en-Provence. Towards the end of the war he joined the resistance, where the Dutch refugee Conrad Kickert taught him the rudiments of painting.
After the war he took up painting seriously and moved to Paris, where he associated with established artists such as Pierre Dmitrienko, Serge Rezvani and Bernard Quentin, becoming involved in the lyrical abstraction movement. In 1960 he turned his attention to sculpture and spent much of his time in the United States, working and exhibiting.
In the mid-1960s he settled in Paris and experimented with "bombardments", whereby he traced the shapes of objects with spray paint. In 1968 he set up Atelier A (Workshop A) to publicise the work of designers of such everyday things as chairs, tables and lamps. In 1975 he returned to painting and sculpture and also began writing novels and plays.
He died in Paris in 2012.

## Selected works

* L'Éclipse, 1954, oil on canvas, 54.5 × 33 cm, Musée d'Évreux (Évreux museum).
* Série des élémentaires pour une dynamique blanche, 1980, acrylic on canvas, 176 × 175 cm, Musée d'art de Toulon (Toulon Art Museum)
* Les sombres fêtes de la chair (The Dark Feasts of the Flesh), 1957, oil on canvas, 150 x 200 cm, Art Institute of Chicago AIC
# Euriphene core

Euriphene core is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
# Gridley Township, McLean County, Illinois

Gridley Township is located in McLean County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,913 and it contained 790 housing units.

## History

Gridley Township was named for Asahel Gridley, an Illinois state senator.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 54.5 square miles (141 km$^2$), of which 54.48 square miles (141.1 km$^2$) (or 99.96%) is land and 0.01 square miles (0.026 km$^2$) (or 0.02%) is water.
# Iresine rhizomatosa

Iresine rhizomatosa is a species of plant in the family Amaranthaceae. It is native to the Americas. In the United States, it has a spotty distribution, being concentrated in the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains and along the coast. It is often found in thin woods over sandy alluvial soil, often along rivers or dunes. It is a rhizomatous perennial that produces white flowers in the fall. It is dioecious, with male and female flowers on separate individuals.
# Gerald Davis (photojournalist)

Gerald Davis (1940-1997) was an American photojournalist.
Born in Brooklyn, Davis grew up in the Bronx. As a student at Baruch College, he began to learn about photography through visits to the Museum of Modern Art and part-time work at the New York Times photo library. He eventually assisted New York Times’ photographers Sam Falk and Jack Manning, and he studied with Lisette Model at the New School for Social Research.
From 1964 to 1967, he was a photographer/editor for United Press International in their New York Bureau covering everything from opera to transit union strikes. When Brazilian magazine Manchete opened a New York City bureau in 1968, he became a staff photographer and eventually photo editor for it and several of its sister publications which focused on nature, travel, fashion and celebrity news. In 1978 he became the photo editor for the National Enquirer.
In 1976, he became the first managing director of Contact Press Images.
Davis moved to West Palm Beach, Florida, with his family in 1978, working first as a photo editor for The National Enquirer and after two years, as a freelance photographer for several British, European, and U.S. publications.
In 2014, a monograph of his photographs was collected in Strange Stories: The Photography of Gerald Davis, edited by Todd Oldham and published by Ammo Books.
# Gilbert Thompson (physician, born 1728)

Gilbert Thompson (1728 – 1 January 1803) was an English physician.

## Biography

Thompson was born in Lancashire in 1728, and for many years kept a well-frequented school near Lancaster, on retiring from which he went to the University of Edinburgh, and graduated doctor of medicine on 8 June 1753. He then went to London, but, meeting with little encouragement as a practitioner, he for a time served as writing-master in a boarding-school at Tottenham, and subsequently became a dispensing assistant to Timothy Bevan, the druggist. About 1765 his uncle, Gilbert Thompson of Penketh, died and left him 4,000l. He then commenced work as a physician in the city, and eventually attained to a fair practice. He was admitted a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians on 25 June 1770. He died at his house in Salter's Court, Cannon Street, 1 January 1803. He was a quaker, and is represented as a man of great integrity, of mild and unassuming manners, and possessed of considerable learning and professional skill. He was an intimate friend of the physician, John Fothergill. He is said to have been secretary to the Medical Society of London for several years, but there is no entry to this effect in the books of the society; he was a member, and was present at the first meeting in May 1773.
His works were:
* ‘Disputatio Medica Inauguralis de Exercitatione,’ Edinburgh, 1753, 4to.
* ‘A Biographical Memoir of the Life and a View of the Character of the late Dr. Fothergill,’ London, 1782, 8vo.
* ‘Select Translations from Homer and Horace, with original Poems,’ London, 1801, 8vo.
# Labor-Progressive Party candidates in the 1945 Canadian federal election

The Labor-Progressive Party ran 68 candidates in the 1945 federal election. One candidate, Fred Rose, was elected. Some of the party's candidates have their own biography pages; information about others may be found here.

## Alberta
### Vegreville: William Halina

William Halina was a frequent candidate for the Labor-Progressive Party and its antecedents, running twice at the federal level and twice at the provincial level. He described himself as an accountant in the 1940 election, and as a manager in 1945.
Electoral record :
| Election | Division | Party | Votes | % | Place | Winner |
| 1935 provincial | Vermilion | Communist | 838 | | 3/5 | William Fallow, Social Credit |
| 1940 federal | Vegreville | United Progressive | 2,727 | 19.38 | 3/4 | Anthony Hlynka, Social Credit |
| 1944 provincial | Edmonton | Labor-Progressive | 496 | | 14/18 | Ernest Charles Manning, Elmer Ernest Roper, John Percy Page, William F. Williams, Norman B. James |
| 1945 federal | Vegreville | Labor-Progressive | 3,272 | 19.37 | 3/4 | Anthony Hlynka, Social Credit |
Note: Provincial elections in Alberta were determined by a single transferable ballot in this period, and Edmonton elected five members. The results listed above refer only to the first round totals.

### Wetaskiwin: Henry Lundgren

Henry Lundgren was a farmer. He received 546 votes (3.00%), finishing fifth against Social Credit incumbent Norman Jaques.
# Griffin Inn

Griffin inn may refer to:
* Griffin Inn, a popular Pub name
* Griffin Inn, Nantwich, England, an 18th-century inn
* The Griffin, Widnes, England, now a Chef & Brewer pub, an 18th-century inn
# Eutropis macrophthalma

Eutropis macrophthalma is a species of skink found in Sulawesi.
# Knocking Our Own Ting

Knocking Our Own Ting is a satirical pamphlet published by Belizean writer Evan X Hyde in 1969 discussing the Battle of St. George's Caye, a naval battle off the coast of Belize which occurred in 1798. The battle had been celebrated since 1898 on September 10 as St. George's Caye Day, with Hyde's work seeking to question the traditional celebration of the engagement.

## Synopsis

Hyde, already exposed to the theories Black Power movement, argued in the pamphlet that celebrating the Battle of St. George's Caye tended to divide Belizeans more than unify them. The combatants in the battle – white slavemasters (Baymen) and enslaved Blacks – were the ancestors and forefathers of the Belizean Creole people; while their Spanish opponents were the ancestors of the Mestizos in Central America after intermarrying with indigenous Central Americans. Hyde argued that the celebration of the efforts by both Blacks and whites to defeat the Spanish only served to alienate Mestizos who had emigrated to Belize. In Hyde's view, the holiday only served to increase divisions in Belizean society between whites, Blacks and Mestizos. Hyde also questioned the relevancy of the holiday in a multiracial and multiethnic Belize which was significantly different demographically to the region in 1798, when the battle was fought. He concluded that the only celebrations which should occur on September 10 was that of the efforts of the Black soldiers in the battle, rather than any national pride, given that Belize was still a colony.

## Publishing

Benex Press issued the first edition of Knocking Our Own Ting in 1969. It then went out of print until the publication of X-Communication by Angelus Press in 1995.
# Frans van Straaten

Frans van Straaten (The Hague, 23 January 1963) is a Dutch artist and known for his bronze sculptures. He is a figurative artist and sculptor, who creates bronze sculptures in which he unites force and movement.

## Life and work

In 1985 Van Straaten obtained his second-level teaching certificate in Drawing and Handicrafts. He continued his education in Rotterdam at the Willem de Kooning Academy.
Van Straaten is intrigued by the ancient Egyptians, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. In addition he is inspired by modern dance but stimuli from everyday life are still his main sources. His early works had a very impressionistic feel. Gradually his work changed and nowadays his sculptures are recognized for their strong lines and movement.
Not only private collectors are interested in Van Straaten's sculptures. Also many companies and municipalities own his sculptures. Highlights in his career are the unveiling of Stier in 2000, a monumental sculpture on a roundabout in Capelle aan den IJssel and the unveiling of Samengaan by Princess Máxima in 2003. Van Straaten's studio is located in Rotterdam.

## Exhibitions

Frans van Straaten has exhibited in The Netherlands and abroad. A selection of exhibitions:
* TEFAF, Maastricht, The Netherlands
* Miljonair Fair, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
* PAN Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
* Art & Antiques Fair, 's Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
* Zamalek Art Gallery, Caïro, Egypte
* Dutch Art & Business Event, Doha, Qatar
* Lineart Gent, Gent, België
* Entre Rêve et Réalité, Monte Carlo, Monaco
* Feriarte, Sevilla, Spanje
* Art Expo New York City, USA
His work has also been shown in Switzerland, Germany, France and China.

## Books

* Frans van Straaten: Een kwart eeuw in brons, 2013, ISBN 978-90-818100-0-5
* Frans van Straaten: Kracht & Beweging 1988–1998, 1998, ISBN 978-90-901192-3-6

## Gallery

* Stier, Capelle a/d IJssel, NL
* Zo Hoog, Alblasserdam, NL
* Prima Donna, Château St. Gerlach, NL
# Eupalessa

Eupalessa attenuata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Eupalessa. It was described by James Thomson in 1868. The genus was originally known as Eupales, named by Dillon and Dillon in 1946; however, this name was preoccupied by the leaf beetle genus Eupales Lefèvre, 1885, so it was renamed to Eupalessa by Miguel A. Monné in 2005.
# 1953 Kansas Jayhawks football team

The 1953 Kansas Jayhawks football team represented the University of Kansas in the Big Seven Conference during the 1953 college football season. In their sixth season under head coach Jules V. Sikes, the Jayhawks compiled a 2–8 record (2–4 against conference opponents), finished tied for fourth in the Big Seven Conference, and were outscored by all opponents by a combined total of 179 to 83. They played their home games at Memorial Stadium in Lawrence, Kansas.
The team's statistical leaders included Don Hess with 369 rushing yards and 20 points scored, and John McFarland with 343 passing yards. Morris Kay and Bob Hantla were the team captains.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 19 | at TCU* | Amon G. Carter StadiumFort Worth, TX | L 0–13 | 26,000 |
| September 25 | at No. 4 UCLA* | Los Angeles Memorial ColiseumLos Angeles, CA | L 7–19 | 42,829 |
| October 3 | Iowa State | Memorial StadiumLawrence, KS | W 23–0 | 23,676 |
| October 10 | at Colorado | Folsom FieldBoulder, CO | W 27–21 | 24,300 |
| October 17 | at No. 12 Oklahoma | Oklahoma Memorial StadiumNorman, OK | L 0–45 | 45,862 |
| October 24 | No. 13 SMU* | Memorial StadiumLawrence, KS | L 6–14 | 29,000 |
| October 31 | at Nebraska | Memorial StadiumLincoln, NE (rivalry) | L 0–9 | 33,000 |
| November 7 | Kansas State | Memorial StadiumLawrence, KS (rivalry) | L 0–7 | 25,000 |
| November 14 | Oklahoma A&M* | Memorial StadiumLawrence, KS | L 14–41 | 17,000 |
| November 21 | Missouri | Memorial StadiumLawrence, KS (Border War) | L 6–10 | 34,000 |
| *Non-conference gameHomecomingRankings from AP Poll released prior to the game |||||
# Iridomyrmex viridigaster

Iridomyrmex viridigaster is a species of ant in the genus Iridomyrmex. Endemic to Australia, though not very common, it was described by John S. Clark in 1941.
# Karl L. Barth

Karl L. Barth (November 7, 1924 – February 16, 2020) was the eighth president of Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri, from 1982 to 1992.
Barth was born in Wisconsin on November 7, 1924. His father, G. Christian Barth, was a president of Concordia College in Wisconsin and his brother, W.L. Barth, also became a Lutheran minister.
He graduated from Concordia College in Fort Wayne, Indiana, in 1943 and earned a Master of Divinity from Concordia Seminary in St. Louis in 1947. He was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Divinity by Concordia Theological Seminary in 1975.
He served as a pastor in Louisiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin. He was president of the South Wisconsin District of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS) from 1970 to 1982.
He became president of Concordia Seminary in 1981. He oversaw celebrations of the 150th anniversary of the seminary. In 1986, he predicted that a pastor shortage would become a problem for LCMS churches.
Barth was married and had five children. He died on February 16, 2020, and was buried in Wisconsin Memorial Park in Brookfield, Wisconsin.
# Gilbert Thompson (disambiguation)

Gilbert Thompson may refer to:
* Gilbert Thompson (1839–1909), American typographer, draftsman, topographer, and soldier
* Gilbert Thompson (physician, born 1728) (1728–1803), English physician
* Gilbert Thompson (physician, born 1932) (born 1932), British physician
# Lady Windermere's Fan (mathematics)

In mathematics, Lady Windermere's Fan is a telescopic identity employed to relate global and local error of a numerical algorithm. The name is derived from Oscar Wilde's 1892 play Lady Windermere's Fan, A Play About a Good Woman.

## Lady Windermere's Fan for a function of one variable

Let $E(\ \tau ,t_{0},y(t_{0})\ )$ be the exact solution operator so that:
       $y(t_{0}+\tau )=E(\tau ,t_{0},y(t_{0}))\ y(t_{0})$
with $t_{0}$ denoting the initial time and $y(t)$ the function to be approximated with a given $y(t_{0})$.
Further let $y_{n}$, $n\in \mathbb {N} ,\ n\leq N$ be the numerical approximation at time $t_{n}$, $t_{0}<t_{n}\leq T=t_{N}$. $y_{n}$ can be attained by means of the approximation operator $\Phi (\ h_{n},t_{n},y(t_{n})\ )$ so that:
       $y_{n}=\Phi (\ h_{n-1},t_{n-1},y(t_{n-1})\ )\ y_{n-1}\quad$ with $h_{n}=t_{n+1}-t_{n}$
The approximation operator represents the numerical scheme used. For a simple explicit forward Euler method with step width $h$ this would be: $\Phi _{\text{Euler}}(\ h,t_{n-1},y(t_{n-1})\ )\ y_{n-1}=(1+h{\frac {d}{dt}})\ y_{n-1}$
The local error $d_{n}$ is then given by:
       $d_{n}:=D(\ h_{n-1},t_{n-1},y(t_{n-1})\ )\ y_{n-1}:=\left[\Phi (\ h_{n-1},t_{n-1},y(t_{n-1})\ )-E(\ h_{n-1},t_{n-1},y(t_{n-1})\ )\right]\ y_{n-1}$
In abbreviation we write:
       $\Phi (h_{n}):=\Phi (\ h_{n},t_{n},y(t_{n})\ )$
       $E(h_{n}):=E(\ h_{n},t_{n},y(t_{n})\ )$
       $D(h_{n}):=D(\ h_{n},t_{n},y(t_{n})\ )$
Then Lady Windermere's Fan for a function of a single variable $t$ writes as:
$y_{N}-y(t_{N})=\prod _{j=0}^{N-1}\Phi (h_{j})\ (y_{0}-y(t_{0}))+\sum _{n=1}^{N}\ \prod _{j=n}^{N-1}\Phi (h_{j})\ d_{n}$
with a global error of $y_{N}-y(t_{N})$

### Explanation

${\begin{aligned}y_{N}-y(t_{N})&=y_{N}-\underbrace {\prod _{j=0}^{N-1}\Phi (h_{j})\ y(t_{0})+\prod _{j=0}^{N-1}\Phi (h_{j})\ y(t_{0})} _{=0}-y(t_{N})\\&=y_{N}-\prod _{j=0}^{N-1}\Phi (h_{j})\ y(t_{0})+\underbrace {\sum _{n=0}^{N-1}\ \prod _{j=n}^{N-1}\Phi (h_{j})\ y(t_{n})-\sum _{n=1}^{N}\ \prod _{j=n}^{N-1}\Phi (h_{j})\ y(t_{n})} _{=\prod _{j=0}^{N-1}\Phi (h_{j})\ y(t_{0})-\sum _{n=N}^{N}\left[\prod _{j=n}^{N-1}\Phi (h_{j})\right]\ y(t_{n})=\prod _{j=0}^{N-1}\Phi (h_{j})\ y(t_{0})-y(t_{N})}\\&=\prod _{j=0}^{N-1}\Phi (h_{j})\ y_{0}-\prod _{j=0}^{N-1}\Phi (h_{j})\ y(t_{0})+\sum _{n=1}^{N}\ \prod _{j=n-1}^{N-1}\Phi (h_{j})\ y(t_{n-1})-\sum _{n=1}^{N}\ \prod _{j=n}^{N-1}\Phi (h_{j})\ y(t_{n})\\&=\prod _{j=0}^{N-1}\Phi (h_{j})\ (y_{0}-y(t_{0}))+\sum _{n=1}^{N}\ \prod _{j=n}^{N-1}\Phi (h_{j})\left[\Phi (h_{n-1})-E(h_{n-1})\right]\ y(t_{n-1})\\&=\prod _{j=0}^{N-1}\Phi (h_{j})\ (y_{0}-y(t_{0}))+\sum _{n=1}^{N}\ \prod _{j=n}^{N-1}\Phi (h_{j})\ d_{n}\end{aligned}}$
# Griffin Inlet

Griffin Inlet is a body of water in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, Canada. Situated in Wellington Channel, it lies north of Cape Bowden, off the southwestern coast of Devon Island, in the eastern high Arctic.
It was discovered by and named for Samuel P. Griffin, commander of the ship Rescue during the search for the lost Sir John Franklin expedition.
# Jacarra Winchester

Jacarra Winchester (born October 19, 1992) is an American freestyle wrestler. She won the gold medal in the women's 55 kg event at the 2019 World Wrestling Championships and the 2021 Pan American Wrestling Championships. She also represented the United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan.

## College career

She competed for Missouri Valley College in college.

## 2018 season

Winchester competed at the 2018 World Wrestling Championships, where she finished 5th.

## 2019 season

She won gold at the 2019 World Wrestling Championships at 55 kg. She entered the tournament as the third seed. Her victory was part of a record result for the United States, with the women's freestyle team winning three gold medals for the first time.

## 2022 season

In 2022, she won the gold medal in the 55 kg event at the Yasar Dogu Tournament held in Istanbul, Turkey. She lost her bronze medal match in the 55 kg event at the 2022 World Wrestling Championships held in Belgrade, Serbia.
# John Oswald (politician)

John Kenneth Gibson Oswald (born 6 June 1939) is a former Australian politician. He was a Liberal Party member of the South Australian House of Assembly between 1979 and 2002, representing the safe Liberal electorate of Morphett.
Previous to Oswald's involvement in state politics, he was a member of Rotary and numerous electorate, sporting and other clubs, as well as a registered pharmacist through the University of Adelaide.
From 1993 to 1995, Oswald was Minister for Housing, Urban Development and Local Government Relations, Minister for Recreation, and Sport and Racing. From 1997 to 2002, he was the Speaker of the South Australian House of Assembly for the John Olsen and Rob Kerin Liberal governments.
Oswald retired in 2002.
# Iwasaki's snail-eater

Iwasaki's snail-eater (Pareas iwasakii) is a species of snake in the family Pareidae. The species is endemic to the Yaeyama Islands in the southern Ryukyu Islands, Japan.

## Etymology

The specific name, iwasakii, is in honor of Japanese meteorologist Takuji Iwasaki.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitats of P. iwasakii are forest, shrubland, and grassland.

## Ecology

P. iwasakii is a snail-eating specialist; even newly hatched individuals feed on snails. It has asymmetric dentition on its jaws, with more teeth on the right mandible (about 25 teeth compared to 15 teeth on the left mandible) which facilitates feeding on snails with dextral (clockwise coiled) shells. A consequence of this asymmetry is that P. iwasakii is much less adept at preying on sinistral (counterclockwise coiled) snails. It systematically directs its attack on snails from the right in order to insert its lower jaw into the shell opening.
The selection pressure of this predator on snails of the genus Satsuma has led to a significant increase in the proportion of snails with left-facing shells, known as levogyres, compared to snails with right-facing shells, known as dextrogyres, because the two forms have difficulty mating with each other. This proportion is a local originality, the levorotatory form being very rare on a worldwide scale.

## Reproduction

P. iwasakii is oviparous.

## Taxonomy

Originally described as the subspecies Amblycephalus formosensis iwasakii by Moichirō Maki, it was placed in the genus Pareas and elevated to the species P. iwasakii by Tetsuo Takara in 1962.