# Songzi

Songzi (Chinese: 松滋市; pinyin: Sōngzī Shì) is a city in the southwest of Hubei province, People's Republic of China, located in the middle reach and southern bank of the Yangtze River. It is a county-level city under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Jingzhou, and controls 16 townships and 2 development zones, 235,000 households and a population of 765,911 (data from the 2010 census). It is a long-historied but young and robust city.

## Administrative divisions

Fourteen towns:
* Xinjiangkou (新江口镇), Nanhai (南海镇), Babao (八宝镇), Yuanshi (涴市镇), Laocheng (老城镇), Chendian (陈店镇), Wangjiaqiao (王家桥镇), Sijiachang (斯家场镇), Yanglinshi (杨林市镇), Zhichanghe (纸厂河镇), Jieheshi (街河市镇), Weishui (洈水镇), Liujiachang (刘家场镇), Shadaoguan (沙道观镇)
Two townships:
* Wanjia Township (万家乡), Xiejiaping Tujia Ethnic Township (卸甲坪土家族乡)

## Geography

| Latitude | 30.1758 | Longitude | 111.7802 | Altitude(feet) | 157 |
| Lat (DMS) | 30° 10' 33N | Long (DMS) | 111° 46' 49E | Altitude(meters) | 47 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 |
Longitude 110º14′—112º03′ east, latitude 29º53′—30º22′ north, 77 kilometres (48 mi) lengthwise from east to west, 55 km widthwise from north to south, the total land area is 2,235 square kilometres (863 sq mi), with an arable land of 923,000 mu. Songzi is conjoining with Jianghan Plain (江汉平原) in the east {neighbouring with Jingzhou, Gong'an, adjoining with Yichang in the west {connecting to Wufeng and Yidu, bordering with Wuling in the south (adjacent to Li County, Shimen in Hunan province), and being bounded by Yangtze River in the north, looking across the river to Zhicheng. Situated in the crossing point between Jiaoliu Railway and Yangtze River, it is a newly flourishing city prospering from industry, agriculture, commerce and trade, tourism, etc.
Songzi has a long and splendor history, as far as back to Palaeolithic period (the Old Stone Age) when the primitive human beings had already settled down here. Awaking from Spring and Autumn period, continuing into two Han dynasties, bustling at Wei and Jin dynasties, thriving at Ming and Qing dynasties, now it is prospering at the time of Reforming and Opening period in contemporary China.
Songzi has excellent natural conditions – fertile land, rich resources, mild climate, and moderate rainfall. It has beautiful mountains and rivers, with quite versatile landscapes. There are mountains, hills, uplands, plains linking to each other – "six-tenths of hills, one-tenth of waters and three-tenths of farmland". The climate is a subtropical transitional monsoon one. The yearly average temperature is 16.5 °C (61.7 °F). The non-frost period is about 232~301 days in a year. The annual average hours of sunshine is 1,600~1,900H. The annual amount of precipitation is 1,200 millimetres (47 in).

## Climate

Climate data for Songzi, elevation 107 m (351 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.9 (69.6) | 28.4 (83.1) | 31.4 (88.5) | 35.2 (95.4) | 36.8 (98.2) | 37.7 (99.9) | 39.7 (103.5) | 39.5 (103.1) | 38.0 (100.4) | 34.2 (93.6) | 30.2 (86.4) | 22.8 (73.0) | 39.7 (103.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.2 (46.8) | 11.2 (52.2) | 16.0 (60.8) | 22.3 (72.1) | 27.0 (80.6) | 30.0 (86.0) | 32.5 (90.5) | 32.1 (89.8) | 28.1 (82.6) | 22.8 (73.0) | 16.6 (61.9) | 10.7 (51.3) | 21.5 (70.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) | 7.5 (45.5) | 11.8 (53.2) | 17.8 (64.0) | 22.5 (72.5) | 26.0 (78.8) | 28.5 (83.3) | 28.1 (82.6) | 24.0 (75.2) | 18.7 (65.7) | 12.8 (55.0) | 7.3 (45.1) | 17.5 (63.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 2.5 (36.5) | 4.7 (40.5) | 8.6 (47.5) | 14.2 (57.6) | 19.0 (66.2) | 22.8 (73.0) | 25.3 (77.5) | 25.0 (77.0) | 20.9 (69.6) | 15.7 (60.3) | 10.0 (50.0) | 4.6 (40.3) | 14.4 (58.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −5.4 (22.3) | −4.1 (24.6) | −1.2 (29.8) | 1.7 (35.1) | 10.3 (50.5) | 15.0 (59.0) | 18.7 (65.7) | 16.4 (61.5) | 11.3 (52.3) | 3.8 (38.8) | −0.7 (30.7) | −6.2 (20.8) | −6.2 (20.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 38.2 (1.50) | 51.1 (2.01) | 72.4 (2.85) | 126.2 (4.97) | 147.9 (5.82) | 179.8 (7.08) | 196.8 (7.75) | 123.2 (4.85) | 86.3 (3.40) | 77.9 (3.07) | 59.7 (2.35) | 24.7 (0.97) | 1,184.2 (46.62) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 8.9 | 9.9 | 12.5 | 12.6 | 13.4 | 12.6 | 11.6 | 9.4 | 9.1 | 10.0 | 9.7 | 7.6 | 127.3 |
| Average snowy days | 4.1 | 2.9 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 9.8 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 73 | 72 | 73 | 73 | 72 | 77 | 78 | 76 | 73 | 71 | 73 | 71 | 74 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 80.1 | 82.2 | 112.3 | 140.2 | 151.4 | 145.7 | 195.4 | 203.6 | 146.2 | 125.1 | 107.4 | 94.6 | 1,584.2 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 25 | 26 | 30 | 36 | 36 | 35 | 46 | 50 | 40 | 36 | 34 | 30 | 35 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration ||||||||||||||

## Economy

It is very suitable for agricultural development. It already has the famous brands like Weishui siniperca shuatsi (洈水鳜鱼), Mashui sweet pomelo (麻水蜜柚), Shangming-brand mandarin orange (上明牌柑桔), Babao cotton (八宝棉), etc. The total products of cotton, animal husbandry (pork, beef, mutton) make Songzi to have entered into the rank of Top 100 counties and cities in its kind in China. The city has been named by the State as the produce base for marketable grains, high-quality cotton, Changjiang-River-Upper-and-Middle-Stream Fruit Development.
It is rich in natural resources. The exploitable ones include crude oil, coal, halite (rock salt), canbyite, barytes, limestone, and others, 22 kinds in total. It has become the important coal and cement output area in Hubei Province.
It has a relatively good industry foundation and now primarily with a framework of 10 industries – mining, metallurgy, glass and ceramics, textile, electric lighting, brewery, chemical engineering, machinery, building materials, paper-making. It is a light industry base in Hubei Province.
The well-known Hubei winery "Baiyunbian" ("白云边") is a key enterprise in Songzi. Baiyunbian Liquor is a representative of mix-flavored Chinese liquors, with its aroma close to that of "Maotai".

## Tourism

Songzi's tourism is also richly endowed by nature. There is the state-level scenic spot – Weishui Resort (洈水风景区), which integrates the mountains, waters, caves, forests, springs into one natural wonder. It provides the multi-functions for tourism, adventure, scientific exploration, summer resort, and sanatorium. It is located within the Golden Triangle for Tourism among the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, Jingzhou Ancient City (荆州古城), and Zhangjiajie Scenic Area.
Weishui Resort is made up of three parts – Weishui Reservoir (洈水湖), Weishui National Forest Park (洈水国家森林公园) and Cluster of Karst Caves and Hot Springs (溶洞温泉群). The Resort presents to tourists the tenderness and gentleness of Southern China's mountains and waters as well as the majesty and grandeur of Northern China's scenery and beauty.
Weishui Lake is called as "Fairyland in the Southern Chu". Meandering through the green hills and blue waters, Weishui Waterdam has a total length of 8969m and is said to be the longest earth-filled man-made dam in Asia. Dotted on the clear blue water are innumerable islets covered by green trees and bushes. Surrounding the lake are dark green hills stretching far into distance and disappearing into Wuling Mountains. "Mountains go alive with water, water becomes enchanting with mountains (山得水而活，水得山而媚)". Under the blue sky and white clouds, with the hordes of white cranes flying from the woods to the water while the fish popping out their heads occasionally for making a scene of bustle and excitement, Weishui Lake and National Forest Park form a beautiful country scene, like a traditional Chinese ink and wash.
Besides Weishui Lake there is a Buddhist Temple famous in Southern Chu ("楚南名刹") – Lingjiu Si (灵鹫寺), whose history can be dated back to Jin dynasty (晋朝).
Taking the boat and sailing to northwest about 20 kilometers and arriving to the other end of Weishui Lake, you climb to a mountain very close to the lake and then you find the ancient caves which can bring you back to the early stages in the Earth's life.
Have come into being at Cambrian system about 500 million years ago, with its "one superb, three wonders, ten focal points" and close to one hundred geological scenic spots, the New God Cave incorporates the charm, danger, queerness, rareness and magnificence altogether. In view of the complex geological structures, the continuous geological strata, the clear topographic features, the area where the Cave locates have been picked up as "the teaching and practicing base for Science of the Earth" by Changjiang University (长江大学).
The underground stream flows through the cave and a 10-meter-high waterfall is formed near the entry of the cave. Inside the cave, there are many stalactites and stalagmites in various shapes – like stone curtain, stone column, stone shoot, stone flowers, etc. There is also a swarm of miraculous rimstone dams which have been developed with the underground river by hundreds of millions of years – one is three-staged and the height of the top stage reaches 4 meters, at least 1.5 meters higher than other known ones in China. At one of the very inner corner, there is even a huge Performing Stage with a very rare background of a 16 meters x 7 meters stone curtain hanging, which comprises 262 pleats.
Weishui National Forest Park occupies an area of 52.8 square kilometres (20.4 sq mi), with the 96% forestation rate. There are rich living things resources – more than 1,000 different kinds of plants and more than 20 kinds of wild beast animals and close to 40 kinds of birds and numerous amphibious animals, reptiles, insects and fishes. Even there were reports of sighting Southern China Tiger, Leopard (panthera pardus), White Swans and other rare animals in the forest.

## History

In ancient time, Songzi was under the administration of Jingzhou, which belonged to the state of Chu in the Warring States period and Nanjun (南郡) in the Qin dynasty.
In Gaozu Year 5 (BC 202) of the Han dynasty, a county administration was established here, named Gaocheng (高成).
In Jianwu Year 6 (AD 30) of the Eastern Han dynasty, Gaocheng county was dissolved and merged into Chanling (孱陵) (modern day Gong'an County).
In the Three Kingdom period, it belonged to Wu (吳) State, under the administration of Chanling (孱陵), but with a Lexiang Magistrate (樂鄉督治) being appointed to rule the area.
Till the Xiankang Year 3 (AD 337) of Eastern Jin dynasty, the refugees, who emigrated from the then Songzi of Lujiangjun (廬江郡) (modern-day Huoqiu County, Anhui) to flee from the disorder by the wars, settled down and established here the Songzi county.
From then on the name of the county continued down to the present days, lasting for more than 1,600 years.
In December, 1995, the county administration was lifted to a city level. The city seat is Xinjiangkou (新江口) Town since September 1945.

## Infrastructures

Songzi has the convenient transportation system with complete and good infrastructures. The whole city is crisscrossed with a network of high-grade roads. It is just 90 kilometres (56 mi) away from Three-Gorge International Airport and 50 kilometres (31 mi) away from Shashi Airport. Jiao-Liu Railway runs across the city, with two level-3 railway stations. Along the main passage of Changjiang River, there are 3 thousand-ton berths, 1 mechanized dock.
There is the ample electricity supply. It has one coal power plant, 4 hydro-power stations and also the transformation substations with the power supply from Three-Gorge Hydro-Power Stations.

## Demographics

The following nationalities are represented: Han, Hui, Manchu, Tujia, Miao, Mongols.