# Carlos Diegues

Carlos Diegues (also known as Cacá Diegues; 19 May 1940 – 14 February 2025) was a Brazilian film director, best known as a member of the Cinema Novo movement. He was popularly known for his unconventional, yet intriguing film techniques among other film producers of the Cinema Novo movement. Diegues was also widely known for his dynamic use of visuals, ideas, plots, themes, and other cinematic techniques. He incorporated many musical acts in his film as he favored musical pieces to be complementary to his ideas. Diegues remained very popular and is regarded as having been one of the great cinematic producers of his generation. Diegues would go on to produce films, plays, musicals, and other forms of entertainment in Brazil.
Diegues' contributions to Brazilian cinema developed the film industry. He would pioneer the most expensive film projects that domestic filmmakers had ever seen. Films such as Bye Bye Brazil were two million dollar projects and later on films such as God is Brazilian would be over 10 million dollars. This was a new era in Brazil as domestic directors had yet to produce any films with that kind of financial support. He admitted to using Brazilians in his films as much as he can. Diegues would use extras, film technicians, painters, sculptors, and other essential personnel of Brazilian backgrounds even if they were inexperienced. Diegues attempted to consistently represent the underrepresented people of Brazil in his films. He suggested that history is written by the winners and the Afro-Brazilian communities were not among those who were given a chance to write their own history. He also proposed the idea that up until this movement, cinema in Brazil only provided the white Brazilian experience despite the growing masses of black Brazilians all over the country. He was known for distinguished publications that uplift the Afro-Brazilian spirit and bodies.
In 2018, Diegues was elected to the Brazilian Academy of Letters.

## Personal life

Carlos Diegues attended the Pontificia Universidade Católica in Rio de Janeiro. In 1959 he began his legal studies at the university. A university engaged with political affairs, Diegues immersed himself in political activism through the Juventude Universitária Católica (Catholic Youth Movement) and the Centros Populares de Cultura (Popular Cultural Centers) (CPC). As a left leaning student, he pursued filmmaking as he applied his deep understanding of social criticism in his works. or CPCs, both originating in leftist student politics. In the CPCs Diegues started his career as a filmmaker.
Diegues later went on to become an integral participant of the Cinco Vezes Favela and produced the episode Escola de Samba: Alegría de vivir in 1962. Doing so, he criticized the Carnival and suggested workers should unionize and demand workers rights. His work painted a bleak picture of what was the reality. Depicting landlords and leaders in charge as figures who upheld an inequitable world. His film sparked mixed emotions, but most importantly, it gave the working masses hope for change. This was the beginning of an era in film known as Cinema Novo. In the 60s the films associated with Cinema Novo explicitly talked about the unfair treatment of people under the status quo. The leftist ideas by filmmakers like Diegues and other important figures would allow the Cinema Novo to flourish.
As the dictatorship reached full force in the late 1960s the CPC could no longer operate as regularly for the members. As a result, Diegues and other filmmakers were forced to redirect the paths of their careers. In his earliest works Diegues created Joana Francesa by 1975, when the dictatorship repressed and censored most of the media and entertainment industries. This film alluded to the ideas of inequality and injustice but it also garnered criticism by the left as they suggested it was not as intricate or heavily influenced by the social commentary Diegues had used before. After the regime's collapse Diegues returned to a more explicit approach he was once heavily praised for, however, he still produced films during the repression that garnered international attention such as Bye Bye Brazil.
Diegues died for complications before an surgery in Rio de Janeiro, on 14 February 2025, at the age of 84.

## Filmography

Key :
| † | Indicates a documentary | ‡ | Indicates a short film |
List of films directed by Carlos Diegues :
| Year | Original title | English release title(s) | Language(s) | Notes |
| 1960 | Fuga $^‡$ | | | |
| 1960 | Brasília $^‡$ | | Portuguese | |
| 1961 | Domingo $^‡$ | | Portuguese | |
| 1962 | Escola de Samba Alegria de Viver $^‡$ | | Portuguese | Segment of Cinco Vezes Favela (1962) |
| 1963 | Ganga Zumba | | Portuguese | |
| 1965 | A Oitava Bienal $^‡$ | | Portuguese | |
| 1966 | A Grande Cidade | The Big City | Portuguese | Also known as A Grande Cidade ou As Aventuras e Desventuras de Luzia e Seus 3 Amigos Chegados de Longe. |
| 1967 | Oito Universitários $^‡$ | | Portuguese | Co-directed with David Neves. |
| 1970 | Os Herdeiros | The Heirs / The Inheritors | Portuguese | |
| 1971 | Receita de Futebol $^‡$ | | Portuguese | |
| 1972 | Quando o Carnaval Chegar | When Carnival Comes | Portuguese | |
| 1973 | Joanna Francesa | Jeanne the Frenchwoman | Portuguese | Brazilian-French production. |
| 1974 | Cinema Íris $^‡$ | | Portuguese | |
| 1975 | Aníbal Machado $^‡$ | | Portuguese | |
| 1976 | Xica da Silva | Xica / Xica da Silva | Portuguese | |
| 1978 | Chuvas de Verão | A Summer Rain / Summer Showers | Portuguese | |
| 1980 | Bye Bye Brasil | Bye Bye Brazil | Portuguese | |
| 1984 | Quilombo | | Portuguese | |
| 1985 | Batalha da Alimentação $^‡$ | | Portuguese | |
| 1986 | Batalha do Transporte $^‡$ | | Portuguese | |
| 1987 | Um Trem para as Estrelas | Subway to the Stars | Portuguese | |
| 1989 | Dias Melhores Virão | Better Days Ahead | Portuguese | |
| 1990 | Exército de Um Homem Só $^‡$ | | Portuguese | Music video for Engenheiros do Hawaii. |
| 1994 | Veja Esta Canção | Rio's Love Song | Portuguese | |
| 1996 | Tieta do Agreste | Tieta of Agreste | Portuguese | Based on Tieta, by Jorge Amado. |
| 1999 | Orfeu | | Portuguese | Based on Orfeu da Conceição, by Vinicius de Moraes. |
| 1999 | Reveillon 2000 $^‡$ | | Portuguese | |
| 2000 | Carnaval dos 500 Anos $^‡$ | | Portuguese | |
| 2003 | Deus É Brasileiro | God Is Brazilian | Portuguese | |
| 2006 | O Maior Amor do Mundo | The Greatest Love of All | Portuguese | |
| 2006 | Nenhum Motivo Explica a Guerra $^†$ | | Portuguese | Co-directed with Rafael Dragaud. Documentary on the Grupo Cultural AfroReggae. |
| 2013 | Vinte: RioFilme, 20 Anos de Cinema Brasileiro $^†$ | | Portuguese | |
| 2013 | Rio de Fé $^†$ | | Portuguese | |
| 2018 | O Grande Circo Místico | The Great Mystical Circus | Portuguese | |