# Ahti Karjalainen

Ahti Kalle Samuli Karjalainen (10 February 1923 – 7 September 1990) was a Finnish economist and politician. He was a member of the Agrarian League (later known as Keskusta, Centre Party) and served two terms as Prime Minister of Finland. He is, however, better known for his period as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Finland. Karjalainen is considered one of the most influential figures in post-war Finnish politics. Like President Urho Kekkonen, Karjalainen attached great importance to Finland's relationship with the Soviet Union, and was at one point considered to be Kekkonen's likely successor until alcoholism affected his later career.

## Early life and education

Karjalainen was born in Hirvensalmi as the youngest of four children. His father was farmer Anselm Karjalainen (1875–1943) and his mother was Anna Lyydia Viherlehto (1880–1962). He studied at the lukio in Mikkeli from 1935 until 1939, then was drafted into the army in the Winter War, serving in a radio reconnaissance unit. After the Winter War ended, Karjalainen briefly continued his education at the Lutheran folk high school in Tuusula, but once the Continuation War broke out, he returned to his old radio reconnaissance unit, serving at listening stations in Petrozavodsk (Äänislinna) and Medvezhyegorsk (Karhumäki) in the Finnish-occupied Republic of Karelia. During his second stint in the army, Karjalainen also attended the Reserve Officer School in Niinisalo and was promoted to the reserves with the rank of captain.
In 1944, after being discharged, Karjalainen entered the University of Helsinki, where he obtained his bachelor's degree in political science in 1946. He subsequently obtained his licentiate degree in 1958 and defended his doctorate in political science at the same university in 1959. His dissertation was titled "The relationships between the monetary politics of the Bank of Finland and the state economy from 1811 to 1953 mainly regarding liquidity analysis".

## Political career

Karjalainen served as the Minister of the Treasury, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Trade and Industry for half a decade from 1957, forming his first government on 13 April 1962. It remained in office until December the following year; ultimately disbanding due to the resignations of ministers sympathetic to the SAK over economic and political issues. Karjalainen served a second term as prime minister from 15 July 1970 to 29 October 1971.
Karjalainen's ministerial career continued with only short interruptions until May 1977. By this time he had spent 5,772 days as a political minister - a period of service only surpassed by Johannes Virolainen. Karjalainen first entered the Parliament of Finland in 1966, serving as a member for 13 years.
In 1950, Urho Kekkonen made Karjalainen a key secretary in his first government. This was the start of a long-standing cooperative relationship between Kekkonen and Karjalainen, which endured for more than twenty years. So close was their partnership that throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, Karjalainen was seen by many as Kekkonen's crown prince and a possible successor. Their partnership ended when Kekkonen dismissed Karjalainen's second government in 1971.
In 1981 Karjalainen put his name forward to be presidential candidate of the Centre Party, but lost to Johannes Virolainen. The election was ultimately won by Mauno Koivisto who became President of Finland in January 1982, succeeding Kekkonen.
Outside politics, Karjalainen had a successful career with the Bank of Finland. He served as director of its research facility from 1953 to 1957, and was elected to its Board of Management in 1958. Karjalainen served as Deputy Governor of the Bank of Finland from 1979, acting chairman of the board from 1979 to 1982 and as governor from 1982 to 1983. He also served as chairman of the Finnish-Soviet Economic Cooperation Commission (fi:Suomalais-neuvostoliittolainen taloudellinen yhteistyökomissio) from 1967 until 1983.

## Post-politics

The later stages of Karjalainen's political career were notably affected by his alcoholism – a national scandal ensued following his final resignation as prime minister when he was arrested for drunk-driving in 1979 and his involvement in an alcohol-fuelled incident at a reception marking the 34th anniversary of the signing of the Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948 in 1981. His alcoholism was the cause of his dismissal as Governor of the Bank of Finland and the chairmanship of the Finnish-Soviet Economic Cooperation Commission in 1983. Karjalainen's use of alcoholic beverages and the peculiar manner in which he spoke the English language led him to receive the moniker of "Tankero". "Tankero jokes" ended up becoming a widely known part of Finnish culture.
In 1986, Karjalainen was offered honorary membership of the Centre Party, but refused to accept the title on the basis of the treatment he had previously received.
In 1989, Karjalainen, with the assistance of Jukka Tarkka [fi], published his memoirs where he publicly claimed that Paavo Väyrynen had worked with the support of the Soviet Union – naming in particular Ministerial Adviser and KGB spy Viktor Vladimirov – to improve Karjalainen's chances in the 1982 presidential elections. This led to a request for clarification to the Parliamentary Constitutional Affairs Committee, led by Kimmo Sasi, a Member of Parliament, to examine the legality of Väyrynen's activities. However, the Constitutional Affairs Committee did not consider Väyrynen to have violated the Ministerial Accountability Act and the matter therefore lapsed.

## Personal life

Karjalainen married Päivi Koskinen in 1947. They had four children; their third child, Kukka-Maaria Karjalainen [fi] (born 1952), is an author and a political scientist.
Karjalainen died of pancreatic cancer at the Riistavuori retirement home in Helsinki on 7 September 1990. He is buried in Hietaniemi Cemetery.

## Honours and awards
### National honours

* Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
* Commander of the Order of the Lion of Finland

### Foreign honours

* Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav (1961)
* Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon (1967)
* Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion (1969)
* Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (1969)
* Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (1975)
* Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown
* Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX
* Order of the Flag of the People's Republic of Hungary, 1st Class
* Grand Cross of the Order of the Aztec Eagle
* Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau
* Grand Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta
* Order of Tudor Vladimirescu, 1st Class
* Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star
* Grand Cordon of the Order of Independence
* Grand Cordon of the Order of the Republic

## Cabinets

* Karjalainen I Cabinet
* Karjalainen II Cabinet