# Plzeň dialect

Plzeň dialect (Czech: plzeňské nářečí or colloquially plzeňština) is a dialect of Czech language spoken in western Bohemia, in and around Plzeň. It belongs to southwest subgroup of Bohemian dialects and has some features that are also present in common Czech. This dialect contains many germanisms, precisely from Northern Bavarian dialects. Chod dialect is sometimes considered a subgroup of Plzeň dialect, as it has many common features. The dialect has a typical style of intonation, called Plzeň singing (Czech: plzeňské zpívání).

## Main features
### Morphology

If two forms of a word are written, the first one is dialectal and second one is standard Czech form.
* Masculine animate nouns end with -í in nominative plural, instead of standard -é, even corresponding numerals and pronouns are pronounced longer: dvá klucí/dva kluci (two boys), vobá hokejistí/oba hokejisté (both hockey players), tří chlapí/tři chlapi (three men), hostí/hosté (guests).
* Sound a is lengthened in last syllables of some genitive plural nouns (vrát, kuřát).
* Nouns in other cases are often shortened. Plural locative of nouns of hard patterns ends with -ach: vo klukach/o klucích (about boys), vozach/vozech(wagons), kozach/kozách (goats), prknach/prknech (boards).
* Soft-declined masculine and feminine nouns have plural locative ending -ech: vo pekařech/o pekařích (about bakers), nožech/nožích (knives), nohavicech|nohavicích (trouser legs), kostěch|kostích (bones).
* Dative plural ending is -om, especially in masculine nouns (k učitelom/učitelům (to teachers), stromkom/stromkům (little trees), kravom|kravám (cows), kuřatom/kuřatům (chickens).
* Case endings of kost andrůže feminine nouns are same, e.g. in genitive singular: do práci/do práce (to the work), pytel pšenici/pytel pšenice (sack of wheat), bez mrkvi/bez mrkve (without carrot), nominative plural: kostě/kosti (bones), zdě/zdi (walls), noce/noci (nights).
* The -u ending in dative singular of pán masculine pattern is more common than in other dialects or standard Czech: k doktoru/k doktorovi (to a doctor).
* Names of families end with -ojc (Novákovojc/Novákovi), they are often indeclinable and used as surnames coined with names (Jirka Bláhojc).
* Possessive adjectives end, in all genders and cases, with -ovo: tátovo/tátova košile (dad's shirt), v dědovo domě/v dědově domu (in granddad's house), or -ino (sestřino děti/sestřiny děti - sister's children).
* The sk suffix of adjectives changes to ck after n, l and sometimes also after another consonants: panský > pancký (atristocratic), selský > selcký (rural).
* Genitive and a dative/feminine singular forms of nouns of hard patterns have different endings: z tý druhý stran/z té druhé strany (from the other side), na tej druhej straně/na té druhé straně).
* Pronouns já (I) and ty (you, informal singular) exchnages genitive/accusative and dative forms: nezlob mi/nezlob mě (don't play me up), dám tě to/dám ti to (I will give it to you), já se ti bojim/já se tě bojím (I'm afraid of you), sometimes even reflexive pronouns si and se undergo this exchange.
* Endings of locative singular of masculine and neuter hard-declined pronouns merge into each other: vo tom našom/o tom našem (about the ours), v čom/v čem (in what), vo ňom/o něm (about him), vo všom/o všem (abuout everything).
* Demonstrative pronouns and adverbs, that express closeness of things, start with tu-/tů-: tůten, tůta, tůto/tento,tato,toto (this - masculine, feminine, neuter), tudlecto/tohle (this one), tůtady/tady, zde (here).
* Interrogative expressions take -pa postfix: copa/co (what), kudypa/kudy (which way), in the kd- prefix, k is omitted (depa/kde = where), or pronounced as h (hdopa).
* Infinitive of class I verbs with -t- or -d- stem ends with -ect: ject/jet (to go by something), vect/vézt (to lead/transport), pect/péct (to bake), or -est: nest/nést (to carry/bear).
* Infinitive of some verbs shows change of á to í in the middle of the word: hřít/hřát (to give warmth), zapříst/zapřáhnout (to hitch), tříst/třást (to shake/shiver), zíbst/zábst (to chill somebody).
In some villages around Plzeň, but not in Plzeň itself, some prepositions were used in doubled forms (zez/z = from, vev/v = in). This feature mostly disappeared in the 1960s and 1970s but many people associate the preposition ″zez″ with the form of speech used in Plzeň and use, mostly derisively, it in the phrase ″zez Plzně″ (from Plzeň, which is ″z Plzně″ in standard speech).

### Phonology

* Broader pronunciation of á (æ).
* Reduced pronunciation of i, yneighboring with l, n, ň, often in -il participles of IV class verbs: mlynář > mlnář (miller), zednik > zedňәk (bricklayer), obecní > obecňә (municipal), učil > učәl (he taught).
* The í sound after sharp sibilants is retained, diphthongisation of common Czech does not occur, : cítit/cejtit (to feel), sítko/sejtko (sieve), vozík/vozejk (cart).
* The e sound is changed to a in the middle of some words, especially after soft consonants preceding the hard ones: čep > čap (pivot), jehla > jahla (needle), sršeň > sršán (hornet), vřes > břasa (heather).
* The o vowel is changed to u inside some words: poklička > puklička (lid), kolík > kulík (peg), bota > bůta (shoe), potřebovat > potřebuvat (to need).
* The ů sound (old Czech ó) is sometimes changed to o: kůlna > kolna (shed), kůzle > kozle (baby goat), lůj > loj (tallow), růst > rost (to grow).
* Excessive diphthongisation of ou instead of ó in soe words: tůň > touně (water hole), pluh > plouh (plough); even in past particple form: usnul > usnoul (he fell asleep).
* Au in some foreign words is replaced with ou: auto > outo (car).
* Some monosyllabic pmasculine nouns have a lengthened a sound: kráj/kraj (region), spláv/splav (weir), hád/had (snake), this feature can be also found in some adverbs (tám/tam, there).
* Some two syllable feminine nouns contain í in their first syllables, which arose by lengthening: slína/slina (saliva), kníha/kniha (book), vína/vina (guilt) or by umlaut: řepa > řípa (beet), pěna > pína (foam).
* Prothetic h before ň, r, ř,: almara > halmara (wardrobe), udit > hudit (to smoke a food), jíva > híva (great sallow), nízký > hnízký (low), ryzec > hryzec (milkcap).
* Epenthesis of j before ť, ď in closed syllables: ať > ajť (so that), teď > tejď (now), paměť > pamějť (memory), buď > bujď (either).
* Prothetic stř sis simplified to tř: střída > třída (crumb), střecha > třecha (roof), střapec > třapec (tassel), stříká > tříká (he/she/it is splashing).
* The g sound is replaced by k in some foreign words: brigáda > brikáda (temporary job), guláš > kuláš, guma > kuma (rubber).
* The regresive assimilation of voiced consonants: s matkou > z matkou (with mother), s vodou > z vodou (with water).

### Sentence structure

* The word než (meaning usually than in standard Czech) is also used to express exclusiveness (which is expressed by jen or jenom in standard Czech), for example: tady roste než/jen(om) křoví (only bushes grow there).
* Constructions like mrznout nemrzne (it's not freezing here, literally to freeze, it freezes not).

### Intonation

Plzeň dialect features a type of intonation called Plzeň singing (Czech:plzeňské zpívání), which is a strong accent at the end of imperative and exclamative clauses and Wh questions. The accent rises and then falls to a main part of utterance: Dejte to na stůl! (Give it on the table!); Kdepa jsi byla? (Where were you?). The highewst point of an accent is at the penultimate syllable.

## Vocabulary

Some words feature alternation of sounds or word formation: cibule > cibul (onion), nůžky > nožíky (scissors), hřbet > hřibet (back of an animal), míč > mlíč (ball), lžíce > žíce (spoon). For family members, short forms are used: maminka/mami (mom), babička/babi (grandmom) and tatínek/tatí (dad). This table contains some other examples:
| Plzeň dialect | Standard Czech | English translation |
| čekuláda | čokoláda | chocolate |
| čvoch | hnusné jídlo | junk food |
| vošouch | bramborák | potato pancake |
| hejčmo | našikmo | askew |
| naštorc | příčně | crosswisely |
| hradba | plot | fence |
| kropáč | konev | watering can |
| radvánec | kolečko | wheelbarrow |
| nastevřít | pootevřít | to open partially |
| pentilka | mikrotužka | mechanical pencil |
| povjášet | věšet | to hang |
| pukl | kozel | billy goat |
| saturna | vlasec | fisfhing line |
| paňár | nevychované dítě | naughty/badly raised child |
| škrejpat | poprchávat | to be sprinkling |
| zezrnkat se | opít se | to get drunk |