# Translohr

Translohr is a rubber-tyred tramway system, originally developed by Lohr Industrie of France and now run by a consortium of Alstom Transport and Fonds stratégique d'investissement (FSI) as newTL, which took over from Lohr in 2012. It is used in Paris and Clermont-Ferrand, France; Medellín, Colombia; and Venice-Mestre and Padua in Italy. In June 2012, Alstom Group and the Strategic Investment Fund acquired Translohr for €35 million.

## Description

The Translohr system is more like a tram or light railway than a bus or trolleybus. Unlike other guided bus systems, including the similar but incompatible Guided Light Transit system developed by Bombardier Transportation, Translohr cars must permanently follow guide rails that they cannot divert from, like traditional steel-wheeled rail vehicles.
The guide rail automatically guides the vehicle, with a driver who stops and starts, accelerating and braking when needed. Power is provided by overhead wires and collected with a pantograph in the same way as a tram. The vehicle carries internal battery packs for use on non-electrified sections of the route.
There are two main designs for the vehicles: the bi-directional STE series, and the unidirectional SP Prime series. They consist of three to six articulated sections like a conventional tram, with a length from 25 to 46 metres (82 ft 1⁄4 in to 150 ft 11 in) long and 2.2 metres (7 ft 2+5⁄8 in) wide. Their net weight is 23–44 tonnes (22.6–43.3 long tons; 25.4–48.5 short tons), depending upon the number of car sections.
As Translohr LRVs cannot run without a guide rail they are not classified as buses; those used on the Clermont-Ferrand network do not need to have license plates.
* Translohr installations
* Guidance system. 1- Pavement, 2- Gap (empty space), 3- Guide rail, 4- Resin, 5- Flange, 6- Spring, 7- Railway tire
* Translohr system guide rail X section
* Tires made by Michelin used on translohr vehicles
* Translohr rail crossing
* Translohr switches
* Translohr flexible single rail switch
* Translohr rigid two-rail switch

## Systems

| Country | City | System name | Opening | Length | Number of stops | Number of vehicles | Vehicle type | Notes |
| China | Shanghai | Zhangjiang Tram | 1 July 2009 | 9.8 km (6.1 mi) | 15 | 09 | STE3 | Closed in May 2023 |
| China | Tianjin | TEDA Modern Guided Rail Tram | 6 December 2006 | 7.86 km (4.9 mi) | 14 | 08 | STE3 | Trams in Tianjin (Closed in June 2023) |
| Colombia | Medellín | Ayacucho Tram | 15 October 2015 | 4.3 km (2.7 mi) | 09 | 12 | STE5 | |
| France | Clermont-Ferrand | Clermont-Ferrand tramway | 14 October 2006 | 15.4 km (9.6 mi) | 34 | 25 | STE4 | |
| France | Paris | Île-de-France tramway Line 5 | 29 July 2013 | 6.6 km (4.1 mi) | T5: 16 | 17 | STE3 | Line 5 and 6 of Île-de-France tramway 20.6 km (12.8 mi) |
| France | Paris | Île-de-France tramway Line 6 | 13 December 2014 | 14 km (8.7 mi) | T6: 21 | 28 | STE6 | Line 5 and 6 of Île-de-France tramway 20.6 km (12.8 mi) |
| Italy | Padua | Trams in Padua | 24 March 2007 | 10.3 km (6.4 mi) | 25 | 20 | STE3 | |
| Italy | Venice | Trams in Mestre | 19 December 2010 | 18.9 km (11.7 mi) | T1: 23 T2: 14 | 20 | STE4 | |

## Criticism

The 14 km (8.7 mi) Châtillon–Viroflay Line in Paris cost €27.4m per km, including infrastructure, improvements of the right-of-way, and the purchase of 28 STE6 vehicles. In addition, due to the tyres constantly running over the same area of road, there is significant erosion of the roadway; this has already happened with the Bombardier Guided Light Transit system, resulting in extensive repairs at significant cost to the operator. This adds to already high running costs. Providing roll ways, as used by rubber-tyred metros, embedded in the road surface might have been useful. Ride quality is also said to be poor, little better than a bus, due to the four-wheeled design, whereas trams have trucks (bogies) with shock absorbers or springs.
The Tianjin system suffered a derailment on 20 August 2007, three months after its inauguration. There were five derailments on Padua's new installation in 2007 before its inauguration, and one on 22 April 2010 due to a misaligned switch.
Where snowfall is an issue this system may not be practical: since the guide rail forms the return leg of the electrical circuit, accumulation of ice and snow on the rail could cause intermittent power interruptions to the vehicle. Also, as the guide wheels support almost no weight, snow packed into the flangeways or atop the rail by road traffic may cause the wheels to lose grip and become slippery. Since the guide wheels each grip the guide rail at a 45-degree angle and thus are at 90-degree angle to each other, the risk of the guide wheels being lifted completely off the rails is minimal.
Critics of the system also point out that Translohr is a proprietary system subject to vendor lock-in, requiring purchase of any further vehicles from Lohr Industrie. This may no longer be a problem after the patents expire if other manufacturers produce compatible vehicles.
Several lines under construction or already built were eventually abandoned or shut down due to planning changes and operational difficulties. For example, L'Aquila, which started demolition work in 2013; Latina, which purchased new vehicles in 2016 but did not put them into operation because the infrastructure was not completed; Shanghai Zhangjiang Tram, which was demolished shortly after it stopped running on 1 June 2023; and TEDA Modern Guided Rail Tram which shut down on 1 June 2023, and was to be demolished.