# Carole Cadwalladr

Carole Jane Cadwalladr (/kædˈwɒlədər/; born 1969) is a British author, investigative journalist, and features writer. She was a features writer for The Observer and formerly worked at The Daily Telegraph. Cadwalladr rose to international prominence in 2018 for her role in exposing the Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal, for which she was a finalist for the 2019 Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting, alongside The New York Times reporters.

## Early life

Cadwalladr was born in Taunton, Somerset, and raised in South Wales. She was educated at Radyr Comprehensive School in Cardiff, and Hertford College, Oxford.

## Career

Cadwalladr's debut novel, The Family Tree, was shortlisted for the 2006 Commonwealth Writers' Prize, the Authors' Club Best First Novel Award, the Waverton Good Read Award, and the Wales Book of the Year. It was also dramatized as a five-part serial on BBC Radio 4. In the US, it was a New York Times Book Review Editor's Choice. The Family Tree was translated into several languages including Spanish, Italian, German, Czech, and Portuguese.
As a journalist, her work in the second decade of the 21st century has focused on issues related to technology. She has, for example, interviewed Jimmy Wales, the founder of Wikipedia.
Starting in late 2016 The Observer published an extensive series of articles by Cadwalladr about what she called the "right-wing fake news ecosystem".
Anthony Barnett wrote in the blog of The New York Review of Books about Cadwalladr's articles in The Observer, which reported malpractice by campaigners for Brexit, and the illicit funding of Vote Leave, in the 2016 EU membership referendum. She has also reported on alleged links between Nigel Farage, the 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump, and Russian influence on the 2016 presidential election that has been investigated in the United States. Regarding the Trump presidential campaign allegation, although the full report remains unpublished, the Mueller investigation "identified numerous links between the Russian government and the Trump Campaign". Before Cambridge Analytica closed operations in 2018, the company took legal action against The Observer for the claims made in Cadwalladr's articles.
In April 2019, Cadwalladr gave a 15-minute TED talk about the links between Facebook and Brexit, entitled "Facebook's role in Brexit — and the threat to democracy". It was one of the opening talks of TED's 2019 conference and Cadwalladr called out the 'Gods of Silicon Valley – Mark Zuckerberg, Sheryl Sandberg, Sergey Brin, Larry Page and Jack Dorsey' by name. She accused Facebook of "breaking" democracy, a moment described as a 'truth bomb'. TED's curator Chris Anderson invited Mark Zuckerberg to come and give his response, an offer he declined. Anderson later listed the talk as one of the best ones of 2019. According to Cadwalladr, the founders of Facebook and Google were sponsoring the conference and the co-founder of Twitter was speaking at it. She summarized her speech in an article in The Observer: "As things stood, I didn't think it was possible to have free and fair elections ever again. That liberal democracy was broken. And they had broken it." The speech was applauded. Some of the "tech giants" criticized the talk for "factual inaccuracies," but when invited to specify them, they did not respond.
Cadwalladr criticised the takeover of The Observer by Tortoise Media. In February 2025, the Press Gazette reported that Tortoise Media had declined to renew her freelance contract, despite its agreement with the National Union of Journalists that all freelance contracts would be renewed for at least one year.

### Banks v Cadwalladr libel case

Arron Banks initiated a libel action against Cadwalladr on 12 July 2019, which in May 2023 concluded with the Court of Appeal ruling that she had unlawfully published a serious imputation (which she accepted was not true). The judge declared that its continued publication by TED was not subject to a public interest defence and had caused Banks serious harm: the court held her liable for £35,000 in damages and over £1 million in costs.
Banks had objected to her claim, notably in her TED talk, that he had lied about "his relationship with the Russian government". According to The Guardian, "Banks's lawyers argued this meant there were strong grounds to believe he would assist the interests of the Russian government, against those of the British government, in exchange for that money." Cadwalladr's lawyers had argued this meant there were reasonable grounds to investigate. However, the judge concluded that, in context, the TED talk and the related tweet meant that "on more than one occasion Mr Banks told untruths about a secret relationship he had with the Russian government in relation to acceptance of foreign funding of electoral campaigns in breach of the law on such funding". The judge had earlier cautioned that "broadcasts and public speeches should not be interpreted as though they were formal written texts", and "emphasised that the ordinary reader or listener would not minutely analyse possible interpretations of words like a libel lawyer".
Banks initially lost the case on 13 June 2022 despite the court finding that Cadwalladr's comments were defamatory. In a High Court ruling, his case was dismissed: the judge concluded that Cadwalladr had a reasonable belief that her comments were in the public interest. Press freedom groups had expressed alarm at the lawsuit, describing the case as a SLAPP suit “intended to silence Cadwalladr's courageous investigative journalism”; however, the judge said that it was neither fair nor apt to describe it as such, because Cadwalladr had “no defence of truth”, and her defence of public interest had “succeeded only in part”. On 24 June 2022, the High Court granted Banks leave to appeal on a question of law relating to the "serious harm" test.
In February 2023, the Court of Appeal rejected two of Banks’ challenges, but ruled in his favour that continuing publication of the April 2019 TED Talk, after the Electoral Commission published a report on 29 April 2020 that found no evidence of Banks breaking the law in relation to campaign donations, had caused "serious harm" to Banks' reputation. The Court ordered that damages should be assessed for the harm incurred between 29 April 2020 and the date of the High Court ruling in June 2022.
On 28 April 2023, Cadwalladr was ordered by the court to pay Banks £35,000 in damages by 12 May 2023. She was further ordered to pay more than £1m in costs. In May 2023 Cadwalladr unsuccessfully sought permission to appeal to the Supreme Court against the costs order. In November 2023, Cadwalladr's lawyers announced that they would be taking the case to the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg.

### Other

Cadwalladr is a founder of "All the Citizens," a not-for-profit organisation registered as a UK-based private company limited by guarantee. The organisation is made up of journalists, filmmakers, advertising creatives, data scientists, artists, students, and lawyers, and intends to crowdfund individual projects and campaigns.
In 2023, Cadwalladr published an open letter praising Carol Vorderman for speaking out about "corruption and the chancers, embezzlers, spivs, and hustlers who've been accused of making millions out of government contracts – and the ministers who've enabled them... no one else is doing it" and speaking "as if women had the right to live their lives without having to give a toss about societal expectations".

## Journalism awards

* British Journalism Awards' Technology Journalism Award in December 2017
* Specialist Journalist of the Year 2017 at the National Society of Editors Press Awards
* Orwell Prize for Political Journalism in June 2018 (for her work "on the impact of big data on the EU Referendum and the 2016 US presidential election").
* Reporters without Borders "L'esprit de RSF" award in November 2018 (for her work on subversion of democratic processes).
* The 2018 Polk Award for National Reporting with reporters from the New York Times.
* The 2018 Stieg Larsson Prize, an annual award of 200,000 krona for people working in Stieg Larsson's spirit.
* Political Studies Association Journalist of the Year in November 2018 (joint award with Amelia Gentleman) for her persistence and resilience in pursuing "investigative journalism on subjects such as personal data".
* Two 2018 British Journalism Awards for Technology Reporting and Investigation.
* Technology Journalist of the Year in the 2018 Society of Editors awards.
* The 2019 Gerald Loeb Award for Investigative Reporting.
* The annual Hay Festival's Medal for Journalism in May 2019, "for the heroic and rigorous investigative journalism".
* Finalist, 2019 Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting, alongside The New York Times reporters, for her coverage of the Cambridge Analytica scandal.
* Winner, 2023 Quaker Truth & Integrity Award.

## Works

* Cadwalladr, Carole (1996). Lebanon (Travellers Survival Kit). Vacation Work. ISBN 1854581473.
* Cadwalladr, Carole (2005). The Family Tree: A Novel. Penguin. ISBN 9781440649516.