OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dewan Taimur Raja Chowdhury

Dewan Taimur Raja Chowdhury (Bengali: দেওয়ান তৈমুর রাজা চৌধুরী; 5 November 1917 – 14 December 1997) was a Bangladeshi politician, landowner and poet. He was the former member of parliament from Sylhet-7 as a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician.

## Early life

Chowdhury was born on 5 November 1917 to a Bengali Muslim family in Rampasha, Bishwanath, Sylhet District, Assam Province, British India (now Sylhet Division, Bangladesh). His father was Khan Bahadur Dewan Eklimur Raja Chowdhury and his mother was Meherjan Banu. His paternal grandfather was the renowned Bengali mystic Hason Raja.
Chowdhury began his education in Rajaganj Primary School before enrolling at the Sylhet Government Alia Madrasah where he did Islamic studies and also studied Bengali, Arabic, Persian and Urdu. He then moved on to study at Rasamay Memorial High School and Sylhet Government High School. He graduated from Murari Chand College. As a student he was the secretary of Assam Provincial Muslim Students Federation.

## Career

Chowdhury's career began with taking care of his father's various properties such as the Alijan Coal Mine in Assam, Rupamukhi and Sonamukhi in Tripura, and Moulvibazar Tea Garden. From 1943 to 1946, Chowdhury was the honorary magistrate of Sylhet District. He went on to serve as vice chairman and then chairman of Sylhet Local Board. In 1946, he was elected to the Assam Legislative Assembly. He was involved in the 1947 Sylhet referendum that saw Sylhet rejoin with East Bengal.
Chowdhury joined the East Pakistan Muslim League and served as the president of Sylhet District Muslim League. In 1965, he was elected to East Pakistan Provincial Assembly. Chowdhury was made the president of Bangladesh Nationalist Party Sylhet unit in 1979. Chowdhury was elected to parliament from Sylhet-7 as a Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate in 1979. He was a state minister in the cabinet of President Ziaur Rahman. He wrote mystical poems and songs like his grandfather. He founded the Dewan Taimur Raja Trust with support from Islami Bank.

## Personal life

Chowdhury was married to Shaila Ahsanullah of the Dhaka Nawab Family. She was a daughter of Nawabzada Khwaja Ahsanullah, the youngest son of Nawab Bahadur Sir Salimullah. Begum Ahsanullah was his wife's stepmother.

## Death

Chowdhury died on 14 December 1997.
# Johann Jakob Huber

Johann Jakob Huber (27 August 1733, Basel – 21 August 1798, Gotha) was a Swiss astronomer.

## Life and work

Huber was the eldest of two sons born to the Basle trader Johann Jakob Huber (1704–1759) and his first wife Anna Maria Winkelblech (1706–1736). He studied at the usual Basle schools. His father had originally envisioned a career for his eldest son similar to his own, but as he showed early on his inclination towards mathematics and astronomy, he allowed him to receive a correspondingly suitable education. Among his university lecturers in his home town of Basle were the mathematicians Daniel Bernoulli and Johann II. Bernoulli.
In 1754 Huber was an astronomer at the Royal Greenwich Observatory. From 1754 till 1755 he undertook a scientific sojourn through England. During this trip he wrote on 19 October 1754, in Croydon, an essay on the determination of longitude at sea, containing thoughts on a particular part that a mechanical clock needs to have an escapement with constant force. During a visit to the University of Oxford in Spring 1755 to hear a lecture by James Bradley, he handed this memorandum over to him. As Bradley was impressed by the work and found the described escapement simpler than that of John Harrison, Huber gave a contract to the clockmaker Thomas Mudge for a model of his innovation.
In 1756, Huber was called to Potsdam by Friedrich II. and became there Professor and astronomer of the Akademie der Wissenschaften. On 15 January 1756 he became an ordentliches Member. In the same year he took on the job of Direktor of the Berlin Observatory. Because of the sub-standard equipment he gave the post up in 1758 and returned home to Basle. Since 27 January 1758 he was a foreign Member of the Academy. In Basle he married in the same year his second wife Rosina Rohner (1737–1812) and worked from then on as Private Tutor.
On 21 August 1798 Huber died in Gotha while on a journey to Germany, which led him through Berlin. In the Summer, he had taken part in the First European congress of astronomers at the Gotha Observatory. Huber left five daughters and two sons. His eldest son, also called Johann Jakob Huber (1761–1790), had already died a few years before him. His second-born son, Johann Rudolf Huber (1766–1806), was professor of History and a clergyman. The youngest, Daniel Huber (1768–1829), was a mathematician and also astronomer.
# Muhammad Younis

Muhammad Younis (4 November 1948 - 29 October 2024) was a Pakistani middle distance runner who competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics and the 1976 Summer Olympics.

## Career

Younis represented Pakistan in the 800 metres and 1500 metres events across multiple international competitions throughout the 1970s. Younis clinched 56 gold medals domestically and 27 golds internationally. His most notable victories include a gold medal at the 1974 Asian Games in Tehran and a double podium finish at the 1973 Asian Athletics Championships in Marikina, where he won gold and silver. His national record in the 1500m, set in 1970 in Cologne, Germany, with a time of 3:41.4, remains unbroken to this day. He also set national records in the 3000m (8:05.65) and 5000m (14:08.4) events in 1971 and 1977, respectively, during competitions in Germany. His participation in the 1976 Montreal Olympics became a turning point after an alleged administrative error led to his entry in the 800m event instead of his favoured 1500m. Despite the setback, Younis set a new national record in the 800m at the Games.
In 1979, Younis’ competitive career was abruptly cut short due to a serious motorcycle accident, which left him unable to continue at the elite level. Yet, he remained deeply involved in athletics and served as an inspiration to young athletes across Pakistan.
His contributions were officially recognised in 1991 when he was awarded the Pride of Performance, one of Pakistan’s highest honours for contributions to the arts, sciences, and sports.
# Tögrög, Govi-Altai

Tögrög (Mongolian: Төгрөг) is a sum (district) of Govi-Altai Province in western Mongolia. Center of Tugrug sum located from Altai city in 145 km. In 2009, its population was 1,914.

## Administrative divisions

The district is divided into five bags, which are:
* Khuren gol
* Maanit
* Tsagaan khairkhan
* Tungalag
* Tugrugiin ekh
# Chaman Lal Chaman

Chaman Lal Chaman (15 May 1934 – 4 February 2019) was an Indian-British Panjabi poet, lyricist and radio broadcaster who was based in London. He is the writer of a popular Panjabi song, saun da mahina, sung by Jagjit Singh in 1979. He also writes in Urdu and Hindi.
Chaman wrote a Bhangra song for Gurinder Chadha's Bride and Prejudice, starring Aishwarya Rai with music by Anu Malik, and many songs and ghazals for Jagjit Singh and his wife Chitra Singh. His lyrics has also been sung by noted Indian singers like Asha Bhosle, Kumar Sanu and Sonu Nigam.
He worked as a radio presenter in Kenya and Britain and interviewed more than a hundred celebrities including, Sunil Dutt, Jawahar Lal Nehru and Naushad.
Chaman was honored in London in 2010 and was presented the Asian Achievers Gold Award for his achievements in media, art and culture.

## Early life and career

Chaman was born in a small village in Pasla in 1934. His mother died when he was a child and his father called him to Kenya where he worked as a presenter for Kenyan Radio, The Voice of Kenya, in Nairobi during the 1950s and 1960s and interviewed more than a hundred celebrities, including a noted Bollywood actor Sunil Dutt when he visited Kenya.
Later, spending nearly 18 years, from 1956 to 1974, he moved to Britain and worked at the Asian service of BBC and Panjab Radio, UK.
He started the first Indian commercial radio programme in London called Geetmala which became a rage among the Asian diaspora. He also anchored the weekly programmes on BBC's TV One and BBC Radio Four during the 1990s.

## Literary works

At the age of 13, he wrote a poem on Guru Nanak Dev's birthday and was given rupee 1 as an award which stirred his inner poet. After that he wrote many poems and has published three anthologies of his poems.
On the 50th anniversary of India and Pakistan's independence, he penned a play, Sare Jahan Se Achha, directed by the noted Punjabi writer Balwant Gargi and the music was composed by ghazal singer, Jagjit Singh. It was a major success when played in London and other cities of Britain in 1997 and 98.

## Death

Chaman died from a heart condition in London, on 4 February 2019, at the age of 84.
# Lauren Cheatle

Lauren Roma Cheatle (born 6 November 1998) is an Australian cricketer who plays as a left-arm fast-medium bowler and left-handed batter. She plays domestic cricket for New South Wales in the Women's National Cricket League (WNCL) and the Sydney Sixers in the Women's Big Bash League (WBBL). Between 2016 and 2019, she played 11 matches for the Australian national cricket team.

## Domestic cricket

Cheatle plays for the New South Wales Breakers in the Women's National Cricket League. She played her first match for the Breakers on 1 November 2015.
Cheatle previously played for the Sydney Thunder in the Women's Big Bash League. In the 2015–16 season, she took 18 wickets finishing equal 4th in the most wickets list. She was at the bowler's end when the Thunder won the inaugural WBBL final when Claire Koski scored two runs off an overthrow. She joined the Sydney Sixers ahead of the 2017–18 Women's Big Bash League season.

## International career

Cheatle played her first match for the Australia women's national cricket team in a Women's Twenty20 International against India on 29 January 2016.
On 26 February 2017, she made her Women's One Day International (WODI) debut against New Zealand.
After missing out on Australia's squad for the 2017 World Cup in England, Cheatle was recalled to the side as part of their squad for the Women's Ashes. She was named in both the ODI squad and the Test squad. However, after playing in a pink ball warm-up match against the ACT Meteors at Manuka Oval, she was unable, due to a back injury, to make a Test debut.
In April 2019, Cricket Australia awarded her with a contract with the National Performance Squad ahead of the 2019–20 season.
In December 2023, she was named in Australia's squad for their Test series against India. She made her Women's Test debut for Australia on 21 December 2023.

## Off the field

As of 2023, Cheatle was combining her professional cricket career with part-time work for What Ability, a disability support service.
# Scott Geddes

Scott Geddes (born 18 October 1980) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played for eleven seasons (2002-2012) as a prop forward for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League.

## Education

Geddes attended Patrician Brothers' College, Fairfield, a renowned rugby league school, for three years (1996 to 1998).

## Football
### South Sydney Rabbitohs

Both Geddes and Luke Stuart were the first players to sign with the club when the club was re-instated in the National Rugby League (NRL).

### Debut

Geddes made his first grade debut in round 2 of the 2002 NRL season against the Canberra Raiders.

### Career

Geddes played for Souths during a tough period for the club when they finished last in 2003, 2004, and 2006. In 2007, he made 11 appearances as Souths reached the finals for the first time since 1989.
Geddes was a dominant force on the field. He was a large part of the team's successes in 2009 although the club narrowly missed the finals. He scored the winning try with just 4 seconds to go against the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in round 26 2009 at Shark Park.

### Injuries

Throughout his career Geddes battled many injuries, limiting his game time, including:
* 2003: ruptured ACL.
* 2010: ruptured ACL: his season ending knee injury in round 13 of 2010 was the first of the many injuries sustained by South Sydney that contributed to the team's poor performance that season.
* 2011: torn Achilles tendon.
* 2012: Ruptured right biceps muscle in a (11 February 2012) pre-season trial against the Warriors: he chose to continue playing, rather than have surgery during the season.

### Retirement

During the 2012 NRL season, Geddes announced that he would retire at the end of the year as a one-club player, and his final first-grade game was in round 16 of the 2012 NRL season (against the Brisbane Broncos at Suncorp Stadium).

## Recognition

Geddes received many accolades from the club during his career, including the "Bob McCarthy Clubman of the Year Award" in 2009.
He was made a Life Member of the South Sydney Football Club in 2013.

## After football

Specializing in providing personal training and group fitness classes at Maroubra since 2009, he is currently the director and head coach at First Grade Fitness in McKeon Street, Maroubra Beach, where he provides gymnasium facilities, and conducts group and personal training as well as corporate and athletic development programmes.
# Cycling at the 1948 Summer Olympics

The cycling competition at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London consisted of two road cycling events and four track cycling events, all for men only. The track cycling events were held at the Herne Hill Velodrome in south London. The road race events were held in Windsor Great Park, south of Windsor.

## Medal summary
### Road cycling

| Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Road race, Individual details | José Beyaert France | Gerrit Voorting Netherlands | Lode Wouters Belgium |
| Road race, Team details | Belgium (BEL) Léon Delathouwer Eugène van Roosbroeck Lode Wouters | Great Britain (GBR) Robert John Maitland Ian Scott Gordon Thomas Ernie Clements | France (FRA) José Beyaert Jacques Dupont Alain Moineau |

### Track cycling

| Games | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Pursuit, Team details | France (FRA) Fernand Decanali Pierre Adam Serge Blusson Charles Coste | Italy (ITA) Rino Pucci Arnaldo Benfenati Guido Bernardi Anselmo Citterio | Great Britain (GBR) Wilfred Waters Robert Geldard Tommy Godwin David Ricketts |
| Sprint details | Mario Ghella Italy | Reg Harris Great Britain | Axel Schandorff Denmark |
| Tandem details | Renato Perona and Ferdinando Teruzzi (ITA) | Alan Bannister and Reg Harris (GBR) | Gaston Dron and René Faye (FRA) |
| Time trial details | Jacques Dupont France | Pierre Nihant Belgium | Tommy Godwin Great Britain |

## Participating nations

188 cyclists from 33 nations competed.
* Argentina (12)
* Australia (6)
* Austria (8)
* Belgium (12)
* Canada (6)
* Republic of China (1)
* Cuba (1)
* Denmark (11)
* Finland (5)
* France (11)
* Great Britain (10)
* Greece (3)
* Guyana (1)
* India (9)
* Italy (12)
* South Korea (2)
* Luxembourg (4)
* Mexico (5)
* Netherlands (9)
* New Zealand (1)
* Norway (4)
* Pakistan (2)
* Peru (3)
* South Africa (3)
* Sweden (4)
* Switzerland (11)
* Trinidad and Tobago (1)
* Turkey (4)
* United States (9)
* Uruguay (9)
* Venezuela (1)
* Yugoslavia (4)

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | France | 3 | 0 | 2 | 5 |
| 2 | Italy | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 3 | Belgium | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 4 | Great Britain | 0 | 3 | 2 | 5 |
| 5 | Netherlands | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 6 | Denmark | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (6 entries) | Totals (6 entries) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 18 |
# Burgk

Burgk (German pronunciation:) is a village and a former municipality in the district Saale-Orla-Kreis, in Thuringia, Germany. Since December 2019, it is part of the town Schleiz. The well preserved medieval Burgk Castle is situated near the village.
# Arlindo Pacheco

Arlindo Correia Pacheco (born 30 December 1899, date of death unknown) was a Brazilian footballer who played as a forward. He played in one match for the Brazil national football team in 1919. He was also part of Brazil's squad for the 1919 South American Championship.
# Sarvabhouma

Sarvabhouma (Kannada: ಸಾರ್ವಭೌಮ) is a 2004 Indian Kannada language drama film starring Shiva Rajkumar, Mayuri, Shilpa Anand, Sharath Lohitashwa, Rangayana Raghu and Vikram Ravichandran. It is directed by Mahesh Sukhadhare and music by Hamsalekha. Shivaraj Kumar played the double role, including the lead role.

## Cast

* Shiva Rajkumar as Subhash Chandra / Jeeva
* Mayuri as Basanthi
* Ohanna Shivanand (credited as Shilpa Shivanand) as Anju, a television journalist
* Sumithra as Anju's mother
* Sharath Lohitashwa as Wasim Akram, Union Minister of Home Affairs
* Sharan
* Rangayana Raghu as Jayaraj
* Vikram Ravichandran as young Jeeva

## Soundtrack

All songs were written and composed by Hamsalekha.

## Critical reception

The Hindu wrote "Some jingoism and lot of yarns". However Sify praised the director that he "has handled the story with all seriousness".
# Orlando (footballer, born 1895)

Orlando Pereira Pires (born 21 April 1895, date of death unknown), known as just Orlando, was a Brazilian footballer who played as a defender. He played in four matches for the Brazil national football team in 1916. He was also part of Brazil's squad for the 1916 South American Championship.
# Estrel Hotel

The Estrel Berlin in Berlin is Europe’s largest convention, entertainment, and hotel complex, and with its 1,125 rooms the largest hotel in Germany. With a total turnover of 100.8 million DM (Deutsche Mark) in the year 2000, the Estrel became the hotel with the highest turnover in Germany, a status which it retained. In 2009 it had a turnover of 50.45 million Euros.
The Estrel employs a total of 450 people including trainees, in addition another 150 employees from outside companies and about 100 part-time employees.

## Private ownership

The Estrel does not belong to a hotel chain but is privately owned by the contractor and building namesake Ekkehard Streletzki, who received the industry prize "Hotelier of the Year 2000". Furthermore, Ekkehard Streletzki was awarded the “Verdienstkreuz am Bande” (the Federal Cross of Merit on ribbon) by the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany in November 2005 in honour of his lifetime achievements, his social commitment, and his work for the city of Berlin.

## Location

The hotel is located near the train station Sonnenallee in the district Neukölln near the city center. It has its own railway station which enables guests to arrive and depart with chartered trains, and an own jetty along the Neukölln shipping channel from where sight-seeing and boat tours are on offer.

## Opening

The Estrel Hotel was opened in October 1994. Since 1997 the Estrel Festival Center, a reconstructed factory hall, hosts the successful Las Vegas live show Stars in Concert with impersonators of international stars like Michael Jackson, Tina Turner, Elvis Presley and others which was attended in 2010 of more than 3.8 million visitors. The entire Estrel complex was completed in 1999 with the construction of the Convention Center which hosts around 1,800 events a year, including major sporting events (e.g. boxing championships), major fairs (such as the World MoneyNotes Fair) and political events.

## 2009 World Championships in Athletics

The Estrel is one of two hotels that provided accommodation for the athletes who participated in the 2009 World Championships in Athletics, the other being the Hotel Berlin.

## Expansion

In 2014 plans were announced for the Estrel to be expanded with a new hotel tower. The new tower will have 50 stories, with 700 more hotel rooms and will be 176 metres tall, which will make it the second tallest structure of Berlin and the tallest hotel in Germany.
# PADI Aware

The PADI Aware Foundation is an environmental nonprofit organization with three registered charities in the United Kingdom, United States, and Australia. Their mission is to drive local initiatives contributing to global ocean conservation efforts, through engagement with the international community of professional and recreational scuba divers via the Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI).

## Background

In 1989, the Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) established the Project Aware Foundation as a commitment to ocean protection. In 1992, Project Aware Foundation became a registered nonprofit organization with an environmental mission and purpose. In 2021, Project Aware evolved into PADI Aware Foundation, formally aligning with PADI on a joint conservation plan to achieve critical ocean conservation goals.

## Activities

PADI Aware Foundation manages four programs through public funding: marine debris, shark protection, community grants and Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). These programs provide tools and resources to engage the public and scuba divers in activities such as citizen science, education, advocacy (letter writing campaigns, petitions and photo campaigns) to advance more significant action on the key threats facing the ocean.
In 2011, the organization announced a focus on the removal of marine debris, encouraging volunteer divers from around the world to actively remove trash from the seafloor. This program established the organization's flagship citizen science program, Dive Against Debris, and has created the largest underwater citizen science program and movement on the planet with over 100,000 divers reporting from 117 countries. In 2020, PADI AWARE Foundation published the data analyzing coastal debris across land and seafloor habitat, in collaboration with Ocean Conservancy, in Science Direct.
The protection of sharks and rays, critical species to shark tourism, is a core policy focus of the organization. In 2021, the Foundation rallied divers to advocate for protections for Mako sharks. Alongside shark partners and allies, the Foundation pressured governments to adopt a ban on the catching of vulnerable species.
In 2021, PADI Aware Foundation committed to the PADI Blueprint for Ocean Action, joining the United Nations’ universal call for a Decade of Action to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically supporting the implementation of SDG14 – Life Below Water. To advance this commitment, the organization launched the PADI AWARE Community Grant Program and the Adopt the Blue program.
PADI Aware engages with dive leaders and ocean advocates via citizen science initiatives, an online eco-network, an interactive conservation map, conservation dive courses, letter-writing campaigns, and joining environmental NGO networks to give collective support to member organizations' lobbying efforts.
# Coryphospingus

Coryphospingus is a small genus of finch-like tanagers found in South America. Coryphospingus was formerly classified in the family Emberizidae along with the buntings and American sparrows.

## Taxonomy and species list

The genus Coryphospingus was introduced in 1851 by the German ornithologist Jean Cabanis. The type species was designated as the red pileated finch by the English zoologist George Robert Gray in 1855. The genus name combines the Ancient Greek koruphē meaning "crown of the head" with spingos meaning "finch". The genus contains two species.
Genus Coryphospingus – Cabanis, 1851 – two species :
| Common name | Scientific name and subspecies | Range | Size and ecology | IUCN status and estimated population |
| Grey pileated finch | Coryphospingus pileatus (Wied, 1821) | Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, and Venezuela | Size: Habitat: Diet: | LC |
| Red pileated finch | Coryphospingus cucullatus (Müller, 1776) Three subspecies C. c. cucullatus C. c. fargoi C. c. rubescens | southern Brazil and northern Argentina | Size: Habitat: Diet: | LC |