OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jean-François Melon

Jean-François Melon (French:; 1675–1738) was a French political economist, considered one of the precursors of the Physiocracy movement. According to István Hont, his Political Essay upon Commerce was the most widely available defense of luxury [fr] in France in the early 18th century.

## Writings

Melon was a close associate of John Law. Melon sought to adapt Colbertiste ideas with the views of English mercantilist economists. Melon followed John Law on monetary theory and defended paper currency.
Melon was a contemporary of Montesquieu, and belonged to the same Bordeaux coterie. His Political Essay upon Commerce followed Montesquieu's argument in Considerations on the Causes of the Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans and Universal Monarchy. Melon and Montesquieu defended luxury against those who believed that decadence had been the cause of the fall of the Roman Empire, and who suggested parallels with the policies of Jean-Baptiste Colbert and Louis XIV. In a novel evoking Montesquieu's Persian Letters, Melon presented a parable of military and peaceful means by which a country might achieve national greatness through the example of an Afghan ruler who conquered Persia and the Punjab.

### Political Essay upon Commerce

In his Political Essay upon Commerce, Melon argued that states follow either a "spirit of conquest" or a "spirit of preservation". To provide a modern illustration of this distinction, Melon proposed three models of commercial policy. He used these models to demonstrate that war against a country with a commercial monopoly was just—significant for the reason that England was regarded as a commercial monopolist in France in this period, and that a country with a commercial monopoly in food would defeat a country without such a monopoly. Melon did not desire a monopolistic empire for France, however, and preferred that countries become self-sufficient in food. Instead, Melon proposed that France seek a commercial monopoly and establish hegemony over Europe.
Melon's political economy was founded on a three-stages theory, in which basic necessities were followed by manufactured goods, which were in turn followed by luxuries. Progression from necessities to luxuries was only possible with a surplus in goods of each kind. Like the physiocrats, Melon believed that agriculture was the foundation of a nation's economy, but believed that manufactured goods were the source of a nation's greatness. Melon argued in favour of free trade in grain and inflationary monetary policies to improve France's balance of trade.
Melon presented arguments against those who opposed luxury, which they associated with decadence and the decay of civic virtue—a view popularised by the writings of François Fénelon—advocated sumptuary laws to correct the French balance of trade. For Melon, luxury was a promoter of trade, and represented a "spur for the multitude" present in every "well-governed society". Melon popularised Bernard Mandeville's defense of luxury in The Fable of the Bees in France.

## Publications

* Mahmoud le Gasnévide, 1729
* Essai politique sur le commerce, 1734
# Joseph Lewi

Joseph Lewi (August 17, 1820 – December 19, 1897) was an American physician of Czech Jewish extraction.

## Biography

Lewi was born on August 17, 1820, in Radnice and educated at the universities of Prague and Vienna. After graduating from the latter university (MD 1846), he was appointed assistant at the Vienna Lying-in Hospital. In 1847, he began to practise in Radnice. Lewi's first patient was the daughter of Isaac Mayer Wise, who was to become the first rabbi in Albany, New York, and the most notable American Jewish leader of the 19th century.
In 1948, at Wise's suggestion, he emigrated to America, settling in Albany, where his family shared a house with the Wise family. Lewi became one of the first Jewish professionals in Albany and the first Jewish physician in Albany. There he was appointed on the staff of the Albany hospital, and became a member and later president of the Albany County Medical Society, and senior censor of the State Medical Society. Lewi was one of the forty-two citizens of Albany who organized, in 1863, the Union League in that city.
Thirteen of Lewi's fourteen children survived him. The oldest son was the journalist Isidor Lewi (1850–1938). He was educated at The Albany Academy, became connected with several newspapers, and was an editorial writer for the New York Tribune and publisher of the "New Era Illustrated Magazine." Another son, Maurice J. Lewi (born Albany December 1, 1857), was a physician in New York City. He graduated from the Albany Medical College in 1877. After a postgraduate course in Heidelberg and Vienna he began to practice in Albany in 1880, became a lecturer at the Albany Medical College and professor of medical jurisprudence at the Albany Law School, and later became secretary of the state board of medical examiners.
Lewi died on December 19, 1897, in Albany, New York.
# Harold Brewster

Harold Suydam Brewster (May 2, 1903 – September 3, 1994) was an American field hockey player who competed in the 1932 Summer Olympics when the United States men's team won the bronze medal.
He played as a goalkeeper and made many stops in the 1932 U.S. match against India, but his team ultimately lost 24–1.
He was born in Lakewood, New Jersey.
# FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2019 – Women's team sprint

The Women's team sprint competition at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2019 was held on 24 February 2019.

## Results
### Semifinals

The semifinals were started at 09:15. The first two teams of each semifinals and the next six best timed teams advanced to the final.

#### Semifinal A

| Rank | Bib | Country | Athletes | Time | Deficit | Notes |
| 1 | 2 | Sweden | Stina Nilsson Maja Dahlqvist | 15:36.52 | | Q |
| 2 | 1 | Norway | Ingvild Flugstad Østberg Maiken Caspersen Falla | 15:36.69 | +0.17 | Q |
| 3 | 3 | Finland | Anne Kyllönen Krista Pärmäkoski | 15:36.84 | +0.32 | q |
| 4 | 4 | Germany | Victoria Carl Sandra Ringwald | 15:36.88 | +0.36 | q |
| 5 | 5 | Italy | Greta Laurent Lucia Scardoni | 16:03.97 | +27.45 | |
| 6 | 6 | Canada | Emily Nishikawa Dahria Beatty | 16:12.65 | +36.13 | |
| 7 | 8 | Slovakia | Barbora Klementová Alena Procházková | 16:44.95 | +1:08.43 | |
| 8 | 9 | Great Britain | Annika Taylor Nichole Bathe | 16:47.60 | +1:11.08 | |
| 9 | 7 | Kazakhstan | Marina Matrossova Elmira Mutagarova | 17:07.03 | +1:30.51 | |

#### Semifinal B

| Rank | Bib | Country | Athletes | Time | Deficit | Notes |
| 1 | 11 | Russia | Natalya Nepryayeva Yuliya Belorukova | 15:34.54 | | Q |
| 2 | 12 | Switzerland | Laurien van der Graaff Nadine Fähndrich | 15:34.96 | +0.42 | Q |
| 3 | 13 | Slovenia | Katja Višnar Anamarija Lampič | 15:35.07 | +0.53 | q |
| 4 | 10 | United States | Sadie Bjornsen Jessie Diggins | 15:35.19 | +0.65 | q |
| 5 | 15 | Poland | Justyna Kowalczyk Monika Skinder | 15:50.80 | +16.26 | q |
| 6 | 14 | Belarus | Anastasia Kirillova Polina Seronosova | 15:58.12 | +23.58 | q |
| 7 | 17 | Czech Republic | Kateřina Janatová Petra Hynčicová | 16:24.92 | +50.38 | |
| 8 | 18 | China | Ma Qinghua Meng Honglian | 16:46.01 | +1:11.47 | |
| 9 | 16 | Ukraine | Yuliya Krol Valentyna Kaminska | 17:06.30 | +1:31.76 | |
| 10 | 19 | Thailand | Karen Chanloung Poonyanuch Klobuczek | Lapped | Lapped | Lapped |

### Final

The final was started at 11:30.
| Rank | Bib | Country | Athletes | Time | Deficit |
| | 2 | Sweden | Stina Nilsson Maja Dahlqvist | 15:14.93 | |
| | 13 | Slovenia | Katja Višnar Anamarija Lampič | 15:15.30 | +0.37 |
| | 1 | Norway | Ingvild Flugstad Østberg Maiken Caspersen Falla | 15:15.53 | +0.60 |
| 4 | 11 | Russia | Natalya Nepryayeva Yuliya Belorukova | 15:15.86 | +0.93 |
| 5 | 10 | United States | Sadie Bjornsen Jessie Diggins | 15:17.72 | +2.79 |
| 6 | 4 | Germany | Victoria Carl Sandra Ringwald | 15:21.64 | +6.71 |
| 7 | 3 | Finland | Anne Kyllönen Krista Pärmäkoski | 15:23.79 | +8.86 |
| 8 | 12 | Switzerland | Laurien van der Graaff Nadine Fähndrich | 15:36.28 | +21.35 |
| 9 | 14 | Belarus | Anastasia Kirillova Polina Seronosova | 15:39.70 | +24.77 |
| 10 | 15 | Poland | Justyna Kowalczyk Monika Skinder | 16:00.99 | +46.06 |
# Dolavli railway station

Dolavli is a railway station on the Central line of the Mumbai Suburban Railway network. It is on the Karjat–Khopoli route. Kelavali is the previous station and Lowjee is the next station. Dolavli lies on Karjat–Khopoli State Highway No. 35. From Mumbai–Pune Highway it can be approached through Beed Khurd-Phata or Chauk.
* This article about a railway station in the Indian state of Maharashtra is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Grimaldi (film)

Grimaldi is a 1914 British silent historical film directed by Charles E. Vernon and starring Bransby Williams and Sid Kearns. The film is based on Dion Boucicault's 1855 play Grimaldi about the nineteenth century actor Joseph Grimaldi.

## Partial cast

* Bransby Williams as Joseph Grimaldi
* Sid Kearns
# Halvdan

Halvdan is a masculine given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Halvdan Aarsrud (1878–1925), Norwegian bailiff and politician for the Labour Party
* Halvdan the Black (c. 810 – c. 860), ninth-century king of Vestfold
* Halvdan Wexelsen Freihow (1883–1965), Norwegian priest and culturist
* Halvdan (runemaster), runemaster in mid-11th century Södermanland, Sweden
* Lie, Trygve Halvdan (1896–1968), Norwegian politician, labour leader, government official and author
* Halvdan Holbø (1907–1995), Norwegian painter
* Halvdan Koht (1873–1965), Norwegian historian and politician representing the Labour Party
* Halvdan Ljøsne (1929–2006), Norwegian painter
* Halvdan Sivertsen (born 1950), Norwegian singer-songwriter and guitarist
* Halvdan Skard (born 1939), Norwegian politician for the Labour Party
* Halvdan Eyvind Stokke (1900–1977), Norwegian railway director and politician
# Jean-Baptiste Perlant

Jean-Baptiste Perlant (born 22 February 1977) is a former professional tennis player from France.
Perlant made his Grand Slam debut in the 1998 French Open. He lost his opening match to Spaniard Jose Imaz-Ruiz in five sets. At the US Open later that year, he defeated world number 38 Jason Stoltenberg, who had previously reached the semi-finals of Wimbledon. In the second round he met seventh seed Alex Corretja and again lost a five set match.
His only doubles appearance at Grand Slam level was in the 1997 French Open, where he partnered Jean-François Bachelot. The pair had the misfortune of having to face the number one seeds in the opening round, Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde. They won just three games in the match.

## Challenger titles
### Doubles: (1)

| No. | Year | Tournament | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| 1. | 2007 | Saint-Brieuc, France | Clay | Xavier Pujo | Jean-Christophe Faurel Jérôme Haehnel | 2–6, 6–2, [10–7] |
# Ipil

Ipil may refer to:

## Places

* Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay, a 1st class municipality and capital of the province of Zamboanga Sibugay, Philippines
* Ipil, an administrative division in Taal, Batangas, Philippines
* Ipil, an administrative division in Jagna, Bohol, Philippines

## Other uses

* Ipil (plant), or Intsia bijuga, a tropical flowering tree
* Ipil, a short-story collection by Anjali Kisku
# Jaén District

Jaén District is one of twelve districts of the province Jaén in Peru.
# Harmonically enhanced digital audio

Harmonically Enhanced Digital Audio (HEDA) is a class of digital recordings created by using modern digital harmonic enhancement technology. With the proliferation of harmonic enhancement algorithms, pioneered by Crane Song's Dave Hill, a new class of harmonic enhancement algorithms have emerged.
Examples of algorithms used to create HEDA include the HEAT feature (available on Pro Tools HD 8.1 and later) and the multi-platform plug-ins Universal Audio's Studer A800, Slate Digital's Virtual Console Collection, Waves Non-Linear Summer, and Crane Song HEDD-192.

## History

Development of harmonic enhancement was in its first stages in 1999 when Antares, developer of Autotune, noticed that the tube emulation feature in its microphone simulator was used more than its other features. In response, Antares created a specific plug-in, called Antares Tube, which implemented tube emulation. The algorithms for harmonic enhancement were just beginning and market interest was shown to be present. During its development period, harmonic exciters and harmonic enhancement plug-ins were looked down upon by most of the pro-audio industry.

## Modern Harmonic Enhancement

HEAT (Harmonic Enhancement Algorithm Technology), released in 2010, is a plug-in featured on each track of HD editions of Pro Tools. Avid, developer of Pro Tools, enlisted the help of Dave Hill of Crane Song for its creation. Dave Hill's harmonic enhancement algorithms have been viewed as top-of-the-line by many professionals for years. Before Pro Tools 8.1, no Digital Audio Workstation (DAW) featured harmonic enhancement on each track.
Alternatives available on other platforms are Universal Audio's Studer A800 plug-in (released in late 2010), Slate Digital's Virtual Console Collection (VCC), Sonimus Satson, and Waves' Non-Linear Summer (NLS).
# In camera (disambiguation)

In camera is a legal term meaning "in private".
In camera may also refer to:
* In Camera (Arthur & Yu album)
* In Camera (Peter Hammill album)
* In Camera (band), a London-based post-punk band
* In Camera, a duo project of the musicians Christoph Heemann and Timo Van Luyck
* In Camera (film), a 2023 British drama film
* No Exit, Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialist play, as its original title Huis Clos is the French legal term for "in camera"
* In-camera effects or in-camera editing in film and video production
# Cyril Nicholas

Captain Cyril Wace Nicholas, MC, KRR (1898–1961) was a Ceylonese soldier, civil servant and forester. He was the first Warden of the Wild Life Department.

## Early life and service

Educated at the Royal College, Colombo, he went on to study at the University of Cambridge. However, he left before finishing his degree due to the outset of World War I to join the British Army and was commissioned into the King's Royal Rifles. He became a subaltern and was later promoted to captain. He saw action on the Western Front, winning a Military Cross for bravery in the field. After being wounded in battle, he left the army on medical grounds and returned to Ceylon.

## Governmental service

Sitting for the Special Civil Service Examination for War Service personnel, he was placed first on the list but was not appointment to the Ceylon Civil Service on medical grounds. He was accepted to the Department of Excise and became an Assistant Superintendent of Excise in Batticaloa and served in many parts of the island. He was promoted as Deputy Commissioner of Excise. In December 1950, he became the first Warden of the newly established Wild Life Department. A few days before his death the Royal Asiatic Society was on the point of awarding him its gold medal. The University of Ceylon awarded an honorary doctorate to him posthumously.
# Jean-Claude Castera

Jean-Claude Castera (born 1939) is a Haitian painter born in Pétion-Ville, a wealthy suburb of Port-au-Prince, Castera was educated in San Juan, Puerto Rico. He typically paints abstract scenes and women.
# Erlendur Patursson

Erlendur Patursson (20 August 1913 – 16 June 1986) was a Faroese politician and writer.
Erlendur was born in 1913 in Kirkjubøur. He was the son of the politician Jóannes Patursson.
He became cand.pol. in 1940 and was one of the founders of Tjóðveldisflokkurin, the Faroese Republican Party, in 1948. The Republicans are a left-wing Faroese political party in favor of national independence from Denmark. He was a member of the Løgting from 1958 to 1966 and again in 1970–86. From 1963 to 1967, he was minister of fishery and finance, and from 1973 to 1977 a member of the Folketing.
Patursson came up with the idea for the Nordic House in the Faroe Islands. In the Nordic council he pushed for Greenlandic independence as well as independence for Åland.
As a writer Patursson has been honoured for his work concerning Faroese fishermen from 1850 to 1970. In 1981, he received the Faroese Literature Prize, M. A. Jacobsens Heiðursløn, for these writings.
# Feralia Planitia

Feralia Planitia (/fəˈreɪliə pləˈnɪʃiə/) is the third-largest known impact structure on the asteroid Vesta, after Rheasilvia and Veneneia. It is one of several old, degraded impact basins that predate the Rheasilvia basin that now dominates Vesta. It is situated near the equator, and is 270 kilometres (170 mi) across east to west, though compressed latitudinally by the Rheasilvia impact.

## Observation and naming

Feralia Planitia was first seen in distant observations of Vesta by the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), which observed Vesta in 1994, 1996, 2007, and 2010. Feralia Planitia was then given the informal provisional designation of Feature Y.$^{:1106,1111}$ Feralia Planitia, alongside Vesta's other surface features, were resolved in detail for the first time by the Dawn orbiter, which orbited Vesta from 16 July 2011 to 4 September 2012. The feature was then named after the ancient Roman public festival of Feralia, where citizens would place offerings at the tombs of the dead. The name Feralia Planitia was officially approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) on 27 December 2011.

## Geology and characteristics

Feralia Planitia, located near the equator, dominates Vesta's eastern hemisphere. The basin is roughly ellipsoidal and elongated east to west and very roughly spans 130 by 300 kilometers. Feralia Planitia is surrounded by elevated terrain, with the northern rim dropping roughly 5–7 kilometers and the southern rim dropping by up to 14 kilometers. It borders the cratered highlands of Vestalia Terra to the west, the rim of Rheasilvia to the south, Divalia Fossae to the east, and Saturnalia Fossae to the northwest. Two major impact craters further alter Feralia Planitia's rim: the ~45 km Lepida on the northern wall, and the ~35–40 km Oppia on the southern wall.$^{:107–112}$
Feralia Planitia is likely an ancient, degraded impact basin, though whether it was formed by a single impact event or multiple remains unclear.$^{:91}$$^{:116}$ The surrounding cratered highlands likely represent ejecta blasted out by the impact event(s) that created Feralia Planitia. Meanwhile, he interior of Feralia Planitia is comparatively unmodified by the extensive troughs of Divalia Fossae and Saturnalia Fossae, though some of their troughs extend into the walls of Feralia Planitia, indicating that they are younger than the basin. As Divalia Fossae and Saturnalia Fossae are similar in age to the Rheasilvia and Veneneia impact basins, this indicates that both the trough systems and the two major southern impact basins are younger than Feralia Planitia.$^{:116–118}$ However, a precise date for Feralia Planitia's formation cannot be determined through crater counting, as the basin underwent a resurfacing event roughly 3.62 billion years ago.$^{:99}$ Feralia Planitia's surface is partially composed of eucrites, a type of basaltic rock containing anorthite, calcium-poor pyroxene, and augite. This is in contrast to the older northern and northeastern highlands, whose mineralogy is dominated by howardite, a mixture of eucrite and diogenite.$^{:131–134}$ Feralia Planitia is the site of a negative gravity anomaly.
# Frode Saugestad

Frode Saugestad (born 2. April 1974 in Namsos) is a Norwegian literary scholar, publisher and adventurer. He lives in London and Cambridge Massachusetts, United States. Previously he was Pr/Marketing Manager for Diesel Jeans in Norway, and in 1999 he founded the art gallery NAF (Norwegian Anarchistic Fraction) with Norwegian artist Bjarne Melgaard. In 2004 Saugestad set up L.S.P. publishing house, which specializes in literature from and about the Middle East.

## Academic career

Saugestad obtained his undergraduate degree at the University of Oslo in 2002 majoring in History of Ideas, and his M.A. (2003) and Ph.D (2005) in Comparative Literature from SOAS, University of London. He specializes in the modern novel primarily from the 20th century. Between 2007 and 2010 he was a post-doctoral research fellow at CMES, Harvard University, where he is now a visiting fellow. During spring 2010 he taught a course entitled “The Novel of the Periphery” in the Comparative Literature Department.
In 2009, Saugestad published "Individuation and the Shaping of Personal Identity: A Comparative Study of the Modern Novel" which dealt with the process of individuation and the shaping of identity in the modern novel, analyzing the Norwegian literature through the work of Knut Hamsun, the Irish through the work of James Joyce, the Egyptian through the work of Naguib Mahfouz and the Sudanese through the work of Tayeb Salih.

## Media

In June 2009 Saugestad hosted an international conference focusing on the Oslo Accords entitled "What Now for the Middle East: 15 Years after the Oslo Accords". The conference was partly funded by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Saugestad has written editorial features for Aftenposten and Dagbladet, in addition to articles for journals such as Vinduet, Babylon and Politiken.
In 2009, Saugestad revealed in interviews in Dagens Næringsliv, Forskerforum, Massiv and D2 that he intended to leave academia to become an adventurer. In May 2010 he skied across the Greenland inland ice.
Saugestad has also been a frequent guest at Trygdekontoret, a talkshow on NRK.
# Harmonicon

Harmonicon may refer to:

## Music

* The Harmonicon, a London musical magazine 1823–33
* Panharmonicon, an organ-like musical instrument
* Harmonica, a handheld wind instrument
* A small pipe organ with a true keyed Glass harmonica, created by Wilhelm Christian Müller [de]
* A large strung keyboard instrument blending a piano and a harpsichord, played vis-a-vis (and such called) by two players
* Xylophone, a wooden percussion instrument

## Other

* Harmonicon (spider), a genus in the spider family Dipluridae
* Harmoniconus, a subgenus of sea snails
# Illorai

Illorai is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in the Italian region Sardinia, located about 130 kilometres (81 mi) north of Cagliari and about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southeast of Sassari.
Illorai borders the following municipalities: Bolotana, Bonorva, Bottidda, Burgos, Esporlatu, Orani, Orotelli.