# MQM violence (1994–2016)

The second MQM insurrection refers to an uprising by the Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM), a political and militant organisation representing the Muhajir community. The insurrection began in 1978 against the Sindh government and various other opponents. It was eventually suppressed by the Pakistan army during Operation Cleanup.
In 1994, after the military's withdrawal, MQM launched another wave of anti-state, sectarian, and ethnic violence. The intensity of this violence subsided following Operation Lyari and Karachi's targeted action. The 2015 Nine-Zero raids led to the arrest of several key MQM leaders and marked the beginning of a crackdown on the party.
Another crackdown on 22 August 2016 resulted in the closure of the party headquarters near 90 Azizabad, Khursheed Memorial Hall, MPA Hostel, and Jinnah Park. Several other MQM leaders were arrested, and this event "marked the end of the story for the party founder, Altaf."
By 2016, the Muttahida movement had begun to fragment, leading to the emergence of MQM-Pakistan and other breakaway factions such as the Pak Sarzameen Party (PSP), MQM-PIB Colony and MQM-Bahadurabad factions. The original faction became known as MQM-London.
The MQM also experienced a decline in electoral performance. In the 2018 general elections, PTI won 14 out of 21 National Assembly seats in Karachi due to the MQM's weakening influence, while the PPP secured its first mayoral victory in Karachi in 2023.
Another breakaway faction, MQM-Haqiqi, which was established in 1992, also saw a decline in popularity, failing to win any seats in the 2013 and 2015 elections. According to an article in Dawn, the Security Establishment's influence over MQM has grown significantly.
In 2023, the Pak Sarzameen Party (PSP) and the Farooq Sattar Group announced their merger into MQM-P. However, they boycotted the 2023 local bodies elections, a move that MQM leader Raza Haroon criticised, stating that it "essentially threw the party out of politics for the next four years."
In the 2024 general elections, MQM-P secured 20 National Assembly seats in Karachi. However, in an alleged leaked video, Sindh Governor and MQM-P leader Kamran Tessori purportedly admitted, "We did not get votes in the elections," and suggested that MQM’s real voter base was reflected in the seven NA seats it won in the 2018 general elections.

## Violence
### Anti-state activities

According to Sindh Police, from 1991 to 2014, 2,000+ havaldar, officers, informants were killed by MQM.
In August 1989, 18 people, including a police personnel, were killed by MQM gunmen in Karachi.
In February 1990, 82 people were killed during MQM-organised anti-government demonstrations in Karachi and Hyderabad.
During May and June 1994, MQM carried out a series of attacks following the army's withdrawal. These included car bombings, riots, and targeted killings, resulting in the deaths of around 750 people, including non-Urdu speakers and other opponents of MQM.
The conflict reached its bloodiest phase in May 1995, when MQM militants resurfaced and systematically ambushed government offices, police stations, and police patrols using rocket launchers. Although sporadic ethnic and sectarian violence had been a constant feature of Karachi since the 1980s, the level of organisation and intensity of violence in 1995 was unprecedented. About 300 people were killed in June alone, with the death toll reaching 600 within two months and 2,000 over the year, primarily due to ethnic violence. Analysts compared the situation to the Kashmir insurgency, which was also ongoing in the 1990s.
On 25 June 1995, nearly eighty policemen were killed in a five-week-long assault by MQM militants, and a total of 221 security personnel lost their lives over the year. Meanwhile, more than seventy police operations resulted in the killing of over 121 individuals labelled as "terrorists," who were believed to be MQM activists or sympathisers. By 1996, the situation was described as a virtual civil war between Pakistani security forces and MQM.
In 2002, MQM assumed office in the provincial government and was elected to the city government in 2006 and 2008. However, Karachi newspapers accused the MQM of eliminating opponents with impunity. This also involved violent, unchecked land expansion and the rise of real estate 'entrepreneurs' who were allegedly engaged in illegal or forceful land occupation, backed by powerful political patrons within MQM.
Karachi witnessed exceptionally high levels of violence in 2011, with approximately 800 people killed in targeted attacks attributed to MQM, out of a total of 1,800 killings across the city.

### Ethnic violence

In 1986, MQM responded to the Qasba Aligarh massacre with extreme violence and killings. 900 Pashtuns were killed by MQM militants as a "revenge" for the Qasba Aligarh massacre.
In October 1988, MQM activists killed 90 Sindhis in separate attacks in Karachi. In the same month, at least 46 Sindhis were killed in ethnic riots. In total, 200+ Sindhis died due to MQM retaliation.
In May 1990, 300 people were killed in retaliation to "Pucca Qila massacre" by MQM.
In 2007, during the 12 May Karachi riots, MQM party workers were accused of launching highly coordinated attacks on ANP and PPP supporters, resulting in the deaths of 58 people and injuring hundreds, most of whom were Pashtuns. Fourteen MQM workers were also killed during the clashes.
On several occasions in 2007 and 2008, Pashtun-majority neighbourhoods were subjected to violence and bombings, including coordinated attacks against Pashtun street vendors, restaurant owners, and labourers. There were also targeted killings of ANP activists, who were accused of having links with the Pakistani Taliban.
In 2010, following the assassination of MQM politician Raza Haider, MQM-affiliated gangs gunned down nearly 95 people—primarily Pashtuns, along with a minority of Sindhis and Punjabis—during the 2010 Karachi riots.
In March 2011, an attack on a PPP office marked the beginning of a violent spree in which fifty people were killed, mainly Pashtuns, although Urdu-speakers and Balochs were also among the victims. Another eighteen people were killed in April. Pashtun activists blamed MQM for these attacks, though the party denied the allegations.
On 5 July 2011, during a five-day period of protests after MQM quit the ruling government, 114 people were killed in indiscriminate attacks targeting Pashtuns, regardless of their political affiliations. In mid-July, ANP politicians accused MQM of expelling 3,000–4,000 Pashtuns from their neighbourhoods.
Meanwhile, remarks by Sindhi politician Zulfiqar Mirza, criticising MQM and perceived as offensive to Urdu-speakers, reignited violence. MQM mobs rampaged through the city, burning vehicles and causing 14 deaths by the following morning. By the end of July, the death toll had risen to between 200 and 318.
From 2008 to 2011, MQM was accused of responsibility for 6,000 deaths.
MQM allegedly gave "scores" of people to be killed each day, typically around twenty. According to Fawad Chaudhry, neither PPP nor ANP had a militant wing comparable to MQM's over the past ten years.

### Extortion

In 2015, MQM was accused of setting fire to a factory as part of an extortion scheme, resulting in the deaths of 258 people. MQM built a network of businessmen and market players, influencing what effectively became a parallel economy in Karachi. This network generated organisational profits through alliances reinforced by violence. Dawn reported that Karachi, as an economic hub, was essentially a "hostage city" under MQM's control.
MQM exerted its influence over the economy not only through extortion profits but also through an organised strategy of intimidation. This included enforcing strikes, pen-downs, tool-downs (also known as down tools), and complete shutdowns of Karachi's economic hub. By doing so, MQM effectively held the city's economy hostage from the rest of Pakistan, using this leverage to extract political concessions from the central government and solidify its position as a ruling power.
Torture cells
MQM operated many torture cells, in which enemies from other ethnicities were tortured and killed. Sindhi nationalists have accused MQM of being involved in rapes of Sindhi women.

### Attacks on journalists

In one incident in 2011, after Pashtun journalist Wali Babar was allegedly killed by MQM in Karachi, four journalists linked to his murder investigation, two policemen, a police officer’s brother, and an informer were all "methodically targeted" by MQM.

### Sectarian conflict

Throughout 2008, approximately 143 killings in Karachi were attributed to clashes between MQM and Sunni Tehreek, a Barelvi Sufi Islamist organisation that recruited former MQM members.
In contrast to MQM-A, the breakaway faction MQM-Haqiqi aligned itself with Sipah-i-Sahaba in Karachi and was involved in attacks on Shi'a places of worship.
MQM was also involved in clashes with the Taliban, which was believed to profit from criminal activities such as bank robbery, thefts, car theft, and kidnapping for ransom.

## MQM infighting

MQM's violent activities were not limited to external confrontations; internal factional violence also took place, with party members being targeted in drive-by shootings. One such instance occurred in the first half of 2009, when over a hundred killings took place due to infighting between MQM and MQM-Haqiqi factions.

## Government response and operations
### Operations from 1994 to 1996

During Benazir Bhutto's tenure, Interior Minister General Naseerullah Babar conducted the second operation against MQM between 1994 and 1996.
Due to serious doubts over the credibility of the operation, which involved fake encounters, extrajudicial killings, and a rise in killings in Karachi, Benazir Bhutto's government was dismissed by the then President of Pakistan, Farooq Ahmed Laghari.

### State operations in 1998

In the aftermath of Hakeem Saeed's assassination, Governor's Rule was imposed by Nawaz Sharif in the Sindh province, and a military operation was initiated against MQM.

### Karachi targeted action (2013–present)

Due to the rise in target killings, organised crimes such as extortion, kidnapping for ransom, and an increased crime rate in the city, the Karachi operation was launched by the Nawaz Sharif government in 2013 with the intention of restoring peace in the city. Although Interior Minister Chaudhry Nisar claimed that the operation was apolitical, there have been systematic crackdowns against MQM. In 2015, MQM's headquarters, Nine Zero, was raided twice by the paramilitary Rangers, and many top officials of MQM were taken into custody. On 22 August 2016, the headquarters was sealed, and hundreds of MQM offices were bulldozed.
Many journalists opine that the Army establishment is behind the formation of PSP and MQM-Pakistan. Many MQM officials, including Prof. Zafar Arif, Kanwar Khalid Yunus, Adv. Sathi Ishaq, Amjadullah Khan, Qamar Mansur, and Shahid Pasha, have been in detention for the past four months.
MNA Kanwar Naveed Jameed and MPA Kamran Farooqui have also been arrested by the paramilitary forces.

### Nine Zero raids

On 11 March 2015, Pakistan Rangers carried out a raid at Nine Zero, the headquarters of MQM in Karachi, as well as at the party's public secretariat, Khursheed Begum Memorial Hall, and arrested over 100 MQM activists.
At least 27 suspects were presented before an anti-terrorism court. Rangers claimed that they apprehended nearly half a dozen target killers, including Faisal Mehmood, aka 'Faisal Mota', who was sentenced to death in the 2011 murder case of Geo News journalist Wali Khan Babar. A large quantity of arms and ammunition, walkie-talkies, binoculars, and other military gear used by NATO forces in Afghanistan were also seized during the raid.
Nine Zero was sealed on 23 August 2016 by the Pakistan Rangers following a hate speech delivered by MQM's leader, Altaf Hussain. In this speech, he incited party workers to attack Pakistani media houses, which led to street rioting and one death in Karachi. This 2015 Rangers raid is considered by some to be a turning point for the MQM party, or as others call it, the beginning of MQM's end as a political force. A section of political analysts believe that the situation had already started worsening for MQM when London's Metropolitan Police arrested and detained Altaf Hussain, the party founder, in 2014 for an investigation, which dispelled the impression that he was untouchable and safe in Britain.
Later, many leaders of MQM were arrested by Pakistan Rangers for investigation. Since the 2015 raid, several surprising and sudden developments led to the splitting of MQM into multiple factions. A group of former MQM members formed a new party called Pak Sarzameen Party, under the leadership of Syed Mustafa Kamal and Anis Kaimkhani.