# Soccsksargen

Soccsksargen (officially stylized in all caps;), formerly known as Central Mindanao, is an administrative region of the Philippines, designated as Region XII. Located in south-central Mindanao, its name is an acronym that stands for the region's four provinces and one highly urbanized city (South Cotabato, Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Sarangani and General Santos). The regional center is in Koronadal, located in the province of South Cotabato, and the center of commerce and industry is General Santos, which is the most populous city in the region.

## Geography

The region is bounded on the north by the province of Bukidnon in Northern Mindanao, on the east by the Davao Region, on the northwest and west by the Bangsamoro region, and on the southwest by the Celebes Sea. The region also shares a maritime border with Gorontalo and North Sulawesi provinces of Indonesia.
The region has extensive coastlines, valleys and mountain ranges. Known for its river system, the region is the drainage basin of Mindanao, particularly at the Cotabato Basin, a large depression surrounded by mountain ranges on three sides. Within the basin runs the Rio Grande de Mindanao, the longest river in Mindanao and the second longest in the Philippines. The river empties into Illana Bay of the larger Moro Gulf to the west of Cotabato City.
At the south of the basin lie the Tiruray Highlands, a moderately high mountain range blocking the basin from the southern coastline. Southeast of the mountains lies Sarangani Bay.

### Administrative divisions
#### Provinces

Soccsksargen comprises 4 provinces, 1 highly urbanized city, 3 component cities, 45 municipalities and 1,195 barangays.
| Province or City | Province or City | Capital | Population (2020) | Population (2020) | Area | Area | Density | Density | Cities | Muni. | Barangay |
| | | | | | km$^2$ | sq mi | /km$^2$ | /sq mi | | | |
| Cotabato | Cotabato | Kidapawan City | 29.2% | 1,275,185 | 9,008.90 | 3,478.36 | 150 | 390 | 1 | 17 | 480 |
| Sarangani | Sarangani | Alabel | 12.8% | 558,946 | 3,601.25 | 1,390.45 | 150 | 390 | 0 | 7 | 141 |
| South Cotabato | South Cotabato | Koronadal City | 22.4% | 975,476 | 3,935.95 | 1,519.68 | 230 | 600 | 1 | 10 | 199 |
| Sultan Kudarat | Sultan Kudarat | Isulan | 19.6% | 854,052 | 5,298.34 | 2,045.70 | 150 | 390 | 1 | 11 | 249 |
| General Santos | † | — | 16.0% | 697,315 | 492.86 | 190.29 | 1,200 | 3,100 | — | — | 26 |
| Total | Total | Total | Total | 4,360,964 | 22,786.08 | 8,797.75 | 200 | 520 | 5 | 45 | 1,095 |
| † General Santos is a highly urbanized city; figures are excluded from South Cotabato.Figures exclude the 63 barangays under the Special Geographic Area, which are geographically situated in Cotabato but under the administration of Bangsamoro. ||||||||||||

##### Governors and vice governors

| Province | Governor | Political Party | Vice Governor |
| Cotabato | Emmylou Taliño-Mendoza | Nacionalista | Efren Piñol |
| Sarangani | Rogelio Pacquiao | PCM | Elmer de Peralta |
| South Cotabato | Reynaldo Tamayo Jr. | PFP | Arthur Yusay Pingoy |
| Sultan Kudarat | Datu Pax Ali Mangudadatu | Lakas | Raden Camlian Sakaluran |

### Cities
#### Component cities

* Kidapawan — the only city of Cotabato province
* † Koronadal — the political regional center of Soccsksargen
* Tacurong — only city of Sultan Kudarat

#### Highly urbanized city

* General Santos — a highly urbanized city, it serves as the center of the Metropolitan and Regional Center for trade and industry of Soccsksargen.
* † Regional center
| Rank | City | Area (km$^2$) | Population as of 2020 | Tax collection as of 2012 | IRA as of 2015 | Income class |
| 1. | General Santos | 492.86 | 697,315 | P1.175 billion | Php 1,086.25 million | 1st |
| 2. | † Koronadal | 277.00 | 195,398 | P917 million (including South Cotabato) | Php 504.77 million | 3rd |
| 3. | Kidapawan | 358.47 | 160,791 | P554 million (including Cotabato Province) | Php 509.68 million | 3rd |
| 4. | Tacurong | 153.40 | 109,319 | P555 million (including Sultan Kudarat Province) | Php 350.57 million | 4th |

## History

The oldest civilization in the region is located in Maitum, Sarangani, where the Maitum Anthropomorphic Pottery were found. The jars have been declared as National Cultural Treasures, and are subject to the high protections ensured by Philippine and international laws.
From around 14th century until the early 20th century, the Muslim sultanates of Maguindanao and Buayan dominated the large parts of Soccsksargen region, influencing the local datus in the area as well as having General Santos City under their direct control as a port.

### Central Mindanao

The region used to be named Central Mindanao. Prior to the creation of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), it comprised the following provinces:
* Maguindanao
* North Cotabato
* Sultan Kudarat
* Lanao del Norte
* Lanao del Sur
With the creation of ARMM, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao (excluding Cotabato City), and Sultan Kudarat were removed from the region, leaving Lanao del Norte and Cotabato, and Iligan, Marawi and Cotabato City as constituent provinces and cities. Lanao del Norte and Iligan were later transferred to Northern Mindanao, while Marawi became part of the ARMM.
On December 18, 1998, Sultan Kudarat was transferred back to Central Mindanao through Republic Act No. 8744.

### Soccsksargen

In September 2001, Executive Order No. 36 was signed by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo transferring South Cotabato, Sarangani, General Santos (also known as the SocSarGen District), from Southern Mindanao to Region XII, and renaming the region, from Central Mindanao, to Soccsksargen.

### Koronadal as new regional center

By virtue of Executive Order No. 304 signed by then President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Koronadal was named as the regional political and socio-economic center of Soccsksargen on March 30, 2004. Regional departments, bureaus and offices were ordered to move from Cotabato City, the former regional center of the region.

### Special Cotabato barangays and Cotabato City exit

Traditionally resisting efforts for inclusion to the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao despite serving as the government center of the ARMM, the January 21, 2019 Bangsamoro Autonomous Region creation plebiscite resulted in the surprise ratification of the Bangsamoro Organic Law in Cotabato City. This means the city may now formally serve as the capital of the region and the offices of the former ARMM will be retained for use by the Bangsamoro Regional Government and now formally no longer constitutes part of the Soccsksargen Region.
In addition to Cotabato City, 63 barangays in Cotabato province opted to join Bangsamoro, thus exiting the region as well.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1903 | 34,729 | — |
| 1918 | 67,561 | +4.54% |
| 1939 | 124,035 | +2.94% |
| 1948 | 147,037 | +1.91% |
| 1960 | 567,032 | +11.90% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1970 | 1,125,779 | +7.09% |
| 1975 | 1,297,981 | +2.90% |
| 1980 | 1,638,856 | +4.77% |
| 1990 | 2,272,888 | +3.33% |
| 1995 | 2,700,187 | +3.28% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 2000 | 3,058,320 | +2.71% |
| 2007 | 3,571,347 | +2.16% |
| 2010 | 3,837,785 | +2.65% |
| 2015 | 4,245,838 | +1.94% |
| 2020 | 4,360,974 | +0.53% |
Data includes Cotabato City, which is now part of Bangsamoro. Source: Philippine Statistics Authority :
Soccsksargen is home to diverse ethnolingustic and cultural backgrounds, both native and non-native residents, making it a melting pot of cultures. The first inhabitants of the region were the indigenous B'laans, T'bolis, Manobos, Tedurays and the Muslim Iranuns and Maguindanaons – large parts of the region itself historically were part of the Maguindanao and Buayan sultanates. Christian migrants from Luzon and Visayas (and their native-born descendants) also settled in the area by the early 20th century seeking better opportunities, mainly from agriculture. Most of these non-native settlers mainly came from Ilocandia, Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol and Siquijor who call Soccsksargen and Mindanao as a whole their new home and are responsible for spreading Christianity throughout the region over the years. Today, Hiligaynons make up the majority of the region's non-native Christian population; while the Cebuanos dominantly inhabit the entirety of Sarangani, General Santos and its neighboring municipalities of South Cotabato and the areas in the region that border Bukidnon and Davao Region; and Ilocanos who form the majority in Kabacan (North Cotabato), Tampakan, Tantangan (both in South Cotabato), Lambayong, Senator Ninoy Aquino, President Quirino, Columbio (all in Sultan Kudarat) and Kiamba (Sarangani, though most of the municipality's inhabitants now spoke Cebuano instead of Ilocano). Moreover, intermarriage between ethnolinguistic groups is relatively not uncommon in Soccsksargen.

## Economy

Poverty incidence of Soccsksargen
* 10
* 20
* 30
* 40
* 50
* 60
* 2000 59.57
* 2003 38.40
* 2006 37.90
* 2009 38.31
* 2012 44.74
* 2015 38.15
* 2018 28.23
* 2021 21.40
* Source: Philippine Statistics Authority
The region contributes to the national GDP with 2.6% with 5% growth compared to 2016. 18.3% of Mindanao Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP).
In the most recent contest during the 2024 Philippine Coffee Quality Competition, it showcased Region 12's development as a dominant force in coffee quality. Renowned for its superb beans, the region wowed both enthusiasts and experts with its distinct flavors, superior farming techniques, and commitment to quality. The event demonstrated Region 12's ability to produce coffee that stands out in both national and international markets, establishing its position as a premier producer of high-quality coffee. This newfound reputation promises to raise the region's prominence in the coffee industry, attracting more buyers and lovers from around the world.

## Musical heritage

The artistic cultural heritage of the native Maguindanao people, among other regional groups—both Muslims and Catholics—revolves around kulintang music, a specific type of gong music. Unique to the Soccsksargen, elements of kulintang may be loosely compared to Indonesia’s gamelan music, and other related traditional performance arts.

## Government

* Cotabato – Gov. Nancy A. Catamco (PDP-Laban)
* South Cotabato – Gov. Reynaldo S. Tamayo Jr. (Partido Federal ng Pilipinas (PFP)
* Sultan Kudarat – Gov. Datu Suharto "Teng" T. Mangudadatu (NUP)
* Sarangani – Gov. Ruel D. Pacquiao (PCM)
* General Santos (HUC) – Mayor Lorelie "Lor" Pacquiao