OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Homes's law

In superconductivity, Homes's law is an empirical relation that states that a superconductor's critical temperature (T$_c$) is proportional to the strength of the superconducting state for temperatures well below T$_c$ close to zero temperature (also referred to as the fully formed superfluid density, $\rho _{s0}$) multiplied by the electrical resistivity $\rho _{dc}$ measured just above the critical temperature. In cuprate high-temperature superconductors the relation follows the form
    $\rho _{dc}^{\alpha }\,\rho _{s0}^{\alpha }/8\simeq 4.4\,T_{c}$,
or alternatively
    $\rho _{s0}^{\alpha }/8\simeq 4.4\,\sigma _{dc}^{\alpha }\,T_{c}$.
Many novel superconductors are anisotropic, so the resistivity and the superfluid density are tensor quantities; the superscript $\alpha$ denotes the crystallographic direction along which these quantities are measured. Note that this expression assumes that the conductivity and temperature have both been recast in units of cm$^{−1}$ (or s$^{−1}$), and that the superfluid density has units of cm$^{−2}$ (or s$^{−2}$); the constant is dimensionless. The expected form for a BCS dirty-limit superconductor has slightly larger numerical constant of ~8.1.
The law is named for physicist Christopher Homes and was first presented in the July 29, 2004 edition of Nature, and was the subject of a News and Views article by Jan Zaanen in the same issue in which he speculated that the high transition temperatures observed in the cuprate superconductors are because the metallic states in these materials are as viscous as permitted by the laws of quantum physics. A more detailed version of this scaling relation subsequently appeared in Physical Review B in 2005, in which it was argued that any material that falls on the scaling line is likely in the dirty limit (superconducting coherence length ξ$_0$ is much greater than the normal-state mean-free path l, ξ$_0$≫ l); however, a paper by Vladimir Kogan in Physical Review B in 2013 has shown that the scaling relation is valid even when ξ$_0$~ l,
suggesting that only materials in the clean limit (ξ$_0$≪ l) will fall off of this scaling line.
Francis Pratt and Stephen Blundell have argued that Homes's law is violated in the organic superconductors. This work was first presented in Physical Review Letters in March 2005. On the other hand, it has been recently demonstrated by Sasa Dordevic and coworkers that if the dc conductivity and the superfluid density are measured on the same sample at the same time using either infrared or microwave impedance spectroscopy, then the organic superconductors do indeed fall on the universal scaling line, along with a number of other exotic superconductors. This work was published in Scientific Reports in 2013.
# Naro-Fominsk

Naro-Fominsk (Russian: На́ро-Фоми́нск) is a town and the administrative center of Naro-Fominsky District in Moscow Oblast, Russia, located on the Nara River, 70 kilometers (43 mi) southwest from Moscow.

## History

The Fominskoye village was first mentioned in Russian chronicles under the year 1339, while it was under the rule of Ivan I of Moscow. Napoleon's Grande Armée passed through Fominskoye on its retreat from Moscow in 1812. The modern Naro-Fominsk was established as an urban-type settlement as a result of the merger of the villages of Fominskoye, Malaya Nara and Malkovo in 1925. Town status was granted to it in 1926. The town was severely damaged during World War II after Nazi Germany forces destroyed 687 buildings and a textile factory during the Battle of Moscow in 1941. Western part of Naro-Fominsk was occupied from October 21 to December 26, 1941. Naro-Fominsk was liberated by the 33rd Army under the command of Mikhail Grigoryevich Yefremov.
Naro-Fominsk silk factory was the first in the USSR to produce fabric "Bologna" in the early 1960s.

## Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Naro-Fominsk serves as the administrative center of Naro-Fominsky District. As an administrative division, it is, together with twelve rural localities, incorporated within Naro-Fominsky District as the Town of Naro-Fominsk. As a municipal division, the Town of Naro-Fominsk is incorporated within Naro-Fominsky Municipal District as Naro-Fominsk Urban Settlement.

## Transportation

The Moscow–Kyiv railway passes through the town.

## Military

The town is home to the 4th Guards Kantemirovskaya Tank Division, part of the Western Military District.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Naro-Fominsk is twinned with:
* Babruysk, Belarus
* Daugavpils, Latvia
* Elin Pelin, Bulgaria
# Sandra le Grange

Sandra le Grange (born 5 July 1993) is a South African female badminton player. In 2013, she won bronze medal at the African Badminton Championships in women's doubles event with her partner Elme de Villiers.

## Achievements
### African Badminton Championships

Women's Singles
| Year | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result |
| 2014 | Lobatse Stadium, Gaborone, Botswana | Kate Foo Kune | 20-22, 21-19, 10-21 | Bronze |
Women's Doubles
| Year | Venue | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| 2017 | John Barrable Hall, Benoni, South Africa | Johanita Scholtz | Michelle Butler-Emmett Jennifer Fry | 15-21, 20-22 | Bronze |
| 2013 | National Badminton Centre, Rose Hill, Mauritius | Elme de Villiers | Juliette Ah-Wan Alisen Camille | 12-21, 16-21 | Bronze |

### BWF International Challenge/Series

Women's Doubles
| Year | Tournament | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| 2016 | South Africa International | Elme de Villiers | Michelle Butler-Emmett Jennifer Fry | 15-21, 16-21 | Runner-up |
| 2013 | South Africa International | Michelle Butler-Emmett | Elme de Villiers Sandra Halilovic | 14-21, 13-21 | Runner-up |
| 2013 | Mauritius International | Elme de Villiers | Dorcas Ajoke Adesokan Grace Gabriel | 21-15, 21-16 | Winner |
Mixed Doubles
| Year | Tournament | Partner | Opponent | Score | Result |
| 2016 | South Africa International | Andries Malan | Anatoliy Yartsev Evgeniya Kosetskaya | 13-21, 9-21 | Runner-up |
    BWF International Challenge tournament
    BWF International Series tournament
    BWF Future Series tournament
# Juan Nieves

Juan Manuel Nieves Cruz (born January 5, 1965) is a Puerto Rican professional baseball pitcher and coach who is currently the assistant pitching coach for the Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball (MLB). He played for the Milwaukee Brewers of Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1986 to 1988. He has coached in MLB for the Chicago White Sox, Boston Red Sox, and Miami Marlins.

## Playing career

Nieves was signed by the Milwaukee Brewers, with a $115,000 signing bonus, after he had a 19–1 win–loss record with a 1.05 earned run average (ERA) during his senior season at the Avon Old Farms school in Connecticut.
On April 15, 1987, Nieves threw a no-hitter against the Baltimore Orioles, becoming the second-youngest player in Major League history to do so. He threw the only no-hitter for the Brewers until 2021. Nieves' no-hitter became the first ever thrown by a Puerto Rican in Major League Baseball. Nieves was mostly a starter, but on September 5, 1988, he did earn his only career save against the White Sox. He threw one perfect inning, closing out a 5–2 Brewers victory and saving the game for starter Don August.
After playing for the Brewers from 1986 to 1988, he suffered a career-ending arm injury.

## Coaching career

Nieves worked as a minor league pitching instructor for the New York Yankees (1992–1996) and the White Sox (1999–2007) before joining the Chicago White Sox Major League staff as the bullpen coach serving for the next five seasons. He was mentored by Don Cooper, first when Cooper was the White Sox' roving coordinator in their minor league hierarchy, and later when Cooper became the pitching coach of the Sox. They became really close, adapting similar pitching styles, and Nieves was named as "Cooper's right-hand man". He was named Boston's 2013 pitching coach on November 7, 2012. He brought over Cooper's style of pitching to the Red Sox organization. Nieves led the Red Sox to the second lowest earned run average in the American League as the team went on to win the World Series. After the Red Sox earned the second highest team ERA (4.86) to start the 2015 season, Nieves was dismissed by the team on May 7, 2015.
Nieves spent the next three seasons as pitching coach for the Miami Marlins, being dismissed after the 2018 season.
On November 6, 2020, the Detroit Tigers named Nieves as the team's assistant pitching coach for the 2021 season. Nieves had spent the previous two seasons as the pitching coach for the Toledo Mud Hens, the Tigers Triple-A affiliate.
# Tonalea, Arizona

Tonalea (Navajo: Tó Nehelį́į́h) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Coconino County, Arizona, United States. The population was 549 at the 2010 census. It has also been known as Red Lake.

## Geography

Tonalea is located along U.S. Route 160 (aka the Navajo Trail).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 9.7 square miles (25 km$^2$), all land.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 562 people, 123 households, and 104 families living in the CDP. The population density was 58.2 inhabitants per square mile (22.5/km$^2$). There were 135 housing units at an average density of 14.0 per square mile (5.4/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 99.1% Native American, 0.7% White, and 0.2% from other races. 0.9% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 123 households, out of which 55.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.7% were married couples living together, 23.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.4% were non-families. 14.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.57 and the average family size was 5.13.
In the CDP, the age distribution of the population shows 48.9% under the age of 18, 10.1% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 13.0% from 45 to 64, and 3.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 19 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.9 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $32,059, and the median income for a family was $32,206. Males had a median income of $36,333 versus $15,750 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $8,171. About 10.8% of families and 13.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.9% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

## Education

Tuba City Unified School District is the local school district. Tuba City High School is the comprehensive high school.
# Sabzi Bahar

Sabzi Bahar is a village in Badakhshan Province in north-eastern Afghanistan.
# Abkhazian Air Force

The Abkhazian Air Force is a small air force, which is a part of the Abkhazian Armed Forces, operating from Abkhazia.

## History

Few details are available on its formation, but it is reported to have been established by Viyacheslav Eshba, originally operating several Yak-52 trainer aircraft armed with machine guns. Its first combat mission was conducted on 27 August 1992, which has come to be celebrated in Abkhazia as "Aviation Day." The Abkhaz Air Force claims to have made 400 operational flights during the 1992-1993 Abkhaz-Georgian war. Abkhaz combat losses during the civil war are uncertain, but include a Yak-52 on a reconnaissance mission near Sukhumi on 4 July 1993.
In the autumn of 2001, Abkhazia's air force was reported to comprise 250 personnel, 1 Su-25, 2 L-39, 1 Yak-52, and 2 Mi-8. The display of three L-39s at a parade in 2004 suggests a possible recent acquisition. In February 2007, a Russian website reported that Abkhazia has 2 Su-27 fighters, 1 Yak-52, 2 Su-25 attack aircraft, 2 L-39 combat trainers, 1 An-2 light transport, 7 Mi-8 helicopters, and 3 Mi-24 helicopters. However, an undated 2007 Abkhaz source gave the inventory for the Abkhazian Air Force as 16 MiG-21, 46 Su-25, 2 L-39, 1 Yak-52, and 2 Mi-8. In March 2008, a military aviation enthusiast website repeated this inventory but added 9 Mi-24/35 attack helicopters. In 2021, President Aslan Bzhania announced intentions to modernize the air force.

## Equipment

An accounting of exact types, quantities, and service dates for aircraft serving in the Abkhazian Air Force is difficult to accurately provide due to a number of factors: including Abkhazia's disputed status, a lack of official available information, multiple conflicts over the course of its existence, and the regular involvement of Russian aircraft & pilots in the conflicts and region. In general, the air force has relied on aircraft inherited from the former Soviet forces based in Abkhazia with possible reinforcement in recent years by Russia with second-hand aircraft. No traditional contracts for aircraft purchases by Abkhazia have been reported.

### Aircraft

| Aircraft | Origin | Type | In service |
| Helicopters ||||||
| Mil Mi-8 | Russia | Utility | 2 |
| Mil Mi-24 | Russia | Attack | 2 |

## Aircraft markings

Several different markings have been reported.
# Fikret Berkes

Fikret Berkes (born 1945) is a Turkish-Canadian ecologist. He is a Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of Manitoba's Natural Resources Institute. Berkes studies community-based natural resources management in societies around the world.

## Early life and education

Berkes was born in Istanbul, Turkey, in 1945. His parents are Niyazi Berkes and Mediha Esenel. He received his Bachelor of Science degree from McGill University, Montreal, Canada, in 1968. He obtained a Ph.D. in marine sciences from the same university in 1973.

## Career

In 1974, rather than continuing on with a postdoctoral position in marine ecology, Berkes worked with an anthropologist, Harvey Feit, studying Cree people's fishing.
Berkes taught at Brock University, then became the Director of the NRI at the University of Manitoba in 1991.

## Awards

In 2014, Berkes won the Sustainability Science Award of the Ecological Society of America for his third (2012) edition of Sacred Ecology.
He has also been awarded the International Union for Conservation of Nature CEESP Inaugural Award for Meritorious Research (2016) and the IASC Elinor Ostrom Award for Senior Scholar (2015).

## Selected publications

* Berkes, F. (2017). Sacred Ecology (4th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315114644
* Berkes, F., Colding, J., & Folke, C. (Eds.). (2008). Navigating social-ecological systems: building resilience for complexity and change. Cambridge University Press.
* Berkes, F., Colding, J., & Folke, C. (2000). Rediscovery of traditional ecological knowledge as adaptive management. Ecological applications, 10(5), 1251-1262.
* Berkes, F., Folke, C., & Colding, J. (Eds.). (2000). Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience. Cambridge University Press.
# Diego Hoffmann

Diego Araújo Hoffmann (born 4 February 1993) is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Nova Mutum, on loan from Brasil de Farroupilha.
He spent the majority of his career in Brazil, having a brief loan spell with Lechia Gdańsk in Poland. Hoffmann made 2 appearances in Brazil's Série A, spending the later years of his playing career in the lower divisions of Brazilian football.
# Züünkhangai, Uvs

Züünkhangai (Mongolian: Зүүнхангай) is a sum (district) of Uvs Province in western Mongolia. The sum is in the Khan Khökhii mountains.

## Geography

Züünkhangai is the eastern most district in Uvs Province.

## Administrative divisions

The district is divided into four bags, which are:
* Bayangol
* Dalanbulag
* Jargalant
* Khairkhan
# Mobile-Low, Slow, Small Unmanned Aircraft Integrated Defeat System

Mobile-Low, Slow, Small Unmanned Aircraft Integrated Defeat System (M-LIDS) is a mobile counter-unmanned aerial system (C-UAS) developed for the United States Army. It is designed to detect, track, and neutralize small unmanned aerial systems, commonly known as drones.

## Overview

M-LIDS is engineered to counter small, low-flying, and slow-moving drones that are often used for surveillance, reconnaissance, and attacks; the system comprises advanced detection systems, including sophisticated radar and electronic warfare capabilities. For neutralization, M-LIDS employs a cannon or kinetic interceptors such as the Coyote missile, as well as electronic warfare measures to disable or destroy the drone threats

## Connection to C-RAM

M-LIDS is often deployed with the Counter-Rocket, Artillery, and Mortar (C-RAM) system. While C-RAM intercepts rockets, artillery, and mortar rounds, M-LIDS focuses on aerial threats from drones, providing comprehensive defense.

## Operational history
### Gaza Floating Pier

* Date of deployment: 21 May 2024
* Details: Deployed to protect humanitarian aid operations, marking its first combat use. Installed alongside C-RAM for layered defense

### Romania

* Date of deployment: April 2024
* Details: Deployed as part of the U.S. 101st Airborne Division to enhance air defenses near Ukraine. Conducted live fire exercises at the Capu Midia Training Range
# Vince Broderick

Vincent Broderick (17 August 1920 – 14 November 2010), known as Vince Broderick, was an English cricketer who played for Northamptonshire and briefly for the MCC. Considered an All-rounder, Broderick is notable for having the third best bowling figures in a single innings in Northamptonshire history. This career best of 9-35 came in 1948 against Sussex at Horsham. He was born at Bacup, Lancashire.

## Career

Broderick was taken on by Northamptonshire's groundstaff in 1939, earning £3 a week. He made his first-class debut - a draw in which he recorded bowling figures of 1-46 and was bowled for a duck - against Glamorgan at Cardiff. This match happened just a few days before the German invasion of Poland. Resuming his career after the war, Broderick became a regular in the team throughout the 1947 season, claiming 75 wickets including 8-16 against Derbyshire at the Town Ground in Rushden. 1948 not only brought Broderick his career best bowling figures on a drying pitch, he also registered his first two centuries against Warwickshire and Essex. After this Broderick began to become more successful as a batsman as his bowling became less prolific. In 1953 he recorded his career best batting score of 190 in a first wicket Partnership of 361 with Buddy Oldfield at Peterborough, this partnership remained a county record until 1996. In 1957 Broderick retired from first-class cricket, taking charge of Northamptonshire's Second XI before coaching at Winchester College until 1987.
Remaining in Winchester and in his later years living at Colden Common just outside the city, Broderick was a regular at the Wykeham Arms in the city for more than 50 years. He died on 14 November 2010.
# 1250 René-Lévesque

1250 René-Lévesque, formerly known as the "IBM-Marathon Tower," is Montreal's second-tallest skyscraper, with a roof height of 199 meters (without its spire), and a total height of 226.5 meters including the spire. The height definition follows the city’s National Building Code, which excludes decorative spires, whereas the international Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH) includes it, making it Montreal’s tallest building.
This 47-story skyscraper was designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates and completed in 1992. It was constructed between 1988 and 1992 as a project led by IBM and Marathon Realty with an investment of $250 million to consolidate IBM’s operations in Montreal, relocating 1,000 employees from Place Ville Marie.
The building’s location in downtown Montreal serves as a visual boundary between the commercial center and the historically residential west side, a concept inspired by KPF’s Westend Tower in Frankfurt, Germany. It is located next to Bell Centre and Windsor Station, and is connected to the Bonaventure metro station and Montreal’s Underground City.

## Architecture

The building’s architecture combines postmodern and neo-modern styles. Its east and west facades differ distinctly: the west facade is a granite-clad wall with square windows and irregular setbacks, facing the residential periphery, while the east facade features a curved glass curtain wall facing the city center, giving a light, suspended effect. A spire extends along the building’s north side, reaching 31 meters beyond the rooftop, aligning with Mount Royal's peak elevation.
Inside, a four-story atrium with a bamboo winter garden, food court, and conference rooms creates a welcoming space. The building connects to Montreal’s Underground City and Bonaventure metro station.

## Location and Urban Integration

Initially positioned as a downtown boundary, the 1250 René-Lévesque now integrates into an expanded skyline featuring nearby Cité du Commerce Électronique towers. The smaller buildings in the west create a staircase effect, guiding the eye from the commercial core toward 1250 René-Lévesque.

## Tenants

Major tenants include IBM, Air Liquide, PwC, Deutsche Bank, PSP Investments, and many others in financial, technology, and consulting industries.
* Air Liquide Canada
* Bayer
* BMO Harris Bank
* Canaccord Financial Inc
* Chubb Corp.
* CIBC Wood Gundy
* Credit Suisse
* Deutsche Bank
* EquiSoft Inc.
* International Cospas-Sarsat Programme
* Insight Enterprises
* Langlois Lawyers LLP
* LASIK MD
* Lazard
* Macquarie Group
* McKinsey & Company
* Merrill Lynch Canada
* Michael Page International
* PSP Investments
* PricewaterhouseCoopers
* Richardson GMP Limited
* Wells Fargo Equipment Finance

## Former Tenants

* Club Privé 47 Inc was located on the 47th floor (between 1995-2011) and was a swinger club.

## Gallery

* Montreal skyline near Mansfield and De La Gauchetière, showing 1250 René-Lévesque.
* Le 1250 René-Lévesque vu de la Place du Canada.
* View of 1250 René-Lévesque Boulevard.
* Saint George Anglican Church in Montreal, located in front of 1250 René-Lévesque.
* Close-up of 1250 René-Lévesque.
# Höppner

Hoeppner or Höppner is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include.
* Candice Bergen (politician)/Candice Hoeppner (re-assumed her birth name of Bergen; born 1964), Canadian politician
* Ernst von Höppner (1860–1922), German general
* Hans Höppner (1873–1946), German botanist and entomologist
* Jacob Höppner (1748–1826), Prussian Mennonite
* Jake Hoeppner (1936–2015), Canadian politician
* Manfred Höppner (born 1934), German sports doctor
* Mareile Höppner (born 1977), German television presenter
* Michael Joseph Hoeppner (born 1949), American Roman Catholic bishop
* Reinhard Höppner (1948–2014), German politician
* Terry Hoeppner (1947–2007), American college football coach
# Yustinus Pae

Yustinus Pae or Tinus Pae (born 19 June 1983) is an Indonesian professional footballer for Liga 2 club Persipura Jayapura. Mainly as a right back but also as a right winger. His younger brother Fiktor Pae is also a professional footballer who plays for Persipal Palu (2022).

## Career statistics
### International

    As of match played 10 September 2019
Appearances and goals by national team and year :
| National team | Year | Apps | Goals |
| Indonesia | 2013 | 1 | 0 |
| Indonesia | 2015 | 1 | 0 |
| Indonesia | 2019 | 4 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 6 | 0 |

## Honours
### Club honors
#### Persipura Jayapura

* Indonesia Super League: 2008–09, 2010–11
* Indonesian Community Shield: 2009
* Indonesian Inter Island Cup: 2011
* Indonesia Soccer Championship A: 2016

#### Dewa United

* Liga 2 third place (play-offs): 2021

### Individual

* Indonesia Soccer Championship A Best XI: 2016