# Mundari language

Mundari (Munɖari) is a Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family spoken by the Munda tribes in eastern Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal and northern Rangpur Division of Bangladesh. It is closely related to Santali and Bhumij. Mundari Bani, a script specifically to write Mundari, was invented by Rohidas Singh Nag. It has also been written in the Devanagari, Odia, Bengali, and Latin writing systems.

## History

According to linguist Paul Sidwell (2018), Munda languages probably arrived on coast of Odisha from Indochina about 4000–3500 years ago and spread after Indo-Aryan migration to Odisha.

## Geographical distribution

Historical speaker of Mundari language variety :
| Census | Munda (±%) | Munda (±%) | Mundari (±%) | Mundari (±%) | Total (±%) | Total (±%) |
| 1971 | 309,293 | | 771,253 | | 1,080,546 | |
| 1981 | 377,492 | (+22) | 742,739 | (-4) | 1,120,231 | (+3.6) |
| 1991 | 413,894 | (+9.6) | 861,378 | (+16) | 1,275,272 | (+13.8) |
| 2001 | 469,357 | (+13.5) | 1,061,352 | (+23) | 1,530,709 | (+20.0) |
| 2011 | 505,922 | (+7.8) | 1,128,228 | (+6) | 1,634,150 | (+6.7) |
| Source: Census of India |||||||
* Jharkhand (57.62%)
* Odisha (29.46%)
* Assam (5.7%)
* West Bengal (4.73%)
* Other (2.49%)
Mundari is spoken in the Khunti, Ranchi, Seraikela Kharsawan and West Singhbhum, East Singhbhum district of Jharkhand, and in the Mayurbhanj, Kendujhar, Sundargarh district of Odisha by at least 1.1 million people. Another 500,000, mainly in Odisha and Assam, are recorded in the census as speaking "Munda," potentially another name for Mundari.

## Dialects

Toshiki Osada (2008:99), citing the Encyclopaedia Mundarica (vol. 1, p. 6), lists the following dialects of Mundari, which are spoken mostly in Jharkhand state.
* Hasada ([hasa-daʔ]): east of the Ranchi-Chaibasa Road
* Naguri ([naɡuri]): west of the Ranchi-Chaibasa Road
* Tamaria ([tamaɽ-ia]) or Latar: Panchpargana area (Tamar, Bundu, Rahe, Sonahatu, Silli)
* Kera ([keraʔ]): ethnic Oraon who live in the Ranchi city area

## Phonology

The phonology of Mundari is similar to the surrounding closely related Austroasiatic languages but considerably different from either Indo-Aryan or Dravidian. Perhaps the most foreign phonological influence has been on the vowels. Whereas the branches of Austroasiatic in Southeast Asia are rich in vowel phonemes, Mundari has only five. The consonant inventory of Mundari is similar to other Austroasiatic languages with the exception of retroflex consonants, which seem to appear only in loanwords. (Osada 2008)

### Vowels

Mundari has five vowel phonemes. All vowels have long and short as well as nasalized allophones, but neither length nor nasality are contrastive. All vowels in open monosyllables are quantitatively longer than those in closed syllables, and those following nasal consonants or /ɟ/ are nasalized. Vowels preceding or following /ɳ/ are also nasalized.
| | Front | Central | Back |
| Close | i | | u |
| Mid | e | | o |
| Open | | a | |

### Consonants

Mundari's consonant inventory consists of 23 basic phonemes. The Naguri and Kera dialects include aspirated stops as additional phonemes, here enclosed in parentheses.
| | | Labial | Dental | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t̪ | ʈ | t͡ɕ | k | ʔ |
| Plosive | aspirated | (pʰ) | (t̪ʰ) | (ʈʰ) | (t͡ɕʰ) | (kʰ) | |
| Plosive | voiced | b | d̪ | ɖ | d͡ʑ | ɡ | |
| Fricative | Fricative | | s̪ | | | | h |
| Approximant | Approximant | w | l | ɽ | j | | |
| Trill | Trill | | r | | | | |

## Counting

| S.No. | Mundari | Transliteration | Translation |
| 1 | मियद | Miyad | One |
| 2 | बारिया | Baria | Two |
| 3 | आपिया | Apia | Three |
| 4 | उपनिआ | Upnia | four |
| 5 | मोड़ेया | Modea | Five |
| 6 | तुरिया | Turia | Six |
| 7 | एया | Are | Seven |
| 8 | इरलिया | Erlia | Eight |
| 9 | आरेया | Area | Nine |
| 10 | गेलेया | Galea | Ten |
| 11 | | Gel Miyad | Eleven |
| 12 | | Gel Bariya | Twelve |
| 13 | | Apiya | Thirteen |
| 14 | | Upuna | Fourteen |
| 15 | | Modeya | Fifteen |
| 16 | | Turiya | Sixteen |
| 17 | | Eya | Seventeen |
| 18 | | Iriliya | Eighteen |
| 19 | | Areya | Nineteen |
| 20 | | Mid Hisi | Twenty |
| 21 | | Hisi Miyad | Twenty-one |
| 30 | | Mid hisi Gel | Thirty |
| 31 | | Hisi Gel Miyad | Thirty-one |
| 40 | | Bar Hisi | Forty |
| 41 | | Bar Hisi Miyad | Forty-one |
| 50 | | Bar Hisi Gel | Fifty |
| 60 | | Aapi Hisi | Sixty |
| 70 | | Aapi Hisi Gel | Seventy |
| 80 | | Upun Hisi | Eighty |
| 90 | | Upun Hisi Gel | Ninety |
| 100 | | Mid Saaye | One hundred |
| 200 | | Bar Saaye | Two hundred |
| 1000 | | Mid Hazar | One thousand |
| 1,00,000 | | Mid Lak | One lakh |

## Relations

| Mundari | Transliteration | Translation |
| एङ्गा | Eṅga | Mother |
| आपु | Apu | Father |
| हागा | Haga | Brother |
| मिसि | Misi | Sister |
| गुया | Guya | Sister/brother of sister/brother in law |
| गति | Gati | Friend |
| | Hon koṛa | Son |
| | Hon Kuṛi | Daughter |

## Verb

| Mundari | Transliteration | Translation |
| रिकाएआ | Rikā'ē'ā | Does |
| ओलेआ | Ol'ē'ā | Write |
| जगरेआ | Jagor'ē'ā | Talk |
| पढ़वएआ | Padv'ē'ā | Read |
| लेलेआ | Lel'ē'ā | Look / see |
| सेनेआ | Sen'ē'ā | Come along with |
| नमेआ | Nem'ē'ā | Found |
| निरेआ | Nir'ē'ā | Run |
| सबेआ | Sab'ē'ā | Hold |
| लेका एआ | Leka'ē'ā | Count |
| मुकाएआ | Muka'ē'ā | Measure |
| रिका एआ | Rika'ē'ā | Cut |
| হেড়েম | Hedem | Sweet |
| | Kete-e | Hard |
| | Lebe-e | Soft |
| | Singi | Sun |
| | Chandu-u | Moon |
| | Ipil | Stars |
| | Sirma | Sky |
| | Ote Dishum | Earth |
| | Rimil | cloud |
| | Hoyo | Air/Wind |
| | Gitil | Sands |
| | Dhudi | Dust |
| | Losod | Muddy |
| | Hodomo | Body |
| | Tasad | Grass |
| | Daru | Tree |
| | Sakam | Leaf |
| | Dayir | Branches of Tree |

## Writing system

Mandari is also written in native Mundari Bani, invented in the 1980s by Rohidas Singh Nag.

## Grammar

It has been claimed the Mundari has no word classes, so that nouns, verbs, and adjectives are distinguished only by context. However, this has been disputed, notably by Evans and Osada in 2005.