# New York City Public Advocate

The office of New York City Public Advocate (President of the City Council) is a citywide elected position in New York City, which is first in line to succeed the mayor. The office serves as a direct link between the electorate and city government, effectively acting as an ombudsman, or watchdog, for New Yorkers.

## History

The office was created in 1993, when the New York City Council voted to rename the position of President of the City Council. Following the City Charter revision of 1989 which eliminated the powerful New York City Board of Estimate on which the president held a seat, the post was seen as largely ceremonial; its only notable responsibility was to cast the deciding vote in the City Council in the unlikely event of a tie, a power that was eliminated in 2001. At the time, it was thought likely that the post would be abolished altogether. The position survived, and has been held by Democrats throughout its history. Mark Green was the first public advocate and served through his unsuccessful run for Mayor in 2001.
Also in 2001, the City Council amended the city charter to transfer the public advocate's functions as presiding officer of the City Council to a Speaker elected from among the council members. Green's successor, Betsy Gotbaum, thus had her role limited to being the city's de facto ombudsman. The 2009 election to succeed Gotbaum was highly competitive and was won by Bill de Blasio, who later became the first public advocate to win the Mayor's office.
The current public advocate is Jumaane Williams, following a special election on February 26, 2019.

## Duties

The public advocate is a non-voting member of the New York City Council with the right to introduce and co-sponsor legislation. Prior to a 2002 charter revision, the Public Advocate was also the presiding officer of the council. The public advocate also serves as an ombudsman for city government, providing oversight for city agencies, investigating citizens' complaints about city services and making proposals to address perceived shortcomings or failures of those services. These duties, worded somewhat ambiguously, are laid out in Section 24 of the City Charter. The public advocate serves on the committee which selects the director of the New York City Independent Budget Office and appoints members to several boards and commissions, including one member of the New York City Planning Commission. The public advocate also serves as chairman of the Commission of Public Information and Communication established by Section 1061 of the New York City Charter.
Along with the mayor and the comptroller, the public advocate is one of three municipal offices elected by all the city's voters. In the event of a vacancy or incapacity of the mayor, the public advocate is first in line to become mayor.

## List of New York City public advocates

| No. | Name | Term of office | Party affiliation | Notes |
| 1 | Mark Green | January 1, 1994 – December 31, 2001 | Democratic | elected to two four-year terms ran for Mayor of New York City but lost |
| 2 | Betsy Gotbaum | January 1, 2002 – December 31, 2009 | Democratic | elected to two four-year terms did not run for re-election |
| 3 | Bill de Blasio | January 1, 2010 – December 31, 2013 | Democratic | elected to one four-year term ran for Mayor of New York City, and won |
| 4 | Letitia James | January 1, 2014 – December 31, 2018 | Democratic | elected to two four-year terms resigned one year into her second term to take her elected position as Attorney General of New York State |
| — | Corey Johnson (acting) | January 1, 2019 – March 19, 2019 | Democratic | became the acting public advocate upon James being sworn in as Attorney General of New York State |
| 5 | Jumaane Williams | March 19, 2019 – present | Democratic | won the 2019 New York City Public Advocate special election |