OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Peritrope

Peritrope (Greek: περιτροπή) is Socrates' argument against Protagoras' view of subjective truth, as presented in Plato's book known as Theaetetus (169–171e). This formed part of the former's eighth objection, the "table-turning" argument that maintained Protagoras' doctrine was self-refuting. Peritrope – as the basic objection – has also been used by Greek philosophical commentators as well as modern philosophers.

## Overview

The term itself came from an ancient Greek word that means "a turning back on one" and likened to the image of a snake devouring its own tail. Socrates' peritrope described Protagoras' view as a theory that no longer requires criticism because it already devours itself. Sextus Empiricus is thought to have given the name in a comment on Protagoras' view in Against the Logicians written around 200 CE. The name has been in continuous use ever since, as Socrates' argument provides the foundation for classical propositional logic and hence much of traditional western philosophy (or analytic philosophy). For instance, Sextus noted that Protagoras' famous doctrine that man is the measure of all things is self-refuting because "one of the things that appears (is judged) to be the case is that not every appearance is true". This assumption was later refuted due to a mistake on the part of Sextus' interpretation that the Protagorean measure doctrine boiled down to a subjectivist thesis that whatever appearance whatsoever is true.
Well-known attestations of peritrope also include Avicenna and Thomas Aquinas, and in modern times Roger Scruton, Myles Burnyeat, and many others. The word is occasionally used to describe argument forms similar in nature to that of Socrates' overturning of Protagoras. Modern philosophers overturning Protagoras' subjective truth include Edmund Husserl and John Anderson.
For many centuries the peritrope was used primarily as a tool for refuting versions of skepticism that propose that truth is unknowable, which can be challenged by responding with the peritrope — the question, Well, then, how do you know that to be true? This kind of skepticism and similar views are considered to be "self-refuting." In other words, a philosopher has retained what he has disavowed in and by the disavowal itself. In general, versions of the peritrope can be used to challenge many kinds of assertion that universality is impossible.
In What Plato Said, Paul Shorey notes: "The first argument advanced by Socrates is the so-called peritrope, to use the later technical term, that the opinion of Protagoras destroys itself, for, if truth is what each man troweth, and the majority of mankind in fact repudiates Protagoras' definition of truth, it is on Protagoras' own pragmatic showing more often false than true".
In Modern Philosophy: An Introduction and Survey (1996), Roger Scruton formulates the argument as such: "A writer who says that there are no truths, or that all truth is 'merely subjective,' is asking you not to believe him. So don't."
# Madhav Mantri

Madhavi Krishnaji Mantri pronunciation (1 September 1921 – 23 May 2014) was an Indian cricketer who played in four Test matches between 1951 and 1955. Born in Nasik, Maharashtra, he was a right-handed opening batsman and specialist wicket-keeper who represented Mumbai. He captained Mumbai to victory in three Ranji Trophy finals: 1951–52, 1955–56 and 1956–57. He captained Associated Cement Company to victory in the Moin-ud-Dowlah Gold Cup Tournament in 1962–63.
Mantri played his first Test against England in India in 1951–52 and toured England with the Indian team in 1952 (playing two Tests), and Pakistan in 1954–55 (one Test). His highest score was 200 for Mumbai in their victory over Maharashtra in a semi-final of the Ranji Trophy in 1948–49. It was the highest of nine centuries in a match in which 2376 runs were scored, which is still a record in first-class cricket.
He was among the four victims (others being Pankaj Roy, Dattajirao Gaekwad and Vijay Manjrekar) in India's miserable 0–4 start in the second innings of the Headingley Test of 1952 with Fred Trueman playing havoc.
Mantri was the uncle of former Indian cricket captain Sunil Gavaskar and former India batsman Gundappa Viswanath .Until his death, he lived in Hindu Colony, Dadar, Mumbai, and was the oldest living Indian Test cricketer. He suffered a heart attack on 1 May 2014 and was hospitalized at a private clinic. He died following another heart attack on 23 May 2014.
# St. Charles Borromeo Church, Antwerp

St. Charles Borromeo Church (Dutch: Sint-Carolus Borromeuskerk) is a Roman Catholic church in central Antwerp, Belgium, located on the Hendrik Conscienceplein. It was built in 1615–1621 as the Jesuit church of Antwerp, which was closed in 1773. It was rededicated in 1779 to Saint Charles Borromeo. The church was formerly known for 39 ceiling pieces by Peter Paul Rubens that were lost in a fire when lightning struck the church on 18 July 1718.

## History

The church was inspired by the Church of the Gesu, the mother church of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order also known as the Jesuits. The church was built next to the Huis van Aecken, bought from the heirs of Erasmus II Schetz. It was the first church in the world to be dedicated to the Jesuit founder, Ignatius Loyola.
In 1617–18, Peter Paul Rubens painted two altarpieces. He was also commissioned to paint the ceiling pieces, for which he made the designs while the execution was done mostly by pupils, including Anthony van Dyck. A contract was drawn up in 1620 by Jacobus Tirinus and the paintings were delivered a year later in time for the consecration. Rubens received 7,000 guilders for his works in the church, and though the lavish decorations including sculptures and other artwork were well received, Tirinus was dismissed in 1625 for going beyond his budget.
In 1718, the vault of the nave, including Rubens' ceiling paintings, was destroyed by fire. Jan Pieter van Baurscheidt the Elder restored the damaged parts according to the original plan, but replaced the original coffers with wide transverse arches. In 1773, the Society of Jesus was suppressed and the building was confiscated. It reopened in 1779, renamed St. Charles Borromeo Church, after Charles Borromeo.
Since 1803, St. Charles Borromeo Church has been in use as a parish church. During the Dutch rule preceding Belgium's independence in 1830, the Baroque interior was sobered to make it a Protestant church.
A restoration campaign in the 1980s brought back the churche's Baroque splendor. Besides works by Rubens, the interior displays paintings by Gerard Seghers, Daniel Seghers, and Cornelis Schut.
On 30 August 2009, a fire broke out again, but none of the important artworks were damaged.

## Gallery

* Painting of the interior by Sebastiaen Vrancx, c. 1630
* Painting of the interior by Hieronymus Janssens and Wilhelm Schubert van Ehrenberg, c. 1660
* Painting of the façade by Anton Gunther Ghering, c. 1665
* Interior of the church showing the state before the fire by Jacob Balthasar Peeters, 1721
* Interior of the church showing the state before the fire by Jacob Balthasar Peeters, 1721
* Church interior as it appeared in 2023
* Church altar, including altarpiece by Rubens
* The church's pulpit, carved by Jan Pieter Van Baurscheit the Elder after the 1718 fire
* Wooden carvings of four angels on the left side of the main hall
* Scenes from the life of St. Francis Xavier
# Thomas Higgins (RAF officer)

Air Commodore Thomas Charles Reginald Higgins, CB, CMG, DL (21 July 1880 – 22 September 1953) was an early British aviator and senior Royal Flying Corps commander during the First World War. He was one of the small number of Royal Flying Corps generals in latter stages of the War.

## Career

Higgins initially served in the Royal Navy, but on 14 March 1900 he joined the British Army and commissioned as a second lieutenant in The King's Own (Royal Lancaster Regiment). He saw active service in the Transvaal, Natal and on the Zululand Frontier during the Second Boer War, and was promoted to lieutenant on 25 July 1900. From 1904 to 1909 Higgins was seconded to overseas service as part of the West African Frontier Force. After his return to Great Britain, Higgins learnt to fly in 1911, gaining Royal Aero Club Certificate No. 88.
After flying duties in the Royal Flying Corps in 1915, Higgins was appointed to increasing senior posts, commanding No. 39 Squadron, the Home Defence Wing and from September 1917 the Home Defence Brigade.
Remaining in the Royal Air Force after the First World War, Higgins served as Director of Training at the Air Ministry, Chief Staff Officer in Iraq and Air Officer Commanding No. 10 Group before retiring towards the end of 1929.
# Etheria: Ang Ikalimang Kaharian ng Encantadia

Etheria: Ang Ikalimang Kaharian ng Encantadia (trans. / international title: Etheria: The Fifth Kingdom of Encantadia) is a Philippine television drama fantasy series broadcast by GMA Network. The series is the second installment of the Encantadia franchise. Directed by Mark A. Reyes and Gil Tejada Jr., it stars Sunshine Dizon, Iza Calzado, Karylle, Diana Zubiri and Dingdong Dantes. It premiered on December 12, 2005 on the network's Telebabad line up. The series concluded on February 17, 2006 with a total of 50 episodes.
The series is streaming online on YouTube. A sequel, Encantadia: Pag-ibig Hanggang Wakas aired in 2006.

## Premise

After peace was restored in Encantadia, the past sneaks up on the sisters. With the lives of their loved ones at stake, they must go back in time to stop a tribe in their plan to destroy the present. In their journey, questions would be answered and the sisters must destroy the past to save the present.

## Cast and characters
### Lead cast

* Sunshine Dizon as Pirena
* Iza Calzado as Amihan
* Karylle as Alena
* Diana Zubiri as Danaya
* Dingdong Dantes as Ybrahim / Ybarro / Alexus

### Supporting cast

* Alessandra De Rossi as Andora
* Francine Prieto as Avria
* Jopay as Juvila
* Nadine Samonte as younger Mine-a
* Pauleen Luna as Odessa
* Dennis Trillo as younger Raquim
* Benjie Paras as Wahid
* Alfred Vargas as Amarro / Aquil
* Cindy Kurleto as Cassiopeia
* Margaret Wilson as Aera
* Ryan Eigenmann as Marvus
* Sid Lucero as younger Asval
* Aiza Marquez as younger Gurna
* Justin Cuyugan as Arkrey
* Paolo Paraiso as Animus
* Michael Roy Jornales as Apek
* Rainier Castillo as Nakba
* Mike "Pekto" Nacua as Banak
* Empress Schuck as younger Cassiopea
* Ella Guevara as Cassandra
* BJ Forbes as younger Aquil
* Arthur Solinap as Muros
* Ping Medina as younger Hagorn
* Tirso Cruz III as Barkus
* Tonton Gutierrez as Memen
* Raymond Bagatsing as Emre
* Gary Estrada as Meno
* Glydel Mercado as Ornia
* Angel Aquino as Ether
* Daniel Fernando as Cilatus
* Chinggoy Alonzo as Evades
* Nonie Buencamino as Bartimus
* Rachel Lobangco as As'nan
* Michael Flores as Arvark
* Maricel Morales as Ora
* Simon Ibarra as Arde
* Jason Zamora as angel of light
* Rich Vergara as angel of dark
* Noel Urbano as the voice of Imaw / Aegen
* Andrei Felix as Enuo
* Frank Garcia as Xenos
* KC Montero as Eldrin
* Neil Ryan Sese as Viktu
# 1991 OFC U-17 Championship

The 1991 OFC U-17 Championship was the 4th edition of the OFC's under-17 Championship. It was held in Napier, New Zealand. The tournament was played as a single group, with all teams playing each other twice.
The winning team qualified for the 1991 FIFA U-17 World Championship
Australia won their fourth title from four attempts, finishing the tournament undefeated.

## Teams

The tournament was contested by three teams.
* Australia
* Fiji
* New Zealand

## Standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| 1 | Australia | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 15 | 4 | +11 | 7 | Qualification for 1991 FIFA U-17 World Championship |
| 2 | New Zealand (H) | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 3 | +6 | 5 | |
| 3 | Fiji | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 | 21 | −17 | 0 | |

## Top scorers
### 4 goals
### 3 goals

Lorenzo Campagna
# Heritage Park (San Diego)

Heritage County Park is a county park in San Diego County, California, located near Old Town San Diego State Historic Park and measuring almost eight acres. It was developed to preserve examples of San Diego's historic Victorian architecture including Italianate, Stick-Eastlake, Queen Anne and Classic Revival styles. The properties were all relocated from their original locations with the help of San Diego County and Save Our Heritage Organisation.

## Victorian homes in the park

* Senlis Cottage - Built in 1896, this 19th-century vernacular-style cottage was built for Eugene Senlis, an employee of San Diego horticulturist Kate Sessions. It is a historic house museum of a late 19th-century working class cottage, and is open daily for viewing.
* Sherman-Gilbert House - John Sherman, cousin of General William Tecumseh Sherman, hired architects Nelson Comstock and Carl Trotsche to build this Stick-Eastlake–style home in 1887. Many internationally famous entertainers were brought to receptions in this house; Anna Pavlova danced in the music room and Artur Rubinstein played piano here. The Sherman-Gilbert House was also the first house Save Our Heritage Organisation restored and relocated to Heritage Park.
* Bushyhead House- Edward Wilkerson Bushyhead, an early San Diego sheriff, chief of police and San Diego Union newspaper owner, built this Italianate residence in 1887.
* Christian House - This Queen Anne–style house was built in 1889 by Harfield Christian, founder of an early San Diego abstract company.
* McConaughy House - This Stick-Eastlake was constructed in 1887. The original owner founded the first scheduled passenger and freight service in San Diego.
* Burton House - A classic revival home built in 1893.

## Historic synagogue

* Temple Beth Israel - The first sanctuary of the Congregation Beth Israel, Temple Beth Israel was completed in 1889 at 2nd and Beech Streets in downtown San Diego. This classic revival building was used by many religious sects before it was relocated to Heritage Park. It also contains two reed/pump organs in its choir loft, which are playable; an Estey and a Western Cottage. It is open for viewing.
# Boxford Roman mosaic

Boxford Roman mosaic is a mosaic at Boxford, West Berkshire, England, discovered during an archaeological dig in August 2017. It dates from the Roman period. The 4th century (AD) mosaic is over 6 metres (20 ft) long. Its central panel is thought to show Bellerophon, at the court of either Iobates or Proteus, battling Chimera.
Anthony Beeson, an expert on Roman mosaics, said it is "without question the most exciting mosaic discovery made in Britain in the last 50 years and must take a premier place amongst those Romano-British works of art that have come down to modern Britons."

## Discovery

The mosaic was revealed during a community archaeology project in 2017. From 2011, the project investigated three Roman sites near the village of Boxford, which was led by the Boxford History Project with the Berkshire Archaeology Research Group, and with the help of many local enthusiastic volunteers and the expertise of Senior Project Officer, Matt Nichol, who from 2013 was seconded to manage fieldwork, record the findings, and help train the volunteers on behalf of Cotswold Archaeology. In 2017, a villa "of modest size" was unearthed at Boxford. The mosaic was found at the eastern end of the building. Only one half of the mosaic was uncovered. It was subsequently reburied, to ensure its preservation. In 2019, the mosaic was fully uncovered, meticulously recorded, and carefully backfilled upon completion.

## Subject of the mosaic

Some of the most famous heroes from Greek mythology are brought to life in the stunning artwork. Hercules slays the half-man, half-horse Centaur. Pelops wins the hand of a king's daughter by sabotaging his racing chariot. The handsome Bellerophon kills the fire-breathing Chimaera monster with the help of his flying horse, Pegasus and a lance tipped with lead. This legend spread down the centuries into the folklore of many countries; in Britain, it became Saint George and the Dragon.
# Oregoniplana opisthopora

Oregoniplana opisthopora is a species of planarian in the family Cercyridae. Its type locality is Oregon.

## Description

Oregoniplana opisthopora is approximately 2 mm (0.079 in) in length and has a brownish-grey coloration. It lacks auricles, but possesses two eyes. Spots indicate the locations of its gonads, pharynx and copulatory bulb. Unicellular papillae are present along its body margin.
# 2025 in Massachusetts

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
The following is a list of events of the year 2025 in Massachusetts.

## Incumbents
### State government

* Governor: Maura Healey (D)

## Events

* February 12–20 – 2025 4 Nations Face-Off

### Scheduled

* March 24 – South Coast Rail is expected to open
* November 4 – 2025 Boston mayoral election
# Parachalciope inornata

Parachalciope inornata is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by William Jacob Holland in 1894. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana and Gabon.
# Herreshoff Marine Museum

41°39′49.4″N 71°16′22.6″W﻿ / ﻿41.663722°N 71.272944°W﻿ / 41.663722; -71.272944
The Herreshoff Marine Museumis a maritime museum in Bristol, Rhode Island dedicated to the history of the Herreshoff Manufacturing Company, yachting, and America's Cup. The Herreshoff Manufacturing Company (1878–1945) was most notable for producing sailing yachts, including eight America's Cup defenders, and steam-powered vessels.
The museum, situated near Narragansett Bay on the grounds where the manufacturing company once stood, has a collection of over sixty boats including Nathanael Greene Herreshoff's Clara, built in 1887, Harold Vanderbilt's Trivia, and the 1992 IACC yacht, Defiant. The Nathanael Greene Herreshoff Model Room contains over 500 yacht and steam yacht models and the Rebecca Chase Herreshoff Library holds a collection of books and manuscripts related to the company, the Herreshoff family, and yachting. The museum also hosts symposia related to yacht design and operates a sailing school.

## History

The museum was founded in 1971 by A. Sidney DeWolf Herreshoff and Rebecca Chase Herreshoff to preserve the accomplishments of the Herreshoff Manufacturing Company. In 1992, founded by Halsey Chase Herreshoff and Edward duMoulin, the museum launched the America's Cup Hall of Fame to honor outstanding individuals of the America's Cup yacht race.

## Works

Among other works, the company built Doris (Sailing yacht), which is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
# Shmuel Merlin

Shmuel Merlin (Hebrew: שמואל מרלין; 1910 – 4 October 1994) was a Revisionist Zionist activist, Irgun member and Israeli politician.

## Biography

Merlin was born in Kishinev in the Russian Empire (now Moldova), where he attended high school and joined the Betar movement. From 1933 to 1938 he was Chief Secretary of the Executive of the World Union of Revisionist Zionists. In 1938 he became editor of the Yiddish language Irgun publication in Warsaw, Di Tat. He was interviewed extensively in the feature documentary film "Who Shall Live and Who Shall Die?" (1982).
At the break of World War II he made his way to Paris, where he studied social sciences and history at the University of Paris, and from there to the United States, where he was active in creating committees of support for the Irgun and edited the English language weekly Answer for the “Hebrew Committee for the Liberation of the Nation”. He also served as an emissary for the organization in Europe in 1948.
In 1948 he immigrated to Israel on board the Altalena. He was one of the founders of the Herut Movement, its General Secretary and chief editor of the Herut newspaper. He was elected to the first Knesset for Herut and was a member of the Internal Affairs Committee. Later, he became a University lecturer in the United States on Middle East issues. He died in 1994.
# Biagio Rossetti

Biagio Rossetti (c. 1447 – 1516) was an Italian architect and urbanist from Ferrara. A military engineer since 1483, and the ducal architect of Ercole I d'Este, in 1492 Rossetti was assigned the project of enlarging the city of Ferrara.
Rossetti is considered the first architect in the history of urbanistics to make use of the advantages of the modern methods: balancing the humanistic principles in architecture, the real needs of the city, and local traditions. Beginning in 1492, he projected and directed construction of the defense walls around the city. The Diamond Palace is perhaps the most famous of his buildings.
After Ercole's death in 1505, Rossetti served the Cardinal Ippolito d'Este, in which role he was responsible for the creation of many notable palazzi and churches. Among the latter, he helped design Santa Maria in Vado.

## Sources

* Marcianò, Ada Francesca (1991). L'età di Biagio Rossetti. Rinascimenti di casa d'Este. Ferrara-Rome.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Zevi, Bruno (1960). Biagio Rossetti architetto ferrarese. Il primo urbanista moderno europeo. Turin.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* This Italian history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Historic Rossetter House Museum

The Historic Rossetter House Museum is located at 1320 Highland Avenue, Melbourne, Florida in the historic section of Eau Gallie. The museum consists of the James Wadsworth Rossetter House and Gardens (1908), the William P. Roesch House (1901), and the Houston Family Memorial Cemetery (1865). The museum is owned by The Rossetter House Foundation, Inc. and managed by the Florida Historical Society. The museum includes antiques and exhibits that explore local history.
# MS Havila Capella

MS «Havila Capella» is a ship that operates the coastal route Bergen–Kirkenes on the basis of a contract between the shipping company Havila Kystruten and the Ministry of Transport. The ship was built at the Tersan shipyard in Turkey, and was delivered in November 2021. It is 124,1 meters long and 22 meters wide, and has a capacity of 640 passengers. The maiden voyage was on 12th of December 2021.
In 2022, it was awarded the "Next Generation Ship Award" during the business fair Nor-Shipping.
In 2023, the ship has one sister ship, MS «Havila Castor».
# Felipe Segundo Guzmán

Felipe Segundo Guzmán (17 January 1879 – 16 June 1932) was a Bolivian politician who served as the 30th president of Bolivia on an interim basis from 1925 to 1926.
Guzmán was born in La Paz, Bolivia. A university professor and scholar, he championed the teaching of Spanish to native Bolivians, and called for a further incorporation into national life of the great mass of "Indians" which comprised the country's majority. He later served as Deputy and Senator in representation of the Republican Party of Bautista Saavedra.
When President Saavedra (1921–25) attempted to prolong his term in office alleging "grave irregularities" in the elections of 1925 (which he annulled), a massive outcry prompted him to leave office. He did so only with the understanding that Congress (controlled by his party) would proclaim as temporary president someone who would do his bidding. Congress, in turn, chose the head of the Senate, Guzmán, who was sworn in on September 3, 1925, and given the task of calling fresh elections within a year. This done, and with the triumph at the polls of the government endorsed candidate Hernando Siles, Guzmán left office in August 1926 and returned to relative obscurity.
Felipe Segundo Guzmán died in la Paz in June 1932, at the age of 53.