# Putāruru

Putāruru is a small town in the South Waikato District and the Waikato region of New Zealand's North Island. It lies on the western side of the Mamaku Ranges and in the upper basin of the Waihou River. It is on the Oraka Stream 65 kilometres south-east of Hamilton. State Highway 1 and the Kinleith Branch railway run through the town.

## Name

The town gets its name from a historic event which occurred nearby. Korekore a granddaughter of Raukawa, the founder of the Ngāti Raukawa iwi, was murdered by her husband Parahore. Her servant Ruru witnessed her murder and escaped into the forest where he hid and waited for Parahore and his men to give up their pursuit of him. The place where he exited the forest was named "Te Puta a Ruru" or "the exit of Ruru". This was eventually shorted to Putāruru.

## History and culture
### Pre-colonial history

There were several Māori settlements in the Putāruru district in pre-colonial times. Ngāti Raukawa is the main tribe or iwi in the area and Ngāti Mahana is the hapū (subtribe) within Putāruru. During Te Rauparaha's migration to the Cook Strait area in the 1820s, many Ngāti Raukawa people moved from these settlements to Rangitikei and Manawatu localities, and others followed after the Siege of Ōrākau in 1864. Te Kooti and his followers were pursued through the district early in 1870 by a force under Lt-Col. Thomas McDonnell.

### European settlement

The Patetere Block, containing the future town site of Putāruru, was acquired from the Māori in the 1860s. In the early 1880s large areas in the Putāruru district came into the possession of the Patetere Land Company, and from 1883 much of this land passed into the hands of the Thames Valley Land Company. Roadmaking commenced in the late 1880s, but the railway, begun by the Thames Valley and Rotorua Railway Co., was the most important factor in the progress of settlement in the area.
The first settler in the district bought his section in 1892.
In the 1880s Putāruru consisted of little more than a hotel and a blacksmith shop.
Exotic afforestation was begun in the district some time after 1910 by a land and timber company with an outlet to the Hamilton-Rotorua railway near Pinedale. Commercial tree planting with Pinus radiata took place between 1924 and 1928 on the Pinedale Block. Milling began in 1940–41 and by 1951 the area had been cut out and replanted. Larger areas further south were planted in 1924 for future milling and to provide the raw material for pulp and paper manufacture. The town of Putāruru was surveyed in 1905 and on 18 December an area of 50,987 acres (206 km$^2$), which had been acquired from the Thames Valley Land Co. by the Crown and included town allotments in Putāruru and Lichfield, was opened by ballot.
The history of the local timber industry is preserved in the New Zealand Timber Museum.
Much of the land in the Putāruru district suffered from a cobalt deficiency, which made farming practically impossible, but since 1935 measures have been taken to restore fertility, and farming has expanded. Putāruru was created a town district in 1926, and on 1 July 1947 it was constituted a borough.

### Marae

The Putāruru area has two marae, affiliated with the hapū of Ngāti Raukawa:
* Mangakāretu Marae and Ngā Hau e Maha meeting house are affiliated with Ngāti Ahuru
* Whakaaratamaiti Marae and Korōria meeting house are affiliated with Ngāti Ahuru and Ngāti Mahana
In October 2020, the Government committed $1,259,392 from the Provincial Growth Fund to upgrade Mangakāretu Marae, Whakaaratamaiti Marae and 6 other Ngāti Raukawa marae, creating 18 jobs.

#### Bent St. Skate Park

One of Putaruru’s most prominent features is it historical skate-bowl park. It was built in the 1980s, as one of the first skate parks in the country, and was recently chosen for a major refurbishment project. This community-led project is set to receive $550,000 from the South Waikato District Council in order to facilitate its upgrade. Intended upgrades include additional skating features, court area, and seating area.

## Demographics

Putāruru covers 6.81 km$^2$ (2.63 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 4,670 as of June 2024, with a population density of 686 people per km$^2$.
Putāraru had a population of 4,314 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 369 people (9.4%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 384 people (9.8%) since the 2006 census. There were 1,626 households, comprising 2,088 males and 2,229 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.94 males per female. The median age was 44.0 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 888 people (20.6%) aged under 15 years, 684 (15.9%) aged 15 to 29, 1,740 (40.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,005 (23.3%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 73.8% European/Pākehā, 34.8% Māori, 3.3% Pacific peoples, 4.6% Asian, and 1.4% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 13.0, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 48.5% had no religion, 36.2% were Christian, 3.6% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.7% were Hindu, 0.5% were Muslim, 0.6% were Buddhist and 1.5% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 297 (8.7%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,041 (30.4%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $23,600, compared with $31,800 nationally. 309 people (9.0%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,371 (40.0%) people were employed full-time, 450 (13.1%) were part-time, and 201 (5.9%) were unemployed.

### Rural surrounds

Putāruru Rural statistical area, which includes Arapuni, Waotu and Lichfield, covers 555.80 km$^2$ (214.60 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 2,630 as of June 2024, with a population density of 4.7 people per km$^2$.
Putāruru Rural had a population of 2,373 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 150 people (6.7%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 135 people (6.0%) since the 2006 census. There were 840 households, comprising 1,173 males and 1,200 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.98 males per female. The median age was 35.7 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 552 people (23.3%) aged under 15 years, 456 (19.2%) aged 15 to 29, 1,092 (46.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 273 (11.5%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 87.6% European/Pākehā, 18.7% Māori, 2.1% Pacific peoples, 2.7% Asian, and 3.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 13.5, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 53.0% had no religion, 35.4% were Christian, 0.6% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.4% were Hindu, 0.3% were Buddhist and 1.3% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 243 (13.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 378 (20.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $38,300, compared with $31,800 nationally. 312 people (17.1%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 984 (54.0%) people were employed full-time, 333 (18.3%) were part-time, and 45 (2.5%) were unemployed.

## Economy

Putāruru's economy is based on farming, forestry and timber production.
The nearby Blue Spring is the current source of about 70% of New Zealand's bottled water. Much of the town's water comes from the spring, which is on the Waihou River to the north east.

## Railways
### New Zealand Railways Rotorua Branch

Construction of the Rotorua Branch line was started by the New Zealand Thames Valley Land Company (NZTVLC). The line reached Oxford (Tīrau) on 8 March 1886 and Putāruru and Lichfield, 8.22 km (5.11 mi) further south-east, on Monday 21 June 1886.
The New Zealand Railways Department (NZR) took over the line on 1 April 1886.
The 11.8 km (7.3 mi) Putāruru-Ngātira section of the line to Rotorua was built by contractor Daniel Fallon, and work was underway by April 1887.
The branch opened on 8 December 1894. Putāruru was then served by the Rotorua Express.

### Taupo Totara Timber Company Railway

In the early 1900s the Taupo Totara Timber Company (TTT) acquired bush blocks north and north-west of Lake Taupō and erected a sawmill at Mokai. The company built a 51 miles (82 km) railway between Mokai and Putāruru, where it connected with the NZ Government Railway. The TTT railway opened in 1905 as a private carrier, carrying TTT staff and their families, guests,
freight, and mail between Putāruru and Mokai.
From January 29, 1908, the TTT Railway opened its freight and passenger services to the public.

### New Zealand Railways Kinleith Branch

The NZ Government purchased a 19 miles (31 km) section of the TTT Railway, from Putāruru to the "19-Mile Peg", near the present-day location of the Kinleith Paper Mill south of Tokoroa. From Tuesday, 10 June 1947, the NZ Government took over the operation of this part of the TTT line.
This section of railway was reconstructed under a NZ Government scheme for development of the Waikato River basin and surrounding areas. The project was completed on 6 October 1952.

### Putāruru Railway Station

Putāruru railway station was near the junction of Arapuni and Princes Streets, 0.61 km (0.38 mi) north of the junction of the Kinleith Branch with the former Rotorua Branch.
In August 1886 the station had a 14 ft (4.3 m) by 8 ft (2.4 m) shelter shed, three cottages, a 30 ft (9.1 m) by 40 ft (12 m) goods shed and an incomplete station master's house.
Putāruru was still a flag station in 1890, when the daily train took about 3 hours to cover the 88.03 km (54.70 mi) between Putāruru and Frankton (Hamilton).
About the time of the Rotorua Branch's completion, the station was rebuilt and extended to about 64 ft (20 m) long. It had a refreshment room and a bookstall and, from 1907, the railway yard had a 50 ft (15 m) turntable and handled much livestock, as well as timber. The refreshment room, run by the hotel until 1919, burnt down in 1925 and was replaced by a room to the south of the main building, which closed in 1968.
Putāruru railway station closed to passengers on 12 November 1968 and freight on 10 December 2002, though it was served by the Geyserland Express from 1991 to 2001. The station was demolished during March and April 2013. Only a signals equipment shelter and a passing loop now remain on the station site.
| | Former adjoining stations | Former adjoining stations | Former adjoining stations | |
| Terminus at Putāruru | | Rotorua Branch | | Pinedale Line closed, station closed 3.95 km (2.45 mi) |
| Taumangi Line open, station closed 3.7 km (2.3 mi) | | Kinleith Branch | | Lichfield Line open, station closed 7.83 km (4.87 mi) |

### Taumangi railway station

Taumangi (or Taumanga) was a flag station 3.7 km (2.3 mi) north of Putāruru and 5.79 km (3.60 mi) south of Tīrau. It was just south of Taumangi Road. In 1923 Taumangi Road was diverted north, when a bridge replaced the former level crossing.
Taumangi opened on the same day as Putāruru, 8 March 1886. By August 1886 there was a 14 ft (4.3 m) by 8 ft (2.4 m) shelter shed and two cottages and by 1896 there was also a platform and cart approach. In 1925 it was noted that inwards traffic was of timber, shingle, gravel, coal, 13 loads of manure, a wagon of lime, hardware and small goods. The public siding closed on 8 September 1941, as it was in a poor condition, but the station remained open for passengers until 22 November 1948, and for parcels, and roadside traffic until 30 July 1951. There is now only a single line through the station site.

## Climate

Climate data for Putāruru (1951–1980) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 22.9 (73.2) | 23.6 (74.5) | 21.8 (71.2) | 18.8 (65.8) | 15.4 (59.7) | 12.9 (55.2) | 12.4 (54.3) | 13.6 (56.5) | 15.1 (59.2) | 16.9 (62.4) | 18.8 (65.8) | 21.0 (69.8) | 17.8 (64.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 17.2 (63.0) | 17.8 (64.0) | 16.3 (61.3) | 13.4 (56.1) | 10.6 (51.1) | 8.3 (46.9) | 7.6 (45.7) | 8.7 (47.7) | 10.3 (50.5) | 12.1 (53.8) | 13.7 (56.7) | 15.9 (60.6) | 12.7 (54.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.5 (52.7) | 11.9 (53.4) | 10.7 (51.3) | 7.9 (46.2) | 5.7 (42.3) | 3.6 (38.5) | 2.7 (36.9) | 3.8 (38.8) | 5.5 (41.9) | 7.2 (45.0) | 8.6 (47.5) | 10.7 (51.3) | 7.5 (45.5) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 82 (3.2) | 95 (3.7) | 90 (3.5) | 106 (4.2) | 126 (5.0) | 137 (5.4) | 141 (5.6) | 128 (5.0) | 116 (4.6) | 112 (4.4) | 118 (4.6) | 115 (4.5) | 1,366 (53.7) |
| Source: NIWA ||||||||||||||

## Education

Putāruru Primary School is a state primary school on the main street, established in 1901, with a roll of 227.
Putāruru College is a state secondary school at the northern entrance of the town, by the Oraka River, with a roll of 398.
Te Wharekura o Te Kaokaoroa o Pātetere is a Māori medium composite school, with a roll of 324.
St Mary's Catholic School is a state-integrated primary school, with a roll of 169.
All these schools are co-educational. Rolls are as of November 2024.

## Notable people

* Grant Fox (born 1962), former All Black
* Honey Hireme (born 1981), former New Zealand rugby player
* Glen Mitchell (born 1972), Olympic cyclist
* Lorraine Moller (born 1955), Olympic athlete
* Gareth Morgan (born 1953), economist, philanthropist
* Jennifer Robyn (Jenny) Shattock, former South Waikato mayor
* Wayne Smith (born 1957), former All Black and former All Black coach