OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Daniele Cassani

Daniele Cassani is an Italian mathematician. He is a full professor of Mathematical Analysis at Università degli Studi dell'Insubria.

## Education

Cassani completed his PhD in pure Mathematics in 2006 at University of Milan, supervised by B. Ruf.

## Career

From 2006 to 2007, he undertook a postdoctoral position at the Pacific Institute for the Mathematical Sciences, University of British Columbia. This postdoc was directed by Ivar Ekeland and supervised by Nassif Ghoussoub. Between 2007 and 2011, Cassani held a postdoctoral position at University of Milan, concurrently serving as a lecturer at Polytechnic University of Milan.
In 2012, he became a senior research fellow at the Department of Science and High Technology, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria. In 2017, he was appointed as an associate professor, and in 2023, he was promoted to the position of Full Professor of Mathematical Analysis.
Cassani has been invited to serve as a visiting professor and speaker at international conferences hosted by prestigious institutions in China, Europe, North and South America, and Japan. He actively contributes as a reviewer for numerous internationally recognized journals. Since 2019, he has also held the role of Springer associate editor for the Milan Journal of Mathematics.
Since 2016, Cassani has held the position of President at the Riemann International School of Mathematics. From 2018 to 2023, he served as a member of the Board of Directors of the University of Insubria, and from 2023 onwards, he is a member of the Board of Directors of the Foundation University of Insubria.
Since 2023, Cassani is the CEO of Foundation University of Insubria and Editor of Advances in Nonlinear Analysis.

## Research work

Cassani's primary research interests encompass Nonlinear Analysis and Calculus of Variations, Partial Differential Equations and Inequalities, Systems of PDE and Applications to MEMS, Solitons Field Theory, Best constants in functional inequalities, Maximum principle, Inverse problems, and Image processing.
# Eric Ferguson

Eric Ferguson may refer to:
* Eric Ferguson (politician) (1930–2006), Canadian politician
* Eric Ferguson (footballer) (born 1965), former Scottish footballer
* Eric Ferguson (rugby league) (born 1955), Australian rugby league footballer
* Eric Ferguson (radio personality) (born 1967), American radio personality
# Fibroblast growth factor 1

Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF-1) also known as acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF), is a growth factor and signaling protein encoded by the FGF1 gene. It is synthesized as a 155 amino acid polypeptide, whose mature form is a non-glycosylated 17-18 kDa protein. Fibroblast growth factor protein was first purified in 1975, but soon afterwards others using different conditions isolated acidic FGF, Heparin-binding growth factor-1, and Endothelial cell growth factor-1. Gene sequencing revealed that this group was actually the same growth factor and that FGF1 was a member of a family of FGF proteins.
FGF-1 has no definitive signal sequence and thus is not secreted through classical pathways, but it does appear to form a disulfide linked dimer inside cells that associate with a complex of proteins at the cell membrane (including S100A13 and Syt1) which then help flip it through the membrane to the exterior of the cell. Once in the reducing conditions of the surrounding tissue, the dimer dissociates into monomeric FGF1 that can enter systemic circulation or be sequestered in tissues binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans of the extracellular matrix. FGF1 can then bind to and exert its effects via specific fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) proteins which themselves constitute a family of closely related molecules.
In addition to its extracellular activity, FGF1 can also function intracellularly. The protein has a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) but the route that FGF1 takes to get to the nucleus is unclear and it appears that some sort of cell surface receptor binding is necessary, followed by its internalization and translocation to the nucleus whereupon it can interact with nuclear isoforms of FGFRs. This is different from FGF2 which also can activate nuclear FGFRs but has splicing variants of the protein that never leave the cell and go directly to the nucleus.

## Function

FGF family members possess broad mitogenic and cell survival activities, and are involved in a variety of biological processes, including embryonic development, cell growth, morphogenesis, tissue repair, tumor growth and invasion. This protein functions as a modifier of endothelial cell migration and proliferation, as well as an angiogenic factor. It acts as a mitogen for a variety of mesoderm- and neuroectoderm-derived cells in vitro, thus is thought to be involved in organogenesis. Three alternatively spliced variants encoding different isoforms have been described.
FGF1 is multifunctional with many reported effects. For one example, in mice with diet-induced diabetes that is an experimental equivalent of type 2 diabetes in humans, a single injection of the FGF1 protein is enough to restore blood sugar levels to a healthy range for > 2 days.

## Interactions

FGF1 has been shown to interact with:
* CSNK2A2
* CSNK2B
* CSNK2A1
* FIBP
* FGFR1
* FGFR2
* FGFR3
* FGFR4
* HSPA9 and
* S100A13
* Synaptotagmin 1 (SYT1)
# Else Jacobsen

Else Agnes Ella Jacobsen (later Baade) (31 May 1911 – 3 April 1965) was a Danish swimmer who competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics and 1932 Summer Olympics.
In the 1928 Olympics, she was fourth in the 200 metre breaststroke event and fourth in her first round heat of the 100 metre backstroke event and did not advance. Four years later, she won a bronze medal in the 200 metre breaststroke event at the 1932 Olympics.
# Contract Disputes Act of 1978

The Contract Disputes Act of 1978 ("CDA", Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 95–563, 92 Stat. 2383), which became effective on March 1, 1979, establishes the procedures for handling "claims" relating to United States Federal Government contracts. It is codified, as amended, at 41 U.S.C. §§ 7101–7109.
Claims by contractors against the Federal Government must be submitted in writing to the Government's Contracting Officer for a decision. Claims by the Federal Government against a contractor must be the subject of a decision by the Contracting Officer. Apart from claims by the Federal Government alleging fraud in connection with a claim by the contractor, all claims by either the Federal Government or the contractor must be submitted within six years after the accrual of the claim.
Claims by contractors for more than $100,000 must be accompanied by a certification that (i) the claim is made in good faith, (ii) the supporting data are accurate and complete to the best of the contractor's knowledge and belief, (iii) the amount requested represents the contract adjustment for which the contractor believes the Federal Government is liable, and (iv) the certifier is authorized to submit the certification on behalf of the contractor. There are procedures in the statute for remedying certifications that do not exactly mimic the required certification language.
For claims of $100,000 or less, the Contracting Officer is required to issue a decision within 60 days of receipt of the claim provided the contractor requests a decision within that time period. For claims in excess of $100,000, the Contracting Officer is required, within 60 days, either to issue a decision or notify the contractor when a decision will be issued. All decisions should be issued within a reasonable time, taking into account the nature of the claim, and, if they are not, the contractor may either request a tribunal to direct the Contracting Officer to issue a decision within a specified time or treat the failure to issue a decision as an appealable "deemed" denial of the claim.
If the contractor is dissatisfied with the Contracting Officer's decision on a claim, the contractor may (i) appeal that decision to the cognizant agency board of contractor appeals within 90 days of receipt of the decision or (ii) bring suit on the claim in the United States Court of Federal Claims within 12 months. Decisions not appealed within one of these time periods become final and conclusive.
There are procedures in the statute authorizing the use of mutually agreeable alternative dispute resolution techniques for handling disputes and well as for the use of streamlined and accelerated litigation procedures for smaller claims at the boards of contract appeals.
The losing party may appeal a decision by either a board of contract appeals or the United States Court of Federal Claims to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.
A contractor is entitled to interest on the amount found due on its claim running from the date the Contracting Officer received the claim until the claim is paid.
# Dissent aversion

Dissent aversion is the judicial phenomenon that implies that judges do not like dissenting opinions in the jurisdictions where they are possible nor do they like to dissent themselves. A common example is as follows: On a panel of three judges, only one feels strongly about the decision. One of the two remaining may side with the first judge, leaving the third judge with the option of dissenting on an issue they do not feel strongly about or siding with the majority.
Judges dislike dissent for many reasons. Dissent aversion can come from these sources:
* It frays collegiality (judges have to work together in the future).
* It magnifies the majority opinion.
* It is additional work.
* It detracts from the significance of their own majority opinions.
Dissent is more frequent in US federal courts of appeals where the number of judges is higher. According to some research, this is because the larger the court, the less frequently judges must work with each other and accordingly have less incentive to extend courtesy and favors.
# Humphrey Pearson

Humphrey Pearson (November 30, 1893 – February 24, 1937) was an American screenwriter and playwright of the 1930s. During his brief career, he penned a Broadway play and 22 screenplays. His promising career was cut short when he was found shot to death, under mysterious circumstances in his home, in early 1937.

## Life and career

Pearson was born on November 30, 1893, in Columbus, Ohio. He would break into the film industry in 1929, writing the dialogue and titles to Mervyn LeRoy's Hot Stuff, which was one of the few films Hollywood produced which was a silent film with sound sequences. Pearson's play, Shoestring, would serve as the basis for Robert Lord's screenplay On With the Show!, which in 1929 became the first color sound film.
In the next two years Pearson would pen another seven screenplays, including Bride of the Regiment, starring Vivienne Segal and Allan Prior, and featuring Walter Pidgeon and Myrna Loy; Michael Curtiz' Bright Lights (1930); Going Wild, starring Joe E. Brown, and Walter Pidgeon; and another Mervyn Leroy film, Top Speed, again starring Joe E. Brown. 1930 would also see Pearson's play, They Never Grow Up, be produced. It would be the only play written by Pearson produced on Broadway, having a short run at the Theatre Masque, lasting for 24 performances. Its cast included Florence Auer, and Otto Kruger.
Between 1931 and 1936 Pearson would be responsible for another fourteen screenplays. These would include Consolation Marriage, with Irene Dunne and Pat O'Brien; George Archainbaud's The Lost Squadron, starring Richard Dix, Mary Astor, Robert Armstrong, Joel McCrea, and Erich von Stroheim; Westward Passage, starring Ann Harding, Laurence Olivier, and ZaSu Pitts; Face in the Sky, starring Spencer Tracy; 1935's Ruggles of Red Gap, which stars Charles Laughton, Mary Boland, Charlie Ruggles, ZaSu Pitts, Roland Young, and Leila Hyams, which The Film Daily rated one of the ten best films of 1935; and Red Salute, starring Barbara Stanwyck.
Pearson's last screenplay was 1936's Palm Springs. In February 1937, after a night of drinking, Pearson was killed by a gunshot wound to the chest at his home in Palm Springs, California. His death occurred under mysterious circumstances. Initially, it was not clear whether the death was a suicide or at the hand of his wife, Rive King Pearson, but eventually the Palm Springs chief of police ruled it accidental.
# Gersdorf, Saxony

Gersdorf is a municipality in the district of Zwickau in Saxony in Germany. The conductor Günther Müller was born in Gersdorf in 1925.
# Harmonica gun

A harmonica gun or slide gun is a firearm design which was breech loaded with a steel slide, containing a number of chambers bored in it that were filled with projectiles. Most harmonica guns are percussion cap guns, although some designs exist for compressed air guns and some examples were made in pinfire cartridge form. In percussion cap guns, each chamber contains a separate primer, powder charge, and projectile. The slide was inserted in an opening in the breech action and could be advanced by releasing the camlock, and moving the slide by hand. The gun comes in both pistol and rifle models, as well as single-action and double-action.
The earliest example of a harmonica gun is probably the one constructed by the Swiss inventor Welten in 1742.

## Background

In 1814 a flintlock harmonica gun was patented by James Thomson.
According to Clive Scott Chisholm in Following the Wrong God Home: Footloose in an American Dream and Louis A Garavaglia & Charles G. Worman in Firearms of the American West: 1803-1865 the slide gun was independently invented by a Mormon gunsmith called Nicanor Kendall in 1838 and it was from this gunsmith that Browning got the idea for his own harmonica guns when he moved to the area in which Kendall was living in around 1840.
The most famous maker of harmonica guns was Jonathan Browning, father of John Moses Browning. Commencing in 1834 in Quincy, Illinois, he began to make harmonica guns and more conventional revolving rifles. He continued to improve on the principle after he became a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and emigrated to Nauvoo, Illinois, and finally Ogden, Utah.
In 1837 a percussion cap harmonica gun was patented by Elijah Fisher and Dexter H. Chamberlain.
In 1854 a pump action harmonica gun was patented by Alexander Bain.
A crank-operated harmonica gun was patented in 1856 by C. G. Terrel.
# Fernando Talaverano Gallegos

Fernando Talaverano Gallegos, also known as Hernando Talaverano (1563, Spain – 1619, Chile); lawyer and Spanish administrator, occupied the position of temporary governor of Chile for ten months after the death of Alonso de Ribera, between March 1617 and January 1618.

## Sources

* Medina, José Toribio (1906). Diccionario Biográfico Colonial de Chile (PDF) (in Spanish). Santiago, Chile: Imprenta Elzeviriana. pp. 849–850.
Government offices :
| Preceded byAlonso de Ribera | Royal Governor of Chile 1617–1618 | Succeeded byLope de Ulloa |
* This article about a Chilean politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Coomalie

Coomalie may refer to.
* Coomalie Shire, a local government area in the Northern Territory of Australia
* Coomalie pin, a common name for the damselfly species, Eurysticta coomalie
# Confederation of Australian Sport

The Confederation of Australian Sport (CAS) is the highest national body for sport in Australia. It was established in 1976 to advance the interests of the Australian sports community and to give the industry a united voice in discussions and negotiations with governments and key stakeholders.
Leading netball player and administrator Eunice Gill was a founding committee member and later vice-president from 1982 to 1985.
The organization was founded by 42 individual sporting organizations. By 1985, the organization had 123 affiliates. These organizations represent 5.8 million Australians.
In November 2009, CAS announced that it was stepping back from its role as an advocate and governing body for the Australian sports industry.
# Hodász

Hodász is a large village in Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg county, in the Northern Great Plain region of eastern Hungary.

## Geography

It covers an area of 26.49 km$^2$ (10 sq mi) and has a population of 3380 people (2015).

## Demographics

As of 2023, the village had a total population of 3234. As of 2022, the town was 93.8% Hungarian, and 21.9% Gypsy. The population was 34.7% Greek Catholic, 25.2% Reformed, and 8% Roman Catholic.
# Cicuiara nitidula

Cicuiara nitidula is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1866. It is known from Brazil.
# Ermont–Eaubonne station

Ermont–Eaubonne is a railway station between Ermont and Eaubonne, in the department of Val-d'Oise, France. It is an interchange station for commuter traffic in the northwestern suburbs of Paris. It is situated on the railway from Paris to Pontoise, and branch lines towards Valmondois, Argenteuil and Saint-Ouen.

## Lines serving this station

* RER Line C
* SNCF Ermont–Eaubonne–Persan Beaumont
* SNCF Gare du Nord (Banlieue)–Persan-Beaumont
* SNCF Gare du Nord (Banlieue)–Pontoise
* SNCF Gare du Nord (Banlieue)–Saint-Leu-la-forêt
* SNCF Gare du Nord (Banlieue)–Valmondois
* SNCF Gare Saint-Lazare (Banlieue)–Ermont–Eaubonne (Terminus)
# Institute for Global Ethics

The Institute for Global Ethics (abbreviated IGE) is a 501(c)(3) nonsectarian, nonpartisan, global research and educational non-profit organization based in Middleton, Wisconsin.

## History

With initial funding provided by the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, the Institute for Global Ethics was founded by Rushworth Kidder in Camden, Maine in 1990. The Institute is dedicated to exploring the idea of shared moral values as well as committed to helping organizations and individuals put those values into practice, finding frameworks that tackle tough issues.

## Mission

To promote ethical behavior in individuals, institutions, and nations through research, public discourse, and practical action.

## Ethical Fitness

Through its research, the Institute has developed a decision making framework currently being used by corporations, schools, governments, and organizations worldwide. This process has been trademarked by the Institute under the name Ethical Fitness. This framework is the main pedagogical thrust of Kidder's book How Good People Make Tough Choices.

## Books

* The Ethics Recession (2009), ISBN 978-0-615-27535-2
* Moral Courage (2005), ISBN 0-06-059154-4
* How Good People Make Tough Choices: Resolving the Dilemmas of Ethical Living (1995), ISBN 0-688-13442-4
* Shared Values for a Troubled World: Conversations With Men and Women of Conscience (1994), ISBN 1-55542-603-4
* Reinventing the Future: Global Goals for the 21st Century (1989), ISBN 0-262-11146-2

## Other publications

The Institute has published an electronic weekly newsletter since February 1998 called Ethics Newsline.
# Greinton (horse)

Greinton (March 5, 1981 – September, 2010) is a British-bred Thoroughbred racehorse who won on grass courses in France and set two track records on dirt at Hollywood Park Racetrack in the United States.

## Background

Greinton was bred by prominent Greek businessman and major horseracing owner/breeder, Stavros Niarchos. He was named for the village of Greinton in Somerset, England. He was trained in France by François Boutin.

## Racing career
### European career

Greinton and made his racing debut on July 10, 1983 at Saint-Cloud Racecourse. Ridden by French-based American jockey Cash Asmussen, Geinton earned his first win then, with Asmussen aboard, made four more starts at age two and three, winning three and finishing second twice.

### North American career

Stavros Niarchos sold Greinton in mid 1984 to American interests led by U.S. Racing Hall of Fame trainer, Charlie Whittingham. Based in California, his victories there included three Grade I races and he set new track records for 1 mile and 1¼ miles at Hollywood Park Racetrack.
With his victory aboard Greinton in the Hollywood Gold Cup on June 23, 1985, jockey Laffit Pincay Jr. became the second jockey in history to earn more than $100 million in career purses. Race caller Trevor Denman said that Greinton's 1986 Santa Anita Handicap victory was one of the most memorable races he has ever called. CalRacing.com – April 21, 2006

## Stud career

Retired to stud in the United States, in 1992 Geinton was purchased by Wolfgang Struebel owner of EPONA stud farm for his breeding operation in Germany. His offspring have met with modest success in racing. Greinton is still the fastest living miler and in 2009 the oldest active stud in Europe.
He died September 2010 at Görlsdorf Stud, Germany, where he stood since 1996.
# Concetto Lo Bello

Concetto Lo Bello (13 May 1924 – 9 September 1991) was an Italian association football international referee. He holds the record for refereeing the most games in Serie A (328).
His career spanned from 1944 to 1974, refereeing his first international match in 1958.
He officiated in 34 international matches, including the West Germany–USSR semi-final in 1966. He had been provisionally chosen to referee the 1970 FIFA World Cup Final, but the Italian team reached the final, so he could not officiate.
Lo Bello also refereed the European Cup finals of 1968 and 1970, as well as the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 2nd leg final in 1966 and the UEFA Europa League second-leg final in 1974.
After retirement, he entered politics, as a member of parliament for the Christian Democrat party. He was Minister of Sport for a spell, and, briefly, was Minister for Drought. In 1986, he was elected mayor of Syracuse, but was only in the job for five months. In 2012, he was posthumously inducted into the Italian Football Hall of Fame.
# Dishman, Washington

Dishman is a locale and former census-designated place (CDP) in Spokane County, Washington, United States. Founded by Addison T. Dishman (II), who operated a nearby rock quarry in 1889, its population was 10,031 at the 2000 census. Dishman has been part of Spokane Valley since 2003.

## Geography

Dishman is located at 47°39′24″N 117°16′40″W﻿ / ﻿47.65667°N 117.27778°W﻿ / 47.65667; -117.27778 (47.656544, -117.277809).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP had a total area of 3.4 square miles (8.8 km$^2$), all of it land.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 10,031 people, 4,151 households, and 2,565 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 2,969.7 per square mile (1,146.6/km$^2$). There were 4,408 housing units at an average density of 1,305.0 per square mile (503.9/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 92.93% White, 0.81% African American, 1.81% Native American, 1.33% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.10% from other races, and 1.99% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.89% of the population.
There were 4,151 households, out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.5% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.2% were non-families. 31.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.96.
In the CDP, the age distribution of the population shows 24.6% under the age of 18, 9.7% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 15.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.0 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $32,512, and the median income for a family was $40,085. Males had a median income of $30,929 versus $23,388 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $16,721. About 10.4% of families and 14.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.2% of those under age 18 and 8.1% of those age 65 or over.
# Dutpınar, Maden

Dutpınar is a village in the Maden District of Elazığ Province in Turkey. Its population is 73 (2021).
# Ghulam Ghaus

Haji Ghulam Ghaus is an Afghan politician who has been appointed as the Acting Deputy Minister of Disaster Management on 21 September 2021.