OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Equivalent width

The equivalent width of a spectral line is a measure of the area of the line on a plot of intensity versus wavelength in relation to underlying continuum level. It is found by forming a rectangle with a height equal to that of continuum emission, and finding the width such that the area of the rectangle is equal to the area in the spectral line. It is a measure of the strength of spectral features that is primarily used in astronomy.

## Definition

Formally, the equivalent width is given by the equation $W_{\lambda }=\int {F_{c}-F_{s} \over F_{c}}d\lambda =\int (1-F_{s}/F_{c})d\lambda .$
Here, $F_{c}(\lambda )$ represents the underlying continuum intensity, while $F_{s}(\lambda )$ represents the intensity of the actual spectrum (the line and continuum). Then $W_{\lambda }$ represents the width of a hypothetical line which drops to an intensity of zero and has the "same integrated flux deficit from the continuum as the true one." This equation can be applied to either emission or absorption, but when applied to emission, the value of $W_{\lambda }$ is negative, and so the absolute value is used.
In other words, if the continuum level is constant and the area under/above the emission/absorption line (compared to the continuum) is $A$ (the integral above), then $A=F_{c}\times W_{\lambda }$ (further highlighting the continuum-level dependence). Therefore, for a fixed line strength ($A$), the equivalent width will be smaller for a brighter continuum.

## Applications

The equivalent width is used as a quantitative measure of the strength of spectral features. The equivalent width is a convenient choice because the shapes of spectral features can vary depending upon the configuration of the system which is producing the lines. For instance, the line may experience Doppler broadening due to motions of the gas emitting the photons. The photons will be shifted away from the line center, thus rendering the height of the emission line a poor measure of its overall strength. The equivalent width, on the other hand, "measures the fraction of energy removed from the spectrum by the line," regardless of the broadening intrinsic to the line or a detector with poor resolution. Thus the equivalent width can in many conditions yield the number of absorbing or emitting atoms, by using the curve of growth.
For example, measurements of the equivalent width of the Balmer alpha transition in T Tauri stars are used in order to classify individual T Tauri stars as being classical or weak-lined. Also, the equivalent width is used in studying star formation in Lyman alpha galaxies, as the equivalent width of the Lyman alpha line is related to the star formation rate in the galaxy. The equivalent width is also used in many other situations where a quantitative comparison between line strengths is needed.
# Herbert Strong (philologist)

Herbert Augustus Strong (24 November 1841 – 13 January 1918) was an Australian scholar, professor of comparative philology and logic at the University of Melbourne.

## Early life

Strong was born at Clyst St Mary near Exeter, England the third
son of Rev. Edmond Strong and his wife Sarah, née Forbes-Coulson.
Strong was educated at Winchester School and Corpus Christi College, Oxford, graduating B.A. in 1863 having taken a first-class in classical moderations the year before. From 1866 to 1871 Strong was assistant to professor of humanity, George Ramsay, at the University of Glasgow, and was the first warden of University Hall, University of Glasgow.

## Career in Australia

In 1872, Strong was appointed professor of classical and comparative philology and logic at the University of Melbourne, replacing Martin Howy Irving. Strong's opportunities were not great as the university was still young, there being then four other professors and fewer than 150 full-time students; ten years later the students still numbered under 300. Strong, however, identified himself with the life of the university, encouraged athletics and the formation of a university spirit. Strong also advocated the cultivation of French and German in addition to the classics.

## Liverpool

In 1884 Strong became professor of Latin at the newly founded University College in Liverpool and held the chair until his retirement in 1909. He wrote the words to the song 'Salvete Cives Nostri' composed by Albert Lister Peace, this song was performed at the Opening Ceremony of the Victoria Building in 1892 and was known as the University College song. While at Liverpool he was president of the Liverpool Royal Institution and Liverpool guild of education, president of the French Society of Liverpool, and president of the University Athletic Club for 20 years. Strong was examiner of secondary schools for the Scottish education department for 20 years. In addition to minor educational works and editions of Latin poets Catullus and Juvenal, Strong wrote with Kuno Meyer an Outline of a History of the German Language (1886), and with W. S. Logeman and B. I. Wheeler an Introduction to the Study of the History of Language (1891). Strong died in England on 13 January 1918. He was given the honorary degree of LL.D. at Glasgow in 1890. Strong was married twice: to Helen Campbell Edmiston and Isobel, née White. Strong was survived by two sons, one of who was Sir Archibald Strong.
# Jaco Azafrani

Jacob Azafrani Beliti (24 July 1932 – 16 January 2022), commonly known as Jaco, was a Spanish footballer who played as a defender. He died in Ceuta on 16 January 2022, at the age of 89.
# State Highway 24 (New Zealand)

State Highway 24 (SH 24) is a New Zealand state highway in the Waikato region. The highway was gazetted in 1997 and forms a short cut between the Matamata-Piako District and SH 29 towards the Port of Tauranga.

## Route

Gazetted as a new designation in 1997, SH 24 commences at a roundabout intersection with SH 27 at Matamata and travels eastwards onto Broadway. After crossing the Kinleith Branch rail line and passing through the Matamata town centre the road changes to Mangawhero Road followed by Tauranga Road. After travelling in a south-east direction for approximately 8 km the road comes across a T-intersection. SH 24 traffic turns left while straight ahead traffic heads onto Te Poi Road, an undesignated road crossing SH 29 (further west than where SH 24 terminates) and eventually SH 28 towards Rotorua. SH 24 carries on eastwards to the intersection with SH 29 east of Te Poi. Eastbound traffic on SH 29 goes straight ahead (where SH 24 terminates), while westbound traffic makes a right turn.
# Livio Odescalchi

Livio Odescalchi (March 10, 1652 — September 8, 1713), Duke of Bracciano, Ceri and Sirmium, was an Italian nobleman of the Odescalchi family.

## Biography

Livio Odescalchi was born in Rome in 1655, the son of Carlo Odescalchi (1607-1673) and Beatrice Cusani. His paternal uncle was Benedetto Odescalchi, who was elected to the papacy as Pope Innocent XI in 1676. Since Innocent wanted to put an end to the established nepotism of the Curia, he did not make his nephew a cardinal, but instead granted Livio his own personal fortune of some forty thousand crowns, and conferred upon him his own title as Duke of Ceri in 1678. Livio was however eventually made Gonfaloniere and Captain General of the Church by his uncle.
Livio later helped Innocent finance the expedition led by John Sobieski that ended the Turkish siege at the Battle of Vienna in 1683. Odescalchi himself fought with distinction in the battle, and was made an Imperial Prince and given the title Duke of Syrmia (lat. Dux Sirmii), and also the possession of Ilok Castle, by the grateful Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. He was also made a Grandee of Spain.
In 1696, Odescalchi bought the title Duke of Bracciano from the Bracciano branch of the Orsini family, along with the famous castle.
He built a magnificent tomb in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome to honor his uncle, who died in 1689, which was finished by 1704. Due to his position as Captain General Livio would also play a significant role during the papal conclave of 1689, which elected Pietro Vito Ottoboni as Pope Alexander VIII.
After Sobieski's death in 1696, Odescalchi was one of the candidates in the Polish election of 1697, but Augustus, Elector of Saxony was elected instead. His connection with Poland had predated the Siege of Vienna, as Odescalchi had been the patron of the painter Jerzy Siemiginowski-Eleuter when he was sent to Rome by Sobieski in 1677. When Sobieski's widow, Queen Maria Kazimiera visited Rome in 1699, she stayed at the Palazzo Odescalchi.
Odescalchi died without a direct heir in 1713, and his titles and fortune were inherited by his relative Baldassare Erba-Odescalchi (1683-1746), the grandson of Alessandro Erba (1599-1670) and Lucrezia Odescalchi, the sister of Innocent XI and Carlo Odescalchi.
# Àngel Casas

Àngel Casas i Mas (17 April 1946 – 1 October 2022) was a Spanish journalist and writer.

## Biography

Casas began his career at Radio Juventud, then moved to Radio Barcelona. Among the programs he presented was Trotadiscos, which won a Premios Ondas in 1972. In the same year, he published the book 45 revolutions in Spain, a sociological and musical analysis of the sixties.
In 1978, Casas worked at Radio 4 on one of the first Catalan-language programmes La clau i el duro, in which he described locations in Barcelona. He started working in television in 1977, under the guidance of Carlos Tena and Diego A. Manrique, on the musical program Popgrama, on Televisión Española. After that, Casas presented and directed his own programme on La 1 and NME from 1980 to 1983.
In 1984, when Televisió de Catalunya started broadcasting, Casas worked there and became the star of the channel with his own program Àngel Casas Show, a talk show that remained on the screen until 1988. The programme earned him the 1984 Golden Antenna Award and also a Premios Ondas. He was hired to work at the Cadena SER to help present the magazine El sermón. He served as the director for Barcelona Televisió from 2008 to 2014, but retired due to ill health.
In 2020, he had a kidney transplant and subsequently suffered from calciphylaxis, which resulted in the amputation of both of his legs. He was honored with the Creu de Sant Jordi for his known work. Casas died on 1 October 2022 in Barcelona, at the age of 76.
# List of 2022–23 Premier 15s transfers

This is a list of player transfers involving Allianz Premier 15s teams before or during the 2022–23 season.
The list is of deals that are confirmed and are either from or to a rugby union team competing in the Premier 15s during the 2021–22 season. It is not unknown for confirmed deals to be cancelled at a later date.
# Wyoming Highway 318

Wyoming Highway 318 (WYO 318) is a 1.09-mile (1.75 km) east–west state highway in northeastern Platte County, Wyoming, United States, that connects Wyoming Highway 270 (WYO 270) in Hartville with Sunrise.

## Route description

WYO 318 begins at WYO 270 in the small town of Hartville. WYO 318 travels east as Hartville's Main Street for a mile till it reaches the old mining town of Sunrise at 1.09 miles (1.75 km). Upon reaching the former town, WYO 318 ends at a road closed sign as the mine property is gated. The Sunrise Mine operated until 1980 and produced 42,457,187 tons of iron ore

## History

The section of present-day Wyo 270 from U.S. Route 26 (US 26), east of Guernsey, north to Hartville at present-day WYO 318 was formerly designated as Wyoming Highway 318 prior to the 1970s. WYO 318 used to begin as US 26 at Guernsey and end at Sunrise with a 90 degree turn at Hartville. The stretch between Guernsey and Hartville was recommissioned as Wyoming Highway 270 when that road was completed between Manville and Hartville to maintain continuity.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Platte County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Hartville | 0.00 | 0.00 | WYO 270 north – Manville WYO 270 south – Guernsey | Western terminus; T intersection |
| Sunrise | 1.09 | 1.75 | Dead End | Eastern terminus |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||
# Panormo Family

Panormo is the name of an important Italian family of violin makers, resident originally in Palermo, later in Naples, Paris, Dublin and, for years, in London. They are celebrated for introducing the Stradivari style of violin-making to England. The family name was originally Trusiano, but the additional appellation “Panormo”, meaning “of Palermo”, was adopted in the 18th and 19th centuries. The earliest recorded member of the Panormo family was Gaspare Trusiano Panormo, whose label is found in an early 18th-century double bass.
Vincenzo Trusiano Panormo (1734–1813) was born in Palermo. The family moved to Naples in 1759, and Vincenzo is thought to have studied violin making in Naples with the celebrated Gagliano family of luthiers resident there. From around 1770 to 1789, Panormo worked in Paris as a violin maker. At the start of the French Revolution, he moved for several years to Dublin, where he worked with Thomas Perry, and then to London where he crafted instruments until his death in 1813.
Historians note Panormo as one of the finest English violin makers. His violins show strong influences of Stradivarius and Amati. Many of the traditional accounts of Panormo's life say that he spent some time working in Cremona for the Bergonzi family. Although no documentary evidence has been found, there is a strong stylistic link between them. The influence of this great master on the London makers of the time, and those that followed, is enormous. Panormo was responsible for introducing the Cremonese style into London. He was also the father of Joseph and George Panormo, important luthiers in their own right, as well as the guitar maker Louis Panormo.
Joseph Panormo (1768-1837), the second son of Vincenzo Panormo, trained in his father’s shop. Maintaining his father’s style and careful attention to detail, he continued to follow the Stradivari model. He opened his own shop in 1801 in London and continued to make violins, violas, and cellos until at least 1830.
George Panormo (1776-1852), born in Paris, was the third son of Vincenzo Panormo. Trained by Vincenzo, he worked in his father’s shop for decades and probably assisted in making many instruments attributed to Vincenzo, though his signed work is rare. His style is similar to Vincenzo's late work and his instruments are often hard to distinguish from those of his father; his workmanship is of high quality.
# Eagle One: Harrier Attack

Eagle One: Harrier Attack is a video game developed by Glass Ghost and published by Infogrames for the PlayStation in 2000.

## Gameplay

Players assume the role of a United States Marine who pilots an AV-8B Harrier jet, as well as five other aircraft including an UH-1 Huey helicopter, an A-10 Thunderbolt II and a F-16 Fighting Falcon. Approximately 80% of the single-player campaign is spent piloting the Harrier. The game's objective is to complete missions such as rescuing downed pilots and attacking terrorist targets. Four modes of play are available, a single-player mode, a co-operative two-player mode, a competitive two-player mode and a training mode to accustom the player to the plane's controls. The game's 25 single-player levels take place throughout the Hawaii island chain, and typically involve low-level flight below an altitude of 100 feet. The co-operative mode features five missions.

## Plot

A group of terrorists calling themselves the Army of the New Millennium (ANM) has armed itself with Soviet weapons technology and declared war on the United States of America, with a stated aim of "freeing the world from the grasp of the American war machine." They have attacked the islands of Hawaii with their electromagnetic pulse weapon to knock out all the electrical devices on the islands. Having accomplished this, the group has moved the weapon to a Soviet aircraft carrier and intends to continue their attacks. In response, a United States Marine pilot is dispatched in an AV-8B Harrier in order to liberate all five Hawaiian islands in the chain.

## Reception

Aggregate score :
| Aggregator | Score |
| GameRankings | 70% |
Review scores :
| Publication | Score |
| AllGame | |
| CNET Gamecenter | 8/10 |
| Electronic Gaming Monthly | 4/10 |
| EP Daily | 8/10 |
| GameFan | 60% |
| GameSpot | 4.9/10 |
| IGN | 6.5/10 |
| Jeuxvideo.com | 16/20 |
| Next Generation | |
| Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine | |
The game received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. Rick Sanchez of NextGen called it "a well-rounded action title that will keep you glued to your game pad, even if you're not a flight-sim buff." However, GamePro said, "This game balances pseudo-realism with enough action to satisfy arcade-shooter fans, but flight sim vets will be disappointed by Eagle One's lack of depth."
# William Booth Memorial Training College (Wellington)

The William Booth Memorial Training College is a building on Aro Street, in Aro Valley, Wellington, New Zealand, which currently houses the School of Practical Philosophy and Meditation. It was completed in 1913, and named after one of the founders of the Salvation Army, William Booth.

## Design and construction

It was designed by Stanley W Fearn and Austen Quick. It received a gold award from the New Zealand Institute of Architects in 1927.

## Opening

It was officially opened on 2 April 1914 by "the Prime Minister, the Minister of Customs, Sir John Findlay, and other prominent public men." Francis Fisher, the Minister of Customs, said:
   "We are here to-day to open and dedicate this home to the memory, of the immortal William Booth, founder of this great international Army of Salvation. It was ever the wish and practice of the late General William Booth that every penny controlled by his Army should be spent in the interests of suffering humanity, and to-day, in accordance with the noble spirit inspired by that great man, the Army presents to our citizens a monument to his genius...To General Booth the devoted soldiers of his Army have dedicated the Memorial College. The very atmosphere of the building is hallowed by his spirit."
According to Commissioner Richards, the building cost 13,000 pounds to build, with more expense to be incurred in furnishing the building and improving the grounds yet to come. The building's construction was part of 40,000 pound investment in buildings by the Salvation Army over the preceding 18 months.
According to newspaper reports, Prime Minister William Massey said:
   "the Training College was a credit to those who had originated it, to the architect, the builders, and to the Salvation Army. He hoped that within its walls in the years to come there would be trained many officers who would carry on the initiated by William Booth..."

## Operation

From 1913 to 1982 it was the training site for the Salvation Army, until they shifted to Lower Hutt. In 1933, during the Great Depression, it was closed for a year due to financial reasons.
It now houses the School of Practical Philosophy, a non-profit educational organisation.
The building is individually listed on the Wellington City District Plan as a heritage building, and is listed as earthquake prone.
# Cicero Creek

Cicero Creek is the name of the following American streams:
* Cicero Creek (Indiana)
* Cicero Creek (Missouri)
# First Battle of Jalalabad Airport

The First Battle of Jalalabad Airport was a battle between fighters associated with the Afghan Interim Government and Afghan Armed Forces that took place at Jalalabad Airport on 6–8 March 1989, as part of the Battle of Jalalabad and the greater Afghan Civil War that began after the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan in February 1989. A second battle broke out at the airport on 9 March 1989, where the airport was recaptured by the government.

## Background

In February 1989 the Soviet Union withdrew its forces from the Republic of Afghanistan as part of the Geneva Accords. In March 1989 the Afghan Interim Government launched an attack on the Eastern city of Jalalabad with the support of the Pakistani Inter-Service Intelligence. The Americans reportedly were motivated by their wish to humiliate the Marxists and send them out of Afghanistan "clinging to their helicopters", thus avenge the fall of South Vietnam; Pakistan wished to establish a friendly government in Kabul led by the Peshawar Seven.
# Chris Taylor (music producer)

Chris Taylor (born May 22, 1962), also known by his monikers The Glove, DJ Glove, and ChrisGlove, is best known as a DJ and producer on the West Coast hip hop scene in the 1980s and 1990s. Taylor is known for his appearance in the film Breakin' alongside Ice-T. Taylor is credited on "Phone Tap" (The Firm) as producer. Other production credits include "Reckless" (Ice T & Dave Storrs), "Tibetan Jam" (Chris "the Glove" Taylor), "Go Off" (Ice T & Dave Storrs), and "Itchiban Scratch" (Chris "the Glove" Taylor). Taylor produced "Stranded on Death Row" and "Doggy Dogg World" on the genre-defining albums The Chronic and Doggystyle, and also claims to have written/produced the tracks for "Xxplosive" (Dr. Dre) and "Hello" (NWA), though uncredited. Other sources name Taylor as an engineer, mixer and musician on The Chronic.

## Career

Taylor began his career as a Los Angeles DJ. He appeared in the 1984 film Breakin and produced the song "Reckless" for its soundtrack. Taylor appeared as the DJ for Chaka Khan for her music video for "I Feel for You". Taylor also has producer credits with The Firm, "Phone Tap", Welcome to the Aftermath, Focus, and is the founding member of Po' Broke & Lonely?, an R&B act signed to Ruthless Records. He has been the music supervisor on BET reality series Tiny and Toya, Frankie & Neffie, Monica: Still Standing, Hell Date, Played by Fame.

## Later career

Taylor is still producing music, contributing to Fatlip's (of The Pharcyde) album on the lead single, “Dust in the Wind” featuring Krayzie Bone. The single, released on February 18, 2022, is part of the album titled Sccit & Siavash The Grouch Present… Fatlip - Torpor.
# Richard Pilkington (politician, born 1908)

Sir Richard Antony Pilkington, KBE, MC (10 May 1908 – 9 December 1976) was a British Conservative Party politician and an officer in the British Army.

## Early life

He was born in St Helens to the Chairman of the Pilkington glass works, Arthur Pilkington, and Marjorie Cope, daughter of the painter Arthur Stockdale Cope. He was educated at Charterhouse and Christ Church, Oxford. He worked and travelled in North America from 1928 until 1930, when he joined the Coldstream Guards as an officer, serving in Sudan and Egypt.

## Military and political career

In 1935 he resigned his commission to enter politics and was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Widnes in Lancashire. He served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to Oliver Stanley. On the outbreak of the Second World War he rejoined the Army and travelled to France with the British Expeditionary Force. He was awarded the Military Cross after returning with one of the last groups from Dunkirk in 1940.
He left the Army again in 1942 and became a Civil Lord of the Admiralty, leading naval missions to India, Ceylon and Burma. He lost his seat to Christopher Shawcross in 1945 and lost again in 1950. In 1951 he won election as Member of Parliament for Poole in Dorset, a seat he held until his retirement from politics in 1964 after a car accident and the onset of Parkinson's disease. He died from the disease in 1976 at the age of 68.

## Personal life

Richard Pilkington was also known for his collection of cars, all red, a passion shared by his nephew Sir Antony Pilkington.