# The Rediscovery of America

The Rediscovery of America: Native Peoples and the Unmaking of U.S. History is a 2023 book by historian Ned Blackhawk published by Yale University Press. The book depicts the central role of Native Americans in the formation and development of the United States, a role which Blackhawk argues has been minimized or overlooked in the prevailing narrative of American history.
The book was awarded the 2023 National Book Award for Nonfiction and the Mark Lynton History Prize.

## Narrative

The book depicts Native American history stretching from the first arrival of European settlers to North America to the present day. During the Colonial period, European settlers violently displaced Native Americans from their lands in coastal areas. Europeans also traded with Native American tribes, trading goods including firearms in exchange for products including furs. This led to internal conflict among Native American tribes as valuable hunting territory (with the associated economic dominance derived from access to such lands) became increasingly more contested.
The book explains how the land that would become modern day Canada was ceded from the French to the British after the Seven Years' War. The Seven Years' War was followed by Pontiac's War, in which Odawa chief Pontiac resisted British oppression. The British, fearing further expansion of war, passed the Royal Proclamation of 1763 prohibiting settlers from moving into the interior territories as well as forming an alliance with Pontiac. In contravention of the 1763 proclamation, White settlers continued to encroach upon Native American lands including attacking tribes suspected of allying with Pontiac or the British. Blackhawk explained that these violent confrontations constituted an insurgency, which expanded to include attacks on British supply lines along Forbes Road between Pittsburgh and Philadelphia. Regarding this insurgency, the Declaration of Independence was particularly critical of Native Americans and their perceived collusion with King George, rebuking George III for his support of "merciless Indian savages", stating: "He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. Blackhawk explains that this anti-Native American, expansionist sentiment was one of the key drivers that led to the American Revolution.
The book dispels the myth that Native peoples were quickly overrun by technologically superior European settlers. Native peoples were able retain most of their territory in the internal United States into the 19th century. However, by the early 1800s, after the American Revolution and a more robust White settler expansion westwards with financial and military support from the federal government, most Native peoples were dispossessed of their lands and forced West of the Mississippi River. With the 1871 Indian Appropriations Act, congress nullified previous treaties with Native Peoples recognizing certain areas of the country as Native American lands and granting Native Americans certain rights. This repeal of previous treaties allowed the United States to forcibly evict Native Americans from their lands. By 1880, with a newly created transcontinental railroad and a surge of settler expansion further westward, partly driven by gold, silver and copper mining, Native peoples lost their remaining lands and were relegated to living in designated reservations.
The book also depicts how in the late 1800s and early 1900s a series of American Indian boarding schools were established ostensibly with the intention of assisting Native children in assimilating to the American way of life but with the true goal of destroying Native customs and traditions. Native American activists were eventually able to petition the government to gain control of such boarding schools and relocated them closer to home.
Blackhawk also documents the rise of the modern day Native American rights movement, with the Indian New Deal during the 1930s, designed to support Native American self-government and self-determination and which introduced a mandate to recognize previous treaty rights. Blackhawk also discusses the Red Power movement of the 1960s and 70s, which further advocated for the rights of Native Americans.
The book also highlights modern day accomplishments in the Native American civil rights movement, including reservations gaining more economic and political influence on the national stage. Other accomplishments featured include the opening of the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian in Washington DC and the passage of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.

## Reception

Writing for The New York Times, Alan Taylor states that the book "benefits from Blackhawk's wide and savvy reading of the many scholars who, during the last 50 years, have restored Native peoples to their prominent place within a fuller, richer American history." Taylor also stated that the early chapters of the book, describing the first three centuries after Columbus's landing in North America, lacked "cohesion and flow, looping back and forth in time with much repetition". Writing for The Guardian, David Smith stated that Blackhawk was able to document U.S. history with a "wider and more inclusive lens". Writing for The Wall Street Journal, historian Kathleen DuVal stated that the work was an "eloquent and comprehensive telling of how the history of the United States and that of American Indians since the 1500s are the same story."