OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mike Dutka

Michael Dutka (born February 6, 1978) is a retired American artistic gymnast. He was a member of the United States men's national artistic gymnastics team and won a silver medal at the 1999 Pan American Games. He competed collegiately for the Penn State Nittany Lions.

## Early life and education

Dutka was born on February 6, 1978, to Michael and Peggy Dutka in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He grew up in Fairless Hills, Pennsylvania and started gymnastics in 1984 at Macey's Academy of Gymnastics in Feasterville, Pennsylvania. As he grew older, he joined many gymns before commuting to Allentown, Pennsylvania to train gymnastics under Joe Stallone as a member of Gymnastrum. He was also trained by Macey Watson. He attended Bishop Egan High School and upon graduation enrolled at Pennsylvania State University to pursue gymnastics.

## Gymnastics career

Dutka was a United States junior national team member for five years from 1991 to 1996. While still in high school, Dutka competed at the 1992 Junior Pan American Artistic Gymnastics Championships in São Paulo and won four individual gold medals, a team gold medal, and an individual bronze medal. Dutka's 5 total gold medals set a Junior Pan Am Games record.
Dutka became the youngest elite-level athlete to compete when he appeared at the 1993 Winter Cup. Later that year he won Junior Boys National Gymnastics Champion. He spent nine months training at the United States Olympic Training Center.
From 1997 to 1998, Dutka was a member of the Penn State Nittany Lions men's gymnastics team. He was named the 1997 Big Ten Conference Freshman Gymnast of the Year. He left Penn State after two years to join Team Texaco and train at Houston Gymnastics Academy under Kevin Mazeika in hopes of making the 2000 Summer Olympics team.
On the international stage, Dutka represented the United States at the 1997 Pan American Gymnastics Championships in Medellín and won a silver medal in the team all-around. He was also a member of the 5th-placed United States team at the 1997 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships. Representing the United States at the 1999 Pan American Games, Dutka won a silver medal in the team all-around.

## Post-athletic career

Dutka is currently a co-owner of and coach at American Flip Factory in Huntsville, Texas. He previously coached alongside Jim Culhane Jr. at Texas Star Gymnastics in Tomball, Texas.
# NZR WG class

The NZR W$^G$ class was a development of the preceding W$^F$ class of all purpose tank locomotive. Later in their careers most (14) were rebuilt as W$^W$ class. The locomotives were designed by A. L. Beattie, who described them as a "large tank locomotive."

## In service

The locomotives were used on suburban trains in Wellington and Auckland.

### Rimutaka Incline

W$^G$ 480 was built by New Zealand Railways at Hillside (maker's no 104/10), and entered service in October 1910. It was altered for use on the Rimutaka Incline to assist the "Fell" locomotives cope with the military traffic to and from the New Zealand Expeditionary Forces training camp at Featherston. The cowcatchers were altered to clear the high Fell centre rail, and it had an acetylene headlamp arranged to follow the alignment of the track on curves. The locomotive was written off in June 1969, and preserved at the Glenbrook Vintage Railway.

## Withdrawals

All of the locomotives were withdrawn by 1956.
# Marian Donat

Marian Donat (28 August 1960 – 2 January 2018) was a Polish judoka. He competed in the men's extra-lightweight event at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
# Le Pâquier-Montbarry railway station

Le Pâquier-Montbarry railway station (French: Gare de Le Pâquier-Montbarry), is a railway station in the municipality of Le Pâquier, in the Swiss canton of Fribourg. It is an intermediate stop on the 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge Palézieux–Bulle–Montbovon railway line of Transports publics Fribourgeois.

## Services

As of the December 2024 timetable change, the following services stop at Le Pâquier-Montbarry:
* RER Fribourg S50 / S51: half-hourly service on weekdays and hourly service on weekends between Palézieux and Gruyères and hourly service from Gruyères to Montbovon.
# 2017 Dhaka Senior Division League

2017 Dhaka Senior Division Football League, also known as Saif Powertec Senior Division Football League due to sponsorship reasons, was the 57th functioning season since official recognition and 5th season as Bangladesh's third-tier. A total of 12 teams participated in the league, which ran from 31 March to 22 May 2017.

## Venue

All matches were held at the BSSS Mostafa Kamal Stadium in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| Dhaka | Dhaka |
| BSSS Mostafa Kamal Stadium | Dhaka |
| Capacity: 25,000 | Dhaka |

## Teams

The following 12 clubs competed in the Dhaka Senior Division League during the 2017 season.
* Bangladesh Boys Club
* Basabo Tarun Sangha
* Dhaka Wanderers Club
* Dhaka United SC
* Badda Jagoroni Sangsad
* PWD Sports Club
* Sadharan Bima CSC
* Friends SWO
* Jatrabari KC
* Mohakhali XI
* Swadhinata KS
* Wari Club

### League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| 1 | Swadhinata KS (C) | 11 | 7 | 3 | 1 | 18 | 6 | +12 | 24 | Promoted to 2018–19 Bangladesh Championship League |
| 2 | Wari Club | 11 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 11 | 5 | +6 | 23 | Promoted to 2018–19 Bangladesh Championship League |
| 3 | Jatrabari | 11 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 15 | 7 | +8 | 18 | |
| 4 | Dhaka United | 11 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 12 | 12 | 0 | 15 | |
| 5 | PWD SC | 11 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 15 | |
| 6 | Basabo TS | 11 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 7 | 8 | −1 | 14 | |
| 7 | Bangladesh Boys | 11 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 14 | −4 | 14 | |
| 8 | Dhaka Wanderers | 11 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 11 | 11 | 0 | 12 | |
| 9 | Mohakhali XI | 11 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 12 | 13 | −1 | 10 | |
| 10 | Sadharan Bima | 11 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 11 | −5 | 11 | |
| 11 | Badda Jagorani | 11 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 5 | 14 | −9 | 9 | |
| 12 | Friends SWO | 11 | 1 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 10 | −3 | 7 | |

## Match-fixing
### 2017

On 8 June 2017, Bangladesh Football Federation relegated Dhaka United Sports Club and Friends Social Welfare Organisation during the 2016–17 league after both clubs were found guilty of playing a fixed match. They were both fined Tk 50,000, while three of the Dhaka United Sports Club players were suspended for different terms following their involvement in the fixed-match which led to Friends Social Welfare Organisation winning the game and thus avoiding relegation. Nevertheless, both clubs alongside apparently relegated, Badda Jagoroni Sangsad, were allowed entry to the 2018–19 Dhaka Senior Division League after their relegation was overturned due to reasons unknown
# Michela Cambiaghi

Michela Cambiaghi (born 4 February 1996) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Inter Milan.

## International goals

| No. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| 1. | 1 December 2023 | Estadio Municipal de Pasarón, Pontevedra, Spain | Spain | 2–1 | 3–2 | 2023–24 UEFA Women's Nations League |
| 2. | 27 February 2024 | Estadio Nuevo Mirador, Algeciras, Spain | England | 1–3 | 1–5 | Friendly |
| 3. | 16 July 2024 | Stadio Druso, Bolzano, Italy | Finland | 3–0 | 4–0 | UEFA Women's Euro 2025 qualifying |
# Lora Petrova

Lora Petrova (Bulgarian: Лора Петрова; born in Belene on 12 October 1998) is a Bulgarian footballer who plays as a midfielder for the Bulgaria women's national team.

## International career

Petrova capped for Bulgaria at senior level in a 0–6 friendly loss to Croatia on 14 June 2019.

## International goals

| No. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| 1. | 19 February 2022 | Goldcity Sport Complex, Alanya, Turkey | Lithuania | 1–0 | 2–3 | 2022 Turkish Women's Cup |
# Naoki Kojima

Naoki Kojima (兒島 直樹, Kojima Naoki, born 1 November 2000) is a Japanese track and road cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Continental team Team Bridgestone Cycling.
He began track cycling in middle school, and attended Nihon University until 2022. He won two gold medals at the 2022 Asian Games, in addition to multiple titles at the national and Asian championships. He also competes in road racing, taking his first pro win on the opening stage of the 2023 Tour de Kyushu.

## Major results
### Track
#### 2021

    3rd Team pursuit, Hong Kong, UCI Nations Cup

#### 2024

    UCI Nations Cup
       2nd Team pursuit, Hong Kong
       3rd Omnium, Hong Kong

### Road
#### 2018

    3rd Road race, National Junior Championships

#### 2021

    1st Road race, National Under-23 Championships

#### 2023 (1 pro win)

    Tour de Kyushu
       1st Points classification
       1st Stage 1
# 88th Infantry Division (German Empire)

The 88th Infantry Division (88. Infanterie-Division) was a formation of the Imperial German Army in World War I. The division was formed in November 1914 as the Menges Division (Division Menges), named after its commander, and made up primarily of Landwehr troops. It became the 88th Infantry Division in August 1915. The division was disbanded in 1919 during the demobilization of the German Army after World War I.

## Combat chronicle

The Menges Division initially served on the Eastern Front, receiving its baptism of fire in the Battle of Łódź. In 1915, it participated in the Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive, breaking through at Przaznysz and fighting in the battle on the Narew. On August 2, 1915, it became the 88th Infantry Division. From November 1915 to December 1917, the division occupied the line near Daugavpils. In December 1917, after the armistice on the Eastern Front, the division was transferred to the Western Front, where it entered the line in positions near St. Quentin and on the Oise. It participated in the 1918 German spring offensive, fighting in Operation Michael, also known as the Battle of St. Quentin. From April to July 1918, it was in the line in the Champagne region, and then fought in the Second Battle of the Marne. Except for minor periods, it remained in the Champagne region until the end of the war, and faced the Allied Meuse-Argonne Offensive in October and November 1918. Allied intelligence rated the division as fourth class.

## Order of battle on formation

The 88th Infantry Division was formed as an overstrength square division, with three infantry brigades. The order of battle of the division on August 2, 1915, was as follows:
* 175. Landwehr-Infanterie-Brigade
** Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 349
** Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 350
* 176. Infanterie-Brigade
** Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 351
** Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 352
* 177. Infanterie-Brigade
** Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 353
** Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 354
* Kavallerie-Regiment Nr. 88
* Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 88
* Landwehr-Fußartillerie-Bataillon Nr. 6
* Landwehr-Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 6

## Late-war order of battle

The division underwent a number of organizational changes over the course of the war. It was triangularized in the summer of 1916. Cavalry was reduced, artillery and signals commands were formed, and combat engineer support was expanded to a full pioneer battalion. The order of battle on October 21, 1918, was as follows:
* 176. Infanterie-Brigade
** Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 352
** Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 353
** Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 426
* 1. Eskadron/ Jäger-Regiment zu Pferde Nr. 10
* Artillerie-Kommandeur 59
** Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 88
** Fußartillerie-Bataillon Nr. 123
* Stab Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 88
** 3. Reserve-Kompanie/ Pionier-Bataillon Nr. 33
** Pionier-Kompanie Nr. 249
** Minenwerfer-Kompanie Nr. 88
* Divisions-Nachrichten-Kommandeur 88
# Lord Lieutenant of Somerset

This is an incomplete list of people who have served as Lord Lieutenant of Somerset. Since 1714, all Lord Lieutenants have also been Custos Rotulorum of Somerset.

## Lord Lieutenants of Somerset

* John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford 1552–1555
* William Herbert, 1st Earl of Pembroke 12 May 1559 – 17 March 1570
* vacant
* Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke 3 July 1585 – 19 January 1601
* Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford 24 April 1601 – 6 April 1621
* William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke 14 April 1621 – 10 April 1630
* Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke 12 August 1630 – 30 July 1640 jointly with
* William Seymour, 1st Marquess of Hertford 26 March 1639 – 1642 jointly with
* Philip Herbert, Lord Herbert 30 July 1640 – 1642
* William Russell, 1st Duke of Bedford 25 March 1642 – 23 August 1643 (Parliamentarian)
* Interregnum
* William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset 13 August 1660 – 24 October 1660
* James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde 22 December 1660 – 22 August 1672
* John Seymour, 4th Duke of Somerset 22 August 1672 – 29 April 1675
* Heneage Finch, 3rd Earl of Winchilsea 4 June 1675 – 16 July 1683
* Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset 16 July 1683 – 11 August 1687
* Henry Waldegrave, 1st Baron Waldegrave 11 August 1687 – 6 November 1688
* Ralph Stawell, 1st Baron Stawell 6 November 1688 – 1689
* Maurice Berkeley, 3rd Viscount Fitzhardinge 13 April 1689 – 13 June 1690
* Thomas Osborne, 1st Marquess of Carmarthen 24 June 1690 – 3 February 1691 jointly with
* William Cavendish, 4th Earl of Devonshire 24 June 1690 – 3 February 1691 and
* Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset 24 June 1690 – 3 February 1691
* James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde 3 February 1691 – 3 December 1714
* Charles Boyle, 4th Earl of Orrery 3 December 1714 – 1 October 1715
* George Dodington 1 October 1715 – 28 March 1720
* George Dodington, 1st Baron Melcombe 20 June 1720 – 17 February 1744
* John Poulett, 2nd Earl Poulett 17 February 1744 – 5 November 1764
* Percy Wyndham-O'Brien, 1st Earl of Thomond 27 November 1764 – 16 March 1774
* Frederick North, 2nd Earl of Guilford 16 March 1774 – 5 August 1792
* John Poulett, 4th Earl Poulett 15 November 1792 – 14 January 1819
* Thomas Thynne, 2nd Marquess of Bath 23 February 1819 – 27 March 1837
* Henry Fox-Strangways, 3rd Earl of Ilchester 28 April 1837 – 1 June 1839
* Edward Portman, 1st Viscount Portman 1 June 1839 – 28 June 1864
* Richard Boyle, 9th Earl of Cork 28 June 1864 – 22 June 1904
* Thomas Thynne, 5th Marquess of Bath 1904 – 9 June 1946
* Sir James Somerville 1946 – 19 March 1949
* William Jolliffe, 4th Baron Hylton 10 August 1949 – 14 November 1967
* Cecil Townley Mitford-Slade 17 April 1968 – 1978
* Sir Walter Luttrell 3 May 1978 – 10 November 1994
* Sir John Wills, 4th Baronet 10 November 1994 – 26 August 1998
* Elizabeth Gass, Lady Gass 12 February 1999 – 2 March 2015
* Anne Maw 2 March 2015 – 29 October 2022
* Mohammed Saddiq 29 October 2022 – present
# Chicho Ibáñez

Chicho Ibáñez, born José Ibáñez Noriega (Corral Falso, 22 November 1875 – Havana, 18 May 1981), was the longest-lived and one of the most important members of the Cuban trova. He was significant because, unlike most of the others, he specialized in Afro-Cuban genres. He was a disciple of the tresero Eduardo Fusté, and a member of early groups in Cárdenas, such as Peonia and that of Benito Tumborombo. Later he moved to Havana, where he joined Los Veintiuno, directed by Alejandro Sotolongo, which used claves, maracas, marimbula, bongó and pianito (a wooden instrument with hemp cords). He worked in other groups, and in the Sans-Souci, formerly the leading cabaret in Havana.
Ibáñez was the first trovador that we know of to specialize in the son and also on guaguancós and afrocuban rhythms from the abakuá. He played the Cuban tres rather than the Spanish guitar, and developed his own technique for this Cuban guitar. During his extremely long career, Chicho sang and played the son in streets, plazas, cafés, nightclubs and other venues throughout Cuba. In the 1920s, when the sextetos became popular, he was forced to sell his compositions to these larger groups and their composers in order to survive. His compositions include Tóma mamá que te manda tía, Evaristo, No te metas Caridad, Ojalá (sones); Yo era dichoso, Al fin mujer (bolero-sones); Qué más me pides, La saya de Oyá (guaguancos). He worked throughout Cuba, and latterly a short film was made of him.
# RAF M2 'Stils'

The RAF M2 "Stils" was designed by Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika in 1994. It was designed to replace the aging RAF-2203 and offer a new modern vehicle to the newly opened market after collapse of Soviet Union. Only 2 prototypes were ever produced (one minivan, one ambulance) until bankruptcy of Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika in 1998. Both prototypes were lost after the bankruptcy but were found and shown to public in 2011.
Rīgas Autobusu Fabrika developed 2 concept models to replace the RAF-2203, the 1st concept being the RAF M1 'Roksana' and 2nd the RAF M2 'Stils' which was chosen as successor of RAF-2203, but start of mass production failed, hopes for small production failed soon after due lack of parts, budget and manpower.
This minivan used modernized version of ZMZ-406 4 cylinder, 2,3 liter gasoline engine. It used hydropneumatic suspension, much like some Citroën vehicles. The design was produced together with Russian NAMI (automotive institute). The minivan version could have seated 12 people and reach speed up to 170 km/h. Ambulance version could have seated 4 with 1 patient bed. Unlike the RAF 2203 or the prototype RAF M1 'Roksana', RAF M2 'Stils' was front-wheel drive.

## Gallery

* RAF M2 "Stils" Front
* RAF M2 "Stils" Side
* RAF M2 "Stils" Rear
* RAF M2 "Stils" Ambulance Front
* RAF M2 "Stils" Ambulance Side
* RAF M2 "Stils" Ambulance Rear
* RAF M2 "Stils" and RAF M1 "Roksana"
# A Man's Man (1929 film)

A Man's Man is a lost 1929 synchronized sound film produced and distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and directed by James Cruze. While the film has no audible dialog, it was released with a synchronized musical score with sound effects using both the sound-on-disc and sound-on-film process. The film starred William Haines and Josephine Dunn. It was based on a Broadway play, A Man's Man by Patrick Kearney. Greta Garbo and John Gilbert notably appear in a cameo. The film is believed to be lost, although the Vitaphone type sound discs exist and are currently held at the UCLA Film and Television Archive.

## Cast

* William Haines - Mel
* Josephine Dunn - Peggy
* Sam Hardy - Charlie
* Mae Busch - Violet
* John Gilbert - Himself
* Greta Garbo - Herself
* Gloria Davenport - Annie
* Delmer Daves (uncredited)
* Fred Niblo (uncredited)

## Music

The film featured a theme song entitled "My Heart Is Bluer Than Your Eyes, Cherie" which was written by Al Bryan and Monte Wilhite.
# Yanshou County

Yanshou County (simplified Chinese: 延寿县; traditional Chinese: 延壽縣; pinyin: Yánshòu Xiàn) is a county of Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China, it is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Harbin, the capital of Heilongjiang. It borders Fangzheng County to the north, Shangzhi to the south, and Bin County to the northwest.

## Administrative divisions

Yanshou County is divided into 6 towns and 3 townships.

### 6 towns

* Yanshou (延寿镇), Liutuan (六团镇), Zhonghe (中和镇), Jiaxin (加信镇), Yanhe (延河镇), Yuhe (玉河镇)

### 3 townships

* Anshan (安山乡), Shoushan (寿山乡), Qingchuan (青川乡)

## Demographics

The population of the district was 250,928 in 1999.

## Climate

Climate data for Yanshou, elevation 167 m (548 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 2.8 (37.0) | 8.6 (47.5) | 18.5 (65.3) | 29.4 (84.9) | 32.6 (90.7) | 36.6 (97.9) | 36.0 (96.8) | 35.0 (95.0) | 31.4 (88.5) | 26.5 (79.7) | 18.2 (64.8) | 8.6 (47.5) | 36.6 (97.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −11.8 (10.8) | −6.2 (20.8) | 2.5 (36.5) | 13.1 (55.6) | 20.5 (68.9) | 25.4 (77.7) | 27.6 (81.7) | 26.2 (79.2) | 21.4 (70.5) | 12.3 (54.1) | −0.1 (31.8) | −10.1 (13.8) | 10.1 (50.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −19.3 (−2.7) | −14.3 (6.3) | −4.1 (24.6) | 6.2 (43.2) | 13.9 (57.0) | 19.7 (67.5) | 22.4 (72.3) | 20.7 (69.3) | 14.2 (57.6) | 5.4 (41.7) | −5.9 (21.4) | −16.3 (2.7) | 3.5 (38.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −25.8 (−14.4) | −22.0 (−7.6) | −10.6 (12.9) | −0.1 (31.8) | 7.4 (45.3) | 14.6 (58.3) | 18.1 (64.6) | 16.2 (61.2) | 8.1 (46.6) | −0.2 (31.6) | −11.0 (12.2) | −22.1 (−7.8) | −2.3 (27.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −39.4 (−38.9) | −41.1 (−42.0) | −32.3 (−26.1) | −11.3 (11.7) | −5.1 (22.8) | 3.4 (38.1) | 10.4 (50.7) | 5.5 (41.9) | −3.8 (25.2) | −20.4 (−4.7) | −29.8 (−21.6) | −37.6 (−35.7) | −41.1 (−42.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 3.9 (0.15) | 5.1 (0.20) | 13.4 (0.53) | 25.5 (1.00) | 65.7 (2.59) | 108.6 (4.28) | 143.2 (5.64) | 139.4 (5.49) | 59.8 (2.35) | 33.5 (1.32) | 15.5 (0.61) | 7.7 (0.30) | 621.3 (24.46) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 4.9 | 4.4 | 6.3 | 7.7 | 12.8 | 14.2 | 14.7 | 14.3 | 10.3 | 8.2 | 6.8 | 7.3 | 111.9 |
| Average snowy days | 9.7 | 7.2 | 9.2 | 3.2 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.8 | 9.0 | 11.0 | 52.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 75 | 72 | 68 | 62 | 65 | 74 | 82 | 84 | 79 | 72 | 73 | 76 | 74 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 148.4 | 175.2 | 211.4 | 206.6 | 228.5 | 233.4 | 215.4 | 200.1 | 207.6 | 173.0 | 138.4 | 130.1 | 2,268.1 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 52 | 59 | 57 | 51 | 50 | 50 | 46 | 46 | 56 | 52 | 49 | 48 | 51 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration ||||||||||||||
# Friedrich Dettelmaier

Friedrich Dettelmaier (22 January 1884 – 15 November 1913) was an Austrian footballer. He played in three matches for the Austria national football team from 1903 to 1904.
# Endodontic crown

An endodontic crown or endocrown is a single prostheses fabricated from reinforced ceramics, indicated for endodontically treated molar teeth that have significant loss of coronal structure. Endocrowns are formed from a monoblock containing the coronal portion invaded in the apical projection that fills the pulp chamber space, and possibly the root canal entrances; they have the advantage of removing lower amounts of sound tissue compared to other techniques, and with much lower chair time needed. They are luted to the tooth structure by an adhesive material. The ceramic can be milled using computer-aided techniques or molded under pressure. Endocrowns can be an alternative to conventional crown restorations.

## History and classical approach

It was Bindl and Mörmann who named this restorative procedure "endocrown" in 1999, defining it as a total porcelain crown fixed to a depulped posterior tooth, which is anchored to the internal portion of the pulp chamber and to the cavity margins, thus obtaining macromechanical retention (provided by the pulpal walls) for restoring endodontically treated teeth.
The classical approach is to build up the tooth with a post and core, which have physical properties close to those of natural dentin, utilizing adhesive procedures and placement of full-coverage crowns with a sufficient ferrule, but it was found that excessive amount of teeth removal may cause fracture to the teeth. The literature suggests that endocrowns may perform similarly or better than the conventional treatments using intraradicular posts, direct composite resin or inlay/onlay restorations.

## Indications and contraindications

Endocrowns are especially indicated in cases of molar teeth with short, or fragile roots. They may also be used in situations of excessive loss of coronal dental tissue. Reinforced, acid-etchable dental ceramics have been the materials of choice for the fabrication of endocrowns because they guarantee the mechanical strength needed to withstand the forces exerted on the tooth, as well as the bond strength of the restoration to the cavity walls.
Using endocrowns for premolars is contraindicated as the tooth is more likely to be subjected to lateral forces during mastication than molars because of the steep cuspal incline. Therefore, premolars are prone to fracture after restoration.

## Clinical trials and research

A systemic review and meta-analysis showed a success rate of endocrowns varying from 94 to 100%. Analysis in posterior and anterior teeth demonstrated that endocrowns had higher fracture strength than conventional treatments. Another study showed that an endodontic crown preparation appeared acceptable for molar crowns but inadequate for premolar crowns.
The longest duration of survival is for molar endocrowns is a five-year clinical follow-up period, with success rate of 87.1%. Root fracture is a very possible finding in premolar and anterior teeth.