OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hojambaz District

Hojambaz District is a district of Lebap Province in Turkmenistan. The administrative center of the district is the town of Hojambaz.
On 9 November 2022, Döwletli District was dissolved and its territories were divided, some including the town of Döwletli to this district, and the rest to Köýtendag District. Previously, on 28 November 2017, Beýik Türkmenbaşy District was dissolved, and its territories were included in Döwletli District.

## Administrative Subdivisions

* Cities (şäherler)
** Hojambaz
* Towns (şäherçeler)
** Beşir
** Döwletli (inc. Dostluk obasy, Miras)
** Garamätnyýaz
** Garaşsyzlygyň 15 ýyllygy (lit. 15th Independence Anniversary)
* Village councils (geňeşlikler)
** Berkararlyk (Berkararlyk, Magtymguly)
** Burdalyk (Burdalyk, Baýat)
** Galkynyş (Babadaýhan, Eleç, Ýaşlyk, Tölekguýy)
** Gultak (Gultak, Bekewül, Buýankökçi, Isamly, Ýabanyoba)
** Gyzylgum (Çalyşlar, Çekiç, Gazanaryk)
** Hojahaýran (Hojahaýran, Gyzguýy, Hojagürlük, Hojatutly, Körkak)
** Kyrköýli (Kyrköýli, Egriýagyr, Gülüstan)
** Mekan (Mekan, Abdal, Altynkök, Dänajy, Müsür)
** Pagtaçy (Pagtaçy, Jeýhun, Nowruz)
** Surhy (Sabynly, Surhy)
** Tallymerjen (Tallymerjen, Demirýolçy, Sardaba, Watan)
** Täzedurmuş (Täzedurmuş, Lebap)
# Hawaiʻi creeper

The Hawaiʻi creeper, Hawaii creeper or ʻalawī (Loxops mana) is a species of Hawaiian honeycreeper endemic to the Big Island of Hawaiʻi. Its natural habitats are dry forests and montane moist forests at elevations of 1,000–2,300 metres (3,300–7,500 ft). There are a total of 12,000 birds separated into three populations. A fourth population on the western part of the island probably represents migratory birds from one of the existing population. The Hawaiʻi creeper measures 4.5 inches (11 cm) and has drab green plumage. In 2017 the traditional Hawaiian name was rediscovered as 'alawi'.

## Diet

The Hawaiʻi creeper is similar to treecreepers in that it is able to climb up and down trees. It uses its short, sharp beak to probe bark for insects residing underneath. If available, it will sip nectar from koa (Acacia koa) or ʻōhiʻa lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha).

## Breeding

The breeding season of the Hawaiʻi creeper lasts from April to July, during which female birds lay one to three eggs. Nests are hidden in a tree cavity or built on a high branch in either a koa (Acacia koa) or a ʻōhiʻa lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha). Eggs hatch after around thirteen days.

## Conservation

The Hawaiʻi creeper was put on the endangered species list in 1975; however, it was unknown whether the bird was uncommon or endangered. Although this species has been put into full view of habitat degradation, it has been able to reproduce, so it's not thought to be a serious problem to this species. It has also been found in lower elevations in areas like the common ʻamakihi and apparently handles the diseases better than other species just like it. Introductions of alien animals however have caused this bird to be put under pressure. This pressure includes the bird having competition for food. The other pressure is the fact that these birds are being eaten by rats which cause the populations to drop very quickly. The nests of the Hawaiʻi creepers are low to the forest floor which leave the bird vulnerable to predators such as rats. The species is eaten as eggs, chicks, and even as full-fledged adults. Now its northern population is being protected in the same area as is the ʻakiapolaʻau and other native birds: Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge. It is threatened by disease and habitat loss. Also, the Hawaiʻi creeper has probably benefited from the conservation of other endangered birds in Hawaii.
# Tzur Natan

Tzur Natan (Hebrew: צוּר נָתָן, lit. 'Rock of Nathan') is a moshav shitufi in central Israel. Located in western Samaria on a hilltop 170 m above sea level, on a ridge in the foothills of the Samarian Hills and to the south of Tayibe, it falls under the jurisdiction of Drom HaSharon Regional Council. In 2022 it had a population of 290.

## History

The moshav was founded in 1966 as a Nahal settlement by Hashomer Hatzair members, and was named after Nathan Simons. It was civilianised a year later by former members of the Beitar youth group.
In 2017 a minority of Tzur Natan families agreed to sell their land to a natural gas and diesel power station to be constructed by Edeltech only meters from the Arab Israeli city of Tira.

## Archaeology

In 2019 a 5th-century mosaic with Greek inscription found at an ancient wine press. The inscription reads, “Only God help the beautiful property of Master Adios, amen.” Adios was a wealthy Samaritan landowner.
# Badal Gupta

Badal Gupta (Bengali: বাদল গুপ্ত Badol Gupto), real name Sudhir Gupta (1912 – 8 December 1930), was an Indian revolutionary against British rule in India, who is noted for launching an attack on the Secretariat Building - the Writers' Building in the Dalhousie square in Calcutta, along with Benoy Basu and Dinesh Gupta.

## Early activities

Badal Gupta was born in the village Purba Shimulia (East Shimulia) in the Bikrampur region of Dhaka, now in Munshiganj District, Bangladesh. Badal Gupta was also influenced by the revolutionary activities of his two paternal uncles Late Dharaninath Gupta and Nagendranath Gupta, who were involved in the Alipore Bomb Case and were imprisoned along with Rishi Aurobindo Ghosh. Badal Gupta joined the Bengal Volunteers in 1928.

## The battle at Writers' Building

Bengal Volunteers targeted Lt Col NS Simpson, the Inspector General of Prisons, who was infamous for the oppression of the prisoners in the jails. The revolutionaries decided not only to murder him, but also to strike a terror in the British official circles by launching an attack on the Secretariat Building - the Writers' Building in the Dalhousie square in Kolkata.
On 8 December 1930, Badal along with Dinesh Gupta and Benoy, dressed in European costume, entered the Writers' Building and shot dead Simpson. Police in the building started firing at them in response. What ensued was a brief gunfight between the three young revolutionaries and the police. Some other officers like Twynam, Prentice, and Nelson suffered injuries during the shooting.
Soon police overpowered them. However, the three did not wish to be arrested. Badal took Potassium cyanide, while Benoy and Dinesh shot themselves with their own revolvers. Badal died on the spot. He was only 18 years old during when this incident took place.

## Significance

After independence, the Dalhousie Square was named B. B. D. Bagh - after the Benoy-Badal-Dinesh trio. In memory of their Writers' Building attack, a plate was engraved in the wall of Writers' Building, first floor.
# Stowitts Museum & Library

The Stowitts Museum & Library in Pacific Grove, California, United States, was dedicated to the work, art and legacy of the American painter Hubert Julian Stowitts (1892–1953) and other overlooked and neglected fine arts painters of the 20th century. It was located at 591 Lighthouse Avenue, suite 21.
# Ferdinand Augustijn Snellaert

Ferdinand Augustijn Snellaert (21 July 1809 in Kortrijk – 3 July 1872 in Ghent) was a Flemish writer.

## Life

Snellaert studied medicine at the University of Utrecht (1827–1829) and became officer of health in the Dutch army (1830–1835). After his dismissal, he graduated as a doctor from the University of Ghent (1836–1837), and became a general practitioner in Ghent.
Snellaert became active in the Flemish movement. He founded the Maetschappy van Vlaemsche Letteroefening De Tael is gantsch het Volk, and he participated in several Flemish actions, such as the Vlaams petitionnement (1840), the Kunst- en Letterblad (1840), the Dutch Linguistic and Literary Conferences(vanaf 1849), the Rapport van de Grievencommissie (1856–1859) en the Vlaemsch Verbond (1861).
In 1847, he succeeded his friend Jan Frans Willems as member of the Royal Belgian Academy in Brussels, where he represented the Flemish cause, and he was one of the co-founders of the Willemsfonds. In 1849, at the first Dutch Linguistic and Literary Conference, he held the opening speech, where he argued every possible means should be used to strengthen the spirit of the people, and that we should fight those who worked against the development of the spirit of the people. Language was believed to be an important tool to influence the character of the people.
In the first half of the 1850s Snellaert tried to win a seat on the city council with the support of the moderate Société l'Union and the progressives of the newspaper Broedermin. However, due to the electoral victory of Judocus Delehaye he chose to join the Liberale Associatie ('Liberal Association'), where he was for a brief period a key figure of the pro-Flemish group. However, he failed to break through. His followers, including Jacob Heremans and especially Julius Vuylsteke turned away from him when it became clear that Snellaert, disappointed by the attitude of the Liberale Associatie, started to think again of establishing an ideologically neutral Flemish party. Despite mediation by Adolphe Pierre Sunaert, Snellaert broke in October 1860 with the Liberale Associatie, which led to a rift between the Ghent liberals and the liberal, pro-Flemish Snellaert. A similar conflict arose in 1861 in the Vlaemsch Verbond ("Flemish Union') of which Snellaert was a co-founder. The liberal group made it impossible to maintain this politically neutral Flemish association and would establish in 1866 the Vlaamsche Liberale Vereeniging ('Flemish Liberal Association').

## Honours

* 1849 : Knight in the Order of Leopold.
# Tweet's Ladies of Pasadena

Tweet's Ladies of Pasadena is a 1979 cult film written, produced, directed and starring Timothy Carey.
The film was originally shot as a pilot for a potential television series.

## Premise

A man, Tweet, is a member of a roller skating knitting club for old ladies.
# Purush Pal

Purush Pal is a village in Mathiura Union, Beanibazar Upazila, Sylhet district, Bangladesh.

## History

There two different traditional anecdotal accounts as to how the name Purushpal became into existence and how the village was formed.
First, it is believed that in Middle Ages, a group of Brahman men, i.e. purush, came from northern parts of India and established a settlement, which eventually developed into a village. As it was predominantly a settlement of purush, i.e. men; their zealous effort to befriend people from neighbouring villages, particularly women from different tribes and caste earned them the reputation of friend, i.e. paal; thus their settlement attained the name of Purushpaal, deriving from the compound of words purush + paal = Purushpaal.
Second, the name Purush Pal came from Paresh Paul, who was the founder of the village by the end of the 13th century. As Shah Jalal arrived in Sylhet in 1303 CE with his 360 dervish disciples, the local inhabitants of Bangladesh, particularly from animist and pagan denomination, had begun to accept Islam as their region. Likewise, the people of Pareshpaul embraced Islam as their religion; this way, most of the village inhabitants became Muslim. However, a sizeable village population remained Hindu, who sold their village homestead after 1947 and migrated to urban parts of the country, mainly to the city of Sylhet, Moulvibazar, Srimangal, Sunamganj and Chhatak. It is said that some of the wealthy Hindus have migrated to Shillong, Karimganj and Kolkata in India. There is no written record as to where the village pioneers, Paul Family, has migrated and settled.

## Geography

Purush Pal village is located in Mathiura Union, Beanibazar Upazila, at 24°49′30″N 92°09′45″E﻿ / ﻿24.8250°N 92.1625°E﻿ / 24.8250; 92.1625. The total area of around 25 km$^2$.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 Bangladesh census, Purush Pal had 102 households and a population of 590. 8.8% of the population was under the age of 5. The literacy rate (age 7 and over) was 67.1%, compared to the national average of 51.8%.
Most people in Purush Pal practice Islam.

## Economy

81% of the employed population are engaged in agricultural work.

## Education

There is one primary school and one madrasa in Purush Pal.
* Purush Pal Wasiria Government Primary School.
Purush Pal Wasiria Government Primary School was established in 1955. Again it was rebuilt in 1980. Name of school named by ( Wasir Ali ) Currently it is run by the government of Bangladesh. It has good reputation and good academic results. Academic education starts/available in this school from year one to year five.
* Purush Pal Hafizia Madrasa.
This is an Islamic School in Purush Pal village. Villagers who have immigrated and live in the UK financially helped to found this school in around 1995. Aim was to grant free Islamic education about Quran Memorizing (Hafiz). Every year lots of students learning Quran from this Madrasa.
# Nyhetsmorgon

Nyhetsmorgon is a Swedish morning news and talk show that is broadcast every morning on TV4. Nyhetsmorgon started airing on 14 September 1992.
# Quinuclidine

Quinuclidine is an organic compound with the formula HC(C$_2$H$_4$)$_3$N. It is a bicyclic amine that can be viewed as a tied back version of triethylamine. It is a colorless solid. It is used as a reagent (base) and catalyst. It can be prepared by reduction of quinuclidone.

## Structure and chemical properties

Regarding its structure, quinuclidine is unusual in that the methylene hydrogen atoms are eclipsed within each of the three ethylene linkages. Furthermore, the cyclohexane rings, of which there are three, adopt the boat conformations, not the usual chair conformations.
Quinuclidine is a relatively strong organic base with pK$_a$ of the conjugate acid of 11.3. The basicity of other quinuclidines have been evaluated: 3-hydroxy- quinuclidine (9.9), 3-acetoxyquinuclidine (9.3), 3-chloroquinuclidine (8.9), DABCO (8.7), and 3-quinuclidone (7.2).
It forms adducts with a variety of Lewis acids. Because of its compact structure, quinuclidine binds to trimethylborane more tightly than does triethylamine.

## Derivatives and analogues

    Quinine is a quinuclidine derivative.
Quinuclidine is structurally related to DABCO, in which the other bridgehead is also nitrogen, and to tropane, which has a slightly different carbon frame. Cinchona alkaloids, e.g. quinine, feature quinuclidine substituents. Aceclidine, a simple quinuclidine derivative, is a drug used for treatment of glaucoma.
# Flag of Pandya

The Flag of Pandya (.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}Tamil pronunciation:) was used by the Pandyan Dynasty and consisted of the single fish or twin fish. There is no reference or description about the flag. Therefore, any Pandya flags used in media are created for the purpose of illustration. There are flags with double fish or single fish as per archaeological findings and historians's illustration.
12th-century Tamil court poet Ottakoothar wrote a verse mentions about the Pandyan flag while comparing to Chola flag.
   வெற்றிப் புலிக்கொடிக்கு மீனமோ அம்மானே
Literal Meaning: Can the flag of the Pandyas match the flag of the Cholas?

## Legend

According to legend, an avatar of the Hindu Goddess, Meenakshi, who has fish shaped eyes, was born as the daughter of a Pandya king. Pandya emblem was a fish and it represented the dynasty, including in coins, etc. The word Meenatchi (Meen+Aatchi ) is a mix of the Tamil words Meen (Fish) and Aatchi (Rule), which means Fish Rule.
# 2001 in Macau

Events from the year 2001 in Macau, China.

## Incumbents

* Chief Executive - Edmund Ho
* President of the Legislative Assembly - Susana Chou

## Events
### September

* 23 September - 2001 Macanese legislative election.

### December

* 19 December - The opening of Macau Tower in Sé.
# Miwiki

Miwiki could refer to:
* Miyuki Tanaka, a character in the Lucky Star manga series
* Māori Wikipedia, a version of Wikipedia
# Pro Tullio

Pro Tullio (Latin for "On behalf of Tullius") is a partially preserved speech delivered by the Roman orator Cicero in 72 or 71 BC. The speech was made on behalf of Cicero's client, Marcus Tullius, who claimed legal damages from his neighbor, Publius Fabius, on the basis that Fabius had murdered several of Tullius' slaves in a property dispute.
# Martina Hellmann

Martina Helga Hellmann (née Opitz; born 12 December 1960) is a retired German track and field athlete who represented East Germany. She was the Olympic champion in the discus throw at the 1988 Summer Olympics. She also won the World Championship in that event in 1983 and again in 1987.
Born in Leipzig, Saxony, Hellmann was sixteen years old when she began participating in the event. In 1977 she gave the participants' oath at the opening of the East German gymnastics and sport festival. That summer she set the world record for 16-year-olds with a throw of 55.00 meters. Her career was plagued by sickness and injury until 1983 when she became the surprise world champion. She was unable to compete at the 1984 summer Olympic games due to her country's boycott.
On 6 September 1988 she threw the discus 78.14 metres, farther than any woman had ever thrown it before or after. However, this throw was in an unofficial tournament in the East German training camp at Kienbaum set up to decide the final GDR place for the Olympic games in Seoul and was not eligible to be considered a world record. During this session she threw the following distances, two of them exceeding the world record at the time, and two more that were ever exceeded by only one female thrower: 76.92m – 78.14m – 70.52m – 76.56m – 75.66m – 74.04m (the women's world record, set in July 1988, is 76.80 m). Ilke Wyludda threw a lifetime best 75.36 m, but had to stay home. Five of Hellmann's throws during that competition were better than her official best of 72.92 metres, achieved in August 1987 in Potsdam, and which ranks her ninth on the world all-time list and sixth among German discus throwers, behind Gabriele Reinsch, Ilke Wyludda, Diana Gansky-Sachse, Irina Meszynski and Gisela Beyer.
After the 1992 Summer Olympics, where she was eliminated during qualification, she retired. She later was the head of a sports group of the insurance company AOK and became a manager at a cabaret in Leipzig.
Hellmann represented the SC DHfK Leipzig sport club and trained with Rolf Wittenbecher and Bernhard Thomas. During her active career she was 1.78 meters tall and weighed 85 kilograms.

## Evidence of doping

There is substantial evidence that nearly all East German Olympic track and field athletes in the 1980s, including Hellman, used steroids to enhance athletic performance as part of a state-sponsored program.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Notes |
| Representing East Germany |||||
| 1983 | World Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 1st | 68.94 m |
| 1985 | World Cup | Canberra, Australia | 1st | 69.78 m |
| 1986 | Goodwill Games | Moscow, Soviet Union | 2nd | 69.04 m |
| 1986 | European Championships | Stuttgart, West Germany | 3rd | 68.26 m |
| 1987 | World Championships | Rome, Italy | 1st | 71.62 m (current CR) |
| 1988 | Olympic Games | Seoul, South Korea | 1st | 72.30 m (current OR) |
| 1990 | European Championships | Split, FR Yugoslavia | 3rd | 66.66 m |
| Representing Germany |||||
| 1991 | World Championships | Tokyo, Japan | 4th | 67.14 m |
| 1992 | Olympic Games | Barcelona, Spain | 14th (q) | 60.52 m |
# Bassa

Bassa may refer to:

## People

* Bassa people (Cameroon)
** Basaa language, a member of the Bantu languages family
* Bassa people (Liberia)
** Bassa language, a member of the Kru languages family
** Bassa script
* Jeffrey Bassa (born 2002), American football player

## Places

* Bassa, Chamba, village in India
* Bassa, Kogi State, Nigeria
* Bassa, Plateau State, Nigeria
* Bassa Cove colony, now Buchanan, Liberia
* al-Bassa, a destroyed Palestinian village, currently located in northern Israel
* Cahora Bassa, an artificial lake in Mozambique
* Grand Bassa County, Liberia
* Another name for Basse Santa Su, Gambia

## Other uses

* British Airlines Stewards and Stewardesses Association, a union exclusively for British Airways cabin crew
* Bassa Sports Club, an association football team in Antigua and Barbuda
# Domingo Fernández Navarrete

Domingo Fernández Navarrete (c. 1610 in Peñafiel – 1689, in Santo Domingo) was a Spanish Dominican missionary and archbishop.

## Biography

Born in Peñafiel in Old Castile, Navarrete received the habit around 1630 and after completing his studies was offered the chair of Thomistic theology by several Spanish universities. He declined all the offers, preferring to go into the missionary field. In 1646, he and twenty-seven brethren left Spain for the Philippines via Mexico. They arrived at their destination on 23 June 1648.
Navarrete taught theology at the Dominican University of St. Thomas, Manila, before he left with a group to go on a mission to China in 1657. After learning the language, he labored chiefly in Fujian province. When persecution broke out in 1665, the effect on missions was disastrous. Forbidden to preach, Navarrate occupied himself with writing, hoping in this way to spread and confirm the faith. However, he was hampered too much and left for Rome in 1673 as prefect of the Dominican mission to discuss the question of Chinese Rites. This problem had reached an acute stage in China, with the Jesuits on one side and the Dominicans and Franciscans on the other. Navarrate was highly respected by Pope Innocent XI, who wanted to make him bishop of the Chinese missions; however, Navarrete refused.
It was at this time (1676) that Navarrete's book, Tratados historicos, politicos, ethicos, y religiosos de la monarchia de China was published in Madrid. A strongly anti-Jesuit work (which, e.g. denied the authenticity of the Nestorian Stele), it was translated into most major European languages. It became particularly popular in England, and admired by the French Jansenists and Voltaire. Jesuits, on the other hand, tried to have this book suppressed.
On his return to Spain in 1677, the Pope, at the suggestion of Charles II, forced him to accept the Archdiocese of Santo Domingo, where he laboured until his death. While on the question of Chinese Rites he was opposed to the Jesuits; in his diocese he had the highest regard for them. In his letters to the viceroy and to the king, requesting them to permit the fathers of the Society to establish a college in his residential city, Navarrete pays them a glowing tribute.
Navarrete was one of the few individuals to visit Kaili on the west coast of Sulawesi, He provides some of the most accurate early accounts of Minahasa also.

## Principal works

* Tratados históricos, políticos, éticos y religiosos de la monarquia de China (Madrid, 1676)
* Catechismus, lingua sinica, 2 vol.
* Præceptor ethnicus ex optimis quibusque Sinensium libris extractus, et ex eorumdem sententiis concinnatus, lingua sinica
# Erik Brate

Erik Brate (13 June 1857 – 11 April 1924) was a Swedish linguist and runologist.

## Biography

Brate was born in 1857 in Norberg, Västmanland County. In 1887 he married the Swedish painter Fanny Brate, née Ekbom (1861–1940). They had four daughters; Astrid (1888–1929), Torun (1891–1993), Ragnhild (1892–1894) and Ingegerd (1899–1952).
Brate became a student in Uppsala University in 1876, studied the ancient Germanic languages and Sanskrit at the University of Strasbourg from 1882 to 1883. He received his doctorate at Uppsala in 1884 with his thesis Nordische Lehnwörter im Orrmulum, which described the use of Scandinavian loanwords in the twelfth-century Middle English work Ormulum. Brate in that same year was appointed docent of ancient Germanic languages. He was appointed in 1887 to senior lecturer in Swedish and German language at the Södermalm higher general secondary school in Stockholm, where he remained to 1922.
Brate was one of Sweden's most prolific runologists. His works include, with Sophus Bugge, the first several provincial editions of Sveriges Runinskrifter. He also was responsible for the photographic documentation of many of Sweden's runestones in the late 1890s and 1900s.
Brate died in 1924 in Stockholm.