# Candidatus

In prokaryote nomenclature, Candidatus (abbreviated Ca.; Latin for "candidate of Roman office") is used to name prokaryotic taxa that are well characterized but yet-uncultured. Contemporary sequencing approaches, such as 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing or metagenomics, provide much information about the analyzed organisms and thus allow identification and characterization of individual species. However, the majority of prokaryotic species remain uncultivable and hence inaccessible for further characterization in in vitro study. The recent discoveries of a multitude of candidate taxa has led to candidate phyla radiation expanding the tree of life through the new insights in bacterial diversity.

## Nomenclature
### History

The initial International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) as well as early revisions did not account for the possibility of identifying prokaryotes which were not yet cultivable. Therefore, the term Candidatus was proposed in the context of a conference of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes, (ICSP, formerly International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology) in 1994 to initiate code revision. Owing to rising numbers of Candidatus taxa associated with ongoing advances of sequencing technologies, the ICSP adopted the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes in 1996 by adding an appendix for Candidatus taxa (Appendix 11 in the most recent version). However, the nomenclature of Candidatus taxa is still not covered by the general rules of the Prokaryotic Code leading to ongoing discussions and proposals for changing the current code in order to grant priority to Candidatus taxa.

### Naming

Currently, the provisional status “Candidatus” may be used if the following information is provided:
   * Genomic information [...] to determine the phylogenetic position of the organism.
   * All information so far available on: structure and morphologyphysiology and metabolismreproductive featuresthe natural environment in which the organism can be identified andany other available and suitable information.$^{:Appendix11}$
The species name of an organism in the status of Candidatus consists of the word Candidatus, followed by an either a genus name with a specific epithet, or only a genus name, or only a specific epithet. Examples include Candidatus Liberobacter asiaticum; Candidatus magnetobacterium; Candidatus intracellularis. A list of all Candidatus taxa (a Candidatus List) is kept by the Judicial Commission of the ICSP in cooperation with the editorial board of the IJSEM and is updated at appropriate intervals. Once a Candidatus taxon has been cultivated successfully, the name has to be removed from this list and a new name has to be proposed in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes.
Although the 1994 proposal and the later Code call for a Candidatus List to be maintained, work on curating names did not start until 2017, when a "No. 0" trial is published. The author found that 120 of the ~400 collected names would breach the Code should they become formally proposed. Common reasons are Latin errors, duplicate names, and non-Latin names. As a result, Candidatus Lists now also offer corrections for such names. Corrected names are given corrig. (for corrigendum) in the authority field, with some sources going further to cite the correction (e.g. "Ca. Karelsulcia" corrig. Moran et al. 2005 in Ogen et al. 2020). Each published list, starting from No. 1, covers all known Candidatus names proposed in a given time period, plus any addendum for previous periods. As of December 2022, the latest is Candidatus List No. 4, published November 2022, covering names proposed in 2021. An unnumbered list was published in 2023 to deal with Candidatus phyla; future numbered lists will include phyla.

### SeqCode

The Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes Described from Sequence Data (SeqCode) of 2022 standardizes the publication of names in a system separate from the ICNP. Instead of requiring a type culture, the SeqCode requires a high-quality genome as the nomenclatural type, in effect offering a route to formalizing Candidatus names. It is produced by the International Society for Microbial Ecology (ISME), which is unrelated to the ICSP. The SeqCode recognizes the priority of names, including Candidatus ones, published under ICNP before 2023.
The SeqCode team initially wished to simply amend the ICNP to add such a system, but ICSP rejected the petition, necessitating the creation of a separate code.
The use of a genome sequence as the type material is useful not only for not-yet-cultured prokaryotes. A genome sequence is more stable than a cell culture, which can be (and has been) lost and are subject to genetic drift under the different selective pressure of the lab. In addition, the ICNP requires a type strain to be stored in two separate culture collections if a name is to be proposed (including new combinations, i.e. renames), which makes it hard to correct the name of some wrongly-categorized species.

## Uncultivability
### Environmental factors

There are several reasons for why many prokaryotic species do not grow in the lab many of which remain poorly understood. One of these reasons is the environment the species are recovered from which can be difficult to simulate in laboratory conditions. Many prokaryotes have highly specific growth requirements including the need for a specific nutrient composition, specific pH conditions, temperatures, atmospheric pressure or levels of oxygen. Most commercially available growth media and incubation protocols poorly met these requirements making a comprehensive habitat assessment necessary in order to successfully isolate the bacteria of interest from environmental samples.

### Species interaction

Most prokaryotic species do not live alone but rather in complex communities with other species from all kingdoms of life. As a consequence, many species depend on metabolites or signaling compounds of their neighboring species for their own cell growth. The identification of the required substances can be challenging but once identified a co-cultivation or addition of the specific compound can be used to potentially cultivate the species of interest.

### Genome reduction

Many instances of species interaction are of symbiotic nature which is defined as an intimate, long-term relationship between two or more species which can be either mutualistic, neutral or harmful. Depending on the location of the symbiont, the symbionts can be either ectosymbionts or endosymbionts. Drastic genome reduction through gene deletions has been observed in endosymbiotic bacteria which is thought to be because many genes become unnecessary in the sheltered host environment. This frequently affects genes for DNA repair and transcriptional regulation which makes it difficult to cultivate these organisms outside their host.