# Cherokee County, Oklahoma

Cherokee County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of the 2020 census, the population was 47,078. Its county seat is Tahlequah, which is also the capital of the Cherokee Nation.
Cherokee County comprises the Tahlequah, OK micropolitan statistical area.

## History

According to a historian, Cherokee County was established in 1907. However, the Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, states that it was created from the Tahlequah District of the Cherokee Nation in 1906.
The Cherokee moved to this area as a result of the forced relocation brought about by the Indian Removal Act of 1830, also known as Trail Of Tears. The first significant settlements were at the site of Park Hill, where there was already a mission community, and Tahlequah, which became the seat of Cherokee government. However, the Civil War divided the tribe and caused many of the early structures to be destroyed. Non-Indians began moving into the area illegally starting in the mid-1870s, and became the majority by the 1890s.
In 1851, the Cherokee Male Seminary opened in Tahlequah and the Cherokee Female Seminary opened in Park Hill. The latter burned down in 1887 and was rebuilt in Tahlequah. A 1910 fire destroyed the Male Seminary. The Female Seminary became Northeastern State Normal School after statehood in 1907 and is now part of Northeastern State University.
During 1901 – 1903, The Ozark and Cherokee Central Railway, which later became part of the St. Louis and San Francisco Railway was the first to build a track in the county. It boosted the shipment of farm products through the 1920s, but declined during the Great Depression. All rail service ceased in 1942.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 776 square miles (2,010 km$^2$), of which 749 square miles (1,940 km$^2$) is land and 2.7 square miles (7.0 km$^2$) (3.5%) is water.
The county lies in the foothills of the Ozark Mountains. It includes most of Tenkiller Lake and part of Fort Gibson Lake. The principal river running through it is the Illinois River. Grand River (Oklahoma) forms part of its western boundary.

### Major highways

* U.S. Highway 62
* State Highway 10
* State Highway 51
* State Highway 82

### Adjacent counties

* Delaware County (north)
* Adair County (east)
* Sequoyah County (south)
* Muskogee County (southwest)
* Wagoner County (west)
* Mayes County (northwest)

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 42,521 people, 16,175 households, and 11,079 families residing in the county. The population density was 57 people per square mile (22 people/km$^2$). There were 19,499 housing units at an average density of 26 units per square mile (10/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the county was 56.41% White, 1.20% Black or African American, 32.42% Native American, 0.27% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 2.10% from other races, and 7.56% from two or more races. 4.14% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 92.7% spoke English, 3.8% Spanish and 2.7% Cherokee as their first language. At the publication of the 2020 census, its population grew to 48,078.
In 2000, there were 16,175 households, out of which 32.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.50% were married couples living together, 11.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.50% were non-families. 25.30% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.00% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.04. In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.30% under the age of 18, 14.60% from 18 to 24, 25.70% from 25 to 44, 21.50% from 45 to 64, and 12.00% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females there were 96.30 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.10 males.
As of 2000, the median income for a household in the county was $26,536, and the median income for a family was $32,369. Males had a median income of $25,993 versus $21,048 for females. The per capita income for the county was $13,436. About 17.00% of families and 22.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.40% of those under age 18 and 13.80% of those age 65 or over. In 2021, the median household income was an estimated $47,421.

## Education
### Primary & secondary education

Public K-12 school districts in the county include:
K-12 school districts:
* Fort Gibson Public Schools
* Hulbert Public Schools
* Kansas Public Schools
* Locust Grove Public Schools
* Oaks-Mission Public Schools
* Tahlequah Public Schools
* Westville Public Schools
Elementary school districts:
* Briggs Public School
* Grand View Public School
* Keys Public Schools
* Lowrey Public School
* Norwood Public School
* Peggs Public School
* Shady Grove Public School
* Tenkiller Public School
* Woodall Public School
Charter school:
* Cherokee Immersion School
Bureau of Indian Education (BIE)-affiliated tribal school:
* Sequoyah Schools

### Colleges

Northeastern State University is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of Oklahoma as well as one of the oldest institutions of higher learning west of the Mississippi River. Tahlequah is home to the capital of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma and about 25 percent of the students at NSU identify themselves as American Indian. The university has many courses focused on Native American linguistics, and offers Cherokee language Education as a major. Cherokee can be studied as a second language, and some classes are taught in Cherokee for first language speakers as well.

## Politics

Despite the county being home to a significant Native American population and a historically wide Democratic registration advantage, the county has voted Republican in every presidential elections in the 21st century. Donald Trump beat Joe Biden 63%-34% in 2020. However, the county still will on occasion support local Democrats, as it narrowly voted for Democrat Drew Edmondson over Republican Kevin Stitt in the 2018 gubernatorial race.
Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of May 31, 2023 :
| Party | Party | Number of voters | Percentage |
| | Democratic | 10,590 | 40.15% |
| | Republican | 10,845 | 41.12% |
| | Others | 4,938 | 18.72% |
| Total | Total | 26,373 | 100% |
United States presidential election results for Cherokee County, Oklahoma :
| Year | Republican | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Third party(ies) | Third party(ies) |
| Year | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
| 2024 | 11,637 | 65.29% | 5,826 | 32.69% | 360 | 2.02% |
| 2020 | 11,223 | 63.36% | 6,027 | 34.02% | 464 | 2.62% |
| 2016 | 9,994 | 60.61% | 5,456 | 33.09% | 1,040 | 6.31% |
| 2012 | 8,162 | 57.05% | 6,144 | 42.95% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 2008 | 9,186 | 56.08% | 7,194 | 43.92% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 2004 | 9,569 | 52.60% | 8,623 | 47.40% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 2000 | 6,918 | 47.82% | 7,256 | 50.15% | 294 | 2.03% |
| 1996 | 5,046 | 36.84% | 6,817 | 49.77% | 1,833 | 13.38% |
| 1992 | 4,977 | 32.94% | 6,794 | 44.96% | 3,340 | 22.10% |
| 1988 | 5,838 | 46.99% | 6,483 | 52.18% | 103 | 0.83% |
| 1984 | 7,614 | 58.50% | 5,307 | 40.78% | 94 | 0.72% |
| 1980 | 5,594 | 49.47% | 5,215 | 46.12% | 499 | 4.41% |
| 1976 | 4,443 | 42.06% | 6,006 | 56.85% | 115 | 1.09% |
| 1972 | 7,080 | 69.37% | 2,899 | 28.40% | 227 | 2.22% |
| 1968 | 3,971 | 47.32% | 2,554 | 30.44% | 1,866 | 22.24% |
| 1964 | 3,467 | 43.80% | 4,449 | 56.20% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1960 | 3,571 | 57.06% | 2,687 | 42.94% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1956 | 3,277 | 52.28% | 2,991 | 47.72% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1952 | 3,326 | 50.70% | 3,234 | 49.30% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1948 | 2,785 | 39.59% | 4,249 | 60.41% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1944 | 3,336 | 49.33% | 3,415 | 50.50% | 12 | 0.18% |
| 1940 | 4,128 | 50.98% | 3,952 | 48.80% | 18 | 0.22% |
| 1936 | 2,917 | 42.25% | 3,966 | 57.44% | 21 | 0.30% |
| 1932 | 2,275 | 32.93% | 4,633 | 67.07% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1928 | 2,963 | 54.49% | 2,446 | 44.98% | 29 | 0.53% |
| 1924 | 2,622 | 49.84% | 2,454 | 46.65% | 185 | 3.52% |
| 1920 | 2,524 | 56.48% | 1,859 | 41.60% | 86 | 1.92% |
| 1916 | 1,379 | 42.37% | 1,594 | 48.97% | 282 | 8.66% |
| 1912 | 962 | 43.67% | 1,094 | 49.66% | 147 | 6.67% |

## Economy

Since statehood, the economy of Cherokee County has been based on agriculture, especially production of corn, wheat and vegetables. However, the percentage of the population engaged in farming has declined from 62 percent in 1940 to 4.4 percent in 1990. This is largely due to increased urbanization around Tahlequah since World War II. Agriculture remains very important. In 2002, this county ranked first in Oklahoma for the value of nursery and greenhouse crops and seventh in the state for poultry and eggs. Illinois River and Lake Tenkiller tourism are perhaps of greater economic impact than agriculture, and both have lodging, water sports and recreation outfitters, fishing equipment and guides, eating and drinking establishments, campgrounds, festival events, and organizations for the conservation of resources.
Major non-agricultural employers in the county now include the Cherokee Nation government and Northeastern State University,

## Communities
### City

* Tahlequah (county seat)

### Towns

* Fort Gibson
* Hulbert
* Oaks

### Census-designated places

* Barber
* Briggs
* Caney
* Caney Ridge
* Cookson
* Dry Creek
* Eldon
* Etta
* Gideon
* Grandview
* Johnson Prairie
* Keys
* Lost City
* Lowrey
* Moodys
* Norwood
* Park Hill
* Peggs
* Pettit
* Pumpkin Hollow
* Rocky Ford
* Shady Grove
* Sparrowhawk
* Steely Hollow
* Tenkiller
* Teresita
* Welling
* Woodall
* Zeb

### Other unincorporated community

* Qualls

## NRHP sites

The following sites in Cherokee County are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:
* Cherokee Female Seminary, Tahlequah
* Cherokee National Capitol, Tahlequah
* Cherokee National Jail, Tahlequah
* Cherokee Supreme Court Building, Tahlequah
* First Cherokee Female Seminary Site, Tahlequah
* French-Parks House, Tahlequah
* Illinois Campground, Tahlequah
* Indian University of Tahlequah, Tahlequah
* Dr. Irwin D. Leoser Log Cabin, Tahlequah
* Murrell Home, Park Hill
* Park Hill Mission Cemetery, Park Hill (also known as Worcester Cemetery).
* Ross Cemetery, Park Hill
* Tahlequah Armory, Tahlequah
* Tahlequah Carnegie Library, Tahlequah
* Joseph M. Thompson House, Tahlequah

## Notable people

* Bamboo Harvester, the horse who played television's Mr. Ed
* Sam Claphan, football player
* Robert Conley, author of numerous books about the Cherokee Indians
* Alice Brown Davis, Principal Chief of the Seminole Tribe of Oklahoma
* Wilma Mankiller, first female Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation
* Jackson Narcomey, Muscogee Creek artist
* Wilson Rawls, author of Where the Red Fern Grows and Summer of the Monkeys
* Hastings Shade, Cherokee traditionalist and author
* Sonny Sixkiller, Cherokee football player
* Wes Studi, Cherokee actor
* Ryan Helsley, Professional Baseball Player, St Louis Cardinals