OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kuki-Chin–Naga languages

The Zo languages (also referred to as Zohnathlak) are a geographic and linguistic grouping within the Sino-Tibetan language family. This term is more factual and accurate than the widely used but imprecise term Kuki-Chin–Naga, which appears in James Matisoff's classification as a non-monophyletic branch of "Tibeto-Burman" used for convenience in Ethnologue. The genealogical relationships within the Zo languages, and their connections to the broader Sino-Tibetan family, remain unresolved and require further research.
These languages are spoken by the ethnically related Zo people, the Chin people of Myanmar, the Hmar, Mizo, Kuki ,Zou (etc) people of Northeast India.
The larger languages within this group include Mizo (674,756 speakers in India as of 2001). While "Kuki" and "Chin" are largely synonymous, the term "Zo languages" is preferred for its cultural and linguistic accuracy.
This classification highlights the need for ongoing research to clarify the relationships and heritage of the Zo languages while providing a more accurate representation of their shared linguistic and cultural affinities.

## Languages

The established branches are:
* Kuki-Chin
** Northwestern / Southern Naga
** Northeastern
** Central
** Maraic
** Khomic
** Southern
* Naga
** Ao, in north-central Nagaland
** Angami–Pochuri, in southern Nagaland
** Tangkhul-Maring, in eastern Manipur
** Zeme, in northwestern Manipur
* Meitei, the official language of Manipur
* Karbi, in Karbi Anglong, Central Assam
The Konyak languages of Nagaland, also spoken by ethnic Naga, are not grouped within Kuki-Chin–Naga, but rather within Brahmaputran (Sal).
Ethnologue adds Koki, Long Phuri, Makuri, and Para, all unclassified, and all distant from other Naga languages they have been compared to. Koki is perhaps closest to (or one of) the Tangkhulic languages, and the other three may belong together.

## Classification

Scott DeLancey (2015) considers Kuki-Chin–Naga to be part of a wider Central Tibeto-Burman group.
The following is a preliminary internal classification of the Kuki-Chin–Naga languages by Hsiu (2021).
* Northern Kuki-Chin-Naga linguistic area (linkage)
** Greater Central Naga
*** Makury
*** Long Phuri
*** Para (Jejara)
*** Central Naga
**** Lotha
**** Sangtam
**** Yimchungrü
**** Ao
** Angami-Pochuri
*** Angamic-Sumic
**** Angamic
***** Angami, Chokri
***** Khezha
***** Mao
***** Poumai
**** Sumic
***** Sumi
***** Rengma
*** Pochuric
**** Meluri
**** Ntenyi
* Southern Kuki-Chin-Naga branch
** Greater Zeme ("Western Naga")
*** Zeme, Mzieme, Liangmai
*** Nruanghmei
*** Maram
*** Khoirao
*** Puiron
** Greater Tangkhulic
*** Akyaung Ari
*** Tangkhulic
** Maring, Khoibu (Uipo)
** Kokak
** Suansu (?)
** Kuki-Chin
*** Northwestern ("Old Kuki")
*** Northeastern ("Northern")
*** Central
*** Maraic
*** Southern
*** Khomic
# Coat of arms of Ba'athist Syria

The coat of arms of the Syrian Arab Republic (شعار الجمهورية العربية السورية) was adopted in 1980, following the 1977 dissolution of the Federation of Arab Republics, whose coat of arms had until then been used by its constituent states. This emblem consist of the Hawk of Quraish supporting a shield bearing the national flag of Syria (in vertical form), and a scroll of the words "Syrian Arab Republic" (Arabic: الجمهورية العربية السورية).

## History

Since the declaration of the Syrian Republic on 14 May 1930, Syria has had several coats of arms, albeit fairly consistent in composition - a supporter (often the Hawk of Quraish) bearing a shield, with the official Arabic name of the territory on a scroll beneath.
During Syria's union with Egypt in the United Arab Republic (UAR) between 1958 and 1961, the pan-Arab Eagle of Saladin was used as the basis of the coat of arms. Though Syria withdrew from the union in 1961, Egypt continued to use the official name, flag, and coat of arms of the UAR until 1971. Syria reverted to the coat of arms used before the UAR, inverting the colours of the mullets and the orle two years later.
During the period of the Federation of Arab Republics between 1972 and 1977, a loose association of Egypt, Libya, and Syria, the Hawk of Quraish was used as the coat of arms.
After the end of the union, all three former member states retained the Hawk of Quraish. Egypt finally reverted to the Eagle of Saladin in 1984, which had served as the coat of arms of both Egypt and Libya prior to the abortive union, and which still serves as the basis of the in this arms of Egypt, Iraq, and Palestine. Syria continued to use the Hawk of Quraish, as did Libya under Gaddafi (although the Libyan version faced to the dexter rather than to the sinister, as in the Syrian version). The coat of arms was adopted by Law No. 37 on 21 June 1980, after it was approved by the People’s Assembly on June 17, 1980 and published in the Official Gazette, Issue No. 26 of 1980.

### Gallery

* Syrian Arab Republic (1963–1972)
* Syrian Arab Republic (1972–1980)
* Syrian Arab Republic (1980–2024)
* Seal of the president of Syria (?–2024)
* Seal of the prime minister of Syria (?–2024)
* Seal of the People's Assembly of Syria (?–2024)
# Purse hook

A purse hook (also known as a handbag hook or handbag hanger) is a type of hook meant to temporarily secure a purse or handbag to a table, sink or armrest. Such hooks have been available since the 1920s. Queen Elizabeth II was said to employ an oddly shaped one that looks like a soldier from World War II to hang her handbags on.

## Reasons for use

The practical uses are numerous; hanging a purse, bag, groceries, umbrella or any item that can be hung and needs to be kept close, for convenient access or to discourage theft.
A bag placed on the floor in a restaurant or bathroom will collect bacteria, fungi, and viruses.
In Brazil there is a superstition that a woman will lose all of her money if she puts her purse on the floor.

## Types

There are at least five types of purse hooks available. The order is based on patent file dates.
* The original L style type with a circular pad and a rigid bent wire.
* The link type with circular pad and a set links that either wrap around the pad or make a "hook"
* A spring closing bracelet type
* A twisting ring type
* An S-shaped purse hanger

### Gallery of purse hook types

* L style type of purse hook with rotating pad and wire hook. Photograph shows pad and wire hook in the same plane (storage position) but when in use the pad is rotated 90 degrees and rests horizontally on the tabletop. The hook is then suspended below the tabletop to accept the bagstrap.
* Clip-on purse hook that doubles as jewelry for your handbag.
* Spring closing bracelet type of purse hook.
# Tennessee Department of Veterans Services

The Tennessee Department of Veterans Services (TDVS) is the head of Tennessee's Department of Veterans Affairs, which is responsible for veterans benefits programs within the state. The Commissioner is appointed by the governor of Tennessee and is a member of the governor's Cabinet, which meets at least once per month, or more often to the governor's liking.
The position of Commissioner was first created in 1945, along with the department it heads, but in 1959 the department became a staff division under the governor's office headed by a director. The position of Commissioner was recreated in 1975 by the Tennessee General Assembly. It is analogous to the federal Secretary of Veterans Affairs or the Minister of Veterans Affairs of Canada.
According to the Tennessee State Library and Archives, Louis Ragghianti was the first Commissioner after the Department's reinstatement, from 1975 to 1979, under Governor Ray Blanton. William H. Roden, Jr. was the Commissioner under the administration of Lamar Alexander. William D. "Bill" Manning, appointed in 1987, was the Commissioner under Ned Ray McWherter, and Fred Tucker was the Commissioner of Veterans Services under Don Sundquist. Under Bill Haslam, Many-Bears Grinder held the position. Courtney Rogers was appointed in 2019 by Bill Lee, until 2021. The current Commissioner, under the administration of Bill Lee, is Tommy H. Baker.
# Terry Mason

Terry Mason (born 29 March 1943) is an Australian Paralympic athlete and weightlifter, who won two bronze medals at two Paralympics.

## Biography

Mason grew up in the New South Wales town of Lithgow, and participated in several sports in the local area as a child and young adult, such as football, field hockey, swimming, athletics and wrestling. At the age of 26, he was injured in an accident resulting in him being in a wheelchair. After the accident, Jack Wilkinson encouraged him to become involved in wheelchair sports to maintain his physical fitness.
Two years after the accident, he was selected for the Australian team for the Commonwealth Paraplegic Games in Edinburgh, but did not attend the event. At the 1972 Heidelberg Games, he competed in athletics and weightlifting, winning a bronze medal in the Men's Pentathlon 3 event. At the 1974 Commonwealth Paraplegic Games in Dunedin, New Zealand, he won gold medals in weightlifting and the men's pentathlon. At the 1976 Toronto Games, he competed in athletics and weightlifting events, winning a bronze medal in the Men's Light-featherweight event.
He coaches and promotes wheelchair basketball in the Taree area. He assisted David Hall, a paralympic wheelchair gold medallist, early in his career. He is included in the list of Lithgow sporting champions.
# Battle of Kalaus (1769)

The Battle of Kalaus was a significant engagement during the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774), where the Kalmyk Khanate decisively defeated a Crimean Khanate force near the Kalaus River, demonstrating Kalmyk military prowess and altering the strategic landscape of the war in the North Caucasus.

## Background

During the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774), the Crimean Sultans Maksut-Giray and Arslan-Giray led an elite detachment of 6,000 heavily armed warriors from the North Caucasian peoples and Kuban Tatars into the Kalmyk lands, believing the main Kalmyk forces were absent. They aimed to exploit this perceived vulnerability for plunder, but Kalmyk Khan Ubashi, informed by timely intelligence, mobilized his forces to counter this incursion near the Kalaus River.

## Battle

On June 21, 1769, a Kalmyk reconnaissance unit engaged the advancing Crimean forces, luring them into an ambush where the main Kalmyk army was hidden. The surprise attack led to a rout of the Crimean forces, who were forced into a defensive position in a ravine. Despite their defensive setup, the Kalmyks managed to overcome them with a combination of archery and cavalry charges. The battle resulted in significant losses for the Crimeans, with the Kalmyks capturing numerous banners, horses, and other spoils.
# Joseph Bernard (sculptor)

Joseph Bernard (1866, Vienne, Isère – 1931) was a modern classical French sculptor, featured on the frontispiece of Elie Faure's 1927 survey of modern art, "Spirit of Forms". Bernard was trained at the École des Beaux-Arts in the atelier of Pierre-Jules Cavelier.

## Gallery

* Young Girl Carrying Water Crow Center, Dallas
* Kiss
* Faune Dansant
* Camille Jouffray
* Monument to Michel Servet (1908-1911), Vienne (Isère), public garden
* Remorse from the Monument to Michel Servet
# John Sewell (cricketer)

John Joseph Sewell (10 February 1844 – 8 June 1897) was an English first-class cricketer active 1863–67 who played for Middlesex. He was born in Cirencester and died in Pietermaritzburg. He played in twelve first-class matches.
# Podolany, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

Podolany is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Złotoryja, within Złotoryja County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) north-east of Złotoryja and 76 km (47 mi) west of the regional capital Wrocław.
# Jacobi–Madden equation

The Jacobi–Madden equation is the Diophantine equation
    $a^{4}+b^{4}+c^{4}+d^{4}=(a+b+c+d)^{4},$
proposed by the physicist Lee W. Jacobi and the mathematician Daniel J. Madden in 2008. The variables a, b, c, and d can be any integers, positive, negative or 0. Jacobi and Madden showed that there are an infinitude of solutions of this equation with all variables non-zero.

## History

The Jacobi–Madden equation represents a particular case of the equation
    $a^{4}+b^{4}+c^{4}+d^{4}=e^{4},$
first proposed in 1772 by Leonhard Euler who conjectured that four is the minimum number (greater than one) of fourth powers of non-zero integers that can sum up to another fourth power. This conjecture, now known as Euler's sum of powers conjecture, was a natural generalization of the Fermat's Last Theorem, the latter having been proved for the fourth power by Pierre de Fermat himself.
Noam Elkies was first to find an infinite series of solutions to Euler's equation with exactly one variable equal to zero, thus disproving Euler's sum of powers conjecture for the fourth power.
However, until Jacobi and Madden's publication, it was not known whether there exist infinitely many solutions to Euler's equation with all variables non-zero. Only a finite number of such solutions was known. One of these solutions, discovered by Simcha Brudno in 1964, yielded a solution to the Jacobi–Madden equation:
    $5400^{4}+1770^{4}+(-2634)^{4}+955^{4}=(5400+1770-2634+955)^{4}.$

## Approach

Jacobi and Madden started with,
    $a^{4}+b^{4}+c^{4}+d^{4}=(a+b+c+d)^{4}$
and the identity,
    $a^{4}+b^{4}+(a+b)^{4}=2(a^{2}+ab+b^{2})^{2}$
Adding $(a+b)^{4}+(c+d)^{4}$ to both sides of the equation,
    $a^{4}+b^{4}+(a+b)^{4}+c^{4}+d^{4}+(c+d)^{4}=(a+b)^{4}+(c+d)^{4}+(a+b+c+d)^{4}$
it can be seen it is a special Pythagorean triple,
    $(a^{2}+ab+b^{2})^{2}+(c^{2}+cd+d^{2})^{2}={\big(a+b)^{2}+(a+b)(c+d)+(c+d)^{2}{\big )}^{2}={\tfrac {1}{4}}{\big(a+b)^{2}+(c+d)^{2}+(a+b+c+d)^{2}{\big )}^{2}$
They then used Brudno's solution and a certain elliptic curve to construct an infinite series of solutions to the Jacobi–Madden equation.

## Other initial solutions

Jacobi and Madden noticed that a different starting value, such as
    $(-31764)^{4}+27385^{4}+48150^{4}+7590^{4}=(-31764+27385+48150+7590)^{4}\,$
found by Jaroslaw Wroblewski, would result in a different infinite series of solutions.
In August 2015, Seiji Tomita announced two new small solutions to the Jacobi–Madden equation:
    $1229559^{4}+(-1022230)^{4}+1984340^{4}+(-107110)^{4}=(1229559-1022230+1984340-107110)^{4}\,,$
    $561760^{4}+1493309^{4}+3597130^{4}+(-1953890)^{4}=(561760+1493309+3597130-1953890)^{4}\,,$
which lead to two new series of solutions constructed by the Jacobi and Madden method.
# 51st Writers Guild of America Awards

The 51st Writers Guild of America Awards, given in 1999, honored the film and television best writers of 1998.

## Film
### Best Adapted Screenplay

Out of Sight – Scott Frank
* A Civil Action – Steven Zaillian
* Gods and Monsters – Bill Condon †
* Primary Colors – Elaine May
* A Simple Plan – Scott B. Smith

### Best Original Screenplay

Shakespeare in Love – Marc Norman and Tom Stoppard †
* Bulworth – Warren Beatty and Jeremy Pikser
* The Opposite of Sex – Don Roos
* Saving Private Ryan – Robert Rodat
* The Truman Show – Andrew Niccol

## Television
### Best Episodic Drama

"Proofs for The Existence of God" – Nothing Sacred – Paul Leland
* "Exodus" – ER – Walon Green and Joe Sachs
* "Apollo One" – From the Earth to the Moon – Graham Yost
* "Finnegan's Wake" – Homicide: Life on the Street – David Mills, James Yoshimura and David Simon
* "Saigon Rose" – Homicide: Life on the Street – Eric Overmyer
* "The Subway" – Homicide: Life on the Street – James Yoshimura
* "Burned" – Law & Order – Siobhan Byrne
* "Betrayal" – The Practice – David E. Kelley
* "The Marie Taquet Story" – Rescuers: Stories of Courage: Two Couples – Cy Chermak, Francine Carroll and Malka Drucker

### Best Episodic Comedy

"Frasier's Imaginary Friend" – Frasier – Rob Greenberg
* "Pilot" – Dharma & Greg – Dottie Dartland and Chuck Lorre
* "Emma" – Ellen – Lawrence Broch
* "Never Can Say Goodbye" – Murphy Brown – Diane English

### Best Long Form – Adapted

The Love Letter – James S. Henerson
* Don King: Only in America – Kario Salem
* Thicker Than Blood – Bill Cain
# OMSI/Southeast Water station

OMSI/Southeast Water station is a light rail station on the MAX Orange Line, located at 2210 Southeast 2nd Place on the east foot of the Tilikum Crossing bridge in Portland, Oregon. Like South Waterfront/SW Moody Station on the west side of the Willamette River, it consists of two island platforms. MAX trains stop on the outside of the platforms, while TriMet buses stop on the inner lanes. Just northwest of the platforms is a Portland Streetcar stop served by the A and B Loop lines. The station is named after the nearby Oregon Museum of Science and Industry.
The station is located adjacent to the Oregon Rail Heritage Center.

## Bus service

As of September 18, 2022, this station is served by the following bus lines:
* FX2–Division
* 9–Powell Blvd
* 17–Holgate/Broadway

## Gallery

* The station in September 2015
* Bike paths passing through the station as seen in September 2015
# Vodafone Direto

Vodafone Direto is a tariff brand, launched in 2005 in Portugal, over the network Vodafone.
# Lachlan Sharp

Lachlan Thomas Sharp (born 2 July 1997) is an Australian field hockey player who plays as a midfielder or forward for the Australian national team.

## Career

Sharp was born in Lithgow, New South Wales, and made his senior international debut at the 2016-17 Hockey World League Final in Bhubaneswar, India.
Sharp was part of the Australian men's junior national team 'The Burras' at the 2016 Hockey Junior World Cup in India, where the team finished 4th.
In March 2018, Sharp was selected in the Australian national squad for the 2018 Commonwealth Games. The team won the gold medal, defeating New Zealand 2–0 in the final.
Sharp was selected in the Kookaburras Olympics squad for the Tokyo 2020 Olympics. The team reached the final for the first time since 2004 but couldn't achieve gold, beaten by Belgium in a shootout.
# Raf (song)

"Raf" (stylized in all caps) is a song by American hip hop collective ASAP Mob, featuring collective members ASAP Rocky and Playboi Carti as well as Quavo, Lil Uzi Vert, and Frank Ocean. It was released on May 15, 2017 as the lead single from the collective's second studio album Cozy Tapes Vol. 2: Too Cozy. The song pays tribute to Belgian fashion designer Raf Simons.

## Background

ASAP Rocky posted a snippet of the song on Twitter in January 2017, and previewed the song again at the 2017 Rolling Loud festival. The song premiered on Frank Ocean's Blonded Radio on May 15, 2017 in two versions. It is named after fashion designer Raf Simons, whom Rocky is a longtime admirer of. When Simons was selected to be on the Time 100, Rocky wrote for Time:
   I feel like Raf Simons is important for the culture based on the fact that he built a whole new religion around fashion. It's to the point where kids, male and female alike, will get in full arguments over why he's the greatest. And it's amazing how his prior work, his archive, is more important and relevant than anything that's out today.

## Content

In the song, ASAP Rocky sends warnings to not touch his designer clothing, notably Raf Simons-designed ones. Throughout Rocky's verse, Playboi Carti provides background vocals with ad-libs. The other artists each rap about owning designer clothes, also warning not to get close to their expensive garment.
The two versions of the song that were originally released featured different verses from Frank Ocean. One version features a hook from Rocky, on which he raps, "Please don't touch my Raf."

## Music video

The music video was released on July 24, 2017. Directed by Alec Eskander, it finds ASAP Rocky, Playboi Carti, and Quavo modeling clothes from Raf Simon's archive. Simon's Fall/Winter 1995-1996 and Spring/Summer 2002 collections are referenced in the clip. The video uses a shortened version of the song which excludes Lil Uzi Vert and Frank Ocean's verses.

## Charts

| Chart (2017) | Peak position |
| Canada (Canadian Hot 100) | 82 |
| New Zealand Heatseekers (RMNZ) | 5 |
| US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard) | 18 |
| US Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles (Billboard) | 10 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 35,000$^‡$ |
| New Zealand (RMNZ) | Gold | 15,000$^‡$ |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,000,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Joe Berardi

Joe Berardi (from Brooklyn, New York) is a retired American professional bowler who was on the PBA Tour and member of the Professional Bowlers Association. During his time on the tour, Berardi captured 11 tournament victories (including 3 majors and 2 doubles), 6 runner-up finishes, along with an additional 22 top-5 appearances.
Berardi’s 1979 U.S. Open title represents both his first career tour victory and PBA major.
When Berardi won the 1983 Firestone PBA Tournament of Champions, he became the tournament’s first champion to win all four games in the stepladder final matches.
Berardi was inducted into the PBA Hall of Fame in 1990.
During the 2008-09 PBA Tour season, Berardi was tabbed as one of the "PBA’s 50 Greatest Players of the Last 50 Years" by a panel of bowling experts commissioned by the PBA, ranking at #40 (tied with Tom Baker).

## PBA Tour titles

Major championships are in bold type.
* 1979 BPAA U.S. Open (Windsor Locks, CT)
* 1979 Tucson Open (Tucson, AZ)
* 1980 Buffalo Open (Cheektowaga, NY)
* 1980 Kessler Open (Lansing, MI)
* 1982 ABC Masters (Baltimore, MD)
* 1983 Firestone PBA Tournament of Champions (Akron, OH)
* 1986 Columbia Senior/Touring Pro Doubles Championship (with Teata Semiz) (Erlanger, KY)
* 1988 AC-Delco Classic (Torrance, CA)
* 1988 Showboat PBA Doubles Classic (with Dave Ferraro) (Las Vegas, NV)
* 1988 True Value Open (Indianapolis, IN)
* 1989 Budweiser Challenge (Rochester, NY)
# Alkaffary Group

Alkaffary Group is a Saudi Arabia-based company, specializing in carpets, flooring, furniture, and home interior products. As of 2024, Alkaffary Group operates more than 40 stores across Saudi Arabia with online stores.

## History

Alkaffary Group was founded by Abdulrahman Nasser Alkaffary in 1951 as a small store in Riyadh that sold traditional carpets (known as "Zal").
By the 1970s and 1980s, Alkaffary Group had expanded into multiple areas, including launching Hi-Point Furniture, Alkaffary Flooring, and Alkaffary Projects.
Later, Saleh Abdulrahman Alkaffary, the founder's son, expanded the business into a larger company, diversifying into various sectors, including furniture, flooring, and home decor.
In 2009, the Minister of Commerce and Industry of Saudi Arabia, Hassan bin Ahmed Zainal Ali Reda, approved the amendment of License No. (257/Q), formally establishing Al-Qafari Group Company as a closed joint-stock company. The company's capital was set at 5 million Saudi Riyals, divided into 500,000 shares, each with a nominal value of 10 Riyals.
Today, the group is recognized as one of the leading brands in the Middle East for home design and decor.

## Products

Alkaffary Group operates: Alkaffary Carpets, specializing in carpets and professional installation; Hi-Point Furniture, home and office furniture; Alkaffary Parquet, parquet from German, Belgian, and Chinese manufacturers; ORAC Flooring, an exclusive distributor of ORAC flooring in Saudi Arabia; and Alkaffary Projects, handling large-scale custom carpet solutions for businesses and mosques.