# United 93 (film)

United 93 is a 2006 film written and directed by British filmmaker Paul Greengrass. The film largely chronicles the events aboard the eponymous hijacked flight, one of the four hijacked flights during the September 11 attacks on America. Flight 93 was the only plane to not hit its intended target due to the intervention of passengers and crew. The film also covers the experiences of government officials and air traffic controllers, many of whom are played by themselves, as they witness the other events of the attacks unfold that day.
The film recounts the hijacking and subsequent events during the flight with as much veracity as possible, including utilizing a real time perspective where the film takes place over the exact same amount of time as the real-life events beginning from the plane's takeoff. There is, however, a disclaimer that some imagination had to be used to tell the story. Overall, United 93 was made with the support and cooperation of most of the passengers' families, and many attended the premiere. There were, however, a few who did not support the film and did not participate in any of the film's activities. Many of the on-the-ground personnel, most notably Federal Aviation Administration head Ben Sliney, portray themselves.
United 93 premiered on April 26, 2006, at the Tribeca Film Festival in New York City, and later opened in theaters nationwide in America on April 28, 2006. The film is regarded as one of the best of 2006. It was also a commercial success, grossing $76.3 million worldwide. Ten percent of the gross income from the three-day opening weekend was promised toward a donation to create a memorial for the flight's victims. The film received two Academy Award nominations: Best Director for Greengrass and Best Film Editing for Clare Douglas, Richard Pearson, and Christopher Rouse

## Plot

On September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda members Ziad Jarrah, Saeed al-Ghamdi, Ahmed al-Nami, and Ahmed al-Haznawi pray in a Newark, New Jersey hotel before boarding United Airlines Flight 93, bound for San Francisco. Among the passengers are Tom Burnett, Todd Beamer, Jeremy Glick, Richard Guadagno, Louis J. Nacke II, Lauren Grandcolas, and Mark Bingham. Air traffic controllers lose contact with American Airlines Flight 11 which diverts toward New York City while United 93 is delayed due to heavy air traffic. ATCs realize that Flight 11 has been hijacked after hearing Mohamed Atta transmitting. United 93 is cleared for take off and passes New York. Flight 11 then crashes into the World Trade Center's North Tower. United Airlines Flight 175 is also hijacked and crashes into the South Tower.
As United 93 reaches its cruising altitude, and passengers are served breakfast, Jarrah hesitates to give the sign to start the hijacking. An ACARS message is sent from First Officer LeRoy Homer Jr.'s wife, asking if he is all right, followed by a warning of the WTC attacks and to beware cockpit intrusion. After Nami unsuccessfully urges Jarrah to attack, an impatient Haznawi prepares an artificial bomb in the lavatory. Ghamdi nods at Nami and grabs flight attendant Deborah Welsh at knifepoint as passenger Mark Rothenberg is stabbed and mortally wounded by Haznawi. As Haznawi and Nami force the passengers to the back of the plane, Ghamdi fatally stabs both pilots, but not in time to prevent them from transmitting a mayday call, and slits Welsh's throat as Jarrah takes the plane's controls. Grandcolas (an emergency medical technician) tends to the dying Rothenberg as the hijackers jubilantly react to the text message revealing the success of the WTC attack. Nami berates Grandcolas and sends her back. Jarrah redirects the plane towards Washington, D.C., with the intention to crash the plane into the United States Capitol, as flight attendants Sandra Bradshaw and CeeCee Lyles find Rothenberg is dead. Bradshaw sees the hijackers moving the pilots and Welsh's bodies and the passengers overhear this.
American Airlines Flight 77, which has also been hijacked, crashes into the Pentagon, and FAA National Operations Manager Ben Sliney decides to shut down all U.S. air space and ground all flights. On United 93, passengers learn of the other attacks from family members via airphone. Realizing the hijackers are on a suicide mission, Burnett, Bingham, Beamer, Glick (a former judo champion), Guadagno, Nacke, Grandcolas, passengers William Cashman, Patrick Driscoll and Alan Beaven form a plan to retake the plane, with assistance from Bradshaw, Lyles and the flight staff, gathering weapons. They learn that passenger Donald Greene is a licensed pilot and that passenger Andrew Garcia is a former air traffic controller. As the group conspire, Haznawi and Nami anxiously realize that they are losing control of the situation and Jarrah and Ghamdi get agitated, as they are twenty minutes away from D.C. and cannot speed up. Passenger Christian Adams, attempting to counsel appeasement, is restrained by the passengers. The passengers pray and make final calls to loved ones.
After Beamer urges the group to take action, stating, "let's roll", the passengers charge a stunned Haznawi, and subdue him. As Nami, Ghamdi and Jarrah panic, Bingham kills Haznawi by bludgeoning his head with a fire extinguisher with Nacke declaring the bomb a fake. Jarrah violently rocks the plane to disrupt the passenger revolt as Nami attempts to keep them at bay with a serving cart, Mace and a fire extinguisher, but the passengers persist and overpower Nami. Glick kills the screaming Nami by snapping his neck. Jarrah and Ghamdi dishearteningly realize that they will never reach their target, as the passengers batter the cockpit door with the cart. Electing to crash the plane rather than cede control, Jarrah puts the aircraft into a steep dive, just as the passengers breaches the cockpit. The passengers and two remaining hijackers fight for control of the yokes as United 93 inverts and plummets into a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, killing all aboard.

## Cast
### Crew

* J. J. Johnson as Captain Jason Dahl
* Gary Commock as First Officer LeRoy Homer Jr.
* Polly Adams as Deborah Welsh
* Trish Gates as Sandra Bradshaw
* Opal Alladin as CeeCee Lyles
* Nancy McDoniel as Lorraine G. Bay
* Starla Benford as Wanda Anita Green

### Hijackers

* Khalid Abdalla as Ziad Jarrah
* Lewis Alsamari as Saeed al-Ghamdi
* Jamie Harding as Ahmed al-Nami
* Omar Berdouni as Ahmed al-Haznawi

### Passengers

* Christian Clemenson as Tom Burnett
* Cheyenne Jackson as Mark Bingham
* David Alan Basche as Todd Beamer
* Peter Hermann as Jeremy Glick
* Corey Johnson as Louis J. Nacke, II
* Daniel Sauli as Richard Guadagno
* Richard Bekins as William Joseph Cashman
* Michael J. Reynolds as Patrick Joseph Driscoll
* Peter Marinker as Andrew Garcia
* David Rasche as Donald Freeman Greene
* Chip Zien as Mark Rothenberg
* Erich Redman as Christian Adams
* Kate Jennings Grant as Lauren Grandcolas
* Simon Poland as Alan Anthony Beaven
* Trieste Kelly Dunn as Deora Frances Bodley
* Jodie Lynne McClintock as Marion R. Britton
* Marceline Hugot as Georgine Rose Corrigan
* Rebecca Schull as Patricia Cushing
* Ray Charleson as Joseph DeLuca
* Tom O'Rourke as Donald Peterson
* Becky London as Jean Headley Peterson
* John Rothman as Edward P. Felt
* Libby Morris as Hilda Marcin
* Denny Dillon as Colleen Fraser
* Susan Blommaert as Jane Folger
* Tara Hugo as Kristin White Gould
* Lorna Dallas as Linda Gronlund
* Masato Kamo as Toshiya Kuge (久下 季哉)
* Liza Colón-Zayas as Waleska Martinez
* Olivia Thirlby as Nicole Carol Miller
* Leigh Zimmerman as Christine Snyder
* Joe Jamrog as John Talignani
* Chloe Sirene as Honor Elizabeth Wainio

### Herndon, Virginia

* Ben Sliney as himself
* Rich Sullivan as himself
* Tony Smith as himself
* Tobin Miller as himself
* Michael Bofshever as John White

### Eastern Air Defense Sector, (NEADS), Rome, New York

* Patrick St. Esprit as Major Kevin Nasypany
* Gregg Henry as Colonel Robert Marr
* Karen Kirkpatrick as Major Dawne Deskins
* Major James Fox as himself
* Staff Sergeant Shawna Fox as herself
* First Lieutenant Jeremy Powell as himself

### Ronkonkoma, New York

* Peter Pellicane as Paul Thumser
* John E. Smith as Dave Bottiglia
* Curt Applegate as himself

### Boston, Massachusetts

* Scott Tourin as Peter Zalewski
* Thomas Roberts as himself
* John Moraitis as John Reilly

### Cleveland, Ohio

* Daniel Fraser as John Werth
* Morgan Deare as Tom Cloud

### Newark, New Jersey

* Greg Callahan as himself
* Rick Tepper as himself

## Production

The film was the first Hollywood feature to draw its narrative directly from the September 11 attacks of 2001. Passengers were portrayed in the film mostly by professional but relatively unknown actors. (Tom Burnett, for instance, is played by Christian Clemenson, who has since appeared on Boston Legal and CSI: Miami). Additionally, several participants in the real-life events portray themselves in the film, including Thomas Roberts, Tobin Miller, Rich Sullivan, Tony Smith, James Fox, Shawna Fox, Jeremy Powell, Curt Applegate, Greg Callahan, Rick Tepper, and notably FAA operations manager Ben Sliney. Sliney was initially involved in the film in an advisory role. He was then cast in a small role as an air traffic controller. Later, Greengrass offered him the opportunity to play himself, which he accepted. The roles of one of the flight attendants, the two pilots, and many other airline personnel were filled by actual airline employees.
During production, the actors playing the crew and the passengers of the flight were put in separate hotels from the actors portraying the hijackers and ate their meals separately, ostensibly to create an air of antagonism in the film between the two groups. The set itself was built so that it moved the way the actual flight did. During the filming, many of the actors actually got injured, and the blood visible on their faces during the revolt scene is authentic. Finishing the very first take, Jamie Harding, who played al-Nami, became so overwhelmed that he was sobbing.
Filming took place from October until December 2005, on a 20-year-old reclaimed Boeing 757 formerly operated by MyTravel Airways, at Pinewood Studios near London. The cockpit was built by Flightdeck Solutions. The location was chosen both for its financial incentives and to shield actors from unwanted public scrutiny they might have received in the United States. Action was filmed with handheld cameras, chosen for their versatility on the close-quarters sets and to create a sense of immediacy. Exterior airport sequences were shot on location at Newark Liberty International Airport, while interiors were shot back in England at London Stansted Airport. A few scenes were also shot in Washington, D.C. and Boston. Additionally, an opening sequence set in Afghanistan was shot in Morocco, but it was cut from the film before release.
The film was released in the United States on April 28, 2006, and opened second in the weekend box office behind RV, but it netted a slightly higher per-screen average.
Initial screenings ended with the closing credits line "America's War on Terror had begun". This was replaced in the release version with "Dedicated to the memory of all those who lost their lives on September 11, 2001".
There were calls for Universal to pull the film's trailers from circulation in cinemas, due to some audience members feeling startled or upset by the film's subject matter. The studio did not heed that call, although one theatre in Manhattan voluntarily pulled the trailer after audience complaints.
The Iraqi-born, London-based actor Lewis Alsamari, who plays Ghamdi, was reportedly denied a visa by United States immigration authorities when he applied to visit New York City to attend the premiere, despite having already been granted asylum in the United Kingdom since the 1990s. The reason reported to have been given was that he had once been a conscripted member of the Iraqi Army — although this was also the grounds for his refugee status after his desertion in 1993. Other sources say that he applied late for his visa and that it was not denied.

## Historical accuracy

The timing of the events is changed for dramatic effect, with Jarrah making his final call to his girlfriend from the airport lounge, whereas he made it from his hotel room, and Mohamed Atta's “we have some planes” transmission being determined before Flight 11 crashed into the WTC; it actually happened after. In an interview, Ben Sliney said that Greengrass exaggerated other details for dramatic effect, such as he and various controllers swearing and shouting when in his recollection most people spoke quietly.
The film suggests the hijacking taking place 46 minutes after takeoff, was on hesitation on the part of Jarrah, to the dismay of his fellow hijackers. The hijackers' intended target is unknown, but the film depicts Jarrah taping a picture of the United States Capitol on the yoke.
The cockpit voice recorder tape from United Flight 93 has never been made public; however, a transcript was made public after the film was completed, shedding more light on what actually happened in the final 30 minutes before the plane crashed. Some parts contradict the filmmakers' choices in terms of some dialogue and specific aspects of the event. For example, the pilots, Jason Dahl and LeRoy Homer Jr., are shown in the film being killed immediately during the hijacking. This was based on documentary evidence from the 9/11 Commission Report which indicates that at least one passenger reported in a cell phone call seeing two people, possibly the pilots, lying dead or injured on the floor outside the cockpit after the hijacking. Though Dahl is shown sending out the mayday call, Melody Homer claimed to recognise her husband as the voice of the mayday hailer. Due to the then forthcoming Zacarias Moussaoui trial, Jason Dahl's wife Sandy Dahl was unable to tell Greengrass what she believed really happened regarding her husband. Some statements made by the terrorists in the cockpit voice recorder transcript, as well as moans heard in the background inside the cockpit, raised doubts that both pilots were dead before the plane crashed.
There is some controversy between some of the family members of the passengers and the investigative officials as to whether the passengers managed to breach the cockpit before the plane crashed. The 9/11 Commission Report concluded that "the hijackers remained at the controls but must have judged that the passengers were only seconds from overcoming them". However, many of the passengers' family members, having heard the audio recordings, believe that the passengers did breach the cockpit and struggled with the hijackers for control of the yoke.

### Portrayal of Christian Adams

The film has been criticized for its portrayal of German passenger Christian Adams, who is portrayed as counseling appeasement, to the point the passengers restrain him when he tries to warn the hijackers, despite the absence of any evidence that he acted in this manner. It was also reported that Adams's widow did not cooperate with the filmmakers due to the emotional pain. Sunday Times critic Cosmo Landesman mused, "Surely one of the passengers didn't phone home to point out that there was a cowardly German on board who wanted to give in?" Critic John Harris suggested in a Guardian blog, "there will surely be all kinds of cries about old European surrender monkeys, the United States' contrasting backbone etc." Erich Redman, who portrayed Adams in the film, has stated he did not intend to portray Adams as cowardly but as a man who "never made rash decisions and everything he did was always well-considered".

## Reception
### Critical response

United 93 was one of the most critically acclaimed films of 2006. James Berardinelli, Roger Ebert, Michael Medved, and Peter Travers all awarded it full marks on their rating scales, with Ebert calling the film "masterful and heartbreaking" and saying that it "does honor to the memory of the victims". Travers termed it "one of the most moving films of the year", in Rolling Stone. The film holds a 90% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 210 reviews, and an average rating of 8.2/10, with the consensus: "Potent and sobering, United 93 treats the subject matter with respect, never resorting to Hollywood aggrandizement." Calling it "gut-wrenching and surprisingly probative," The A.V. Club includes it on a list of "Great Films Too Painful To Watch Twice."
The film has a score of 90 on Metacritic, where it appears on 39 critics' top 10 lists, more than any other 2006 film on the site, (although the 2006 film with the highest average score on the site is the re-released 1969 film Army of Shadows). The film was ranked No. 1 on 47 lists (the most of any 2006 film).
At the website Movie City News, which ranks 250 critics' lists and awards points for list-placement, United 93 ranks as the number one film of 2006 with a score of 917.5 points.
The film has been cited as a favorite by filmmaker John Waters, who presented it as his annual selection at the 2010 Maryland Film Festival.
Alex von Tunzelmann of The Guardian gave the film a grade of C, saying: "United 93 is superbly made and authentic in feel, but the choices it makes about what happened on the plane – and who gets to be the heroes – are open to question."

### Top 10 lists

Only two films (The Departed and The Queen) appeared on more top 10 lists of the best films of 2006 than United 93, and no film received more #1 mentions:
Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal and Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer named it among the top ten best films of 2006.

### Accolades

United 93 received numerous awards and nominations from film critics and guilds. Ultimately, the film received two Academy Award nominations—Best Director and Best Film Editing—at the 79th Academy Awards, and six BAFTA nominations, including Best British Film, at the 60th British Academy Film Awards, winning two for Best Director and Best Film Editing.
List of awards and nominations :
| Award | Category | Name | Outcome |
| 79th Academy Awards | Best Director | Paul Greengrass | Nominated |
| 79th Academy Awards | Best Film Editing | Claire Douglas, Richard Pearson and Christopher Rouse | Nominated |
| 57th American Cinema Editors Awards | Best Edited Feature Film – Dramatic | Claire Douglas, Richard Pearson and Christopher Rouse | Nominated |
| American Film Institute Awards | Top 10 Outstanding Films of the Year | | Won |
| 2nd Austin Film Critics Association Awards | Top 10 Films | | Won |
| 2nd Austin Film Critics Association Awards | Best Film | Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lloyd Levin and Paul Greengrass | Won |
| 27th Boston Society of Film Critics Awards | Best Film | Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lloyd Levin and Paul Greengrass | Runner-up |
| 27th Boston Society of Film Critics Awards | Best Director | Paul Greengrass | Runner-up |
| 27th Boston Society of Film Critics Awards | Best Cast | | Won |
| 60th British Academy Film Awards | Alexander Korda Award for the Outstanding British Film of the Year | Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner and Paul Greengrass | Nominated |
| 60th British Academy Film Awards | David Lean Award for Achievement in Direction | Paul Greengrass | Won |
| 60th British Academy Film Awards | Best Original Screenplay | Paul Greengrass | Nominated |
| 60th British Academy Film Awards | Best Editing | Claire Douglas, Richard Pearson and Christopher Rouse | Won |
| 60th British Academy Film Awards | Best Cinematography | Barry Ackroyd | Nominated |
| 60th British Academy Film Awards | Best Sound | Douglas Cooper, Eddy Joseph, Chris Munro, Mike Prestwood Smith and Oliver Tarney | Nominated |
| British Film Institute Awards | Top Films of 2006 | | Won |
| 5th Central Ohio Film Critics Association Awards | Top 10 Films | | 7th Place |
| 19th Chicago Film Critics Association Awards | Best Film | Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lloyd Levin and Paul Greengrass | Nominated |
| 19th Chicago Film Critics Association Awards | Best Director | Paul Greengrass | Nominated |
| 19th Chicago Film Critics Association Awards | Best Original Screenplay | Paul Greengrass | Nominated |
| 12th Critics' Choice Awards | Best Picture | Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lloyd Levin and Paul Greengrass | Runner-up |
| 12th Critics' Choice Awards | Best Director | Paul Greengrass | Runner-up |
| 13th Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards | Top 10 Films | | Won |
| 13th Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards | Best Film | Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner and Paul Greengrass | Won |
| 13th Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Awards | Best Director | Paul Greengrass | Runner-up |
| 12th Empire Awards | Best Film | Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lloyd Levin and Paul Greengrass | Nominated |
| 12th Empire Awards | Best British Film | Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lloyd Levin and Paul Greengrass | Won |
| 33rd Evening Standard British Film Awards | Best Film | Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lloyd Levin and Paul Greengrass | Won |
| 4th Irish Film & Television Awards | Best International Film | Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lloyd Levin and Paul Greengrass | Nominated |
| 41st Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards | Best Film | Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lloyd Levin and Paul Greengrass | Won |
| 41st Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards | Best Director | Paul Greengrass | Won |
| 10th Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards | Top 10 Films | | 4th Place |
| 27th London Film Critics' Circle Awards | Film of the Year | Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lloyd Levin and Paul Greengrass | Won |
| 27th London Film Critics' Circle Awards | Director of the Year | Paul Greengrass | Won |
| 27th London Film Critics' Circle Awards | British Producer of the Year | Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner and Paul Greengrass | Won |
| 32nd Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards | Best Director | Paul Greengrass | Won |
| 54th Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards | Best Sound Editing for Sound Effects and Foley in a Foreign Film | Harry Barnes, Martin Cantwell, Simon Chase, Paul Conway, Tony Currie, Richard Fordham, Alex Joseph, Eddy Joseph, Stuart Morton, Oliver Tarney and Jack Whittaker | Nominated |
| 41st National Society of Film Critics Awards | Best Director | Paul Greengrass | Won |
| 72nd New York Film Critics Circle Awards | Best Film | Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lloyd Levin and Paul Greengrass | Won |
| 1st Oklahoma Film Critics Circle Awards | Best Film | Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lloyd Levin and Paul Greengrass | Won |
| 10th Online Film Critics Society Awards | Best Picture | Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lloyd Levin and Paul Greengrass | Won |
| 10th Online Film Critics Society Awards | Best Director | Paul Greengrass | Nominated |
| 10th Online Film Critics Society Awards | Best Editing | Claire Douglas, Richard Pearson and Christopher Rouse | Won |
| 10th Online Film Critics Society Awards | Best Original Screenplay | Paul Greengrass | Nominated |
| 7th Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards | Best Film | Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lloyd Levin and Paul Greengrass | Won |
| 44th ICG Publicists' Awards | Maxwell Weinberg Award for Top Publicity Campaign | | Nominated |
| 3rd St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards | Top 10 Films | | Won |
| 3rd St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards | Best Picture | Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lloyd Levin and Paul Greengrass | Nominated |
| 3rd St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards | Best Director | Paul Greengrass | Nominated |
| 3rd St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards | Best Original, Innovative or Creative Film | | Won |
| 11th San Diego Film Critics Society Awards | Best Editing | Claire Douglas, Richard Pearson and Christopher Rouse | Won |
| 15th Southeastern Film Critics Association Awards | Top 10 Films | | 4th Place |
| 10th Toronto Film Critics Association Awards | Best Film | | Nominated |
| 10th Toronto Film Critics Association Awards | Best Director | Paul Greengrass | Nominated |
| 2nd Utah Film Critics Association Awards | Best Picture | Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lloyd Levin and Paul Greengrass | Won |
| 2nd Utah Film Critics Association Awards | Best Director | Paul Greengrass | Runner-up |
| 2nd Utah Film Critics Association Awards | Best Screenplay | Paul Greengrass | Runner-up |
| 5th Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards | Best Film | Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner, Lloyd Levin and Paul Greengrass | Won |
| 59th Writers Guild of America Awards | Best Original Screenplay | Paul Greengrass | Nominated |

## Home media

United 93 was released to DVD on September 5, 2006, in both widescreen and full screen. Also released was a 2-disc Special Limited Edition in widescreen. A Blu-ray Disc version was released on September 6, 2011. A second Blu-ray release from Universal Studios for the film was released on June 5, 2012, as a part of Universal's Universal 100th Anniversary releases. This version included the same Blu-ray Disc (same transfer and same bonus features) found in the first 2011 release in addition to a DVD and digital copy included in the pack with a brand-new sleeve that was not available with the previous release. Both Blu-ray Disc sets for the film are region-free.