# Love and Rockets (comics)

Love and Rockets (often abbreviated L&R) is a comic book series by the Hernandez brothers: Gilbert, Jaime, and Mario. It was one of the first comic books in the alternative comics movement of the 1980s.
The Hernandez brothers produce stories in the series independently of each other. Gilbert and Jaime produce the majority of the material, and tend to focus on particular casts of characters and settings. Those of Gilbert usually focus on a cast of characters in the fictional Central American village of Palomar; the stories often feature magic realist elements. The Locas stories of Jaime center on a social group in Los Angeles, particularly the Latina friends and sometime-lovers Maggie and Hopey.

## Publication history

The brothers Gilbert, Jaime, and Mario Hernandez self-published the first issue of Love and Rockets in 1981. In 1982, Fantagraphics Books republished this issue with a color cover. The series was published at magazine size, larger than typical American comic books. Either Gilbert or Jaime, the series' main contributors, would provide the front cover for a given issue, and the other the back; they alternated these duties each issue. The first volume ended with the 50th issue in 1996. The second volume ran for twenty issues from 2001 to 2007 in standard US comic book size.

### New stories

The third series, Love and Rockets: New Stories, which ran for eight issues, began in 2008, published annually in 100-page, graphic novel-sized issues:
* New Stories, volume 1, 112 pages (2008)
* New Stories, volume 2, 104 pages (2009)
* New Stories, volume 3, 104 pages (2010)
* New Stories, volume 4, 104 pages (2011)
* New Stories, volume 5, 96 pages (2012)
* New Stories, volume 6, 100 pages (2013)
* New Stories, volume 7, 100 pages (2015)
* New Stories, volume 8, 100 pages (2016)
In 2012, Jaime Hernandez's individual stories from the first two volumes of New Stories were collected into a single collection, entitled God and Science: Return of the Ti-Girls, which also included about 30 new pages of comics. In 2014, his stories from volumes 3 and 4 were collected into a single collection entitled The Love Bunglers. In 2019, two collections were released: Is This How You See Me? collecting stories from volumes 5, 7 and 8, as well as issues 1-5 of Vol. IV; and Tonta, collecting stories from volumes 5 and 6.

### Volume IV

In 2016, Fantagraphics began releasing Volume IV of Love and Rockets, returning to its original, magazine-sized format. As of February 2025, fifteen issues have been released.

## Overview

The Hernandez brothers self-published the first issue of Love and Rockets in 1981, but since 1982 it has been published by Fantagraphics Books. The brothers sent a copy of their self-published comic to The Comics Journal, an imprint of Fantagraphics, for a review. Gary Groth was so impressed with it that the company offered them a publishing deal. The magazine temporarily ceased publication in 1996 after the release of issue #50, while Gilbert and Jaime went on to do separate series involving many of the same characters. However, in 2001 "Los Bros Hernandez" (as they are often referred to) revived the series as Love and Rockets Volume 2.
Love and Rockets contains several ongoing serial narratives, the most prominent being Gilbert's Palomar stories and Jaime's Hoppers 13 (aka Locas) stories. It also contains one-offs, shorter stories, surrealist jokes, and more.
Palomar tells the story of a fictional village in Latin America and its inhabitants. Its vibrant characters and sometimes-fantastic events are sometimes compared to the magical realism literary style of authors such as Gabriel García Márquez and Jorge Luis Borges. The series is also sometimes referred to as Heartbreak Soup, after the first story set in Palomar.
Hoppers 13 follows the tangled lives of a group of primarily chicano characters, from their teenage years in the early days of the California punk scene to the present day. Hoppers, or Huerta, is a fictional city based on the Hernandezes' home town of Oxnard, California. Two memorable members of Jaime's cast are Margarita "Maggie" Luisa Chascarrillo and Esperanza "Hopey" Leticia Glass, whose on-again, off-again romance is a focus for many Hoppers 13 storylines. The series is also often called Locas (Spanish for "crazy women") because of the many quirky female characters depicted.
The original runs of Palomar and Locas have each been collected in recent one-volume editions by Fantagraphics (see Palomar (graphic novel)), although not all of the stories involving "Locas" and "Palomar" characters are contained in these collections. The original fifty-issue Love and Rockets Volume One has also been reprinted in its entirety in both a fifteen-volume paperback library, and more recently a seven-volume mass-market paperback series by Fantagraphics. In addition, several hardcovers collect edited versions of the series tales.
Many attempts have been made to make L&R into a movie, or series of movies. The movie rights had been held up in litigation for over 15 years. Gilbert Hernandez publicly announced in Toronto, Ontario in May 2013 that a deal had been struck to make a movie out of his "Palomar" story-line and that he was currently writing the script.

## Characters
### Jaime

* Margarita Luisa "Maggie" Chascarrillo: called "Perla" by her family; best friend (and occasional girlfriend) of Hopey; otherwise dates men, most prominently Ray Dominguez. She befriended Hopey in the punk rock scene of their southern Californian hometown and briefly becomes a world-travelling mechanic who goes on science-fiction flavored adventures in the early issues. Maggie and Hopey were ranked #95 on Wizard Magazine's 200 Greatest Comic Book Characters of all time.
* Esperanza Leticia "Hopey" Glass: sharp-tongued, wild and adventurous best friend of Maggie. A lesbian who plays bass in a series of punk bands, often touring and furthering her adventures/story.
* Beatríz "Penny Century" García: bombshell friend to Maggie/Hopey and wife of the ridiculously wealthy H.R. Costigan. She aspires to become a superhero.
* Isabel Maria "Izzy" Ortiz Reubens: Friend/mentor to Maggie and a sister of Speedy. Izzy is a writer who suffers a nervous breakdown after a divorce/abortion, becoming a notorious "witch lady" in Hoppers.
* Daphne "Daffy" Matsumoto: a rich, naive young friend of Maggie and Hopey who is a prominent supporting character in the early comics, but later goes off to college.
* Ray Dominguez: one of Maggie's boyfriends, a painter. Jaime follows his life from Hoppers to LA.
* Doyle Blackburn: Ray's childhood friend, who struggles with a history of violence.
* Rena "La Toña" Titañon and Vicki Glori: championship rivals in the world of women's Mexican wrestling. Rena is Maggie's friend and (through her many adventures) a loved (and hated) Latin American revolutionary icon. Vicki, later a wrestling coach and league official, is Maggie's aunt and her guardian during her Huerta years.
* Danita Lincoln: Maggie's coworker at Vandy's. She dates Ray after Maggie leaves town, also works as a stripper with Doyle's girlfriend Lily.
* H.R. Costigan: horned billionaire who has an open marriage with Penny Century.
* Theresa "Terry" Downe: talented, cold, pretty guitar player who still pines for ex-girlfriend Hopey.
* Rand Race: handsome, world-famous mechanic who hires Maggie and takes her on adventures, oblivious to her crush on him because of his infatuation with former girlfriend Penny Century.
* Eulalio "Speedy" Ortiz: Isabel's brother, a member of the local "Hoppers" gang, shared a mutual crush on Maggie until his untimely death. The character is the inspiration for the rock group Speedy Ortiz.
* Esther Chascarillo: Maggie's younger sister. Maggie calls her "Esther Babies" or "Babies". She has a brief relationship with Speedy.

### Gilbert

* Luba: no-nonsense, hammer-wielding, promiscuous, enormously busty bañadora (bath giver) who rises to mayor of Palomar and has a complex history before coming to town.
* Luba's children: Maricela, Guadalupe, Doralis, Casimira, Socorro, Joselito, Concepción.
* Luba's lovers: Archie, Khamo, Peter, Jose.
* Ofelia: Luba's cousin who helped raise her and her children.
* Heraclio and Carmen: a loving couple who served as central characters for many early Palomar stories.
* Israel, Satch, Vicente, Jesús: Heraclio and Pipo's childhood gang of friends.
* Chelo: sheriff of Palomar, midwife who delivered many of the main characters.
* Pipo, Gato, Sergio: beautiful, vain, successful Pipo; her angry but devoted (ex-)husband Gato, and her son (by Manuel) Sergio, a world-famous soccer star.
* Tonantzín Villaseñor: beautiful, hard-partying girl who sells fried babosos (slugs) and later becomes passionately politically active.
* Manuel and Soledad: friends/lovers/rivals, stars of the first Palomar story "Heartbreak Soup"
* Fritz, Petra, Venus: Fritz and Petra are Luba's long-lost half-sisters who share her voluptuous figure and penchant for adventure. Venus is Petra's precocious, comics-loving daughter.
* María: Luba's mother, who abandoned her when she was a toddler. She emigrated to United States and became mother to Fritz and Petra.
* Errata Stigmata: a somewhat surreal character who develops stigmata as a reaction to severe emotional trauma. Her first appearance was in "Radio Zero" and her origin is told in "Tears from Heaven".

## Landmark stories

This list provides an example of the types of stories that helped Love and Rockets gain critical acclaim.

### Jaime

* Mechanics – the original "Maggie the mechanic" story, in which Maggie travels to Africa with a group of mechanics and becomes caught in the middle of a political revolution. Introduced Jaime's artwork and storytelling style.
* The Death of Speedy – Jaime moves away from the "Maggie the mechanic" stories to permanently settle on adventures in Maggie's personal life. Maggie's longtime crush Speedy dies in his car either by suicide or a rival gang (it's left ambiguous). She also begins dating the understated artist Ray.
* Flies on the Ceiling – the story of Izzy Reubens' nervous breakdown in Mexico, where she moves after an abortion and a divorce.
* Wigwam Bam – Hopey leaves Maggie and her hometown of Hoppers to find adventures, dealing with being too old for her punk rock lifestyle.
* Home School – using Peanuts and Dennis the Menace inspired artwork, Jaime tells the story of toddler Maggie and slightly-older Isabel becoming friends under the shadow of fighting parents.
* The Ghost of Hoppers – grown-up Maggie, now an apartment manager in the San Fernando valley, sees visions of ghosts after a creepy visit from Izzy (from Love and Rockets Vol. 2).
* The Love Bunglers – a middle-aged Maggie comes into her own and comes to terms with Hopey and Ray (from Love and Rockets: New Stories #3–4).

### Gilbert

* Heartbreak Soup – first Palomar story. Tells the story of notorious ladies' man Manuel, and his affair with beautiful 14-year-old Pipo, and its effect on his friendship with repressed misanthrope Soledad.
* An American in Palomar – a self-important American photographer tries to frame Palomar as a downtrodden, poverty-stricken town to further his own career.
* For the Love of Carmen – a one-issue meditation on the marriage of Heraclio and Carmen Calderon, citizens of Palomar.
* Human Diastrophism (also known as Blood of Palomar) – Palomar's residents hunt for a serial killer as Luba finds herself helplessly in love with a young construction worker, and hard-partying Tonantzín becomes politically active. Published in book form under the title Blood of Palomar.
* Poison River – an immensely complex story of Luba's pre-Palomar life. Details a plot involving the Mexican government, the mob, trans women, racist comic books, and Luba's beauty queen mother and indigenous laborer father.
* Love and Rockets X – mostly set outside of Palomar, a young, white garage band named Love and Rockets runs into racism between blacks and whites; as well as clashes between rich and poor through Los Angeles. Set near the time of the 1992 Los Angeles riots.

## Graphic novels and collections
### The Complete Love and Rockets

All published at Fantagraphics: Fantagraphics stopped numbering the series after 24.
* Music for Mechanics by Los Bros Hernandez; collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 1 #1-2; October 1985; 152 pages Preface by Carter Scholz
* Chelo's Burden by Los Bros Hernandez; collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 1 #3-4, Mechanics #1 and original material; June 1986; 144 pages Preface by Gary Groth
* Las Mujeres Perdidas by Los Bros Hernandez (only Gilbert and Jaime); collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 1 #5-11 and original material; August 1987; 160 pages
* Tears from Heaven by Los Bros Hernandez (Gilbert and Jaime; one cover by Mario); collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 1 #5-8, 10-12, Mechanics #1-2, and original material; January 1988; 136 pages
* House of Raging Women, by Los Bros Hernandez (only Gilbert and Jaime from now on); collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 1 #13-16 and original material; September 1988; 136 pages
* Duck Feet by Los Bros Hernandez; collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 1 #6, 9, 17-20, and Anything Goes! #2; September 1988; 136 pages
* The Death of Speedy by Jaime Hernandez; collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 1 #20-27; November 1989; 136 pages
* Blood of Palomar by Gilbert Hernandez; collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 1 #21-26, Anything Goes! #4, The Reticent Heart and Other Stories, and original material; December 1989; 128 pages
* Flies on the Ceiling by Los Bros Hernandez (principally Jaime); collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 1 #21, 27-32; October 1991; 128 pages
* Love and Rockets X by Gilbert Hernandez; collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 1 #31-39; July 1993; 72 pages
* Wigwam Bam by Jaime Hernandez; collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 1 #33-39, 42; March 1994; 136 pages
* Poison River by Gilbert Hernandez; collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 1 #29-40; September 1994; 192 pages
* Chester Square by Jaime Hernandez; collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 1 #40-50; July 1996; 160 pages
* Luba Conquers the World by Gilbert Hernandez; collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 1 #41-48, 50, Ten Years of Love and Rockets and original material; December 1996; 136 pages
* Hernandez Satyricon by Los Bros Hernandez (Mario, Gilbert & Jaime Hernandez); collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 1 #40-43, 45-46, 49-50, Ten Years of Love and Rockets and original material; August 1997; 160 pages
* Whoa Nellie! by Jaime Hernandez; collecting Whoa Nellie! #1-3; June 2000; 80 pages
* Fear of Comics by Gilbert Hernandez; collecting stories from New Love #1-6, Vortex #7, Hate #26, UG!3K & Expozo, Zero Zero #7, and Goody Good Comics #1; October 2000; 120 pages
* Locas in Love by Jaime Hernandez; collecting Maggie and Hopey Color Fun Special #1, and stories from Penny Century #1-4, and Measles #2; October 2000; 120 pages
* Luba in America by Gilbert Hernandez; collecting stories from New Love #1-6, Luba #1-4, Luba's Comics and Stories #1 and original material; January 2001; 168 pages
* Dicks and Deedees by Jaime Hernandez; collecting Penny Century #5-7 and stories from Love and Rockets vol. 2 #4-5; June 2003; 96 pages
* Luba: The Book of Ofelia by Gilbert Hernandez; collecting stories from Luba #3-10, Luba's Comics and Stories #2-5, and Measles #3; December 2005; 256 pages
* Ghost of Hoppers by Jaime Hernandez; collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 2 #1-4 and 6-10; December 2005; 120 pages
* Luba: Three Daughters by Gilbert Hernandez; collecting stories from Luba's Comics and Stories #3-4, 6, 8, Love and Rockets vol. 2 #6, 11-16, Measles #1 and original material; August 2006; 144 pages
* The Education of Hopey Glass by Jaime Hernandez; collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 2 #11-19; April 2008; 128 pages
* High Soft Lisp by Gilbert Hernandez; collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 2 #3-9, 11, 13-15, 17-18, and Luba's Comics and Stories #7; April 2010; 144 pages
* God and Science: Return of the Ti-Girls by Jaime Hernandez; collecting stories from Love and Rockets: New Stories #1-2 and original material; July 2012; 144 pages
* Julio's Day by Gilbert Hernandez; collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 2 #1-14, 17-19; April 2013; 112 pages
* The Children of Palomar by Gilbert Hernandez; collecting New Tales of Old Palomar #1-3; August 2013; 104 pages (part of the Ignatz series)
* The Love Bunglers by Jaime Hernandez; collecting stories from Love and Rockets: New Stories #3-4; April 2014; 100 pages
* Is This How You See Me? by Jaime Hernandez; collecting stories from Love and Rockets: New Stories #7-8 and Love and Rockets vol. 4 #1-5; April 2019; 96 pages
* Tonta by Jaime Hernandez; collecting stories from Love and Rockets: New Stories #5-6; July 2019; 104 pages
* Life Drawing by Jaime Hernandez; collecting stories from Love and Rockets: New Stories #7-8 and Love and Rockets vol. 4 #1-2, 6-15; February 2025; 136 pages
* Lovers and Haters by Gilbert Hernandez; planned release: November 2025

### Fritz B-Movies spin-offs

The following volumes by Gilbert Hernandez, under the collective title Fritz B-Movies, depict the filmography of B movie actress Fritz Martinez, Luba's youngest sister. Some of them have been prepublished in the magazine, but the majority appeared directly in book form.
* Chance in Hell, September 2007, 120 pages
* The Troublemakers, December 2009, 128 pages
* Love from the Shadows, May 2011, 130 pages
* Garden of the Flesh, September 2016, 96 pages
* Maria M. (includes volumes 1 & 2, the first one having been published in November 2013 as a standalone book), October 2019, 232 pages
* Hypnotwist/Scarlet by Starlight, February 2021, 96 pages
* Proof that the Devil loves You, August 2023, 96 pages

### Love and Rockets Library

Volume 1 was re-released in smaller "omnibus" style trade paperbacks. Starting in 2010, volume 2's stories began getting re-releases as well. In 2018, the New Stories began being collected among the "omnibus" paperbacks.
* Maggie the Mechanic by Jaime Hernandez; Locas Book 1, collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 1 #1-11, 13-15, Mechanics #1-2, and Anything Goes!; February 2007; 272 pages
* Heartbreak Soup by Gilbert Hernandez; Palomar Book 1, collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 1 #3-10, 12-20; January 2007; 288 pages
* The Girl from H.O.P.P.E.R.S. by Jaime Hernandez; Locas Book 2, collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 1 #13-32; June 2007; 272 pages
* Human Diastrophism by Gilbert Hernandez; Palomar Book 2, collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 1 #21-26, 41-48, 50, Anything Goes! #4, The Reticent Heart and Other Stories, and Ten Years of Love and Rockets; July 2007; 288 pages
* Perla la Loca by Jaime Hernandez; Locas Book 3, collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 1 #33-50; November 2007; 288 pages
* Beyond Palomar, by Gilbert Hernandez; Palomar Book 3, collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 1 #29-40; October 2007; 256 pages
* Amor Y Cohetes by Jaime, Gilbert & Mario Hernandez; Non-Locas and Palomar comics, collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 1 #1-5, 9, 11-12, 16-17, 19, 21, 27-29, 40-43, 45-46, 59-50, Ten Years of Love and Rockets, and The Village Voice; April 2008; 280 pages
* Penny Century by Jaime Hernandez; Locas Book 4, collecting stories from Whoa, Nellie! #1-3, Maggie and Hopey Color Fun Special #1, Penny Century #1-7, and Love and Rockets vol. 2 #5; April 2010; 240 pages
* Esperanza by Jaime Hernandez; Locas Book 5, collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 2 #1-4, 6-19; August 2011; 248 pages
* Luba and Her Family by Gilbert Hernandez; Luba Book 1, collecting stories from New Love #1-6, Luba's Comics and Stories #1, Luba #1-4, and Measles #1, 6; June 2014; 312 pages
* Ofelia by Gilbert Hernandez; Luba Book 2, collecting stories from Luba's Comics and Stories #2-5, Luba #3-10, and Measles #3; January 2015; 256 pages
* Comics Dementia by Gilbert Hernandez; Non-Locas and Palomar comics; collecting stories from New Love #1-6, Love and Rockets vol. 2 #1-6, 8, 10-11, 14, and 19, Goody Good Comics #1, The Comics Journal Special Edition #1 and 4, Details Magazine #11/1992, UG!3K & Expozo, The Naked Cosmos, Centrifugal Bumble-Puppy #2, Slant Magazine, Weirdo #25, Strip AIDS U.S.A., Vortex #7, Hate #26, Mome #19, Zero Zero #7, and Measles #5; February 2016; 224 pages
* Angels and Magpies by Jaime Hernandez; Locas Book 6, collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 2 #20, and Love and Rockets: New Stories #1-4; December 2017; 260 pages
* Three Sisters by Gilbert Hernandez; Luba Book 3, collecting stories from Luba's Comics and Stories #3-4, 6-8, Love and Rockets vol. 2 #3-9, 11-18, and original material from Luba: Three Daughters; August 2018; 280 pages
* Children of Palomar & Other Stories by Gilbert & Mario Hernandez; Palomar Book 5 and uncollected non-Palomar stories, collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 2 #1-14, 17-19, New Love #6, New Tales of Old Palomar #1-3 and Love and Rockets: New Stories #1; January 2023; 280 pages

### Hardcovers

Edited segments of both the Palomar and the Maggie stories are available in hardcover format.
* Locas: The Maggie and Hopey Stories by Jaime Hernandez; collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 1 #2-11, 13-28, 30-50, Mechanics #1, Anything Goes! #2, and additional material from The Complete Love & Rockets books; October 2004; 712 pages
* Locas II: Maggie, Hopey, and Ray by Jaime Hernandez; collecting Maggie and Hopey Color Fun Special #1, Penny Century #1-7, and stories from Love and Rockets vol. 2 #1-19; August 2009; 432 pages
* Palomar: The Heartbreak Soup Stories by Gilbert Hernandez; collecting stories from Love and Rockets vol. 1 #3-10, 12-26, 41-44, 46, 48, 50, Anything Goes! #4, The Reticent Heart and Other Stories, Ten Years of Love and Rockets, and additional material from The Complete Love & Rockets books; November 2003; 536 pages
* Luba by Gilbert Hernandez; collecting stories from New Love #1-6, Luba's Comics and Stories #1-6, 8, Luba #1-10, Measles #1, 3, stories from Love and Rockets vol. 2 #11-17, 20, and additional material from The Complete Love & Rockets books; April 2009; 608 pages