# Joey Hand

Joseph Alan Hand (born February 10, 1979) is an American professional racing driver who competes in sports car racing as a Ford factory driver. A former champion of the Star Mazda Series, Hand is the co-winner of the 2011 24 Hours of Daytona driving for Chip Ganassi Racing, the 2012 12 Hours of Sebring GT class for BMW Team Rahal, and the 2016 24 Hours of Le Mans LMGTE Pro class for Ford Chip Ganassi Team USA driving the Ford GT.

## Racing career
### Early career

Hand began his career in kart racing, starting at the age of 12. Moving up to the Star Mazda Series in 1998, Hand won nine races in the series, winning the rookie of the year award in 1998 and the series championship in 1999.
Following an injury that sidelined him for most of the 2000 season, Hand moved up to the Toyota Atlantic series in 2001, scoring two wins in three years spent in the series, with a best championship finish of third in 2001.

### Grand-Am, ALMS and IMSA

Beginning with the 2004 season, Hand has raced in the Grand American Road Racing Association's Rolex Sports Car Series, racing in both the Grand Touring and Daytona Prototype classes, winning five times in the GT category while driving BMWs. Hand has also raced sporadically in the American LeMans Series; in 2006, Hand was involved in a spectacular end-over-end crash at the Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course, while in 2009, he won the first pole position for a BMW in eight years in the ALMS at Road America.
Driving for Chip Ganassi Racing, Hand, along with co-drivers Scott Pruett, Memo Rojas and Graham Rahal, won the 2011 Rolex 24 Hours of Daytona endurance race at Daytona International Speedway, driving the #01 Riley-BMW Daytona Prototype. The team was set back by a pit road penalty while Hand was driving, however, he was able to recover from the penalty for co-driver Pruett to take the car to victory. The following month the BMW Motorsport team he drove for won the GT class of the 2011 12 Hours of Sebring. Later he joined the BMW Motorsport factory team at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, where he finished third in the GTE-Pro class driving again a BMW M3. Also in 2011, Hand competed full-time at the Grand-Am Sports Car Challenge for Turner, resulting in runner-up with Michael Marsal as a teammate.
Hand returned to BMW Rahal for the 2012 American Le mans Series season. He again won the GT class at the 12 Hours of Sebring and took three podiums out of seven appearances. Meanwhile, he resulted sixth overall at the 24 Hours of Daytona driving a Ganassi BMW.
In the 2013 ALMS season, the driver got a second-place class finish and two-fourths out of six appearances for BMW Rahal with a BMW Z4 de Rahal. Again he raced for Ganassi at the 24 Hours of Daytona and later the Brickyard Grand Prix at Indianapolis.
As the new United SportsCar Championship launched in 2014, Hand resulted second in the GTLM class at the 24 Hours of Daytona and third at the 12 Hours of Sebring for BMW Rahal.
In 2016, Hand joined the Ford factory program for the IMSA 2016 WeatherTech SportsCar Championship as well as the 24 Hours of Le Mans. He was reunited with teammate Dirk Müller, while Sébastien Bourdais joined the team for the endurance races including Le Mans. Hand, Müller, and Bourdais went on to win the 2016 24 Hours of Le Mans in the LMGTE Pro category while driving the 2017 Ford GT LME GTE-Pro.

### Other racing

On October 22, 2011, Hand made his debut in the International V8 Supercars Championship, driving for Dick Johnson Racing in the Gold Coast 600. finishing 4th with co-driver James Moffat In November, he drove a DTM car for the first time, testing for BMW at Circuito Monteblanco in Spain.
On October 5, 2021, Rick Ware Racing announced that Hand would make his NASCAR debut in the NASCAR Cup Series race at the Charlotte Motor Speedway Roval driving the No. 52. Hand started 36th and finished in 27th. In 2022, Hand drove in all six of the Cup Series road course races driving for Rick Ware in the No. 15. His best finish was 20th at Sonoma and his best starting spot was 9th in Road America. On June 12, 2024, it was announced that Hand would be driving the No. 60 car for RFK Racing in the Chicago Street race. Hand won the second stage in that race for his first career stage win in the NASCAR Cup Series. Hand led 7 laps and almost won the race entirely before being passed by eventual race winner Alex Bowman, after which Hand fell back to fourth.

### DTM

On December 15, 2011, Hand was announced as one of BMW's factory drivers for the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, which saw him compete in the entire 2012 championship, alongside a limited-season American Le Mans Series campaign with BMW Team RLL. He was the first American to have a full-season factory contract in the series since its inception in 1984. In three seasons he had a best race result of 5th at Brand Hatch and a best season result of 12th, both in 2013.

## Personal life

Born in Sacramento, California, Hand and his wife, Natalie, have two children.

## Motorsports career results
### Career summary

| Season | Series | Team | Races | Wins | Poles | F/Laps | Podiums | Points | Position |
| 2001 | American Le Mans Series - GT | Prototype Technology Group | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | NC |
| 2001 | Formula Atlantic | DSTP Motorsports | 12 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 129 | 3rd |
| 2002 | Formula Atlantic | DSTP Motorsports | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 45 | 12th |
| 2003 | Formula Atlantic | DSTP Motorsports | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 108 | 7th |
| 2004 | Formula Atlantic | Polestar Motor Racing | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 20th |
| 2006 | American Le Mans Series - GT2 | BMW Team PTG | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 84 | 7th |
| 2007 | American Le Mans Series - GT2 | Panoz Team PTG | 12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 47 | 22nd |
| 2008 | American Le Mans Series - GT2 | Panoz Team PTG | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 46th |
| 2009 | American Le Mans Series - GT2 | BMW Rahal Letterman Racing | 10 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 44 | 20th |
| 2010 | American Le Mans Series - GT2 | BMW Rahal Letterman Racing | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 101 | 7th |
| 2011 | American Le Mans Series - GT | BMW Team RLL | 9 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 6 | 159 | 1st |
| 2011 | 24 Hours of Le Mans - LMGTE Pro | BMW Motorsport | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 3rd |
| 2012 | American Le Mans Series - GT | BMW Team RLL | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 91 | 7th |
| 2012 | Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters | BMW Team RMG | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 20th |
| 2013 | American Le Mans Series - GT | BMW Team RLL | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 52 | 12th |
| 2013 | Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters | BMW Team RBM | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 12th |
| 2014 | United SportsCar Championship - GTLM | BMW Team RLL | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 76 | 23rd |
| 2014 | Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters | BMW Team RBM | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 20th |
| 2015 | United SportsCar Championship - Prototype | Chip Ganassi Racing | 10 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 301 | 4th |
| 2016 | IMSA SportsCar Championship - GTLM | Ford Chip Ganassi Racing | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 301 | 6th |
| 2016 | 24 Hours of Le Mans - LMGTE Pro | Ford Chip Ganassi Team USA | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 1st |
| 2017 | IMSA SportsCar Championship - GTLM | Ford Chip Ganassi Racing | 11 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 306 | 3rd |
| 2017 | 24 Hours of Le Mans - LMGTE Pro | Ford Chip Ganassi Team USA | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | 6th |
| 2018 | IMSA SportsCar Championship - GTLM | Ford Chip Ganassi Racing | 11 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 308 | 4th |
| 2018 | 24 Hours of Le Mans - LMGTE Pro | Ford Chip Ganassi Team USA | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | N/A | 3rd |
| 2019 | IMSA SportsCar Championship - GTLM | Ford Chip Ganassi Racing | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 254 | 10th |
| 2019 | 24 Hours of Le Mans - LMGTE Pro | Ford Chip Ganassi Team USA | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | N/A | DSQ |
| 2020 | IMSA SportsCar Championship - GTD | Michael Shank Racing w/ Curb-Agajanian | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25 | 46th |
| 2021 | NASCAR Cup Series | Rick Ware Racing | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 35th |
| 2022 | NASCAR Cup Series | Rick Ware Racing | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 64 | 34th |
| 2024 | IMSA SportsCar Championship - GTD Pro | Ford Multimatic Motorsports | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2555 | 10th |
| 2024 | NASCAR Cup Series | RFK Racing | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 43 | 39th |
| 2025 | IMSA SportsCar Championship - GTD | Gradient Racing | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 144 | 18th* |

### American open–wheel racing results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)

#### Atlantic Championship

Formula Atlantic results :
| Year | Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Rank | Points |
| 2001 | DSTP Motorsports | LBH 3 | NAZ 9 | MIL 12 | MTL 15 | CLE 2 | TOR 5 | CHI 10 | TRR 3 | ROA 3 | VAN 1 | HOU 1 | LS 2 | 3rd | 129 |
| 2002 | DSTP Motorsports | MTY 3 | LBH 25 | MIL | LS | POR | CHI | TOR | CLE | TRR 9 | ROA 5 | MTL 4 | DEN 25 | 12th | 45 |
| 2003 | DSTP Motorsports | MTY 15 | LBH 7 | MIL 9 | LS 10 | POR 2 | CLE 10 | TOR 6 | TRR 4 | MDO 4 | MTL 5 | DEN 9 | MIA 6 | 7th | 108 |
| 2004 | Polestar Motor Racing | LBH | MTY | MIL | POR1 | POR2 | CLE | TOR | VAN | ROA | DEN | MTL | LS 9 | 20th | 13 |

### American Le Mans Series results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; results in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Team | Class | Make | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | Pos. | Points |
| 2001 | Prototype Technology Group | GT | BMW M3 GTR | BMW 3.2L I6 | TEX | SEB DNF | DON | JAR | SON | POR | MOS | MID | MON | PET | | | NC | 0 |
| 2006 | BMW Team PTG | GT2 | BMW M3 | BMW 3.4L I6 | SEB DNF | TEX DNF | MID 4 | LIM 3 | UTA 6 | POR 3 | AME 2 | MOS 5 | PET 6 | MON 8 | | | 7th | 84 |
| 2007 | Panoz Team PTG | GT2 | Panoz Esperante GT-LM | Ford (Élan) 5.0L V8 | SEB DNF | STP 3 | LNB 5 | TEX DNF | UTA DNF | LIM 8 | MID DNF | AME 10 | MOS DNF | DET 7 | PET 7 | MON 6 | 22nd | 47 |
| 2008 | Panoz Team PTG | GT2 | Panoz Esperante GT-LM | Ford (Élan) 5.0L V8 | SEB DNF | STP | LBH | UTA | LRP | MDO | ELK | MOS | DET | PET 12 | LAG 4 | | 46th | 15 |
| 2009 | BMW Rahal Letterman Racing | GT2 | BMW M3 GT2 | BMW 4.0 L V8 | SEB DNF | STP DNF | LBH 8 | UTA 8 | LRP 3 | MDO 8 | ELK 1 | MOS 9 | PET 12 | LAG DNF | | | 20th | 44 |
| 2010 | BMW Rahal Letterman Racing | GT | BMW M3 GT2 | BMW 4.0 L V8 | SEB 3 | LBH 5 | LAG 2 | UTA 4 | LRP 3 | MDO 6 | ELK 1 | MOS DNF | PET 13 | | | | 7th | 101 |
| 2011 | BMW Team RLL | GT | BMW M3 GT2 | BMW 4.0 L V8 | SEB 1 | LBH 1 | LRP 1 | MOS 4 | MDO 4 | ELK 3 | BAL 2 | LAG 2 | PET 9 | | | | 1st | 159 |
| 2012 | BMW Team RLL | GT | BMW M3 GT2 | BMW 4.0 L V8 | SEB 1 | LBH 2 | LAG 4 | LRP 5 | MOS 3 | MDO 5 | ELK | BAL 4 | VIR | PET | | | 7th | 91 |
| 2013 | BMW Team RLL | GT | BMW Z4 GTE | BMW 4.4 L V8 | SEB 7 | LBH 2 | LAG 5 | LRP | MOS | ELK | BAL 3 | COA | VIR 4 | PET | | | 12th | 52 |

### Rolex Sports Car Series results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Team | Class | Make | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | Rank | Points |
| 2004 | Prototype Technology Group, Inc. | GT | BMW M3 E46 | BMW 3.2 L I6 | DAY 17 | HOM 2 | PHX | MTT 4 | WGL 8 | DAY 2 | MDO 4 | WGL 1 | HOM 4 | VIR 2 | BIR 2 | CAL 2 | | | 6th | 316 |
| 2005 | Prototype Technology Group, Inc. | GT | BMW M3 E46 | BMW 3.2 L I6 | DAY 30 | HOM 7 | CAL 1 | LAG 1 | MTT 3 | WGL 11 | DAY 1 | BIR 1 | WGL 2 | MDO 16 | PHX 3 | WGL 13 | VIR 2 | MEX | 4th | 337 |
| 2006 | Matt Connolly Motorsports | GT | BMW M3 E46 | BMW 3.2 L I6 | DAY | MEX | HOM | VIR 10 | LAG | PHX | LRP | | MDO 7 | DAY | BAR | SON 12 | UTA | | 28th | 105 |
| 2006 | Sigalsport BMW | GT | BMW M3 E46 | BMW 3.2 L I6 | | | | | | | | WGL 18 | | | | | | | 28th | 105 |
| 2007 | Howard Motorsports | GT | Infiniti G35 | Infiniti 3.7 L V6 | DAY 34 | MEX | HOM | VIR | MTY | LRP | WGL | MDO | DAY | IOW | BAR | MON | UTA | | NC | 0 |
| 2007 | Sigalsport BMW | DP | Riley Technologies MkXI | BMW S62-B50 5.0L V8 | DAY | MEX | HOM | VIR | LAG | WGL 15 | MDO | DAY | BAR | IOW | MON | WGL | SON | UTA 16 | 56th | 31 |
| 2008 | Alex Job Racing | DP | Crawford DP03 | Porsche 3.99L F6 | DAY 15 | HOM 2 | MEX 13 | VIR 7 | LAG 11 | WGL 16 | MDO 19 | DAY 8 | | | | | | | 13th | 287 |
| 2008 | Alex Job Racing | DP | Riley MkXI | Porsche 3.99L F6 | | | | | | | | | BAR 12 | MON 15 | WGL 4 | SON 8 | NJ 3 | MIL 8 | 13th | 287 |
| 2010 | Turner Motorsport | GT | BMW M6 | BMW 5.0L V10 | DAY 8 | HOM 5 | BIR | | LIM 8 | WGL | MDO 1 | DAY 2 | NJ 5 | WGL | MON | MIL 5 | | | 16th | 191 |
| 2010 | Starworks Motorsport | DP | Riley Mk. XX | BMW 5.0L V8 | | | | VIR 9 | | | | | | | | | | | 36th | 22 |
| 2011 | Chip Ganassi Racing with Felix Sabates | DP | Riley Mk. XX | BMW 5.0L V8 | DAY 1 | HOM | BIR | VIR | LIM | WGL | ELK | LAG | NJ | WAT | MON | LEX | | | 23rd | 35 |
| 2011 | Turner Motorsport | GT | BMW M3 | BMW 5.0L V8 | | HOM | BIR | VIR | LIM | WGL 11 | ELK | LAG | NJ | WAT 17 | MON | LEX | | | 42nd | 34 |
| 2012 | Chip Ganassi Racing with Felix Sabates | DP | Riley Mk. XXVI | BMW 5.0L V8 | DAY 6 | BAR | HOM | NJ | BEL | MDO | ELK | WGL | IMS | WGL | MON | LAG | LIM | | 31st | 25 |
| 2013 | Chip Ganassi Racing with Felix Sabates | DP | Riley Mk. XXVI | BMW 5.0L V8 | DAY 11 | COA | BAR | ATL | DET | MDO | WGL | IMS 9 | ELK | KAN | LAG | LIM | | | 29th | 42 |

### 24 Hours of Le Mans results

| Year | Team | Co-drivers | Car | Class | Laps | Pos. | Class pos. |
| 2011 | BMW Motorsport | Andy Priaulx Dirk Müller | BMW M3 GT2 | GTE Pro | 313 | 15th | 3rd |
| 2016 | Ford Chip Ganassi Team USA | Sébastien Bourdais Dirk Müller | Ford GT | GTE Pro | 340 | 18th | 1st |
| 2017 | Ford Chip Ganassi Team USA | Tony Kanaan Dirk Müller | Ford GT | GTE Pro | 339 | 22nd | 6th |
| 2018 | Ford Chip Ganassi Team USA | Dirk Müller Sébastien Bourdais | Ford GT | GTE Pro | 343 | 17th | 3rd |
| 2019 | Ford Chip Ganassi Team USA | Dirk Müller Sébastien Bourdais | Ford GT | GTE Pro | 342 | DSQ | DSQ |
| Sources: ||||||||

### Complete DTM results

(key)
Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters results :
| Year | Team | Car | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Pos. | Pts |
| 2012 | BMW Team RMG | BMW M3 DTM | HOC 13 | LAU 14 | BRH 13 | SPL 9 | NOR 14 | NÜR 18 | ZAN 14 | OSC 11 | VAL 15† | HOC 8 | 20th | 6 |
| 2013 | BMW Team RBM | BMW M3 DTM | HOC 7 | BRH 5 | SPL Ret | LAU 15 | NOR 8 | MSC 7 | NÜR Ret | OSC 16 | ZAN 7 | HOC 20 | 12th | 32 |
| 2014 | BMW Team RBM | BMW M4 DTM | HOC 10 | OSC 15 | HUN 15 | NOR 7 | MSC 17 | SPL 12 | NÜR 14 | LAU 11 | ZAN 10 | HOC 15 | 20th | 8 |
| Source: |||||||||||||||

### Complete IMSA SportsCar Championship results

(key)(Races in bold indicate pole position, Results are overall/class)
| Year | Team | Class | Make | Engine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | Rank | Points |
| 2014 | BMW Team RLL | GTLM | BMW Z4 GTE | BMW 4.4 L V8 | DAY 2 | SEB 3 | LBH | LGA | WGL | MOS | IMS | ELK | VIR | COA | PET 10† | 23rd | 76 |
| 2015 | Chip Ganassi Racing | P | Ford EcoBoost Riley DP | Ford Ecoboost 3.5 L V6 Turbo | DAY 6 | SEB 4 | LBH 2 | LGA 7 | DET 4 | WGL 2 | MOS 6 | ELK 3 | COA 1 | PET 2 | | 4th | 301 |
| 2016 | Ford Chip Ganassi Racing | GTLM | Ford GT | Ford 3.5 L EcoBoost V6 | DAY 7 | SEB 8 | LBH 8 | LGA 6 | WGL 2 | MOS 5 | LIM 5 | ELK 9 | VIR 2 | COA 6 | PET 2 | 6th | 301 |
| 2017 | Ford Chip Ganassi Racing | GTLM | Ford GT | Ford 3.5 L EcoBoost V6 | DAY 1 | SEB 2 | LBH 8 | COA 5 | WGL 4 | MOS 5 | LIM 7 | ROA 1 | VIR 5 | LGA 6 | PET 7 | 3rd | 306 |
| 2018 | Ford Chip Ganassi Racing | GTLM | Ford GT | Ford 3.5 L EcoBoost V6 | DAY 2 | SEB 9 | LBH 3 | MDO 4 | WGL 1 | MOS 5 | LIM 1 | ROA 7 | VIR 4 | LGA 7 | PET 7 | 4th | 308 |
| 2019 | Ford Chip Ganassi Racing | GTLM | Ford GT | Ford 3.5 L EcoBoost V6 | DAY 7 | SEB 2 | LBH | MDO | WGL 4 | MOS 6 | LIM 3 | ELK 2 | VIR 6 | LGA 1 | PET 8 | 10th | 254 |
| 2020 | Michael Shank Racing w/ Curb-Agajanian | GTD | Acura NSX GT3 Evo | Acura 3.5 L Turbo V6 | DAY | DAY | SEB | ELK | VIR | ATL | MDO | CLT | PET | LGA | SEB 6 | 46th | 25 |
| 2024 | Ford Multimatic Motorsports | GTD Pro | Ford Mustang GT3 | Ford Coyote 5.4 L V8 | DAY 9 | SEB 8 | LGA 8 | DET 7 | WGL 10 | MOS 7 | ELK 8 | VIR 4 | IMS 12 | PET 6 | | 10th | 2555 |
| 2025 | Gradient Racing | GTD | Ford Mustang GT3 | Ford Coyote 5.4 L V8 | DAY 18 | SEB | LBH | LGA | WGL | MOS | ELK | VIR | IMS | PET | | 18th* | 144* |
| Source: |||||||||||||||||||
$^*$ Season still in progress.
$^†$ Hand did not complete sufficient laps in order to score full points.

### NASCAR

(key) (Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

#### Cup Series

NASCAR Cup Series results :
| Year | Team | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | NCSC | Pts |
| 2021 | Rick Ware Racing | 52 | Ford | DAY | DAY | HOM | LVS | PHO | ATL | BRI | MAR | RCH | TAL | KAN | DAR | DOV | COA | CLT | SON | NSH | POC | POC | ROA | ATL | NHA | GLN | IRC | MCH | DAY | DAR | RCH | BRI | LVS | TAL | ROV 27 | TEX | KAN | MAR | PHO | 35th | 10 |
| 2022 | Rick Ware Racing | 15 | Ford | DAY | CAL | LVS | PHO | ATL | COA 35 | RCH | MAR | BRD | TAL | DOV | DAR | KAN | CLT | GTW | SON 20 | NSH | ROA 21 | ATL | NHA | POC | IRC 29 | MCH | RCH | GLN 31 | DAY | DAR | KAN | BRI | TEX | TAL | ROV 38 | LVS | HOM | MAR | PHO | 34th | 64 |
| 2024 | RFK Racing | 60 | Ford | DAY | ATL | LVS | PHO | BRI | COA | RCH | MAR | TEX | TAL | DOV | KAN | DAR | CLT | GTW | SON | IOW | NHA | NSH | CSC 4 | POC | IND | RCH | MCH | DAY | DAR | ATL | GLN | BRI | KAN | TAL | ROV | LVS | HOM | MAR | PHO | 39th | 43 |