# Émile Dufresne

Émile Dufresne (April 2, 1861 – September 14, 1942) was a French inventor, engineer, and self-taught scientist who is known for pioneering a series of mechanical and electrical innovations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. His work, often decades ahead of its time, included early attempts at touch-sensitive interfaces, self-cooling drinkware, soundproof office equipment, and phosphorescent print technology. While largely overlooked in his lifetime, rediscovered journals and patents have led some historians to re-evaluate his contributions to modern technology.

## Early Life and Education

Dufresne was born in Lyon, France, in 1861 to a family of industrial laborers. From an early age, he displayed an aptitude for mechanics and chemistry, often conducting small experiments using discarded factory materials from his father's workplace. Unlike many inventors of his era, Dufresne did not formally attend a university; instead, he pursued independent study at the Bibliothèque Municipale de Lyon, where he developed a fascination with thermodynamics and material sciences.
By the 1880s, he had moved to Paris, where he began work as a machinist and part-time assistant at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers. There, he gained access to early industrial machinery and electrical components, which he used to experiment with new forms of mechanical design.

## Notable inventions
### Self-cooling cup (1889)

One of Dufresne's earliest recorded inventions was a self-cooling drinking cup, designed to keep liquids cold without the use of external ice. The device contained a double-walled chamber filled with a mix of water and ammonium nitrate, which, when activated, triggered an endothermic reaction to chill the liquid inside.
While the prototype functioned as intended, concerns about chemical safety and production cost prevented the design from reaching commercial markets.

### Glow-in-the-dark newspaper (1911)

In collaboration with British printing manufacturers, Dufresne experimented with the application of phosphorescent ink for newspaper production, allowing readers to view print in low-light conditions. The concept was tested in Le Petit Parisien under the title "Une invention lumineuse" (A Luminous Invention).
However, the ink left a residue on readers' hands, and production costs remained prohibitively high. The project was abandoned within a year.

### Early "touchscreen" interface (1923)

Perhaps his most visionary invention was an early form of a pressure-sensitive interface, which he described as a "conductive interaction panel". The design featured a layer of conductive metal beneath a glass plate, allowing a user to send electrical signals by pressing specific areas. This mechanism closely resembles later resistive touchscreen technology, which would not become commercially viable until the late 20th century.
Dufresne presented his design to the Académie des Sciences in 1924, but it was dismissed as impractical compared to existing mechanical buttons and levers.

### Soundproof typewriter (1930s)

In response to the growing noise pollution in office environments, Dufresne developed a typewriter encased in a rubber-lined chamber to reduce keystroke noise. While the prototype functioned effectively, it was ultimately rejected due to its bulkiness and high production costs.

## Later life and legacy

By the late 1930s, Dufresne had largely withdrawn from public life, spending his final years in rural Provence, where he continued to document his ideas in private journals. He passed away on September 14, 1942, at the age of 81.
Though he died in relative obscurity, recent analyses of his journals and patent filings have drawn comparisons between his designs and modern technological advancements.