# 1960 United States presidential election in Mississippi

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
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vte :
The 1960 United States presidential election in Mississippi took place on November 8, 1960, as part of the 1960 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. This was the last election in which Mississippi had eight electoral votes: the Great Migration of Black Americans caused the state to lose congressional districts for the third time in four censuses before the next election.
The election saw the only case of a state being carried by a slate of unpledged electors. Mississippi voted narrowly for this slate, who voted unanimously for long-time Virginia Senator and political machine director Harry Flood Byrd, over the national Democratic nominee, Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts. Republican nominee and outgoing Vice President Richard Nixon, from California, came in third, with his percentage of the vote practically unchanged from what outgoing President Dwight D. Eisenhower recorded in 1956.
Governor Ross Barnett, a segregationist, was faced with a severe dilemma upon becoming governor at the beginning of the year owing to the rigid opposition of Mississippi’s limited and almost exclusively White electorate to the active Civil Rights Movement. Pressured by the "Citizens' Council" who wished to unite the South behind a White-supremacist Democratic candidate, Governor Barnett repeated James P. Coleman’s strategy from 1956 and nominated two sets of Democratic Party electors for the presidential ballot. The first slate was pledged to Kennedy, while the other was not pledged to any candidate. The aim of placing unpledged electors on the ballot was to gain leverage from either major party in a close election, with the possibility of the House of Representatives electing a candidate more favourable to opponents of Brown v. Board of Education than either national major party nominee.
Because the civil rights movement’s supporters regarded Kennedy’s record as poor on this issue, Senators John C. Stennis and James Eastland supported his candidacy, although state-level politicians were not at all supportive. The state’s media saw a vigorous debate between the loyalist and unpledged Democrats in the week before the election. Outside heavily French-settled Hancock County, which has greater cultural ties with Louisiana than with most of the rest of Mississippi, Kennedy’s Catholic faith was also considered suspect.

## Campaign
### Predictions

| Source | Ranking | As of |
| The Philadelphia Inquirer | Tilt I (Flip) | October 3, 1960 |
| Knoxville News Sentinel | Tossup | October 23, 1960 |
| Daily News | Likely D | October 28, 1960 |
| The Daily Item | Tilt D | November 4, 1960 |
| The Clarion-Ledger | Tilt D | November 7, 1960 |
| Hattiesburg American | Lean D | November 7, 1960 |

## Results

1960 United States presidential election in Mississippi :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes |
| | Unpledged Electors | — | 116,248 | 38.99% | 8 |
| | Democratic | John F. Kennedy | 108,362 | 36.34% | 0 |
| | Republican | Richard Nixon | 73,561 | 24.67% | 0 |
| Totals | Totals | Totals | 298,171 | 100.00% | 8 |

### Results by county

| County | Unpledged Electors Democratic | Unpledged Electors Democratic | John F. Kennedy Democratic | John F. Kennedy Democratic | Richard Nixon Republican | Richard Nixon Republican | Margin | Margin | Total votes cast |
| County | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | Total votes cast |
| Adams | 2,526 | 48.53% | 1,452 | 27.90% | 1,227 | 23.57% | 1,074 | 20.63% | 5,205 |
| Alcorn | 601 | 13.43% | 3,054 | 68.25% | 820 | 18.32% | 2,234 | 49.93% | 4,475 |
| Amite | 1,655 | 72.72% | 338 | 14.85% | 283 | 12.43% | 1,317 | 57.87% | 2,276 |
| Attala | 1,281 | 39.20% | 1,337 | 40.91% | 650 | 19.89% | -56 | -1.71% | 3,268 |
| Benton | 348 | 31.90% | 568 | 52.06% | 175 | 16.04% | -220 | -20.16% | 1,091 |
| Bolivar | 1,638 | 43.46% | 1,119 | 29.69% | 1,012 | 26.85% | 519 | 13.77% | 3,769 |
| Calhoun | 1,299 | 53.09% | 765 | 31.26% | 383 | 15.65% | 534 | 21.83% | 2,447 |
| Carroll | 840 | 57.07% | 425 | 28.87% | 207 | 14.06% | 415 | 28.20% | 1,472 |
| Chickasaw | 1,362 | 53.66% | 791 | 31.17% | 385 | 15.17% | 571 | 22.49% | 2,538 |
| Choctaw | 584 | 35.48% | 817 | 49.64% | 245 | 14.88% | -233 | -14.16% | 1,646 |
| Claiborne | 651 | 62.84% | 205 | 19.79% | 180 | 17.37% | 446 | 43.05% | 1,036 |
| Clarke | 1,478 | 44.68% | 1,244 | 37.61% | 586 | 17.71% | 234 | 7.07% | 3,308 |
| Clay | 1,295 | 54.60% | 626 | 26.39% | 451 | 19.01% | 669 | 28.21% | 2,372 |
| Coahoma | 1,385 | 35.82% | 1,386 | 35.84% | 1,096 | 28.34% | -1 | -0.02% | 3,867 |
| Copiah | 1,957 | 54.15% | 896 | 24.79% | 761 | 21.06% | 1,061 | 29.36% | 3,614 |
| Covington | 985 | 44.81% | 842 | 38.31% | 371 | 16.88% | 143 | 6.50% | 2,198 |
| DeSoto | 734 | 35.25% | 795 | 38.18% | 553 | 26.56% | -61 | -2.93% | 2,082 |
| Forrest | 3,152 | 36.52% | 2,068 | 23.96% | 3,412 | 39.53% | 260 | 3.01% | 8,632 |
| Franklin | 1,115 | 66.37% | 441 | 26.25% | 124 | 7.38% | 674 | 40.12% | 1,680 |
| George | 917 | 44.28% | 844 | 40.75% | 310 | 14.97% | 73 | 3.53% | 2,071 |
| Greene | 781 | 49.49% | 550 | 34.85% | 247 | 15.65% | 231 | 14.64% | 1,578 |
| Grenada | 1,132 | 48.31% | 529 | 22.58% | 682 | 29.11% | 450 | 19.20% | 2,343 |
| Hancock | 502 | 14.97% | 2,132 | 63.58% | 719 | 21.44% | 1,413 | 42.14% | 3,353 |
| Harrison | 2,621 | 15.64% | 8,961 | 53.47% | 5,177 | 30.89% | 3,784 | 22.58% | 16,759 |
| Hinds | 12,094 | 41.72% | 5,811 | 20.05% | 11,083 | 38.23% | 1,011 | 3.49% | 28,988 |
| Holmes | 1,484 | 57.81% | 628 | 24.46% | 455 | 17.72% | 856 | 33.35% | 2,567 |
| Humphreys | 732 | 51.48% | 459 | 32.28% | 231 | 16.24% | 273 | 19.20% | 1,422 |
| Issaquena | 181 | 42.79% | 178 | 42.08% | 64 | 15.13% | 3 | 0.71% | 423 |
| Itawamba | 653 | 23.57% | 1,752 | 63.23% | 366 | 13.21% | -1,099 | -39.66% | 2,771 |
| Jackson | 1,908 | 20.80% | 5,000 | 54.50% | 2,266 | 24.70% | 2,734 | 29.80% | 9,174 |
| Jasper | 926 | 38.03% | 1,147 | 47.10% | 362 | 14.87% | -221 | -9.07% | 2,435 |
| Jefferson | 728 | 66.54% | 229 | 20.93% | 137 | 12.52% | 499 | 45.61% | 1,094 |
| Jefferson Davis | 988 | 57.34% | 510 | 29.60% | 225 | 13.06% | 478 | 27.74% | 1,723 |
| Jones | 2,928 | 27.81% | 4,871 | 46.27% | 2,729 | 25.92% | -1,943 | -18.46% | 10,528 |
| Kemper | 587 | 34.31% | 931 | 54.41% | 193 | 11.28% | -344 | -20.10% | 1,711 |
| Lafayette | 909 | 31.11% | 1,308 | 44.76% | 705 | 24.13% | -399 | -13.65% | 2,922 |
| Lamar | 1,046 | 44.83% | 651 | 27.90% | 636 | 27.26% | 395 | 16.93% | 2,333 |
| Lauderdale | 4,154 | 38.66% | 3,755 | 34.95% | 2,836 | 26.39% | 399 | 3.71% | 10,745 |
| Lawrence | 923 | 55.91% | 469 | 28.41% | 259 | 15.69% | 454 | 27.50% | 1,651 |
| Leake | 2,011 | 61.88% | 953 | 29.32% | 286 | 8.80% | 1,058 | 32.56% | 3,250 |
| Lee | 1,438 | 21.65% | 3,653 | 55.01% | 1,550 | 23.34% | 2,103 | 31.67% | 6,641 |
| Leflore | 2,112 | 45.51% | 1,212 | 26.12% | 1,317 | 28.38% | 795 | 17.13% | 4,641 |
| Lincoln | 2,185 | 44.73% | 1,449 | 29.66% | 1,251 | 25.61% | 736 | 15.07% | 4,885 |
| Lowndes | 1,430 | 30.56% | 1,240 | 26.50% | 2,010 | 42.95% | 580 | 12.39% | 4,680 |
| Madison | 1,583 | 55.33% | 753 | 26.32% | 525 | 18.35% | 830 | 29.01% | 2,861 |
| Marion | 1,265 | 41.54% | 1,082 | 35.53% | 698 | 22.92% | 183 | 6.01% | 3,045 |
| Marshall | 700 | 39.22% | 681 | 38.15% | 404 | 22.63% | 19 | 1.07% | 1,785 |
| Monroe | 1,559 | 32.08% | 1,901 | 39.12% | 1,400 | 28.81% | -342 | -7.04% | 4,860 |
| Montgomery | 761 | 38.65% | 623 | 31.64% | 585 | 29.71% | 138 | 7.01% | 1,969 |
| Neshoba | 1,716 | 41.49% | 1,840 | 44.49% | 580 | 14.02% | -124 | -3.00% | 4,136 |
| Newton | 1,956 | 57.94% | 912 | 27.01% | 508 | 15.05% | 1,044 | 30.93% | 3,376 |
| Noxubee | 870 | 58.43% | 277 | 18.60% | 342 | 22.97% | 528 | 35.46% | 1,489 |
| Oktibbeha | 1,672 | 48.95% | 915 | 26.79% | 829 | 24.27% | 757 | 22.16% | 3,416 |
| Panola | 1,404 | 48.61% | 841 | 29.12% | 643 | 22.26% | 563 | 19.49% | 2,888 |
| Pearl River | 1,556 | 44.67% | 1,276 | 36.64% | 651 | 18.69% | 280 | 8.03% | 3,483 |
| Perry | 556 | 41.37% | 514 | 38.24% | 274 | 20.39% | 42 | 3.13% | 1,344 |
| Pike | 2,632 | 49.13% | 1,258 | 23.48% | 1,467 | 27.38% | 1,165 | 21.75% | 5,357 |
| Pontotoc | 792 | 29.29% | 1,584 | 58.58% | 328 | 12.13% | -792 | -29.29% | 2,704 |
| Prentiss | 468 | 15.68% | 1,777 | 59.53% | 740 | 24.79% | 1,037 | 34.74% | 2,985 |
| Quitman | 674 | 43.32% | 583 | 37.47% | 299 | 19.22% | 91 | 5.85% | 1,556 |
| Rankin | 3,114 | 65.12% | 850 | 17.77% | 818 | 17.11% | 2,264 | 47.35% | 4,782 |
| Scott | 1,841 | 53.02% | 1,024 | 29.49% | 607 | 17.48% | 817 | 23.53% | 3,472 |
| Sharkey | 431 | 42.80% | 263 | 26.12% | 313 | 31.08% | 118 | 11.72% | 1,007 |
| Simpson | 1,568 | 48.88% | 1,034 | 32.23% | 606 | 18.89% | 534 | 16.65% | 3,208 |
| Smith | 1,025 | 34.79% | 1,568 | 53.22% | 353 | 11.98% | -543 | -18.43% | 2,946 |
| Stone | 818 | 56.96% | 343 | 23.89% | 275 | 19.15% | 475 | 33.07% | 1,436 |
| Sunflower | 1,241 | 35.96% | 1,033 | 29.93% | 1,177 | 34.11% | 64 | 1.85% | 3,451 |
| Tallahatchie | 1,421 | 54.72% | 830 | 31.96% | 346 | 13.32% | 591 | 22.76% | 2,597 |
| Tate | 845 | 47.69% | 686 | 38.71% | 241 | 13.60% | 159 | 8.98% | 1,772 |
| Tippah | 467 | 16.15% | 1,939 | 67.05% | 486 | 16.80% | 1,453 | 50.25% | 2,892 |
| Tishomingo | 669 | 27.56% | 1,222 | 50.35% | 536 | 22.08% | -553 | -22.79% | 2,427 |
| Tunica | 240 | 26.76% | 323 | 36.01% | 334 | 37.24% | -11 | -1.23% | 897 |
| Union | 689 | 20.91% | 2,001 | 60.73% | 605 | 18.36% | -1,312 | -39.82% | 3,295 |
| Walthall | 1,082 | 50.58% | 747 | 34.92% | 310 | 14.49% | 335 | 15.66% | 2,139 |
| Warren | 2,021 | 30.68% | 2,289 | 34.75% | 2,277 | 34.57% | 12 | 0.18% | 6,587 |
| Washington | 1,258 | 18.90% | 3,105 | 46.66% | 2,292 | 34.44% | 813 | 12.22% | 6,655 |
| Wayne | 1,036 | 46.39% | 707 | 31.66% | 490 | 21.94% | 329 | 14.73% | 2,233 |
| Webster | 1,174 | 57.95% | 553 | 27.30% | 299 | 14.76% | 621 | 30.65% | 2,026 |
| Wilkinson | 832 | 68.09% | 216 | 17.68% | 174 | 14.24% | 616 | 50.41% | 1,222 |
| Winston | 1,505 | 50.74% | 1,056 | 35.60% | 405 | 13.65% | 449 | 15.14% | 2,966 |
| Yalobusha | 704 | 36.99% | 650 | 34.16% | 549 | 28.85% | 54 | 2.83% | 1,903 |
| Yazoo | 1,847 | 55.30% | 715 | 21.41% | 778 | 23.29% | 1,069 | 32.01% | 3,340 |
| Totals | 116,248 | 38.99% | 108,362 | 36.34% | 73,561 | 24.67% | 7,886 | 2.65% | 298,171 |

#### Counties that flipped from Democratic to Unpledged

* Adams
* Amite
* Carroll
* Calhoun
* Chickasaw
* Clay
* Claiborne
* Covington
* Copiah
* Clarke
* Franklin
* Grenada
* George
* Greene
* Hinds
* Issaquena
* Jefferson
* Jefferson Davis
* Lauderdale
* Lamar
* Lawrence
* Leake
* LeFlore
* Lincoln
* Marion
* Marshall
* Montgomery
* Panola
* Noxubee
* Newton
* Oktibbeha
* Pearl River
* Perry
* Pike
* Quitman
* Rankin
* Scott
* Stone
* Simpson
* Sunflower
* Tallahatchie
* Tate
* Walthall
* Yalobusha
* Winston
* Wayne
* Webster

#### Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic

* Hancock

#### Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

* Lowndes
* Tunica
* Warren

#### Counties that flipped from Republican to Unpledged

* Madison

#### Counties that flipped from Unpledged to Democratic

* Sharkey

## Analysis

In the coastal counties, Kennedy improved considerably upon what Adlai Stevenson II achieved in 1956, but except for those counties around the cities of Natchez and Vicksburg, Kennedy otherwise showed a major decline from the Democratic result in 1956. Kennedy held up best in the poor White upcountry counties that had historically been much more anti-Catholic than the Black Belt, suggesting that voters throughout the state had become more suspicious of the Democrats’ civil rights policies. Since the Republican percentage of the vote essentially failed to change – Nixon lost Hancock and Warren to Kennedy and Adams to the unpledged slate but picked up Tunica and Lowndes Counties – the unpledged slate took almost all of Kennedy’s lost votes and thus shaded him for the state overall.
Despite Kennedy’s statewide defeat being only the second for a national Democrat in Mississippi since Reconstruction, this remains the last election when the coastal, French-influenced counties of Harrison and Jackson have voted for a Democratic presidential nominee. The following landlocked counties have also never voted Democratic since: Choctaw, Jones and Smith. Warren County would not vote Democratic again until Barack Obama won it in 2012.

## Electoral slates

| Unpledged electors State Democratic Party | John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson National Democratic Party | Richard Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Republican Party |
| Henry Harris George Payne Cossar Charles L. Sullivan Clay B. Tucker Earl Evans Jr. Bob Buntin D. M. Nelson Lawrence Y. Foote | Frank K. Hughes David E. Guyton Will M. Whittington Frank E. Shanahan Jr. Martin V. B. Miller Edward H. Stevens Curtis H. Mullen Lovie Gore | John M. Kaye Ralph O. White J. H. Snyder J. J. Newman George W. Shaw C. E. Tolar Noel Womack Jr. J. B. Snyder |