# Deshmukh

Deshmukh (IAST:Dēśamukh) is a historical title conferred to the rulers of a Dēśamukhi. It is used as a surname in certain regions of India, especially in the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Telangana and also in Andhra Pradesh and northern parts of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, Goa whose family received it as a title.

## Etymology

In Sanskrit, Deśa means land, country and mukha means head or chief; thus, deshmukh means "the head" of a district.

## Deshmukh as a title
### Local office

Deshmukh was a historical title given to a person who was granted a territory of land, in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. The granted territory was usually referred to as the Dēśamukhi. The Deshmukh was in effect the ruler of the territory, as he was entitled to a portion of the collected taxes. It was also his duty to maintain the basic services in the territory, such as police and judicial duties. It was typically a hereditary system. The title of Deshmukh provided the titled family with revenues from the area and the responsibilities to keep the orders.
The Deshmukh system was abolished after the independence of India in 1947, when the government confiscated most of the land of the Deshmukhs. Some families, however, maintain their status as real estate barons, most notably in Mumbai, with holdover properties that were not taken away.
It was similar in many respects to the Zamindar and Jagir systems in India, and can be considered as a feudal system. Typically taxes collected were to be distributed fairly, and occasionally Deshmukhs participated in Vedic rituals in which they redistributed all material possessions to the people. However, the title Deshmukh should not be associated to a particular religion or caste. Deshmukhis were granted by the Deccan sultanates, Mughal emperors, Nizams of Hyderabad and other Muslim rulers and by Maratha emperors (Chhatrapatis) to Marathas, Reddys, Velamas , Deshastha Brahmins, Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus, Chitpavan Brahmins, Lingayats, Hatkar-Dhangars, Jains, Kolis and Muslims.
* During the rule of Qutb-shahis of Golkonda majority of Deshmukhs and Sir-Deshmukhs were Deshastha Brahmins of Madhwa Section. But, later many of these Deshmukhs became Zamindars and Jagirdars during British rule.
* In Andhra Pradesh, especially in the Guntur, Krishna, Nellore and Kurnool districts, the title "Deshmukh" was used by Kamma and Deshastha Brahmin zamindars.
* In North Karnataka many parganas were granted to Deshastha Brahmins, Lingayat Vanis and were made Deshmukhs by Sultanate of Bijapur.
* In Telangana many Jagirdars of Deshastha Brahmin, Velama and Reddy families were given the title "Deshmukh" by the Nizam of Hyderabad.
Inukonda Thirumali of Telangana describes the role of Deshmukhs:
   They were primarily revenue collectors; and when (magisterial and judicial) responsibilities were added to their function they became Deshmukhs, chiefs of the parganas. Gradually, each of these assignments tended to become a watan i.e., hereditary lease. Despite changes in the political authority at the top, this institution survived, since no ruler from above wished to risk disturbing local administration, headed by village officials. This institution was deeply entrenched in the region with local support and structured in organized 'community' life. The Deshmukh presided over meetings of the pargana community known as 'got sahba' [sic]$^{['gotsabha']}$ which decided and confirmed claims over inheritance, purchase, and transfer of waters. The Deshmukh by virtue of local sanction and consensus could not be easily displaced from above.
Barry Pavier describes Deshmukhs:
   These were, in the 1940s, the layer of the very large landowners in Telangana. They owned from 2,000 to 3,000 acres at the lower end to 160,000 acres (650 km$^2$) at the upper scale. The reforms abandoned the previous practice, of auctioning off the revenue collection in the government-administered areas to farmers, in favour of direct revenue collection by the State. The 'revenue farmers' were given land in compensation. Most of them availed of the opportunity to seize as much of the best land as they could. They also received a pension. The Deshmukhs were thus given a dominant position in the rural economy which they proceeded resolutely to strengthen during the succeeding decades.
Writing in the nineteenth century, Major W. H. Skyes, the statistical reporter to the Government of Bombay, described the Deshmukh:
   The Desmukhs were, no doubt, originally appointed by Government, and they possessed all the above advantages, on the tenure of collecting and being responsible for the revenue, for superintending the cultivation and police of their districts, and carrying into effect all orders of Government. They were, in fact, to a district what a Patil is to a village; in short, were charged with its whole Government.

## Notables

* Nanaji Deshmukh, Indian social activist, founder of Bharatiya Jana Sangh Party, MP of BJP; Bharat Ratna.
* Ganpatrao Deshmukh, Indian politician (Sangola, Solapur)
* Gopal Hari Deshmukh, Indian writer and social reformer best known for his Lokhitwadinchi Shatapatre.
* C.D. Deshmukh, Indian economist, former governor of Reserve Bank of India and former Finance Minister in the Union Cabinet.
* Durgabai Deshmukh, Indian freedom fighter, lawyer, social worker and politician, wife of C.D. Deshmukh and founder of Andhra Mahila Sabha.
* Gopalrao Khedkar (Deshmukh), Indian politician, first President of the Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee.
* Ramrao Madhavrao Deshmukh (Marathi: रामराव माधवराव देश्मुख), Indian political and academic personality from Amravati, Maharashtra.
* Babasaheb Deshmukh Pawrekar, philanthropist.
* Panjabrao Deshmukh, Indian social and political leader, founder of Shivaji education Society and Minister of Agriculture in Jawaharlal Nehru cabinet.
* B.G.Deshmukh (1929–2011), former cabinet secretary and principal secretary to three prime ministers of India (Rajiv Gandhi, VP Singh and Chandrashekhar).
* B. N. Deshmukh, Indian politician and Justice of Bombay High Court.
* Sheshrao Deshmukh, Indian politician.
* Vilasrao Deshmukh, former chief minister of Maharashtra.
* Shivajirao Shankarrao Deshmukh, Indian politician and Member of Parliament of Parbhani
* Diliprao Deshmukh (born 1950), Indian politician and former minister in state Government of Maharashtra.
* Vijay Deshmukh, Maharashtra state Minister from Solapur.
* Amit Deshmukh (born 1976), Indian politician based in Latur and Minister in Government of Maharashtra.
* Ritesh Deshmukh, Hindi film actor; son of Vilasrao Deshmukh.
* Shivajirao Deshmukh, former chairman of Maharashtra Legislative Council.
* Dhiraj Deshmukh (born 1980), Indian politician from Marathwada region and member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly.
* Anil Deshmukh, Indian politician, former Home Minister of Maharashtra from NCP.
* Subhash Sureshchandra Deshmukh, Indian politician, former Cabinet Minister of Maharashtra.
* Sandhya Shantaram (née Vijaya Deshmukh), Indian actress.
* Ranjana Deshmukh, Indian Marathi actress.
* Sunil Deshmukh, Indian politician, Member of Legislative Assembly.