OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Michael McElroy (scientist)

Michael Brendan McElroy (born May 18, 1939) is the Gilbert Butler Professor of Environmental Studies at Harvard University. His research initially revolved around the origin and evolution of the planets to an emphasis on effects of human activity on the global environment of the Earth, especially climate change.
From Northern Ireland originally, he was educated at Queen's University Belfast, receiving a B.Sc. in applied mathematics in 1960, and completing his Ph.D. in applied mathematics in 1962.
McElroy has worked in atmospheric science at Harvard, and leads atmospheric science and policy work. He heads Harvard University's Center for the Environment and chairs the Interfaculty Initiative on the Environment. In 1984 he won the George Ledlie prize for his work on planetary atmospheres. He served as Founding Chair of Harvard's Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and has focused his research especially on effects of human activities on the global environment.
He has recorded two audible books, The Modern Scholar: Global Warming, Global Threat (2004) and Fueling the Planet: The Past, Present, and Future of Energy (2009)

## Selected publications

* Energy: Perspectives, Problems, and Prospects. (2010) Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195386110
* The atmospheric environment : effects of human activity. (2002) Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691006918
* Energizing China: Reconciling Environmental Protection and Economic Growth, co-authored with Chris P. Nielsen and Peter Lydon. (1998). Harvard University Center for the Environment, China Project. ISBN 978-0674253292
* A 1984 paper he co-authored with Steven Wofsy and Michael J. Prather on potential non-linear destruction of the ozone layer helped persuade the United States Environmental Protection Agency to carry out a risk assessme nt of chlorofluorocarbons that laid the groundwork for the negotiation of the Montreal Protocol.
* McElroy, Michael B.; Wofsy, Steven C.; Penner, Joyce E.; McConnell, John C. (January 1, 1974). "Atmospheric Ozone: Possible Impact of Stratospheric Aviation". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 31 (1): 287–304. Bibcode:1974JAtS...31..287M. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1974)031<0287:AOPIOS>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-4928.

## Honors

* American Academy of Arts and Sciences (elected 1972)
* Royal Irish Academy (elected Honorary Member, Science 2009]
* American Geophysical Union 2024 William Bowie Medal
# Marcola, Oregon

Marcola is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Lane County, Oregon, United States. The community is located on the Mohawk River northeast of Springfield.

## History

The post office at this location was established in 1876 and originally called "Isabel" for early settler Isabel Applegate. In 1899-1900, a railroad was built through the Mohawk Valley and a station named Marcola was established near the post office. Marcola was a name made up to honor Mary Cole, the wife of the town's founder, Columbus Cole. In 1901, the post office name was changed to agree with the name of the station.
The 1938 National Register of Historic Places-listed Earnest Bridge, a covered bridge in the Marcola area, was featured in the 1965 James Stewart film Shenandoah.

## Education

Most of Marcola CDP is in the Marcola School District, which operates Mohawk High School.
Portions are in the Springfield School District 19.
Lane County is in the Lane Community College district.

## Notable people

* Courtney Love (born 1964), musician and actress, lived with her family at a commune in Marcola
# Gerald Young (baseball)

Gerald Anthony Young (born October 22, 1964) is a Honduran former professional baseball outfielder. He played all or parts of eight seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), primarily as a center fielder. He is the first person born in Honduras to play Major League Baseball.

## Career

A 1982 graduate of Santa Ana Valley High School, Young was drafted in the 5th round of the 1982 MLB amateur draft by the New York Mets. He was, along with Rafael Palmeiro and Dwight Gooden, part of a draft class that set a major league record for a single team when 14 of those players reached the major leagues.
Traded by the Mets to the Houston Astros on September 1, 1984, for third baseman Ray Knight, Young made his major league debut with them on July 8, 1987. This made him the first Honduran to play for the Astros, and the only one until Mauricio Dubon joined the team in 2022. He showed promise by hitting .321 and stealing 26 bases for the Astros, finishing 5th in National League Rookie of the Year voting despite playing less than half a season with the major league club. Young's best season in the major leagues came the following year, 1988, when he finished 2nd in the NL with 65 steals. 1989 was a disappointment for Young offensively, although he finished 8th in the league in steals (34) and accomplished a rare defensive feat by recording 412 putouts with only one error and adding 15 outfield assists.
Young spent the next three seasons splitting time between the Astros, their Triple A affiliate the Tucson Toros, and the disabled list (with an assortment of injuries). Although he was successful at the minor league level, always hitting over .300, his batting statistics for the Astros never replicated his earlier success. At the end of the 1992 season, Young became a free agent.
Young became an inaugural member of the expansion Colorado Rockies in 1993. Young hit .340 in spring training, but the team acquired power-hitting outfielder Dale Murphy in the first week of the 1993 season. Young was limited to one hit in 19 at bats over two months. The team released him when he declined to be sent to the minor leagues. He was a free agent for a few weeks before landing with the Class AAA affiliate of the Cincinnati Reds and hitting .301, but he was released after 32 games. He finished the season with the Class AAA affiliate of the Seattle Mariners, hitting .298 for them in 25 games.
With the St. Louis Cardinals in 1994, Young hit .333 in spring training, and he thought he might make the major league team, but he started the season with Class AAA Louisville after Cardinals manager Joe Torre decided to keep four outfielders on the roster instead of the customary five outfielders. Young appeared in his final MLB game on August 11, 1994, playing for the Cardinals. He was released that October.

## Personal life

Gerald is married to Veronica; the couple have two children together.
# Tom Coleman (Missouri politician)

Earl Thomas Coleman (born May 29, 1943) is an American politician who represented Missouri in the United States House of Representatives from 1976 to 1993.

## Education

He attended public schools and received a B.A. from William Jewell College in 1965 and an M.P.A. from Wagner Graduate School of Public Service, in 1969. He also received a J.D. from Washington University School of Law in 1969. He was admitted to the Missouri Bar in 1969 and commenced practice in Kansas City.

## Career

From 1969 to 1972 Coleman, a Republican, served as Missouri's State Assistant Attorney General. In 1972, he was elected to the Missouri House of Representatives, where he served until 1976. After the unexpected death of Congressman Jerry Litton, Coleman ran for, and won, the election succeeding him. He represented Missouri's 6th Congressional District, which encompasses northwestern Missouri, including a portion of Kansas City north of the Missouri River and the city of Saint Joseph. Coleman served in Congress until 1993, when he was ousted by Pat Danner, Litton's former district administrator.
After leaving office he has worked for The Livingston Group, a lobbying organization founded by former Congressman Bob Livingston.

## Later career

Coleman wrote an opinion piece in May 2019 declaring that the Trump presidency was illegitimate and that Trump and Mike Pence should be impeached.
He currently sits on the bipartisan advisory board of States United Democracy Center.

### 2020 Presidential Election

On August 24, 2020, Coleman was one of 24 former Republican lawmakers to endorse Democratic nominee Joe Biden on the opening day of the Republican National Convention.
# William Henry Havelock

William Henry Havelock (8 December 1826 – 1 November 1876) was part of the Bombay Civil Service.

## Sind

He was the acting Commissioner in Sind from June 1867 to July 1868 during Major General William Merewether's absence.
# Freight train

A freight train, also called a goods train or cargo train, is a railway train that is used to carry cargo, as opposed to passengers. Freight trains are made up of one or more locomotives which provide propulsion, along with one or more railroad cars (also known as wagons) which carry freight. A wide variety of cargoes are carried on trains, but the low friction inherent to rail transport means that freight trains are especially suited to carrying bulk and heavy loads over longer distances.

## History

The earliest recorded use of rail transport for freight was in Babylon, circa 2,200 B.C.E. This use took the form of wagons pulled on wagonways by horses or even humans.

## Locomotives

Freight trains are almost universally powered by locomotives. Historically, steam locomotives were predominant, but beginning in the 1920s diesel and electric locomotives displaced steam due to their greater reliability, cleaner emissions, and lower costs.

## Freight cars

Freight trains carry cargo in freight cars, also known as goods wagons, which are unpowered and designed to carry various types of goods.
Different types of freight cars may be used by a train, such as:
* Boxcar
* Tank Car
* Hopper Car
** Covered Hopper Car
* Centerbeam Car
* Flatcar
* Intermodal Well Car
* Gondola Car
* Autorack Car
As of April 2020, there were 1.6 million rail cars in North America.

## Operations

Freight trains often operate between classification yards, which are hubs where incoming freight trains are received, and then broken up, with the cars then being assembled into new trains for other destinations. In contrast to this type of operation, which is known as wagonload (or carload) freight, there are also unit trains, which exclusively carry one type of cargo. They normally operate directly between origin and destination points, such as a coal mine and a power plant, without any changes to the makeup of the freight cars in between. This allows cargo to reach its destination faster, and increases utilization of freight cars, lowering operating costs.
Unlike passenger trains, freight trains often do not follow fixed schedules, but are run as needed. When sharing tracks with passenger trains, freight trains are scheduled to use lines during specific times to minimize their impact on passenger train operations, especially during the morning and evening rush hours.
# Cruckmeole

Cruckmeole is a small hamlet in Shropshire, England. It is located on the A488, where a lane which connects Cruckmeole to the B4386 crossroads at Cruckton forms a three way junction near to Hanwood. It is within the civil parish of Pontesbury.

## Etymology

Cruckmeole's name is first attested in 1291 or 1292, in the forms Crokmele and Crokemele. There are two competing etymologies. The first element, also found in nearby Cruckton, could be from the Old English word crōc ("cruck-framed building"). If so, the second part of the name comes from the Meole Brook, on which the settlement stands, and whose own name could come from Old English meolu ("meal, flour") on account of its putatively cloudy colour. Alternatively, the name could come from the Common Brittonic words found today in modern Welsh as crug ("hillock") and moel ("bare"). In this interpretation, the name of the settlement once meant "bare hillock". When the dominant language of the area became English, English-speakers, no longer understanding the name, imagined that the name of the settlement came from the brook, and called the brook Meole Brook accordingly by folk-etymology. Thus the name either once meant "building by the Meole Brook" or "bare hillock".$^{:326}$

## Geography

The Cambrian Line railway passes close to the village on its way from Shrewsbury to the west Wales coast. There was a junction from which ran the Minsterley branch line, created in 1861, passing through Pontesbury and terminating in Minsterley but this closed, as a result of the Beeching Axe, in 1967.
A residential school, Cruckton Hall, is located near the village. The building of a former primary school within the village, built 1872 but closed in 1969, now serves as Cruckton Village Hall. A Royal Mail post box is in a wall at the Cruckmeole junction.
The Rea Brook, historically called the Meole Brook, flows through the village.

## Notable people

John Wood Warter (1806-1878), antiquarian and cleric and editor of the works of Robert Southey, was born at Cruckmeole.
# Englewood station (RTD)

Englewood station is a RTD light rail station in Englewood, Colorado, United States. Operating as part of the D Line, the station was opened on July 14, 2000, and is operated by the Regional Transportation District. It serves the Englewood City Center, site of the former Cinderella City Mall.
# 1993–94 EHF Cup

The 1993–94 season of the EHF Cup was the 13th edition of the tournament. It was won by BM Alzira in a final match against ASKÖ Linz.

## First round

| Team #1 | Agg. | Team #2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| IFK Skövde | 41–38 | HK Dia Riga | 19–18 | 22–20 |
| Steaua Bucharest | 56–34 | HC Berchem Roeser | 29–19 | 27–15 |
| ASKÖ Linde Linz | 56–30 | Beşiktaş JK | 24–9 | 32–21 |
| CSKA Moscow | 48–28 | Ortigia Siracusa | 27–16 | 21–12 |
| CBM Alzira | 50–41 | Dukla Prague | 31–20 | 19–21 |
| Montpellier HB | 68–35 | HB Mamuli Tbilisi | 35–17 | 33–18 |
| CD Elgorriaga Bidasoa Irún | 38–35 | Kadetten Schaffhausen | 22–18 | 16–17 |
| CF Os Belenenses | 34–58 | Elektromos Budapest | 18–29 | 16–29 |
| Virum Sorgemfri | 40–42 | Íþróttafélag Reykjavíkur | 21–19 | 19–23 |
| Sporting Neerpelt | 35–35 | HC Sisak | 17–22 | 18–13 |
| AEL Limassol | (walkover) | Viimsi Tallinn | – | – |
| Philippos Verias | 41–44 | SKA Kyiv | 22–21 | 19–23 |
| Tutunski-Kombinat Prilep | 38–41 | Andor Jadran Kozina | 22–21 | 16–20 |
| HAKA en. O. Emmen | 45–46 | ŠKP Bratislava | 21–23 | 24–23 |
| Uraed Porsgrunn | 42–57 | Petrochemia Płock | 24–23 | 18–34 |

## Eighth-finals

| Team #1 | Agg. | Team #2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| ŠKP Bratislava | 47–52 | Steaua Bucharest | 25–22 | 22–30 |
| AEL Limassol | (walkover) | ASKÖ Linde Linz | – | – |
| Petrochemia Płock | 48–46 | IFK Skövde | 26–22 | 22–24 |
| Andor Jadran Kozina | 43–64 | SV Niederwürzbach | 22–25 | 21–39 |
| Íþróttafélag Reykjavíkur | 30–51 | CD Elgorriaga Bidasoa Irún | 11–28 | 19–23 |
| HC Sisak | 37–61 | CBM Alzira | 20–30 | 17–31 |
| Elektromos Budapest | 37–34 | Montpellier HB | 19–17 | 18–17 |
| SKA Kyiv | 38–37 | CSKA Moscow | 21–16 | 17–21 |

## Quarter-finals

| Team #1 | Agg. | Team #2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Elektromos Budapest | 42–46 | ASKÖ Linde Linz | 23–22 | 19–24 |
| SKA Kyiv | 38–51 | Steaua Bucharest | 23–23 | 15–28 |
| Petrochemia Płock | 48–52 | CBM Alzira | 24–22 | 24–30 |
| CD Elgorriaga Bidasoa Irún | 51–43 | SV Niederwürzbach | 25–20 | 26–23 |

## Semi-finals

| Team #1 | Agg. | Team #2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Steaua Bucharest | 44–59 | ASKÖ Linde Linz | 23–38 | 21–21 |
| Elgorriaga Bidasoa Irún | 38–44 | CBM Alzira | 18–18 | 20–26 |

## Final

| Team #1 | Agg. | Team #2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| CBM Alzira | 44–41 | ASKÖ Linde Linz | 23–19 | 21–22 |
# Chang Wen-chen

Chang Wen-chen (Chinese: 張文貞; born 31 August 1970) is a Taiwanese legal scholar who is a distinguished professor at National Taiwan University. She has also served as a law professor at National Chiao Tung University, where she was dean of its law faculty.

## Education

Chang graduated from National Taiwan University with a Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) and then a Master of Laws (LL.M.) degree. She then earned a second Master of Laws and then a Doctor of Juridical Science (J.S.D.) in 2001 from Yale Law School, where her doctoral supervisor was law professor Bruce Ackerman.

## Academic career

As a legal academic, she has commented on China's Anti-Secession Law, the Legislative Yuan's inaction causing vacancies in the presidency and vice presidency of the Control Yuan between 2005 and 2008, limitations on the Control Yuan's powers, and supported amendments to laws regarding protests and demonstrations. Chen was one of 36 co-signers of a statement opining that Ma Ying-jeou had overstepped his presidential authority during the September 2013 power struggle.
Chang is a founding member of the Asian Human Rights Court Simulation, established in 2018, and in 2019, was named its vice president. In 2022 and 2024, Chang served on the selection committee for the Tang Prize in Rule of Law. She has also chaired the Restoration of Victim's Rights Infringed by Illegal Acts of the State During the Period of Authoritarian Rule Foundation.
In 2024, Chang testified as an expert witness to the Constitutional Court in cases that led to protests. In August of that year, William Lai nominated Chang to serve as president of the Judicial Yuan. However, legislative confirmation hearings for seven Judicial Yuan positions, including replacements for president Hsu Tzong-li and vice president Tsai Jeong-duen were delayed, necessitating the appointment of Shieh Ming-yuan as acting president of the Judicial Yuan. Hearings eventually began on 2 December, but left the Judicial Yuan with the lowest number of justices since the introduction of judicial interpretation in 1947. During legislative questioning on 10 December, Chang observed that the Judicial Yuan had imposed stricter conditions on capital punishment earlier that year, but maintained that the death penalty was constitutional. The Legislative Yuan voted to reject Chang's nomination, and that of six others to the Judicial Yuan, on 24 December 2024. Days before deciding on Lai's nominees, legislators had voted to require the Judicial Yuan have ten active judges before hearing a case.
Chang's editorials on constitutionality of judicial decisions, constitutional reform, and demonstrations have been published in the Taipei Times.
# Anuar Tan Abdullah

Anuar Tan bin Abdullah is a Malaysian politician who served as Member of the Kelantan State Executive Council (EXCO) from December 1999 to May 2018 and Member of the Kelantan State Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Kota Lama from November 1999 to August 2023. He is a member of the Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), a component party of the Perikatan Nasional (PN) coalition. He was also the sole Kelantan MLA of Chinese ethnicity. He is a Chinese Muslim and the longest-serving Kota Lama MLA, serving for 24 years.

## Election results

Kelantan State Legislative Assembly :
| Year | Constituency | Candidate | Votes | Pct | Opponent(s) | Votes | Pct | Ballots cast | Majority | Turnout |
| 1999 | N08 Kota Lama | Anuar Tan Abdullah (PAS) | 8,470 | 51.35% | Leong Su Siang (MCA) | 8,025 | 48.65% | 16,865 | 445 | 68.85% |
| 2004 | N09 Kota Lama | Anuar Tan Abdullah (PAS) | 9,154 | 50.09% | Leong Su Siang (MCA) | 9,120 | 49.91% | 18,543 | 34 | 74.81% |
| 2008 | N09 Kota Lama | Anuar Tan Abdullah (PAS) | 12,867 | 62.68% | Tan Ken Ten (MCA) | 7,661 | 37.32% | 20,804 | 5,206 | 76.94% |
| 2013 | N09 Kota Lama | Anuar Tan Abdullah (PAS) | 14,269 | 64.65% | Tan Ken Ten (MCA) | 7,651 | 34.66% | 22,399 | 6,618 | 79.29% |
| 2013 | N09 Kota Lama | Anuar Tan Abdullah (PAS) | 14,269 | 64.65% | Mohd Zakiman Abu Bakar (IND) | 152 | 0.69% | 22,399 | 6,618 | 79.29% |
| 2018 | N09 Kota Lama | Anuar Tan Abdullah (PAS) | 8,410 | 40.12% | Ab. Rashid Ab. Rahman (BERSATU) | 6,965 | 33.23% | 21,367 | 1,445 | 75.89% |
| 2018 | N09 Kota Lama | Anuar Tan Abdullah (PAS) | 8,410 | 40.12% | Chua Hock Kuan (MCA) | 5,502 | 26.25% | 21,367 | 1,445 | 75.89% |
| 2018 | N09 Kota Lama | Anuar Tan Abdullah (PAS) | 8,410 | 40.12% | Khairul Nizam Abd Ghani (PSM) | 54 | 0.26% | 21,367 | 1,445 | 75.89% |
| 2018 | N09 Kota Lama | Anuar Tan Abdullah (PAS) | 8,410 | 40.12% | Izat Bukhary Ismail Bukhary (IND) | 29 | 0.14% | 21,367 | 1,445 | 75.89% |

## Honours

* Kelantan :
** Knight Commander of the Order of the Life of the Crown of Kelantan (DJMK) – Dato' (2003)
# List of Pakistani films of 1978

A list of films produced in Pakistan in 1978 (see 1978 in film) and in the Urdu language:

## 1978

| Title | Notes |
| Awaz | Box office: |
| Shola | |
| Parakh | |
| Seeta Maryam Margaret | |
# Teodosie of Wallachia

Teodosie (died 25 January 1522), was the Voivode (Prince) of Wallachia, a historical and geographical region in present-day Romania, between 1521 and 1522. He was the son and heir of Neagoe Basarab. Being too young to be the ruler, his regents were his mother, Serbian princess Milica Despina and his uncle, Preda Craiovescu of the Craiovești family. In the battle between the Draculești and the prince's army (10 October 1521), Preda Craiovescu died. As a result, Teodosie fled to Oltenia with his mother before seeking refuge in Istanbul.

## Ancestors

Ancestors of Teodosie of Wallachia :
# Flipped image

A flipped image is a static or moving image that is generated by a mirror-reversal of an original across a horizontal axis, making the image upside-down. In contrast, a flopped image is mirrored across the vertical axis, as in a conventional mirror image.

## Photography

Many large format cameras present the image of the scene being photographed as a flipped image through their viewfinders. Some photographers regard this as a beneficial feature, as the unfamiliarity of the format allows them to compose the elements of the picture properly without being distracted by the actual contents of the scene. The technique is meant to bypass or override the brain's visual processing which normally sees what is expected rather than what is there.
Flipping is occasionally used as a trompe-l'œil effect in scenes which incorporate reflections in a body of water. The image is deliberately inverted so that people slowly discern that something is 'not quite right' with the picture, and come to notice that it is upside down.
# William Brand

Sir William Alfred Brand, CBE (22 August 1888 – 26 October 1979) was an Australian politician. Born in Childers, Queensland, he was educated at Apple Tree Creek State School before becoming a sugarcane grower. He became president of the Australian Sugar Growers Association in 1943.
In 1920, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland as the Country Party member for Burrum, transferring to Isis in 1932. He was Deputy Leader of the Opposition from 1944 to 1947. He retired from the Assembly in 1950, but in 1954 was elected to the Australian House of Representatives as the Country Party member for Wide Bay, which he held until his retirement in 1958. Brand was knighted in 1965.
Brand died in 1979 and was buried in Apple Tree Creek Cemetery.