OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Radwaniyah Palace

Radwaniyah Palace (also known as Al Radwaniyah Presidential Complex) is a palace in Baghdad, Iraq, which is the official residence of the President of Iraq and also functioned as a presidential resort for the late Iraqi president Saddam Hussein until it was taken over by Coalition forces during the 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq. The complex spans 18 square kilometres.
Inside, it was decorated with marble, luxury furniture and monuments dedicated to Saddam. Located 20 kilometers from central Baghdad, near the Baghdad International Airport in the west of the city, Radwaniyah Palace was the main presidential site for Saddam and was a typical Presidential site. It is bordered on the north by Qasr Tall Mihl and Al Urdun (Jordan) Street; on the south by sparse, outlying neighborhoods and on the east by suburbs Al 'Amiriyah and Hayy al-Furat. High walls surround the former resort; watchtowers contribute to more readily maintaining surveillance and security for the site. It also included a detention facility which according to Human Rights Watch was able to accommodate up to five-thousand inmates.
In addition to having two man-made hills and several man-made lakes, it house two presidential palaces. The northern one usually goes by the more familiar name, Al Faw Palace. The southern one is known as the Victory over Iran Palace.
Coalition installations Camp Liberty, Camp Victory and Camp Slayer used to occupy Al Radwaniyah's grounds.
# Đèo Văn Trị

Đèo Văn Trị (chữ Hán: 刁文持, 1849 – 1908 in Lai Châu) also known as his Lao name Cam Oum (or Khamhum, Lao: ຄຳອຸ້ມ), was the White Tai leader at Muang Lay in the Sip Song Chau Tai or Federation of the Twelve Tai states, of the Tai Dam people.

## Biography

Đèo Văn Trị was a son of Đèo Văn Sinh (Kham Sing). In his early life Đèo Văn Trị had studied as a monk at Wat Xieng Thong temple in Luang Phrabang. He held the de facto power from 1886, although his father was still alive.
At that time, French extended their control in Tonkin. Trị stood by the Vietnamese Nguyễn dynasty. He responded with Tôn Thất Thuyết's Cần Vương movement together with Nguyễn Văn Giáp and Ngô Quang Bích. Thuyết had sought for political refuge in Muang Lay, however, Thuyết did not trusted him. Later, Thuyết fled to China.
Trị also made common cause with Chinese Black Flag Army. Đèo Văn Trị sought help from Siamese, but Siamese occupied Muang Thaeng and attempted to place Sip Song Chau Tai under Siamese control. During the Haw wars, three of his younger brothers were captured and held prisoner by a Siamese military expedition, which made him enraged. In 1887, Đèo Văn Trị's Dai soldiers together with Chinese Black Flag Army soldiers, sacked Luang Phrabang. Auguste Pavie prevented the capture of the ailing local ruler Oun Kham and had him taken to safety but Đèo Văn Trị captured the local uparat prince Souvanna Phomma and executed him on June 8, 1887. Đèo Văn Trị used the temple as his headquarters, along with Wat Suwannaphumaham, sparing them any damage. Pavie allied with Đèo Văn Trị and France recognised him as leader of Sip Song Chau Tai in 1890. Siamese released his brothers back to Sip Song Chau Tai.
He was succeeded by his son Đèo Văn Long.
# Valerie Woods

Valerie Woods Smith (born 1973) is a Belizean politician who has served as Speaker of the House of Representatives since December 2020.

## Education

Woods has a BSc in Business Administration obtained from Le Moyne College in Syracuse, New York and a master's degree in Tourism Administration from George Washington University in Washington, D.C.

## Career

Woods has worked as the Manager of the Protected Areas Conservation Trust, Country Manager of Chukka and Director of Tourism. In 1999, she was appointed acting Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Tourism. She joined the Board of Friends for Conservation and Development in December 2019.
In addition, Woods is also a member of the People's United Party. In March 2016, she was appointed by party leader Johnny Briceño to one of their three designated Senate seats. Her appointment was a surprise to some, as her husband had challenged Briceno to step down in 2011.
Woods has been an outspoken advocate against discrimination on the basis of gender or sexuality. In August 2016, she initiated a meeting between the LGBTI community and government officials after the Supreme Court overturned Section 53 of the Criminal Code, which punished same-sex relationships with up to ten years in prison. In December 2018, she called for the government to do more to address domestic abuse. In April 2019, she abstained from voting on the Belize Territorial Dispute Referendum Bill as she favoured taking Guatemala to the International Court of Justice. She said, "If my head is to roll, let it roll." She was replaced in the Senate in August that year.
After the 2020 Belizean general election brought the PUP to power after 12 years in opposition, Woods was unanimously elected Speaker of the House of Representatives on 11 December 2020 after being proposed by newly elected Prime Minister Briceño and Deputy Prime Minister Cordel Hyde. In her inaugural address, she said, "...whіlе Веlіzе ѕtіll hаѕ muсh wоrk tо dо іn gеttіng mоrе wоmеn еlесtеd tо Раrlіаmеnt, І rесоgnіzе thаt mу nоmіnаtіоn аnd thаt оf thе Рrеѕіdеnt оf thе Ѕеnаtе, Ноn. Carolyn Trench-Sandiford, ѕіgnаlѕ а rесоgnіtіоn оf thе сrіtісаl іmроrtаnсе оf hаvіng mоrе wоmеn іn lеаdеrѕhір." Woods is also Chair of Caribbean Women in Leadership.

## Personal life

Woods is married to Godfrey Smith, former Attorney-General of Belize and a judge of the Supreme Court of Saint Lucia.
# The Journal of Business

The Journal of Business was an academic journal published by the University of Chicago Press. It aimed to cover "a comprehensive range of areas, including business finance and investment, money and banking, marketing, security markets, business economics, accounting practices, social issues and public policy, management organization, statistics and econometrics, administration and management, international trade and finance, and personnel, industrial relations, and labor."
Originally titled The Journal of Business of the University of Chicago when it debuted in 1928, the journal shortened its name to The Journal of Business in 1954.
Its broad scope became a liability as specialization in business scholarship grew and numerous specialized journals appeared. Rather than keeping it as a generalist journal or narrowing its focus, the faculty of the University of Chicago's Booth School of Business decided to cease publication of the journal at the end of 2006.
Some of its issues are now freely available at JSTOR.
# Secretary for Security (Macau)

The Secretary for Security (Chinese: 保安司司长; Portuguese: Secretaria para a Segurança) is the director of the government department responsible for public safety and security in Macau. The role replaced the former post of Secretary for Public Security. It is responsible for managing the Macau public security and police agencies.

## Subordinate entities

The following entities are controlled under the MSF:
* Unitary Police Services [zh]
** Public Security Police Force
*** Immigration Department of the Macao Special Administrative Region is a sub unit under Public Security Police Force
** Directorate of Judiciary Police [zh]
* Public Security Forces Affairs Bureau
* Correctional Services Bureau
* Fire Services Bureau
* Academy for Public Security Forces
* Macau Customs Service [zh]

### Macau Customs Service

Macau Customs Service is a government agency responsible for the protection against smuggling; revenue collection, detect and deter drug trafficking; protection of intellectual property rights; the protection of consumer interests; and the protection and facilitation of legitimate trade and maintaining trading integrity in Macau.
Customs Service is most visible at the points of entry into Macau:

#### Land entry points

* Posto Fronteiriço das Portas do Cerco
* Lotus Bridge
* Hengqin Port Inspection Area

#### Air entry points

* Macau International Airport

#### Marine entry points

* Taipa Ferry Terminal
* Inner Harbour Ferry Terminal
* Outer Harbour Ferry Terminal

## List of Secretariats

| No. | Name | Assumed office | Left office | Term |
| 1 | Cheong Kuoc Vá 張國華 | 20 December 1999 | 20 December 2004 | 1 |
| 1 | Cheong Kuoc Vá 張國華 | 20 December 2004 | 20 December 2009 | 2 |
| 1 | Cheong Kuoc Vá 張國華 | 20 December 2009 | 20 December 2014 | 3 |
| 2 | Wong Sio Chak 黃少澤 | 20 December 2014 | 20 December 2019 | 4 |
| 2 | Wong Sio Chak 黃少澤 | 20 December 2019 | Incumbent Term ends on 20 December 2024 | 5 |

### Commissioners

* José Proença Branco - Unitary Police Service
* Chôi Lai Hang - Director General of the Macau Custom Service
** Lai Man Wa - Deputy Director General of the Customs Service
* Lei Siu Peng - Public Security Police
** Ma Io Kun - Deputy Commissioner Public Security Police
** Lei Man Kim - Deputy Commissioner Public Security Police
* Wong Sio Chak - Director, Judiciary Police
** Cheong Ioc Iong - Deputy Director, Judiciary Police
** João Augusto da Rosa, Judiciary Police
* Lee Kam Cheong - Director, Macau Prison
* Loi Kam Wan - Commissioner of Macau Fire Service
** Eurico Lopes Fazenda - Deputy Commissioner Macau Fire Service
** Lei Pun Chi - Deputy Commissioner Macau Fire Service

## Office of the Secretary for Security

The Secretariat's offices are located at the former San Francisco Barracks located near to what is now S. Francisco Garden.

### Chief of Office

* Vong Chun Fat
# Santos Vega

Santos Vega was a mythical Argentine gaucho, and invincible payador (a kind of minstrel that competed in singing competitions resembling dialectic discussions), who was only defeated by the Devil himself, disguised as the payador Juan sin Ropa ("John Clothless").
The myth states he is buried near San Clemente del Tuyú.
Argentina's President Bartolomé Mitre was the first to compose a poem based on the legend. Afterwards, Hilario Ascasubi wrote "Santos Vega o los Mellizos de la Flor", a long poem in which the minstrel narrates the events. Soon after, Eduardo Gutiérrez published the "Story of Santos Vega and his friend Carmona prosecuted by justice" as a feuilleton. Finally, Rafael Obligado, inspired on Gutiérrez's work, composed his best poem "Santos Vega", one of the top works of Argentine literature.
A 1936 film Santos Vega was released.

## Rafael Obligado

Rafael Obligado's poem is romanticist, because it emphasizes nature, twilight, nationalism, and the four elements. It is divided in four cantos: The Minstrel's Soul, The Minstrel's Wife, The Minstrel's Hymn and The Minstrel's Death. They don't follow a chronological order since the first two feature the "ghost" that inhabits the pampas, the fourth tells his last duel with the Devil; and the third one was a later addition in which Santos Vega (alive) interrupts a match of Pato and calls the gauchos to join the May Revolution.
# List of international prime ministerial trips made by Paul Martin

This is a list of international presidential trips made by Paul Martin, the 21st prime minister of Canada.

## Summary

The number of visits per country where he travelled are:
* One visit to Brazil, China, India, Japan, Libya, Mexico, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Thailand, and the United Kingdom
* Five visits to the United States

## 2004

| Country | Location | Date | Details |
| Mexico | Monterrey | January 12–13 | Summit of the Americas |
| United States | New York City | March 1 | Working visit |
| United States | Washington, D.C. | April 28–30 | Working visit |
| United States | Sea Island, Georgia | June 8–10 | 30th G8 summit |
| Russia | Moscow, Russia | October 11 | Official visit. |
| Brazil | Brasília | November 22–23 | Working visit |
| Sudan | Khartoum | November 25 | Met with President Omar al-Bashir. |
| Libyan Arab Jamahiriya | Tripoli | December 19–20 | Met with Muammar Gaddafi. |

## 2005

| Country | Location | Date | Details |
| Thailand | Phuket province | January 15–16 | Official visit |
| Sri Lanka | Colombo | January 17 | Official visit |
| India | New Delhi | January 18 | Official visit |
| Japan | Tokyo | January 19–20 | Official visit |
| China | Beijing and Hong Kong | January 20–23 | Official visit |
| United States | Crawford and Waco, Texas | March 23 | Working visit |
| United Kingdom | Auchterarder | 6–8 July | 31st G8 summit |
| United States | New York City | September 13–16 | Working visit |
# Knut

Knut (Norwegian and Swedish), Knud (Danish), or Knútur (Icelandic) is a Scandinavian and German first name, of which the anglicised form is Canute. In Germany both "Knut" and "Knud" are used. In Spanish and Portuguese Canuto is used which comes from the Latin version Canutus, and in Finland, the name Nuutti is based on the name Knut. The name is derived from the Old Norse Knútr meaning "knot". In English the K is not mute, so the name is not properly pronounced nut or nute.
It is the name of several medieval kings of Denmark, two of whom also reigned over England during the first half of the 11th century.

## People

* Harthaknut I of Denmark (Knut I, Danish: Hardeknud) (b. c. 890), king of Denmark
* Knut the Great (Knut II, Danish: Knud den Store or Knud II) (d. 1035), Viking king of England, Denmark and Norway
** Subject of the apocryphal King Canute and the waves
* Harthaknut (Knut III, Danish: Hardeknud or Knud III) (d. 1042), king of Denmark and England
* Saint Knud IV of Denmark (Danish: Knud IV), king of Denmark (r. 1080–1086) and martyr
* Knud Lavard (d. 1131), Danish prince and saint
* Knud V of Denmark (Danish: Knud V), king of Denmark (r. 1146–1157)
* Canute I of Sweden (Swedish: Knut Eriksson) (king 1173–1195)
* Canute II of Sweden (Swedish: Knut Långe) (king 1229–1234)
* Knud VI of Denmark (Danish: Knud VI), king of Denmark (r. 1182–1202)
* Knut Wallenberg (1853–1938), Swedish Minister of Foreign Affairs and banker
* Knut Hamsun (1859–1952), Norwegian author
* Knud Rasmussen (1879–1933), Greenlandic polar explorer and anthropologist
* Knute Rockne (1888–1931), American football player and coach
* Knute Cauldwell (1896–1952), American football player
* Knud, Hereditary Prince of Denmark (1900–1976), younger son of King Christian X
* Knud Reimers (1906–1987), Danish yacht designer
* Knut Haukelid (1911–1994), American-born Norwegian soldier and resistance fighter
* Knut Schmidt-Nielsen (1915–2007), Norwegian-born American biologist
* Knut Haugland (1917–2009), Norwegian resistance fighter and explorer
* Knud Heinesen (born 1932), Danish politician
* Knut Hergel (1899–1982), Norwegian actor
* Knut Frydenlund (1927–1987), Norwegian Minister of Foreign Affairs
* Knut Vollebæk (born 1946), Norwegian Minister of Foreign Affairs
* Knut Knudsen (born 1950), Norwegian cyclist, Olympic and World Champion
* Knut Fleckenstein (born 1953), German politician
* Knut Storberget (born 1964), Norwegian politician and former Minister of Justice
* Knut Reinhardt (born 1968), German footballer
* Knut Risan (1930–2011), Norwegian actor
* Knut Arild Hareide (born 1972), leader of Norway's Christian Democratic Party, and a former Minister of the Environment
* Knut Schreiner (born 1974), Norwegian guitarist for Turbonegro, Euroboys, Mirror Lakes, and music producer
* Knut Petter Torgersen (born 1955), Norwegian politician
* Knut Wicksell (1851–1926), Swedish economist
* Knut Abraham (born 1966), German politician

## Fictional characters

* Adonis Cnut, Rik Mayall's character in the sitcom Believe Nothing
# Subconjunctival bleeding

Subconjunctival bleeding, also known as subconjunctival hemorrhage or subconjunctival haemorrhage, is bleeding from a small blood vessel over the whites of the eye. It results in a red spot in the white of the eye. There is generally little to no pain and vision is not affected. Generally only one eye is affected.
Causes can include coughing, vomiting, heavy lifting, straining during acute constipation or the act of "bearing down" during childbirth, as these activities can increase the blood pressure in the vascular systems supplying the conjunctiva. Other causes include blunt or penetrating trauma to the eye. Risk factors include hypertension, diabetes, old age, and blood thinners. Subconjunctival bleeding occurs in about 2% of newborns following a vaginal delivery. The blood accumulates between the conjunctiva and the episclera. Diagnosis is generally based on the appearance of the conjunctiva.
The condition is relatively common, and both sexes are affected equally. Spontaneous bleeding occurs more commonly over the age of 50 while the traumatic type occurs more often in young males. Generally no specific treatment is required and the condition resolves over two to three weeks. Artificial tears may be used to alleviate irritation.

## Signs and symptoms

Subconjunctival bleeding initially appears bright red underneath the transparent bulbar conjunctiva. Later, the bleeding may spread and become green or yellow as the hemoglobin is metabolized. It usually disappears within two weeks. The affected eye may feel dry, rough, or scratchy, but the condition is not usually painful.

## Causes

* Mechanical
** Increased venous pressure (e.g. extreme g-force, straining, vomiting, choking, sneezing, coughing or strangling) or from straining due to constipation
** External pressure changes:
*** Atmospheric pressure changes due to aircraft altitude changes
*** Mask squeeze from scuba diving without equalizing mask pressure during descent
** Eye injury or eye surgery
** Zygoma fracture (results in lateral subconjunctival bleeding)
* Medical conditions that affect blood or blood vessels:
** Severe hypertension
** Viral hemorrhagic fever
** Coagulation disorder (congenital or acquired)
** Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (caused by including enterovirus 70, coxsackievirus A24 variant, and adenovirus 11)
** Leptospirosis
Subconjunctival bleeding in infants may be associated with scurvy (a vitamin C deficiency), abuse or traumatic asphyxia syndrome.

## Diagnosis

Diagnosis is by visual inspection, by noting the typical finding of bright red discoloration confined to the white portion (sclera) of the eye. In rare cases blood may drip from the eye.

## Management

A subconjunctival bleeding is typically a self-limiting condition that requires no treatment unless there is evidence of an eye infection or there has been significant eye trauma. Artificial tears may be applied four to six times a day if the eye feels dry or scratchy. The elective use of aspirin is typically discouraged.
# Alexander Gaeta

Alexander Luis Gaeta (born 1961) is an American physicist and the David M. Rickey Professor of Applied Physics at Columbia University. He is known for his work on quantum and nonlinear photonics. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, Optica (formerly the Optical Society of America), and of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

## Education

Gaeta received his B.S. (1983), M.S. (1985), and Ph.D. (1991) degrees in Optics from the University of Rochester in Rochester, New York. His doctoral thesis entitled, "Stochastic and Deterministic Fluctuations in Stimulated Brillouin Scattering", was completed under the supervision of Robert W. Boyd. From 1990 to 1992 he held a postdoctoral fellowship at the Institute of Optics at the university.

## Career and research

Gaeta joined the faculty in the School of Applied and Engineering Physics at Cornell University in 1992. He served as its director from 2011 to 2014 and was named the Samuel B. Eckert Professor of Engineering in 2013. He also served as the director of the National Science Foundation Center of Nanoscale Systems in Information Technologies from 2008 to 2012. In 2015, he joined the Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics at Columbia University where he is the David M. Rickey Professor of Applied Physics and Material Science. In 2011, he co-founded Picoluz, Inc. and in 2022 he co-founded Xscape Photonics. He was the founding editor-in-chief of Optica, the flagship journal of Optica (formerly the Optical Society of America).
Gaeta has published more than 260 journal papers in various areas of optical physics and photonics. His group performed fundamental studies on propagation of ultrashort laser pulses and slow light. He also pioneered nonlinear optics in gas-filled hollow-core photonic crystal fiber, and his group also demonstrated various aspects of ultrafast optical time-lens technology including its application to temporal cloaking. In collaboration with Michal Lipson’s group, his group performed many of the key demonstrations in nonlinear silicon photonics including dispersion engineering and parametric gain, generation of correlated photons, Kerr comb generation in microresonators, and supercontinuum generation.

## Honors and awards

In 2004 Gaeta was elected a Fellow of the Optical Society of America (now Optica). In 2005 he was elected a of Fellow of the American Physical Society "for pioneering experimental and theoretical investigations of nonlinear optical interactions in photonic crystal fibers and with ultrashort pulses in bulk media." He was awarded the 2019 Charles Hard Townes Medal from the then-named Optical Society (OSA) and in the same year became an elected Fellow of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Gaeta is a Thomson Reuters Highly Cited Researcher." He is also the 2023 recipient of the Stephen D. Fantone Distinguished Service Award from Optica.
# Jonathan Law High School

Jonathan Law High School is a public high school located in Milford, Connecticut, United States. It serves about 1,000 students in grades 9–12 in the Milford Public Schools system.

## History

The school was built in the 1960s to accommodate the increased student numbers caused by the baby-boom after World War II. It was named in honor of the 27th Governor of the Colony of Connecticut, Jonathan Law (August 6, 1674 – November 6, 1750). Until the 1970s, the Milford Public School System continued to include two public high schools, Milford High School in the central part of the city and Jonathan Law High School on the west end of the city, but shortly after the opening of a third, Joseph A. Foran High School on the east end of the city, Milford High School was closed and converted to accommodate municipal administrative offices due to the city's diminishing student numbers. The school mascot is a humanoid eagle, but male sports teams refer to themselves as the Lawmen.

## About

Students have many offerings of AP classes and college preparatory courses. The school offers grades 9–12 to students from West Shore Middle School and Harborside Middle School. It is located at 20 Lansdale Avenue in Milford, a walkable distance from Walnut Beach and Route 1.

## Sports

Sports offered are:
* Softball
* Baseball
* Tennis (male and female)
* Cross country (male and Female)
* Football
* Volleyball
* Basketball (male and female)
* Swimming (male and female)
* Soccer (male and female)
* Wrestling (male and female)
* Ice Hockey (male and female)
** Male team co-operates with Joseph A. Foran High School and is known as the Milford Indians
** Female team co-operates with Joseph A. Foran High School and Notre Dame in Fairfield
* Outdoor track (male and female)
* Indoor track (male and female)
* Lacrosse (male and female)
* Golf (male and female)
Sports teams participate in the CIAC and Southern Connecticut Conference.

## Notable alumni

* Doug Coby, racing driver
* Joe Biden, 46th United States President
* Natalie Nunn, Baddie
* Aryanna Maldonado, McDonalds Kitchen Staff
* Sakshi Mehta, Aryanna's Coworker at McDonalds
# Ovatipsa coloba

Ovatipsa coloba is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Indian Ocean along Chagos.