# Margraviate of Moravia

The Margraviate of Moravia (Czech: Markrabství moravské; German: Markgrafschaft Mähren) was one of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown within the Holy Roman Empire and then Austria-Hungary, existing from 1182 to 1918. It was officially administered by a margrave in cooperation with a provincial diet. It was variously a de facto independent state, and also subject to the Duchy, later the Kingdom of Bohemia. It comprised the historical region called Moravia, which lies within the present-day Czech Republic.

## Geography

The Margraviate lay east of Bohemia proper, with an area about half that region's size. In the north, the Sudeten Mountains, which extend to the Moravian Gate, formed the border with the Polish Duchy of Silesia, incorporated as a Bohemian crown land upon the 1335 Treaty of Trentschin. In the east and southeast, the western Carpathian Mountains separated it from present-day Slovakia. In the south, the winding Thaya River marked the border with the Duchy of Austria.
Moravians, usually considered a Czech people that speak Moravian dialects, made up the main part of the population. According to a 1910 Cisleithanian census, 27.6% identified themselves as German Moravians. These ethnic Germans would later be expelled after the Second World War. Other ethnic minority groups included Poles, Roma and Slovaks.

## History

After the early medieval Great Moravian realm had been finally defeated by the Árpád princes of Hungary in 907, what is now Slovakia was incorporated as "Upper Hungary" (Felső-Magyarország), while adjacent Moravia passed under the authority of the Duchy of Bohemia. King Otto I of Germany officially granted it to Duke Boleslaus I in turn for his support against the Hungarian forces in the 955 Battle of Lechfeld. Temporarily ruled by King Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland from 999 until 1019, Moravia was re-conquered by Duke Oldřich of Bohemia and ultimately became a land of the Crown of Saint Wenceslas held by the Přemyslid dynasty.
In 1182, the Margraviate was created at the behest of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa by merger of the three Přemyslid appanage principalities of Brno, Olomouc and Znojmo, and given to Conrad II, the son of Prince Conrad of Znojmo. As heir apparent, the future King Ottokar II of Bohemia was appointed Moravian margrave by his father Wenceslaus I in 1247. Along with Bohemia, Moravia was ruled by the House of Luxembourg from the extinction of the Přemyslid dynasty until 1437. Jobst, nephew of Emperor Charles IV inherited the Margraviate in 1375, ruled autonomously and was even elected King of the Romans in 1410. Shaken by the Hussite Wars, the Moravian nobles remained loyal supporters of the Luxembourg emperor Sigismund.
In 1469, Moravia was occupied by the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus, who had allied with the Catholic nobility against the rule of George of Poděbrady and had himself elected rival king of Bohemia at Olomouc. The rivalry with King Vladislaus II was settled in the 1479 Peace of Olomouc, whereby Matthias renounced the royal title but retained the rule over the Moravian lands.
From 1599 to 1711, Moravia was frequently subjected to raids by the Ottoman Empire and its vassals (especially the Tatars and Transylvania). Overall, hundreds of thousands were enslaved whilst tens of thousands were killed.
With the other lands of the Bohemian Crown, the Margraviate was incorporated into the Habsburg monarchy upon the death of King Louis II in the 1526 Battle of Mohács. Moravia was ruled as a crown land within the Austrian Empire from 1804 and within Cisleithanian Austria from 1867.
During the foundation of Czechoslovakia after World War I, the Margraviate was transformed into "Moravia Land", later "Moravia-Silesia Land" in 1918. This autonomy was eliminated in 1949 by the communist government and has not been re-established since.

## Government

The margrave held ultimate authority in Moravia, throughout the history of the margraviate. This meant that as its margraves became more foreign, so too did governance of the margraviate.
Moravia possessed a legislature, known as the Moravian Diet. The assembly has its origins in 1288, with the Colloquium generale, or curia generalis. This was a meeting of the upper nobility, knights, the Bishop of Olomouc, abbots and ambassadors from royal cities. These meetings gradually evolved into the diet.
The power of this diet waxed and waned throughout history. By the end of the margraviate, the diet was almost powerless. The diet consisted of three estates of the realm: the estate of upper nobility, the estate of the lower nobility, and the estate of prelates and burghers. With the February Patent of 1861, the diet was reformed into a more egalitarian body. It still retained the same structure, but the members changed. It consisted of assembly seats for landowners, city-dwellers, and rural farmers. This was retained until the diet was abolished after the fall of the Dual Monarchy.

## Moravian eagle

The coat of arms of Moravia is charged with a crowned silver-red chequered eagle with golden claws and tongue. It first appeared in the seal of Margrave Přemysl (1209–1239), a younger son of King Ottokar I of Bohemia. After 1462, the Moravian eagle was gold-red chequered, but was never accepted by the Moravian assembly.

## Administration
### Until 1848

In the mid 14th century Emperor Charles IV, also King of Bohemia and Margrave of Moravia, established administrative divisions called kraje (Kreise in German). These subdivisions were named for their capitals:
* Brno
* Jihlava
* Olomouc
* Přerov
* Uherské Hradiště
* Znojmo

### After 1848

After the 1848 revolutions, political districts (politický okres, politische Bezirke; formally Bezirkshauptmannschaften) were established, which were organised into two Kreise/kraje – Brünn and Olmütz.
* Brünner Kreis (Brněnský kraj) – 12 districts: Brünn Trübau Boskowitz Witschau Gaya Auspitz Iglau Datschitz Znaym [sic] Kromau Nikolsburg
* Olmützer Kreis (Olomoucký kraj) – 13 districts: Olmütz Sternberg Schönberg Hohenstadt Littau Neutitschein Weißkirchen Wistek Wallachisch-Meseritsch Hradisch Kremsier Holleschau Ungarischbrod [sic]
In Bach's reforms of 1854 the former kraje were restored (albeit with some minor border changes and with Nový Jičín (Neutitschein) replacing Přerov) and the political districts were replaced by 'office districts' (Amtsbezirke [de]), subordinate to the kraje which distributed some of their authority. The Moravian capital Brno/Brünn acted as the seat for Kreis Brünn/Brněnský kraj but as a statutory city was directly subordinate to Moravia.
* Kreis Brünn (Brněnský kraj) – 17 districts: Auspitz Austerlitz Blansko Boskowitz Brünn (environs) Butschowitz Eibenschitz Gewitsch Klobauk Kunstadt Lundenburg Seelowitz Steinitz Titschnowitz Triebau Wischau Zwittau
* Kreis Olmütz (Olomoucký kraj) – 17 districts: Altstadt Hof Hohenstadt Kojetein Littau Müglitz Mährisch-Naustadt Olmütz (environs) Plumenau Prerau Proßnitz Römerstadt Schildberg Schönberg Sternberg Weisenberg Olmütz (city)
* Kreis Neutitschein – 13 districts: Bystřitz Frankstadt Freiberg Fulnek Leipnitz Liebau Walachisch-Meseritsch Mistek Neutitschein Mährisch-Ostrau Rožnau Weißkirchen Wsetin
* Kreis Hradisch (Hradišťský kraj) – 12 districts: Ungarisch-Brod Gaya Göding Holleschau Hradisch Klobauk Kremsier Rapajedl Ungarisch-Ostra Stražnitz Wisowitz Zdaunek
* Kreis Znaim (Znojemský kraj) – 9 districts: Mährisch-Budwitz Frain Hrottowitz Jamnitz Joslowitz Kromau Namiescht Nikolsburg Znaim
* Kreis Iglau (Jihlavský kraj) – 8 districts: Bystřitz Datschitz Iglau Groß-Meseritsch Neustadtl Saar Teltsch Trebitsch
In 1860 the Kreise/kraje were dissolved and the districts were subordinated directly to the Statthalterei in Brünn/Brno.
Political districts were re-established in the December Constitution following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 and remained in place until Austria-Hungary's dissolution. They were largely retained by the Czechoslovak administration after 1918:
* Boskovice
* Brno
* Dačice
* Hodonín
* Holešov
* Hranice na Moravě
* Hustopeče
* Jihlava
* Kroměříž
* Kyjov
* Litovel
* Mikulov
* Místek
* Moravská Třebová
* Moravské Budějovice
* Moravský Beroun
* Moravský Krumlov
* Nové Město na Moravě
* Nový Jičín
* Olomouc
* Ostrava
* Přerov
* Prostějov
* Rýmařov
* Šternberk
* Šumperk
* Tišnov
* Třebíč
* Uherské Hradiště
* Uherský Brod
* Valašské Meziříčí
* Velké Meziříčí
* Vsetín
* Vyškov
* Zábřeh
* Znojmo

## Demographics

The region experienced rapid population growth when it was part of Austria-Hungary. From 1890 to 1900 alone there was an increase of 7.1%. The population development from 1851 to 1900 was as follows:
| Year | 1851 | 1880 | 1890 | 1900 |
| Population | 1,799,838 | 2,153,407 | 2,276,870 | 2,437,706 |

### Ethnicity

In terms of ethnicity, the population was predominantly divided between Czechs and Germans. The German minority mostly lived on the borders with Lower Austria and Silesia, and in various language islands (around Brünn, Olmütz, Iglau and Zwittau), as well as in some larger cities. The ethnic distribution according to the census was as follows:
| Ethnicity | 1880 | 1880 | 1900 | 1900 |
| Czechs | 1,507,327 | 70.0% | 1,727,270 | 70.9% |
| Germans | 628,907 | 29.2% | 675,492 | 27.7% |
| Others | 17,173 | 0.8% | 34,944 | 1.4% |
| Total | 2,153,407 | 2,153,407 | 2,437,706 | 2,437,706 |

### Population by district (1910)

| Judicial district | Czech name | Political district (Politischer Bezirk) | Population | Germans | % | Czechs | % | Others | % | Foreigners | % |
| Auspitz | Hustopeč | Auspitz | 24,506 | 10,319 | 42.1% | 14,128 | 57.7% | 1 | 0.0% | 58 | 0.2% |
| Austerlitz | Slavkov | Wischau | 33,604 | 808 | 2.4% | 32,679 | 97.2% | 6 | 0.0% | 111 | 0.3% |
| Blansko | Blansko | Boskowitz | 34,816 | 186 | 0.5% | 34,584 | 99.3% | 1 | 0.0% | 45 | 0.1% |
| Bojkowitz | Bojkovice | Ungarisch Brod | 13,816 | 11 | 0.1% | 13,673 | 99.0% | 7 | 0.1% | 125 | 0.9% |
| Boskowitz | Boskovice | Boskowitz | 30,762 | 981 | 3.2% | 29,724 | 96.6% | 6 | 0.0% | 51 | 0.2% |
| Brünn | Brno | Brünn | 125,737 | 81,617 | 64.9% | 41,943 | 33.4% | 214 | 0.2% | 1,963 | 1.6% |
| Brünn Umgebung | Brno okolí | Brünn (Landbezirk) | 125,828 | 14,702 | 11.7% | 110,457 | 87.8% | 80 | 0.1% | 589 | 0.5% |
| Butschowitz | Bučovice | Wischau | 19,922 | 144 | 0.7% | 19,734 | 99.1% | 2 | 0.0% | 42 | 0.2% |
| Bystřitz | Bystřice | Neustadtl in Mähren | 21,762 | 39 | 0.2% | 21,700 | 99.7% | 0 | 0.0% | 23 | 0.1% |
| Bystřitz am Hostein | Bystřice pod Hostýnem | Holleschau | 21,944 | 144 | 0.7% | 21,687 | 98.8% | 8 | 0.0% | 105 | 0.5% |
| Datschitz | Dačice | Datschitz | 13,075 | 176 | 1.3% | 12,893 | 98.6% | 0 | 0.0% | 6 | 0.0% |
| Eibenschitz | Ivančice | Brünn (Landbezirk) | 36,665 | 2,087 | 5.7% | 34,461 | 94.0% | 7 | 0.0% | 110 | 0.3% |
| Frain | Vranov | Znaim (Landbezirk) | 9,123 | 7,920 | 86.8% | 1,157 | 12.7% | 8 | 0.1% | 38 | 0.4% |
| Frankstadt | Frenštát | Mistek | 19,087 | 85 | 0.4% | 18,864 | 98.8% | 53 | 0.3% | 85 | 0.4% |
| Freiberg | Příbor | Neutitschein | 25,710 | 6,877 | 26.7% | 18,524 | 72.0% | 89 | 0.3% | 220 | 0.9% |
| Fulnek | Fulnek | Neutitschein | 14,771 | 13,960 | 94.5% | 630 | 4.3% | 58 | 0.4% | 123 | 0.8% |
| Gaya | Kyjov | Gaya | 39,836 | 884 | 2.2% | 38,728 | 97.2% | 7 | 0.0% | 217 | 0.5% |
| Gewitsch | Jevíčko | Mährisch Trübau | 21,898 | 3,024 | 13.8% | 18,849 | 86.1% | 0 | 0.0% | 25 | 0.1% |
| Göding | Hodonín | Göding | 35,510 | 5,369 | 15.1% | 28,813 | 81.1% | 63 | 0.2% | 1,265 | 3.6% |
| Großbittesch | Velká Byteš | Großmeseritsch | 12,946 | 23 | 0.2% | 12,918 | 99.8% | 0 | 0.0% | 5 | 0.0% |
| Großmeseritsch | Velké Meziříčí | Großmeseritsch | 28,253 | 189 | 0.7% | 28,045 | 99.3% | 0 | 0.0% | 19 | 0.1% |
| Hof | Dvorec | Bärn | 12,293 | 12,203 | 99.3% | 20 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 70 | 0.6% |
| Hohenstadt | Zábřeh | Hohenstadt | 31,071 | 9,954 | 32.0% | 21,042 | 67.7% | 1 | 0.0% | 74 | 0.2% |
| Holleschau | Holešov | Holleschau | 32,225 | 440 | 1.4% | 31,657 | 98.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 128 | 0.4% |
| Hrottowitz | Hrotovice | Mährisch Kromau | 15,704 | 80 | 0.5% | 15,598 | 99.3% | 6 | 0.0% | 20 | 0.1% |
| Iglau | Jihlava | Iglau (Landbezirk), Iglau (Stadt) | 53,513 | 27,886 | 52.1% | 25,380 | 47.4% | 14 | 0.0% | 233 | 0.4% |
| Jamnitz | Jemnice | Mährisch Budwitz | 13,709 | 3,406 | 24.8% | 10,272 | 74.9% | 10 | 0.1% | 21 | 0.2% |
| Joslowitz | Jaroslavice | Znaim (Landbezirk) | 24,043 | 23,694 | 98.5% | 280 | 1.2% | 4 | 0.0% | 65 | 0.3% |
| Klobouk | Klobouky | Auspitz | 14,282 | 50 | 0.4% | 14,194 | 99.4% | 1 | 0.0% | 37 | 0.3% |
| Kojetein | Kojetín | Prerau | 31,010 | 225 | 0.7% | 30,348 | 97.9% | 33 | 0.1% | 404 | 1.3% |
| Konitz | Konice | Littau | 23,179 | 5,329 | 23.0% | 17,842 | 77.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 8 | 0.0% |
| Kremsier | Kroměříž | Kremsier (Land), Kremsier (Stadt) | 42,496 | 893 | 2.1% | 41,388 | 97.4% | 49 | 0.1% | 166 | 0.4% |
| Kunstadt | Kunštát | Boskowitz | 25,335 | 73 | 0.3% | 25,248 | 99.7% | 2 | 0.0% | 12 | 0.0% |
| Leipnik | Lipník | Mährisch Weißkirchen | 23,182 | 3,512 | 15.1% | 19,503 | 84.1% | 22 | 0.1% | 145 | 0.6% |
| Littau | Litovel | Littau | 26,121 | 1,125 | 4.3% | 24,967 | 95.6% | 7 | 0.0% | 22 | 0.1% |
| Lundenburg | Břeclav | Göding | 31,699 | 5,370 | 16.9% | 25,860 | 81.6% | 5 | 0.0% | 464 | 1.5% |
| Mährisch Altstadt | Staré Město | Mährisch Schönberg | 15,511 | 15,429 | 99.5% | 38 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 44 | 0.3% |
| Mährisch Budwitz | Moravské Budějovice | Mährisch Budwitz | 25,839 | 169 | 0.7% | 25,639 | 99.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 31 | 0.1% |
| Mährisch Kromau | Moravský Krumlov | Mährisch Kromau | 26,911 | 11,595 | 43.1% | 15,259 | 56.7% | 1 | 0.0% | 56 | 0.2% |
| Mährisch Neustadt | Unčov | Sternberg | 24,567 | 20,136 | 82.0% | 4,373 | 17.8% | 1 | 0.0% | 57 | 0.2% |
| Mährisch Ostrau | Moravská Ostrava | Mährisch Ostrau | 111,186 | 43,246 | 38.9% | 52,254 | 47.0% | 12,906 | 11.6% | 2,780 | 2.5% |
| Mährisch Schönberg | Šumperk | Mährisch Schönberg | 50,348 | 38,179 | 75.8% | 11,814 | 23.5% | 59 | 0.1% | 296 | 0.6% |
| Mährisch Trübau | Moravská Třebová | Mährisch Trübau | 29,996 | 27,926 | 93.1% | 1,943 | 6.5% | 7 | 0.0% | 120 | 0.4% |
| Mährisch Weißkirchen | Hranice | Mährisch Weißkirchen | 35,465 | 8,701 | 24.5% | 26,345 | 74.3% | 141 | 0.4% | 278 | 0.8% |
| Mistek | Místek | Mistek | 36,917 | 3,457 | 9.4% | 32,990 | 89.4% | 200 | 0.5% | 270 | 0.7% |
| Müglitz | Mohelnice | Hohenstadt | 23,360 | 13,993 | 59.9% | 9,209 | 39.4% | 74 | 0.3% | 84 | 0.4% |
| Namiest an der Oslawa | Náměšť nad Oslavou | Trebitsch | 15,711 | 67 | 0.4% | 15,636 | 99.5% | 0 | 0.0% | 8 | 0.1% |
| Napajedl | Napajedla | Ungarisch Hradisch | 29,861 | 38 | 0.1% | 29,696 | 99.4% | 7 | 0.0% | 120 | 0.4% |
| Neustadtl in Mähren | Nové Město na Moravě | Neustadtl in Mähren | 22,297 | 31 | 0.1% | 22,246 | 99.8% | 1 | 0.0% | 19 | 0.1% |
| Neutitschein | Nový Jičín | Neutitschein | 44,764 | 23,976 | 53.6% | 20,400 | 45.6% | 71 | 0.2% | 317 | 0.7% |
| Nikolsburg | Mikulov | Nikolsburg | 33,030 | 31,619 | 95.7% | 597 | 1.8% | 683 | 2.1% | 131 | 0.4% |
| Olmütz | Olomouc | Olmütz (Land), Olmütz (Stadt) | 103,280 | 30,987 | 30.0% | 70,645 | 68.4% | 934 | 0.9% | 714 | 0.7% |
| Plumenau | Plumlov | Proßnitz | 23,738 | 84 | 0.4% | 23,640 | 99.6% | 0 | 0.0% | 14 | 0.1% |
| Pohrlitz | Pohořelice | Nikolsburg | 16,021 | 15,292 | 95.4% | 654 | 4.1% | 2 | 0.0% | 73 | 0.5% |
| Prerau | Přerov | Prerau | 47,174 | 1,635 | 3.5% | 45,250 | 95.9% | 59 | 0.1% | 230 | 0.5% |
| Proßnitz | Prostějov | Proßnitz | 57,735 | 2,407 | 4.2% | 54,839 | 95.0% | 181 | 0.3% | 308 | 0.5% |
| Römerstadt | Rýmařov | Römerstadt | 28,497 | 28,355 | 99.5% | 4 | 0.0% | 25 | 0.1% | 113 | 0.4% |
| Rožnau am Radhorst | Rožnov pod Radhoštěm | Wallachisch Meseritsch | 20,178 | 29 | 0.1% | 20,118 | 99.7% | 0 | 0.0% | 31 | 0.2% |
| Saar | Žďár | Neustadtl in Mähren | 14,383 | 30 | 0.2% | 14,330 | 99.6% | 1 | 0.0% | 22 | 0.2% |
| Schildberg | Šilperk | Hohenstadt | 16,388 | 9,150 | 55.8% | 7,194 | 43.9% | 2 | 0.0% | 42 | 0.3% |
| Seelowitz | Židlochovice | Auspitz | 30,980 | 2,476 | 8.0% | 28,454 | 91.8% | 5 | 0.0% | 45 | 0.1% |
| Stadt Liebau | Město Libavá | Bärn | 17,347 | 17,285 | 99.6% | 28 | 0.2% | 0 | 0.0% | 34 | 0.2% |
| Steinitz | Ždánice | Gaya | 14,814 | 205 | 1.4% | 14,567 | 98.3% | 0 | 0.0% | 42 | 0.3% |
| Sternberg | Šternberk | Sternberg | 36,123 | 28,018 | 77.6% | 7,982 | 22.1% | 5 | 0.0% | 118 | 0.3% |
| Straßnitz | Strážnice | Göding | 26,425 | 427 | 1.6% | 25,744 | 97.4% | 2 | 0.0% | 252 | 1.0% |
| Teltsch | Telč | Datschitz | 26,137 | 95 | 0.4% | 25,982 | 99.4% | 0 | 0.0% | 60 | 0.2% |
| Tischnowitz | Tišnov | Tischnowitz | 35,406 | 264 | 0.7% | 35,044 | 99.0% | 18 | 0.1% | 80 | 0.2% |
| Trebitsch | Třebíč | Trebitsch | 40,832 | 837 | 2.0% | 39,919 | 97.8% | 6 | 0.0% | 70 | 0.2% |
| Triesch | Třešť | Iglau (Landbezirk) | 14,249 | 160 | 1.1% | 14,057 | 98.7% | 2 | 0.0% | 30 | 0.2% |
| Ungarisch Brod | Uherský Brod | Ungarisch Brod | 36,954 | 706 | 1.9% | 35,929 | 97.2% | 11 | 0.0% | 308 | 0.8% |
| Ungarisch Hradisch | Uherské Hradiště | Ungarisch Hradisch (Land), Ungarisch Hradisch (Stadt) | 41,354 | 100 | 0.2% | 41,129 | 99.5% | 1 | 0.0% | 124 | 0.3% |
| Ungarisch Ostra | Uherský Ostroh | Ungarisch Hradisch | 46,528 | 469 | 1.0% | 45,846 | 98.5% | 7 | 0.0% | 206 | 0.4% |
| Wallachisch Klobouk | Valašské Klobouky | Ungarisch Brod | 26,419 | 101 | 0.4% | 25,784 | 97.6% | 41 | 0.2% | 493 | 1.9% |
| Wallachisch Meseritsch | Valašské Meziříčí | Wallachisch Meseritsch | 24,657 | 319 | 1.3% | 24,224 | 98.2% | 15 | 0.1% | 99 | 0.4% |
| Wiesenberg | Viesenberk | Mährisch Schönberg | 14,525 | 14,465 | 99.6% | 7 | 0.0% | 4 | 0.0% | 49 | 0.3% |
| Wischau | Vyškov | Wischau | 43,545 | 3,486 | 8.0% | 39,976 | 91.8% | 6 | 0.0% | 77 | 0.2% |
| Wisowitz | Vizovice | Holleschau | 23,469 | 2 | 0.0% | 23,223 | 99.0% | 90 | 0.4% | 154 | 0.7% |
| Wsetin | Vsetín | Wsetin | 42,976 | 214 | 0.5% | 42,250 | 98.3% | 22 | 0.1% | 490 | 1.1% |
| Zdounek | Zdounky | Kremsier (Landbezirk) | 22,368 | 92 | 0.4% | 22,241 | 99.4% | 4 | 0.0% | 31 | 0.1% |
| Zlabings | Slavonice | Datschitz | 10,090 | 9,322 | 92.4% | 734 | 7.3% | 0 | 0.0% | 34 | 0.3% |
| Znaim | Znojmo | Znaim (Land), Znaim | 61,866 | 42,253 | 68.3% | 18,339 | 29.6% | 52 | 0.1% | 1,222 | 2.0% |
| Zwittau | Svitavy | Mährisch Trübau | 28,197 | 27,339 | 97.0% | 767 | 2.7% | 0 | 0.0% | 91 | 0.3% |
| TOTAL | | | 2,627,851 | 718,951 | 27,35% | 1,875,129 | 71,5% | 16,410 | | 17,361 | |

## Rulers of Moravia

* Part of Great Moravia (c. 820–907)

### Dukes in Moravia (907-1182)
#### Přemyslid dynasty as Duke of Bohemia (907-999)

| Ruler | Born | Reign | Death | Consort | Notes |
| Spytihněv I | 882 | 907–915 | 915 | Unmarried | First son of Bořivoj I and Ludmila of Bohemia. He restored Bohemian sovereignty in 894, than ruled from 907 over the territory of Moravia too. |
| Vratislaus I | 888 | 915–921 | 13 February 921 | Drahomíra three children | Second son of Bořivoj I and Ludmila of Bohemia. |
| Wenceslaus I | 907 | 921–929/935 | 28 September 929/935 | Unmarried | Known as St. Wenceslaus ("Good King Wenceslas" for English-speaking people), the patron saint of the Czech lands. He was the first son of Vratislaus I and Drahomíra. His rule started with the regencies of Ludmila of Bohemia (921) and Drahomíra (921–925) |
| Boleslaus I the Cruel | 915 | 929/935-972 | July 972 | Biagota four children | Assassinated his brother to ascend to the ducal throne. He was the second son of Vratislaus I and Drahomíra. |
| Boleslaus II the Pious | 940 | 972-999 | 7 February 999 | Adiva (of England?) four children Emma of Mělník (Emma of Italy (?)) 989 no children | Son of Boleslaus I and Biagota. He lost Moravia against Poland. |

#### Piast dynasty as Duke of Poland (999-1019)

| Ruler | Ruler | Born | Reign | Death | Consort | Notes |
| Boleslaus III the Brave | | 967 | 999-1002 1003-1019 | 17 June 1025 | Oda/Hunilda Judith of Hungary one child Emnilda five children Oda of Meissen one child | Son of Mieszko I of Poland and Doubravka of Bohemia. He conquered Moravia as Duke of Poland in 999, than Bohemia in 1002 and given these territories to his younger brother Vladivoj. After the death of his brother, he ruled over Bohemia and Moravia as Duke of Poland and Bohemia till 1004, than as Duke of Poland over Moravia. |
| Vladivoj | | 981 | 1002-1003 | January 1003 | Unknown | Son of Mieszko I of Poland and Doubravka of Bohemia. He ruled over Moravia as Duke of Bohemia. |

#### Přemyslid dynasty as Duke in Moravia (1019-1182)

| Ruler | Born | Reign | Death | Ruling part | Consort | Notes |
| Bretislaus I | 1002/5 | 1019/29–1033 1034–1055 | 10 January 1055 | Moravia | Judith of Schweinfurt 1020 four children | Son of Ulrich, Duke of Bohemia, who reconquered Moravia from Poland and given to his son. |
| Ulrich I | 975 | 1033–1034 | 9 November 1034 | Moravia | Unknown no children Božena c. 1002 (morganatic) one child | In his After his death, his son was replaced in Moravia. |
| Conrad I | c. 1035 | 1055–1056 1061-1092 | 6 September 1092 | Brno | Wirpirk of Tengling 1054 two children | Children of Bretislav I, divided their inheritance: Conrad received Brno; Vratislav got Olomouc; Otto inherited Znojmo. The division was made ineffective by their other brother Spytihnev (1055), who had inherited Bohemia and extended his rule to Moravia, uniting the whole Premyslid domain under his control. However, after Spytihnev's death (1061), the landless brothers recovered the inheritance and divided it differently, as Vratislav had inherited Bohemia: Conrad recovered Brno but also received Otto's share in Znojmo; Otto received Vratislav's part in Olomouc. |
| Vratislaus I | c. 1035 | 1055–1056 | 14 January 1092 | Olomouc | Maria before 1057 no children Adelaide of Hungary I 1057 four children Świętosława of Poland 1062 five children | Children of Bretislav I, divided their inheritance: Conrad received Brno; Vratislav got Olomouc; Otto inherited Znojmo. The division was made ineffective by their other brother Spytihnev (1055), who had inherited Bohemia and extended his rule to Moravia, uniting the whole Premyslid domain under his control. However, after Spytihnev's death (1061), the landless brothers recovered the inheritance and divided it differently, as Vratislav had inherited Bohemia: Conrad recovered Brno but also received Otto's share in Znojmo; Otto received Vratislav's part in Olomouc. |
| Otto I the Fair | 1045 | 1055–1056 | 9 June 1087 | Znojmo | Euphemia of Hungary before 1073 two children | Children of Bretislav I, divided their inheritance: Conrad received Brno; Vratislav got Olomouc; Otto inherited Znojmo. The division was made ineffective by their other brother Spytihnev (1055), who had inherited Bohemia and extended his rule to Moravia, uniting the whole Premyslid domain under his control. However, after Spytihnev's death (1061), the landless brothers recovered the inheritance and divided it differently, as Vratislav had inherited Bohemia: Conrad recovered Brno but also received Otto's share in Znojmo; Otto received Vratislav's part in Olomouc. |
| Otto I the Fair | 1045 | 1056-1087 | 9 June 1087 | Olomouc | Euphemia of Hungary before 1073 two children | Children of Bretislav I, divided their inheritance: Conrad received Brno; Vratislav got Olomouc; Otto inherited Znojmo. The division was made ineffective by their other brother Spytihnev (1055), who had inherited Bohemia and extended his rule to Moravia, uniting the whole Premyslid domain under his control. However, after Spytihnev's death (1061), the landless brothers recovered the inheritance and divided it differently, as Vratislav had inherited Bohemia: Conrad recovered Brno but also received Otto's share in Znojmo; Otto received Vratislav's part in Olomouc. |
| Znojmo annexed to Brno (1056-92) ||||||||
| Spytihněv II | 1031 | 1056–1061 | 28 January 1061 | Moravia | Ida of Wettin c. 1054 one child | Brother of the three above, ended briefly the division of Moravia, uniting Bohemian and Moravian lands. After his death, his brothers re-split the land. |
| Boleslaus | 1062 | 1087–1091 | 11 August 1091 | Olomouc | Unmarried | |
| Svatopluk I the Lion | 1075 | 1091–1109 | 21 September 1109 | Olomouc | Unknown one child | Brother of Boleslaus. |
| Luitpold I | ? | 1092–1112 | 15 March 1112 | Znojmo | Ida of Austria one child | Children of Conrad I, divided the inheritance: Luitpold received Znojmo; Ulrich inherited Brno. Despite having heirs, Luitpold's land came to Ulrich's possession after his death. Conrad II, Luitpold's heir, would come to power in 1123. |
| Ulrich II | ? | 1092–1113 | 5 January 1113 | Brno (with Znojmo since 1112) | Adelaide two children | Children of Conrad I, divided the inheritance: Luitpold received Znojmo; Ulrich inherited Brno. Despite having heirs, Luitpold's land came to Ulrich's possession after his death. Conrad II, Luitpold's heir, would come to power in 1123. |
| Sobeslaus I | c. 1075 | 1113–1123 | 14 February 1140 | Brno (with Znojmo) | Adelaide of Hungary II 1123 five children | Son of Vratislaus I, ruled in Brno and Znojmo, which split after his resign: Znojmo returned to its heir, Conrad II; Brno was absorbed by Olomouc, the other Moravian feud. |
| Conrad II | c. 1075 | 1123–1161 | 14 February 1140 | Znojmo | Maria of Serbia 1132 four children | Son of Vratislaus I. |
| Otto II the Black | 1085 | 1109–1123 | 18 February 1126 | Olomouc (with Brno since 1123) | Sophia of Berg 1113 three children | Ruled in Olomouc, since 1091 with his brother Svatopluk. Acquired Brno in 1123. |
| Wenceslaus Henry | 1107 | 1126–1130 | 1 March 1130 | Olomouc | Unmarried | Son of Svatopluk, inherited Olomouc. |
| Vratislaus II | c. 1111 | 1126–1146 | 1146 | Brno | A Russian princess 1132 three children | Son of Ulrich II, inherited Brno. |
| Luitpold II | 1102 | 1130–1137 | 1143 | Olomouc | Unmarried | Son of Bořivoj II, Duke of Bohemia. |
| Vladislaus | ? | 1137–1140 | 1165 | Olomouc | Unmarried | Son of Sobeslaus I. |
| Otto III | 1122 | 1140–1160 | 12 May 1160 | Olomouc | Durancia five children | Son of Otto II. |
| Spytihněv III | ? | 1146?–1182 | 1199 | Brno | Umarried | In 1182 abdicated for Conrad III. |
| Brno annexed to Znojmo ||||||||
| Frederick I | 1142 | 1160–1173 | 25 March 1189 | Olomouc | Elizabeth of Hungary 1157 six children | Son of Vladislaus II, Duke of Bohemia. |
| Ulrich III | 1134 | 1173–1177 | 18 October 1177 | Olomouc | Cecilia of Thuringia no children Sophia of Meissen no children | Son of Soběslav I, Duke of Bohemia. |
| Wenceslaus | 1137 | 1177–1178 | after 1192 | Olomouc | Unmarried | Son of Sobeslaus I. Abdicated for Conrad III. |
| Olomouc annexed to Znojmo ||||||||
| Conrad III Otto | c. 1136 | 1161–1182 | 9 September 1191 | Znojmo | Hellicha of Wittelsbach before 1176 no children | Son of Conrad II. United Znojmo and Olomouc. Brno joined in 1182, when he also became the first Margrave of Moravia. |

### Margraves of Moravia
#### Přemyslid dynasty

* Conrad II Otto 1182–1191
united with Bohemia 1189–1197
* Vladislaus I Henry 1197–1222, second son of King Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Judith of Thuringia
* Vladislaus II 1223–1227, son of King Ottokar I of Bohemia and Constance of Hungary
* Přemysl 1227–1239, son of King Ottokar I of Bohemia and Constance of Hungary
* Vladislaus III 1239–1247, son of King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia and Kunigunde of Hohenstaufen
* Ottokar II 1247–1278, son of King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia and Kunigunde of Hohenstaufen
directly held by King Rudolph I of Germany 1278–1283
* Wenceslaus II 1283–1305, son of King Ottokar II of Bohemia and Kunigunda of Halych
* Wenceslaus III 1305–1306, son of King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia and Judith of Habsburg

#### Various dynasties

* Rudolf I of Habsburg 1306–1307, son of King Albert I of Germany and Elizabeth of Carinthia
* Henry of Carinthia 1307–1310, son of Duke Meinhard of Carinthia and Elisabeth of Bavaria

#### Luxembourgs

* John 1310–1333, son of Emperor Henry VII and Margaret of Brabant
* Charles 1333–1349, son of King John of Bohemia and Elizabeth
* John Henry 1349–1375, enfeoffed by his brother King Charles IV
* Jobst of Moravia 1375–1411, son of John Henry, with his brothers John Sobieslaus (until 1394) and Prokop (until 1405)
* Sigismund 1419–1423, son of Emperor Charles IV and Elizabeth of Pomerania

#### Various dynasties

* Albert V of Austria 1423–1439, son-in-law of Sigismund
* Ladislaus the Posthumous 1440–1457, son of Albert and grandson of Sigismund
* George of Poděbrady 1458–1468
* Matthias Corvinus 1468–1490, second son of John Hunyadi and Erzsébet Szilágyi

#### Jagiellons

* Vladislaus II 1490–1516, son of King Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland and Elisabeth of Habsburg
* Louis II 1516–1526, son of King Vladislaus II

#### Habsburgs

* Ferdinand I 1527–1564, fourth child of Philip I and Joanna of Castile
* Maximilian II 1564–1576, son of Emperor Ferdinand I and Anne of Bohemia and Hungary
* Rudolf II 1576–1608, son of Emperor Maximilian II
* Matthias II 1608–1617, son of Emperor Maximilian II
Under the united rule of the Bohemian kings from 1611 (see List of rulers of Bohemia).