OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# P45 (tax)

In the United Kingdom, and formerly in Ireland, a P45 is the reference code of a document titled Details of employee leaving work. The term is used in British and Irish slang as a metonym for termination of employment. The equivalent slang term in the United States is "pink slip".
A P45 is issued by the employer when an employee leaves work.
A P45 is also issued by a pension provider when one claims their pension savings held with the pension provider. When one takes out their entire pension fund as a lump sum, a part of this amount will be considered taxable earnings, and this will need to be reported to HMRC. In such cases, one receives a P45 from the pension provider for their record. This can also be passed on to a new employer if the person continues to work.

## In the United Kingdom

In the UK, the front section, Part 1, is given by the old employer to HM Revenue and Customs, who then record the pay and tax details on to the individual's taxpayer record. Part 1A is to be retained by the employee, Part 2 retained by the new employer, and Part 3 taken by the new employer and sent to their tax office. The P45 contains details of earnings and tax paid during the tax year (tax paid in previous years is detailed on the P60 for that year).
The "P" code refers to documents in the PAYE series, in the same way that self-assessment documents are prefixed "SA" (e.g., SA100 - Individual tax return) and tax credits paperwork is prefixed "TC" (e.g., TC600 - Tax credits application).

## In the Republic of Ireland

In the Republic of Ireland, P45 was also used as a reference to a form used by the Revenue Commissioners with the same function. The administrative procedures in this area were similar; however, the form itself was different in design from the UK version. The form was eliminated from 1 January 2019, having been replaced by a real-time reporting of tax details to Revenue.

## In popular culture

On 27 June 2007, the day of his resignation as Prime Minister, Tony Blair jokingly remarked during his final Prime Minister's Questions about receiving his P45:
   I received the following communication by urgent letter yesterday:
   "Details of employee leaving work: Surname Blair. First name T"—
   "It actually says 'Mr., Mrs., Miss or other'"—
   "This form is important to you. Take good care of it. P45."
On 4 October 2017, at the annual Conservative Party conference in Manchester, Prime Minister Theresa May was handed a P45 form by prankster Simon Brodkin as a stunt claiming to be from then-Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson. Brodkin was arrested, but no charges were brought.
# Charge It

Charge It is a 1921 American silent drama film directed by Harry Garson and starring Clara Kimball Young.

## Cast

* Clara Kimball Young - Julia Lawrence
* Herbert Rawlinson - Philip Lawrence
* Edward M. Kimball - Tom Garreth
* Betty Blythe - Mille Garreth
* Nigel Barrie - Dana Herrick
* Hal Wilson - Robert McGregor
* Dulcie Cooper - Rose McGregor

## Preservation status

* A 16mm copy is preserved in the UCLA Film and Television Archive. Tinted 35mm prints of reels 1, 2, 3 and 7 are held at Chicago Film Archives.
# Under the Banner of King Death

Under the Banner of King Death: Pirates of the Atlantic is a graphic novel by David Lester and Marcus Rediker.

## Background

The comic book is an adaptation of Marcus Rediker's 2005 book Villains of All Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age. The 136 pages book was published by Beacon Press on February 7, 2023. The book is written by David Lester and edited by Paul Buhle. The story opens with a character named John Brown being hung for piracy. The protagonists are John Gwin, Ruben Dekker, and Mary Read who are all aboard a ship called The Night Rambler. Laboring as a sailor was dangerous and the leadership oppressive and violent, which often led to sailors mutinying and turning to piracy. The pirates would then elect their leaders.

## Reception

Publishers Weekly reviewed the book saying "It’s wild, often inspiring material, if a bit shallow in its attempts at mythmaking."
# Vortex coronagraph

A vortex coronagraph is a type of optical instrument for telescopes that blocks the glare of stars or other bright objects so that dimmer, nearby objects such as exoplanets can be seen. It is a coronograph using an optical vortex. Rather than directly blocking the light of stars with a physical mask, it uses optical interference, allowing images to be taken closer to stars than regular coronographs allow.
Vortex coronographs have been used in conjunction with adaptive optics for astronomy.

## History and usage

In 2005 a paper described a method for astronomy, by which the light of a parent star could be blocked, while keeping the light from nearby but dimmer exoplanets (or whatever the companion is).
Up until the year 2010, telescopes could only directly image exoplanets under exceptional circumstances. Specifically, it is easier to obtain images when the planet is especially large (considerably larger than Jupiter), widely separated from its parent star, and hot so that it emits intense infrared radiation. However, in 2010 a team from NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory demonstrated that a vortex coronagraph could enable small telescopes to directly image planets. They did this by imaging the previously imaged HR 8799 planets using just a 1.5 m portion of the 5 meter Hale Telescope.
A vortex coronograph was used on the Keck Observatory by 2017. The VC was installed on an infrared camera at Keck, and allowed bodies to be viewed 2–3 times closer to a parent star than before. HIP 79124 B was imaged at a distance of 23 astronomical units from its host star with a vortex coronograph on the Keck telescope, and it was called a brown dwarf. Next generation VCs are able to dim multiple sources of light. It will be thus possible to use them to image planets around multi-star systems.
# Cyclone (Palisades Amusement Park)

Cyclone was the name of two wooden roller coasters which operated at Palisades Amusement Park in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. The first operated from 1927 through 1934, and the second between 1945 and 1971.

## 1927 Coaster

The first coaster was steel-framed wooden roller coaster which was designed and built by Harry Traver of the Traver Engineering Company and a member of the notorious Giant Cyclone Safety Coaster "Terrifying Triplets".

### History and design

After hearing reports of the success of the Cyclone at Crystal Beach Park and the Lightning in Revere, Massachusetts, Nicholas and Joseph Schenck, the owners of Palisades Park, decided to buy their own Giant Cyclone Safety Coaster in 1927. Construction of the Cyclone ran into difficulty when dealing with the uneven, rocky terrain and limited space. As a result, the coaster was built quite near the cliff edge of the Palisades. The coaster opened mid-season on September 10, 1927.
As with other members of the "Terrifying Triplets", the coaster suffered many maintenance issues throughout its existence and spent considerable periods of time standing but not operating. A modern roller coaster designer theorized that this was partly due to the additional wear and tear caused by the construction adjustments necessary for the Palisades terrain.
Although the first Palisades Cyclone was built on a steel frame, fire also played at least some role in its destruction. A major fire at the amusement park in 1934 destroyed some of the coaster's wooden track. This, combined with its negative reputation and declining ridership (the coaster had been up for sale in 1933), led to its ultimate demolition.

### Ride experience

As with the other Giant Cyclone Safety Coasters, the first Cyclone at Palisades was notorious for a rough ride. Although no fatal incidents were reported, park operators reported occasional broken ribs and collarbones. It is thought that this coaster may have been the roughest of the "Terrifying Triplets". The steel structure of the coaster on the unforgiving Palisades terrain and the design adjustments needed to accommodate it are thought to be partially responsible. The spiral element common on Giant Cyclone Safety Coasters was the tightest on the coaster, as were the turns. The ride incorporated the rapidly undulating "Jazz Track" common amongst steel-framed, Traver-designed coasters.
A lack of repeat ridership was a particular problem for the income the coaster created. Only about 10% of rides given were re-rides (compared to about 40% for other coasters of the era). "Cyclone watching" (to see the reactions of pained riders) became a popular pastime and the park's owners considered giving a prize to anyone who rode the coaster three times in succession.

## 1945 Coaster

The second coaster was a more traditional wooden coaster built by Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters. The coaster was built partially from the remains of a previous coaster known as the Skyrocket. The Skyrocket had operated between 1926 and 1944, when it was destroyed by fire. This second Cyclone closed with Palisades in 1971.
# Clipboard

A clipboard is a thin, rigid board with a clip at the top for holding paper in place. A clipboard is typically used to support paper with one hand while writing on it with the other, especially when other writing surfaces are not available. The earliest forms were patented in 1870–1871 and referred to as board clips. Another early version of the clipboard, known as the "memorandum file", was invented by American inventor George Henry Hohnsbeen in 1921, for which he was granted U.S. patent 1,398,591. Related to the clipboard is the Shannon Arch File, which was developed around 1877.

## Variations

Clipboards can be constructed from a variety of material, including but not limited to, hardboard, aluminum, PVC, polypropylene, High Impact Polystyrene, and Foamex. Clipboards generally come in two different designs—single or folding. Single clipboards are the more traditional type and consist of a single piece of rigid material and some sort of fixing mechanism along the top. Folding clipboards are usually constructed from a single piece of flexible PVC with two rigid materials enclosed within. A folding hinge connects the two sections to allow the front to be folded over the content to provide protection and often to allow some sort of promotional print or instructions. Folding clipboards also provide additional benefits because of the extra space available, allowing the incorporation of pen holders and pockets for storage. The arrival of the microprocessor and Internet age gave rise to high-tech variants of the traditional clipboard, the first being the Ferranti Market Research Terminal that retained a clip, to hold A4 paper sheets (looking like a large clipboard) but recording answers to questions in its electronic memory.

### Storage clipboards

Storage clipboards have one or more compartments designed for paperwork, both to allow for easy transport of needed papers, and to protect those papers. They may also feature one or several compartments for writing implements. Some versions feature a hinged panel to slide between portions of a two-sided multi-part form.
# Harm van Houten

Harm van Houten (1892, Boksum, Friesland - 1952) was a Dutch politician.
* This article about a Dutch politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Risto Soramies

Risto Matti Soramies (born 13 December 1946 in Helsinki, Finland) is the first bishop of the Evangelical Lutheran Mission Diocese of Finland since 4 May 2013. He was ordained by Matti Väisänen, a bishop of the Mission Province of Sweden and Finland.
In December 2014 Soramies consecrated Robert Kaumba as bishop of the Lutheran Evangelical Church in Africa—Zambia Diocese.
# Saint-Sixt

Saint-Sixt (French pronunciation:; Arpitan: San-Fi) is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in Southeastern France. It is situated just east of La Roche-sur-Foron and north of the Bornes Massif. As of 2022 the population was 994.
# Tyriaeum

Tyriaeum or Tyriaion, also spelled Tyraion, was a Roman and Byzantine era civitas in the Roman Province of Pisidia, located ten parasangs from Iconium It was mentioned by Xenophon, and Pliny and Strabo tell us it was between Philomelium (Akshehr) and Laodicea Combusta. It is thought to be near modern Ilgın.

## History

Cyrus the Younger reviewed his troops for the Cilician queen at Tyriaeum in Phrygia. The town was recognized as a polis by Eumenes II of Pergamon in a set of royal letters found inscribed in the schoolyard of Mahmuthisar village south of Ilgin. It then formed part of the Roman Empire and later the Byzantine Empire.
During the 11th century, had a substantial Christian population and was so well fortified that even after the defeat at Mantzikert 1071 the Turks were unable to capture it.
The town was taken by Suleiman the Magnificent and Tamerlane. In 1308 during the Crusades there was a massacre of refugees from Ephesus in this town by Sultan Abu Zayyan I.

## Bishopric

The city was the seat of an ancient Bishopric. Bishop Theotececnus cast a vote at the Council of Chalcedon. No longer a residential bishopric, it remains a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church. Tyriaeum was long mistaken as the site of Thyatira of the Apocalypse.
# Syeda Hasna Begum

Syeda Hasna Begum (Bengali: সৈয়দা হাছনা বেগম) is a Jatiya Party (Ershad) politician and a former member of the Bangladesh Parliament from a reserved women's seat.

## Career

Begum was elected to parliament from a reserved women's seat as a Jatiya Party candidate in 1986.
# HNLMS K X

HNLMS K X was one of the three K VIII-class submarines of the Royal Netherlands Navy, built to serve as a patrol vessel in the Dutch colonies.

## Ship history

The submarine was ordered from the Koninklijke Maatschappij de Schelde shipyard at Vlissingen on 27 June 1917, but not laid down until 1 November 1919, and finally launched on 2 May 1923. Commissioned on 24 September 1923, she sailed alone to the Dutch East Indies in late 1924.

### World War II

In February and March 1941 K X, K VIII and K XIX patrolled the Sunda Strait while based at Tanjung Priok, while the Admiral Scheer was sinking Allied merchant shipping in the Indian Ocean.
After repairs at Surabaya K X returned to service on 8 December 1941 for local defense duties following the start of the war with Japan. On 25 December 1941 K X sailed to the Celebes Sea following the Japanese invasion of the Philippines.
On 8 January 1942 K X arrived at Tarakan in Borneo for repairs, just days before the Japanese invasion. K X slipped out of port on 10 January and after dark observed a large fleet of Japanese ships at anchor off the coast. While attempting to position herself for a torpedo attack the submarine was spotted by an enemy destroyer and was forced to submerge. Short on battery power and with faulty steering gear and only one diesel engine operating the submarine returned to Surabaya for repairs.
K X returned to duty on 24 February to patrol off Surabaya. During the Japanese invasion of Java she was damaged by depth charges and forced to return to port. On 2 March 1942 K X was scuttled at Surabaya to avoid being captured by the Japanese. K X was raised by the Japanese during the war and used as a floating oil hulk. Recovered by the Dutch after the war, she was scrapped at Surabaya in 1946.
Crewmen from K X, K IX and K XII were sent back to England to crew the submarine Haai, then under construction as HMS Varne (P66), but their unescorted passenger ship MV Abosso was sunk by the German U-boat U-575 north of the Azores on 29 October 1942, and only four of the 34 Dutch Navy men aboard survived.
# Guo Shuyan

Guo Shuyan (Chinese: 郭树言; October 1935 – 23 January 2022) was a Chinese engineer and politician. He served as Governor of Hubei from 1990 to 1993. He also served as the deputy director of the State Science and Technology Commission from 1985 to 1990 and deputy director of the Three Gorges Project Construction Committee from 1993 to 2003.

## Early life and education

Guo Shuyan was born in October 1935 in Zhenping County, Henan, Republic of China. He attended Nankai University in 1952, before going to the Soviet Union to study at the Ural Polytechnic Institute, where he earned a degree in metallurgy in 1959. He joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1957.

## Career

In 1959, in the midst of the Great Leap Forward, Guo returned to China and worked at the Shenyang Manufacturing Research Institute of the First Ministry of Machine Building. He would work at the institute for nearly two decades, later rising to deputy director.
From 1978 to 1982, Guo served as deputy director and Chief Engineer of the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He served as deputy director of the Bureau of Development Estimates of the State Science and Technology Commission from 1982 to 1983, and deputy director of the Science and Technology Leading Group of the State Council from 1983 to 1984.
From 1985 to 1990, Guo served as deputy director of the State Science and Technology Commission. In this capacity, he was instrumental in introducing the Chinese-developed anti-malarial drug artemisinin to Africa.
In 1990, Guo was appointed Governor and Deputy Party Secretary of Hubei Province. His predecessor, Guo Zhenqian (no relation), had disagreed with Guan Guangfu, the Party Secretary of Hubei, over the ambitious "Rising Abruptly" strategy, which aimed to dramatically increase the province's economic output. However, Guo Shuyan also proved incompatible with Guan, and similarly ended his term prematurely.
From 1993 to 2003, Guo Shuyan served as deputy director of the Three Gorges Project Construction Committee. He also concurrently served as deputy director of the State Planning Commission from 1993 to 1998. From 2003 to 2008, he served as Vice Chairman of the Financial and Economic Affairs Committee of the 10th National People's Congress.
# Ronnie Burns (footballer)

Ronald Paul Burns (born 13 March 1973) is a former Indigenous Australian rules footballer for the Geelong Football Club and Adelaide Crows in the Australian Football League (AFL).

## Biography

Burns is the nephew of former footballers Tony and Benny Vigona. He was raised at Pirlangimpi on the Tiwi Islands. He was educated at St John's College, Darwin.

## Playing career

Originally from St Mary's Football Club of the Northern Territory Football League, Burns moved to Western Australia and played colts football for Claremont Football Club before moving back to Darwin. He was lured back to Perth by the West Perth Football Club before being drafted to the Geelong Cats in the AFL. Burns led the Cats in goalkicking five times, playing as a small crumbing forward during a less-decorated time for the club.
After a period of poor play, the Cats traded Burns to the Adelaide Crows for Ben Finnin, who ultimately did not play a game for the Cats. Burns played out the rest of his career with the Crows but failed to make the same impact as he had made for the Cats.
Burns played 154 games and kicked 262 goals from 1995 to 2004.
# Magnus Johannesen

Magnus Johannesen (born 2 February 2002) is a Danish badminton player.

## Personal life

Johannesen started to train badminton at the age of six in the Brønderslev club. He is a left-handed like his idol, Lin Dan. Johannesen grew up in a badminton family. His mother Trine Johannesen (née Sørensen) is a Danish former badminton player, while his aunt Mette van Dalm is a bronze medalist in the 1999 World Championships.

## Achievements
### BWF World Tour (1 runner-up)

The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018, is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). The BWF World Tour is divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300, and the BWF Tour Super 100.
Men's singles
| Year | Tournament | Level | Opponent | Score | Result |
| 2023 | Orléans Masters | Super 300 | Priyanshu Rajawat | 15–21, 21–19, 16–21 | Runner-up |

### BWF International Challenge/Series (2 titles, 4 runners-up)

Men's singles
| Year | Tournament | Opponent | Score | Result |
| 2019 | Latvia International | Aram Mahmoud | 9–21, 19–21 | Runner-up |
| 2022 | Dutch International | Firman Abdul Kholik | 21–19, 21–9 | Winner |
| 2022 | Luxembourg Open | Mads Christophersen | 21–14, 15–21, 13–21 | Runner-up |
| 2022 | Austrian International | Yeoh Seng Zoe | 14–21, 15–21 | Runner-up |
| 2022 | Italian International | Christian Adinata | 16–21, 15–21 | Runner-up |
| 2022 | Irish Open | Lin Chun-yi | 21–14, 21–17 | Winner |
    BWF International Challenge tournament
    BWF International Series tournament
    BWF Future Series tournament
# Charge! (TV network)

Charge! is an American digital broadcast television network owned by the Sinclair Broadcast Group that airs action and adventure-based programming. It launched on February 28, 2017, and was originally a joint venture with MGM.
In addition to its broadcast network affiliates, Charge is also available through its website and apps.

## History

Since 2014, Sinclair had launched several digital broadcast networks, or "diginets"; including the American Sports Network (formally Sinclair's sports programming arm which became the framework for Stadium), and TBD (which targets millennial audiences). The science-fiction network Comet, launched in October 2015, was Sinclair's first joint venture with MGM. Charge! was formally announced by Sinclair and MGM on January 17, 2017.
The network debuted on February 28, 2017, at 10 am (ET) with an airing of the 1978 film Here Come the Tigers. Stations carrying The Works replaced the network with Charge.
Ring of Honor Wrestling, the weekly professional wrestling television series produced by the then-Sinclair-affiliated Ring of Honor, was syndicated on the network from July 9, 2017, to 2019. The series was previously syndicated to Comet.
In 2020, MGM sold their operation stake in Charge and Comet to Sinclair. On April 6, Charge! began airing Magnum, P.I. and Knight Rider. In the Fall, Charge began airing Hunter.
In the years since Sinclair took control of the network, Charge would begin acquiring more contemporary crime dramas; including CSI: Miami in June 2021, CSI: NY in late 2022, and Without a Trace and Law & Order: Criminal Intent in 2023.

## Programming

Charge! currently provides up to 18 hours of programming to its owned-and-operated and affiliated stations on weekdays from 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 a.m. Eastern Time and weekends from 12:00 p.m. to 3:00 a.m. Eastern Time. The remaining vacated hours are occupied by paid programming.
Programming on Charge! was originally sourced from MGM's library, and was expressed by Sinclair's press release announcing the launch as "one of the deepest libraries of premium action-themed content in the world." Launch titles indicated included the TV series In the Heat of the Night and The Magnificent Seven, the Rocky and James Bond film series, and other motion pictures including Platoon and Dances with Wolves. As a result, the network has a similar demographic to that of Heroes & Icons and Start TV.

## Affiliates

At its outset, Sinclair slated the launch of Charge! to primarily take place on digital subchannels of stations it owns or operates. Other Sinclair stations will likely add Charge! during Spring 2017 (and also used it to replace Grit and Ion Mystery when their carriage agreements with Sinclair expired in January 2018), and Sinclair will continue to offer the network to stations outside its geographic footprint (the company projects Charge to reach over 50% of the U.S. by the end of 2nd quarter 2017). As of February 12, 2019, there are 56 affiliates of which 49 have the network on the air and 7 that have committed to broadcasting the network. It was announced that YouTube TV will add Charge! to their lineup on June 1, 2023.
# Joe Meyers

Joe or Joseph Meyers may refer to:
* Joe Meyers (American football) (1871–1959), American college football coach
* Joseph Meyers (born 1860), American politician and stonecutter
* Joe Meyers (tennis), American professional tennis player