# British–Irish Council

The British–Irish Council (BIC; Irish: Comhairle na Breataine–na hÉireann) is an intergovernmental organisation that aims to improve collaboration between its members in a number of areas including transport, the environment and energy. Its membership comprises Ireland, the United Kingdom, the devolved governments of Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales, in addition to the governments of the British Crown Dependencies: Guernsey, Jersey and the Isle of Man. As England does not have a devolved administration, it is not individually represented on the council but only as a member of the United Kingdom.
The British and Irish governments, and political parties in Northern Ireland, agreed to form a council under the British–Irish Agreement, part of the Good Friday Agreement reached in 1998. The council was formally established on 2 December 1999, when the Agreement came into effect. The council's stated aim is to "promote the harmonious and mutually beneficial development of the totality of relationships among the peoples of these islands". The BIC has a standing secretariat, located in Edinburgh, Scotland; it meets in semi-annual summits and more frequent ministerial meetings.

## Background

The British–Irish Council was established on 10 April 1998 following two years worth of negotiations between the UK and Irish Governments alongside the political parties in Northern Ireland on the terms of the Good Friday Agreement. Under the terms of the agreement, a political organisation was to be established in order to foster and provide opportunities to greater integral working between both the UK and Irish governments, and later the devolved governments of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Multi-Party agreement between both the UK and Irish governments formally came into effect on 2 December 1999.
Since its formation, the heads of governments of the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales, the Isle of Man, Guernsey and Jersey have met biannually during the Heads of Administrations summit. The first meeting of the British–Irish council took place on 17 December 1999. The first meeting was hosted by the United Kingdom and Prime Minister Tony Blair in London.
In 2006, the St. Andrews Agreement was signed in order to establish a standing permanent Secretariat to the British–Irish Council. The establishment of the position was designed to "further the British-Irish Council work". The Permanent Secretariat was established six years later, located in the capital city of Scotland, Edinburgh following an agreement between council members at the summit in 2010 hosted by Guernsey that the Scottish Government would be the Permanent Secretariat host. The Secretariat was formally established in January 2012.
In 2023, the summits held in Jersey and the Republic of Ireland marked twenty-five years since the Good Friday Agreement, whilst the 42nd summit hosted by Scotland in December 2024 marked twenty-five years since the inaugural meeting of the council.

## Overview and structure

The nine heads of government meet at summits twice per year. Additionally, there are regular meetings that deal with specific sectors which are attended by the corresponding ministers. Representatives of members operate in accordance with whatever procedures for democratic authority and accountability are in force in their respective elected legislatures.
England, unlike the other countries of the United Kingdom, is not represented separately, as it does not have its own devolved administration. It is thus solely represented on the council as part of the United Kingdom. Although Cornwall technically holds observer status on the Council due to its language, it is also represented by the UK government.
The work of the council is financed by members through mutual agreement as required. At the ninth meeting of the Council in July 2007 it was decided that with devolved government returned to Northern Ireland that an opportune time existed "to undertake a strategic review of the Council's work programmes, working methods and support arrangements." This decision included the potential for a permanent standing secretariat, which was established in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 4 January 2012.
At its June 2010 summit, the Council decided to move forward on recommendations to enhance the relationship between it and the British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly (BIPA). The British-Irish Parliamentary Assembly is made up of members from the parliaments and assemblies of the same states and regions as the members of the British–Irish Council. The Council tasked its secretariat with moving this work forward in conjunction with the BIPA's secretariat.

## Work areas

The Council agrees to specific work areas for which individual members take responsibility. The Belfast Agreement suggested transport links, agriculture, environmental issues, culture, health, education and approaches to the European Union as suitable topics for early discussion. However, these work areas can be expanded or reduced as the Council decides. It is also open to the council to make agreement on common policies. These agreements are made through consensus, although individual members may opt not to participate in implementing any of these.
The current list of work areas and the member responsible are:
* Collaborative spatial planning (Northern Ireland)
* Demography (Scotland)
* Digital inclusion (Isle of Man)
* Early years policy (Wales)
* Energy (United Kingdom – Electricity Grids, and Scotland – Marine)
* Environment (United Kingdom)
* Housing (Northern Ireland)
* Indigenous, minority and lesser-used languages (Wales)
* Misuse of Substances (drugs and alcohol) (Ireland)
* Social inclusion (Scotland and Wales)
* Transport (Northern Ireland)
* Creative Industries (Jersey)
Demography was adopted as a work area at the 2006 meeting of the council. It was proposed by the Scottish Executive, who also took responsibility for it. During the 2007 meeting of the council the Scottish Government further proposed that energy become a work area of the council. Past work sector areas included knowledge economy, e-health / telemedicine and tourism.

## Membership and operation
### Members and advisors

| Member name | Symbols | Symbols | Parliament | Membership | Membership status | Represented since |
| Member name | Arms | Flag | Parliament | Membership | Membership status | Represented since |
| United Kingdom | | | Parliament of the United Kingdom | full | sovereign state | 1999 |
| Ireland | | | Oireachtas | full | sovereign state | 1999 |
| Scotland | | | Scottish Parliament | full | devolved government | 1999 |
| Wales | | | Senedd | full | devolved government | 1999 |
| Northern Ireland | - | - | Northern Ireland Assembly | full | devolved government | 1999 |
| Jersey | | | States Assembly | full | crown dependency | 1999 |
| Isle of Man | | | Tynwald | full | crown dependency | 1999 |
| Guernsey | | | States of Guernsey | full | crown dependency | 1999 |
| Advisor name | Symbols | Symbols | Body | Advisor | Advisor status | Represented since |
| Advisor name | Arms | Flag | Body | Advisor | Advisor status | Represented since |
| Cornwall | | | Cornwall Council | Advisor on Cornish language | English unitary authority | 2023 |

### Current leaders

Membership of the Council consists of the following administrations (with current heads of administrations as of February 2025):
| Member | Representative(s) | Title |
| United Kingdom | Keir Starmer MP | Prime Minister |
| Ireland | Micheál Martin TD | Taoiseach |
| Scotland | John Swinney MSP | First Minister |
| Wales | Eluned Morgan MS | First Minister |
| Northern Ireland | Michelle O'Neill MLA | First Minister |
| Northern Ireland | Emma Little-Pengelly MLA | deputy First Minister |
| Jersey | Deputy Lyndon Farnham | Chief Minister |
| Isle of Man | Alfred Cannan MHK | Chief Minister |
| Guernsey | Deputy Lyndon Trott | Chief Minister |

## Name of the Council

Initial suggestions for the council included the names Council of the British Isles or Council of the Isles, and the council has sometimes been known by the latter name. However, owing to sensitivities around the term British Isles, particularly in Ireland, the name British–Irish Council was agreed.
The official name of the council is represented in minority and lesser-used languages of the council as:

## Summits

| Number | Date | Host | Host leader(s) | Location held |
| 1st | 17 December 1999 | United Kingdom | Tony Blair | London |
| 2nd | 30 November 2001 | Ireland | Bertie Ahern | Dublin |
| 3rd | 14 June 2002 | Jersey | Pierre Horsfall | Saint Helier |
| 4th | 22 November 2002 | Scotland | Jack McConnell | New Lanark |
| 5th | 28 November 2003 | Wales | Rhodri Morgan | St Fagans National History Museum, Cardiff |
| 6th | 28 November 2004 | Guernsey | Laurie Morgan | Castle Cornet |
| 7th | 20 May 2005 | Isle of Man | Donald Gelling | Villa Marina, Douglas |
| 8th | 2 June 2006 | United Kingdom | John Prescott | ExCeL Conference Centre, London |
| 9th | 16 July 2007 | Northern Ireland | Ian Paisley Martin McGuinness | Parliament Buildings, Belfast |
| 10th | 14 February 2008 | Ireland | Bertie Ahern | Royal Hospital Kilmainham, Dublin |
| 11th | 26 September 2008 | Scotland | Alex Salmond | Hopetoun House, South Queensferry |
| 12th | 20 February 2009 | Wales | Rhodri Morgan | SWALEC Stadium, Cardiff |
| 13th | 13 November 2009 | Jersey | Terry Le Sueur | Radisson Hotel, Saint Helier |
| 14th | 25 June 2010 | Guernsey | Lyndon Trott | Fermain Valley Hotel, Saint Peter Port |
| 15th | 13 December 2010 | Isle of Man | Tony Brown | Sefton Hotel, Douglas |
| 16th | 20 June 2011 | United Kingdom | Nick Clegg | Lancaster House, London |
| 17th | 13 January 2012 | Ireland | Enda Kenny | Dublin Castle, Dublin |
| 18th | 22 June 2012 | Scotland | Alex Salmond | Stirling Castle, Stirling |
| 19th | 26 November 2012 | Wales | Carwyn Jones | Cardiff Castle, Cardiff |
| 20th | 21 June 2013 | Northern Ireland | Peter Robinson Martin McGuinness | Magee College, Derry |
| 21st | 15 November 2013 | Jersey | Ian Gorst | L’Horizon Hotel, Saint Brélade |
| 22nd | 13 June 2014 | Guernsey | Jonathan Le Tocq | St. Pierre Park Hotel, Saint Peter Port |
| 23rd | 28 November 2014 | Isle of Man | Allan Bell | Villa Marina Complex, Douglas |
| 24th | 19 June 2015 | Ireland | Enda Kenny | Dublin Castle, Dublin |
| 25th | 27 November 2015 | United Kingdom | Theresa Villiers | Lancaster House, London |
| 26th | 17 June 2016 | Scotland | Nicola Sturgeon | Crowne Plaza Hotel, Glasgow |
| 27th Extraordinary | 22 July 2016 | Wales | Carwyn Jones | Cathays Park, Cardiff |
| 28th | 25 November 2016 | Wales | Carwyn Jones | Cathays Park, Cardiff |
| 29th | 10 November 2017 | Jersey | Ian Gorst | L’Horizon Hotel, St. Brelade |
| 30th | 22 June 2018 | Guernsey | Gavin St Pier | St Pierre Park Hotel, Saint Peter Port |
| 31st | 9 November 2018 | Isle of Man | Howard Quayle | Isle of Man |
| 32nd | 28 June 2019 | United Kingdom | David Lidington | Manchester |
| 33rd | 15 November 2019 | Ireland | Leo Varadkar | Dublin |
| 34th | 6 November 2020 | Scotland | Nicola Sturgeon | via video conferencing |
| 35th | 11 June 2021 | Northern Ireland | Arlene Foster and Michelle O’Neill | Lough Erne resort, Fermanagh |
| 36th | 19 November 2021 | Wales | Mark Drakeford | Cardiff |
| 37th | 8 July 2022 | Guernsey | Peter Ferbrache | St. Pierre Park Hotel, Saint Peter Port |
| 38th | 11 November 2022 | United Kingdom | Rishi Sunak | Blackpool |
| 39th | 16 June 2023 | Jersey | Kristina Moore | St Brelade |
| 40th | 24 November 2023 | Ireland | Leo Varadkar | Dublin Castle |
| 41st | 21 June 2024 | Isle of Man | Alfred Cannan | Isle of Man |
| 42nd | 5–6 December 2024 | Scotland | John Swinney | Edinburgh |