# Custodian bank

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A custodian bank, or simply custodian, is a specialized financial institution responsible for providing securities services. It provides post-trade services and solutions for asset owners (e.g. sovereign wealth funds, central banks, insurance companies), asset managers, banks and broker-dealers. It is not engaged in "traditional" commercial or consumer/retail banking like lending.
In the past, the custodian bank purely focused on custody, safekeeping, settlement, and administration of securities as well as asset servicing such as income collection and corporate actions. Yet, in the modern financial world, custodian banks have started providing a wider range of value-adding or cost-saving financial services, ranging from fund administration to transfer agency, from securities lending to trustee services.

## Definition

Custodian banks are often referred to as global custodians if they safe keep assets for their clients in multiple jurisdictions around the world, using their own local branches or other local custodian banks ("sub-custodian" or "agent banks") with which they contract to be in their "global network" in each market to hold accounts for their respective clients. Assets held in such a manner are typically owned by larger institutional firms with a considerable number of investments such as banks, insurance companies, mutual funds, hedge funds and pension funds.

## History
### Early history

In 1961, U.S. President John F. Kennedy established a Committee on Corporate Pension Plans. 2 years later, Studebaker Auto Manufacturer shuttered its business and operations, and it failed to provide pensions to the approximately 7,000 employees affected. Hence, in 1974, U.S. President Gerald Ford proposed an Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA Act), protecting the employee benefit plans' standards.
Since the Act has become effective, employers could not hold and keep their pension fund assets. Instead, they are obligated to appoint external custodians to safekeep the assets. Also, they are required to appoint trustees and depositories to ensure the pension funds are operated in the best interest of the pension holders and aligned to the investment mandates.

## Further developments

Currently, more banks have developed a wide range of custody and related services (securities services), and have been keen on developing new technologies (e.g. blockchain, API, distributed ledger) and aligning with the fast-moving regulatory requirement, such as digital assets.

## Client segments and products

The securities services industry mainly serves two types of clients: 1) Asset Owners & Managers and 2) Banks, Brokers & Dealers.

### Asset owners and managers

The client segment of Asset Owners & Managers includes asset management companies, alternative asset managers, insurance companies, pension funds, sovereign wealth funds, central banks, family offices and prime brokers.
The bank may offer the following products & services:
| Product / Service | Description |
| Global Custody | Safekeeping and administration of assets of clients, for instance, asset managers & owners, in multiple markets. They serve as the first point of contact for their global clients. However, they may not have such a strong network in every jurisdiction in which the clients want to invest. Hence, the global custodian needs to appoint and manage direct custodians which have existing securities services infrastructure in some individual markets. |
| Fund Administration | Fund accounting and valuation services across different fund types and structures by using the bank's integrated fund accounting platform. For example, offering Net asset value (NAV) and portfolio holding etc. reports and financial reporting support. Usually, ETF services also fall under the scope of fund admin. |
| Transfer Agency | Handling fund subscription and redemption for funds like mutual funds and ETFs. Also, to conduct shareholder servicing and recordkeeping for dividend payout purpose. |
| Securities lending | Lending of securities from one party to another for a limited period of time, in exchange for a lending fee and collateral. The objective of securities lending is to enhance the liquidity in the secondary market especially for benchmark or actively traded securities by providing mechanisms to increase market liquidity, market making activities and also to enhance the return on portfolio investment. |
| Middle Office Outsourcing | Offers technical solutions and post-trade execution operational services. For example, portfolio management tools such as portfolio management, pre-trade compliance and order management. Also, trade Management functions like trade confirmation and dissemination of settlement instructions, and investment operational function, investment record-keeping, reconciliation, pricing, CA processing, derivatives processing etc. It helps the fund houses to decrease operational costs and risks. |
| Treasury Products | Provides cash management solution for idle cash of fund managers and also FX solutions for securities transactions. |
| Collateral Management | Banks can optimize financial institutions' collateral portfolios with internal analysis tools and flexible two-way/three-way solutions. A number of global banks can make better use of their global capabilities to help FI manage one-stop global or onshore collateral, and meet complex financing and liquidity needs. |
| Trustee Services | Act as a separate third-party function to oversight and monitor the fund manager investment compliance and also its service providers' responsibilities. |

### Banks, brokers and dealers

The client segment of Banks, Brokers & Dealers includes global custodians, banks, brokers and dealers.
The bank may offer the following products & services:
| Product / Service | Description |
| Direct Custody & Clearing | A Direct custodian offers custody services in their local markets. Global custodians are their focused clients as direct custodians can offer knowledge and experience of the markets and industry, and close relationships with the local regulators in the local market, which the global custodian might lack but require. Therefore, it is responsible for the safekeeping and administration of assets of clients, for instance, asset managers & owners, in a local market. |
| Third Party Clearing | The TPC model enables easier access to the cash market through segregation of trading and clearing participantships. |
| Account Operators | The AO model allows local and cross-border broker-dealers to outsource their securities back-office operations to the custodian bank, which will act on behalf of broker-dealer clients in the clearing and settlement of trades executed on the exchange while clients will continue to handle all front-office related activities such as research, trading and investor servicing. |

## Importance of custodian

Using US definitions, a person who owns street name securities and who is not a member of an exchange holds the securities through a registration chain which involves one or more custodians. This is due to the perceived impracticality of registering traded securities in the name of each individual holder; instead, the custodian or custodians are registered as the holders and hold the securities in a fiduciary arrangement for the ultimate security holders. However, the ultimate security holders are still the legal owners of the securities. They are not merely beneficiaries of the custodian as a trustee. The custodian does not become at any point the owner of the securities, but is only a part of the registration chain linking the owners to the securities. Global securities safekeeping practices vary substantially, with markets such as the UK, Australia and South Africa encouraging designated securities accounts in order to permit shareholder identification by companies.
The definition of "shareholder" is generally upheld by corporate law rather than securities law. One role of custodians (which may or may not be enforced by securities regulation) is to facilitate the exercise of share ownership rights, for example and processing dividends and other payments, corporate actions, the proceeds of a stock split or a reverse stock split, the ability to vote in the company's annual general meeting (AGM), information and reports sent from the company and so forth. The extent to which such services are offered are a function of the client agreement together with relevant market rules, regulations and laws.

## Industry profile
### Industry size

As of end-2023, the market size (as measured by worldwide client assets under custody and/or administration) amounted to some $230 trillion. The market share of the largest global custodians has varied quite dramatically over the past 25 years
As of 2022, the market size (as measured by revenue) of the Custody, Asset & Securities Services industry in the US is $32.5bn, with a YoY 2.9% growth between 2017 and 2022.

### Industry players

Many investment banks and banks offer securities services. Generally, the division of securities services is either grouped with Global Markets to form a larger umbrella of Markets & Securities Services (MSS) or falls under the umbrella of Corporate Banking or Transaction Banking.
For instance, Citi and HSBC restructured and combined their Global Markets and Securities Services divisions in 2019 and 2020 respectively.
Players include (in alphabetical order):
* BNP Paribas: Securities Services
* BNY: Securities Services
* Citi: Markets & Securities Services
* Crédit Agricole/Santander: CACEIS Investor Services
* Deutsche Bank: Corporate Banking
* HSBC: Markets & Securities Services
* J.P. Morgan: Markets & Securities Services
* Mizuho: Institutional Services
* MUFG: Investor Services
* Northern Trust: Asset Servicing
* Royal Bank of Canada: Investor & Treasury Services
* SMBC: Custody and Securities Services
* Société Générale: Global Markets and Investor Services
* Standard Chartered: Financial Markets
* State Street: Asset Servicing

### Industry ranking
#### Global

According to the Asset under Custody League Table by Global Custodian, custodian banks' assets under custody and/or administration (AUC/AUA) are:
| Company | AUC/AUA (US$) | As of |
| BNY | 46.6 trillion | May 2023 |
| State Street | 38.2 trillion | 30 June 2022 |
| JPMorgan Chase | 28.6 trillion* | 30 June 2022 |
| Citi | 26.8 trillion | 30 June 2022 |
| Northern Trust | 15.7 trillion | 10 January 2025 |
| BNP Paribas | 13.9 trillion | 30 June 2022 |
| HSBC | 13.9 trillion | 30 June 2022 |
| CACEIS | 7.8 trillion | 31 December 2021 |
| Societe Generale | 5.0 trillion | 30 June 2022 |
* Assets under custody only
Data on Assets under Custody and Assets under Administration have been collected by globalcustody.net and fundservices.net since 1999, running to 50+ service providers. Performance of 19 service providers against service benchmarks is reported at ServiceMatrix.

#### Regional

According to the Global Custody Survey 2020 by Global Investor Group, the top custody regional players are:
| Region | Bank Name |
| Americas | JPMorgan Chase |
| Asia-Pacific | HSBC |
| Europe, Middle East, and Africa (EMEA) | HSBC |

## Notable industry acquisitions
### 2000 to 2010

In November 2002, State Street announced that it had acquired global custody business with assets under custody of approximately €2.2 trillion of Deutsche Bank's Global Securities Services (GSS) business for $1.5 billion, subject to adjustment.
In July 2003, HSBC announced the agreement to acquire 82.19% of Korean fund administrator Asset Management Technology (AM TeK) for $12.47 million in cash, which was the biggest fund administrator in South Korea, with $24 billion of assets under administration.
In August 2003, U.S. Bancorp acquired corporate trust business of State Street for $725 million.
In October 2004, Citi acquired ABN AMRO's direct custody, securities clearing, and fund services businesses in selected European and Asian markets for around $50 million.
In November 2005, U.S. Bancorp announced that it was purchasing the corporate trust and institutional custody businesses of Wachovia Corporation.
In July 2006, HSBC announced that it was acquiring Westpac sub-custody operations in Australia and New Zealand for $112.5 million, making the British bank the leading sub-custody and clearing player in Australia and New Zealand.
In July 2007, the merger between Bank of New York and Mellon Financial Corporation had been finalised to create BNY Mellon, which is the largest custodian and asset servicer with more than $18trn in assets under custody and administration at that time.
In July 2007, State Street confirmed that it was acquiring Investors Financial Services for $4.2 billion.
Also in July 2007, the French bank BNP Paribas announced an acquisition of a minority stake of 33.4% in the capital of SLIB, which had been a 100% subsidiary of Natixis prior to the acquisition.
In November 2009, J.P. Morgan Chase acquired ANZ's custodian services business, including access to more than 100 clients and US$90.71 billion in assets under custody.
In April 2010, Standard Chartered acquired Barclays African custody business, which had assets under custody of $3.8 billion.
One month later, in May 2010, State Street announced the completion of its acquisition of Intesa Sanpaolo's Securities Services business (ISPSS) for €1.28 billion in cash.

### Since 2011

In April 2013, Citi announced that it was acquiring ING Group's Custody and Securities Services Business in Central and Eastern Europe with €110 Billion in assets under custody. In the same month, Standard Chartered acquired custody business in South Africa from Absa Bank.
In February 2018, Butterfield Bank announced that it was purchasing Deutsche Bank's Global Trust Solutions business in the Cayman Islands, Jersey and Guernsey.
In March 2020, Citi announced that it was buying Royal Bank of Canada's custody business in Australia.
In January 2021, U.S. Bancorp acquired the debt servicing and securities custody services client portfolio of MUFG Union Bank, with approximately 600 client relationships and $320 billion in assets under custody and administration.
In September 2021, State Street announced that it was acquiring Brown Brothers Harriman's Investor Services business, including its custody, accounting, fund administration, global markets and technology services, for $3.5 billion in cash. However, in November 2022, State Street and BBH announced the termination of this transaction.
In January 2022, Standard Chartered announced an agreement to acquire 100% ownership of RBC Investor Services Trust Hong Kong Limited from RBC Investor & Treasury Services, expanding its custodian business to MPF and ORSO schemes trusteeship business in Hong Kong.

## Self-directed retirement account custodians (US)

According to the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) in the US, various retirement accounts such as: Traditional IRAs, Roth IRA, SEP IRA, or 401k plan accounts require that a qualified trustee, or custodian, hold IRA assets on behalf of the IRA owner. The trustee/custodian provides custody of the assets, processes all transactions, maintains other records pertaining to them, files the required IRS reports, issues client statements, helps clients understand the rules and regulations pertaining to certain prohibited transactions, and performs other administrative duties on behalf of the self-directed retirement account owner.
Self-directed retirement account custodians (also known as "self-directed IRA custodians" or "self-directed 401k custodians") should not be confused with a custodian bank, which strictly provides safekeeping for securities. While a self-directed retirement account custodian can provide custody for securities, typically it will specialize in non-security assets, or alternative investments. Examples of alternative investments would be: Real Estate, precious metals, private mortgages, private company stock, oil and gas LPs, horses, and intellectual property. These types of assets require a specialization on the part of the custodian due to the complexity of the documentation required to keep the alternative investments in compliance with the IRC.

## Mutual fund custodian

A mutual fund custodian refers typically to a custodian bank or trust company (a special type of financial institution regulated like a "bank"), or similar financial institution responsible for holding and safeguarding the securities owned by a mutual fund. A mutual fund's custodian may also act as one or more service agents for the mutual fund such as being the fund accountant, administrator and/or transfer agent which maintains shareholder records and disburses periodic dividends or capital gains, if any, distributed by the fund. The vast majority of funds use a third party custodian as required by SEC regulation to avoid complex rules and requirements about self-custody.
A mutual fund retirement account (IRA, SEP etc.) custodian, however, refers to the plan administrator and recordkeeper such as noted above, which may not necessarily be the same institution providing custody services to the investments of the overall fund.