# Nogales Municipality, Sonora

Nogales is a municipality in the state of Sonora in northwestern Mexico, being the most densely populated municipality in Sonora. The name "Nogales" is the Spanish word for walnut trees.

## Geography

The northern boundary of the municipality is located along the U.S.—Mexico border.
The seat of the municipality is the City of Nogales. The city is abutted on its north by the city of Nogales, Arizona, United States.

## History

The independent municipality of Nogales, which included the town of Nogales, was established on July 11, 1884. The municipality of Nogales covers an area of 1,675 km$^2$. Nogales was declared a city within the municipality on January 1, 1920.

### Escobarista Rebellion

Early in March 1929, the Escobarista Rebellion exploded in Nogales, sponsored by Obregonistas, supporters of President Álvaro Obregón, who had been assassinated on July 17, 1928. General Manuel Aguirre, commanding the rebellious 64th Regiment, took power without firing a shot, causing federales from Naco to send a daily airplane to attack the rebels. It dropped a few bombs over Nogales without doing any damage, while the rebels fought back with machine guns from the roofs without doing any damage to the airplane. There was only one casualty, a woman who was scared by a bomb explosion and had a heart attack. That same month, a hooded man appeared at night driving a tank on Morley Street on the U.S. side, then entered Mexico to help the federales in Naco. It seems that the tank had been bought in 1927 for fighting the Yaquis, but U.S. officials prohibited it from leaving the U.S., and it had been kept in a warehouse in Nogales, Arizona.

## Government

The municipality of Nogales was governed by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) from 1931 until the 2006 elections, when power shifted to the National Action Party (PAN). After more than seven decades of being in power, the PRI was ousted by PAN when long-time businessman and philanthropist Marco Antonio Martínez Dabdoub ran for the presidency of Nogales, and gained access to the municipal government after having won by 30,826 votes against 23,892 of his PRI opponent.
The body of Cecilia Yépiz Reyna, former Secretary of Urban Development and Ecology, was found in a shallow grave near the border on March 6, 2021, after a three-month search. Her brother accused municipal president Jesús Pujol Irastorza (MORENA), of the kidnapping and murder.

### Municipal presidents

| Term | Municipal president | Political party | Notes |
| 1910-1913 | Fernando F. Rodríguez | | |
| 1913-1914 | Antonio Varela | | |
| 1916-1917 | Astolfo R. Cárdenas | | |
| 1917-1918 | Félix B. Peñaloza | | |
| 1918-1919 | Astolfo R. Cárdenas | | |
| 1919-1920 | Alberto Figueroa | | |
| 1920-1921 | Alejandro Villaseñor | | |
| 1921-1922 | Francisco V. Ramos | | |
| 1922-1923 | Francisco A. Casanova | | |
| 1923-1924 | Walterio Pesqueira | | |
| 1924-1925 | Jesús E. Maytorena | | |
| 1925 | Jesús Siqueiros | | Acting municipal president |
| 1925-1926 | Fernando E. Priego | | |
| 1926 | Guillermo Mascareñas | | Acting municipal president |
| 1926-1927 | Carlos Revilla | | |
| 1927 | Apolonio L. Castro | | Acting municipal president |
| 1927-1929 | Macedonio H. Jiménez | | |
| 1929-1930 | ? | | |
| 1931-1932 | Eduardo L. Soto | PNR | |
| 1932-1933 | José S. Elías | PNR | |
| 1933-1935 | Rafael E. Ruiz | PNR | |
| 1935-1937 | Enrique Aguayo | PNR | |
| 1937-1939 | Gustavo Escobosa | PNR | |
| 1939 | Manuel Mascareñas, Jr. | PRM | |
| 1939-1941 | Lauro Larios | PRM | |
| 1941-1943 | Anacleto F. Olmos | PRM | |
| 1943-1946 | Luis R. Fernández | PRM | |
| 1946-1949 | Miguel F. Vázquez | PRI | |
| 1949-1952 | Gonzalo Guerrero Almada | PRI | |
| 1952-1953 | Víctor M. Ruiz Fimbres | PRI | |
| 1953-1955 | Ernesto V. Félix | PRI | |
| 1955-1958 | Miguel Amador Torres | PRI | |
| 1958-1961 | Otilio H. Garavito | PRI | |
| 1961-1964 | Jesús Francisco Cano | PRI | |
| 1964-1967 | Ramiro Corona Godoy | PRI | |
| 1967-1970 | Leopoldo Elías Romero | PRI | |
| 1970-1973 | Octavio García García | PRI | |
| 1973-1974 | Ricardo Silva Hurtado | PRI | |
| 1974-1976 | Enrique Moralla Valdez | PRI | |
| 1976 | Jesús Retes Vásquez | PRI | Acting municipal president |
| 1976-1979 | Héctor Monroy Rivera | PRI | |
| 1979-1982 | Alejandro Silva Hurtado | PRI | |
| 1982-1985 | Enrique Moralla Valdez | PRI | |
| 1985-1988 | César José Dabdoub Chávez | PRI | |
| 1988-1991 | Leobardo Gil Torres | PRI | |
| 1991-1994 | Héctor Mayer Soto | PRI | |
| 1994-1997 | Abraham Faruk Zaied Dabdoub | PRI | |
| 1997-2000 | Wenceslao Cota Montoya | PRI | |
| 2000-2003 | Abraham Faruk Zaied Dabdoub | PRI | |
| 2003-2006 | Lorenzo Antonio de la Fuente Manríquez | PRI | |
| 2006-2009 | Marco Antonio Martínez Dabdoub | PAN | |
| 2009-2012 | José Ángel Hernández Barajas | PAN | |
| 2012-2015 | Ramón Guzmán Muñoz | PRI PVEM | |
| 2015-2018 | David Cuauhtémoc Galindo Delgado | PAN | |
| 2018-2021 | Jesús Antonio Pujol Irastorza | PT Morena PES | Coalition "Together We Will Make History" |
| 2021-2024 | Juan Francisco Gim Nogales | Morena | |
| 2024- | Juan Francisco Gim Nogales | Morena PVEM PT PNA Sonora PES Sonora | He was reelected |

### Assassination of a former Nogales official

On 5 January 2021, civil engineer Cecilia Yépiz Reyna, former secretary of Infrastructure, Urban Development and Ecology of the City of Nogales, disappeared. Later, on 7 March, her body was found: Yépiz had been clandestinely buried in a grave located on a site located 1.86 miles (3 kilometers) Southwest of the Mexico International Highway 15, kilometer 249 of the Nogales-Ímuris section. On 18 May 2021, the alleged perpetrator, Fernando "N", was arrested in the city of San Luis Potosí transferred first to Hermosillo, and then to Nogales.

## Population

The 2005 census the official population of the municipality of Nogales was 193,517. At the latest census in 2010, the official numbers were 220,292 for the Municipality.
The city and the municipality both rank third in the state in population, after Hermosillo and Ciudad Obregón. The municipality includes many outlying but small rural communities. The only other localities with over 1,000 inhabitants are La Mesa (2,996) 31°09′35″N 110°58′28″W﻿ / ﻿31.15972°N 110.97444°W﻿ / 31.15972; -110.97444 and Centro de Readaptación Social Nuevo (2,203) 31°11′04″N 110°58′04″W﻿ / ﻿31.18444°N 110.96778°W﻿ / 31.18444; -110.96778. Nogales is served by Nogales International Airport.
The population growth is in part due to the influx of industry that has come since the opening of the maquiladora industry through the National Industrialization Program, decades before the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Manufacturing now accounts for 55% of the city's gross domestic product, and services are growing as well, most of this caused by the growing jobs in the city.
Nogales is known for its recent enormous population growth which covers the hills along the central narrow north-south valley. Dispersed among the houses, the visitor will find a mixture of factories, stores, etc. In 2006, the southern half of the city experienced a modern urbanization development including shopping malls, wide avenues, and modern housing conglomerations.

## Economy

The primary commercial artery is Federal Highway 15, which links the state with the U.S. as well as major cities in Mexico.

### Tourism

Due to its location, Nogales is one of the most important ports of entry for the U.S. The downtown area used to have a large number of bars, strip clubs, hotels, restaurants, as well as curio stores, which sold a large variety of artesanias (handicrafts, leather art, handmade flowers, clothes) brought from the deeper central and southern states of Mexico. However, now downtown Nogales has forgotten those activities, due to two main causes: the recent violence in Mexico, and the barriers imposed by the US Government after September 11, 2001.

### Manufacturing

Maquiladoras, or manufacturing plants, employ a large percentage of the population. Nogales' proximity to the U.S. and the abundance of inexpensive labor make it an efficient location for foreign companies to have manufacturing and assembly operations. Some of the companies that have established maquiladoras in Nogales include: Otis Elevator, The Chamberlain Group, Walbro, and Philips Avent.

#### Production and export

Approximately 92 establishments produce foreign exports. Sixty-five of these establishments are located in seven industrial parks, which employ approximately 25,400 workers, around 50 percent of the total employed population of the municipality. Also important to the economy is livestock for both foreign export and cattle breeding.