# Wałbrzych

Wałbrzych (Polish: ; German: Waldenburg; Lower Silesian: Walmbrig or Walmbrich; Czech: Valbřich or Valdenburk) is a city located in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in southwestern Poland, seat of Wałbrzych County. Wałbrzych lies approximately 70 kilometres (43 mi) southwest of the voivodeship capital Wrocław and about 30 kilometres (19 miles) from the Czech border. Wałbrzych has the status of municipality. Its administrative borders encompass an area of 85 km$^2$ (33 sq mi) with 110,000 inhabitants, making it the second-largest city in the voivodeship and the 33rd largest in the country.
Wałbrzych was once a major coal mining and industrial center alongside most of Silesia. The city was left undamaged after World War II and possesses rich historical architecture; among the most recognizable landmarks is the Książ Castle, the largest castle of Lower Silesia and the third-largest in Poland.
In 2015 Wałbrzych became widely known due to the search for an allegedly buried Nazi gold train, which however was not found.

## Etymology

According to the city's official website, the earliest Polish name of the settlement was Lasogród ('forest castle'). The German name is also the exact translation of the original Polish ‘forest castle’ Waldenburg (also referred to the castle Nowy Dwór, translated into German as: Burg Neuhaus), whose ruins stand south of the city; the name came to be used for the entire settlement. It first appeared in the 15th century. The modern Polish name Wałbrzych comes from the German name Walbrich, a late medieval variation of the older names Wallenberg or Walmberg.

## History
### Middle Ages

Polish sources indicate the city's predecessor, Lasogród, was an early medieval Slavic settlement whose inhabitants engaged in hunting, honey gathering, and later agriculture. Lasogród eventually developed into a defensive fort, the remains of which were destroyed in the 19th century during expansion of the city. However, some German sources say no archaeological or written records support notions of an early West Slavic or Lechitic settlement nor the existence of a castle before the late 13th century. They also denounce the idea that during the Middle Ages the area of Wałbrzych was part of an unpopulated Silesian forest, known as the Silesian Przesieka. In April 2022, a coin hoard was discovered near Wałbrzych dating from the first half of the 13th century.
According to 17th-century Polish historian Ephraim Naso, Wałbrzych was a small village by 1191. This assertion was rejected by 19th-century German sources and by German historian Hugo Weczerka, who says the city was founded between 1290 and 1293, and was mentioned as Waldenberc in 1305. He places the city near Nowy Dwór (German: Neuhaus), built by Bolko I the Strict of the Silesian Piasts. The city website, however, cites the building of the castle as a separate event in 1290. A part of Nowy Dwór castle, a manor built in the 17th century, was destroyed in the 19th century. Nevertheless, the region became part of Poland after the establishment of the state under the Piast dynasty in the 10th century and during the fragmentation of the realm, it was part of various Polish-ruled duchies, the last of which was the Duchy of Świdnica until 1392, later it was also part of the Bohemian Crown and Hungary.
The settlement was first mentioned as a town in 1426, but it did not receive the rights to hold markets or other privileges due to the competition of nearby towns and the insignificance of the local landlords. Subsequently, the city became the property of the Silesian knightly families, initially the Schaffgotsches in 1372, later the Czettritzes, and from 1738, the Hochberg family, owners of Książ Castle.

### Modern era

Coal mining in the area was first mentioned in 1536. The settlement was transformed into an industrial centre at the turn of the 19th century, when coal mining and weaving flourished.
As a result of the First Silesian War the city was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1742, and subsequently became part of Germany in 1871. In 1843 the city obtained its first rail connection, which linked it with Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland). In the early 20th century a glassworks and a large china tableware manufacturing plant, which are still in operation today, were built. During World War I, the Germans operated three forced labour camps for Allied prisoners of war in the city.

### World War II

During the German invasion of Poland at the start of World War II in September 1939, some 2,000 young men from the city were conscripted to the Wehrmacht.
The first forced labourers, Poles, were probably brought to the city in early 1940, whereas Allied prisoners of war were brought to forced labour in the city probably since 1941. Several thousands POWs, Serbian, British, Italian, Belgian, Soviet, Polish, French and others, were held in various labour camps in the city, including subcamps of the Stalag VIII-A and Stalag VIII-B/344 POW camps. There were also several other forced labour camps, for Poles, Jews, Ukrainians, including camps solely for women, two subcamps of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp, intended for Jews, located in the present Gaj and Książ districts, and a Nazi prison. There are known cases when Polish civilian workers gave food to starving Soviet prisoners of war. The forced laborers made several attempts to escape, and those caught were either beaten by the Gestapo, sent to the Gross-Rosen camp or murdered. The camp in Książ was dissolved in February 1945, and its prisoners were sent on a death march towards Trutnov in German-occupied Czechoslovakia.
It was conquered by the Soviet Red Army on 8 May 1945, a few hours before the German surrender and the end of World War II in Europe. Some 600 prisoners of the subcamp of Gross-Rosen in Gaj were liberated, and some stayed in the city after the war.

### Post-war period

After World War II, Waldenburg became again part of Poland under border changes demanded by the Soviet Union at the Potsdam Conference and was renamed to its historic Polish name Wałbrzych. Many of the Germans living in the city fled or were expelled in accordance to the Potsdam Agreement. The town was repopulated by Poles, initially those who already were brought to the city as forced labourers by the Germans after the fall of the Warsaw Uprising, then prisoners of the nearby Gross-Rosen concentration camp and prisoners-of-war. Afterwards they were joined by Poles from central Poland and those expelled from former eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union, particularly from Borysław, Drohobycz and Stanisławów, as well as Poles returning from France and Belgium and from forced labour in Germany. Also some Jews, Czechs, Romanis and Yugoslavs came to the city. Wałbrzych was one of the few areas where a number of Germans were held back as they were deemed indispensable for the economy, e.g. coal mining. Also nearly 700 Greeks, refugees of the Greek Civil War, settled in Wałbrzych in the 1950s, however, most returned to Greece after 1983.
The city was relatively unscathed by the Second World War, and as a result of combining the nearby administrative districts with the town and the construction of new housing estates, Wałbrzych expanded geographically. In 1951, city limits were expanded by including Biały Kamień, Rusinowa, and parts of Glinik, Konradów, Lubiechów, Opoka, Podgórze, Sobięcin and Szczawienko as new districts.
After the Treaty of Zgorzelec, remaining Germans were treated less harshly and an ethnic German society was established in 1957. The cultural activities however disappeared by the 1960s and the schools with German as the language of instruction gradually closed. The remaining German-speakers had little contact with the German spoken and written language and the local German-Silesian dialect became moribound.
From 1958 to the mid-1980s, the Kleks Poetry Theater, a leading school theater in Poland, was active in the city.
From 1975 to 1998 it was the capital of Wałbrzych Voivodeship. At the beginning of the 1990s, because of new social and economic conditions, a decision was made to close down the town's coal mines. In 1995, a Museum of Industry and Technology was set up on the facilities of the oldest coal mine in the area, KWK THOREZ. In 2001, the Wałbrzych Scientific Society was founded. The 2005 the film The Collector was filmed in and around Wałbrzych.
In 2016, a hoard of 1,385 late medieval coins, Prague groschen of Kings Charles IV and Wenceslaus IV, was found on the border of Wałbrzych and Boguszów-Gorce. The hoard may have been hidden after 1420 during the Hussite Wars. It is one of the largest groschen hoards found in Poland.

## Geography

Wałbrzych is located in the Central Sudeten Mountains, near the border with the Czech Republic and Germany. The city is located by the Pełcznica River at 450–500 m above sea level in a picturesque structural basin of Wałbrzych above which there are wooded ranges of the Wałbrzych Mountains. The highest elevation in the city is Mount Borowa, also known as the Black Mountain, 853 m (2798 ft) above sea level, with an observation tower since 2007, which is the highest peak of the Wałbrzych mountains.
There are seven city parks in the city, and in the main city park (King Jan III Sobieski Park) is the only mountain shelter in Poland, located in the city center PTTK Harcówka.

### Nature protection

Protected areas in Wałbrzych
* Książ Landscape Park – northern outskirts of the city
* Przełomy pod Książem Nature reserve – northern outskirts of the city
* Sudety Wałbrzyskie Landscape Park – southern outskirts of the city
* Chełmiec Mountain Natura 2000 area – western outskirts of the city
There are several natural monuments in the city; among them is the coat of arms oak, a descendant of the oak which was the inspiration for the coat of arms of the city, as evidenced by a nearby stone with the inscription "Stadteiche gapflanzt 1933 antstelle der Wappeneiche" ('City oak planted in 1933 in place of the coat of arms oak'). The mildest winter in the city was in 2006/2007 and 1992/1993

## Sights

* Książ Castle, the largest Silesian castle, the third-largest castle in Poland behind Kraków's Wawel Castle and the Malbork Castle
* Old Książ Castle (Stary Książ). Gothic ruins opposite (across a valley) Książ Castle
* Nowy Dwór Castle. The ruins of the castle Nowy Dwór (Ogorzelec) are on the top of Castle Hill (618 m)
* Czettritz Castle (1604–1628), now the Angelus Silesius State College
* Sanctuary of Our Lady of Sorrows. Gothic church, rebuilt into a Baroque style. Sanctuary of Our Lady of Sorrows placed in the center of Wałbrzych and is the oldest building of the city, called by the inhabitants "the heart of the city"
* Town Hall (Ratusz). A representative three-storey building maintained in the style of historical eclecticism, imitating gothic
* Palmiarnia (Palm House)
* Market square (renovated 1997–1999). A place where a weekly market took place in the past. In the years 1731-1853 its center was occupied by the Baroque town hall.
* Museum of Porcelain in the old Alberti Palace
* Guardian Angels Church. Built in 1898 in the neo-Gothic style as the Schutzengelkirche, in place of a previous church.
* Protestant church. Designed in the years 1785-1788 by Carl Gotthard Langhans, the founder of the Berlin Brandenburg Gate
* Mausoleum in Wałbrzych. A 1938 monument designed by Robert Tischler to commemorate the Silesian dead of World War I, as well as 23 early Nazis from Silesia. The structure is a four-sided fortalice measuring 24 metres (79 ft) by 27 metres (89 ft), with walls 6 metres (20 ft) tall. A metal torch on a tall column once at the center of the courtyard was designed by Ernst Geiger. The site is locally rumored to have been used for Nazi SS occult rituals.
* Railway tunnel under the Little Wołowiec mountain. Counting 1,601 m (5,253 ft) is the longest railway tunnel in Poland
* Mountain Borowa (black mountain). The highest mountain in the Wałbrzyskie Mountains, with observation tower.
* Mountain Chełmiec. The second largest peak in the area. A monumental mountain in the shape of a dome that dominates the city. At the top there is an observation tower, 45 meter cross, and two radio-television masts
* Old Mine – Center for Science and the Arts (Stara Kopalnia - Centrum Nauki i Sztuki)is the biggest post-industrial tourist attraction in Poland, located in the former bituminous coal mine – Kopalnia Węgla Kamiennego "Julia" ("Thorez"). It covers the area of 4.5 hectares of historic post-industrial objects with authentic equipment, such as a machine park which has been secured and made accessible for visitors.
* Mining monuments in the city have been a lot of post-mining objects, among others, buildings, halls and mining towers.
* Mining and Motorsports Museum at the Ayrton Senna street.
* Ayrton Senna's statue located next to the Mining and Motorsports Museum museum at the Ayrton Senna street.

## Transport
### Roads

National roads
( A4 autostrada/ Bielany Wrocławskie-Świdnica-Wałbrzych-Golińsk- Czech border)
Voivodeship roads

### Public transport

There are 14 bus lines in the city

### Railway

There are two main directions of passenger railways in the city, which include:
* Wrocław – Wałbrzych – Jelenia Góra (No. 274)
* Wałbrzych – Kłodzko (No. 286)
There are railway stations throughout the city: Wałbrzych Miasto, Wałbrzych Fabryczny, Wałbrzych Szczawienko, Wałbrzych Centrum, and Wałbrzych Główny, from which from May to the end of September, the starting station for weekend holiday connections to Meziměstí / Adršpach-Teplice Rocks.

### Aviation

The nearest airport is Wrocław airport located 70 km (43 mi) from the city, in the closer distance, about 10 km (6 mi), is located light aircraft landing ground in Świebodzice.

## City districts

Including date of incorporation into the city
| Nowe Miasto (1880) Stary Zdrój (1905, 1919) Poniatów – former (U)Stronie (1929, 1973) Podgórze I (1931) Podgórze II – former Dzietrzychów (1934) Sobięcin – former Węglewo (1951) Szczawienko (1951) Rusinowa (1951) Piaskowa Góra (1951) | Biały Kamień (1951) Konradów (1958) Kozice (1958) Glinik Stary (1973) Książ (1973) Lubiechów (1973) Glinik Nowy (1973) Podzamcze (1976) Osiedle Wanda |

## Education

* Angelus Silesius State University in Wałbrzych
* Wrocław Technical University in Wałbrzych
* Wałbrzyska Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania i Przedsiębiorczości
* Ignacy Paderewski High School
* Hugo Kołłątaj High School
* Mikołaj Kopernik High School
* The city has a research center, Polish Academy of Sciences

## Politics
### Wałbrzych constituency

Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from Wałbrzych constituency:
* Zbigniew Chlebowski, PO
* Henryk Gołębiewski, SLD
* Roman Ludwiczuk, PO (Senat)
* Katarzyna Mrzygłocka, PO
* Giovanni Roman, PiS
* Mieczysław Szyszka, PiS (Senat)
* Anna Zalewska, PiS

## Sports

* Górnik Wałbrzych is a professional men's basketball club, two times Polish champions. Currently, it plays in the Polish 3rd league. Last time Górnik played in the Polish Basketball League (the Polish top basketball league) was in 2009.
* Górnik Wałbrzych is a professional men's football club playing in the Polish 4th league (5th level). It played in the Ekstraklasa (top tier) in the 1980s.
* Zagłębie Wałbrzych is a male and female football club. Men's club section played in the Ekstraklasa in the 1960s and 1970s, finishing 3rd in 1971. Participated in the UEFA Cup competitions, reaching the 1/16 finals.
* KK Wałbrzych (formerly Górnik Nowe Miasto Wałbrzych) is a semi-professional men's basketball club playing in the Polish 3rd league.
* Chełmiec Wałbrzych is a professional men's and women's volleyball sports team.
There are many semi-professional or amateur football clubs (like Czarni Wałbrzych, Juventur Wałbrzych, Podgórze Wałbrzych, Gwarek Wałbrzych) and one basketball club (KS Dark Dog plays in the Polish 3rd league).
* LKKS Górnik Wałbrzych is a cycling club
* Wałbrzych native Sebastian Janikowski is a placekicker in the NFL.
* ASZ PWSZ Walbrzych is a level 1 women's soccer team in Ekstraliga

## Media

* New Walbrzych Headlines
* Tygodnik Wałbrzyski
* www.walbrzych.info
* TV Zamkowa
* TV Walbrzych
* 30 minut – Gazeta która nie ma ceny ((Free) Newspaper – that does not have a price)

## Notable people

* Wolfgang Menzel (1798–1873), German poet, critic and literary historian
* Gerhard Menzel (1894–1966), German writer
* Abraham Robinson (1918–1974), German-Jewish-American mathematician
* Klaus Töpfer (born 1938), German politician (CDU), born 1938 in Waldenburg
* Christian Brückner (born 1943), German actor
* Marcel Reif (born 1949), German soccer journalist
* Krzesimir Dębski (born 1953), composer and conductor
* Urszula Włodarczyk (born 1965), Polish heptathlete
* Joanna Bator (born 1968), Polish Nike Award-winning novelist, journalist, feminist and academic
* Maciej Szczepaniak (born 1973), Polish rally driver
* Piotr Giro (born 1974), Polish-Swedish dancer and choreographer
* Leszek Lichota (born 1977), Polish actor
* Krzysztof Ignaczak (born 1978), Polish volleyball player
* Sebastian Janikowski (born 1978), former American football placekicker
* Adrian Mrowiec (born 1983), Polish footballer
* Edyta Nawrocka (born 1986), Polish singer, songwriter, actress, dancer and TV presenter
* Bartosz Kurek (born 1988), Polish volleyball player and World Champion
* Sławomir Bohdziewicz (born 1990), Polish boxer

## Twin towns – sister cities

Wałbrzych is twinned with:
* Boryslav, Ukraine (2009)
* Cape Breton, Canada (2019)
* Dnipro, Ukraine (2001)
* Foggia, Italy (1998)
* Freiberg, Germany (1991)
* Gżira, Malta (2000)
* Hradec Králové, Czech Republic (1991)
* Jastarnia, Poland (1997)
* Vannes, France (2001)