OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# John Mankey Riggs

John Mankey Riggs (October 25, 1811 – November 11, 1885) was the leading authority on periodontal disease and its treatment in the United States, to the point that periodontal disease was known as "Riggs' disease."

## Biography

Riggs was born in Seymour, Connecticut and graduated from the Baltimore College of Dental Surgery in 1854.
He practiced dentistry in Hartford, and was seemingly the first individual to limit his practice to periodontics; he is thus considered to be the first specialist in the field.
Riggs was an associate of Horace Wells, and was the first surgeon to operate with a patient under anesthesia by extracting Wells' tooth in 1844 while he was under the influence of nitrous oxide.
He was the personal dentist of an American writer Mark Twain.

## Role in early periodontology

Riggs was an opponent of periodontal surgery, which at the time consisted of gingival resection. He promoted the concept of proper oral hygiene and prevention.
Riggs first demonstrated his method of conventional periodontal therapy in 1856: he removed salivary and serumal deposits and necrosed bone from the teeth with scrapers that he designed. He then applied a tincture of powdered myrrh and polished the teeth. He published his treatment in 1876.
# Royère-de-Vassivière

Royère-de-Vassivière (French pronunciation:, literally Royère of Vassivière; Occitan: Roièra de Vacivièra) is a commune in the Creuse department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in central France.

## Geography

A large area of forestry, farming and lakes comprising the village and several hamlets situated some 17 miles (27 km) south of Aubusson on the D3, D7, D8 and the D59 roads. The rivers Maulde and Thaurion rise within the borders of the commune. The commune lies within the regional park of the Millevaches, an area of the 1000 sources, not cows.

## Sights

* The church of St. Germain, dating from the thirteenth century.
* The Ceres fountain, opposite the church.
* The Lac de Vassiviere.
* The Lac de Lavaud-Gelade.
* The Modern Art Centre on the l'île de Vassivière.
* The Sculpture Park: 30 monumental sculptures by French and oversees artists.
# Brant Kuithe

Brant Kuithe (born December 14, 1999) is an American college football tight end for the Utah Utes of the Big 12 Conference.

## Early life

Kuithe grew up in Katy, Texas and attended Cinco Ranch High School, where he played football and ran track. He was named the District 19-6A MVP after rushing for 1,041 yards and 18 touchdowns and punting 22 times for 881 yards despite playing in seven games only due to injury. Kuithe and his twin brother Blake, who played edge rusher, both initially committed to play college football at Rice University, but de-committed after the firing of head coach David Bailiff. The brothers later signed to play at the University of Utah over offers from Colorado and Iowa State.

## College career

In his freshman season Kuithe led Utah's tight ends with 20 receptions and 227 receiving yards with a touchdown reception. Kuithe led the Utes with 34 receptions, 602 receiving yards and 6 receiving touchdowns and also rushed six times for 102 yards and three touchdowns and was named second team All-Pac-12 Conference as a sophomore. As a junior, Kuithe led the Utes with 25 receptions for 236 yards in five games during the Pac-12's abbreviated season due to Covid-19 and was again named second team All-Conference.
Two days after injuring his knee during the September 24, 2022 game against Arizona State, it was revealed that he would miss the remainder of the 2022 season due to a torn ACL.

### College statistics

| Season | Games | Games | Receiving | Receiving | Receiving | Receiving | Rushing | Rushing | Rushing | Rushing |
| Season | GP | GS | Rec | Yards | Avg | TD | Att | Yards | Avg | TD |
| Utah Utes |||||||||||
| 2018 | 14 | 2 | 20 | 227 | 11.4 | 1 | 1 | -2 | -2.0 | 0 |
| 2019 | 14 | 9 | 34 | 602 | 17.7 | 6 | 6 | 102 | 17.0 | 3 |
| 2020 | 5 | 3 | 25 | 236 | 9.4 | 0 | 6 | 50 | 8.3 | 0 |
| 2021 | 14 | 9 | 50 | 611 | 12.2 | 6 | 4 | 12 | 3.0 | 1 |
| 2022 | 4 | 3 | 19 | 206 | 10.8 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 |
| 2023 | Medical | Medical | Medical | Medical | Medical | Medical | Medical | Medical | Medical | Medical |
| 2024 | 9 | 5 | 35 | 505 | 14.6 | 6 | 8 | 26 | 3.3 | 2 |
| Career | 60 | 32 | 183 | 2,387 | 13.0 | 22 | 25 | 188 | 7.5 | 6 |

## Professional career

Pre-draft measurables :
| Height | Weight | Arm length | Hand span |
| 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) | 236 lb (107 kg) | 31+5⁄8 in (0.80 m) | 10+1⁄2 in (0.27 m) |
| All values from NFL Combine ||||
# Conus alexandrinus

Conus alexandrinus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails, cone shells or cones.

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 18 mm and 34 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off Angola.
# Duninów

Duninów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chocianów, within Polkowice County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in southwestern Poland.
# Lekit church

The Lekart church (Georgian: ლექეთის წმინდა ნინოს ტაძარი; Azerbaijani: Ləkit məbədi), officially the Lekarti Monastery of Saint Nino, is a former Georgian Orthodox church, located 2 km (1.2 mi) north-east of the village of Lekit in the Qakh District of northwestern Azerbaijan, on the border with Georgia.

## Overview

The village's oldest name "Lekarti" (Georgian: ლექართი) is of Georgian origins and means "the place of Georgians". Among the Dagestani Lezgins the village is also known as "Georgians' village". In written historic courses which have been saved up to the present, the village has been mentioned for the first time in a Georgian Gospel's Anderdzi (postscript), written in 1300-1310, during the reign of king George V the Brilliant of Georgia. It is said that Catholicos of Georgia Ekvtime III visited Lekarti Saint Nino church, then part of the Kak-Eliseni district of the Kakheti province of Kingdom of Georgia.

## Gallery

* Miniature model of the monastery in the historical museum of Qakh
# Cheolli Jangseong

The Cheolli Jangseong or Great Wall of Korea may refer to either of two massive fortifications built between medieval Korea and the Chinese to the west and other tribes to the north. The first is a 7th-century network of military garrisons built by Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. These are now located in Northeast China. The second is an 11th-century wall built by Korea's Goryeo dynasty, now located in North Korea.

## Name

The Korean name Cheolli Jangseong literally means the "Thousand Ri Wall", a reference to the Great Wall of China whose Chinese name is the "Ten-Thousand" or "Countless Li Wall". The second wall is also known in Korean as the Goryeo Jangseong ("Great Wall of Korea").

## Goguryeo period

After Goguryeo's victory in the Goguryeo–Sui Wars, in 631 Goguryeo began the fortification of numerous military garrisons after the Tang dynasty, the successor to the Sui in China, began incursions from the northwest. Its construction was supervised by Yeon Gaesomun during the reign of King Yeongnyu. The preparation and coordination was completed in 647, after which Yeon Gaesomun took control of the Goguryeo court in a coup.
The network of fortresses ran for approximately 1000 li in what is now Northeast China, from Buyeoseong (부여성, 扶餘城) (present-day Nong'an County) to the Bohai Bay.
The most important of the garrisons were as follows:
* Bisa (비사성; 卑沙城; present-day Jinzhou County in Dalian)
* Geonan (건안성; 建安城; present-day Gaizhou)
* Ansi (Goguryeo: 안촌홀 (安寸忽, 안시성; 安市城, near present-day Haicheng in Anshan Prefecture)
* Baegam (백암성; 白巖城; in present-day Dengta County of Liaoyang prefecture)
* Yodong (요동성; 遼東城; just to the east of present-day Liaoyang)
* Gaemo (개모성; 蓋牟城; present-day Fushun, Shenyang)
* Hyeondo (현도성; 玄菟城)
* Shin (신성; 新城, present-day Fushun)
* Buyeo (부여성; 扶餘城; present-day Nong'an County in Jilin)

## Goryeo period

A second Cheolli Jangseong is the stone wall built from 1033 to 1044, during the Goryeo dynasty, in the northern Korean peninsula. It is roughly 1000 li in length, and about 24 feet in both height and width. It connected the fortresses built during the reign of Emperor Hyeonjong, passing through these cities,
* Uiju (의주, 義州)
* Wiwon (위원, 威遠)
* Heunghwa (흥화, 興化)
* Jeongju (정주, 靜州)
* Yeonghae (영해, 寧海)
* Yeongdeok (영덕, 寧德)
* Yeongsak (영삭, 寧朔)
* Jeongyung (정융, 定戎)
* Yeongwon (영원, 寧遠)
* Pyeongno (평로, 平虜)
* Sakju (삭주, 朔州)
* Maengju (맹주, 孟州)
* Unju (운주, 雲州)
* Cheongsae (청새, 淸塞)
* Ansu (안수, 安水)
* Yeongheung (영흥, 永興)
* Yodeok (요덕, 耀德)
* Jeongbyeon (정변, 靜邊)
* and ending at Hwaju (화주, 和州).
King Deokjong ordered Yuso to build the defenses in response to incursions by the Khitan of the northwest and the Jurchen of the northeast. It was completed during the reign of Emperor Jeongjong.
It ran from the mouth of the Yalu River to around Hamheung of present-day North Korea. Remnants are still extant, including in Ŭiju and Chŏngp'yŏng.
# Conus alrobini

Conus alrobini is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails, cone shells or cones.
These snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of stinging humans.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 105 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species of cone snail is endemic and occurs off Central Vietnam
# Burch (surname)

Burch or Birch is a surname originating from the English language.
It is an English, Scottish, German, Danish and Swedish topographic name for someone who lived by a birch tree or in a birch wood, from an ancient Germanic word meaning ‘birch’ (Old English birce, byrce; Middle High German birche; Old Danish birk).

## Notable people with the surname include

* Allen Banks Burch (1894–1948), Justice of the Kansas Supreme Court
* Ashly Burch (born 1990), American actor
* Benjamin Franklin Burch (1825–1893), American politician and soldier in Oregon
* Billy Burch (1900–1950), American professional ice hockey
* Cecil Reginald Burch (1901–1983), British physicist and engineer
* Charles C. Burch (1928–1979), American politician from Tennessee
* Claire Burch (1925–2009), American author, filmmaker and poet
* Desiree Burch, London-based American comedian
* Elizabeth Chamblee Burch, American lawyer and the Charles Hughes Kirbo Chair Professor at University of Georgia
* George E. Burch (1910–1986), American cardiologist
* J. Christopher Burch (born 1953), American venture capitalist and entrepreneur
* Jeff Burch, Canadian politician
* Jeannine Burch (born 1968), Swiss actress
* Jennings Michael Burch (1941–2013), American writer
* John Burch (1932–2006), British pianist
* John B. Burch (1929–2021), American zoologist
* John Chilton Burch (1826–1885), California politician
* John Christopher Burch (1827–1881), Secretary of the US Senate
* John E. Burch (1896–1969), American producer and director
* Jordan Burch (born 2001), American football player
* Joy Burch, Australian politician
* Laurel Burch (1945–2007), American artist, designer and businesswoman
* Lucius E. Burch Jr. (1912–1996), American lawyer
* Marc Burch (born 1984), American soccer player for D.C. United
* Matt Burch, computer programmer
* Michael R. Burch (born 1958), American poet
* Newton D. Burch (1871–1931), Justice of the South Dakota Supreme Court
* Noël Burch (born 1932), American film theorist
* Rob Burch (politician) (born 1942), American politician
* Ron Burch, American writer and TV producer
* Rousseau Angelus Burch (1862–1944), Justice of the Kansas Supreme Court
* Samuel Burch (1889–1974), politician in Manitoba, Canada
* The Burch Sisters, American country music trio
* Timmy Burch, character on the animated TV series South Park
* Tory Burch (born 1966), American fashion designer
* William P. Burch (1846–1926), American thoroughbred trainer
# Md. Julfiker Murtuja Chowdhury

Md. Julfiker Murtuja Chowdhury is a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and the former member of parliament for Thakurgaon-2.

## Career

Zulfiqar was elected to parliament from Thakurgaon-2 as a Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate in 15 February 1996 Bangladeshi general election. He was defeated from Thakurgaon-2 constituency on 12 June 1996 on the nomination of Bangladesh Nationalist Party.
He submitted his nomination papers for the Eleventh Parliamentary Election of 2019 and later withdrew them.
# Yasin Handule Wais

Yasin Handule Wais (Somali: Yaasiin Xandulle Wacays Sugulle) was a Somali religious leader.

## Biography

Haji Yasin had spent years studying in Egypt and returned to the Somaliland Protectorate in 1956 with a goal to form a religious organisation that was vehemently anti-government and anti-Christian imperialism. The Somaliland Protectorate independence struggle gave rise to numerous secular and tribally oriented political organisations. Party of Allah was created in 1956 by Haji Yasin and other notable Habr Yunis religious figures with the goals of defending Islam and eradicating tribalism.
Brock Millman in British Somaliland: An Administrative History, 7920-1960 states :
   It was effectively a wadads' party dedicated to protecting Islam, and abolishing both tribalism and her in the interests of Islamic purity. While the party had a small membership, it was considered to have great staying power. Its presence in the bureaucracy was substantial, given the high Habr Yunis presence. The Administration did not feel that it could ignore this faction...
Yasin attempted to put a stop to inter-tribal conflicts by founding a group that would transcend tribal allegiances while maintaining an emphasis on Islam as the core of Somali identity. Haji Yasin influenced numerous other anti-colonial movements such as Nasser Allah.
Professor of African studies John Markakis in The 1963 rebellion in the Ogaden states :
   The founders of Nasser Allah were allegedly inspired by the example of Hadj Yasin Handuleh, a religious leader of the Habr Yunis (Issaq) tribe in the Haud. The Habr Yunis are the vanguard of an Issaq drive into the Haud, and have been locked into a bloody conflict with the Ogaden tribes in that region which continues to this day. The Habr Yunis were often also at odds with fellow Issaq tribes, and such inter-necine conflict played into the hands of the alien rulers of the Somali. Seeking an end to it, Hadj Yasin sought to create an organization that transcended tribal loyalties, as the nationalist parties claimed to do, but still focused on Islam as the essence of Somali identity and unity. He called it Hizb Allah (Party of God). A group of young Ogaden students and traders who came to know Hadj Yasin were prompted to follow his example. In the late 1950s they formed an association they called Nasser Allah. The fact that they chose to establish a separate organization for the Ogaden indicates the imperative of maintaining tribal distinctions even at the level of nationalist mobilization
# Conus anemone

Conus anemone, common name the anemone cone, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Conidae, the cone snails and their allies.
Like all species within the genus Conus, these snails are predatory and venomous. They are capable of stinging humans, therefore live ones should be handled carefully or not at all.
Conus anemone is a variable species or a species complex, as reflected by the large number of nominal species that have been established. In particular, C. peronianus, a very large form occurring from Port Lincoln, South Australia, to Cape Naturaliste, requires further taxonomic examination.

## Subspecies

* Conus anemone anemone Lamarck, 1810 represented as Conus anemone Lamarck, 1810 (alternate representation)
* Conus anemone compressus G. B. Sowerby II, 1866: synonym of Conus compressus G. B. Sowerby II, 1866
* Conus anemone novaehollandiae A. Adams, 1855 (synonym: Floraconus novaehollandiae(A. Adams, 1855) )
** According to the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) database, the status of Conus anemone novaehollandiae is in dispute. WoRMS regards it as a subspecies of C. anemone. However, there are morphological and habitat differences between the two, and there is a 600-kilometer distribution gap between the northernmost anemone populations and the southernmost novaehollandiae populations. Australian specialists treat the two as distinct species.

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 21 mm and 93 mm. The shell is very variable in form. It is short and robust, with a short spire, or longer and more slender, with an elevated spire. The spire and the body whorl are closely encircled throughout with close ridged striae. The color of the shell is white, longitudinally nebulously or reticulately painted with chestnut or chocolate, with an irregular central white band. The color of the aperture is chocolate-tinged and white-banded in the middle.

## Distribution

This species is endemic to Australia and occurs off New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia
# Mokhlesur Rahman

Mokhlesur Rahman (c. 1941 – 12 September 2016) was a Jatiya Party (Ershad) politician in Bangladesh and member of parliament for Dinajpur-3.

## Career

Rahman was elected to parliament from Dinajpur-3 as a Jatiya Party candidate in 1988.
# Pondicherry Gramin Bank

Pondicherry Gramin Bank, also known locally as Puduvai Bharathiar Grama Bank (PBGB) is a Regional Rural Bank in the Indian Union Territory of Puducherry. It is the largest bank in Pondicherry in terms of branch network. The bank was established in the year 1980 under the Regional Rural Bank Act, 1976.
This bank is jointly owned by Government of India, Government of Puducherry and sponsored by Indian Bank. The shareholders of the Bank are Government of India (50%), Government of Puducherry (15%) and Indian Bank (35%).

## Area of operations

The Bank is operating in the following four districts of Puducherry:
* Puducherry
* Karaikal
* Mahe
* Yanam
The bank has 41 branches in operation, of which eight are located in Karaikal and two in Mahe and one in Yanam.

## Board of directors

* Shri E Selvasekaran
* Shri A S Pillai
* Shri Veerashankar
# Columbia Threadneedle Investments

Columbia Threadneedle Investments is an American asset management firm. It is a subsidiary of Ameriprise Financial and operates as its asset management arm.

## Background

Columbia Threadneedle was formed in 2015 as the result of a merger between Columbia Management Group (an investment advisor and sponsor of mutual funds) and Threadneedle Asset Management (a non-US focused asset management firm based in the United Kingdom). Columbia Management Group and Threadneedle Asset Management were subsidiaries of Ameriprise Financial which were acquired in 2010 and 2003 respectively. Columbia Management was the asset management business of Bank of America.
In April 2021, Columbia Threadneedle acquired BMO's European asset management business for $845 million. The deal included F&C Asset Management. The BMO funds were subsequently rebranded to the Columbia Threadneedle name.
In October 2024, Columbia Threadneedle closed its standalone UK small stocks unit. This came at a time where investors were pulling money ahead of a UK Budget that would made stocks seem less attractive.
Columbia Threadneedle is headquartered in Boston with offices in 17 countries including Luxembourg, Singapore and the United Kingdom. Its businesses serve clients in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East and Asia.
# Theodor Elsenhans

Theodor Elsenhans (German:; 7 March 1862 – 3 January 1918) was a German psychologist and neo-Kantian philosopher. He was born in Stuttgart and died in Dresden.

## Life

Elsenhans started studying theology at the University of Tübingen, but became interested in philosophy. He received his doctorate in 1885. In 1902 he completed his Habilitationsschrift at Heidelberg University, with a monograph on Kant and the post-Kantian Jakob Friedrich Fries. In 1908 he took up a professorship at Dresden University, where he continued to work on epistemology.

## Works

* Psychologie und Logik zur Einführung in die Philosophie: für Oberklassen höherer Schulen und zum Selbststudium[Psychology and logic as an introduction to philosophy: for upper secondary school classes and for self-study], 1890
* Wesen und Entstehung des Gewissens: Eine Psychologie der Ethik [The nature and origin of conscience: a psyschology of ethics], 1894.
* Das Kant-Friesische Problem [The Kant-Fries problem], 1902.
* Lehrbuch der psychologie [Handbook of psychology], 1912
# Soshanguve

Soshanguve is a township situated about 30 km north of Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa, just east of Mabopane. The name Soshanguve is an acronym for Sotho, Shangaan, Nguni and Venda, thus showing the multi-ethnic composition of the population. The major African languages of South Africa are heard in Soshanguve.

## History

It was formerly known as Mabopane East. The acronym divided the Soshanguve residents according to their tribe when they were resettled from Mamelodi and Atteridgeville in 1974.

## Culture

The people of Soshanguve speak Pretoria Sotho called Se Pitori and listen to local music genres called Barcadi & Amapiano.

## Educational Institutions

Soshanguve is home to Tshwane University of Technology's Soshanguve North & South Campuses & Tshwane North College (TNC).

## Places of interest

* The second fab lab in South Africa is located in Soshanguve Block TT where it is operated by a self-organized group of unemployed youth known as the Bright Youth Council.
* Tswaing Crater - Tswaing, meaning Place of Salt in Setswana, is a 2000-hectare heritage site.
* Giant Stadium
* Soshanguve Crossing Mall
* Soshanguve Railway Station

## Notable people

* Black Motion
* DJ Maphorisa
* Warren Masemola
* Vusi Mahlasela
# Lalchand Kataria

Lalchand Kataria (born 12 June 1968) is an Indian politician belonging to the Bharatiya Janata Party. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India, from Jaipur Rural, Rajasthan in 2009. He was the Minister of State for Defense in the Second Manmohan Singh ministry. He was later elected as a Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly from Amer Constituency in 2003, a position he currently holds. He has been the cabinet minister of Rajasthan from the year 2018.
# Apistoloricaria laani

Apistoloricaria laani is a species of armored catfish endemic to Colombia where it is found in the Meta River basin. This species grows to a length of 13.0 centimetres (5.1 in) SL.

## Etymology

The catfish is named in honor of Louis André van der Laan, of the Zoölogisch Museum in Amsterdam.