OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Waqar Ahmad Shah

Waqar Ahmad Shah (6 July 1943 – 15 April 2018) was an Indian political leader in the Bahraich district.

## Early life

Shah completed his early education in Bahraich, and later completed a doctoral degree from Kanpur University. In his early life, he worked as a teacher in Ameermah Primary School, an elementary school in the city Bahraich. From 1975 to 1982, Shah worked as a medical officer, practicing as a doctor in Dargah's hospital; his clinic is also situated in the city Bahraich. He has been a member of the Indian Medical Association's Bahraich Unit since 1976. Shah has also been a member of the noted City Azad Inter College, a guardian of the Red Cross Society, Bahraich, a member of the district eye relief committee, and a member of the management committee of the Maharaj Singh Inter College.

## Political career

Shah's political career started when he joined the Janata Dal in 1989, where he was sent to jail for a day. In prison, he put the Janata Dal in motion. He also won an election to the Assembly for the first time. In 1993, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh Samajwadi Party ticket in the election of the Assembly. In 1993, he was Secretary of the Samajwadi Legislature Board. He was a member of the public accounts committee from 1993 to 1994. His second victory in the assembly elections came in 1996. From 1996 to 2003, he was the Samajwadi Party committee member in question, Chief Whip and from 1997 to 1998, the legislature board. In 2002 in the Assembly elections in successive third time on Samajwadi Party ticket, he was elected president, assembly seat Bahraich. From 2002 to 2003 he was the dean board member of the Legislative Assembly. In 2003, he was elected vice president of the Uttar Pradesh Assembly on this post May until 2004. From May 2004 to July 2004 he was also acting president of the Uttar Pradesh Assembly. In August 2004, he worked as the cabinet Minister for Labor and Employment, Uttar Pradesh Government until May 2007. In an assembly election in May 2007 Waqar Ahmad Shah was elected to the Assembly continuously 4 times for the Bahraich seat, he then worked as Samajwadi Party deputy leader of the legislature board from 2007 until 2012. In 2012, he was elected 5 consecutive times in the assembly elections in Uttar Pradesh as President of the Assembly and once again as the cabinet Minister for Labor and Employment. Waqar Ahmad Shah became seriously ill in 2014, and he was consequently removed from the cabinet of Akhilesh Yadav.

## Development

Waqar Ahmad Shah was a prominent speaker on infrastructure development, especially when talking about district hospitals equipped with modern facility, medical colleges, roads, handpumps, and ecotourism. As a Labour Minister, he ordered quick action to prosecute those forcing child labour as soon as it was reported. He worked toward children education for those rescued from child labour.

## Death

Shah died on 15 April 2018 in Lucknow's Civil hospital after a long illness. He was buried in the graveyard near Azad Inter College, Bahraich.
# Ma Ning (referee)

Ma Ning (born 14 June 1979) is a Chinese football referee. He has been a full international referee for FIFA since 2011. He also teaches at the Nanjing Sport Institute.
On 9 May 2015, Ma drew widespread controversy as he sent off three Shenhua players in a Shanghai derby between Shanghai SIPG and Shanghai Shenhua in the Chinese Super League, the game finished 5–0 to SIPG.
On 23 February 2019, it was announced that Ma Ning had been hired by CFA to become one of the professional referees in China.
On 19 May 2022, Ma was selected as one of the 36 referees for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, becoming the second Chinese referee to achieve this since Lu Jun in 2002.
On 21 August 2022, during a Chinese Super League game between Wuhan Yangtze River and Henan Songshan Longmen, Ma was deliberately knocked over by Songshan Longmen striker Henrique Dourado, who was subsequently sent off for violent conduct. The game finished 2–2. Five days later, the Chinese FA announced a 12-month suspension to Dourado, which was the severest penalty in the history of Chinese Super League.
On 8 February 2024, Ma Ning was appointed to take charge of the 2023 AFC Asian Cup final between Jordan and Qatar in Doha on 10 February 2024.

## AFC Asian Cup

2019 AFC Asian Cup – United Arab Emirates :
| Date | Match | Venue | Round |
| 9 January 2019 | Qatar – Lebanon | Al Ain | Group stage |
2023 AFC Asian Cup – Qatar :
| Date | Match | Venue | Round |
| 15 January 2024 | South Korea – Bahrain | Al Rayyan | Group stage |
| 29 January 2024 | Qatar – Palestine | Al Khor | Round of 16 |
| 10 February 2024 | Jordan – Qatar | Lusail | Asian Cup Final |
# Shunga–Greek War

The Shunga-Greek War comprised several conflicts between the Shunga Empire and the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. It is predominantly based on the Sanskrit play "Mālavikāgnimitram".
The Greek king Demetrius is regarded to have tried to invade the subcontinent after his win over the Kabul Valley. The Shungas were able to successfully resist the invasion and expel the Greeks out of Mathura.

## The Greek invasion

The first phase of the invasion starts with the Greek ruler Demetrius I's conquest of the Kabul Valley. He invaded the Indian subcontinent during the rule of the Mauryan Empire. He first invaded the province of Arachosia and was successful in taking control of the region. He then decided to raid the eastern territories of the subcontinent. He entered the Punjab region and again gained success. He may have had control over the Indian territories of Mathura and Patliputra for a short period of time.
"Those who came after Alexander went to the Ganges and Pataliputra" (Strabo, XV.698)
Hindu texts also suggest that the Greeks gained control on the territories of Saketa, Panchala, Mathura and Pataliputra (Yuga Purana).
However, Demetrius is said to have invaded only the northern territories of India. Later conquests had been done by Menander. The Buddhist text Milinda Panha describes Menander as:
   King of the city of Euthymedia in India, Milinda by name, learned, eloquent, wise, and able; and a faithful observer, and that at the right time, of all the various acts of devotion and ceremony enjoined by his own sacred hymns concerning things past, present, and to come. Many were the arts and sciences he knew--holy tradition and secular law; the Sankhya, Yoga, Nyaya, and Vaisheshika systems of philosophy; arithmetic; music; medicine; the four Vedas, the Puranas, and the Itihasas; astronomy, magic, causation, and magic spells; the art of war; poetry; conveyancing in a word, the whole nineteen. As a disputant he was hard to equal, harder still to overcome; the acknowledged superior of all the founders of the various schools of thought. And as in wisdom so in strength of body, swiftness, and valour there was found none equal to Milinda in all India. He was rich too, mighty in wealth and prosperity, and the number of his armed hosts knew no end.
The first phase of the invasion ended here, followed by a civil war in Bactria. The Gargi-samhita states that the Yavanas who laid siege to Pushpapura did not remain in Madhyadesa for long due to "interregnum struggles, which escalated into "a cruel and dreadful war in their own kingdom." As a result, the Greeks seem to have lost control of Madhyadesa, as well as parts of the Punjab and the lower Sindhu valley, to Pushyamitra, at least temporarily. The King Demetrius returned back to Bactria leaving his governors to rule.

## Aftermath

The Indo-Greeks and the Shungas seem to have reconciled and exchanged diplomatic missions around 110 BCE, as indicated by the Heliodorus pillar, which records the dispatch of a Greek ambassador named Heliodorus, from the court of the Indo-Greek king Antialcidas, to the court of the Shunga emperor Bhagabhadra at the site of Vidisha in central India.
# Perspectival realism

In Caspar Hare's theory of perspectival realism, there is a defining intrinsic property that the things that are in perceptual awareness have. Consider seeing object A but not object B. Of course, we can say that the visual experience of A is present to you, and no visual experience of B is present to you. But, it can be argued, this misses the fact that the visual experience of A is simply present, not relative to anything. This is what Hare's perspectival realism attempts to capture, resulting in a weak version of metaphysical solipsism.
As Hare points out, the same type of argument is often used in the philosophy of time to support theories such as presentism. Of course, we can say that A is happening on [insert today's date]. But, it can be argued, this misses the fact that A is simply happening (right now), not relative to anything.
Hare's theory of perspectival realism is closely related to his theory of egocentric presentism. Several other philosophers have written reviews of Hare's work on this topic.
# Christian List

Christian List FBA (born 1973) is a German philosopher and political scientist who serves as professor of philosophy and decision theory at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and co-director of the Munich Center for Mathematical Philosophy. He was previously professor of political science and philosophy at the London School of Economics. List's research interests relate to social choice theory, formal epistemology, political philosophy, and the philosophy of social science.
Born in Nastätten, Germany, on 7 November 1973, List earned his Bachelor of Arts and Master of Philosophy degrees at St Peter's College, and his Doctor of Philosophy degree at Nuffield College, both University of Oxford. He was elected to the British Academy in 2014, the United Kingdom's national academy for the humanities and social sciences.

## Selected publications

* Independence and Interdependence: Lessons from the Hive. London School of Economics and Political Science, London, 2010. (With Adrian Vermeule)
* Where Do Preferences Come From? London School of Economics and Political Science, London, 2010. (With Franz Dietrich)
* Group Agency: The Possibility, Design, and Status of Corporate Agents. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011. (With Philip Pettit)
* "Emergent Chance", The Philosophical Review, 124 (1), 2015, pp. 119–152. (With Marcus Pivato)
* Why Free Will Is Real. May 6, 2019, Harvard University Press; ASIN B07Q7H1PGD
# Al-Nasser Salah al-Deen Brigades

This page is subject to the extended confirmed restriction related to the Arab-Israeli conflict.
The al-Nasser Salah al-Deen Brigades (Arabic: ألوية الناصر صلاح الدين, lit. 'Brigades of Saladin the Victorious') is the military wing of the Popular Resistance Committees, a set of various Palestinian militant organizations that operate in the Gaza Strip.

## History

The Brigades participated in Operation Dispersive Illusion (Arabic: الوهم المتبدد), which resulted in the capture of the Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit. The group is also known for blowing up a Merkava tank, the main battle tank of the Israel Defense Forces.
The Brigades fought during the Gaza War from December 2008 to January 2009.
The group also took part in the 2014 Gaza War, and the death of one of its members in an Israeli raid was one of the reasons for the outbreak of the Gaza–Israel clashes in November 2018.
The Brigades have been fighting alongside the al-Qassam Brigades of Hamas and other allied Palestinian factions in the ongoing Gaza war (2023-present).
# Oscar Boone

(March 28, 1911 – October 12, 1958), nicknamed "The San Angelo Sheepherder", was an American baseball catcher in the Negro leagues.
A native of Cameron, Texas, Boone played for the Atlanta Black Crackers and Baltimore Elite Giants in 1939 and the Chicago American Giants in 1941. He died in Eloy, Arizona in 1958 at age 47.
# Seek the Fair Land

Seek the Fair Land is a novel by Irish author Walter Macken, first published by Macmillan and Company in 1959. It is the first book in his trilogy of Irish historical novels and was followed by The Silent People and The Scorching Wind.

## Plot

The narrative takes place during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649–53). Dominick Macmahon's wife is killed during the Siege of Drogheda, in County Louth and after the ensuing massacre of the town's inhabitants he flees to the west of Ireland with his young son and daughter and a wounded priest, Father Sebastian. After two years of barely surviving Cromwell's marauding soldiers who are in search of peasants to sell as slaves, the group make it to the wild, mountainous and beautiful province of Connaught in the west of Ireland. There a clan-leader and sympathiser to their cause, Murdoc, grants them land on which to live. But danger continues to stalk them in the form of Sir Charles Coote, the Cromwellian ruler of Connaught. The ‘fair land’ sought by Macmahon seems as remote as ever, unless Murdoc and his clan can find some means of resisting the invading forces.

## Sequels

The Silent People (1962) follows a descendant of the family from around 1825 to the first years of the famine in Ireland, 1845 and 1846. The young educated man from Connacht is reluctantly drawn into the political unrest of the time. The concluding book of the trilogy, The Scorching Wind (1964), deals with the events of the Anglo-Irish War, starting with the Easter Rising in 1916, and the beginning of the Irish Civil War, through the experiences of two brothers.

## Critical response

Seek the Fair Land received mostly positive reviews. On its release the New York Herald Tribune described the novel as ‘action-packed entertainment…an explosive segment of history, filled with contagious emotion.’ The Times Literary Supplement said of it: ‘It is an adventure story that is both exciting and moving.’ Kirkus Reviews described the novel as ‘an adventure story against a little known period and background. And the telling has the Irish lilt and poetry and drama, characteristic of Macken's earlier half-fey writings.’ The literary review website Reading Matters said: Macken's prose is vividly descriptive if the style is somewhat stodgy and old fashioned. But this does not take away from the dramatic storyline and the moving way in which he depicts his character's struggles against a despicable enemy.
# Hirato Renkichi

Hirato Renkichi (平戸 廉吉, 9 December 1894 – 20 July 1922) was a Japanese avant-garde poet, art critic, and translator who was active during the Taishō period of Japan. He was associated with Japanese futurism.

## Biography

Hirato Renkichi is the pen name of Kawahata Seiichi. He was born in what is now Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan, in 1894. His father was a military sniper who left the family, leaving Hirato and his mother in poverty. He attended Sophia University in Tokyo for three years before dropping out of school. He later studied at Gyosei Gakkō, a Catholic language school.
His first publication was in Bansō (Accompaniment), a literary journal that was edited by the poet and literary critic Ryuko Kawaji. Kawaji was his mentor, and occasionally also helped Hirato financially. Hirato wrote poems and art criticism for coterie journals, including Gendai Shiika (Modern Poetry), Taimatsu (Torchlight), and the proletariat journal Tane maku hito (Sower). His translations of Paul Fort, Arthur Symons, and Jean Cocteau appeared in various literary magazines. In 1921, 10 years after Marinetti's "Manifesto of Futurism", he created flyers of "Nihon miraiha undo dai ikkai no sengen" (First Manifesto of Japanese Futurism) and handed them out in several locations across Tokyo. In the same year, he was a part of the editing team for a East Asian mixed-media Futurist anthology alongside Chu Chinagi, Ng Gaa Hiem, and Angus “Gus” Stafford. While academic works from Mr Chu, Ng and Gus cite this anthology in their works, a copy of the anthology is no longer extant.
Hirato died of complications from a pulmonary disease on July 20, 1922. A posthumous collection of his poems was published in 1931 by Kawaji Ryūkō, Kanbara Tai, Hagiwara Kyōjiro, and Yamazaki Yasuo.

## Selected works

* Hirato Renkichi shishū (Selected Poems of Hirato Renkichi), Hirato Renkichi shuppan kankōkai, 1931.
* Spiral Staircase: collected poems, translated by Sho Sugita, 2017
# National Bank of Dubai (building)

National Bank of Dubai (NBD) (Arabic: بنك دبي الوطني) is a building in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE). The building, located in eastern Dubai in Deira, houses the headquarters of the National Bank of Dubai.
The building is part of the old downtown of Dubai, along the Dubai Creek. At 125 metres (410 ft), the National Bank of Dubai is the tallest building in Deira, and was the fifth-tallest building in Dubai when built in 1998. The form of the building was inspired by the curved shape of the hulls of the traditional dhows that docked in the Dubai Creek — a concept that also inspired the shape of the Burj Al Arab.
# Jasminum nudiflorum

Jasminum nudiflorum, the winter jasmine, is a slender, deciduous shrub native to China (Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang (Tibet), Yunnan). The flower's blossoming peaks right after winter, which is why it is also named Yingchun (迎春) in Chinese, which means "the flower that welcomes Spring". It is widely cultivated as an ornamental and is reportedly naturalized in France and in scattered locations in the United States (Texas, Oklahoma, Georgia, Tennessee, Maryland and New Jersey).

## Description

It grows to 3 m (10 ft) tall and wide, with arching green shoots and opposite, pinnate, dark green leaves. Each leaf is divided into three oval-oblong leaflets which are about 3 cm long. It is a trailing, vine-like shrub.
As its name suggests, in the Northern Hemisphere winter jasmine flowers from November to March. The solitary flowers, often appearing on the bare stems (hence the Latin nudiflorum, literally "naked flower") have six petals and are bright yellow, or white, about 1 cm across, appearing in the leaf axils.

## Taxonomy

It is known as yíng chūn huā (迎春花) in Mandarin Pinyin.
It is also known as 'jasmim-amarelo' in Portuguese (Brazil) and 'vinterjasmin' in Swedish.
It is called Gelsomino d'inverno or Gelsomino di San Giuseppe in Italiano.
It was collected in China by Robert Fortune.
It was first published and described by Lindl. in the Journal of the Horticultural Society of London Vol.1 on page 153 in 1846.
It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 30 September 2011.

## Distribution and range

It is native to China. It is found within many Provinces of China, (including Guangxi (Gansu), Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizang (also referred to as Tibet) and Yunnan.

## Cultivation

Jasminum nudiflorum is valued by gardeners as one of the few plants that are in flower during the winter months. It is frequently trained against a wall to provide extra warmth and shelter, but also lends itself to groundcover. It tolerates hard pruning and should be pruned in spring immediately after flowering; regular pruning will help to prevent bare patches. It can also be grown as a bonsai and is very tolerant of the wiring methods. It likes full sun or partial shade and is hardy.
It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. It can be propagated using the layering technique.
# Lurup

Lurup (listen) is a quarter in the Altona borough of the Free and Hanseatic city of Hamburg in northern Germany. It was formerly an independent village. In 2020 the population was 36,521.

## History

In 1927 Lurup was merged with Altona, and in 1938 it was merged with Altona into Hamburg with the Greater Hamburg Act.

## Geography

In 2006 according to the statistical office of Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein, the quarter Lurup has a total area of 6.4 km$^2$.
The western border is formed by the railway tracks of the city train to the district of Eidelstedt, part of the borough Eimsbüttel. In the North, Lurup borders the state of Schleswig-Holstein and in the East it connects to the district of Osdorf, partially marked by the small stream of Luruper Moorgraben. In the South, Lurup borders the district of Bahrenfeld.

## Demographics

In 2016 the population of Lurup was 36,053. The population density was 5,247/km$^2$ (13,590/sq mi). 19.9% were children under the age of 18, and 18.4% were 65 years of age or older. 19.5% were resident aliens. 7.3% people were registered as unemployed. Average annual income was 26.665 Euro.
In 2006 there were 3,035 criminal offences (91 crimes per 1000 people).

### Population by year

The population is counted by the residential registration office for 31 December each year.
| 1987 | 1988 | 1989 | 1990 | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | 1999 |
| 31,041 | 31,010 | 31,321 | 31,636 | 31,754 | 32,015 | 31,868 | 31,751 | 31,625 | 31,558 | 31,884 | 32,035 | 31,986 |
| 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 |
| 32,089 | 31,979 | 32,565 | 33,011 | 33,252 | 33,132 | 33,459 |

## Education

There are five elementary schools and six secondary schools in Lurup, totalling 3,343 students.

## Culture
### Sports

The sports club SV Lurup has a stadium at Flurstraße.

## Infrastructure
### Health systems

Lurup comprises 22 day care centers for children, 32 private medical offices and five pharmacies.

### Transportation

Lurup is serviced by the rapid transit system of the city train with the station Elbgaustrasse close to Eidelstedt. Public transport in Lurup is also provided by several bus lines. Between 1955 and 1973 Lurup was connected to the Hamburg tram (Lines 1 and 11).
According to the Department of Motor Vehicles (Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt), 11,707 private cars were registered (353 cars/1000 people). 152 traffic accidents were recorded, including 121 traffic accidents with damage to persons.
# List of Law Clerks and Parliamentary Counsel of the Canadian House of Commons

This is a list of Law Clerks and Parliamentary Counsel of the House of Commons of Canada.
* Gustavus W. Wicksteed – 1867–1887
* William Wilson – 1887–1890
* Frederick Augustus McCord – 1890–1908
* A.H. O'Brien – 1909–1914
* Francis A. Gisborne – 1914–1922
* Joseph K. Foran – 1923–1924
* Arthur Gordon Troop – 1924–1925
* Paul Maurice Ollivier – 1925–1952
* Arthur Gordon Troop – 1926–1936
* Arthur Angus Fraser – 1938–1952
* Paul Maurice Ollivier – 1952–1970
* Joseph Maingot – 1971–1982
* Marcel R. Pelletier – 1983–1991
* Robert R. Walsh – 1999–2012
* Richard Denis (acting) – 2012–2013
* Richard Fujarczuk – 2013–2014
* Richard Denis (acting) – 2014–2015
* Philippe Dufresne – 2015–2023
* Michel Bédard (acting) – 2023–present
# Kentucky River Authority

The Kentucky River Authority is an agency of the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Its major purpose is to operate and maintain a set of locks and dams along the course of the Kentucky River, which were originally built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. As of May 2018, Locks 5 through 14 are operated by the Authority, while Locks 1 through 4 are in the process of being deeded over to it. The Authority was established in 1986.
This system makes the Kentucky River navigable throughout its entire length. However, it is not available for efficient use by many of the modern barge tows, as the locks are relatively small and the channel is maintained to only a six-foot draft rather than the more typical nine-foot draft (the latter is the standard used on most major river systems in the U.S.). The Authority also works to prevent water pollution as much as is practicable along the Kentucky River Basin, in large measure because the stream is the source of the drinking water for approximately one-sixth of all Kentucky residents. The Authority's responsibility for water quality was added to its mission in 1988 after a serious and prolonged drought brought issues of water quality and availability to the fore. In fact, the system is now operated more for the purpose of maintaining a secure supply of drinkable water for Lexington and other communities than it is to maximize navigation.