OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Carl E. Grunsky

Carl Ewald Grunsky (April 4, 1855 – June 9, 1934) was a geologist and civil engineer throughout the mid 19th century.

## Biography

In 1896, Grunsky implemented the innovative gravity-based sewer channeling waste rapidly from North Point to Golden Gate or towards Oakland. He served as member on the Board of Trustees from 1898 to 1904 at the California Academy of Sciences where in 1911 he was promoted to secretary and was elected president in 1912.
Before entering the field of geology and civil engineering, Grunsky pursued a career in medicine. After entering a Realschule and Polytechnikum in Stuttgart, Germany, he switched to civil engineering. After starting his first career as a city engineer of San Francisco, from 1900 to 1904, and gaining recognition, he consequently became a member of the Panama Canal Commission from 1904 to 1905. From 1905 to 1907, he served as a consulting engineer for the US Reclamation Service.
He succeeded Dr. Barton Warren Evermann and acted as a director of Museum of Academy and the Steinhart Aquarium in 1932. Grunsky spent most of his time working to supervise the rivers. After receiving the Norman Medal of the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1910, he was elected vice president in 1922 and president in 1924. In 1924 he was also president of the Pacific Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He was president of the American Engineering Council from 1930 to 1931. He played a significant role during the St. Francis Dam expedition. Grunsky and his co-worker John C. Branner announced that the dam was working properly right before the St. Francis dam broke. The breakage of the dam marked the end of William Mulholland's career.
G. D. Hanna describes Grunsky as follows: "One faculty he possessed fitted him particularly for presiding over meetings and groups of people. He was a very clear thinker and could organize his subject matter rapidly, yet he spoke with deliberation and crisp enunciation. Political science, particularly those phases dealing with rates, taxation and forms of money, fascinated him and he published extensively on the subject . He was always interested in art and during his later years found time to paint some backgrounds of the habitat groups of African animals now being installed by the academy."
Grunsky died during an accident at his home in Berkeley, California, on June 9, 1934.

## Selected works

* Grunsky, C.E. (1899-10-21). Report Upon a System of Sewerage for the City and County of San Francisco. City of San Francisco.
# Fractional CIO

A fractional chief information officer differs from a traditional chief information officer in that they serve as a working member of a company's executive management team as a contractor and may or may not serve on the company's board of directors. A fractional CIO, also known as a part-time CIO, parachute CIO, or CIO on-demand, is an experienced, multi-faceted professional who serves as the part-time chief information officer of a small or medium-sized business that otherwise could not afford or would not need a full-time executive to hold the position of chief information officer. A virtual CIO or vCIO may have a similar role, but the term virtual suggests that the individual is not present in the organisation on the same basis as an employed executive. An interim CIO is generally retained for a limited time period, often to oversee a specific project or to cover an interregnum. As with traditional CIOs, a fractional CIO often helps with technology roadmaps, business process improvements, and business technology strategy.
The key business benefit of retaining a fractional CIO is that they provide the same expertise and capability of a full-time CIO without the associated level of overhead and benefits associated with adding another top-level executive. Care, however, must be taken to ensure the skills of the fractional CIO align primarily with the needs of the business, and not weighted with technical expertise in order to achieve the best results.
Fractional CIOs typically serve several companies and may or may not engage in the day-to-day management of a company's IT staff or other resources.
# Fractional Calculus and Applied Analysis

Fractional Calculus and Applied Analysis is a peer-reviewed mathematics journal published by Walter de Gruyter. It covers research on fractional calculus, special functions, integral transforms, and some closely related areas of applied analysis.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in Science Citation Index Expanded, Scopus, Current Contents/Physical, Chemical and Earth Sciences, Zentralblatt MATH, and Mathematical Reviews.
The journal's Founding Editors were Professors Eric Love, Ian Sneddon, Bogoljub Stanković, Rudolf Gorenflo, Danuta Przeworska-Rolewicz, Gary Roach, Anatoly Kilbas, and Wen Chen.
# Fractional Chebyshev collocation method

The fractional Chebyshev collocation (FCC) method is an efficient spectral method for solving a system of linear fractional-order differential equations (FDEs) with discrete delays.
The FCC method overcomes several limitations of current numerical methods for solving linear FDEs. For instance, the FCC method can be used for linear incommensurate order FDEs and it does not require to be in canonical form. The essence of the method is that a discretization of the solution at the Chebyshev Gauss–Lobatto collocation points results in having spectral convergence and smaller computation time compared to finite difference methods. To accomplish this, a fractional differentiation matrix is derived at the Chebyshev Gauss–Lobatto collocation points by using the discrete orthogonal relationship of the Chebyshev polynomials. Then, using two proposed discretization operators for matrix functions results in an explicit form of solution for a system of linear FDEs with discrete delays. Moreover, it is shown that the proposed method can treat two common classes of linear FDEs: a system of linear commensurate order FDEs and a system of linear fractional-order delay-differential equations.
The fractional Chebyshev differentiation matrix in the sense of Caputo, $_{t_{0}}{\text{D}}_{t_{N}}^{\alpha }$ , is a linear map that maps the discretized function at the CGL points $\mathbf {t} =[t_{0},t_{1},\ldots ,t_{N}]$ onto the discretized fractional derivative of the function at those points
    $_{t_{0}}{\text{D}}_{t_{N}}^{\alpha }\mathbf {x} ={\begin{bmatrix}_{t_{0}}^{C}{\mathcal {D}}_{t}^{\alpha }x(t_{0})&_{t_{0}}^{C}{\mathcal {D}}_{t}^{\alpha }x(t_{1})&\cdots &_{t_{0}}^{C}{\mathcal {D}}_{t}^{\alpha }x(t_{N})\end{bmatrix}}^{T}$
Then, it is shown that how a matrix function can be discretized in an interval at the CGL points by using two discretization operators. Finally, in two theories the solution of a system of linear commensurate order FDEs and a system of linear FDDEs are given by a state transition matrix.
# Carex plectobasis

Carex plectobasis is a tussock-forming species of perennial sedge in the family Cyperaceae. It is native to Afghanistan in the west to China in the east.
# Fowey Gallants

The Fowey Gallants or the Gallants of Fowey, was group of privateers and pirates who operated out of the port of Fowey, in Cornwall, during the Hundred Years' War in the 14th and 15th centuries.
The port was given licences to attack and seize French vessels in the English Channel, following the assistance the port had given during the Siege of Calais and the Battle of Agincourt. Many foreign vessels and some English vessels were seized and these activities became very profitable for the corrupt port. Notable privateers included Mark Mixtow, who was a licensed privateer with a flotilla of three ships, the Dutch pirate Hankyn Seelander was given a privateers licence by The Crown in 1442 and tasked with patrolling the coast. Others involved in piracy included John Trevelyn, Thomas Tregarthen, Nicholas Carminow and Sir Hugh Courtenay owner of the Boconnoc estate. John Wilcock's ship Barbara, seized fifteen ships in two weeks in 1469.
Following peace with France, the piracy continued. Edward IV asked the “willing men from Dartmouth” to stop the piracy. A meeting was arranged in Lostwithiel and while the Gallants were there, their ships were seized and the harbour chain removed. Several pirates were hanged.
# Carl Ludwig Wimmel

Carl Ludwig Wimmel (23 January 1786 – 16 February 1845) was a German architect and Hamburg's first building director. His classicist buildings had a decisive influence on the cityscape of Hamburg in the 19th century; his best-known surviving buildings include the Hamburg Stock Exchange and the hospital in St. Georg.

## Biography

Wimmel was born the son of a stonemason. Early on he came into contact with architects and sculptors such as Karl Friedrich Schinkel, Christian Daniel Rauch and Johann Gottfried Schadow. Wimmel initially trained as a carpenter. From 1807 he took part in free courses of the Patriotic Society to further his education. He received a scholarship which enabled him to study at the École polytechnique in Paris. After completing his studies in 1810, he travelled through Italy for four years. There he studied the architecture of antiquity and the Renaissance and made numerous sketches and studies.
In 1815 he won the tender for the construction of a hospital in the district of St. Georg, Hamburg. In 1816 he joined the civil service and realised numerous public buildings, which still characterise the cityscape today. After he was financially secured by the public office, he soon acquired Hamburg citizenship. He married Johanna Juliana Sophie Frercks, the daughter of a Hamburg notary. The couple had seven children. After a reform of the municipal building administration, he was appointed Hamburg's first building director. Wimmel died in 1845. Many of his buildings fell victim to the Great Fire of 1842, were demolished, or destroyed in the Second World War.
A collective tombstone in the area of the Old Hamburg Memorial Cemetery on the Ohlsdorf Cemetery commemorates important architects, including Wimmel.

## Notable works

* 1815: Monument of the expelled Hamburgers
* 1817: Dammtor
* 1818: Steintor and Alte Wache in St. Georg
* 1819: Guardhouse at Millerntor
* 1819–1820: St. Pauli Church
* 1820–1823: General hospital St. Georg
* 1826–1827: City theatre on Dammtorstraße (today Hamburg State Opera)
* 1827: Lombard Bridge
* 1834–1837: St. Johannis Monastery
* 1837–1840: Johanneum at the Domplatz
* 1837–1841: Hamburg Stock Exchange (with Franz Gustav Forsmann)
* 1840–1841: Schlachthof Hamburg

## Gallery

* Monument in the park Planten un Blomen
* St. Pauli Church
* Hospital in St. Georg
* City theatre
* Hamburg Stock Exchange
* Alte Wache near Steintor
# Carl Ludwig von Oesfeld

Carl Ludwig von Oesfeld (4 March 1741 – 4 November 1804) was the Royal Prussian Privy Councillor and a German cartographer.
Oesfeld's father Johann Friedrich Oesfeld was a preacher in Berlin and Potsdam, and his brother Frederick William was a lawyer in Frankfurt. Carl Ludwig Oesfeld himself practiced the profession of a country cartographer, topographer, military writer and illustrator in the engineer corps. He trained the cartographer Daniel Friedrich Sotzmann in 1772. In 1786 he was knighted along with his brother, and in 1788 then appointed Privy Councillor. Oesfeld also collected maps and prints. His son Karl Wilhelm von Oesfeld also worked as a cartographer and topographer.
# Carl Lund

Carl Lund may refer to:
* Carl Lund (industrialist) (1846–1912), industrialist
* Carl Lund (painter) (1855–1940), Danish scenic designer
* Carl Lund (wrestler) (1884–1940), Swedish wrestler
# Frances Shea-Buckley

Frances Teresa Shea-Buckley (February 26, 1929 – July 8, 2015) was a United States rear admiral who served as Director of the United States Navy Nurse Corps from 1979 to 1983.

## Early life

Frances Teresa Shea was born on February 26, 1929, in Massachusetts. She earned a Bachelor of Science degree from St. Joseph College in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1950.

## Navy Nurse Corps career

Shea joined the Navy Nurse Corps in 1951 and stayed in the Reserves when she left active duty in 1954. She earned a Master of Science degree in nursing service administration from DePaul University in Chicago, Illinois, in 1960, and returned to active duty. Billets of increasing responsibility included a stint as operating room supervisor in hospital ship USS Repose off Vietnam in 1968. Shea became director of the Navy Nurse Corps in 1979, and became the first director to add additional concurrent billets to that duty, including commanding officer of Naval Health Sciences Education and Training Command, and deputy commander for Personnel Management, Naval Medical Command.
# Carlsbad International School

Carlsbad International School is a private, co-educational, Central European, boarding and day school for high school students, Grades 9 – 12. It is located in the UNESCO candidate spa town of Karlovy Vary, west of Prague, in the Czech Republic, was founded in 2013, and opened in 2014. In March 2015 it was accredited by the International Baccalaureate Organization to administer the IB Diploma Programme. It is a member of the Association of European Boarding Schools. Full boarding tuition is €37,000, while day students pay €20,000. In May 2017 it became a Member of the Council of International Schools and its first class of 18 IB students graduated. In summer, CIS organizes international Summer Camps offering an ESL programme, filmmaking, tennis or golf. The faculty to student ratio is 1:4 and the average CIS class size is 8. CIS Faculty are 80% native English speakers and 67% hold advanced degrees. CIS offers a wide variety of Activities, sports clubs (including football, volleyball, basketball, badminton) and specialized sports programmes with individual study and training plans (tennis, triathlon and golf). CIS provides a healthy lifestyle, safety, top pastoral care and international community spirit with over 30 nationalities represented. CIS facilities include a premium school restaurant, Tennis Club Gejzirpark with a modern fitness center and skiing slopes on the top of Klínovec in the Ore Mountains.
# Francis Gulston

Francis Stepney Gulston (September 1845 – 1917) was a Welsh rower who at Henley Royal Regatta won the Grand Challenge Cup five times, the Stewards' Challenge Cup ten times, and the Silver Goblets five times.
Gulston was born at Llandilofawr, the son of Alan James Gulston of Woodland Castle, Swansea and of Llandilo, Carmarthenshire. His father was a landowner and was High Sheriff of Carmarthenshire in 1860. Gulston was educated at the Royal Naval School, and entered Magdalene College, Cambridge in 1863. It is said he went to Cambridge mainly and merely to row, and was recalled as taking up residence at the college with a pilot jacket on, a bottle of gin in one pocket and a bottle of bitters in the other. The authorities would hardly let him take part in a college crew, and would not consider him for the Cambridge eight because they thought his style was too professional. He became a civil engineer and was in business in London in 1866. Accounts exist of his social life in London and Wales
Gulston was a member of the Oscillators Club of Surbiton and then joined London Rowing Club heralding ten years of success with Gulston in their crews. LRC won the Grand Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta in 1868 and the Stewards Challenge Cup in 1868, 1869 and 1871. Also in 1871, Gulston won the Silver Goblets partnering Albert de Lande Long. He was captain of London Rowing Club in 1872 when they won the Grand and Stewards and he won Silver Goblets with Long again. LRC won Stewards every year until 1878. Meanwhile, Gulston and Long were runners up in Silver Goblets in 1873 to Clement Courtenay Knollys and A Trower and won in 1874. They were disqualified in the final of Silver Goblets in 1875 but Gulston won with S le B Smith in 1876.
In August 1876 Guslon, together with R H Labat, A Trower and J Rowell went to Philadelphia on the steam ship Wyoming to take part in the town's centennial regatta. Gulston took part in the single scull and in the double scull with Labat. Prior to the event the rowers went for a swim in the Harlem giving scope for the local newspapers to describe their physiques. The New York Times wrote of Gulston "very much larger than the others His face is full with heavy whiskers and he is in all respects a thorough English oarsman. His shoulders and back are immense while he is not the least lacking in full development of arms and legs."
In 1877 LRC won the Grand as well as Stewards and in 1879 Gulston had his fifth win in Silver Goblets, this time partnering R H Labat. In 1878 and 1879, Gulston as captain of LRC was involved in meetings to set up the Amateur Rowing Association In 1881 Gulston was living in Putney with his wife and year old son.
Gulston was later living at Salcombe, Devon where he died at the age of 71. He was recalled as "that finest – I make no exception – gentleman oarsman".
Gulston married Emma Elizabeth Davis at Putney in 1880. His brother Alan Stepney Gulston was an artist and author.
# Carlinghow railway station

Carlinghow railway station served the district of Carlinghow, in the historic county of West Riding of Yorkshire, England, from 1872 to 1917 on the Birstall Branch line.

## History

The station was opened on 1 April 1872 by the London and North Western Railway. It closed as a wartime economy measure on 15 April 1917. Like Birstall, it erroneously showed as 'service suspended' in Bradshaw.
# Fourmile Lake (South Dakota)

Fourmile Lake is a lake in South Dakota, in the United States.
Fourmile Lake was named from its distance, four miles (6.4 km) from Fort Sisseton.
The lake contains a variety of fish including Northern Pike, Walleye, Yellow Bullhead and Yellow Perch.
# Celta (train)

The Celta train is a train connection from the Portuguese railway operator Comboios de Portugal and the Spanish railway operator Renfe Operadora between Campanhã railway station in Porto (Portugal) and Vigo-Guixar railway station in Vigo (Spain). It became the only international rail service between Portugal and Spain after the discontinuation of Trenhotel in 2020.
The service runs twice every day in each direction, taking 2 hours and 20 minutes to connect both cities.
# Excelsior (Oak Ridge, Louisiana)

Excelsior, at 317 North Oak Street (LA 133), Oak Ridge, Louisiana in Morehouse Parish in northern Louisiana, was built in 1869. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 7, 1989. The listing included five contributing buildings.
It was built as a wood frame five bay Italianate cottage in the hamlet of Oak Ridge, in an open rural setting among delta cotton fields. It was expanded by gable-fronted flanking sections joined by extension of the front gallery floor, each with an Italianate facade. The enlarged building was advertised as the Excelsior Hotel in 1880.
# Fissuria boui

Fissuria boui is a species of small freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs in the family Hydrobiidae. This species is endemic to France.
# Cima di Cugn

Cima di Cugn is a mountain of the Lepontine Alps on the Swiss-Italian border. The tripoint between the cantons of Graubünden, Ticino and the region of Lombardy (2,194 m) is located 100 m south-west of the summit.
# Bobadilla, La Rioja

Bobadilla is a municipality in the Province of La Rioja, Spain.
* This article about a location in La Rioja, Spain is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Gebhard I of Plain

Gebhard I. von Plain (Pleyen) (* 1170; † 11. October 1232 in Rome) was von 1222 till 1232 Bishop of Passau.

## Biography

Gebhard was born in 1170 as the second son of Count Liutpold of Plain-Hardegg and Countess Utta of Burghausen. On 18 June 1210 he received the parish of Grafenwörth as Passau's canon.
In March 1222 he was elected bishop of Passau, his kinship with the Staufern plays a large role in the election. He pursued an energetic parish policy, which also led to violent conflicts with monasteries striving for independence from the bishop.
On 17 March 1225 Gebhard passed the first Passauer Stadtrecht. In the same year, he built the town council house opposite the town hall (today the "Hotel zum Wilden Mann") and integrated the "Örtl" at the confluence of the Danube and the Inn into the city.
The great clerical and monastic visits, ordered by Pope Gregory IX. Led Gebhard in 1229 very conscientiously and excommunicated some 40 abbots, and priests of his diocese. This led to conflicts with the cathedral chapter. Even the murder of Duke Eberhard von Jahenstorf on 6 May 1231 was subsequently charged to Gebhard, although Passau citizens were also suspected. In 1232 Pope and Emperor were in dispute, and Gebhard was on the papal side, but the cathedral chapter sympathized with the Emperor. The dispute between the bishop and the chapter of the cathedral continued to exacerbate, which ultimately led to the resignation of Gebhard. He left Passau and went to Rome, where he died on 11 November 1232.
# Cylindera foveolata

Cylindera foveolata is a species of tiger beetle of the family Cicindelidae. It is found throughout Southeast Asia. It is black in colour and is 9.8 millimetres (0.39 in) long.
# Gamochaeta calviceps

Gamochaeta calviceps, the narrowleaf purple everlasting, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to South America and to the southeastern United States (from Texas and Oklahoma to Virginia (though not Florida). It has also become naturalized in other places (Europe, Taiwan, New Zealand, California, etc.).
Gamochaeta calviceps is an annual herb up to 55 cm (22 in) tall. Leaves are long and narrow, up to 6 cm (2.4 in) long, mostly clustered along the base and often folded along the middle. The plant forms many small flower heads in elongated arrays. Each head contains 2–4 purple disc flowers but no ray flowers. Flowers bloom April to July. It grows in fields, disturbed sites, flower beds, and edges of woods.
Gamochaeta calviceps is similar to G. falcata, and many G. calviceps specimens from the United States have long been misidentified as G. falcata.
# Gamochaeta antarctica

Gamochaeta antarctica, the Antarctic cudweed, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is found only in the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, where its natural habitat is temperate dwarf shrub heath.
# Chapter XVIII of the United Nations Charter

Chapter XVIII of the United Nations Charter deals with amendments. The process is essentially modeled after the amendment process for the United States Constitution in that:
* A two-thirds supermajority is required for adoption;
* Ratification by a supermajority of the respective states is required;
* There are two methods of proposing amendments;
* The more common of those methods is for the "first branch" (in the case of the UN, the General Assembly) to submit an amendment to the states;
* Another method, not actually used in practice, is to call a convention to propose amendments.
* The amendment procedure itself contains a provision that does not allow states (in the case of the UN, the permanent five members of the UN Security Council) to be deprived of their suffrage (in this case, their veto and/or permanent UNSC membership) without their consent. (This is analogous to the entrenched clause contained in Article Five of the United States Constitution).
There have been several amendments to the United Nations Charter since 1945, mostly to reflect increases in the size of the organization. However, the fundamental structure has remained the same. Nonetheless, the UN amendment process arguably favors the flexibility and continued existence of the organization more than the League of Nations amendment process specified by Article 26 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, which stated, "Amendments to this Covenant will take effect when ratified by the Members of the League whose representatives compose the Council and by a majority of the Members of the League whose Representatives compose the Assembly. No such amendment shall bind any Member of the League which signifies its dissent therefrom, but in that case it shall cease to be a Member of the League."