# Devdas

Devdas (Bengali: দেবদাস, transliterated as Dēbôdās) is a Bengali romance novel written by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay. The story pivots a tragic triangle linking Devdas, an archetypal lover in viraha (separation); Paro, his forbidden childhood love; and Chandramukhi, a reformed courtesan (tawaif). Devdas has been adapted on screen 20 times for film and 5 times for single song.
The character of Parvati was based on a real life second wife of zamindar Bhuvan Mohan Chowdhury, It was said that the writer had even visited that village. According to sources, the original village was called Hatipota.

## Plot

Devdas is a young man from a wealthy Bengali family in the British Raj in the early 1900s. Parvati (Paro) is a young woman from a middle-class Bengali Brahmin family. The two families live in a village called Taalshonapur in Bengal, and Devdas and Parvati are childhood friends.
Devdas goes away for a couple of years to live and study in Calcutta (now Kolkata). During vacations, he returns to his village. Suddenly, both realise that their easy comfort in each other's innocent comradeship has changed to something deeper. Devdas sees that Parvati is no longer the small girl he knew. Parvati looks forward to their childhood love blossoming into a happy lifelong journey in marriage. According to prevailing social custom, Parvati's parents would have to approach Devdas's parents and propose marriage of Parvati to Devdas as Parvati longs for.
Parvati's mother approaches Devdas's mother, Harimati, with a marriage proposal. Although Devdas's mother loves Parvati very much, she isn't so keen on forming an alliance with the family next door. Besides, Parvati's family has a long-standing tradition of accepting dowry from the groom's family for marriage rather than sending dowry with the bride. The alternative family tradition of Parvati's family influences Devdas's mother's decision not to consider Parvati as Devdas' bride, especially as Parvati belongs to a trading (becha-kena chottoghor) lower family. The "trading" label is applied in context of the marriage custom followed by Parvati's family. Devdas's father, Narayan Mukherjee, who also loves Parvati, does not want Devdas to get married so early in life and isn't keen on the alliance. Parvati's father, Nilkantha Chakravarti, feeling insulted at the rejection, finds an even richer husband for Parvati.
When Parvati learns of her planned marriage, she stealthily meets Devdas at night, desperately believing that he will accept her hand in marriage. Devdas has never previously considered Parvati as his would-be wife. Surprised by Parvati's boldly visiting him alone at night, he also feels pained for her. Making up his mind, he tells his father he wants to marry Parvati. Devdas's father disagrees.
In a confused state, Devdas flees to Calcutta. From there, he writes a letter to Parvati, saying that they should simply continue only as friends. Within days, however, he realises that he should have been bolder. He goes back to his village and tells Parvati that he is ready to do anything needed to save their love.
By now, Parvati's marriage plans are in an advanced stage. She refuses to go back to Devdas and chides him for his cowardice and vacillation. She, however, requests Devdas to come and see her before he dies. He vows to do so.
Devdas goes back to Calcutta and Parvati is married off to the widower, Bhuvan Choudhuri, who has three children. An elderly gentleman and zamindar of Hatipota he had found his house and home so empty and lustreless after his wife's death, that he decided to marry again. After marrying Parvati, he spent most of his day in Pujas and looking after the zamindari.
In Calcutta, Devdas's carousing friend, Chunni Lal, introduces him to a tawaif (courtesan) named Chandramukhi. Devdas takes to heavy drinking at the courtesan's place; she falls in love with him, and looks after him. His health deteriorates through excessive drinking and despair – a drawn-out form of suicide. In his mind, he frequently compares Parvati and Chandramukhi. Strangely he feels betrayed by Parvati, though it was she who had loved him first, and confessed her love for him. Chandramukhi knows and tells him how things had really happened. This makes Devdas, when sober, hate and loathe her very presence. He drinks more and more to forget his plight. Chandramukhi sees it all happen, suffering silently. She senses the real man behind the fallen, aimless Devdas he has become, and can't help but love him.
Knowing death approaches him fast, Devdas goes to Hatipota to meet Parvati to fulfill his vow. He dies at her doorstep on a dark, cold night. On hearing of his death, Parvati runs towards the door, but her family members prevent her from stepping out of the house.
The novella powerfully depicts the customs of society that prevailed in Bengal in the early 1900s, which largely prevented a happy ending to a true and tender love story.

## Film, TV, and theatrical adaptations

The novel has been made into films in many South Asian languages languages, including Bengali, Hindustani, Hindi, Telugu, Tamil, Urdu, Assamese and Malayalam. It is the most filmed non-epic story in India.
Notable film versions of the novella include:
| Year | Title | Language | Director | Cast | Cast | Cast | Notes |
| Year | Title | Language | Director | Devdas | Parvati | Chandramukhi | Notes |
| 1928 | Devdas | Silent film | Naresh Mitra | Phani Burma | Tarakbala | Niharbala/Miss Parul | |
| 1935 | Devdas | Bengali | P. C. Barua | P.C. Barua | Jamuna Barua | Chandrabati Devi | |
| 1936 | Devdas | Hindustani | P. C. Barua | K.L. Saigal | Jamuna Barua | Rajkumari | |
| 1937 | Devdas | Assamese | P. C. Barua | Phani Sarma | Zubeida | Mohini | |
| 1953 | Devadasu | Telugu | Vedantam Raghavayya | Akkineni Nageswara Rao | Savitri | Lalitha | |
| 1953 | Devadas | Tamil | Vedantam Raghavayya | Akkineni Nageswara Rao | Savitri | Lalitha | |
| 1955 | Devdas | Hindi | Bimal Roy | Dilip Kumar | Suchitra Sen | Vyjayanthimala | |
| 1965 | Devdas | Urdu | Khawaja Sarfaraz | Habib Taalish | Shamim Ara | Nayyar Sultana | Pakistani film |
| 1974 | Devadasu | Telugu | Vijaya Nirmala | Ghattamaneni Krishna | Vijaya Nirmala | Jayanthi | |
| 1978 | Muqaddar Ka Sikandar | Hindustani | Prakash Mehra | Amitabh Bachchan | Raakhee | Rekha | loosely inspired by Devdas |
| 1979 | Devdas | Bengali | Dilip Roy | Soumitra Chatterjee | Sumitra Mukherjee | Supriya Choudhury | also known as Debdas |
| 1980 | Prema Tarangalu | Telugu | S. P. Chitti Babu | Krishnam Raju | Sujatha | Jayasudha | remake of Muqaddar Ka Sikandar |
| 1981 | Amara Kaaviyam | Tamil | Amirtham | Sivaji Ganesan | Madhavi | Sripriya | remake of Muqaddar Ka Sikandar |
| 1982 | Devdas | Bengali | Chashi Nazrul Islam | Bulbul Ahmed | Kabori Sarwar | Anwara | Bangladeshi film |
| 1989 | Devadas | Malayalam | Crossbelt Mani | Venu Nagavally | Parvathy | Ramya Krishnan | |
| 2002 | Devdas | Bengali | Shakti Samanta | Prasenjit Chatterjee | Arpita Pal | Indrani Halder | |
| 2002 | Devdas | Hindi | Sanjay Leela Bhansali | Shah Rukh Khan | Aishwarya Rai | Madhuri Dixit | |
| 2004 | Devdas | Bengali | | Parambrata Chatterjee | Monami Ghosh | Sreelekha Mitra | |
| 2009 | Dev.D | Hindi | Anurag Kashyap | Abhay Deol | Mahi Gill | Kalki Koechlin | modern-day take on Devdas |
| 2010 | Devdas | Urdu | Iqbal Kasmiri | Nadeem Shah | Zara Sheikh | Meera | Pakistani film |
| 2013 | Devdas | Bengali | Chashi Nazrul Islam | Shakib Khan | Apu Biswas | Moushumi | Bangladeshi film |
| 2017 | Devi | Bengali | Rik Basu | Paoli Dam | Shubh Mukherjee | Shataf Figar | modern-day take on Devdas genderbent versions of characters |
| 2017–2021 | Dev DD | Hindi | Ken Ghosh | Asheema Vardaan | Akhil Kapoor | Sanjay Suri | 2 season web series modern-day take on Devdas genderbent versions of characters |
| 2018 | Daas Dev | Hindi | Sudhir Mishra | Rahul Bhatt | Richa Chadda | Aditi Rao Hydari | modern-day take on Devdas |
| 2019 | Nayaka Ra Na Devdas | Odia | Mrutyunjaya Sahoo | Asit Patra | Bhoomika Dash | Anu Choudhary | |
* In Guru Dutt's critically acclaimed film Kaagaz Ke Phool (1959), a sub plot involves Dutt directing a film titled Devdas with Waheeda Rehman playing Paro.
* In Haath Ki Safai (1974), a song in the movie is about the play Devdas with Randhir Kapoor as Devdas and Hema Malini as Chandramukhi.
* In the Tamil remake of the song, Kamal Haasan plays Devdas and Sripriya plays Chandramukhi.
* A sequel of the 1953 Telugu version of Devdasu was released in year 1978, titled Devadasu Malli Puttadu.
* In the 2006 Kannada blockbuster Mungaru Male, a rabbit who is protagonist's pet is named after Devdas.
* In the 2012 Hindi film Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum, a dream sequence has Tusshar Kapoor as Devdas, Neha Sharma as Paro and Sarah Jane Dias as Chandramukhi.