# Coolidge, Arizona

Coolidge is a city in Pinal County, Arizona, United States. According to the 2020 census, the city's population is 13,218.
Coolidge is home of the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument. The monument was the first historic site to receive protected status by the United States Government in 1892. Coolidge is also home to both Central Arizona College and the Central Arizona Valley Institute of Technology.

## History

The area containing what is now the City of Coolidge was occupied by the Hohokam, an indigenous ancient Sonoran Desert people who built a massive compound consisting many of caliche structures and remained in the area for over 1,000 years. The only remaining and preserved structure from this compound is the Casa Grande Ruins National Monument.
The modern history of the city is centered around agriculture, particularly cotton. Coolidge was founded in 1925 when R.J. Jones laid out an 80 acres (32 ha) site during the construction of the Coolidge Dam on the nearby Gila River, which was completed in 1930. Both the dam and the townsite were named for Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President of the United States. The dam made the sandy soil native to the area into very rich farmland, and soon vast expanses of desert were plowed and acres of cotton were planted. This is when the area's status as the hub of the Arizona cotton industry was solidified and led to the incorporation of Coolidge as a city in 1945.

## Economy

Up until the 1950s, the city's economy was completely dependent on mining and cotton. It has since diversified to include manufacturing, regional trade, and services for agricultural producers and farm families.
In 2019, Nikola Motor Company purchased 389 acres (157 ha) in Coolidge and operates a factory for zero-emissions heavy trucks, with a production capacity of 2,500 trucks per year.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.0 square miles (13 km$^2$), all of it land. It contains no mountains and is almost entirely flat, lying in a fertile valley located just south of the Gila River. The Sacaton Mountains are visible to the west, and the Picacho Mountains are visible to the southeast.
Arizona State Route 87 and Arizona State Route 287 pass through the town, providing connections to the Phoenix metropolitan area, Casa Grande, and Eloy. Interstate 10 is located approximately 10 miles (16 km) to the west. Coolidge is 56 miles (90 km) southeast of Phoenix, 69 miles (111 km) northwest of Tucson, 21 miles (34 km) northeast of Casa Grande and 11 miles southwest of Florence. Picacho Reservoir is just 11 miles (18 km) south of town.

## Climate

Coolidge features a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh), typical of the Sonoran Desert. Winters are characterized by abundant sunshine and are typically brief and mild, consisting of daytime highs in the 65 °F (18 °C) to 75 °F (24 °C) range. Lows are usually between 35 °F (2 °C) and 45 °F (7 °C), though several freezes occur annually. Rain is infrequent, occurring 2–3 days per month usually following the passage of a cold front. The record low temperature for the city is 8 °F (−13 °C).
Summers are long and very hot, with temperatures of 100 °F (38 °C) to 110 °F (43 °C) almost daily from the end of May until September, with temperatures above 115 °F (46 °C) not uncommon. The record high temperature for the city is 123 °F (51 °C). Summertime lows are usually above 70 °F (21 °C), with occasional periods of lows above 80 °F (27 °C). Coolidge is affected by the North American Monsoon, which brings brief heavy downpours and gusty winds in the second half of summer. Severe events can sometimes cause haboobs and flash flooding.
Climate data for Casa Grande Ruins National Monument, Arizona (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1908–1916 and 1932–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 89 (32) | 93 (34) | 100 (38) | 106 (41) | 116 (47) | 123 (51) | 123 (51) | 120 (49) | 115 (46) | 111 (44) | 97 (36) | 89 (32) | 123 (51) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 78.8 (26.0) | 82.7 (28.2) | 90.8 (32.7) | 99.2 (37.3) | 106.8 (41.6) | 113.9 (45.5) | 114.8 (46.0) | 113.1 (45.1) | 108.9 (42.7) | 102.0 (38.9) | 89.9 (32.2) | 79.1 (26.2) | 116.1 (46.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 67.6 (19.8) | 71.3 (21.8) | 78.2 (25.7) | 86.4 (30.2) | 95.2 (35.1) | 105.1 (40.6) | 106.6 (41.4) | 104.9 (40.5) | 100.7 (38.2) | 90.5 (32.5) | 77.8 (25.4) | 66.9 (19.4) | 87.6 (30.9) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 52.3 (11.3) | 55.5 (13.1) | 61.7 (16.5) | 68.6 (20.3) | 77.2 (25.1) | 86.6 (30.3) | 91.8 (33.2) | 90.8 (32.7) | 85.2 (29.6) | 73.4 (23.0) | 60.8 (16.0) | 51.6 (10.9) | 71.3 (21.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 37.0 (2.8) | 39.7 (4.3) | 45.2 (7.3) | 50.8 (10.4) | 59.2 (15.1) | 68.0 (20.0) | 77.1 (25.1) | 76.6 (24.8) | 69.8 (21.0) | 56.3 (13.5) | 43.7 (6.5) | 36.3 (2.4) | 55.0 (12.8) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 26.1 (−3.3) | 29.0 (−1.7) | 33.6 (0.9) | 38.5 (3.6) | 46.5 (8.1) | 56.3 (13.5) | 66.5 (19.2) | 66.7 (19.3) | 56.6 (13.7) | 42.7 (5.9) | 29.1 (−1.6) | 25.7 (−3.5) | 23.0 (−5.0) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 8 (−13) | 11 (−12) | 21 (−6) | 25 (−4) | 32 (0) | 44 (7) | 51 (11) | 55 (13) | 37 (3) | 25 (−4) | 17 (−8) | 14 (−10) | 8 (−13) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.98 (25) | 1.02 (26) | 0.94 (24) | 0.25 (6.4) | 0.20 (5.1) | 0.06 (1.5) | 1.12 (28) | 1.24 (31) | 0.70 (18) | 0.48 (12) | 0.49 (12) | 0.77 (20) | 8.25 (210) |
| Average precipitation days | 4.4 | 4.2 | 3.2 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 4.7 | 5.3 | 3.3 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 4.2 | 36.8 |
| Source: NOAA ||||||||||||||

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 7,786 people, 2,585 households, and 1,938 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,549.1 inhabitants per square mile (598.1/km$^2$). There were 3,212 housing units at an average density of 639.1 per square mile (246.8/km$^2$).
The racial makeup of the city was 57.9% White, 8.3% Black or African American, 5.6% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 23.6% from other races, and 3.8% from two or more races. 39.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 2,585 households, out of which 38.5% had children under age 18 living with them, 48.8% were married couples living together, 19.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.0% were non-families. 20.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.00 and the average family size was 3.44.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 32.9% under age 18, 10.4% aged 18–24, 24.4% aged 25–44, 18.9% aged 45–64, and 13.4% who were aged 65 years or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.1 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $29,049, and the median income for a family was $33,536. Males had a median income of $29,159 versus $21,472 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,663. About 20.9% of families and 24.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 30.9% of those under age 18 and 20.5% of those age 65 or over.
In 2010, Coolidge had a population of 11,825. The racial and ethnic composition of the population was 43.6% non-Hispanic white, 7.3% non-Hispanic black, 0.5% Hispanic blacks, 3.8% non-Hispanic Native American, 1.9% Hispanic or Latino Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.1% non-Hispanic from some other race, 5.0% from two or more races and 42.0% Hispanic or Latino.

## Education

* Coolidge High School, a high school located in the central part of the city.
* West Elementary School, a K-5 school located in the western part of the city.
* Imagine Schools Coolidge Elementary, a K-5 charter school located in the northern part of the city.
* Imagine Prep Coolidge, a 6–12 charter school located adjacent to Imagine Coolidge Elementary.
* Central Arizona College
* Central Arizona Valley Institute of Technology
* Coolidge Junior High School, a junior high school with grades 6-8

## Transportation

The City of Coolidge operates the Cotton Express, which provides local bus service. The City of Coolidge also operates Central Arizona Regional Transit (CART), which provides transportation between Florence, Coolidge, Central Arizona College and Casa Grande.
The town was home to a station for Amtrak; it closed in June 1996.
The Coolidge Municipal Airport, which has two asphalt runways, is located 5 miles (8.0 km) southeast of the city and had 56,050 aircraft operations in the yearly period ending April 2, 2020. The closest major airports to Coolidge are Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport and Tucson International Airport. Casa Grande Shuttle provides an airport shuttle to Sky Harbor.

## Notable people

* Duane Eddy – rock & roll guitarist and record producer, Coolidge High School graduate
* Lee Hazlewood – disc jockey, singer, songwriter, and record producer
* Waylon Jennings – singer, Country Music Hall of Fame
* Sammi Smith – country music recording artist and songwriter

## Historic properties

* The Casa Grande Ruins are located at Ruins Drive in Coolidge, Az. Built by the Hohokam, the Casa Grande was abandoned around 1450 CE. Written historic accounts of the Casa Grande begin with the journal entries of Padre Eusebio Francisco Kino when he visited the ruins in 1694. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1966, and reference #66000192.
* Inside the Casa Grande Big House Ruins
* The Coolidge Woman's Club (Building) was built in 1925 and is located at 240 W. Pinkley Ave., Coolidge, Arizona. The building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1990, reference #900015924.
* Historic Coolidge High School built in 1939 and NRHP eligible. The building now houses the offices of the Coolidge Unified School District No. 21.