# Serbia in the Roman era

The territory of the modern state of Serbia was part of the Roman Empire and later the Eastern Roman Empire. In particular, the region of Central Serbia was under Roman rule for about 800 years (with interruptions), starting from the 1st century BC, interrupted by the arrival of the Slavs into the Balkans during the 6th century, but continued after fall of the First Bulgarian Empire in the early 11th century and permanently ended with the rise of the Second Bulgarian Empire in the late 12th century. The territories were administratively divided into the provinces of Moesia (later Moesia Superior), Pannonia (later Pannonia Inferior) and Dardania. Moesia Superior roughly corresponds to modern Serbia proper; Pannonia Inferior included the eastern part of Serbia proper; Dardania included the western part of Serbia proper. After its reconquest from the Bulgarians by Emperor Basil II in 1018, it was reorganized into the Theme of Bulgaria.
The Danube River influenced the extension of the Roman Empire; its confluents, such as Sava and Morava, affected the growth of frontier fortresses and towns. Many authors and explorers wrote about traces of the Roman Empire on the Danube coast. One of the localities, Felix Romuliana, was ranked on the list of cultural heritage of UNESCO in July 2007.
The location has been invaded by many peoples over the centuries. The northern Serbian city of Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica) was among the top 4 cities of the late Roman Empire, serving as its capital during the Tetrarchy. Contemporary Serbia comprises the classical regions of Moesia, Pannonia, parts of Dalmatia, Dacia and Macedonia.

## History
### Roman conquest

The Roman Republic conquered the region of Illyria in 168 BC in the aftermath of the Illyrian Wars. "Illyria" was a designation of a roughly defined region of the western Balkans as seen from a Roman perspective, just as Magna Germania is a rough geographic term not delineated by any linguistic or ethnic unity.
The later province of Illyricum was to the west of what is now Serbia.
The Romans conquered parts of Serbia in 167 BC and established the province of Illyricum. What is now central Serbia was conquered in 75 BC when the province of Moesia was established. Srem is conquered by 9 BC and Backa and Banat in 106 AD after the Dacian wars.
The city of Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica) was among the top four cities of the late Roman Empire, serving as its capital during the Tetrarchy. Contemporary Serbia comprises the classical regions of Moesia, Pannonia, parts of Dalmatia, Dacia and Macedonia.
The chief towns of Upper Moesia in the Principate were: Naissus (modern Niš), Viminacium (sometimes called municipium Aelium; modern Kostolac), Singidunum (modern Belgrade), Remesiana (modern Bela Palanka)
Many Roman noblemen and statesmen were born in present-day Serbia, including 17 or 18 Roman Emperors (Vetranio wasn't universally recognized as an emperor, but was proclaimed a caesar).
| Emperor | Ancient Roman birthplace | Present-day settlement in Serbia | ruled | died |
| 1. Trajan Decius | c.201, Budalia Pannonia Inferior | Martinci | September 249-June 251 | June 251, Abrittus (Razgrad, Bulgaria) |
| 2. Herennius Etruscus | c.227, near Sirmium Pannonia | Sremska Mitrovica | May-June 251 | June 251, Abrittus (Razgrad, Bulgaria) |
| 3. Hostilian | c.235, Sirmium Illyricum | Sremska Mitrovica | July-November 251 | November 251, Rome (Italy) |
| 4. Claudius II Gothicus | 10 May 210, Sirmium Panonia Inferior | Sremska Mitrovica | September 268-January 270 | January 270, Sirmium |
| 5. Aurelian | 9 September 214, Sirmium Dacia Ripensis | Sremska Mitrovica | September 270-October 275 | October 275, Caenophrurium (Çorlu, Turkey) |
| 6. Marcus Aurelius Probus | 19 August 232, Sirmium Pannonia Inferior | Sremska Mitrovica | 276-October 282 | October 282, Sirmium |
| 7. Maximian | c.250, Sirmium Pannonia Inferior | Sremska Mitrovica | 2 April 286-1 May 305; 306-11 November 308; 310 | July 310, Massilia (Marseilles, France) |
| 8. Constantius I Chlorus | 31 March 250, Naissus Moesia Superior | Niš | 305-25 July 306 | 25 July 306, Eboracum (York, Great Britain) |
| 9. Galerius | c.250, Felix Romuliana Dacia Ripensis | Gamzigrad | 1 May 305-May 311 | May 311, Felix Romuliana |
| 10. Valerius Severus | Naissus Moesia Superior | Niš | 306-April 307 | 16 September 307, Tres Tabernae (Cisterna di Latina, Italy) |
| 11. Licinius I | c.263, Felix Romuliana Moesia Superior | Gamzigrad | 11 November 308-18 September 324 | 325, Thessalonica (Greece) |
| 12. Constantine I the Great | 27 February 272, Naissus Moesia Superior | Niš | 309-22 May 337 | 22 May 337, Nicomedia (İzmit, Turkey) |
| 13. Maximinus II | 20 November 270, Felix Romuliana Dacia Ripensis | Gamzigrad | 310-May 313 | August 313, Tarsos (Tarsus, Turkey) |
| 14. Constantius II | 7 August 317, Sirmium Pannonia Inferior | Sremska Mitrovica | 337-3 November 361 | 3 November 361, Mopsuestia, Cilicia (Turkey) |
| 15. Vetranio | Moesia | Central Serbia ? | 1 March-25 December 350 | c356, Prusa ad Olympum (Bursa, Turkey) |
| 16. Jovian | 331, Singidunum Moesia | Belgrade | 27 June 363-17 February 364 | 17 February 364, Dadastana, near Nicaea (İznik, Turkey) |
| 17. Gratian | 18 April 359, Sirmium Pannonia Inferior | Sremska Mitrovica | 24 August 367-25 August 383 | 25 August 383, Lugdunum (Lyon, France) |
| 18. Constantius III | Naissus Moesia Superior | Niš | 8 February-2 September 421 | 2 September 421, Ravenna (Italy) |

### Byzantine period

The Byzantine era in the history Serbia refers to three distinctive periods. The territory of later Serbia was under control of the Eastern Roman Empire up to the beginning of the 7th century. During that period, emperor Justinian I (527–565) oversaw reinforcement of defensive structures in the region, and founded the city of Justiniana Prima, today a Cultural Heritage of Serbia-listed archeological site (Archaeological Sites of Exceptional Importance). In 535, the city became center of the Archbishopric of Justiniana Prima, that had metropolitan jurisdiction over all provinces of the Diocese of Dacia. At the beginning of the 7th century, region was invaded by Avars and Slavs, thus ending the Byzantine rule. From that time, and up to the middle of the 10th century, the region was controlled by the newly created Slavic state - the early medieval Principality of Serbia. In 971–976, Byzantine rule was briefly restored, and Catepanate of Ras was established, but it was short lived. Only after 1018, the territory of Serbia came under the Byzantine rule, and it was included into two themata: the Theme of Serbia and the Theme of Sirmium, that existed until 1071.

#### Arrival of the Slavs

The Byzantines broadly grouped the numerous Slav tribes into two groups: the Sklavenoi and Antes. Apparently, the Sklavenoi group were based along the middle Danube, whereas the Antes were at the lower Danube, in Scythia Minor. Some, such as Bulgarian scholar Zlatarsky, suggest that the first group settled the western Balkans, whilst offshoots of the Antes settled the eastern regions (roughly speaking). From the Danube, they commenced raiding the Byzantine Empire from the 520s, on an annual basis. They spread about destruction, taking loot and herds of cattle, seizing prisoners and taking fortresses. Often, the Byzantine Empire was stretched defending its rich Asian provinces from Arabs, Persians and Turks. This meant that even numerically small, disorganised early Slavic raids were capable of causing much disruption, but could not capture the larger, fortified cities on the Aegean coast.
The Slavs invaded Balkans during Justinian I rule (527–565), when eventually up to 100,000 Slavs raided Thessalonica. The Western Balkans was settled with Sclaveni (Sklavenoi), the east with Antes.
The Sklavenoi plundered Thrace in 545. In 551, the Slavs crossed Niš initially headed for Thessalonica, but ended up in Dalmatia. During the 6th and 7th century, Slavic tribes made eight attempts to take Niš and in the final attack in 615 the Slavs took the city.
Menander Protector mentions a King of the Sklavenoi, Daurentius (577-579) that slayed an Avar envoy of Khagan Bayan I. The Avars asked the Slavs to accept the suzerainty of the Avars, he however declined and is reported as saying: "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs [...] so it shall always be for us".
In 577 some 100,000 Slavs poured into Thrace and Illyricum, pillaging cities and settling down. By the 580s, as the Slav communities on the Danube became larger and more organised, and as the Avars exerted their influence, raids became larger and resulted in permanent settlement. In 586 AD, as many as 100,000 Slav warriors raided Thessaloniki. By 581, many Slavic tribes had settled the land around Thessaloniki, though never taking the city itself, creating a Macedonian Sclavinia. As John of Ephesus tells us in 581: "the accursed people of the Slavs set out and plundered all of Greece, the regions surrounding Thessalonica, and Thrace, taking many towns and castles, laying waste, burning, pillaging, and seizing the whole country." However, John exaggerated the intensity of the Slavic incursions since he was influenced by his confinement in Constantinople from 571 up until 579. Moreover, he perceived the Slavs as God's instrument for punishing the persecutors of the Monophysites. By 586, they managed to raid the western Peloponnese, Attica, Epirus, leaving only the east part of Peloponnese, which was mountainous and inaccessible. In Maurice's Balkan campaigns, the final attempt to restore the northern border was from 591 to 605, when the end of conflicts with Persia allowed Emperor Maurice to transfer units to the north. However he was deposed after a military revolt in 602, and the Danubian frontier collapsed one and a half decades later.
Archaeological evidence in Serbia and Macedonia conclude that the White Serbs may have reached the Balkans earlier than thought, between 550 and 600, as much findings; fibulae and pottery found at Roman forts point at Serb characteristics and thus could have been either part of the Byzantine foedorati or a fraction of the early invading Slavs who upon organizing in their refuge of the Dinarides, formed the ethnogenesis of Serbs and were pardoned by the Byzantine Empire after acknowledging their suzerainty.

## Administrative units
### Moesia

Part of a series on the :
History of Serbia :
By century
9th
10th :
Prehistory
Paleolithic
Mesolithic
Neolithic
Bronze Age
Iron Age :
Pre-Roman
Illyrians
Autariatae
Dardani
Triballi
Moesi
Scordisci
Dacians :
Early Roman
Illyricum
Pannonia
Pannonia Inferior
Dalmatia
Moesia
Moesia Superior
Dacia
Dacia Aureliana :
Late Roman
Moesia Prima
Dacia Mediterranea
Dacia Ripensis
Dardania
Praevalitana
Pannonia Secunda
Diocese of Moesia
Diocese of Dacia
Diocese of Pannonia
Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum :
Early Middle Ages White Serbia around 600 AD Principality of Serbia
Duklja, Travunia, Zachlumia, Narentines, Raška, Bosnia 7th–10th century Catepanate of Ras around 969–976 :
High Middle Ages Duklja (Zeta) 11th–12th century Theme of Sirmium 1018–1071 Grand Principality 1071–1217 Kingdom of Serbia 1217–1346 King Dragutin's realm 1282–1325 EmpireFall 1346–1371 Lordship of Prilep 1371–1395 Prince Lazar's Serbia 1371–1402 Vuk's Land 1371–1412 Despotate of Serbia 1402–1537 :
Early Modern Ottoman-ruled Serbia 1459–1804 Jovan Nenad / Radoslav Čelnik 1526–1530 Banate of Lugoj and Caransebeș 16th–17th Habsburg occupation 1686–1699 Great Serb Migrations 1690 and 1737–1739 Military Frontier 1702–1882 Habsburg-ruled Serbia 1718–1739 Koča's frontier 1788–1791 :
Serbia 1804–1918 Serbian Revolution 1804–1815 Principality of Serbia 1815–1882 Serbian Vojvodina 1848–1849 Serbia and Banat 1849–1860 Kingdom of Serbia 1882–1918 :
Serbia since 1918 Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1918–1941 Axis occupation 1941–1944 Federal unit of Socialist Yugoslavia 1944–1992 Constituent state with Montenegro 1992–2006 Republic of Serbia 2006–present :
Serbia portal :
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In ancient geographical sources, Moesia was bounded to the south by the Balkans (Haemus) and Šar mountain (Scardus, Scordus, Scodrus) mountains, to the west by the Drina river (Drinus), on the north by the Danube and on the east by the Euxine (Black Sea). The region was inhabited chiefly by Thracian, Dacian and Illyrian peoples.
The region took its name from the Moesi, a Thraco-Dacian tribe that lived there before the Roman conquest 75 BC-c. 29 BC and formally became a Roman province of that name some years later (by 6 AD).
Cities and towns, in Moesia Superior (at times Macedonia/ Dardania):
* Ulpiana (modern Lipljan)
* Municipium Dardanicum
* Dardapara
* Naissus, (modern Nis, Nysus in the Byzantine era)
* Theranda (modern Prizren)
* Vicianum (modern Vučitrn)
* Vindenis
* Velanis

### Pannonia

The cities and towns in Pannonia, located in modern Serbia, were:
* Acumincum (Stari Slankamen)
* Bassianae (Donji Petrovci)
* Bononia (Banoštor)
* Burgenae (Novi Banovci)
* Cusum (Petrovaradin)
* Rittium (Surduk)
* Singidunum (Beograd)
* Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica)
* Taurunum (Zemun)

## Cultures and tribes

Tribes in Roman Serbia :
| Name (Group) | Time | Territory | Notes | Sites |
| See Ancient Serbia for tribes inhabiting the territory of Serbia before 75 BC |||||
| Moesi (Daco-Thracian) | 87 AD | Central Serbia | Crassus defeated them in the 29 BC, during the Wars of Augustus. They are eponymous to Moesia. |
| Triballi (Thracian) | 87 AD | Central Serbia | mentioned first in 424 BC. They fought the Macedonians throughout the 5th and 4th century BC. They are last mentioned in 3rd century AD. |
| Timachi (Thracian) | 87 AD | Timok | a Romanized Thracian tribe. |
| Tricornenses (Thraco-Celtic) | 6 AD | | a Romanized Thraco-Celtic tribe that governed the city of Tricornium (Ritopek) | Ritopek |
| Picenses (Unknown) | 6 AD | | governed Pincum (Veliko Gradište) |
| Iazyges (Sarmatians) | 92 AD | Bačka Banat | Penetrated northern Rome in late 1st century AD. | |
| Gepids (Gothic) | 375 AD | Vojvodina | a Gothic tribe in Vojvodina, Serbia. |