OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Samuel Arnold (conspirator)

Samuel Bland Arnold (September 6, 1834 – September 21, 1906) was an American Confederate sympathizer involved in a plot to kidnap U.S. President Abraham Lincoln in 1865. He had joined the Confederate Army shortly after the start of the Civil War but was discharged for health reasons in 1864.

## Early life

Samuel Arnold was born in the Georgetown section of Washington, D.C., on September 6, 1834. He was the son of Mary Jane and George Arnold, Sr. and had an older brother. The family later moved to Baltimore where Arnold attended St. Timothy's Hall, a military academy – where he and John Wilkes Booth were schoolmates.

## Role in Lincoln kidnapping conspiracy

After his discharge, Arnold returned to Baltimore and in the late summer of 1864, he was recruited by Booth to be part of the kidnap plot. Bored and unemployed, Arnold accepted. On March 15, 1865, the conspirators met at Gautier's Restaurant on Pennsylvania Avenue to discuss the plot.
Arnold and the other alleged conspirators, John Wilkes Booth, David Herold, Lewis Powell, Michael O'Laughlen, and John Surratt, were to kidnap Lincoln, ferry him through Van Ness Mansion owned by Thomas Greene, and hold him to exchange for the Confederate prisoners in Washington D.C. This was attempted twice but failed because Lincoln was not where they thought he would be. After the failure, Arnold took a clerk's job in Old Point Comfort, Virginia.

## Arrest and trial

After Booth assassinated Lincoln on April 14, 1865, Arnold was arrested from his job in Virginia on suspicion of complicity. He admitted his part in the plot to kidnap Lincoln, and his co-workers supported his contention of being in Virginia at the time of the assassination. During the trial, one of the chief witnesses was Louis J. Weichmann, a boarder at the home of Mary Surratt (the mother of John Surratt).

## Conviction and sentence

Arnold was found guilty of conspiracy by a military tribunal and sentenced to life in prison at Fort Jefferson, along with Samuel Mudd, Michael O'Laughlen, and Edmund Spangler. In 1869, Arnold, Mudd, and Spangler were released after being pardoned by President Andrew Johnson (O'Laughlen died in prison in 1867).

## Post-prison years and death

After Samuel Arnold returned home, he lived quietly out of the public eye for more than thirty years. In 1898, he returned to Fort Jefferson and took photographs of his old prison, but the photographs have not survived. In 1902, Arnold wrote a series of newspaper articles for the Baltimore American describing his imprisonment at Fort Jefferson. Arnold died four years later on September 21, 1906. He is buried at Green Mount Cemetery in Baltimore, Maryland. The only conspirator who survived him was John Surratt.
# Tatyana Heard

Tatyana Aleese Heard (born 14 January 1995) is an Italian-born English rugby union player. She is a member of the England women's national rugby union team and plays for Gloucester-Hartpury in the Premier 15s.

## International career

Heard had initially been selected for the England U20 squad in 2012-13 but shortly afterwards an ACL injury left her sidelined for well over a year. She eventually made her senior England debut in November 2018 against the USA.
In September 2022 Heard was named in the England squad for the COVID-delayed 2021 Rugby World Cup.

## Club career

After university Heard moved to Gloucester and from 2017 has played for Gloucester-Hartpury in a variety of positions.

## Early life and education

Heard was born in Italy and spent some of her early years in the US, but she grew up in Ryedale where she played for Malton and Norton RUFC and for Yorkshire at age grade level. She studied for A-levels at Hartpury College and then for a degree in sports conditioning, rehabilitation and massage at Cardiff Metropolitan University, where she was part of the Cardiff Met team that won the 2016 BUCS rugby final.
# Azharul Islam

Mohammad Azharul Islam (Bengali: মোহম্মদ আজহারুল ইসলাম; 1944 – 4 December 1996) was a Bangladesh politician. He was a former member of parliament for Nilphamari-3.

## Early life and education

Islam was born in 1944 to a Bengali family of Muslim Sarkars in the village of Barabhita in Nilphamari subdivision, Rangpur district, Bengal Presidency. He was a son of Mohammad Mofeluddin Sarkar and Begum Ahatunnesa. Islam studied at the Barabhita High School and earned his degree from the Nilphamari College.

## Career

Islam's career began as a teacher at his alma mater, the Barabhita High School. He became active in student politics during his time at the Nilphamari College, contributing in favour of the six point movement of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. At the age of 26, he was elected as an Awami League MPA to the Rangpur-3 constituency at the East Pakistan Provincial Assembly following the 1970 election. However, this assembly was not formed and the Bangladesh Liberation War started shortly after. Islam played a role as an organiser in his native Kishoreganj thana and served as the pradhan (chief) of the Haldibari Youth Camp. Islam was arrested a few days after the assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman on 15 August 1975, spending time in prison with the four national leaders of Bangladesh.
Islam was elected to parliament from Nilphamari-3 (Jaldhaka-Kishoreganj) as an Awami League candidate following the 1991 Bangladeshi general election. He was defeated in the June 1996 Bangladeshi general election by Jamaat-e-Islami candidate Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury.

## Death

Islam suffered from cardiac arrest and was taken to the Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College Hospital in Dhaka where he died on 4 December 1996. He was buried in Barabhita, and left behind five daughters and two sons.
# Mohammad Fazlul Karim (politician)

Mohammad Fazlul Karim is a Bangladesh Awami League politician and a former member of parliament for Dinajpur-3.

## Career

Karim was elected to parliament from Dinajpur-3 as a Bangladesh Awami League candidate in 1973.
# A. M. Badrul Ala

A. M. Badrul Ala is a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and a former member of parliament for Jessore-6.

## Career

Ala was elected to parliament from Jessore-6 as a Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate in 1979.
# Thomás Chacón

Thomás Chacón Yona (born 17 August 2000) is a Uruguayan footballer who plays as a midfielder for Swiss club Bellinzona.

## Club career

A youth academy product of Danubio, Chacón made his professional debut on 23 November 2017 in a 2–2 draw against El Tanque Sisley. He scored his first goal on 10 March 2019 in a 1–1 draw against River Plate Montevideo.
On 7 August 2019, MLS club Minnesota United announced the signing of Chacón as a Young Designated Player.
On 5 April 2021, Chacón signed on loan with Uruguayan Primera División side Liverpool until 31 December 2021, with Liverpool holding an option to make the deal permanent.
On 26 January 2022, Minnesota opted to buyout Chacón's contract at the club.
On 27 August 2022, Chacón joined Bellinzona in Switzerland.

## International career

Chacón is a former Uruguay youth international. He has represented Uruguay at four different age level tournaments including 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of 20 May 2024
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Danubio | 2017 | Uruguayan Primera División | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1 | 0 |
| Danubio | 2018 | Uruguayan Primera División | 6 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | — | — | 6 | 0 |
| Danubio | 2019 | Uruguayan Primera División | 13 | 2 | — | — | 0 | 0 | — | — | 13 | 2 |
| Danubio | Total | Total | 20 | 2 | — | — | 0 | 0 | — | — | 20 | 2 |
| Minnesota United | 2019 | MLS | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Minnesota United | 2020 | MLS | 4 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |
| Minnesota United | Total | Total | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| Liverpool (loan) | 2021 | Uruguayan Primera División | 23 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 23 | 2 |
| Bellinzona | 2022–23 | Swiss Challenge League | 27 | 3 | 2 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 29 | 3 |
| Bellinzona | 2023–24 | Swiss Challenge League | 32 | 4 | 3 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 35 | 4 |
| Bellinzona | Total | Total | 59 | 7 | 5 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 64 | 7 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 108 | 11 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 113 | 11 |
* ↑ Includes one appearance in MLS is Back Tournament group stage.
# Knud Engedal

Knud Erik Engedal (born 18 March 1942) is a Danish former footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He made 17 appearances for the Denmark national team from 1968 to 1969.
# Battle of Sialkot (1761)

The Battle of Sialkot was fought between Durrani Empire and Sukerchakia Misl of Dal Khalsa in 1761.

## Background

Ahmad Shah Durrani raided India and defeated the Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat like he defeated them at Bararighat and Sikandrabad earlier in 1760. He gave a crushing blow to the Marathas which forced the Marathas to retreat back south to the Deccan and he also appointed Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II as the Emperor of India. Thereafter, he turned towards the Sikhs to defeat them and finish them once and for all because the Sikh insurgents kept harassing his forces in the Punjab region. So he sent his son Timur Shah Durrani along with 12,000 Afghan soldiers to chastise the Sikhs for attacking them near the river Chenab.

## Battle

Timur Shah Durrani advanced with his troops to punish the Sikhs but he was repulsed in the battle fought at Chenab River. Following repulsion, Timur Shah Durrani withdrew under siege to Sialkot, northeast of Punjab capital of Lahore. He was further attacked by the Sikhs at Sialkot. The attack was so ferocious that Timur Shah Durrani lost most of his men in the attack. But he, along with his remaining army, continued to battle the Sikhs. The Sikhs were very effective in the battle as they were using guerilla warfare hit-and-run tactics on the Afghan army. Soon, the Sikhs surrounded Sialkot and started a blockade from supplies coming from Kabul to Sialkot. The blockade was very effective as it started to starve the Afghan army who were running low on food. The food shortage made the Durranis desperate to escape from Sialkot. Soon, Timur Shah Durrani found an opening and led his army out of Sialkot. His tired and weary army was starved into surrendering and they quickly withdrew. However the Sikhs did not chase them. Instead, they captured Sialkot. The Afghans along with Timur Shah Durrani had run off to Kabul therefore the battle was a clear victory for the Sikhs.

## Aftermath

After defeat at Sialkot, the Afghans were defeated by the Sikhs at the Battle of Gujranwala (1761) in the same year.
# Edward de Souza

Edward James de Souza (born 4 September 1932) is a British character actor and graduate of RADA, who is of Portuguese-Indian and English descent.

## Early life

De Souza is the only child of Annie Adeline Swift (née Calvert) and Edward Valentine De Souza Junior. (Rangoon 1881–1947), a graduate of the University of Cambridge who was of Portuguese-Indian descent (his father was born in Goa). De Souza was brought up primarily by his mother because his father died when he was 14.

## Career

From 1961 to 1966, he starred in the sitcom Marriage Lines with Richard Briers and Prunella Scales. De Souza had roles in the Hammer films The Phantom of the Opera and The Kiss of the Vampire (both 1962). In the same year, he appeared in "Six Hands Across the Table", an episode of the British television series The Avengers.
De Souza appeared as the lead character, space security agent Marc Cory, in the Doctor Who story "Mission to the Unknown" (1965) – the only story ever broadcast in the series not to feature the Doctor in any capacity. In 1977, he played Sheik Hosein in the James Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me. He was solicitor Bonny Bernard in the first series of Rumpole of the Bailey (1978). In the same year, he appeared in "Hearts and Minds", the last episode of The Sweeney to be filmed, which featured the popular comedians Morecambe and Wise. In 1982, he appeared in the final Sapphire & Steel adventure as "The Man". He appeared in Edward the Seventh (1975), After Henry (1989–1990), and Farrington. He had a cameo as Lord Boreal / second high councillor in the 2007 fantasy film The Golden Compass. In succession to Valentine Dyall, the originator of the role, he was The Man in Black on BBC Radio 4 between 1988 and 1992. In 1993, De Souza played the role of Afonso in the One Foot in the Grave special One Foot in the Algarve.
He joined the British soap opera Coronation Street as Colin Grimshaw, making his first appearance on 12 December 2008. His character died in May 2009.

## Selected filmography

* The Fourth Square (1961) – 1st Reporter
* The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone (1961) – (uncredited)
* The Phantom of the Opera (1962) – Harry Hunter
* The Kiss of the Vampire (1963) – Gerald Harcourt
* The Main Chance (1964) – Michael Blake
* Jules Verne's Rocket to the Moon (1967) – Henri
* Jane Eyre (1973) – Mason
* The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) – Sheikh Hosein
* The Thirty Nine Steps (1978) – Woodville
* On a Paving Stone Mounted (1978)
* The Golden Lady (1979) – Yorgo Praxis
* Home Before Midnight (1979) – Archer
* The Return of the Soldier (1982) – Edward
* A Question of Attribution (film / script: Alan Bennett; director: John Schlesinger) (1991)
* Jane Eyre (1996) – Mason
* The Golden Compass (2007) – Second High Councilor
* Grave Tales (2011) – Mr. Petersen
* Mr. Turner (2014) – Thomas Stothard
# 1989 Nutri-Metics Open

The 1989 Nutri-Metics Open was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the ASB Tennis Centre in Auckland in New Zealand and was part of the Category 1 tier of the 1989 WTA Tour. The tournament ran from 30 January through 5 February 1989. First-seeded Patty Fendick won the singles title.

## Finals
### Singles

Patty Fendick defeated Belinda Cordwell 6–2, 6–0
* It was Fendick's 1st title of the year and the 9th of her career.

### Doubles

Patty Fendick / Jill Hetherington defeated Elizabeth Smylie / Janine Thompson 6–4, 6–4
* It was Fendick's 2nd title of the year and the 10th of her career. It was Hetherington's 1st title of the year and the 8th of her career.
# Herman Helleputte

Herman Helleputte (born 22 March 1954) is a Belgian former football player and manager who played as a defender. A one-club man while playing for Lierse, he is also best known for managing that club.

## Honours
### Manager

Germinal Ekeren
* Belgian Cup: 1996–97
# Quad (unit)

A quad is a unit of energy equal to 10$^{15}$ (a short-scale quadrillion) BTU, or 1.055×10$^{18}$ joule (1.055 exajoules or EJ) in SI units.
The unit is used by the U.S. Department of Energy in discussing world and national energy budgets. The global primary energy production in 2022 was 637.8 quad, i.e., 672.9 EJ.

## Conversion

Some common types of an energy carrier approximately equal to 1 quad are:
* 8,007,000,000 gallons (US) of gasoline
* 293,071,000,000 kWh
* 293.07 terawatt-hours (TWh)
* 33.434 gigawatt-years (GWy)
* 36,000,000 tonnes of coal
* 970,434,000,000 cubic feet of natural gas
* 5,996,000,000 UK gallons of diesel oil
* 25,200,000 tonnes of oil
* 252,000,000 tonnes of TNT or five times the energy of the Tsar Bomba nuclear test
* 12.69 tonnes of uranium-235 (with 83.14 TJ/kg)
* 6 seconds of sunlight reaching Earth
# Christopher K. I. Williams

Christopher Kenneth Ingle Williams (born 1960) is a professor at the School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, working in Artificial intelligence, and particularly the areas of Machine learning and Computer vision.

## Education

Williams received a BA in Physics and Theoretical Physics from the University of Cambridge in 1982, followed by Part III Mathematics (1983). He did a MSc in Water Resources at the University of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, then worked in Lesotho on low-cost sanitation. In 1988, he studied at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Toronto under the supervision of Geoffrey Hinton. He obtained his MSc and PhD both in computer science, in 1990 and 1994, respectively.

## Career and research

In 1994, Williams moved to Aston University as a Research Fellow. He became a Lecturer in August 1995. He moved to the University of Edinburgh in July 1998 and became Reader in 2000. He obtained a Personal Chair in Machine Learning in 2005 in the School of Informatics.
Williams has been a Fellow of the European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems (ELLIS) since 2019.
Williams' research interests are in machine learning and computer vision. He has worked on new models for understanding time-series and images, and for finding structure in data. He is best known for his work on Gaussian processes and for the book Gaussian Processes for Machine Learning, co-authored with Carl Rasmussen. The book received the 2009 DeGroot Prize of the International Society for Bayesian Analysis.
Williams was an organizer of the PASCAL Visual Object Classes (VOC) project (2005–2012) along with Mark Everingham, Luc van Gool, John Winn, and Andrew Zisserman.

## Awards and honours

In 2021 Williams was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE).
# Stella. A Life.

Stella. A Life. (German: Stella. Ein Leben.) is a 2023 German Biographical drama film. This is based on the true story of Stella Goldschlag, who delivered hundreds of fellow Jews to the Gestapo from September 1943 until the end of the war. Paula Beer plays Stella.
The film premiered at the 2023 Zurich Film Festival. It went on to be shortlisted as the German submission for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film for the 97th Academy Awards.

## Plot

In 1940 Berlin, Stella Goldschlag is a vivacious, talented young woman in Nazi Berlin working as a Jazz singer despite the repressive climate and the risk of passing as a non-Jew.
When tides turn and she is forced into hiding with her parents, Stella begins working with a passport forger. Exposed and captured by the Gestapo, she faces the most dire and deadly of choices: face deportation to Auschwitz for herself and her parents or become an informant for the Gestapo identifying Jews hiding in Berlin. After the war, Stella is put on trial.

## Cast

* Paula Beer as Stella Goldschlag
* Jannis Niewöhner as Rolf Isaaksohn
* Katja Riemann as Toni Goldschlag
* Lukas Miko as Gerhard Goldschlag
* Bekim Latifi as Aaron Salomon
* Damian Hardung as Manfred Kübler
* Joel Basman as Peter
* Maeve Metelka as Inge
* Julia Anna Grob as Hansi Meyer
* Rony Herman as Heinz Gottschalk
* Max Krause as Günther Abrahamson
* Joshua Seelenbinder as Cioma Schönhaus
* Jeanette Spassova as Ms. Rotholz
# Australian Bird of the Year

Australian Bird of the Year is a biennial poll organised by Guardian Australia and BirdLife Australia. Members of the public are invited to vote for their favourite Australian bird in an online poll.

## Winners

| Year | Winner | Runner-up |
| 2017 | Australian Magpie | Australian White Ibis |
| 2019 | Black-throated Finch | Tawny Frogmouth |
| 2021 | Superb Fairywren | Tawny Frogmouth |
| 2023 | Swift Parrot | Tawny Frogmouth |
# Plain greenbul

The plain greenbul (Eurillas curvirostris) is a species of the bulbul family of passerine birds. It is mainly native to the Guineo-Congolian region.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forest, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The plain greenbul was originally described in the genus Andropadus and was re-classified to the genus Eurillas in 2010. Alternatively, some authorities classify the plain greenbul in the genus Pycnonotus.

### Subspecies

Two subspecies are recognized:
* E. c. curvirostris - (Cassin, 1859): Found from central Ghana to western Kenya, southern Democratic Republic of Congo and northern Angola
* E. c. leonina - (Bates, 1930): Found from Sierra Leone to central Ghana
# John A. Hartell

John Anthony Hartell (1902–1995) was an American artist of first the Impressionist and later the Modern styles. He was born in Brooklyn. As an artist, Hartell gives shape and form to those aspects which are least substantial: light, atmosphere, and memory.

## Early life

Hartell’s undergraduate studies were in a technical field, with art appealing to him as a secondary interest. He earned his bachelor's degree in architecture from Cornell University in 1925, where he joined the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity. He was then selected for a graduate fellowship at the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Stockholm. John practiced his art during these years and continued to do so over the next forty years while teaching architecture at Clemson College and the University of Illinois and, after 1930, back on the Hill at Cornell, where he also taught art.
Once in Ithaca, New York, Hartell sought to bring art into the lives of both Cornell students and faculty, including by organizing an art exhibit in the Willard Straight Memorial featuring hundreds of works. In 1936, he illustrated “Over in the Meadow; an old Nursery Rhyme.” During that period, he was commissioned to design a number of residences. He also partnered with a New York architect on buildings for the World's Fair of 1939. Cornell asked Hartell to serve on the Committee for Fine Arts in 1941. He remained active with his undergraduate literary pursuits, writing for the last Cornell Widow for 1942. The alumni writing effort was conceived of by Widow editor Knox B. Burger, son of Hartell’s fraternity brother and fellow Irving Literary Society member Carl B. Burger, the former Widow art editor.
Hartell was considered to be a mature artist after the Second World War, being featured at the Kraushaar Galleries in New York City, following in the tradition of his fraternity brother Reynolds Beal, who was also exhibited there as early as 1929. After his retirement from teaching in 1968, Harte;; painted full time. Much of his imagery came from the lakes and woods of upstate New York, where he lived, and from the eastern Long Island he knew as a boy.

## Death and honors

Hartell died at his home in Ithaca, New York in 1995. Cornell University named its Sibley Hall art gallery the John A. Hartell Gallery and established the position of John A. Hartell Intern (Prints, Drawings, and Photographs) at the Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art as well as the John A. Hartell Award for Distinguished Teaching.