# Seneca County, Ohio

Seneca County is a county located in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2020 census, the population was 55,069. Its county seat is Tiffin. The county was created in 1820 and organized in 1824. It is named for the Seneca Indians, the westernmost nation of the Iroquois Confederacy. This people were based in present-day New York but had territory extending into Pennsylvania and Ohio. Seneca County comprises the Tiffin, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Findlay–Tiffin, OH Combined Statistical Area.

## History

This area was long occupied by a succession of indigenous peoples. During and after the colonial period, French, British and American fur traders established relations with the historic peoples of the time.
The county was barely inhabited by European Americans until the 1830s, but this period was one of steady migration by settlers from New York and New England. The migration was stimulated by completion of the Erie Canal through New York, which connected the markets by the Great Lakes to the Hudson River and New York City. By 1860 the population of Seneca County had increased to about half the current number of residents. It was developed for agriculture, and grew slowly thereafter.
Toward the end of the 19th century, during the Great Depression, and the post–World War II baby boom, this area had periods of greater population increase. In 1980 the census recorded a population of 61,901; the total has since declined. Since about 2000, the county's population declines by about 100–300 persons annually, mainly due to a migration deficit of about 300 persons annually. This decline is projected to continue in the future.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 553 square miles (1,430 km$^2$), of which 551 square miles (1,430 km$^2$) is land and 1.8 square miles (4.7 km$^2$) (0.3%) is water.
Almost 80% of the county's total area is agricultural land. Some 10% is covered by forest. Most of the rest is developed, with some allocated for pastureland.
The terrain of Seneca County is nearly level, gently sloping from about 290 meters ASL in the southeast to about 210 m ASL at the edge of the Great Black Swamp in the northwest. Most of the county's area is located between 230 and 260 m ASL, however. Almost the entire county belongs to the Sandusky River drainage basin; the river bisects the county from north to south slightly west of its middle. Tiffin developed on both sides of the river, which flows north to its mouth at Lake Erie. There is some steeper terrain along the river's course, formed by the occasional ravine of its tributaries.
The Great Lakes moderate temperatures somewhat, but Seneca County has essentially a continental climate. After most of the forests were cleared for agricultural development, the microclimate was disrupted. Winters can be harsh, with plentiful snowfall due to lake-effect snow. Summers are often hot and oppressively humid, bordering on subtropical. The mostly featureless surface does not form any obstacles to the winter winds sweeping south from Canada, resulting in extreme wind chill at times. In a 1906 description, the local climate was described as "rather unhealthful".

### Adjacent counties

* Sandusky County (north)
* Huron County (east)
* Crawford County (southeast)
* Wyandot County (southwest)
* Hancock County (west)
* Wood County (northwest)

## Demographics
### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 58,683 people, 22,292 households, and 15,738 families residing in the county. The population density was 107 inhabitants per square mile (41/km$^2$). There were 23,692 housing units at an average density of 43 units per square mile (17/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the county was 95.04% White, 1.76% Black or African American, 0.18% Native American, 0.38% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.39% from other races, and 1.25% from two or more races. 3.36% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 22,292 households, out of which 33.40% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.10% were married couples living together, 10.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.40% were non-families. 24.70% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 3.04.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.00% under the age of 18, 10.40% from 18 to 24, 27.20% from 25 to 44, 22.40% from 45 to 64, and 14.10% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 98.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.70 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $38,037, and the median income for a family was $44,600. Males had a median income of $32,387 versus $22,383 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,027. About 6.10% of families and 9.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.60% of those under age 18 and 7.20% of those age 65 or over.

### 2010 census

As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 56,745 people, 21,774 households, and 14,870 families residing in the county. The population density was 103.0 inhabitants per square mile (39.8/km$^2$). There were 24,122 housing units at an average density of 43.8 units per square mile (16.9 units/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the county was 93.7% white, 2.3% black or African American, 0.6% Asian, 0.2% American Indian, 1.3% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 4.4% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 47.6% were German, 10.4% were Irish, 8.9% were American, and 8.2% were English.
Of the 21,774 households, 31.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.6% were married couples living together, 11.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 31.7% were non-families, and 26.3% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.97. The median age was 38.8 years.
The median income for a household in the county was $42,573 and the median income for a family was $51,216. Males had a median income of $39,494 versus $30,286 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,976. About 8.7% of families and 11.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.9% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those age 65 or over.

## Politics

Prior to 1936, Seneca County had supported Democrats in presidential elections, supporting Republican candidates only four times from 1856 to 1932. But starting with the 1936 election, it has become a Republican stronghold in presidential elections. Its support for Democrats Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 and Bill Clinton in 1996 were the exceptions.
United States presidential election results for Seneca County, Ohio :
| Year | Republican | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Third party(ies) | Third party(ies) |
| Year | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
| 2024 | 17,241 | 67.87% | 7,765 | 30.57% | 398 | 1.57% |
| 2020 | 17,086 | 66.10% | 8,266 | 31.98% | 496 | 1.92% |
| 2016 | 14,825 | 61.30% | 7,404 | 30.62% | 1,954 | 8.08% |
| 2012 | 13,243 | 52.26% | 11,353 | 44.80% | 747 | 2.95% |
| 2008 | 13,823 | 50.17% | 13,087 | 47.50% | 643 | 2.33% |
| 2004 | 15,886 | 58.86% | 10,957 | 40.60% | 148 | 0.55% |
| 2000 | 13,863 | 56.93% | 9,512 | 39.06% | 976 | 4.01% |
| 1996 | 9,713 | 41.31% | 10,044 | 42.72% | 3,754 | 15.97% |
| 1992 | 9,763 | 37.33% | 9,280 | 35.49% | 7,107 | 27.18% |
| 1988 | 13,704 | 58.49% | 9,504 | 40.56% | 222 | 0.95% |
| 1984 | 16,520 | 67.04% | 7,905 | 32.08% | 217 | 0.88% |
| 1980 | 14,172 | 60.93% | 7,303 | 31.40% | 1,784 | 7.67% |
| 1976 | 11,730 | 52.10% | 10,074 | 44.74% | 712 | 3.16% |
| 1972 | 13,939 | 60.82% | 8,180 | 35.69% | 799 | 3.49% |
| 1968 | 12,040 | 52.30% | 8,970 | 38.97% | 2,010 | 8.73% |
| 1964 | 9,536 | 39.64% | 14,518 | 60.36% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1960 | 15,772 | 61.20% | 10,001 | 38.80% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1956 | 17,728 | 73.90% | 6,260 | 26.10% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1952 | 17,750 | 71.54% | 7,060 | 28.46% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1948 | 11,493 | 58.87% | 7,954 | 40.74% | 77 | 0.39% |
| 1944 | 15,137 | 70.86% | 6,224 | 29.14% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1940 | 16,272 | 68.55% | 7,464 | 31.45% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1936 | 9,953 | 44.71% | 8,982 | 40.35% | 3,324 | 14.93% |
| 1932 | 9,007 | 42.32% | 11,894 | 55.88% | 383 | 1.80% |
| 1928 | 13,369 | 61.93% | 8,136 | 37.69% | 82 | 0.38% |
| 1924 | 9,641 | 53.29% | 6,290 | 34.77% | 2,160 | 11.94% |
| 1920 | 10,064 | 54.40% | 8,175 | 44.19% | 261 | 1.41% |
| 1916 | 4,301 | 38.54% | 6,451 | 57.80% | 409 | 3.66% |
| 1912 | 2,362 | 23.07% | 5,082 | 49.63% | 2,796 | 27.30% |
| 1908 | 4,959 | 43.08% | 6,138 | 53.32% | 415 | 3.60% |
| 1904 | 5,291 | 50.78% | 4,757 | 45.65% | 372 | 3.57% |
| 1900 | 4,904 | 44.22% | 5,946 | 53.62% | 240 | 2.16% |
| 1896 | 4,988 | 43.51% | 6,347 | 55.36% | 130 | 1.13% |
| 1892 | 4,195 | 41.49% | 5,378 | 53.19% | 537 | 5.31% |
| 1888 | 4,165 | 43.08% | 5,232 | 54.12% | 271 | 2.80% |
| 1884 | 4,004 | 43.72% | 4,950 | 54.05% | 205 | 2.24% |
| 1880 | 4,008 | 44.61% | 4,845 | 53.92% | 132 | 1.47% |
| 1876 | 3,793 | 45.57% | 4,515 | 54.25% | 15 | 0.18% |
| 1872 | 3,128 | 47.12% | 3,462 | 52.15% | 48 | 0.72% |
| 1868 | 2,977 | 45.68% | 3,540 | 54.32% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1864 | 3,042 | 48.08% | 3,285 | 51.92% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1860 | 3,052 | 48.14% | 3,175 | 50.08% | 113 | 1.78% |
| 1856 | 2,565 | 48.64% | 2,605 | 49.40% | 103 | 1.95% |

## Government and politics
### County officials

| Office | Name | Party |
| Commissioner | Tony Paradiso-President | Republican |
| Commissioner | William 'Bill' Frankart | Republican |
| Commissioner | Tyler Shuff-Vice President | Republican |
| Prosecutor | Derek W. DeVine | Independent |
| Sheriff | Fredrick W. Stevens | Republican |
| Clerk of Courts | Stephanie Hicks | Republican |
| Recorder | Michael Dell | Republican |
| Treasurer | Paul Harrison | Republican |
| Engineer | Mark Zimmerman | Republican |
| Coroner | Mark Akers | Republican |
| Auditor | Julie Adkins | Republican |
| Common Pleas Court Judge | Steve Shuff | Republican |
| Common Pleas Court Judge | Damon Alt | Republican |
| Juvenile Court Judge | Jay A. Meyer | Republican |

## Transportation
### Major highways

* U.S. Route 23
* U.S. Route 224

### Other highways

* State Route 4
* State Route 12
* State Route 18
* State Route 19
* State Route 53
* State Route 67
* State Route 100
* State Route 101
* State Route 162
* State Route 228
* State Route 231
* State Route 587
* State Route 590
* State Route 635
* State Route 778

### Airports

* Bandit Field Airdrome
* Fostoria Metropolitan Airport
* Seneca County Airport
* Weiker Airport

## Communities
### Cities

* Bellevue (partly)
* Fostoria (partly)
* Tiffin (county seat)

### Villages

* Attica
* Bettsville
* Bloomville
* Green Springs (partly)
* New Riegel
* Republic

### Townships

* Adams
* Big Spring
* Bloom
* Clinton
* Eden
* Hopewell
* Jackson
* Liberty
* Loudon
* Pleasant
* Reed
* Scipio
* Seneca
* Thompson
* Venice

### Census-designated places

* Bascom
* Flat Rock
* Fort Seneca
* Kansas
* McCutchenville
* Melmore
* Old Fort

### Unincorporated communities

* Adrian
* Alvada
* Amsden
* Angus
* Berwick
* Caroline
* Carrothers
* Cooper
* Cromers
* Fireside
* Frenchtown
* Iler
* Lowell
* Maple Grove
* Omar
* Reedtown
* Rehoboth
* Rockaway
* Saint Stephens
* Siam
* Springville
* Swander
* Watson
* West Lodi

## Places of interest

* Seneca Caverns

## Natural history

Before widespread settlement, the area of Seneca County was for the most part woodland. Besides the fringe of the Great Black Swamp in the northwest, there was also an extensive area of marshland in the Bloomville area as well as smaller patches of swamp terrain which were formed due to the county's essentially level terrain. Native American inhabitants and later settlers used the region mainly for hunting fur animals, with little agriculture of note until the early 19th century.
Starting in the early-mid 19th century, the county's area was subject to wholesale deforestation. This led to massive alteration of much of the local wildlife, with grassland and farmland animals replacing the native woodland fauna. Migrant waterbirds, in ancient times commonly encountered throughout the region as they foraged in the swamps on their way south, are nowadays rare and concentrate on the few remaining waterbodies large enough to sustain them. The passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) had several roosting (and probably nesting) places in the county when it was still wooded. Removal of the forest had driven the birds away by the 1860s, foreshadowing its eventual total extinction due to large-scale logging which rendered this species unable to sustain the massive hunting pressure.
Several species of waterbirds, formerly frequently encountered during migration, are only rarely seen nowadays. These include, for example, the common loon (Gavia immer), American wigeon (Anas americana), redhead (Aythya americana), canvasback (Aythya valisneria), and several species of mergansers.
Landbirds were apparently less seriously affected; apart from the passenger pigeon, the ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) and marsh wren (Cistothorus palustris) had essentially or completely disappeared by 1900. However, it is not known how many of the numerous species of New World warblers, most of which today only occur only as transient migrants, formerly bred in Seneca County.
The Eskimo curlew (Numenius borealis), possibly extinct today, occurred as a transient in Ohio until about 1900; to what extent it migrated through Seneca County is not well known but even if it did it is unlikely that it was often seen after deforestation had gotten underway in earnest. The extinct Carolina parakeet (Conuropsis carolinensis) – or probably individuals of the western subspecies, the Louisiana Parakeet (C. c. ludovicianus) – may have on occasion have occurred in Seneca County as a vagrant before 1862.
The only record of the long-billed murrelet (Brachyramphus perdix) in Ohio comes from Seneca County. A stray individual of this North Pacific auk was observed and photographed between November 12–18, 1996. The rare Kirtland's warbler (Setophaga kirtlandii) is again increasing in numbers and may occasionally range as far north as Seneca County.
The introduced house sparrow (Passer domesticus) is common since at least the late 19th century. The ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus), another species introduced from Europe, never seems to have become really plentiful, though it has been a breeding resident since at least 1901.