# M. Murphy

M. Murphy (born 1969) is a Canadian academic. They are a professor of history and women and gender studies at the University of Toronto and director of the Technoscience Research Unit.
Murphy is well known for their work on regimes of imperceptibility, the ways in which different forms of knowledge become visible or invisible in the scientific community and broader society. Murphy has published several books, including Sick Building Syndrome and the Problem of Uncertainty: Environmental Politics, Technoscience, and Women Workers (2006) which won the Ludwik Fleck Prize from the Society for Social Studies of Science, Seizing the Means of Reproduction: Entanglements of Feminism, Health, and Technoscience (2012), and The Economization of Life (2017).

## Early life and education

Claudette Michelle Murphy was born in 1969 and grew up in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Their family background includes Metis and French heritage.
Murphy was inspired by the work of feminists in science in the mid-eighties, including Donna Haraway and Ruth Hubbard. They earned a bachelor's degree in Biology and History and Philosophy of Science and Technology from the University of Toronto in 1992. They earned a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1998. Their experience at Harvard led them to incorporate analysis of whiteness explicitly into their work on science.
In the 1990s, Murphy worked with Evelynn M. Hammonds and her working group on race and science at MIT. From 1996-2007, they edited RaceSci, a website on anti-racist studies in science, medicine, and technology. With Adele Clarke and others at the Society for the Social Studies of Science, they organized panels on race and science.

## Career

Murphy is interested in asking the question "What can feminist technoscience be?" They study the recent history of science and technology with particular attention to economics, capitalism, the environment, and reproduction, with an awareness of colonialism, feminism, gender, race, and queer theory.
They focus on Canada, the United States, Bangladesh, and issues around chemical exposure, environmental justice, and reproductive justice. Landscapes of Exposure: Knowledge and Illness in Modern Environments, which they co-edited with Gregg Mitman and Chris Sellers in 2004, has been called "a foundational volume in bringing historical and social science perspectives to bear on the intersection of place and disease."
Murphy is known for the concept of regimes of imperceptibility, a framework for examining the ways in which different forms of knowledge become visible or invisible within scientific communities and society.
   ... by analyzing "regimes of perceptibility", she reveals how the politics of knowledge production and the process of materialization involve obscuring awareness of certain things in order to make others more pronounced, known, and thus controllable.... Murphy demonstrates how the power-laden raced/classed/gendered regimes of perceptibility also create "domains of imperceptibility" that may be acted upon as an inventive space.
They develop these ideas in Sick Building Syndrome and the Problem of Uncertainty: Environmental Politics, Technoscience, and Women Workers (2006). They trace the history of sick building syndrome (SBS), a diagnosis applied to mass health complaints by office workers for which no cause can be identified. They closely examine the ways in which the identification of a new disease was affected by "a congeries of unlikely forces" including both scientific and social factors. The identification and acceptance of SBS, an inherently uncertain diagnosis, involves gender, race, and power dynamics within "normal science." This raises the question "How do we come to presence the effects of capitalism in our lives, and how are those effects invisibilized?" They also look at the presentation of information in ways that drew on traditions from the labor and feminist movements. The framework they introduce can be used by anthropological researchers for complex biopolitical analysis. They received the Ludwik Fleck Prize (2008) from the Society for Social Studies of Science for this book.
Murphy is also the author of Seizing the Means of Reproduction: Entanglements of Feminism, Health, and Technoscience (2012). Their starting point is the work of radical feminists in the United States in the 1970s and 1980s, who advocated for alternative health techniques and feminist clinics. They go on to place these developments in a broader framework, examining relationships between feminism, imperialism, capitalism, population control, and neoliberalism. It is applauded for identifying critical junctures that were previously overlooked, and for its elegant examination of how the "economy of reproduction" operates in both developed and developing worlds. Murphy has said:
   I've been really interested in reproductive justice as you might normally think of it in terms of questions of reproductive health, birth, family planning, and population control, but I've also been very interested in asking the question, "Why do we think we know what reproduction is? Why do we think we know where it begins and ends?" In fact there's a wonderful rich world of thinking about the relations of reproduction, in which the idea that reproduction happens in your body is actually quite new. The idea of reproduction as confined to the body dates to the 1980s. Before that reproduction was always something that happened in the aggregate or the relation.
Murphy continues to work on "Distributed Reproduction," a theorization of reproduction that would extend beyond the individual.
Their book The Economization of Life (2017) explores the 20th century rise of techniques to value life based on economic and biopolitical concerns. Murphy examines the techniques and epistemologies that have been used to describe and connect ideas of populations and economics in the United States and Bangladesh. This book was awarded the Ludwik Fleck Prize, making Murphy the first person to receive the award multiple times.
Murphy is also working on "Alterlife in the Ongoing Aftermaths of Industrial Chemicals," an examination of the transgenerational effects of environmental damage from industrial chemicals in the Great Lakes region.

## Books

* Murphy, Michelle (2017). The Economization of Life. Durham N.C.: Duke University Press Books. ISBN 978-0822363453.
* Murphy, Michelle (2012). Seizing the means of reproduction : entanglements of feminism, health, and technoscience. Durham N.C.: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822353362.
* Murphy, Michelle (2006). Sick building syndrome and the problem of uncertainty : environmental politics, technoscience, and women workers. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822336716.
* Mitman, Gregg; Murphy, Michelle; Sellers, Christopher, eds. (2004). Landscapes of exposure : knowledge and illness in modern environments. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University. ISBN 9780226532516.

## Awards

* Geddes W. Simpson Distinguished Lecturer, University of Maine, 2010
* Jackman Humanities Research Fellow, 2009-2010
* Ludwik Fleck Prize, Society for Social Studies of Science, 2008
* Michelle Clayman Gender Research Institute Senior Research Fellowship, Stanford, 2007-2008
* Ludwik Fleck Prize, Society for Social Studies of Science, 2019
* Royal Society of Canada