# East Asian languages

The East Asian languages are a language family (alternatively macrofamily or superphylum) proposed by Stanley Starosta in 2001. The proposal has since been adopted by George van Driem and others.

## Classifications
### Early proposals

Early proposals of similar linguistic macrophylla, in narrower scope:
* Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Kra-Dai, Tibeto-Burman: August Conrady (1916, 1922) and Kurt Wulff (1934, 1942)
* Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Kra-Dai, Hmong-Mien: Paul K. Benedict (1942), Robert Blust (1996), Ilia Peiros (1998)
* Austroasiatic, Austronesian, Kra-Dai, Tibeto-Burman, Hmong-Mien: Stanley Starosta (2001)
Precursors to the East Asian proposal:
* Austro-Tai (Kra-Dai and Austronesian): Gustave Schlegel (1901, 1902), Weera Ostapirat (2005)
* Austric (Austroasiatic and Austronesian): Wilhelm Schmidt (1906), Lawrence Reid (1994, 2005)

### Starosta (2005)

Stanley Starosta's (2005) East Asian proposal includes a "Yangzian" branch, consisting of Austroasiatic and Hmong–Mien, to form an East Asian superphylum. However, Starosta believes his proposed Yangzian to be a direct sister of Sino-Tibetan rather than Austronesian, which is more distantly related to Sino-Tibetan as a sister of Sino-Tibetan-Yangzian. He concludes Proto-East Asian was a disyllabic (CVCVC) language spoken from 6,500 to 6,000 BCE by Peiligang culture and Cishan culture millet farmers on the North China Plain (specifically the Han River, Wei River, and central Yellow River areas).
* East Asian
** Austronesian
*** (various Formosan branches)
*** Extra-Formosan
**** Tai–Kadai
**** Malayo-Polynesian
** Sino-Tibetan-Yangzian
*** Sino-Tibetan
*** Yangzian
**** Austroasiatic
**** Hmong–Mien
Starosta (2005) proposes the following Proto-East Asian morphological affixes, which are found in Proto-Tibeto-Burman and Proto-Austronesian, as well as in some morphologically conservative Austroasiatic branches such as Nicobaric.
* *m(V)- 'agent of V-ing'
* *-Vn 'patient of V-ing'
* *sV- 'instrument of V-ing'
* *n(V)- 'perfective'

### van Driem (2012)

The following tree of East Asian superphylum (macrofamily) was proposed by George van Driem in 2012 at the 18th Himalayan Languages Symposium, held at the Benares Hindu University.
* East Asian
** Austro-Tai
*** Kradai
*** Austronesian
** Austroasiatic
** Himalayan-Yangtzean
*** Trans-Himalayan
**** Sino-Bodic
**** Burmo-Qiangic
**** Brahmaputran
**** Gongduk, etc.
**** Kiranti, etc.
*** Yangtzean
**** Hmong–Mien
According to van Driem, the linguistic evidence for the East Asian languages matches the genetic evidence from Y-DNA Haplogroup O. (Further information: Father Tongue hypothesis)

### Larish (2006, 2017)

According to Michael D. Larish, the languages of Southeast and East Asia descended from one proto-language (which he calls "Proto-Asian"). Japonic is grouped together with Koreanic as one branch of the Proto-Asian family. The other branch consists of the Austronesian, Austroasiatic, Kra-Dai, Hmong-Mien and Sino-Tibetan languages.
* East Asian
** Japano-Koreanic
*** Japonic
*** Koreanic
** Austro-Asian
*** Austronesian
*** Austroasiatic
*** Kra-Dai
*** Hmong-Mien
*** Sino-Tibetan

## Vocabulary comparison

Below is a comparison of basic vocabulary items for proto-languages of all 5 East Asian language families.

### Sources

* Proto-Tibeto-Burman: Matisoff (2015)
* Proto-Hmong-Mien: Ratliff (2010)
* Proto-Austroasiatic: Sidwell (2024); Sidwell & Rau (2015)
* Proto-Austronesian: Blust & Trussel (2020)
* Proto-Tai: Pittayaporn (2009)
* Proto-Hlai: Norquest (2007)
* Proto-Kra: Ostapirat (2000)
| | Sino-Tibetan | Hmong-Mien | Austroasiatic | Austronesian | Kra-Dai | Kra-Dai | Kra-Dai |
| gloss | Proto-Tibeto-Burman | Proto-Hmong-Mien | Proto-Austroasiatic | Proto-Austronesian | Proto-Tai | Proto-Hlai | Proto-Kra |
| hair | *(t)sam | *pljei | *sukˀ, *sɔkˀ | *bukeS | *prɤm$^A$ | *hnom | *m-səm$^A$ |
| eye | *s-myak | *mu̯ɛjH | *matˀ | *maCa | *p.taː$^A$ | *tʃʰaː | *m-ʈa$^A$ |
| ear | *r/g-na | *mbræu | *Ctoːr | *Caliŋa | *krwɯː$^A$ | *ljəy | *k-ra$^A$ |
| nose | *s-na ~ *s-naːr | *mbruiH | *muːh, *muːɕ | *ujuŋ | *ɗaŋ$^A$ | *kʰət | *hŋət$^D$ |
| tooth | *s/p-wa | *hmjinʔ | *muɲ, *məɲ | *lipen, *n/ŋipen | *wan$^A$ | *fjən | *l-pən$^A$ |
| tongue | *m/s-lay ~ *s-ley | *mblet | *lntaːkˀ | *Sema, *lidam | *liːn$^C$ | *hliːnʔ | *l-ma$^A$ |
| hand | *lak ~ *C-yak | *-bɔuʔ | *tiːˀ | *kamay | *mwɯː$^A$ | *C-mɯː | *mja$^A$ |
| bone | *s/m/g-rus | *tshuŋʔ | *cʔaːŋ | *CuqelaN | *C̥.duk$^D$ | *Cuɾɯːk | *dək$^D$ |
| blood | *s-hywəy-t | *ntshjamʔ | *(m)ɕaːm | *daRaq | *lɯət$^D$ | *alaːc | *plat$^D$ |
| liver | *m-sin | *-hri̯ən | *kləːm; *gre(ː)ɕ | *qaCay | *tap$^D$ | *ɗəy | *təp$^D$ |
| meat, flesh | *sya-n | P-Mienic *ʔa$^B$ | *sacˀ | *Sesi | *n.mɤː$^C$ | *rəmʔ | *ʔaɯ$^C$ |
| dog | *d-kʷəy-n | P-Hmongic *hmaŋ$^C$ | *cɔʔ | *asu | *ʰmaː$^A$ | *hmaː | *x-ma$^A$ |
| bird | *s-ŋak | *m-nɔk | *ciːm | *manuk | *C̬.nok$^D$ | *səc | *ɳok$^D$ |
| fish | *s-ŋya | *mbrəuʔ | *kaʔ | *Sikan | *plaː$^A$ | *hlaː | *p-la$^A$ |
| louse | *s-r(y)ik | *ntshjeiʔ | *ciʔ | *kuCux | *traw$^A$ | *tʃʰwəw | *C-ʈu$^A$ |
| leaf | *lay | P-Hmongic *mblɔŋ$^A$, P-Mienic *nɔm$^A$ | *slaʔ | *waSaw | *ɓaɰ$^A$ | *ɓɯː | *ɖiŋ$^A$ |
| sun, day | *s-nəy | P-Mienic *hnu̯ɔi$^A$ | *tŋiːˀ | *waRi, *qajaw | *ŋwan$^A$ | *hŋwən | *(l-/h)wən$^A$ |
| moon | *s/g-la | *hlaH | *khe(ː)ʔ | *bulaN, *qiNaS | *ɓlɯən$^A$ | *C-ɲaːn | *(C-)tjan$^A$ |
| water | *m-t(w)əy-n ~ *m-ti-s | *ʔu̯əm | *ɗaːkˀ; Pal. *ʔoːm | *daNum | *C̬.nam$^C$ | *C-nəmʔ | *ʔuŋ$^C$ |
| rain | *r/s/g-wa | P-Hmongic *m-noŋ$^C$ | *gmaːˀ | *quzaN | *C̥.wɯn$^A$ | *fun | *jəl$^A$ |
| fire | *mey | *douʔ | *ʔuːɕ | *Sapuy | *wɤj$^A$ | *fiː | *pui$^A$ |
| name | *r-mi(ŋ/n) | *mpɔuH | *ɟmuh, *ɟmɨh | *ŋajan | *ɟɤː$^B$ | *pʰaːŋ | *n(ʒ)i$^A$ |
| eat | *m-dz(y)a-k/n/t/s | P-Mienic *ɲən$^C$ | *ca(ː)ʔ | *kaen | *kɯɲ$^A$ | *kʰən | *kan$^A$ |
| die | *səy | *dəjH | *kceːt | *ma-aCay | *p.taːj$^A$ | *hlaːwɦ | *pɣon$^A$ |
| I | *ŋa-y ~ *ka | P-Hmongic *kɛŋ$^B$ | *ʔaɲ | -ku | *kuː$^A$ | *ɦuː | *ku$^A$ |
| you (sg.) | *na-ŋ | *mu̯ei | *miːˀ, *meːˀ | -mu | *mɯŋ$^A$ | *C-mɯː | *mə$^{A/B}$ |

## Distributions

* Distribution of Sino-Tibetan languages
* Distribution of Kra–Dai languages
* Distribution of Austroasiatic languages
* Distribution of Hmong–Mien languages
* Dispersal of Austronesian languages
* Distribution of Japonic languages
* Distribution of Koreanic languages