OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alberta Biennial of Contemporary Art

The Alberta Biennial of Contemporary Art is a contemporary art exhibition which has been held at various locations in Alberta, Canada, every two years from 1996 to 2012, then on a two or three year basis since then. Its purpose is "to foster a dialogue between artists and communities across the province."
Two artists withdrew from the planned show in 2020 due to the complete exclusion of Black artists throughout the biennial's history.

## History

* 1996
* 1998
* 2000 by Edmonton Art Gallery curator Catherine Crowston and Banff’s Allan Harding Mackay
* 2002
* 2004
* 2006
* 2007 - "Living Utopia and Disaster" Curated by Catherine Crowston and Sylvie Gilbert
* 2010 - “Timeland” guest curator Richard Rhodes
* 2013 - "The News From Here" guest curated by award-winning critic and independent curator Nancy Tousley
* 2015 - "Future Station" curated by Kristy Trinier
* 2017 - "for the time being:" Curated by Peta Rake and Kristy Trinier
# Opus vittatum

Opus vittatum ("banded work"), also called opus listatum, was an ancient Roman construction technique introduced at the beginning of the fourth century, made by parallel horizontal courses of tuff blocks alternated with bricks.
This technique was adopted during the whole 4th century, and is typical of the works of Maxentius and Constantine.
# Tighiyeh

Tighiyeh (Persian: تيغيه) is a village in Vilkij-e Jonubi Rural District of Vilkij District in Namin County, Ardabil province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 215 in 44 households. The following census in 2011 counted 216 people in 64 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 183 people in 50 households.
# Njål Hole

Njål Hole MBE (15 November 1914 – 6 February 1988) was a Norwegian chemical engineer and nuclear physicist. His research was primarily in the field of nuclear physics.

## Biography

He was born in Hjørundfjord. He graduated from the Norwegian Institute of Technology in 1938. From 1938 he was an assistant at Norwegian Institute of Technology.
During the German occupation of Norway, he participated in resistance activities, and had to flee to Sweden. In Stockholm he was appointed at the same laboratory as exiled Austrian nuclear physicist Lise Meitner, who had been part of the team that discovered nuclear fission. Hole had contacts with the British Secret Intelligence Service, reporting to Norwegian intelligence officer Leif Tronstad (1903–1945) in London. He was decorated Member of the Order of the British Empire after the war.
He was appointed professor in physics at the Norwegian Institute of Technology in Trondheim from 1947 and took his doctorate in 1950. In 1954 he became professor of experimental physics. In 1964, he took over a new professorship in general physics, which he managed until his retirement in 1981.
# Charles Rogan

Charles Rogan (1858–1932) served as the 15th Texas land commissioner, from 1899 until 1903. He was born near Ripley, Mississippi, on February 3, 1858; he moved with his parents to Texas in 1862. He was a member of the 1879 inaugural graduating class of Texas A&M College. He attended Harvard Law School from 1881 to 1883.
In 1890, Rogan was elected to Texas's 77th House of Representatives district, which at the time included Brown and Comanche counties, as part of the 22nd Texas Legislature, serving from 1891 to 1893.
In 1899, Texas governor Joseph Sayers appointed him as Texas land commissioner, to replace George W. Finger who had died in office. Rogan subsequently stood as land commissioner in the 1900 general election, and was elected.
After stepping down as Texas lands commissioner, he returned to private practice as a lawyer in Austin.
He died at his home, in Austin, on January 12, 1932. He is buried in Austin's Oakwood Cemetery.
# Heterotheca fulcrata

Heterotheca fulcrata, known by the common name rockyscree false goldenaster, is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It has been found in northern Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas) and in the western United States (from Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas north to Wyoming and Idaho).

## Varieties

* Heterotheca fulcrata var. amplifolia (Rydberg) Semple - Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, southwestern Utah, southern New Mexico
* Heterotheca fulcrata var. arizonica Semple - from Nevada to Coahuila
* Heterotheca fulcrata var. fulcrata - from Wyoming + Idaho south to Arizona and Tamaulipas
* Heterotheca fulcrata var. senilis (Wooton & Standley) Semple - southern Arizona, Southern New Mexico, western Texas, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila
# Katharina Risch

Katharina Risch (born 9 November 2004) is a Swiss-Liechtensteiner footballer who plays as a midfielder for the Swiss Women's Super League club St. Gallen and the Liechtenstein national football team.

## Career

In 2020, Risch joined St. Gallen from FC Vaduz.
In late 2020, she switched international allegiances and represented Switzerland at the under-17 and under-19 levels through 2021.
Risch returned to representing Liechtenstein in 2022, and made her debut for the senior team in a 0-4 friendly loss against Kosovo.

## Career statistics
### International

Liechtenstein :
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 2023 | 2 | 0 |
| 2024 | 4 | 1 |
| 2025 | 2 | 1 |
| Total | 8 | 2 |

### International goals

| # | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| 1. | 22 February 2024 | Victoria Stadium, Gibraltar | Gibraltar | 1–0 | 3–2 | Friendly |
| 2. | 21 February 2025 | Armavir City Stadium, Armavir, Armenia | Armenia | 1–4 | 1–6 | 2025 UEFA Nations League |
# Les Fusselman

Lester Leroy Fusselman (March 7, 1921 – May 21, 1970) was an American professional baseball player, a catcher who appeared in 43 Major League games for the 1952–1953 St. Louis Cardinals. He threw and batted right-handed, stood 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) tall and weighed 195 pounds (88 kg).
Born in Pryor, Oklahoma, Fusselman graduated from Payson-Seymour High School in Illinois and attended Western Illinois University. His decade-long professional career, which began in the Cardinal farm system in 1942, was interrupted by three years of service in the United States Army during World War II. Fusselman's postwar baseball career was spent bouncing between upper-level Redbird affiliates until, at age 31, he made the Cardinal roster in 1952 as a rookie. He appeared in 32 games that season as the backup catcher to Del Rice, who started 137 out of the Cards' 154 games. Fusselman himself batted 63 times and made ten hits. On May 9, 1952 he went two for four with a home run and two runs scored off Ken Raffensberger of the Cincinnati Reds.
As a minor leaguer, Fusselman batted .274 with 717 hits in 823 games played. His playing career ended after the 1954 season.
# Hayden Szeto

Hayden Chun Hay Szeto (born September 11, 1985) is a Canadian actor, known for his role as Erwin Kim in the comedy-drama film The Edge of Seventeen (2016). In 2017, he portrayed Ken Luang in the NBC comedy series The Good Place.

## Early life

Szeto was raised in the Richmond, British Columbia area, with two parents from Hong Kong. Szeto comes from a long line of artistic talent. His father, Nigel Szeto, is a painter, and his paternal grandfather, Kei Szeto (司徒奇 [zh] Situ Qi, 司徒奇), was a revered Chinese sculptor. His great-grand father Szeto Mei was a notable poet. He studied sociology at Kwantlen Polytechnic University. Szeto graduated from the New York Film Academy's Acting for Film program in 2011.

## Career

In 2016, Szeto made his breakthrough role playing Erwin Kim in Kelly Fremon Craig's coming-of-age comedy-drama The Edge of Seventeen alongside Hailee Steinfeld. He appeared in two episodes in the second season of NBC's comedy series The Good Place, portraying a Buddhist monk named Ken Luang.
On May 24, 2017, Szeto was cast as Brad Chang in the Blumhouse supernatural thriller film Truth or Dare. The film was released in theaters on April 13, 2018.

## Filmography
### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2012 | Secret Asian Man: Rise of the Zodiac! | Young Sam Starr | |
| 2012 | Free Love | Restaurant Patron | Short film |
| 2016 | The Edge of Seventeen | Erwin Kim | |
| 2018 | Truth or Dare | Brad Chang | |
| 2019 | Come As You Are | Matt | |
| 2019 | Summer Night | Caleb Grass | |
| 2020 | Tigertail | Eric | |
| 2021 | Yes Day | Officer Chang | |
| 2022 | Sex Appeal | Mr. Vemmer | Hulu film |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2011 | Man of Light | Jaiden Long | Television film |
| 2012 | America's Most Wanted | 3rd Gang Member | Episode: "Crimes of Passion" |
| 2017 | The Good Place | Ken Luang | 2 episodes |
| 2018 | Lodge 49 | Corporate | 6 episodes |
| 2019 | Arrested Development | Jeremy | Episode: "Saving for Arraignment Day" |
| 2019 | The Good Doctor | Tony Liu | Episode: "Incomplete" |
| 2019 | What We Do in the Shadows | Jonathan Cadgar | 2 episodes |
| 2019 | Magnum P.I. | Detective Pono Palima | Episode: "Make It 'til Dawn" |
# Rosendo Huesca Pacheco

Rosendo Huesca Pacheco (3 March 1932 – 25 November 2017) was a Mexican Catholic prelate.
Born in 1932, he was ordained a priest in 1956. In 1970, he was consecrated bishop. He became archbishop of Puebla de los Ángeles in 1977 and served until his retirement in 2009. Huesca Pacheco died at the age of 85 on 25 November 2017.
# Yuval Filo

Yuval Filo (Hebrew: יובל פילו; born March 3, 1998) is an Israeli female rhythmic gymnast.
Filo has collected a total of two bronze medals, as a member of the national squad, at the European Championships (2014 and 2016), and eventually competed alongside her teammates Alona Koshevatskiy, Ekaterina Levina, Karina Lykhvar and Ida Mayrin at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, finishing outside of medals in the group all-around final with a sixth-place score of 34.549.
# Alethea Ambrosio

Alethea Rodriguez Ambrosio (born July 17, 2002) is a Filipino model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned as The Miss Philippines 2023 appointed as Miss Supranational Philippines 2024.
Ambrosio is noted to have won The Miss Philippines 2023 pageant by speaking in Filipino in the final word round. She represented the Philippines at the Miss Supranational 2024 pageant where she finished in the top 12 and was crowned Miss Supranational Asia and Oceania.

## Early life and education

Ambrosio was born on July 17, 2002, in San Rafael, Bulacan, to Antonio and Maria Ambrosio. She is currently studying a bachelor's degree in Economics at the De La Salle University in Malate, Manila.

## Pageantry
### Local and regional pageants

Ambrosio began pageantry when she was first crowned Miss Rotary Club of Taguig West and competed in the Miss Rotary 2023 pageant where she placed in the top 10.

### The Miss Philippines 2023

Ambrosio competed in her first major pageant at The Miss Philippines 2023 pageant held at the SM Mall of Asia Arena on October 24, 2023. In the final round of the pageant, she answered her question in Filipino of which she received praise for her answer and nods of approval from the judges. Ambrosio went on to win the event at the end of the night and was crowned The Miss Philippines 2023, and was later crowned as Miss Supranational Philippines 2024 at an appointment ceremony on February 18, 2024.

### Miss Supranational 2024

Ambrosio represented the Philippines and competed against 67 candidates from their respective countries/territories in the Miss Supranational 2024 pageant at Nowy Sącz, Poland. She was a semi-finalist in the Supra Model of the Year challenge placing in the top 11 of the pre-pageant event. On the coronation night on July 6, 2024, Ambrosio advanced to the top 12 question and answer portion where all 12 contestants were asked to answer, "Why they should be the next brand ambassador of the Miss Supranational organization" in 20 seconds. She responded;
   "In my country where beauty queens are often applauded for speaking in English, I won my national title using Filipino, our national language. As a cultural torch bearer, I seek to lead the path in forging cross-cultural understanding among my sisters as your next Miss Supranational ambassadress."
Ambrosio finished in the top 12 and was crowned Miss Supranational Asia and Oceania, this title is awarded to the highest-ranking representative from the continent who did not make it into the top five. At the end of the night, Harashta Haifa Zahra of Indonesia won the event.
# They Don't Know (Jon B. song)

"They Don't Know" is a song produced by Tim & Bob and co-written and performed by American contemporary R&B singer Jon B, issued as the third single from his second studio album Cool Relax. The radio edit version and its remix sampled "Ten Crack Commandments" and "The World is Filled", both performed by The Notorious B.I.G. The song is his biggest hit to date on the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at #7 in 1998.

## Music video

The official music video for the song was directed by Christopher Erskin.
Gunna and Chlöe came together to write the song "You & Me" which sampled some lyrics and the guitar from "They Don't Know". During an appearance on the podcast Can We Talk RNB?, Jon B. expressed his distaste towards Gunna for sampling his song without his consent.

## Chart positions
### Weekly charts

| Chart (1998) | Peak position |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 32 |
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 7 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) | 2 |
| US Rhythmic (Billboard) | 11 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1998) | Position |
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 39 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) | 2 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,000,000 |
# Caíque (footballer, born 1997)

Caíque Luiz Santos da Purificação (born 31 July 1997), simply known as Caíque, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Criciúma.

## Career

On February 15, 2022, Caíque went on loan to MLS Next Pro independent side Rochester New York FC ahead of the 2022 season.

## Career statistics

    As of 18 June 2024
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | State league | State league | National cup | National cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Vitória | 2015 | Série B | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 |
| Vitória | 2016 | Série A | 8 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 16 | 0 |
| Vitória | 2017 | Série A | 9 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | 14 | 0 |
| Vitória | 2018 | Série A | 5 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 0 | — | — | 3 | 0 | 14 | 0 |
| Vitória | 2019 | Série B | 3 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 2 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
| Vitória | 2020 | Série B | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Vitória | 2021 | Série B | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 |
| Vitória | 2022 | Série C | — | — | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Vitória | Total | Total | 25 | 0 | 14 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 49 | 0 |
| CSA (loan) | 2020 | Série B | — | — | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| Ermis Aradippou (loan) | 2020/21 | Cypriot First Division | 30 | 0 | — | — | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 31 | 0 |
| Rochester New York (loan) | 2022 | MLS Next Pro | 24 | 0 | — | — | 1 | 0 | — | — | 1 | 0 | 26 | 0 |
| Ypiranga-RS | 2023 | Série C | 15 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 4 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 30 | 0 |
| Grêmio | 2023 | Série A | 4 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 4 | 0 |
| Grêmio | 2024 | Série A | 1 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 10 | 0 |
| Grêmio | Total | Total | 5 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 14 | 0 |
| Career Total | Career Total | Career Total | 99 | 0 | 34 | 0 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 155 | 0 |
* 1 2 3 4 Appearances in the Campeonato Baiano
* 1 2 3 4 5 Appearances in the Copa do Brasil
* 1 2 3 Appearances in the Copa do Nordeste
* ↑ Appearance in the Campeonato Alagoano
* ↑ Appearance in the Cypriot Cup
* ↑ Appearance in the U.S. Open Cup
* ↑ Appearance in the MLS Next Pro Playoffs
* 1 2 Appearances in the Campeonato Gaúcho

## Honours

Grêmio
* Campeonato Gaúcho: 2024
# RC Jiki Gori

RC Jiki Gori is a Georgian professional rugby club from Gori, who plays in the Didi 10, the top division of Georgian rugby.

## Current squad

2020/2021 squad Note: Flags indicate national union under World Rugby eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-World Rugby nationality.
| Player | Position | Union |
| Iago Tsakadze | Hooker | Georgia |
| Anton Cilicik | Hooker | Georgia |
| Alishan Umarov | Hooker | Georgia |
| Irakli Purichamiashvili | Prop | Georgia |
| Tevdore Macharashvili | Prop | Georgia |
| Rati Samkurashvili | Prop | Georgia |
| Dato Pkhakadze | Prop | Georgia |
| Geno Khelia | Prop | Georgia |
| Beka Beruashvili | Prop | Georgia |
| Giorgi Gigashvili | Prop | Georgia |
| Shota Nachkebia | Prop | Georgia |
| Giorgi Zagashvili | Prop | Georgia |
| Lasha Titvinadze | Prop | Georgia |
| Gaga Arabuli | Lock | Georgia |
| Nodar Shvelidze | Lock | Georgia |
| Kakha Gazashvili | Lock | Georgia |
| Levan Kuchava | Lock | Georgia |
| Luka Gelashvili | Lock | Georgia |
| Roland Kvachadze | Lock | Georgia |
| Misha Chachava | Flanker | Georgia |
| Luka Ivanishvili | Flanker | Georgia |
| Tengiz Abramishvili | Flanker | Georgia |
| Giorgi Churadze | Flanker | Georgia |
| Vepkhia Peikrishvili | Flanker | Georgia |
| Player | Position | Union |
| Lasha Nadiradze | Scrum-half | Georgia |
| Sergi Kurashvili | Scrum-half | Georgia |
| Tornike Vakhania | Scrum-half | Georgia |
| Saba Nikolava | Fly-half | Georgia |
| Shota Sepashvili | Centre | Georgia |
| Rati Khutsishvili | Centre | Georgia |
| Fridon Veshaguri | Centre | Georgia |
| Dimitri Kalandadze | Wing | Georgia |
| Tornike Vakhania | Wing | Georgia |
| Erekle Tatarashvili | Wing | Georgia |
| Alexandre Khetsoidze | Wing | Georgia |
| Nika Nokarashvili | Fullback | Georgia |
| Claudius Khutsishvili | Fullback | Georgia |

### Notable players

* Tornike Jalaghonia
# The Living Forest

The Living Forest (Spanish: El bosque animado, sentirás su magia) is a 2001 Spanish animated fantasy film directed by Ángel de la Cruz and Manolo Gómez, based on the novel of the same name by popular Spanish writer Wenceslao Fernández Flórez, with a script by Gómez. The film was released in Spain on 3 August 2001 by Buena Vista International. It won Best Animated Film at the 16th Goya Awards in 2001 and the White Camel award at the Sahara International Film Festival in 2003.
# Mottle virus

Mottle virus may refer to:
* Andean potato mottle virus
* Bean pod mottle virus
* Bidens mottle virus
* Blueberry leaf mottle virus
* Carnation mottle virus
* Carnation vein mottle virus
* Carrot mottle virus
* Cassava green mottle virus
* Cherry mottle leaf virus
* Chilli veinal mottle virus
* Cocksfoot mottle virus
* Cowpea mild mottle virus
* Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus
* Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus
* Elm mottle virus
* Lettuce speckles mottle virus
* Lily mottle virus
* Oat necrotic mottle virus
* Peanut mottle virus
* Pepper mottle virus
* Pepper mild mottle virus
* Primula mottle virus
* Rice yellow mottle virus
* Soybean chlorotic mottle virus
* Sweet potato mild mottle virus
* Tomato mottle mosaic virus
* Tulip breaking virus
# Peter Oresick

Peter Oresick (/ɔːˈrɛsɪk/ or-ESS-ik; September 8, 1955 – September 3, 2016) was an American poet.
Oresick was best known as the editor of Working Classics, a literary anthology of working-class poetry, and as a publisher. He served in senior positions in literary, scholarly, and technical publishing from 1981 to 2004 at the University of Pittsburgh Press, the Graphic Arts Technical Foundation, and Printing Industries of America. In 2010, he became editor-in-chief of the literary magazine The Fourth River.
Oresick earned his B.A. and M.F.A. at the University of Pittsburgh. He taught at Emerson College, the Tepper School of Business at Carnegie Mellon University, Chatham University, the University of Pittsburgh, and the Pittsburgh High School for the Creative and Performing Arts.
Oresick resided in Pittsburgh. He died on 3 September 2016 at the age of 60 from cancer.

## Published works
### Poetry

* Iconoscope: New and Selected Poems, poetry (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2015).
* To a Museum Guard at Shift Change, poetry (Chicago: West North Press, 2012).
* Warhol-o-rama, poetry (Pittsburgh: Carnegie Mellon University Press, 2008).
* For a Living: The Poetry of Work, (co-editor with Nicholas Coles), poetry anthology (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1995).
* Fermi Buffalo, by Louise McNeil (posthumously), (editor), poetry (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1994).
* The Pittsburgh Book of Contemporary American Poetry, (co-editor with Ed Ochester), poetry anthology (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993).
* Despite the Plainness of Day: Love Poems, by David Ignatow, (co-editor with Anthony Petrosky), poetry (Pittsburgh: Mill Hunk Books, 1991).
* Working Classics: Poems on Industrial Life, (co-editor with Nicholas Coles), poetry anthology (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1990).
* Definitions, poetry (Albuquerque: West End Press, 1990).
* An American Peace, (Foreword by Gerald Stern) poetry (Minneapolis: Shadow Press USA, 1985)
* Other Lives, poetry (Easthampton: Adastra Press, 1985).
* The Story of Glass, poetry (Cambridge: West End Press, 1977).

## Sources

* Contemporary Authors Online. The Gale Group, 2006. PEN (Permanent Entry Number): 0000074923.
# Allium giganteum

Allium giganteum, common name giant onion or giant leek, is an Asian species of onion in the Onion Family (Alliaceae), native to central and southwestern Asia but cultivated in many countries as a flowering garden plant. It is the tallest species of Allium in common cultivation, growing to 1.5 metres (4.9 ft).
In early to midsummer, small globes of intense purple umbels appear, followed by attractive fruiting umbels. A popular cultivar, 'Globemaster', is shorter (80 centimetres (31 in)) but produces much larger, deep violet, umbels (15–20 centimetres (5.9–7.9 in)). These globular umbels can contain thousands of florets (i.e. tiny flowers). A bulb dealer in Arcadia, California, counted 5286 florets from a single umbel. Both varieties have been granted the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
In nature, the species is found in Iran, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. In cultivation in the US, it performs well in USDA hardiness zones 6–10.
Eating flowers, seeds, leaves, and stems can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea due to the sulfides they contain.
# Súgán

Súgán or súgán cotháin is a form of rope made from straw in Ireland, being the Irish word for straw-rope.

## Uses

Súgán as a rope has many uses, being used as a weaving material to make household items such as cradles and baskets. The most recognisable use of it is that of a woven chair seat, commonly known as a súgán chair. These chairs tended to have a wooden frame, and the seat being made by weaving súgán through the frame. Some of these chairs look more like an armchair, with the entire body being wrapped in the rope.

## Pejorative term

Súgán has also been used as a pejorative term in the Irish language, the nearest English equivalent being "a man of straw". The term is most commonly used in reference to James FitzThomas FitzGerald, the 16th Earl of Desmond, whose title and authority were never recognised by his family's traditional supporters and who is remembered today as "the Súgán Earl".