# Train Dreams

Train Dreams is a novella by Denis Johnson. It was published on August 30, 2011, by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. It was originally published, in slightly different form, in the Summer 2002 issue of The Paris Review.
The novella details the life of Robert Grainier, an American railroad laborer, who lives a life of hermitage until he marries and has a daughter, only to lose both wife and child in a forest fire, and sink into isolation again.
The novella won an O. Henry Award in 2003. It also won the 2002 Aga Khan Prize for Fiction. It was a finalist for the 2012 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, but no award was given that year. A film adaptation of the same name will be released on Netflix in 2025.

## Plot

In summer 1917, a Chinese laborer is accused of stealing from the company stores of the Spokane International Railway in the Idaho Panhandle. Robert Grainier and the other white laborers attempt to throw him over the bridge they are constructing, but he escapes. Grainier stops in Meadow Creek and buys a bottle of sarsaparilla for his wife, Gladys, and their four-month-old daughter, Kate. Hiking home to his cabin, Grainier thinks he sees the Chinese man and believes he has cursed him.
In 1920, Grainier leaves for northwestern Washington to help repair the Robinson Gorge Bridge. He also cuts and transports timber for the Simpson Company. He meets fellow worker Arn Peeples, a fearless but superstitious old man who dangerously excavates tunnels with dynamite. Arn is later killed by a falling dead branch. In 1962 or 1963, Grainier watches young ironworkers build a new highway. In the mid-1950s, he sees the World's Fattest Man. He recalls seeing Elvis Presley's private train in Troy, Montana, and flying in a biplane in 1927.
Grainier was born in 1886 in Utah or Canada. In 1893, he arrived on the Great Northern Railway as an orphan in Fry, Idaho, and was adopted by a family. He witnesses the mass deportation of Chinese families from the town. In 1899, the towns of Fry and Eatonville were merged to form Bonners Ferry. Grainier quit school in his early teens and began fishing. One day, he stumbles upon a dying man named William Coswell Haley. He brings him a drink of water from his boot and leaves him to die alone.
Grainier is hired out to the railroad and local families, and works around town through his twenties. At 31 years old, he marries Gladys Olding. In summer 1920, Grainier returns to Idaho from working on the Robinson Gorge to find a massive wildfire has consumed the valley. His cabin is lost and his wife and daughter are nowhere to be found. The following spring, he returns to their cabin and believes he feels Gladys' spirit. One night while sleeping by the river, he sees her white bonnet "sailing past" above him. He lives there through summer, taking in a red dog as company. He hikes to Meadow Creek and takes a train to Bonners Ferry, staying there through winter. In March, he returns to the Moyea Valley and rebuilds his cabin. The red dog returns in June, with four puppies. Grainier befriends a Kootenai Indian named Bob, who drunkenly gets run over by trains.
Four years into living in his cabin, Grainier realizes he cannot continue to move out every summer to Washington and every winter to Bonners Ferry. By April 1925, he stays and works in town. In one job, he loads sacks of cornmeal aboard the Pinkhams' wagon. After witnessing their grandson Hank collapse and die, Grainier buys their horses and wagon. Around this time, Grainier hears rumors about a wolf-girl.
Grainier is visited by a figure of his wife Gladys, who tells him she died after falling and breaking her back on rocks down by the river. Before drowning, she unknotted her bodice to allow Kate to crawl away and escape.
Thereafter, Grainier lives in his cabin, working one final summer in the Washington woods to pay for winter lodging for his horses. He travels on the Great Northern to Spokane, Washington, taking a ride on a plane. He meets his childhood friend Eddie Sauer, who returns with him to Meadow Creek.
Grainier continues to live in his cabin, despite having arthritis and rheumatism. When a pack of wolves comes upon his cabin one night, Grainier sees a wolf-girl and is convinced it is Kate. She growls and barks at him, but lets him splint her broken leg. She sleeps in his cabin but leaps out the window come morning. He never sees her again.
Robert Grainier dies in his sleep in November 1968. His body is discovered next spring by a pair of hikers. In a memory from 1935, Grainier attends a sideshow to see a "wolf-boy". The audience laugh at him but are shocked by his roar. The novella concludes, "And suddenly it all went black. And that time was gone forever."

## Publication

Train Dreams was published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux on August 30, 2011. It was originally published, in slightly different form, in the Summer 2002 issue of The Paris Review.
The novella appeared at number 28 on The New York Times Hardcover Fiction best-sellers list on October 9, 2011.

## Reception

According to Book Marks, from American publications, the book received a "rave" consensus, based on 11 critics: 11 "rave". The Bookseller compiled reviews from multiple publications using a rating scale: "Top form", "Flawed but worth a read", and "Disappointing". Reviews from Guardian and Observer categorized the novel under "Top form". In the November/December 2011 issue of Bookmarks, the book was rated four out of five. The magazine's critical summary reads: "The slim Train Dreams marks a departure from Johnson's 600+ page Tree of Smoke, but it is no less powerful--perhaps even more so for its brevity".
Publishers Weekly called the novella "the synthesis of Johnson's epic sensibilities rendered in miniature in the clipped tone of Jesus' Son."
Writing for The New York Times Book Review, author Anthony Doerr praised the novella, writing, "What Johnson builds from the ashes of Grainier's life is a tender, lonesome and riveting story, an American epic writ small."
Alan Warner, in The Guardian said that it was a book with a "tragic and surreal" denouement and that "Softly and beautifully, this novel asks a profound question of human life: is the cost of human society and so-called civilisation perhaps just too high?" K. Reed Petty, for Electric Literature, said "Train Dreams, luscious with grief, regret, and lowered expectations, is a lesson in end-of-the-frontier humility for a country anticipating apocalypse." In Ploughshares, Jocelyn Lieu said that the novel was "a brilliantly imagined elegy to the lost wilderness of the early 20th-century Idaho Panhandle".
James Wood in The New Yorker rated Train Dreams "a severely lovely tale" and Eileen Battersby of The Irish Times declares that "Johnson's novella, Train Dreams, a daring lament to the American West, is a masterpiece which should have won him the Pulitzer Prize but was short-listed in a year that the jury decided not to award it."

## Critical assessment
### Style

Critics have widely discerned the influence of 20th Century American novelists in Train Dreams, most strikingly that of Ernest Hemingway, and in particular Johnson's use of the declarative sentence, a hallmark of Hemingway's style.
Literary critic Anthony Wallace praises Johnson's sustained and skillful use of this stylistic device: "Johnson is indeed a very good Hemingway disciple, perhaps even a great one…the true, simple declarative sentence is alive and well here..." Wallace points out that Johnson's use of "free indirect discourse" serves to convey the simple and unaffected quality of his protagonist: "[M]ost of what we know about Grainier on the inside is achieved indirectly, suggestively" in the manner of Hemingway.
Critic James Wood praises Johnson's Hemingwayesque writing: "Johnson often uses an unobtrusive, free indirect style to inhabit the limited horizons of his characters", adding this caveat:
   There is a kind of pure, clean American simplicity in prose that is easy to mimic and hard to make. Sometimes, after the beautiful monotonies of Hemingway, one longs to bathe in impurities—to take on the luxuries and rough excesses of a more abundant style. Spareness can be too spare, and a reticent avoidance of sentimentality can itself prove sentimental. Train Dreams...seems at times a bit too close to this tradition, as if the protagonist's lack of inwardness were itself a literary virtue...

### Theme

Train Dreams examines the personal repercussions that accompany overwhelming loss in an individual. Literary critic Alan Warner sums up Grainier's fate as follows:
   The denouement of Train Dreams is so tragic and surreal that the reader at first denies its grisly approach… it fulfills the book's theme, the collapse of the rational world for a decent man."
Critic Anthony Wallace comments on this key thematic element in the novel:
   Grainier's life is a mystery from start to finish, a sort of blank space that he fills in and that we fill in with him. At the core of such fiction is the conviction that our lives will remain essentially mysterious to us—that as human beings we don't know what we are and cannot grasp our own experience. In the character of Robert Granier, though, Johnson seems to be suggesting that we need not understand our own lives in order to live them, enjoy them, fully inhabit them–and also that we might take some comfort in that, if in anything at all."

## Film adaptation

A film adaptation based on the novella was directed by Clint Bentley and written by Bentley and Greg Kwedar, and starred Joel Edgerton as Grainier, as well as Felicity Jones, Kerry Condon, William H. Macy, and Clifton Collins Jr. The film premiered at the 2025 Sundance Film Festival and was acquired by Netflix to premiere that same year.

## Footnotes

* ↑ "Audio Book Review: Train Dreams by Denis Johnson, read by Will Patton". Publishers Weekly. November 28, 2011. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
* 1 2 Prabhaker, Sumanth (August 25, 2011). "Of Living Obsolete: Denis Johnson's Train Dreams". Slant Magazine. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
* 1 2 Johnson, Denis. "Train Dreams". The Paris Review. No. 162 (Summer 2002 ed.).
* ↑ Wood 2011: "This novella, a version of which appeared in The Paris Review, in 2002, is indeed simpler and sparer than anything else Johnson has written."
* 1 2 "Fiction Book Review: Train Dreams by Denis Johnson". Publishers Weekly. May 9, 2011. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
* ↑ "Prizes". The Paris Review. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
* ↑ "Train Dreams, by Denis Johnson (Farrar, Straus and Giroux)". The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
* ↑ Cunningham, Michael (July 9, 2012). "Letter from the Pulitzer Fiction Jury: What Really Happened This Year". The New Yorker. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
* ↑ English 2019: "The work was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in 2011, the year in which no prize was awarded."
* ↑ Battersby 2015: "His novella, Train Dreams (2011)...is a masterpiece which should have won him the Pulitzer Prize but was short-listed in a year that the jury decided not to award it."
* 1 2 Rubin, Rebecca; Lang, Brent (30 January 2025). "Netflix Buys Joel Edgerton, Felicity Jones Sundance Drama 'Train Dreams'". Variety. Retrieved 30 January 2025.
* ↑ "Best Sellers: Hardcover Fiction: Sunday, October 9th 2011". The New York Times. October 9, 2011. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
* ↑ "Train Dreams". Book Marks. Retrieved 14 August 2024.
* ↑ "Love is a losing game". The Bookseller. 21 Sep 2012. p. 39. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
* ↑ "Train Dreams: A Novella By Denis Johnson". Bookmarks. Archived from the original on 5 Sep 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
* ↑ Doerr, Anthony (September 16, 2011). "Denis Johnson's Tragedy-in-the-Woods Novella". The New York Times Book Review. Retrieved October 13, 2019.
* ↑ Warner, Alan (September 13, 2012). "Train Dreams by Denis Johnson – review". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
* ↑ electricliterature (September 1, 2011). "REVIEW: Train Dreams by Denis Johnson". Electric Literature. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
* ↑ "Review: Train Dreams". Ploughshares. Retrieved July 31, 2024.
* ↑ Wood 2011: "...severely lovely tale..."
* ↑ Battersby 2015
* ↑ Wallace 2011: Wallace identifies Cormac McCarthy, Flannery O'Conner and William Faulkner as influences on Johnson's style in Train Dreams.
* ↑ Cheuse, Alan (August 25, 2011). "Train Dreams Evokes Frontier Life, Fate And Death". NPR. Retrieved September 12, 2022. The matter-of-factness of the first couple of sentences about the everyday cruelty of the American frontier partakes of the seeming impartiality and declarative truth of a newspaper account.
* ↑ Wallace 2011
* ↑ Wallace 2011: "...the way a good old-fashioned Hemingway disciple would conjure his main character."
* ↑ Wood 2011
* ↑ Wood 2011: "The hard, declarative sentences...suddenly flare into lyricism; the natural world of the American West is examined, logged, and frequently transfigured."
* ↑ English 2019: "...Surviving great loss is a theme..."
* ↑ Warner, Alan (September 13, 2012). "Train Dreams by Denis Johnson – review". The Guardian. Retrieved September 8, 2022.
* ↑ Wallace 2011