OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nanle County

Nanle County (simplified Chinese: 南乐县; traditional Chinese: 南樂縣; pinyin: Nánlè Xiàn) is a county in the north of Henan province, China, bordering the provinces of Hebei and Shandong to the north and east, respectively. It is the northernmost county-level division of Puyang City.

## Administrative divisions

As 2012, this county is divided to 4 towns and 8 townships.

### Towns

| Chengguan (城关镇) Hanzhang (韩张镇) | Yuancun (元村镇) Fukan (福堪镇) |

### Townships

| Yangcun Township (杨村乡) Zhangguotun Township (张果屯乡) Qiankou Township (千口乡) Gujinlou Township (谷金楼乡) | Xishao Township (西邵乡) Sizhuang Township (寺庄乡) Liangcun Township (梁村乡) Jindegu Township (近德固乡) |

## Climate

Climate data for Nanle, elevation 47 m (154 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.0 (62.6) | 23.9 (75.0) | 27.7 (81.9) | 34.0 (93.2) | 37.1 (98.8) | 42.6 (108.7) | 40.7 (105.3) | 36.8 (98.2) | 37.5 (99.5) | 34.8 (94.6) | 27.4 (81.3) | 22.4 (72.3) | 42.6 (108.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.0 (39.2) | 8.0 (46.4) | 15.3 (59.5) | 21.0 (69.8) | 26.7 (80.1) | 32.4 (90.3) | 32.0 (89.6) | 30.3 (86.5) | 27.0 (80.6) | 21.6 (70.9) | 13.0 (55.4) | 5.8 (42.4) | 19.8 (67.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.4 (29.5) | 2.2 (36.0) | 8.9 (48.0) | 14.8 (58.6) | 20.6 (69.1) | 26.1 (79.0) | 27.1 (80.8) | 25.4 (77.7) | 20.9 (69.6) | 15.3 (59.5) | 7.3 (45.1) | 0.4 (32.7) | 14.0 (57.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.6 (21.9) | −2.2 (28.0) | 3.5 (38.3) | 9.0 (48.2) | 14.8 (58.6) | 20.3 (68.5) | 23.1 (73.6) | 21.7 (71.1) | 16.2 (61.2) | 10.3 (50.5) | 2.7 (36.9) | −3.9 (25.0) | 9.2 (48.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −20.6 (−5.1) | −16.8 (1.8) | −9.3 (15.3) | −2.3 (27.9) | 2.0 (35.6) | 9.8 (49.6) | 15.7 (60.3) | 11.1 (52.0) | 4.0 (39.2) | −2.3 (27.9) | −19.0 (−2.2) | −17.9 (−0.2) | −20.6 (−5.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 4.9 (0.19) | 8.2 (0.32) | 12.4 (0.49) | 30.2 (1.19) | 48.1 (1.89) | 63.0 (2.48) | 161.3 (6.35) | 133.9 (5.27) | 52.5 (2.07) | 29.7 (1.17) | 19.5 (0.77) | 5.7 (0.22) | 569.4 (22.41) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.2 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 5.1 | 6.1 | 7.4 | 10.7 | 9.5 | 7.2 | 5.7 | 4.4 | 2.6 | 68 |
| Average snowy days | 2.5 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.8 | 2.2 | 8.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 63 | 59 | 58 | 65 | 67 | 61 | 77 | 82 | 76 | 68 | 68 | 66 | 68 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 140.9 | 151.4 | 202.1 | 224.4 | 248.7 | 226.1 | 190.0 | 190.3 | 180.1 | 178.8 | 148.8 | 142.2 | 2,223.8 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 45 | 49 | 54 | 57 | 57 | 52 | 43 | 46 | 49 | 52 | 49 | 47 | 50 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration ||||||||||||||
# CD59

CD59 glycoprotein, also known as MAC-inhibitory protein (MAC-IP), membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis (MIRL), or protectin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD59 gene. It is an LU domain and belongs to the LY6/uPAR/alpha-neurotoxin protein family.
CD59 attaches to host cells via a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. Cholesterol-containing microdomains aid in CD59 activity by stimulating a "pinch point" in the lipid membrane during MAC assembly to prevent pore-formation and inhibit lysing. When complement activation leads to deposition of C5b678 on host cells, CD59 can prevent C9 from polymerizing and forming the complement membrane attack complex. It may also signal the cell to perform active measures such as endocytosis of the CD59-C9 complex. Endocytosis of this complex leads to the destruction of the ion channel formation that this complex provides to the MAC. These ion channels are used for transfer of different ions to maintain the correct concentration of minerals inside and outside of the membrane, and without this correct maintenance, severe symptoms and diseases can occur such as neuron degeneration and Alzheimer's disease.
Mutations affecting GPI that reduce expression of CD59 and decay-accelerating factor on red blood cells result in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. GPI mutation and consequent reduction in CD59 expression results from a cysteine to tyrosine missense mutation, which prevents disulfide bridge formation, ultimately disrupting tertiary protein structure and preventing proper GPI-CD59 complex binding.
Viruses such as HIV, human cytomegalovirus and vaccinia incorporate host cell CD59 into their own viral envelope to prevent lysis by complement. Additionally, CD59 has been investigated as a target for immunotherapy when treating certain cancers such as breast cancer. Researchers have found that once CD59 had been targeted, there is an upregulation in fas and caspase-3, creating an increase in apoptosis and tumor growth suppression in MCF-7 cells.
# Tangail Medical College

Tangail Medical College is a government medical school in Bangladesh, established in 2014. It is situated at the Kodalia Area of Tangail city.

## History

In 2008, before the 9th parliamentary election of Bangladesh, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina promised the people of Tangail to establish a government-financed medical school in Tangail city. As her party continued to rule as Government of Bangladesh for 2nd consecutive time in 2014, a decision was taken in August 2014 by the government to start Sheikh Hasina Medical College, Tangaill alongside five other new medical colleges (Jamalpur Medical College, Manikganj Medical College, Shaheed M. Monsur Ali Medical College, Patuakhali Medical College, Rangamati Medical College). SHMCT is the 24th public medical college of Bangladesh.
On October 30, 2024, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare changed the name of the medical college to "Tangail Medical College" from Sheikh Hasina Medical College.
# Kripparrian

Octavian Morosan (born June 30, 1987) better known by his online username Kripparrian, is a Romanian-Canadian Twitch streamer, YouTuber and video game personality. He is known for his achievements on Diablo III, World of Warcraft, and Hearthstone, as well as winning the "Favorite Hearthstone Stream" and Most "Engaged" Viewers categories, and coming second in the "Highest Stream View Average" category at the Blizzard Stream Awards in 2014. In June 2017 he achieved over one million followers on Twitch and as of October 2024, he has over 1.5 million followers.

## Achievements
### World of Warcraft

Kripparrian was a World of Warcraft player before beginning his streaming career, recognized for being the first person to complete the Ironman Challenge, being in a leading US raiding guild, Exodus, as well as being a competitor of top Hunter DPS parses during that time. In mid-2010, Kripparrian had the highest damage per second benchmarks for the Hunter class in the game.

### Diablo III

Kripparrian completed the Diablo III video game at "Inferno" difficulty (the highest in the game at that time) with his friend Krippi, just over a month after it was launched. The achievement was done before patch 1.0.3, which made the game easier, and both players used "Hardcore" characters in the feat, which are lost forever when the characters are killed in the game.

### Hearthstone

Kripparrian is the second most popular Hearthstone streamer of all time. He competed in the Innkeeper's Invitational Hearthstone tournament at BlizzCon 2013. He has achieved "Legend rank", the highest ranking in the game's ladder system, which he reached in August 2015. However, Kripparrian is more known as an Arena, and more recently, Battlegrounds, player, where he is able to achieve high victory streaks despite having drafted poor cards. He is noted for his fun and innovative Hearthstone decks and spearheaded efforts, along with his wife, Rania, towards making Challengestone, a Hearthstone deckbuilding competition. GamesRadar listed Kripparrian's Twitch channel as one players should watch.
Kripparrian, AmazHS, and Frodan commentated the Hearthstone World Championship at Blizzcon 2015.
Morosan's streams garner 50,512 viewers on average. In January 2017 and September 2018, he achieved first place in the first monthly "Top 100" leaderboard for North America players in the "Arena" game mode.

## Personal life

Before his streaming career, Kripparrian worked as a computer technician after dropping out of college, where he was studying physics and mathematics.
He is married to Rania Chatzi Morosan (underflowR), who works as his manager and YouTube editor, as well as maintaining a YouTube channel with clips from the couple's life. They were married on October 31, 2014.
Morosan lived in Athens, Greece for a year and a half with his wife. They currently reside in Canada, in a house they designed and built themselves. The couple have two dogs, a German Shepherd named Dexter and a Corgi named Fey.
Morosan is a vegan.
# Plug Power

Plug Power Inc. is an American company engaged in the development of hydrogen fuel cell systems that replace conventional batteries in equipment and vehicles powered by electricity. The company is headquartered in Latham, New York, and has facilities in Spokane, Washington, and Rochester, New York.
Plug Power's GenDrive system integrates fuel cells manufactured by both Plug Power and Ballard Power Systems and incorporates a hydrogen storage system that allows the system to "recharge" in a matter of minutes as opposed to several hours for lead-acid batteries. It allows hydrogen-powered forklifts to run at a constant steady power. GenDrive units occupy the same space designed for conventional batteries.

## History

Plug Power was founded in 1997 as a joint venture between DTE Energy and Mechanical Technology Inc. The company went public in October 1999.
The company was subject to a shareholder class action complaint for securities fraud following the IPO for allegedly misleading statements about their fuel cell technology capabilities and on its material sales and distribution relationship with General Electric. By order dated October 30, 2000, the Eastern District of New York court consolidated the complaints into one action, entitled Plug Power Inc. Securities Litigation, CV-00-5553 (ERK) (RML). On December 29, 2004, the company settled the matter with the sum of $5 million paid by Plug Power company directors to plaintiffs.
In February 2017, the company announced the first shipments of its ProGen fuel cell engines designed for electric delivery vehicles and the adoption of its GenDrive system by the USPS forklift fleet in Capitol Heights, Maryland.
In February 2020, the company introduced 125 kW Progen fuel cell engines for class 6, 7 & 8 trucks and heavy duty off-road equipment. In January 2021, SK Group, a major South Korean company, announced an investment of $1.5 billion in Plug Power for around 10% share. They will form a joint venture company in South Korea to supply hydrogen fuel cell products to Asian markets.
In January 2021, the company signed a memorandum of understanding with French automobile manufacturer Renault. The deal would launch a joint venture in France by the end of June 2021.
On March 2, 2021, Plug Power filed a Notification of Late Filing with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission stating that it could not timely file its annual report for the period ended December 31, 2020. On March 16, 2021, the company announced that they would have to restate financial statements for fiscal years 2018 and 2019 as well as some recent quarterly filings. It is subject to an ongoing shareholder class action lawsuit for securities fraud over alleged misrepresentations and/or failures to disclose its inability to timely file its 2020 annual report and material weaknesses in its internal controls over financial reporting.
Due to the rarity of hydrogen infrastructure, Plug Power delivers several mobile refueler solution for transit agencies and trucking fleet customers.
# Chicago Beach Hotel

The Chicago Beach Hotel was a luxury resort hotel located at 1660 East Hyde Park Boulevard in the Indian Village neighborhood of the Kenwood community area of Chicago, Illinois, United States.

## History

The hotel was built in 1892 by Warren Leland and was one of many speculative hotels built to accommodate the hordes of tourists drawn by the upcoming Columbian Exposition of 1893. It contained 450 rooms, with 175 bathrooms. The property extended to Lake Michigan. The building resembled the Hyde Park Hotel and probably shared architects. Many Chicagoans of high social standing became residents and members. The building had private access to the beach until 1915 when the city created an adjacent bathhouse. It lost its beach frontage entirely in 1920 when the shoreline was moved more than a block eastward with a landfill project that created South Lake Shore Drive.
In 1921 a huge 12-story, 545-room addition was constructed on the eastern portion of the property. The original structure, by now outdated, was then demolished in 1927. The Algonquin Apartments, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, were built on the site of the original wing in 1950.

## Gardiner General Hospital

The hotel closed in October 1942. On October 15, the new wing of the hotel was commandeered by the military, reopening on December 21 as Gardiner General Hospital, named after Ruth M. Gardiner. After the war the building served as the 5th Army Headquarters. Fifth Army Headquarters moved to Fort Sheridan in 1963, leaving the building vacant until its demolition in 1970. The Regents Park apartments were constructed on the property in the 1970s.
# Mouth to Mouth (Mental As Anything album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Mouth to Mouth is the sixth studio album by Australian pop rock band Mental As Anything, released in July 1987, and the album was produced by Richard Gottehrer. The album peaked at number 14 on the Australian chart.

## Recording

Bassist O'Doherty said, "Gottehrer programmed all the drums and virtually all of the bass. So there was virtually no point in me and [drummer] Bird being there. I remember feeling pretty desolate, thinking 'I fucking hate this'. It wasn't fun anymore. I was programmed out, basically."

## Reception

Jane Gazzo said the album, "epitomised 80s keyboard experimentation. With spacy, ethereal synthesiser treatments and expansive gated drum sounds." She also noted of the title track "some felt marked the band's departure into overindulgence".

## Personnel
### Musicians

* Martin Plaza — lead vocals, guitar
* Greedy Smith — lead vocals, keyboards, harmonica
* Reg Mombassa — guitar, vocals
* Peter O'Doherty — bass, guitar, vocals
* Wayne de Lisle — drums

### Additional personnel

* Martin Armiger — guitar
* Mary Bradfield-Taylor — vocals
* Rick Chadwick — keyboards
* Sandi Chick — vocals
* Andrew Farriss — keyboards
* Mark Kennedy — percussion

### Recording details

* Producer — Richard Gottehrer
* Engineer, mixing — Thom Panunzio
* Assistant — Allan Wright

### Art work

* Art direction — Jana Hartig, Ken Smith, Sue Woollard
* Design — Martin Plaza, Greedy Smith (and cover design)
* Photography — Paula Clarke (cover photo), Paul Clarke, Hugh Hamilton, Frank Lindner (and sleeve photo), Francine McDougall

## Charts

| Chart (1987) | Peak position |
| Australian (Kent Music Report) | 14 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalogue |
| Australia | 27 July 1987 | CBS Records | LP, Cassette | 450361 1 450361 4 |
| Australia | 21 September 1987 | CBS Records | CD | CDCBS 450361 2 |
| United States | 1987 | Columbia | Cassette | BFC 40299 |
| Netherlands | 1987 | Epic | CD | EPC 460049 2 |
| UK | 1987 | Epic | LP, Vinyl | 460049 1 |
# Ignacio Calderón (diplomat)

Ignacio Calderón (July 31, 1848 in La Paz—April 26, 1927 in Washington, DC) was a Bolivian politician and diplomat who served as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Bolivia to the United States, representing the government of Ismael Montes.

## Career

Calderón graduated from the University of La Paz at 19, and spent a year there teaching history. He subsequently joined the Bolivian legation in Rome, after which he served as national superintendent of public instruction, then as a member of the Bolivian legation in Lima. In that role, he was given permission to attend the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, where he met Arcadia Yarnell of Baltimore; they married in 1877.
He briefly served as Bolivian consul general in New York City before returning to Bolivia, where he worked in imports/exports and banking until 1900, when he was appointed Secretary of the Treasury under José Manuel Pando.
In 1904, he was appointed Envoy; he was officially received by Theodore Roosevelt on May 27.

## Later life

After the 1920 Bolivian coup d'état, Calderón retired as Envoy, and remained in Washington for the rest of his life.
# Juancheng County

Juancheng County falls under the jurisdiction of Heze, in the southwest of Shandong province, China. The population is approximately 800,000.

## Administrative divisions

As of 2012, this County is divided to 10 towns and 6 townships.

### Towns

| Juancheng (鄄城镇) Shiji (什集镇) Hongchuan (红船镇) Jiucheng (旧城镇) Yanshi (闫什镇) | Jishan (箕山镇) Lijinshitang (李进士堂镇) Dongkou (董口镇) Linpu (临濮镇) Penglou (彭楼镇) |

### Townships

| Zuoying Township (左营乡) Danian Township (大埝乡) Yinma Township (引马乡) | Fenghuang Township (凤凰乡) Fuchun Township (富春乡) Zhengying Township (郑营乡) |

## Climate

Climate data for Juancheng, elevation 50 m (160 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.0 (62.6) | 21.6 (70.9) | 28.2 (82.8) | 33.2 (91.8) | 37.0 (98.6) | 40.4 (104.7) | 40.7 (105.3) | 36.6 (97.9) | 36.6 (97.9) | 32.5 (90.5) | 27.0 (80.6) | 21.2 (70.2) | 40.7 (105.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.4 (39.9) | 8.6 (47.5) | 15.0 (59.0) | 21.4 (70.5) | 26.8 (80.2) | 31.7 (89.1) | 31.9 (89.4) | 30.5 (86.9) | 26.9 (80.4) | 21.4 (70.5) | 13.3 (55.9) | 6.3 (43.3) | 19.9 (67.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.8 (30.6) | 2.9 (37.2) | 9.1 (48.4) | 15.3 (59.5) | 20.8 (69.4) | 25.7 (78.3) | 27.1 (80.8) | 25.6 (78.1) | 21.1 (70.0) | 15.0 (59.0) | 7.4 (45.3) | 1.1 (34.0) | 14.2 (57.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −4.7 (23.5) | −1.3 (29.7) | 4.0 (39.2) | 9.8 (49.6) | 15.3 (59.5) | 20.4 (68.7) | 23.3 (73.9) | 22.0 (71.6) | 16.8 (62.2) | 10.1 (50.2) | 2.9 (37.2) | −2.7 (27.1) | 9.7 (49.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −20.0 (−4.0) | −14.9 (5.2) | −8.2 (17.2) | −2.1 (28.2) | 2.3 (36.1) | 10.8 (51.4) | 17.4 (63.3) | 11.4 (52.5) | 5.5 (41.9) | −3.1 (26.4) | −16.5 (2.3) | −15.0 (5.0) | −20.0 (−4.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 6.6 (0.26) | 10.6 (0.42) | 13.8 (0.54) | 29.2 (1.15) | 49.1 (1.93) | 63.6 (2.50) | 168.9 (6.65) | 118.4 (4.66) | 67.8 (2.67) | 28.2 (1.11) | 29.7 (1.17) | 8.3 (0.33) | 594.2 (23.39) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 3.1 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 5.1 | 6.5 | 7.5 | 10.6 | 10.4 | 7.9 | 5.8 | 5.0 | 3.1 | 73.3 |
| Average snowy days | 3.6 | 3.0 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9 | 2.3 | 10.8 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 67 | 62 | 57 | 63 | 67 | 65 | 79 | 84 | 79 | 72 | 70 | 68 | 69 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 118.4 | 127.9 | 182.4 | 206.3 | 230.4 | 209.5 | 175.8 | 168.2 | 161.1 | 153.8 | 136.8 | 124.8 | 1,995.4 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 38 | 41 | 49 | 52 | 53 | 48 | 40 | 41 | 44 | 45 | 45 | 41 | 45 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration ||||||||||||||
# Campaign of Cherchell (1531)

The Campaign of Cherchell occurred in July 1531, when Charles V sent the admiral Andrea Doria, to take Cherchell as a bridgehead in North Africa.
A French fleet of 13 galleys took part under Andrea Doria. Doria was supported by 32 galleys, eight galleons, five brigantines, two lateen sails, and three ships.
In July 1531, the admiral left Genoa and landed at Cherchell with 1,500 men. He seized the city and liberated several hundred Christian slaves. While the troops disbanded to engage in looting, the Turks took advantage, massacred and routed the invaders, as well as, took 600 captives.
Some of the other Turks opened fire on the galleys. As a result, Doria set sail fearing that he might see his vessels sink and understanding that his soldiers were hopelessly lost. Barbarossa, equipped with 35 galleys, attacked Doria near Genoa and burned 22 Genoese galleys.
# Changer

Changer(s) may refer to:

## Literature

* Changer, a 1998 novel by Jane Lindskold
* Changers, a fictional species in the Culture series

## Music

* Changer (band), an Icelandic death metal/metalcore band
* "Changer", a song by Maître Gims from the 2013 album Subliminal

## Technology

* Automatic lamp changer, a device used to ensure that a navigational light stays lit even if a bulb burns out
* Frequency changer, an electronic or electromechanical device that converts alternating current of one frequency to alternating current of another frequency
* Gender changer, a hardware device placed between two cable connectors of the same type and gender
* Record changer, a device that plays several phonograph records in sequence without user intervention
* Tap changer, a mechanism in transformers that allows for variable turn ratios to be selected in distinct steps
* Voice changer, a device which can change the tone or pitch of or add distortion to the user's voice, or a combination and vary greatly in price and sophistication

## Other uses

* Money changer, a person or organization that exchanges coins or currency of one country for that of another
* Changer, a fictional device in the Super Sentai franchise
# 1911–12 French Ice Hockey Championship

The 1911–12 French Ice Hockey Championship was the third edition of the French Ice Hockey Championship, the national ice hockey championship in France. It was the first since 1908. Club des Patineurs de Paris won their second championship.

## Final

* Chamonix Hockey Club - Club des Patineurs de Paris 1:9 (1:4, 0:5)
# Kenneth H. Ashley

Kenneth Herbert Ashley (1885–1969) was an English poet and novelist. He was born to Herbert and Mary Ashley in Mansfield Woodhouse in 1885, the third of three sons, and married Bertha Raithby (1888–1981) in 1917 in Mansfield. His publications include a book of poetry entitled Up Hill and Down Dale (1924), and the novels Creighton the Admirable (1926) and Death of a Curate (1932). In addition his poems were published in The London Mercury, The Spectator, The Athenaeum and various anthologies. His poem "Rudkin" was selected by Leonard Strong as one of the best poems of 1923.
# Otomi language (Jalisco)

Otomi is an extinct, unclassified Mesoamerican language formerly spoken in the state of Jalisco, Mexico.
It is uncertain if the Otomi language of Jalisco is related to the Otomi language spoken elsewhere in Mexico, or if it is an unrelated language with the same name.

## Geographic distribution

Otomi was spoken in the province of Amula, in the communities of Cuzalapa (now in the municipality of Cuautitlán de García Barragán), Tuxcacuesco, and Zapotitlán de Vadillo. Nahuatl was also spoken in these communities.

## Sources

The use of the Otomi language was described in a relación geográfica made in 1579 by Francisco de Agüero, alcalde mayor of the province of Amula. The relación also mentions an Otomi name, Ercape, said to mean "a flea that itches greatly".
The language is also mentioned, though not named, by Antonio de Ciudad Real, who visited Tuxcacuesco and Zapotitlán with Alonso Ponce in 1587. He called it "a unique language" (Spanish: una lengua particular).

## Extinction

Otomi became extinct due to the community shifting from using Otomi to using Nahuatl as their primary language. Nahuatl had become a lingua franca in the pre-Columbian era, being used as the administrative language of the Aztec Empire and as a trade language beyond the empire's borders, and was subsequently also promoted by the Spaniards after the Spanish conquest. Nearby languages that went extinct in similar circumstances include Cochin, Tiam (both spoken around Tuxpan), Tamazultec (spoken in Tamazula de Gordiano), Sayultec, and Zapotec.

## Citations

* ↑ Gerhard 1993, p. 46.
* ↑ Harvey 1972, p. 312.
* ↑ Harvey 1972, p. 322.
* 1 2 Cline 1972, p. 327.
* ↑ Agüero 1878.
* ↑ Agüero 1878, pp. 317–318.
* ↑ Ciudad Real 1993, p. 138.
* ↑ Harvey 1972, p. 313.
* ↑ Harvey 1972, p. 299.