# Cabaret in South Africa

Cabaret in South Africa is a performance art form that blends music, theatre, and satire, often addressing social, political, and cultural themes. Influenced by both the French cabaret artistique and the German Kabarett, South African cabaret has evolved into a distinctive genre, particularly within Afrikaans theatre. This genre has played a significant role in critiquing apartheid, shaping national discourse, and providing a space for artistic experimentation.

## Historical Background
### European Origins

Cabaret as a performance tradition emerged in 19th-century France with venues such as Le Chat Noir fostering artistic and literary expression. In Germany, Kabarett developed as a political and social critique, especially during the Weimar Republic. These traditions influenced the development of cabaret in South Africa, where both Afrikaans and English-language performances incorporated elements of satire and socio-political engagement.

### Early South African Influences

The roots of South African cabaret can be traced to theatrical revues and protest theatre, which engaged with political themes in the early 20th century. Afrikaans literary cabaret emerged more distinctly in the latter half of the century, shaped by Dutch and German influences. Early cabaret performances were often experimental and subversive, using humor and music to address serious societal issues.

## Development of Afrikaans Literary Cabaret
### Hennie Aucamp and the Afrikaans Cabaret Tradition

Hennie Aucamp is widely regarded as a pioneer of Afrikaans literary cabaret. His book Koffer in Berlyn (1994) provides both a theoretical framework for cabaret and a collection of his own cabaret texts.
Aucamp authored several influential Afrikaans cabarets, which played a significant role in shaping the genre. Some of his notable works include:
* Met permissie gesê (1980) – One of the first Afrikaans literary cabarets.
* Slegs vir Almal (1985) – A satirical cabaret addressing apartheid-era themes.
* Blomtyd is Bloeityd (1987) – A revue focused on the role of women in society.
* By Felix en Madame en ander eenbedrywe (1987) – A collection of one-act plays with cabaret elements.
* Sjampanje vir ontbyt (1988) – A collection of three interrelated one-act plays.
* Punt in die wind (1989) – A comedy in three acts with an epilogue.
* Oudisie! (1991) – A cabaret piece dealing with theatrical performance.
* Van Hoogmoed tot Traagheid, of Die Sewe Doodsondes (1996) – A cabaret exploring the seven deadly sins through Afrikaans cultural figures.

### Distinguishing Kabarett from Cabaret

Aucamp and other scholars have debated the distinction between cabaret (a form of musical entertainment) and Kabarett (a politically engaged genre). According to academic studies, Afrikaans literary cabaret leans more towards Kabarett, employing intertextual references, parody, and irony to interrogate Afrikaner identity, apartheid, and social change.

## Major Figures and Works
### Pieter-Dirk Uys and Political Cabaret

Pieter-Dirk Uys is one of the most influential South African cabaret artists, renowned for his satirical impersonations of political figures, including apartheid-era leaders and post-apartheid politicians. His work challenged censorship laws and exposed the absurdities of the political system. Through alter egos such as Evita Bezuidenhout, Uys created a form of cabaret that was both comedic and deeply critical.

### Amanda Strydom and the Musical Cabaret Tradition

Amanda Strydom, a celebrated singer and performer, contributed significantly to musical cabaret in South Africa. Her work integrates chanson and storytelling, using music to convey personal and collective narratives.
Hennie Aucamp describes Strydom as the ideal cabaret performer—an actress with classical training who is also an exceptional singer. He praises her ability to express deep emotion through her voice, shifting effortlessly between husky, smoky tones and powerful, resonant singing. According to Aucamp, she embodies the essence of cabaret by blending vulnerability and theatricality, making her performances deeply compelling.
Aucamp highlights his long-term creative partnership with Strydom, emphasizing her versatility as a singer, actress, and writer. He notes that many of her song lyrics carry a strong autobiographical element, placing her in the tradition of chansonniers like Jacques Brel, Hildegard Knef, and Charles Aznavour. Her ability to transform deeply personal themes into universal artistic expressions has cemented her status in Afrikaans cabaret.
Strydom has also contributed significantly to Afrikaans chanson, with songs such as "Die vergetenes," which she later retitled "Diva." Aucamp views this piece as an elegy for performers, touching on themes of fame, loss, and mortality. He compares its tone and themes to Brel's "Les désespérés," emphasizing its dark emotional depth and lyrical power.

### Casper de Vries and Contemporary Afrikaans Cabaret

Casper de Vries is a prominent figure in contemporary Afrikaans cabaret, known for his sharp political and cultural satire. His performances blend stand-up comedy with cabaret traditions, appealing to modern Afrikaans-speaking audiences.
Hennie Aucamp acknowledges de Vries in Koffer in Berlyn, dedicating a section titled Kabaret – ABC to him. This playful segment explores cabaret as an art form, using alphabetical references to various performance elements. Aucamp's recognition of de Vries underscores his influence on Afrikaans cabaret, particularly in blending traditional elements with modern comedic techniques.
In addition to his stage performances, de Vries was also involved in music composition for Afrikaans cabaret. He contributed to Aucamp's second cabaret, Slegs vir Almal (1985), alongside other composers such as Coenie de Villiers and Bennie Bierman.
De Vries' cabaret work often addresses themes of social critique, identity, and the absurdities of everyday life, continuing the tradition of Afrikaans literary cabaret while incorporating contemporary comedic sensibilities.

## Political and Social Commentary

South African cabaret has historically served as a medium for social critique, engaging with themes such as apartheid, censorship, identity politics, and corruption. The genre has been a powerful tool for addressing national concerns through humor and irony.
During the apartheid era, cabaret became an essential form of political protest, particularly in Afrikaans theatre, which was traditionally associated with conservative, Calvinistic, and right-wing audiences. Artists such as Pieter-Dirk Uys, Casper de Vries, Amanda Strydom, Nataniël, and Hennie Aucamp used cabaret to satirize Afrikaner nationalism and expose the contradictions within apartheid ideology. Through television and live performances, these artists brought their critiques into mainstream South African households, often challenging sacred Afrikaner myths and assumptions.
Hennie Aucamp's cabaret writing in particular exemplified the genre's dual function as entertainment and social critique. His work, influenced by the German Kabarett tradition, provided a sharp, often ironic commentary on Afrikaner identity, shifting between humor and serious political analysis. Aucamp's fascination with the Weimar cabaret scene informed his approach, recognizing the potential of cabaret as a subversive art form in politically charged environments.
After the transition to democracy in 1994, cabaret underwent a transformation. While apartheid had provided an obvious target for political satire, the end of the regime forced cabaret artists to adapt to a new context. Themes of corruption, governance, and social justice replaced earlier struggles against state censorship. Pieter-Dirk Uys continued to critique South African politics post-apartheid, shifting his focus to issues such as HIV/AIDS awareness and political accountability. The evolving nature of South African cabaret suggests that the genre remains relevant as long as it can respond to contemporary societal concerns.