# Girona

Girona (Catalan: ; Spanish: Gerona ) is the capital city of the province of Girona in the autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain, at the confluence of the Ter, Onyar, Galligants, and Güell rivers. The city had an official population of 103,369 in 2020 but, the population of the Girona–Salt urban area is estimated to be about 156,400 (2020). Girona is also capital of the comarca of the Gironès and the vegueria of Girona. Since much of the old quarter of this ancient city has been preserved, Girona is a popular destination for tourists. The city is located 99 km (62 mi) northeast of Barcelona.

## History

The first historical inhabitants in the region were Iberians; Girona is the ancient Gerunda, a city of the Ausetani. Later, the Romans built a citadel there, which was given the name of Gerunda. The Visigoths ruled in Girona until it was conquered by the Moors in 715. Charlemagne reconquered it in 785 and made it one of the fourteen original counties of Catalonia. It was sacked by the Moors in 827, 842, 845, 935, and 982. Wilfred the Hairy incorporated Girona into the County of Barcelona in 878.
In the 11th century, Alfonso II of Aragon and I of Barcelona declared Girona a city. The ancient county became a duchy within the Principality of Catalonia in 1351 when King Peter III of Aragon gave the title of Duke to his first-born son, John. In 1414, King Ferdinand I in turn gave the title of Prince of Girona to his first-born son, Alfonso. The title is currently carried by Princess Leonor of Asturias, the second since the 16th century to do so.
The earliest documented evidence of a Jewish community in Girona dates to about 885. The 12th century saw the Jewish community of Girona flourish, having one of the most important Kabbalistic schools in Europe. The Rabbi of Girona, Moshe ben Nahman Gerondi (better known as Nahmanides or Ramban) was appointed Great Rabbi of Catalonia. Centered on the Jewish Call (Call Jueu), the Jewish community of Girona came to an end in 1492, when the Catholic Monarchs outlawed Judaism throughout Spain and Jews were given the choice of conversion or exile (see Alhambra Decree). For 400 years before that time, the Jewish cemetery was located beside the road to France, just north of the old city between the mountain Montjuïc, or hill of the Jews in medieval Catalan, and the river Ter.
Girona has undergone twenty-five sieges and been captured seven times. It was besieged by the French royal armies under Charles de Monchy d'Hocquincourt in 1653, under Bernardin Gigault de Bellefonds in 1684, and twice in 1694 under Anne Jules de Noailles. During the Third siege of Girona of the Peninsular War, the city was besieged from May to December 1809 by 35,000 French Napoleonic troops under Vergier, Augereau and Gouvion Saint-Cyr. Continuously under heavy bombardment, Girona held out obstinately under the leadership of Álvarez de Castro until disease and famine compelled it to capitulate on 12 December. Girona was the center of the Ter department during the French rule, which lasted from 1809 to 1813. The defensive city walls of the western side were demolished at the end of the 19th century to allow for the expansion of the city, while the walls of the eastern side remained untouched but abandoned.
In recent years, the missing parts of the city walls on the eastern side of the city have been reconstructed. Called the Passeig de la Muralla it now forms a tourist route around the old city.

## Geography

Girona was founded in a strategic place, in the natural corridor between the Empordà plain and the Catalan Coastal Depression, therefore connecting by land the northern Costa Brava and France with Barcelona and other southern populations. This corridor is a defile formed by the Ter river between the Gavarres massif and the Catalan Transversal Range.
The Ter river is the most important water course in the region. In Girona it flows through the north of the town, from southwest to northeast. It is in Girona where the Ter meets the Onyar, the second largest river in the area. The Onyar crosses the city from south to north and it has historically conditioned the city's development, as catastrophic floods have periodically affected the town since historic times.

### Seismic activity

Girona is located in a seismic zone, which means it occasionally has earthquakes throughout the year. Most of them are not felt, and some are felt as a minor vibration or light shaking. The strongest earthquake recorded in Girona was the magnitude 6.7 Catalonia 1428 earthquake.

### Climate

According to the Köppen climate classification, Girona has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) transitioning to a Mediterranean climate (Csa), with mild winter daytime temperatures and cool nighttime temperatures, and hot summers. In winter, frost occurs frequently (41.3 days per year from November to March), but snowfall is quite rare. Temperatures in winter can drop to below −2 °C (28 °F)/−3 °C (27 °F), especially during days with thermal inversion. Maximum temperatures in summer above 40 °C (104 °F) are very rare. Average annual rainfall is usually slightly above 700 mm (28 in). The wettest seasons are autumn (September–November) and spring (April–early June). Thunderstorms can occur throughout the year, more frequently in summer, averaging 23.9 days per year. but usually there still is a significant arid period. This can be seen through the natural vegetation around the city, as drought-tolerant oaks (Quercus ilex and, to a lesser extent, Quercus suber and Quercus pubescens) and pines (Pinus pinaster, Pinus pinea and Pinus halepensis) dominate the majority of the plant communities.
Climate data for Girona Airport (1991-2020), extremes (1973-present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 24.6 (76.3) | 25.8 (78.4) | 29.0 (84.2) | 31.6 (88.9) | 37.3 (99.1) | 43.0 (109.4) | 41.3 (106.3) | 42.5 (108.5) | 37.0 (98.6) | 33.1 (91.6) | 30.0 (86.0) | 23.5 (74.3) | 43.0 (109.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 13.7 (56.7) | 14.7 (58.5) | 17.4 (63.3) | 19.6 (67.3) | 23.3 (73.9) | 27.8 (82.0) | 30.6 (87.1) | 30.7 (87.3) | 26.6 (79.9) | 22.4 (72.3) | 17.1 (62.8) | 14.1 (57.4) | 21.5 (70.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 7.5 (45.5) | 8.2 (46.8) | 10.8 (51.4) | 13.1 (55.6) | 16.8 (62.2) | 21.1 (70.0) | 23.9 (75.0) | 24.0 (75.2) | 20.3 (68.5) | 16.5 (61.7) | 11.2 (52.2) | 8.1 (46.6) | 15.1 (59.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.3 (34.3) | 1.6 (34.9) | 4.1 (39.4) | 6.5 (43.7) | 10.2 (50.4) | 14.4 (57.9) | 17.1 (62.8) | 17.2 (63.0) | 14.0 (57.2) | 10.6 (51.1) | 5.3 (41.5) | 2.0 (35.6) | 8.7 (47.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −13.0 (8.6) | −8.2 (17.2) | −5.8 (21.6) | −3.0 (26.6) | 0.6 (33.1) | 5.1 (41.2) | 8.0 (46.4) | 8.4 (47.1) | 4.6 (40.3) | −2.0 (28.4) | −7.0 (19.4) | −9.4 (15.1) | −13.0 (8.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 58 (2.3) | 42 (1.7) | 51 (2.0) | 66 (2.6) | 65 (2.6) | 58 (2.3) | 40 (1.6) | 49 (1.9) | 75 (3.0) | 86 (3.4) | 63 (2.5) | 51 (2.0) | 704 (27.9) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 4.8 | 4.4 | 5.2 | 7.2 | 7.1 | 5.1 | 3.8 | 5.1 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 5.1 | 4.1 | 65 |
| Average snowy days | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 74 | 71 | 70 | 68 | 66 | 60 | 58 | 62 | 70 | 75 | 75 | 76 | 69 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 155 | 167 | 195 | 204 | 229 | 255 | 288 | 273 | 210 | 183 | 153 | 143 | 2,455 |
| Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología ||||||||||||||

## Main sights

Girona is a popular destination for tourists and Barcelona day-trippers - the train journey from Barcelona Sants to Girona takes approximately forty minutes on high-speed trains, eighty with express ones and ninety with regional ones. The old town stands on the steep hill of the Caputxins to the east of the river Onyar, while the more modern section stands on the plains to the west. The city has a number of Art Nouveau buildings including the Farinera Teixidor by Rafael Masó.

### Cathedral

The ancient cathedral, which stood on the site of the present one, was used by the Moors as a mosque, and after their final expulsion was either entirely remodelled or rebuilt. The present edifice is one of the most important monuments of the school of the Majorcan architect Jaume Fabre and an excellent example of Catalan Gothic architecture. It is approached in ninety steps. An aisle and chapels surround the choir, which opens by three arches into the nave, of which the pointed stone vault is the widest in Christendom (22 meters). Among its interior decorations is a retable which is the work of the Valencian silversmith Pere Bernec. It is divided into three tiers of statuettes and reliefs, framed in canopied niches of cast and hammered silver. A gold and silver altar-frontal was carried off by the French in 1809. The cathedral contains the tombs of Ramon Berenguer and his wife.

### Old fortifications

The old fortifications are another popular sight. Historically, these have played a vital role in protecting Girona from invaders for hundreds of years. The city wall of the old town was an important military construction built in Roman times in the 1st century BC. It was thoroughly rebuilt under the reign of Peter III the Ceremonious in the second half of the 14th century. The Roman wall was used as a foundation. At the start of the 16th century, the wall was absorbed into the city. The walled precinct lost its military value. Bit by bit, the wall was degrading, as parts were gradually altered from the inside and the outside. The walls and lookout towers that make up these fortifications are split in two - a small section to the north of the old town and a much larger section to the east and south. It is possible to walk the walls and climb the towers, where visitors can enjoy panoramic views of Girona and the surrounding countryside.

### Sant Feliu

The Collegiate Church of Sant Feliu is noteworthy from an architectural point of view. Its style is 14th-century Gothic, the façade dating from the 18th, and it is one of the few Spanish churches that possesses a genuine spire. It contains, besides the sepulchre of its patron and the tomb of the valiant Álvarez, a chapel dedicated to St. Narcissus, who according to tradition was one of the early bishops of the see.

### Sant Pere de Galligants

The Benedictine church of the monastery of Sant Pere de Galligants is in the early Romanesque style, dating to about the year 1130, though the monastery dates to about 950. The monastery slightly predates the Monastery of St. Daniel.

### Plaça de la Independència

The Plaça de la Independència is one of the best-known and busiest squares in Girona. Located in the Mercadal district in the city centre, it is also known as Plaça de Sant Agustí, after the former Convent of Sant Agustí. Its name refers to the 1808–1814 War of Spanish Independence, part of the larger Peninsular War, against Napoleon Bonaparte.
The interest of the square lies in its 19th-century style, despite its being surrounded by identical austere neoclassical buildings with porches dedicated to the defenders of the city of Girona during the 1808 and 1809 sieges.
However, the symmetrical proportions of the square correspond more to contemporary interventions than its architectural past. The municipal architect Martí Sureda was the first to conceive an arcaded square with closed and neoclassical loops, and with some buildings having matching aesthetic proportions. The development of the area followed this scheme only in part. The construction of the first theatres in the city transgressed the concept of Martí Sureda. Until the 18th century, what that architect had imagined could not be completed. This part of the city in Noucentisme style is a romantic and timeless creation that nowadays captivates inhabitants and visitors. Today the area has great vitality because of the spread of cafés and restaurants, including some businesses well known for their history like the Café Royal, Cinema Albéniz and Casa Marieta.

### Cases de l'Onyar

Characteristic of Girona are the picturesque houses overlooking the river Onyar. These were built over many years and give the flavour of a small Mediterranean city. The façanes are painted according to a palette created by Enric Ansesa, James J. Faixó and the architects Fuses and J. Viader.
One of these houses (at Ballesteries 29, Girona) is Casa Masó, the birthplace of the architect Rafael Masó and an example of Noucentisme in Girona. Since 2006 it has been the headquarters of the Fundació Rafael Masó. The river façade can be recognised by its unique white color.

### Jewish heritage

Today, the historic Jewish quarter or Call has been restored. In 1492 the Jewish community was forced to choose between conversion and expulsion. After the Jews left, the neighborhood was sealed off and new houses were built over the old ones. When the dictator Francisco Franco died in November 1975, interest in the region's cultural history was revived. Some of the old buildings were excavated leading to the discovery of the home of Nahmanides, which was sold to the city in 1987.
A rectangular indentation that once held a mezuzah can be seen on the doorway of an old building on Carrer de Sant Llorenç, while Centre Bonastruc ça Porta on Carrer de la Força is the site of a 15th century synagogue. The Center hosts the Girona Museum of Jewish History and the Nahmanides Institute for Jewish Studies. Excavations also turned up 1,200 old documents, including Talmudic commentary, accounts of domestic life, a description of the ancient synagogue and the names of Girona Jews who converted to Christianity in 1492.

## Culture
### Popular culture

The Barri Vell and the Girona Cathedral have been the set of several films, e.g. The Monk and episode 10 of season 6 of Game of Thrones.

### Sports

During the professional cycling season, various non-European pro cyclists have called Girona home, as illustrated in the book by Michael Barry, written during his time with the US Postal Service cycling team. Between races, cyclists do their training rides outside the city, which provides excellent training terrain.
In the Spring of 1997, Marty Jemison, Tyler Hamilton and George Hincapie moved to Girona as teammates of the US Postal Service Professional Cycling Team. This was the first year that American cyclists started living in Girona and meeting for training rides at the Pont de Pedra. Later, other well-known professional cyclists such as Lance Armstrong came to live in the city.
Football is also widely popular. The local Football club is Girona FC, who were promoted to La Liga in 2017. In December 2023, they recorded their first ever league victory over FC Barcelona to temporarily reach the top of the table. The club's stadium is Estadi Montilivi.
The city has a roller hockey team, GEiEG, one of the most important in Spain, which competes in the main League OK Liga.

## Education

The city is the home of the Jaume Vicens Vives Secondary School, as well as the Universitat de Girona (University of Girona).

## Economy and infrastructure
### Transport
#### Road

The town is on the Autopista AP-7 and N-II. The city is also the hub of the local road network with routes to the coast and inland towards the Pyrenees.

#### Buses

The city has a comprehensive urban bus service operated by private companies. There are also services to the other towns in the Girona province and long-distance buses.

#### Rail

Girona is served at its new railway station to the west of the Old Town. There are conventional trains from Barcelona to Portbou and the French border.
Girona is also an important stop on the AVE services from Paris, Marseille, Toulouse and Figueres to Barcelona, and from Figueres to Barcelona and Madrid.
The journey time to Barcelona is approximately 1 hour 35 minutes on the stopping "Regional" trains, 1 hour and 15 minutes by conventional train ("Media Distancia") or 37 minutes on the AVE. Madrid is reached in 3 h 45 min, also on the AVE.

#### Airport

The town's airport, Girona-Costa Brava, is 10 kilometres (6 miles) south of the town centre. It grew tremendously principally as a result of Ryanair choosing it as one of their European hubs, but then shrunk again after they relocated most of the flights to Barcelona El Prat.
Girona Airport is approximately a 30-minute bus ride from the bus terminal and train station in Girona city, and an hour from Barcelona centre, 92 km (57 mi) to the south. The bus stops in the centre of Barcelona, at the Estació d'Autobusos Barcelona Nord, Barcelona's main bus terminal.
Most low-cost airlines mention "Barcelona" in their descriptions of Girona airport.

## Government
### Results of the elections since 1931

City councelors in the City Council of Girona since 1931 :
| Key to parties  PCR  Other left  LR  Other monarchists  Other right  LR  PSUC  CUP  Guanyem Girona  IC  ICV–EUiA  PSC  ERC  UCD  Junts  TriasxBCN  CiU  Cs  AP  PP  Vox |||||
| Election | Distribution | Mayor | Mayor | Government Composition |
| 1931 | 11 4 5 3 | Miquel Santaló (ERC) (1931-1934) | | Santaló ERC |
| 1931 | 11 4 5 3 | Josep Maria Dalmau (ERC) (1934) | | Dalmau ERC |
| 1934 | 6 1 10 6 1 | Francesc Tomàs (Lliga) (1934-1936) | | Tomàs Lliga |
| 1934 | 6 1 10 6 1 | Llorenç Busquets (ERC) (1936) | | Busquets I ERC |
| 1934 | 6 1 10 6 1 | Joaquim de Camps (ERC) (1936) | | De Camps ERC |
| 1934 | 6 1 10 6 1 | Expedit Duran (CNT) (1936-1937) | | Duran CNT–FAI |
| 1934 | 6 1 10 6 1 | Llorenç Busquets (ERC) (1937) | | Busquets II ERC |
| 1934 | 6 1 10 6 1 | Pere Cerezo (ERC) (1937-1939) | | Cerezo ERC |
| 1934 | 6 1 10 6 1 | Joan Ballesta (PSUC) (1939) | | Ballesta PSUC–CNT–UGT |
| 1939–1979: Francoist dictatorship. During this interval, no elections were held. | 1939–1979: Francoist dictatorship. During this interval, no elections were held. | Directly appointed by the Civil Governor of Girona | Directly appointed by the Civil Governor of Girona | Directly appointed by the Civil Governor of Girona |
| 1979 | 4 9 5 7 | Joaquim Nadal (PSC) (1979-2002) | | Nadal I PSC |
| 1983 | 1 15 6 3 | Joaquim Nadal (PSC) (1979-2002) | | Nadal II PSC |
| 1987 | 14 9 2 | Joaquim Nadal (PSC) (1979-2002) | | Nadal III PSC |
| 1991 | 1 13 9 2 | Joaquim Nadal (PSC) (1979-2002) | | Nadal IV PSC |
| 1995 | 1 2 14 5 3 | Joaquim Nadal (PSC) (1979-2002) | | Nadal V PSC |
| 1999 | 1 2 14 6 2 | Joaquim Nadal (PSC) (1979-2002) | | Nadal VI PSC |
| 1999 | 1 2 14 6 2 | Anna Pagans (PSC) (2002-2011) | | Pagans I PSC |
| 2003 | 2 4 11 5 3 | Anna Pagans (PSC) (2002-2011) | | Pagans II PSC |
| 2007 | 3 4 10 6 2 | Anna Pagans (PSC) (2002-2011) | | Pagans III PSC |
| 2011 | 2 3 7 10 3 | Carles Puigdemont (CiU) (2011-2016) | | Puigdemont I CiU |
| 2015 | 4 4 4 10 2 1 | Carles Puigdemont (CiU) (2011-2016) | | Puigdemont II CiU |
| 2015 | 4 4 4 10 2 1 | Albert Ballesta (CiU) (2016) | | Ballesta CiU |
| 2015 | 4 4 4 10 2 1 | Marta Madrenas (CiU, JxCat, Junts) (2016-2023) | | Madrenas I CiU, JxCat |
| 2019 | 6 4 6 9 2 | Marta Madrenas (CiU, JxCat, Junts) (2016-2023) | | Madrenas II JxCat until Sept 2020 Junts–ERC from Sept 2020 |
| 2023 | 8 3 8 6 1 1 | Lluc Salellas (CUP) | | Salellas Guanyem–Junts–ERC |

## Notable people

* Maria Pilar Bruguera Sábat (1906–1994), Roman Catholic nun and physician
* Josep Maria Corredor i Pomés (1912-1981), cultural activist
* Carme García (born 1974), visually impaired para-alpine skier, blind sailor and journalist
* Fidel Roig Matons (1887–1977), Catalan painter and musician
* Miguel Molina (born 1989), racing driver
* Josep Maria Nadal i Farreras (1949–), scholar of Catalan language

## Twin towns – sister cities

Girona is twinned with:
| Reggio Emilia, Italy, since 1982 Albi, France, since 1985 Bluefields, Nicaragua, since 1987 Perpignan, France, since 1988 | Farsia, Western Sahara, since 1997 Nueva Gerona, Cuba (under negotiation since 1991) Nashville, United States Wakefield, United Kingdom |
* Girona is a member city of Eurotowns network