# Pearl White

Pearl Fay White (March 4, 1889 – August 4, 1938) was an American stage and film actress. She began her career on the stage at age 6, and later moved on to silent films appearing in a number of popular serials.
Dubbed the "Queen of the Serials", White was noted for doing the majority of her own stunts, most notably in The Perils of Pauline. Often cast as a plucky onscreen heroine, White's roles directly contrasted those of the popularized archetypal ingénue.

## Early life

White was born in Green Ridge, Missouri to Edgar White, a farmer, and Lizzie G. House. She had four brothers and sisters. The family later moved to Springfield, Missouri. At age 6, she made her stage debut as "Little Eva" in Uncle Tom's Cabin. When she was 13, White worked as a bareback rider for the circus.

## Career

   "The Perils of Pauline was not the first serial ever made, nor was it the best. It has the reputation of having been poorly directed, crudely edited and ungrammatically captioned. Still, it is far and away the most famous of all silent serials. The reason for this is its dynamic star."– Biographer Lon Davis in Silent Lives: 100 Biographies of the Silent Film Era. (2008).
She began performing with the Diemer Theater Company while in her second year of high school. Against the wishes of her father, White dropped out of school, and in 1907, she went on the road with the Trousedale Stock Company, working evening shows while keeping her day job to help support her family. She soon joined the company full-time, touring through the American Midwest.
White played minor roles for several years, when she was spotted by the Powers Film Company in New York. She claimed she had performed in Cuba for a time under the name Miss Mazee, singing American songs in a dance hall. Her travels as a singer also took her to South America.
In 1910, White had trouble with her throat, and her voice began to fail from the nightly theatrical performances. She made her debut in films that year, starring in a series of one-reel dramas and comedies for Pat Powers in the Bronx. It was at Powers Films that White honed her skills at physical comedy and stunt work. She became a popular player with the company and caught the attention of Pathé Frères.
In 1910, White was offered a role by Pathé Frères in The Girl from Arizona, the French company's first American film produced at their studio in Bound Brook, New Jersey. She then worked at Lubin Studios in 1911 and several other of the independent studios, until the Crystal Film Company in Manhattan gave her top billing in a number of slapstick comedy shorts from 1912 to 1914. White then took a vacation in Europe. Upon her return, she signed with Eclectic Film Company, a subsidiary of Pathé in 1914.
Pathé director Louis J. Gasnier offered her the starring role in film serial The Perils of Pauline, based on a story by playwright Charles W. Goddard. The film features the central character Pauline in a story involving considerable action, for which the athletic Pearl White proved ideally suited. The Perils of Pauline consisted of 20 two-reel episodes that were released weekly. The serial proved to be a hit with audiences and made White a major celebrity; she soon was earning $1,750 per week. She followed this serial with an even bigger box-office hit: The Exploits of Elaine (1914–1915).
Over the next five years, White appeared in the popular serials The New Exploits of Elaine (1915), The Romance of Elaine (1915), The Iron Claw (1916), Pearl of the Army (1916–1917), The Fatal Ring (1917), The House of Hate (1918), The Lightning Raider (1919) and The Black Secret (1919–1920). In these serials, White flew airplanes, raced cars, swam across rivers, and did other similar feats. She did much of her own stunt work until Pathé decided that it could not risk injuring one of its popular stars. (She had already injured her spine during the filming of The Perils of Pauline, an injury that caused her pain for the rest of her life.)
A male stunt double wearing a wig performed the majority of the more dangerous stunts in White's later films. The public was largely unaware that White and other actors used stunt doubles, but in August 1922, the truth was revealed. During the filming of White's final serial Plunder, John Stevenson, an actor who was doubling for White, was supposed to leap from the top of a bus on 72nd Street and Columbus Avenue onto an elevated girder. He missed the girder and struck his head. Stevenson died of a fractured skull. After the filming of Plunder was complete, White traveled to Europe for another vacation.
By 1919, White had grown tired of film serials and signed with Fox Film Corporation with the ambition to appear in dramatic roles, including J. Searle Dawley's A Virgin Paradise, filmed near Harrington Sound in the British Imperial fortress colony of Bermuda, 640 miles off North Carolina where Searle had previously filmed The Relief of Lucknow and For Valour in 1912. Animals, including monkeys and lions, were imported for the production. On December 21, 1920, Dawley received a cable at 8:25 AM at the Princess Hotel urging that White, who had previously visited Bermuda in 1913, leave Bermuda that day for New York aboard the RMS Fort Victoria. As the ship had already departed from the City of Hamilton, she was flown by a seaplane of the Bermuda and West Atlantic Aviation Company from the Princess Hotel to board the ship at Murray's Anchorage before it passed through Hurd's channel onto the open Atlantic Ocean. White was photographed boarding the seaplane by the proprietors of the Bermuda and West Atlantic Aviation Company, Major Henry Hamilton "Hal" Kitchener (the son of Lieutenant-General Sir Frederick Walter Kitchener) and Major Harold Hemming. Over the next two years, White appeared in 10 drama films for Fox but her popularity had begun to wane.

## Later years

At the Pathé movie studio, she met Blanche Rubenstein (later married Claude Auzello) and both travelled to France where White hoped to reboot her acting career. Influenced by her French friends from Pathé, White was drawn to the Montparnasse Quarter of Paris. While living there, she made her last film for her friend, Belgian-born director Edward José, who had directed her in several serials. Silent films could be made in any country, and as White was a recognizable star worldwide, she was offered many roles in France. She made Terreur (released as The Perils of Paris in the United States), her final film, in France in 1924. White returned to the stage in a Montmartre production Tu Perds la Boule. In 1925, she accepted an offer to star with comedian Max Wall in the "London Review" at the Lyceum Theatre in London, where she earned $3,000 per week. She then retired from performing.
By the time she retired from films in 1924, White had amassed a fortune of $2 million ($37 million in 2024). A shrewd businesswoman, she invested in a successful Parisian nightclub, a Biarritz resort hotel/casino, and a stable of 10 race horses. White divided her time between her townhouse in Passy and a 54-acre estate near Rambouillet. She became involved with Theodore Cossika, a Greek businessman, who shared her love of travel. Together, they purchased a home near Cairo.
According to published reports after her death, White's friends claimed that she intended to make a comeback in sound films. White later told friends that after she made a test for sound films in 1929, she was told that her voice was unsuitable. White made occasional visits to the United States in 1924, 1927, and 1937. On her last visit, White told reporters she was not interested in making a comeback and mused that acting in silent films was more difficult than acting in sound films. By this time, White had gained a substantial amount of weight. She told reporters she did not like to be photographed as she felt that photos made her face look fat, adding "Why should I have my picture taken when I can get paid for it?"

## Personal life

White was married twice and had no children. She married actor Victor Sutherland on October 10, 1907. They divorced in 1914. In 1913 she lived with Jane Fearnley, an early film actress. In 1919, she married actor Wallace McCutcheon Jr., son of pioneering cinematographer and director Wallace McCutcheon Sr. Their marriage ended in divorce in 1921.

## Death

By 1937, White was dying of liver failure. The injury she sustained to her spine while filming The Perils of Pauline had continued to cause her pain, which she eased with drugs and alcohol. A year before her death, White got her affairs in order, purchased a plot in Cimetière de Passy (Passy Cemetery) near her home and arranged her own funeral.
In early July 1938, she checked herself into the American Hospital of Paris in the suburb of Neuilly due to issues with her liver. She slipped into a coma on August 3, 1938, and died the following day of what was identified in her obituaries as a "liver ailment" (likely cirrhosis due to years of heavy drinking). She was 49. White was buried in Cimetière de Passy after a small, private funeral.
White left the majority of her fortune, including jewelry and property, to Theodore Cossika. She also bequeathed money to her father, nieces, and nephews, and her will provided $73,000 to charities.

## Legacy

Pearl White's place in film history is important in both the evolution of cinema genres and the role of women. Like many silent films, many of White's films are now considered lost. The Perils of Pauline only is known to exist in a reduced nine-reel version released in Europe in 1916, but The Exploits of Elaine survives in its entirety and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry in 1994. In 2008, the condensed version of Perils of Pauline was inducted into the Nation Film Registry. All of her films were made at studios on the East Coast because White reportedly never visited Hollywood. For her contribution to the motion picture industry, Pearl White has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6838 Hollywood Blvd. The 1947 Paramount Pictures film The Perils of Pauline, starring Betty Hutton, is a fictionalized biography of Pearl White.

## Selected filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1910 | The Horse Shoer's Girl | | |
| 1910 | The New Magdalene | | |
| 1910 | The Woman Hater | | |
| 1911 | An Unforeseen Complication | The Professor's Daughter | |
| 1911 | The Stepsisters | The Stepmother's Spoiled Daughter | |
| 1912 | The Mad Lover | Ethel Marion | |
| 1912 | The Spendthrift's Reform | The Wife | |
| 1912 | The Mind Cure | Pearl | |
| 1912 | Oh That Lemonade | The Widow | |
| 1913 | Pearl as a Detective | Pearl | |
| 1913 | The Paper Doll | Alice Wilson | |
| 1914 | The Perils of Pauline | Pauline | Serial A reformatted version exists |
| 1914 | The Exploits of Elaine | Elaine Dodge | Serial Lost film |
| 1915 | The New Exploits of Elaine | Elaine Dodge | Serial Lost film |
| 1915 | The Romance of Elaine | Elaine Dodge | Serial |
| 1916 | Hazel Kirke | Hazel Kirke | |
| 1916 | The Iron Claw | Margery Golden | Serial |
| 1916 | Pearl of the Army | Pearl Date | Serial |
| 1917 | Mayblossom | Anabel Lee | |
| 1917 | The Fatal Ring | Violet Standish | Serial |
| 1918 | The House of Hate | Pearl Grant | Serial |
| 1919 | The Lightning Raider | The Lightning Raider | Serial Incomplete film |
| 1919 | The Black Secret | Evelyn Ereth | Lost film |
| 1920 | The White Moll | Rhoda, the White Moll | Lost film |
| 1920 | The Thief | Mary Vantyne | |
| 1921 | Know Your Men | Ellen Schuyler | Lost film |
| 1921 | A Virgin Paradise | Gratia Latham | Lost film |
| 1922 | Any Wife | Myrtle Hill | Lost film |
| 1922 | The Broadway Peacock | Myrtle May | |
| 1922 | Without Fear | Ruth Hamilton | |
| 1923 | Plunder | Pearl Travers | serial |
| 1924 | Perils of Paris | Hélène Aldrich | serial alternative title: Terreur |