# Kumaoni language

Kumaoni (Kumaoni-Devanagari: कुमाऊँनी, pronounced) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by over two million people of the Kumaon region of the state of Uttarakhand in northern India and parts of Doti region in Western Nepal. As per 1961 survey there were 1,030,254 Kumaoni speakers in India. The number of speakers increased to 2.2 million in 2011.
Kumaoni is not endangered but UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger designates it as a language in the unsafe category, meaning it requires consistent conservation efforts.

## Script

Kumaoni is written using the Devanagari script.

## Geographic distribution and dialects

There are several dialects spoken in the Kumaon region. There is not single accepted method of dividing up the dialects of Kumaoni. Broadly speaking, Kali (or Central) Kumaoni is spoken in Almora and northern Nainital. North-eastern Kumaoni is spoken in Pithoragarh. South-eastern Kumaoni is spoken in South-eastern Nainital. Western Kumaoni is spoken west of Almora and Nainital.
More specifically:
* Johari of the Malla and Talla Johar (Milam, Munsiyari)
* Askoti of Askot
* Bhabhri of Haldwani and Ramnagar
* Danpuriya of Danpur (Bageshwar, Kapkot)
* Gangoli of Ganai-Gangoli (Kanda, Berinag, Gangolihat)
* Khasparjiya of Almora
* Kumaiyya of Champawat
* Pachhai of Pali-Pachhhau (Ranikhet, Dwarahat)
* Phaldakotiya of Phaldkot
* Rhau-Chaubyansi, (Nainital)
* Sirali of Sirakot (Didihat)
* Soriyali of Sor Valley (Pithoragarh)
Some Kumaoni speakers are also reportedly found in Western Nepal.

## History

Various Kumaoni text have been found from the Katyuri and Chand era on temple stones and as copper plate inscriptions. Kumaoni was also the official language of the Kumaon Kingdom.

## Phonology
### Consonants

| | | Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Retroflex | Post-alv./ Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| Nasal | voiced | m | n | ɳ | | ŋ | |
| Nasal | breathy | mʱ | nʱ | | | | |
| Stop/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | ʈ | tʃ | k | |
| Stop/ Affricate | aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | tʃʰ | kʰ | |
| Stop/ Affricate | voiced | b | d | ɖ | dʒ | ɡ | |
| Stop/ Affricate | breathy | bʱ | dʱ | ɖʱ | dʒʱ | ɡʱ | |
| Fricative | Fricative | | s | | ʃ | | h |
| Rhotic | voiced | | r | ɽ | | | |
| Rhotic | breathy | | | ɽʱ | | | |
| Lateral | voiced | | l | ɭ | | | |
| Lateral | breathy | | lʱ | | | | |
| Approximant | Approximant | w | | | j | | |
* /ʃ/ can also be heard as [s] in free variation, depending on the dialect.

### Vowels

| | Front | Central | Back |
| High | iː | | uː |
| High | ɪ | | ʊ |
| Mid | eː | ə | oː |
| Mid | ɛ | ə | ɔ |
| Low | (æ) | ɑ ɑː | ɑ ɑː |
* /ɛ/ can be heard as [æ] in free variation.
* /ɑ/ can be heard as either back [ɑ] or central [ä] in free variation.
* /ɔ/ can be heard as [ɒ] in free variation.

## Grammar

Being part of the Indo-Aryan dialect continuum Kumauni shares its grammar with other Indo-Aryan languages like Dotyali, Nepali, Hindi, Rajasthani, Kashmiri and Gujarati. It shares much of its grammar with the other language of the Central Pahari group like Garhwali. The peculiarities of grammar in Kumaoni and other Central Pahari languages exist due to the influence of the now extinct language of the Khasas, the first inhabitants of the region. In Kumauni the verb substantive is formed from the root ach, as in both Rajasthani and Kashmiri. In Rajasthani its present tense, being derived from the Sanskrit present rcchami, I go, does not change for gender. But in Pahari and Kashmiri it must be derived from the rare Sanskrit particle *rcchitas, gone, for in these languages it is a participial tense and does change according to the gender of the subject. Thus, in the singular we have: - Here we have a relic of the old Khasa language, which, as has been said, seems to have been related to Kashmiri. Other relics of Khasa, again agreeing with north-western India, are the tendency to shorten long vowels, the practice of epenthesis, or the modification of a vowel by the one which follows in the next syllable, and the frequent occurrence of disaspiration. Thus, Khas siknu, Kumauni sikhno, but Hindi sikhna, to learn; Kumauni yeso, plural yasa, of this kind.
Language Comparison :
| | Khas-kura (Nepali) | Khas-kura (Nepali) | Kumauni | Kumauni | Kashmiri | Kashmiri |
| to be | Masc | Fem | Masc | Fem | Masc | Fem |
| 1SG | chhu | chhu | chik | chu | chus | ches |
| 2SG | chhas | chhes | chai | chi | chukh | chekh |
| 3SG | chha | chhe | ch | chi | chuh | cheh |

### Verb conjugation

Conjugation of the verb Lekh (लेख) to write, in all three tenses in Kumaoni.

#### Present tense

| Singular | Plural |
| मैंmainलेखनूlekhnuमैं लेखनूmain lekhnuI write | हमhumलेखनुlekhnuहम लेखनुhum lekhnuwe write |
| तूtuलेखlekhछेchheतू लेख छेtu lekh chheyou write | तुमtumलेखlekhछोchhoतुम लेख छोtum lekh chhoyou write |
| उUलिखनोlikhnoउ लिखनोU likhnohe writes | ऊँunलेखनlekhanछनchhanऊँ लेखन छनun lekhan chhanthey write |

#### Past tense

| Singular | Plural |
| मेलmaileलिखौlekhoमेल लिखौmaile lekhoI wrote | हमुलhumulलेखौlekhoहमुल लेखौhumul lekhowe wrote |
| त्वीलtveelलिखौlekhoत्वील लिखौtveel lekhoyou wrote | तुमुलtumuleलेखौlekhoतुमुल लेखौtumule lekhoyou wrote |
| वीलveelलिखौlekhoवील लिखौveel lekhohe wrote | उनुलेunuleलेखौlekhoउनुले लेखौunule lekhothey wrote |

#### Future tense

| Singular | Plural |
| मैंmainलिखूंलोlekhuloमैं लिखूंलोmain lekhuloI will write | हमhumलेखुंलाlekhulaहम लेखुंलाhum lekhulawe will write |
| तूtumलेखलेlekhleतू लेखलेtum lekhleyou will write | तुमtumलेखलाlekhlaतुम लेखलाtum lekhlayou will write |
| उuलेखलlekhalउ लेखलu lekhalhe will write | ऊँunलेखलlekhalऊँ लेखलun lekhalthey will write |

## Example short phrases

| Words/phrases | Transliteration | Meaning |
| जै देव | Jai Dev | Hello Formal. |
| पैलाग | Pailaag | Hi/Hello (lit. touch your feet as a sign of respect used by younger members to greet older members) |
| कस हेरे छे? | Kas hare chhe? | How are you? Informal |
| कस हेरो छा? | Kas haro cha | How are you? Formal |
| भल हेरो | Bhal hero | I am fine |
| काँ जाण छा? | kaa jaan chha? | Where are you going |
| होए | Hoye. | Yes. |
| ना | Nā. | No. |
| कतु? | Katu? | How much?/How many? |
| काँ? | Kajāh? | Where? |
| कसिक? | Kasik? | How? |
| कैक? | Kaik? | Whose? |
| को? | Ko? | Who? |
| किलै | Kila? | Why? |
| के? | Ke? | What? |
| के हेगो? | Ke hego. | What happened? |
| तुमऱ नौ के छ? | Tumar nau ke che? | What is your name? |
| बेरे घर (ध्याव ) ऐै जया | Baere ghyav ajayaa | Come home early |
| आपूं कां बटे आछा? | Aapoun kan bate aachcha? | From where do you come? |
| को जाल बजार? | Ko jal Baazar | Who will go to market? |
| ओ बबो | O babo | Oh my god! |

## Official status

There have been demands to include Kumaoni along with Garhwali in the 8th schedule of the Constitution of India so that it could be made one of the Scheduled Language of India. In 2010, a private member's bill was introduced for discussion in the Lok Sabha whose aim was to include Garhwali and Kumaoni in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
However In a step to promote and protect indigenous languages in December 2019 Government of the state introduced Official Kumaoni Books for Classes 1-5 students of kumaon division Schools.

## Kumaoni literature

Kumaoni language has had many noteworthy writers, prominent among them are
* Lokratna Pant or Gumani Pant (1790–1846)
* Gauri Dutt Pant "Gaurda" (1872–1939)
* Charu Chandra Pandey (1923–2017)
* Shailesh Matiyani (1931–2001)
* Mohan Upreti (1925–1997)
* Brijen Lal Shah (1928–1998)

## Media and art
### Films

* Megha Aa, (First Kumaoni Film). Director Kaka Sharma, Produced S S Bisht, 1987
* Teri Saun, (First film both in Kumaoni and Garhwali), written, produced, and directed by Anuj Joshi, 2003.
* Aapun Biraan (Apne Paraye) by Shri Kartikey Cine Productions. Written by Rajendra Bora (Tribhuvan Giri). Produced by Bhaskar Singh Rawat. 2007.
* Madhuli by Anamika Film, 2008.
* Aapke Liye, a 1985 TV show aired in Doordarshan Directed by sharbat sanzarr and presented by Mohan Manral showcases the kumaoni mela "kauteek".

### Theatre

Kumaoni theatre which developed through its 'Ramleela' plays, later evolved into a modern theatre form with the efforts of theatre stalwarts like Mohan Upreti, Naima Khan Upreti and Dinesh Pandey, and groups like 'Parvatiya Kala Kendra' (started by Mohan Upreti) and 'Parvatiya Lok Kala Manch'. "Ankhar" of Lucknow did a very good work in the field of kumaoni theater. Ankhar played a number of kumauni plays like "mee yo gayun, mee yo satkyun" writer Nand Kumar Upreti, "Punturi" by Charu Chandra Pandey, "Motor Road" by Govind Ballabh Pant, "Labh Ribhadi" writer Nand Kumar Upreti, "Kagare Aag" and "Tumhare Liye" by Himanshu Joshi, Kumauni translation Naveeen Joshi and कुमाउनी नाटक-जैल थै, वील पै.

### Folk music

Folk song genres include ceremonial mandals, martial panwaras and melancholy khuded, thadya, and jhoda.
Musical instruments used in Kumaon music include thedhol, damoun, turri, ransingha, dholki, daur, thali, bhankora, andmasakbhaja. Tabla and harmonium are also used, but to a lesser extent.
Some prominent singers are:
* Mohan Upreti, the most famous personality associated with Kumaoni folk music, who is known for his Nanda Devi Jagar & Rajula Malu Shahi Ballad. He is famous for the great Kumaoni song Bedu Pako Baro Masa which for many years the identity of the hills of Uttarakahand. It is said this song was also a favourite of Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru who heard it in a band march as this song is also a popular marching song.
* Naima Khan Upreti - She was the wife of Mohan Upreti and was a prominent folk singer. Mohan Upreti and Naima Upreti used to sing folk songs as a duet and they also made the first HMV recording of songs like Bedu Pako and O Lali, O Lali Haushiya. Naima Upreti had collected a large number of songs of the Kumaon and Garhwal region and she rendered them on several occasions.
* Gopal Babu Goswami - who is considered to be a legend in Kumaon for his melodious voice. His songs on the life of the members of the armed forces and their families like Kaile baje muruli, Ghughuti na basa (Hirda cassettes) and many others are legendary, it is said that when these songs were transmitted on All India Radio women could not help but weep when they heard the soul touching voice of Gopal Da as he was lovingly called.
* Heera Singh Rana - identified as a contemporary poet and singer who touched upon various shades of hill life, particularly the plight of women. Besides beauty, love, and romance, his poetry illustrates pains and sufferings and are sharp in satire on the political class.
In the early 1990s songs on the turning life style mainly on the one who are heading towards town being made in which meri kumau ki gaadi, hit meri punjaban billo uttarakhand pahara, bwaari tamaaku pija etc. criticize the changing attitude in kumaoni society, the songs of mohan manral straight away criticize of the changing mindset of metropolitan kumaoni society running away from their roots.

### Radio

* In 1962, a new programme was introduced from Akashwani Lucknow- "Utterayana". this programme was specially for the Chinese border area. Jay dev sharma "kamal" Banshidhar Pathak Jigyasu and Jeet Singh Jardhari started this programme. Najeebabad Akashwani kendra relayed this programme .
* With the aim to create a common platform for local communities of Supi in Uttarakhand, TERI launched 'Kumaon vani', a community radio service on 11 March 2010. Uttarakhand Governor Margaret Alva inaugurated the community radio station, the first in the state. The 'Kumaon Vani' aims to air programmes on environment, agriculture, culture, weather and education in the local language and with the active participation of the communities. The radio station covers a radius of 10 km reaching out to almost 2000 locals around Mukhteshwar
* In order to create a folk genome tank of Uttarakhand where one can find each genre and occasions in the form of folk music, and to bring the melodious folk from the heart of Himalaya on global screen, the very first internet radio of Kumaon/Garhwal/Jaunsar was launched in year 2008 by a group of non-resident Uttarakhandi from New York, which has been gaining significant popularity among inhabitants and migrants since its beta version was launched in year 2010. This was named after a very famous melody of hills of Himalaya, Bedu Pako Baro Masa