# Pinnacle Airlines Flight 3701

On October 14, 2004, Pinnacle Airlines Flight 3701 crashed near Jefferson City, Missouri, while flying from Little Rock National Airport to Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport. The two pilots, the only occupants, were killed. Federal investigators determined the crash was due to the pilots' unprofessional behavior and disregard for training and procedures.

## Aircraft and crew

Pinnacle Airlines Flight 3701, operating under the Northwest Airlink banner, was a repositioning flight of an empty 50-seat Bombardier CRJ200 (aircraft registration N8396A). The aircraft was built in 2000. It had accumulated 10,168 hours of flight time and completed 9,613 flight cycles at the time of the crash.
On October 14, 2004, a different Pinnacle Airlines flight crew was scheduled to fly the incident aircraft from Little Rock National Airport to Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport, but this crew received an error message and aborted their takeoff. Pinnacle Airlines dispatched maintenance crews to Little Rock to resolve the problem. The problem was identified and fixed. Because the aircraft was needed in Minneapolis the next morning, Flight 3701 was scheduled overnight as a repositioning flight to move the airplane from Little Rock to Minneapolis.$^{:11}$
The only people aboard Flight 3701 were the two pilots, Captain Jesse Rhodes (31) and First Officer Peter Cesarz (23). Cesarz trained at Gulfstream Academy, and Rhodes trained at Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University, both in Florida. Both pilots flew for Gulfstream International Airlines before being hired at Pinnacle Airlines. Rhodes had logged a total of 6,900 flight hours, including 973 hours on the CRJ-200, and Cesarz had 761 hours, with 222 of them on the CRJ-200.$^{:7–10}$

## Accident

Flight 3701 departed Little Rock at 21:21 Central Daylight Time (CDT). The flight plan from Little Rock to Minneapolis indicated a planned cruising altitude of Flight Level (FL) 330, or about 33,000 feet (10,000 m).$^{:2}$ After departing Little Rock, the airplane pitched up sharply several times during its ascent, briefly reaching a climb rate of 10,000 feet per minute (51 m/s).$^{:2}$
At 21:35, Flight 3701 requested clearance to climb to 41,000 feet (12,497 m), the maximum operating altitude of the Bombardier CRJ series. Clearance was granted by air traffic control (ATC) at 21:36, and the airplane climbed to its new cruising altitude soon thereafter.$^{:2}$ Air traffic control commented about the unusual altitude and the captain replied, "we don't have any passengers on board so we decided to have a little fun and come on up here."$^{:3}$ At 21:54, the pilots began to struggle with control of their airplane. Both engines lost power and the plane's stick shaker warned the pilots of an impending stall. The pilots declared an emergency and descended, temporarily regaining control of their aircraft at 34,000 feet (10,000 m).$^{:4}$
The pilots attempted to restart the engines but could not do so. At 22:09, Flight 3701 asked ATC to direct them to the nearest airport for an emergency landing, and the controller on duty directed them to Jefferson City Memorial Airport in Jefferson City, Missouri. At 22:14, the pilots realized they could not reach the airport and began looking for a road or highway where they could perform a forced landing.$^{:5–6}$
Around 22:14, the captain was heard on the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) stating that the gear should be up to avoid houses. About a minute later, the airplane crashed into the ground outside Jefferson City. Both crew members were killed, but no casualties occurred on the ground.$^{:6}$

## Investigation

The investigation into the accident emphasized the information contained in the flight data recorder (FDR) and the CVR.
Investigators determined that the two pilots were exploring the performance limits of the empty CRJ-200 on the flight. The pilots decided to test the limits of the CRJ and join the "410 club," referring to pilots who pushed CRJs to their maximal approved altitude of flight level 410 (FL410) or 41,000 feet (12,497 m) above sea level.
The accident sequence started when the pilots performed several nonstandard maneuvers at 15,000 feet (4,600 m), including a pitch-up at 2.3 g (23 m/s$^2$) that induced a stall warning. They set the autopilot to climb at 500 feet per minute (150 m/min) to FL410. This exceeded the manufacturer's recommended climb rate at altitudes above FL380. In the attempt to reach FL410, the airplane was pulled up at more than 1.2 g, and the angle of attack became excessive to maintain climb rate in the thinner upper atmosphere. After reaching FL410, the airplane was cruising at 150 knots (170 mph; 280 km/h) indicated airspeed, barely above stall speed, and had over-stressed the engines.
The airplane's antistall devices activated while they were at altitude, but the pilots repeatedly overrode the automatic nose-down that would increase speed to prevent stall. After four overrides, both engines experienced flameout and deactivated. The airplane then stalled, and the pilots recovered from the stall at FL380 or 38,000 feet (11,582 m) while still having no engine thrust. At that altitude, six diversion airports were within reach for a forced landing. This caused the pilots to pitch nose down in an attempt to restart the engines, which requires a dive sharp enough to attain the required 300 knots (350 mph; 560 km/h) airspeed for a windmill restart to make the blades in the turbines windmill at 10% N$_2$ (turbine rotational speed). The captain did not perform the necessary procedure to ensure that the first officer achieved the needed airspeed or greater required for the windmill engine restart procedure and then did not demonstrate command authority by taking control of the airplane and accelerating it to at least that speed.
The crew ended the descent when they had reached 230 knots (260 mph; 430 km/h) indicated airspeed, but neither engine core (N$_2$) ever indicated any rotation during the entire descent. Since they were too high for an auxiliary power unit (APU) start, the ram air turbine (known as an "air-driven generator" on Bombardier products) was deployed to provide electric power for the aircraft, and the crew donned oxygen masks, as the cabin slowly depressurized due to loss of pressurization air from the engines.
The crew glided for several minutes and then tried to restart engines using the APU at 13,000 feet (4,000 m). This was again unsuccessful. They then declared to ATC that they had a single-engine flameout. At this time, they had four diversion airports available to them. They lost considerable altitude while continuing unsuccessfully to attempt to restart both the left engine (two times) and the right engine (two times) for more than 14 minutes using the emergency restart procedure. Despite their four APU-assisted engine restart attempts, the pilots were unable to restart the engines because their cores had locked. Without core rotation, recovery from the double engine failure was not possible. At that time, the pilots finally declared to ATC that they had, in fact, lost both engines.
The NTSB also determined from FDR information that the turbofan jet engine (General Electric CF34-3B1) engine 2 turbine was operating at 300 °C (540 °F) above the maximal redline temperature of 900 °C (1,650 °F) at 41,000 feet (12,497 m). Engine 1 HPT stayed 100 °C (180 °F) below the redline.
On January 9, 2007, the National Transportation Safety Board issued its final report on Flight 3701, which concluded that the probable causes of the accident were:
* The pilots' unprofessional behavior, deviation from standard operating procedures, and poor airmanship.
* The pilots' failure to prepare for an emergency landing in a timely manner, including communicating with air traffic controllers immediately after the emergency about the loss of both engines and the availability of landing sites.
* The pilots' improper management of the double engine failure checklist.

## Aftermath

Thomas Palmer, the former manager of Pinnacle Airlines' training program, said about the crash: "It's beyond belief that a professional air crew would act in that manner." After the accident, the airline restricted CRJ-200 flights to a maximum altitude of FL370. It also changed its training program to include ground school and simulator training in high-altitude operations. In the year after the accident, each Pinnacle pilot was given simulator training up to FL410 and shown what occurred on Flight 3701.
Pinnacle Airlines was renamed Endeavor Air in 2013 after Chapter 11 bankruptcy restructuring.