# South African Police

The South African Police (SAP) was the national police force and law enforcement agency in South Africa from 1913 to 1994; it was the de facto police force in the territory of South West Africa (Namibia) from 1939 to 1981. After South Africa's transition to majority rule in 1994, the SAP was reorganised into the South African Police Service (SAPS).

## History

The South African Police were the successors to the police forces of the Cape Colony, the Natal Colony, the Orange River Colony, and the Transvaal Colony in law enforcement in South Africa. Proclamation 18 formed the South African Police on 1 April 1913 with the amalgamation of the police forces of the four old colonies after the founding of the Union of South Africa in 1910.$^{:105}$$^{:114}$ The first Commissioner of Police was Colonel Theo G Truter with 5,882 men under his command.$^{:105}$ The SAP originally policed cities and urban areas, while the South African Mounted Riflemen, a branch of the Union Defence Force, enforced the state's writ in rural areas.$^{:114}$ During World War I, the SAP took over the Riflemen's jurisdiction, and most Riflemen personnel were transferred to the SAP by the end of the 1910s. By 1926, the South African Mounted Riflemen were disbanded and their duties were taken over by the South African Police.$^{:114}$
In 1939, the SAP took over the South West African Police and became responsible for policing South West Africa, which was under South African administration at that time.$^{:114}$
Police officials often called on the army for support in emergencies. In turn, one SAP brigade served with the 2nd Infantry Division of the South African Army in North Africa during World War II. After the war, the South African Police joined INTERPOL on 1 January 1948.$^{:11}$
When the conservative National Party edged out liberal opponents in South Africa's elections in 1948, the new government enacted legislation strengthening the relationship between the police and the military. The police were heavily armed after that, especially when facing unruly or hostile crowds. The Police Act (No. 7) of 1958 broadened the mission of the SAP beyond conventional police functions, such as maintaining law and order and investigating and preventing crime and gave the police extraordinary powers to quell unrest and to conduct counterinsurgency activities. The Police Amendment Act (No. 70) of 1965 empowered the police to search without warrant any person, receptacle, vehicle, aircraft, or premise within one mile of any national border and to seize anything found during such a search. This search-and-seize zone was extended to within eight miles of any border in 1979 and to the entire country in 1983. Among the SAP's spies during the apartheid era was the infamous Craig Williamson and his best-known female recruit Olivia Forsyth.
The SAP relinquished its responsibility for South West Africa in 1981.$^{:19}$ It took over the South African Railways Police Force in 1986.

## Leadership

The following people have served as the Commissioner of the South African Police:
Commissioners of the South African Police :
| From | Commissioners | To |
| 1913 (1913) | Colonel Sir Theodorus Gustaff Truter CMG KBE KPM | 1928 |
| 1928 | Major General Isaac Pierre de Villiers CB MC KStJ$^{:8}$ | 1940 |
| 1940 | Brigadier George Robson Carruthers Baston KPM | 1945 |
| 1 August 1945 | Major General Robert John Palmer CVO KPM DSO & two bars | 1951 |
| 1951 | Major General Jan-Kamas Brink | 1954 |
| 1954 | Major General Corrie I. Rademeyer | 1960 |
| 1960 | Lieutenant General Hendrik Jacobus du Plooy MVO | 1962 |
| 1962 | Lieutenant General Johannes Martinus Keevy | 1968 |
| 1968 | General Johannes Petrus Gous | 1971 |
| 1971 | General G. J. Joubert SOO | 1973 |
| 1973 | General Theodorus J. Crous | 1975 |
| 1975 | General Gert L. Prinsloo | 1978 |
| 1978 | General Michiel Christian Wilhelm Geldenhuys SED SOO SOE SD | 1983 |
| 1 June 1983 | General Petrus Johann Coetzee SSA SED SOO SOE SD | 1987 |
| 1987 | General Hennie G. de Witt | 1989 |
| 1990 | General Johan Velde van der Merwe SSAS SOE | 1996 |

## Ranks
### Officers

| Rank group | General / flag officers | General / flag officers | General / flag officers | General / flag officers | General / flag officers | General / flag officers | General / flag officers | General / flag officers | General / flag officers | General / flag officers | Senior officers | Senior officers | Senior officers | Senior officers | Senior officers | Senior officers | Junior officers | Junior officers | Junior officers | Junior officers | Junior officers | Junior officers | Junior officers | Junior officers |
| South African Police (1961–1994) vte | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| South African Police (1961–1994) vte | | | General Generaal | General Generaal | Lieutenant general Luitenant-Generaal | Lieutenant general Luitenant-Generaal | Major general Generaal-Majoor | Major general Generaal-Majoor | Brigadier Brigadier | Brigadier Brigadier | Colonel Kolonel | Colonel Kolonel | Lieutenant colonel Luitenant-Kolonel | Lieutenant colonel Luitenant-Kolonel | Major Majoor | Major Majoor | Captain Kaptein | Captain Kaptein | Lieutenant Luitenant | Lieutenant Luitenant | Lieutenant Luitenant | | | |

### Other ranks

| Rank group | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Senior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Junior NCOs | Enlisted | Enlisted | Enlisted | Enlisted | Enlisted | Enlisted | Enlisted | Enlisted |
| South African Police (1961–1994) vte | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| South African Police (1961–1994) vte | Warrant Officer Adjudant-Offisier | Warrant Officer Adjudant-Offisier | Warrant Officer Adjudant-Offisier | Warrant Officer Adjudant-Offisier | Warrant Officer Adjudant-Offisier | Warrant Officer Adjudant-Offisier | | | Sergeant Sersant | Sergeant Sersant | Lance Sergeant Ondersersant | Lance Sergeant Ondersersant | Lance Sergeant Ondersersant | Lance Sergeant Ondersersant | Lance Sergeant Ondersersant | Lance Sergeant Ondersersant | Lance Sergeant Ondersersant | Lance Sergeant Ondersersant | Lance Sergeant Ondersersant | Lance Sergeant Ondersersant | Lance Sergeant Ondersersant | Lance Sergeant Ondersersant | | | | | | | Constable Konstabel | Constable Konstabel | Constable Konstabel | Constable Konstabel | Constable Konstabel | Constable Konstabel | Constable Konstabel | Constable Konstabel |

## Special Units

There were a number of special units within the police, formed either to carry out a specific task or to deal with a particular area of crime.

### Koevoet

Koevoet, translated into English as 'crowbar', but officially known as the Police Counter-Insurgency Unit (COIN) or 'Operation K' was a major paramilitary police unit in South African-administered South West Africa, now the Republic of Namibia. Active during the Namibian War of Independence from 1979 to 1989, they were held responsible for committing multiple human rights violations, and alongside the South West African Police, they were disbanded following Namibian independence in 1989, and were essentially replaced by the Special Field Force in modern-day Namibia.

### Special Task Force

Formed following a need to defend the border between South Africa and Rhodesia during the Rhodesian Bush War, the Special Task Force was unofficially founded in 1967, and began to be trained to use advanced tactics, such as survival and bush skills, to carry out COIN operations, and drastically reduce police casualties – this unit was nicknamed 'the Bliksems'. By 1975, support for creating the Special Task Force reached the Bureau of State Security, following both the Fox Street Siege, in which the police were unable to deal with a hostage crisis at the Israeli embassy in Johannesburg, and the outbreak of the conflict in South West Africa, stretching the demand of COIN operatives. Finally, authorization of creating the Specialist Task Force was given, following multiple recommendations, and the issues described beforehand. This unit is still in action in modern-day South Africa.

### Division: Internal Stability

Formed in 1992 in the run-up to the 1994 South African election following the end of Apartheid, 'Division: Internal Stability' were tasked with the important role of combating violence in the turbulent years leading up to and after the elections. The unit consisted of 41 divisions, and proved invaluable to preventing potentially thousands of killings during major political violence.

## Upholding apartheid

During South Africa's rule under apartheid, the SAP operated to quell civil unrest amongst the country's disenfranchised non-white majority. During emergencies they were assisted by the military. Beyond the conventional police functions of upholding order and solving crime, the SAP employed counterinsurgency and intimidation tactics against anti-apartheid activists and critics of the white minority government. From 1961 to 1990, a total of 67 people died in South African Police detention from hanging and torture as well as natural causes as claimed by the Police.

### Sharpeville massacre

On 21 March 1960, SAP officers in the Transvaal township of Sharpeville opened fire on a large anti-apartheid protest outside of the local police station, killing 69 demonstrators and injuring 180 others. Police reports from the time of the massacre claimed that panicking officers spontaneously fired into an increasingly violent crowd; however, other sources claim that the demonstration was peaceful in the moment leading up to the shooting. Evidence given to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in 1998 suggested "a degree of deliberation in the decision to open fire" by the police.

### Vlakplaas

In 1983, the SAP formed C1, a counterinsurgency unit commanded by police colonel and former Koevoet operator Eugene de Kock. C1 was run out of a secluded farmhouse called Vlakplaas until 1992. It functioned as a paramilitary hit squad, capturing political opponents of the National Party government and either "turning" or executing them. C1 was also responsible for several fatal bomb attacks against anti-apartheid activists, including members of the African National Congress. The Vlakplaas farm became the site of multiple executions of political opponents of the apartheid government.

## Reserve

The Police Reserve, established in 1973, enabled the government to recall former police personnel for active duty for thirty to ninety days each year, and for additional service in times of emergency. Another reserve (volunteer) force was established in 1966, consisting of unpaid, mostly White civilians willing to perform limited police duties. A youth wing of this reserve force reported that it had inducted almost 3,000 students and young people to assist the police during the late 1980s.
The police increased the use of part-time, specialised personnel – such as the special constables (called kitskonstabels (instant constables) in Afrikaans) – to help quell the growing violence in the 1980s. In 1987, for example, the police recruited almost 9,000 kitskonstabels and gave them an intensive six-week training course. Most of these constables were Blacks and Coloreds. These "instant" police assistants were then armed with non-lethal weapons and assigned to areas of unrest, which were often the most turbulent townships. Even with training courses extended to three months, their often brutal and inept performance contributed to the growing hostility between the police and the public by the late 1980s.
Although the mission of the SAP grew well beyond conventional policing responsibilities during the 1970s, the size of the police force declined relative to population. In 1981 the police force of roughly 48,991 represented a ratio of less than 1.5 police per 1,000 people, down from 1.67 per 1,000 people in the 1960s. Alarmed by the increased political violence and crime in the mid-1980s and by the lack of adequate police support, officials then increased the size of the police force to 93,600—a ratio of 2.7 per 1,000 people—by 1991.
The police were authorised to act on behalf of other government officials when called upon. For example, in rural areas and small towns, where there may be no public prosecutor available, police personnel could institute criminal proceedings. The police could legally serve as wardens, court clerks, and messengers, as well as immigration, health, and revenue officials. In some circumstances, the police were also authorised to serve as vehicle inspectors, postal agents, and local court personnel.
After President Frederik Willem de Klerk lifted the ban on black political organisations and released leading dissidents from prison in 1990, he met with the police and ordered them help end apartheid, to demonstrate greater political tolerance, and to improve their standing in black communities.
Through the early 1980s, police units were integrated, but most police recruits had been trained in single-race classes, sometimes in institutions designated for one racial group. For example, most black police personnel had trained at Hammanskraal, near Pretoria; most whites, in Pretoria; most coloureds, Bishop Lavis, near Cape Town; and Asians at Chatsworth, near Durban. During the late 1980s, the Hammanskraal college saw a large enrollment of black policemen.
As the apartheid era ended, these programs were restructured to emphasise racial tolerance and respect for basic human rights. The first racially integrated intake of recruits began slowly in 1993 and integration was complete by 1995. Today there is only one Police College to train new recruits in Pretoria. The police also increased recruitment among black youth and hired international police training experts to advise them on ways to improve race relations in the service.
The basic police training regimen includes courses in criminal investigation procedures, self-defense, musketry, tactical weapons training, drills, inspections, public relations and law. Specialized courses include crowd and riot control, detective skills, horsemanship and veterinary training, and advanced-level management skills. Their basic training lasted 6 months. During the time of the South African Border War, all policemen were required to complete a 6-week intensive counterinsurgency (C.O.I.N.) training at Maleoskop (now closed) in specialised weapons and "bush warfare" in preparation for their 3 months "call up". (Some volunteering and been called up more frequently.) Since 1990, South Africa also has provided training for police from Lesotho, Swaziland, Malawi and (then) Zaire.
The climate of escalating violence in the early 1990s often posed even greater challenges to the police than they had faced in the 1980s, as violence shifted from anti-government activity to a mosaic of political rivalries and factional clashes. At the same time, many South Africans feared that the police were causing some of the criminal and political violence, and they demanded immediate changes in the police force to mark the end of apartheid-era injustices.
To meet the new challenges, the 91,000 active police personnel in 1991, including administrative and support personnel, were increased to more than 110,000 by 1993 and 140,000 by 1995. Throughout this time, police reserves numbered at least 37,000. In 1996 the combined active and reserve police represented a police-to-population ratio of almost 4.0 per 1,000.
As part of the overall reorganisation of the police, the government merged the formerly dreaded Criminal Investigation Department (CID) and the police Security Branch to form a Crime Combatting and Investigation (CCI) Division. The new CCI, with responsibility for reversing the rising crime rate, combined the intelligence and operational resources of the security police with the anticrime capabilities of the CID.
Minister of Law and Order Hernus Kriel in 1991 also appointed an ombudsman to investigate allegations of police misconduct. He increased the recruitment of black police personnel, formed a civilian riot-control unit that was separate from the SAP but worked with it, developed a code of police conduct agreed upon by a number of political parties and communities, and substantially increased police training facilities. In 1992 Kriel began restructuring the SAP into a three-tiered force consisting of a national police, primarily responsible for internal security and for serious crime; autonomous regional forces, responsible for crime prevention and for matters of general law and order; and municipal police, responsible for local law enforcement and for minor criminal matters. He also established police/community forums in almost every police station.
In 1995, the force absorbed the police forces of Bophuthatswana, Ciskei, Gazankulu, KaNgwane, KwaNdebele. KwaZulu, Lebowa, QwaQwa, Transkei, and Venda, and was renamed the South African Police Service.

## Battle honours

Battle Honours :
* Awarded to the South African Police

## Medals and decorations

Policemen and women were eligible for a number of awards. These included:

### 1923–1963

The SAP was eligible for the British King's Police Medal, which was awarded annually throughout the British Empire. This was discontinued in 1933, because South Africa had become independent as a member of the new British Commonwealth, and it was replaced in 1937 by a special South African issue of the medal. From 1923, the SAP also had its own long service medal, which doubled as a medal for gallantry. The medals available to the SAP between 1923 and 1963 were thus:

#### Decoration

* Queen's Police Medal (South Africa) (1937–61)

#### Campaign medal

* 1943: Africa Service Medal (WWII)

#### Long service medal

* Police Good Service Medal (1923–63)
Until 1952, they were incorporated into the British honours system. Thereafter they formed part of the new South African honours system.

### 1963–2003

After South Africa became a republic (in 1961), the government instituted an entirely new series of decorations and medals for the SAP. It was added to several times over the years:

#### Decorations

* 1979 – 1986: South African Police Star for Distinguished Leadership (SED)
* 1979 – 1986: South African Police Star for Distinguished Service (SOO)
* 1963 – 1989: South African Police Cross for Bravery (PCF)
* 1989 – 2004: South African Police Cross for Bravery (Gold) (PCFG)
* 1985 – 1989: South African Police Silver Cross for Gallantry (Silver) (SCG)
* 1989 – 2004: South African Police Cross for Bravery (Silver) (PCFS)
* 1989 – 2004: South African Police Cross for Bravery (PCF)
* 1963 – 1979: South African Police Star for Distinguished Service (SOO)
* 1979 – 2004: South African Police Star for Outstanding Service (SOE)

#### Campaign medal

* 1974 – 1995: South African Police Medal for Combating Terrorism

#### Commemorative medals

* 1988: South African Police Seventy-Fifth Anniversary Commemorative Medal
* 1995: South African Police Service Amalgamation Medal

#### Long service medals

* 1963 – 2004: South African Police Star for Merit
* 1979 – 2004: South African Police Star for Faithful Service
* 1963 – 2004: South African Police Medal for Faithful Service