OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Emmanuel de Bethune

Baron Emmanuel Pierre Marie Ghislain de Bethune (18 July 1930 – 4 November 2011) was a Belgian politician. He was the Mayor of Kortrijk from 1987 to 1989 and again from 1995 to 2000. He went on to found the Bethune Foundation, a foundation used to preserve the library collections of the Bethune family.
Bethune died on 4 November 2011, aged 81. He is survived by his four children including his daughter, the current Belgian Senate President, Sabine de Bethune.
# Elliptic algebra

In algebra, an elliptic algebra is a certain regular algebra of a Gelfand–Kirillov dimension three (quantum polynomial ring in three variables) that corresponds to a cubic divisor in the projective space P$^2$. If the cubic divisor happens to be an elliptic curve, then the algebra is called a Sklyanin algebra. The notion is studied in the context of noncommutative projective geometry.
# George A. Kennedy (classicist)

George Alexander Kennedy (November 26, 1928 – July 28, 2022) was an American scholar of classical rhetoric and literature.

## Biography

George Alexander Kennedy was born in Hartford, Connecticut on November 26, 1928. He received his Ph.D. in classics from Harvard University in 1954 with a dissertation entitled "Prolegomena and Commentary to Quintilian VIII (PR. & 1-3)". Kennedy taught classics, comparative literature, and rhetoric at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill for twenty-eight years. He retired as George L. Paddison professor of classics. He received a Guggenheim fellowship in 1959. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society. Under President Jimmy Carter and President Ronald Reagan, Kennedy served on the National Council on the Humanities and was also president of the American Philological Association and of the International Society for the History of Rhetoric.
Kennedy served as the editor of the American Journal of Philology.
George A. Kennedy died in Spring, Texas on July 28, 2022, at the age of 93.

## Selected publications

* 1989-2013. The Cambridge history of literary criticism. Cambridge University Press.
* 1994. A new history of classical rhetoric : with additional discussion of late Latin rhetoric. Princeton University Press.
# Exponent CMS

Exponent CMS is a free, open-source, open standards modular enterprise software framework and content management system (CMS) written in the programming language PHP.
Exponent CMS editing system allows website content to be edited on the page as it appears – without back-end administration. The default installation includes a set of modules for managing a typical website. Additional modules are developed by a community of open-source developers and can be installed via a web browser.
Exponent CMS can be installed in a Linux, Unix, Mac OS X or Windows environment, or any platform that supports the Apache web server and the PHP language (version 5.6.x+). Exponent CMS currently requires a MySQL (5+) or MariaDB database to store content and settings.

## History

Exponent CMS was originally written and designed by James Hunt of OIC Group, Inc, starting in 2001. Minor contributions were made by other OIC members, Fred Dirkse, Greg Otte and Adam Kessler, but most of the original work was done by Hunt. In 2005 Hunt left the OIC Group. Bug fixes were done on Exponent by Dirkse from 2005 - 2006. In 2006 Kessler came back to OIC Group and together he and Dirkse tried to revitalize the project. The release of version 96.6 followed shortly thereafter.
During the summer of 2007 OIC hired Phillip Ball who was an active member of the Exponent CMS Open Source community. Version 0.97 was shipped shortly after.
While trying to get the 0.97 release ready, Kessler started planning out a new model–view–controller (MVC) framework for Exponent and Ball was involved with the YUI Library. The two different research path converged in the fall of 2007 as Kessler and Ball started on a new version. Kessler wrote the new Exponent Framework and Ball cleaned up and re-wrote the interface, trying to tightly integrate the YUI Javascript library. The result was Exponent 2 or Exponent MVC. Exponent 2 was released in the summer of 2011 following a series of pre-release versions.

## Exponent 2.0 release

The 2.0 version of Exponent was released under the GPL.
On January 29, 2014, the Exponent CMS site switched to new forum software. In addition, a software bug reporting system is available.
The core functionality of Exponent CMS and Exponent Framework is still managed by OIC Group with a community of open source developers making module, translation and theme contributions.
Current Exponent CMS software news is provided via the website blog.

## Themes

The Exponent CMS was designed from the ground up with designers in mind. Themes for Exponent CMS are written using HTML/XHTML and CSS. Hooks are placed in the theme file to integrate Exponent CMS into the theme. Any html based design can be converted into an Exponent theme.
In Exponent CMS content and presentation have been separated. To accomplish this the Smarty template engine was used for creation of views. Views allow the same content to be displayed in different looks and customized to match the theme of a site.

## Translations

Translations for Exponent CMS interface are available in 3 languages: US English (the default), Danish and German.
# Interceptor ditch

In geotechnical engineering, an interceptor ditch is a small ditch or channel constructed to intercept and drain water to an area where it can be safely discharged. These are used for excavation purposes of limited depth made in a coarse-grained soils. These are constructed around an area to be dewatered. Sump pits are also placed at suitable intervals for installation of centrifugal pumps to remove the water collected in an efficient manner. In fine sands and silts, there may be sloughing, erosion or quick conditions. For such type of soils the method is confined to a depth of 1 to 2 m. Interceptor ditches are most economical for carrying away water which emerge on the slopes and near the bottom of the foundation pit. Its size depends on the original ground slope, runoff area, type of soil and vegetation, and other factors related to runoff volume.

## Construction guidelines

* The interceptor ditch commonly consists of a ditch and may have an associated dike.
* Sediment control measures may be required to filter or trap sediments before the runoff leaves the construction area.
* The construction of the interceptor ditch at the crown of a slope is normally accomplished prior to the excavation of the cut section.

## Maintenance

Inspection and maintenance is necessary after completion of construction of any structure. Here some steps followed in the maintenance of interceptor ditches are summarized below:
* Periodic inspection and maintenance will be required based on post-construction site conditions.
* Make any repairs necessary to ensure that it is operating properly.
* Locate any damaged areas and repair as necessary.
* Remove any channel obstructions (particularly waste materials) which would otherwise obstruct dewatering.
# Exotic Birds and Fruit

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Rolling Stone | (not rated) |
Exotic Birds and Fruit is the seventh studio album by British progressive rock band Procol Harum. It was released in 1974. The cover artwork for the album is by Jakob Bogdani, a noted Hungarian artist whose paintings centered on exotic birds and fruit.
In Argentina, the album was titled Pájaros Y Frutas Exóticas (literally translated as "Birds and Exotic Fruit").

## Recording

Collaborating again with producer Chris Thomas, Procol Harum recorded the album at George Martin's AIR Studios in London. According to singer/songwriter/piano player and bandleader Gary Brooker, the album was recorded in reaction to the two preceding albums which used extensive orchestration. Brooker stated, "We made the live album with an orchestra. We'd then taken the orchestra into the studio for 'Grand Hotel'...we'd had enough of orchestras".
The album features the song "Butterfly Boys", written about the founders of the band's record label at the time, Chrysalis. The band were unhappy with the terms of their contract and expressed that frustration in song.

## Reception

Exotic Birds and Fruit met with a good critical reception but only rose to No. 86 on the Billboard album charts. In Denmark, it peaked at #9 upon release, and in early 1975 it re-entered the Top 20 peaking at #19. The album was preceded by the single release of the opening track, "Nothing but the Truth", backed with the single-only B-side track "Drunk Again".

## 2009 Salvo reissue

In 2009 Salvo reissued Procol Harum's entire discography on CD remastered by Nick Robbins. The reissue for Exotic Birds and Fruit included two bonus tracks selected by Brooker and Keith Reid. "Drunk Again", the B-side to the single "Nothing but the Truth", appeared on CD along with an alternate mix of "As Strong as Samson".

## Track listing

All music by Gary Brooker, all lyrics by Keith Reid.

## Personnel
### Procol Harum

* Gary Brooker – vocals, piano
* Mick Grabham – guitar
* BJ Cole – pedal steel guitar track 3
* Chris Copping – organ
* Alan Cartwright – bass guitar
* B. J. Wilson – drums

## Production

* Produced By Chris Thomas
* Engineer: John Punter

## Charts

| Chart (1974) | Peak position |
| Australian Albums (Kent Music Report) | 82 |
| Finnish Albums (The Official Finnish Charts) | 16 |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 38 |
| Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) | 12 |
| US Billboard 200 | 86 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| Spain | 1974 | Chrysalis Records | stereo LP | 63 07 531 |
| North America | 2004 | Friday Music | remastered CD | Friday Music 1021 |
# Inverse benefit law

The inverse benefit law states that the ratio of benefits to harms among patients taking new drugs tends to vary inversely with how extensively a drug is marketed. Two Americans, Howard Brody and Donald Light, have defined the inverse benefit law, inspired by Tudor Hart's inverse care law.
A drug effective for a serious disorder is less and less effective as it is promoted for milder cases and for other conditions for which the drug was not approved. Although effectiveness becomes more diluted, the risks of harmful side effects persist, and thus the benefit-harm ratio worsens as a drug is marketed more widely. The inverse benefit law highlights the need for comparative effectiveness research and other reforms to improve evidence-based prescribing.

## State of affairs

The law is manifested through 6 basic marketing strategies:
* reducing thresholds for diagnosing disease,
* relying on surrogate endpoints,
* exaggerating safety claims,
* exaggerating efficacy claims,
* creating new diseases,
* encouraging unapproved uses.

## Impact

This is the reason why organizations like "Worst Pill, Best Pill" recommend not to use/prescribe new medications before being in the market for at least ten years (except in the case of important new drugs that treat previously unsolved problems).
Agencies of drugs, committee of ethics and organizations of patients' safety should consider:
* Requiring that clinical trials run long enough to pick up evidence of side effects and record all adverse reactions, including in subjects who drop out.
* Paying companies more for new drugs in proportion to how much better they are for patients than existing drugs, and marketing according to the value of the new drugs (ratio of benefits to harms and marketing).
* Considering that market could be a force against the best use of medications.
# Inverse consistency

In image registration, inverse consistency measures the consistency of mappings between images produced by a registration algorithm. The inverse consistency error, introduced by Christiansen and Johnson in 2001, quantifies the distance between the composition of the mappings from each image to the other, produced by the registration procedure, and the identity function, and is used as a regularisation constraint in the loss function of many registration algorithms to enforce consistent mappings. Inverse consistency is necessary for good image registration but it is not sufficient, since a mapping can be perfectly consistent but not register the images at all.

## Definition

Image registration is the process of establishing a common coordinate system between two images, and given two images
    ${\begin{aligned}I_{1}:\Omega _{1}\to \mathbb {R} \\I_{2}:\Omega _{2}\to \mathbb {R} \end{aligned}}$
registering a source image $I_{1}$ to a target image $I_{2}$ consists of determining a transformation $f_{1}:\Omega _{2}\to \Omega _{1}$ that maps points from the target space to the source space. An ideal registration algorithm should not be sensitive to which image in the pair is used as source or target, and the registration operator should be antisymmetric such that the mappings
    ${\begin{aligned}f_{1}:\Omega _{2}\to \Omega _{1}\\f_{2}:\Omega _{1}\to \Omega _{2}\end{aligned}}$
produced when registering $I_{1}$ to $I_{2}$ and $I_{2}$ to $I_{1}$ respectively should be the inverse of each other, i.e. $f_{2}=f_{1}^{-1}$ and $f_{1}=f_{2}^{-1}$ or, equivalently, $f_{2}\circ f_{1}=\operatorname {id} _{\Omega _{2}}$ and $f_{1}\circ f_{2}=\operatorname {id} _{\Omega _{1}}$, where $\circ$ denotes the function composition operator.
Real algorithms are not perfect, and when swapping the role of source and target image in a registration problem the so obtained transformations are not the inverse of each other. Inverse consistency can be enforced by adding to the loss function of the registration a symmetric regularisation term that penalises inconsistent transformations
    $\int _{\Omega _{2}}\left\Vert f_{2}(f_{1}(x))-x\right\Vert ^{2}\mathrm {d} x+\int _{\Omega _{1}}\left\Vert f_{1}(f_{2}(x))-x\right\Vert ^{2}\mathrm {d} x.$
Inverse consistency can be used as a quality metric to evaluate image registration results. The inverse consistency error ($ICE$) measures the distance between the composition of the two transforms and the identity function, and it can be formulated in terms of both average ($ICE_{a}$) or maximum ($ICE_{m}$) over a region of interest $\Omega$ of the image:
    ${\begin{aligned}ICE_{a}&={\frac {1}{\int _{\Omega }\mathrm {d} x}}\int _{\Omega }\left\Vert f_{2}(f_{1}(x))-x\right\Vert \mathrm {d} x\\ICE_{m}&=\max _{x\in \Omega }\left\Vert f_{2}(f_{1}(x))-x\right\Vert .\end{aligned}}$
While inverse consistency is a necessary property of good registration algorithms, inverse consistency error alone is not a sufficient metric to evaluate the quality of image registration results, since a perfectly consistent mapping, with no other constraint, may be not even close to correctly register a pair of images.
# Craig Jackson

Craig Jackson may refer to:
* Craig Jackson (journalist) (fl. 2000s), host of the VH1 reality television series I Love Money
* Craig Jackson (field hockey) (born 1974), South African field hockey player
* Craig Jackson (swimmer) (born 1968), South African swimmer
* Craig Jackson (actor), (born 1979), South African actor
# Exploration Earth: The Time Machine

Exploration Earth: "The Time Machine" is an episode of the BBC Schools radio drama series Exploration Earth, a series exploring geography. It was the third episode in this series. As it was an educational programme, it used the Doctor Who format and elements to explore the processes of the creation of the Earth. It was recorded on 27 April 1976 with Tom Baker and Elisabeth Sladen reprising their TV roles as the Doctor and Sarah Jane. Joining them was John Westbrook as Megron, High Lord of Chaos.
It was broadcast on 4 October 1976 on BBC Radio 4.

## CD release

Titled simply Exploration Earth, this episode was released on CD, paired with Genesis of the Daleks, in 2001. It was also given away on its own as a free CD with the 28 April 2010 edition of The Daily Telegraph newspaper via WHSmith. It was re-released on CD in The BBC Radio Episodes but this time paired with "What Happened to...Susan?", a 1994 spoof from the radio comedy series Whatever Happened to ...?
# Exploration Gateway Platform

The Exploration Gateway Platform was a design concept proposed by Boeing in December 2011 to drastically reduce the cost of Moon, near Earth asteroids (NEAs), or Mars missions by using components already designed to construct a refueling depot and servicing station located at one of the Earth–Moon Lagrange points, L1 or L2. The system claims its cost savings based on an ability to be reused for multiple missions such as a launch platform for deep space exploration, robotic relay station for moon rovers, telescope servicing and a deep space practice platform located outside the Earth's protective radiation belts.
The platform would be constructed at the International Space Station (ISS) for testing before being relocated to EM-L1 or EM-L2 via electric or chemical propulsion rockets.

## Construction

The Platform would consist of parts left over from the ISS program. Parts under consideration were Node 4 to form the main connection point, parts from the Space Shuttle's Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) and Orbiter External Airlock would be combined to form a utility module for maneuvering, orientation and Extra-vehicular activity (EVA), a smaller version of the Canadian Arm to help with logistic and station-keeping, TransHab and/or possible inclusion of a 'Zvezda 2' or a Bigelow Inflatable station for life support systems, crew accommodations, storage, and laboratory space. Most components would be lifted into orbit using currently available EELV or commercial launchers.
A reusable lander would be positioned at the platform for Moon landings and refueled using NASA's new SLS heavy lift vehicle.
# Cranmore Tower

The Cranmore Tower is a 45 metres (148 ft) tall 19th century folly in the parish of Cranmore, Somerset, England. The site is 280 metres (919 ft) above sea level, and is the highest point on the Mendip Way.
The tower was built in 1862-1864, by Thomas Henry Wyatt for John Moore Paget of Cranmore Hall (now part of All Hallows Preparatory School). There is a viewing area at the top with pair of semi-circular headed openings to each face with a restored iron-railed balcony beneath each pair. A similar balcony just over halfway up is continued right round the tower. It has been designated by English Heritage as a grade II listed building.
In World War II it was used as a lookout tower by the Home Guard and the Royal Corps of Signals.
By 1984 the tower had fallen into disrepair and was sold to Donald Beaton who undertook repairs. During the course of the repairs the remains of a Roman fort with a hoard of coins was discovered adjacent to the tower. In 1988 it was sold again, this time to Nick Ridge who opened it to the public. The tower was then acquired by followers of the Baháʼí Faith. Further restorations were carried out, including the installation of a new timber staircase to allow access to the balconies at the top of the tower at a height of 320 metres (1,050 ft) above sea level. From early 2008 the tower was open to the public, in particular being marketed as a romantic setting for proposals of marriage. The tower and its grounds are is now privately owned and visitors are no longer permitted.
# Cranmore Castle

Cranmore Castle is an Iron Age earthwork situated on a hillside above the Devon town of Tiverton in south-west England. Its National Grid reference is SS958118. It is an English Heritage scheduled monument, and has been given a National Monument number of 34256.
The earthwork is widely described in guidebooks and histories as an Iron Age hill fort though more recent archaeological evaluations and histories, such as Mike Sampson's recently published work, point out that it seems inefficient as a fortification, since it is overlooked from the south by the higher slope of Exeter Hill/Newtes Hill. The earthwork is also unusual in that the area it encloses slopes from 120 metres (390 ft) to 170 metres (560 ft) above sea level. This arrangement does however offer clear lines of sight to Cadbury Castle, Castle Close below Stoodleigh up the Exe Valley, Huntsham Castle, Hembury fort and other significant hills and earthworks, suggesting that all were contemporary. It also manages to overlook the confluence of the rivers Lowman and Exe and the forded crossings on those rivers, which a higher position would not allow.
The hillside that Cranmore Castle stands above is called Skrink Hills or Shrink Hills in various early histories of the area. and it is from there that Thomas Fairfax's artillery laid siege to Tiverton Castle. The promontory of land that links Cranmore to the edge of Newtes Hill is traversed by the old Exeter Road, which travels past the earthwork on its way from Tiverton to Exeter. The hill and road have latterly been known as Exeter Hill, and this road almost certainly follows the path of a prehistoric trackway.
Current theories about the nature of the earthwork suggest that it might have been a winter enclosure for livestock or a market site, though the earthworks are very substantial for such applications and could even point to a tribal oppidum. Certainly the area would be large enough. The Ordnance Survey Map of Southern Britain in the Iron Age shows Cranmore as the largest enclosure in Devon (along with Hillsborough) at over 15 acres (61,000 m$^2$).
During the Prayer Book Rebellion of 1549 Cranmore Castle became the site of a fierce battle fought between the two sides over whether a child should be baptised according to the 'new' religion or the 'old'. The battle took place near a small chapel that stood at one corner of the site, near the road. The chapel was demolished in the 17th century, and in 1687 bones and musket shots thought to be from the battle were discovered.
The etymology of the name Cranmore Castle is unclear. Cranmore is not a local name and does not fit with any local placenames. No record of Cranmore seems to exist in any early records. It is possible that the name is derived from the battle described above. The archbishop at the time of the Prayer Book Rebellion was Thomas Cranmer so it is possible it derives from a variation of 'Cranmer Castle' in reference to the battle fought there.
# Inzigkofen

Inzigkofen is a municipality in the district of Sigmaringen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Historically, it is part of the Swabian north Alpine foreland basin.
It consists of three districts:
| District (Teilort) | Population | Area |
| Inzigkofen with Nickhof und Pault | 1372 | 931 hectares (2,300 acres) |
| Engelswies | 611 | 749 hectares (1,850 acres) |
| Vilsingen with Dietfurt | 845 | 1,196 hectares (2,960 acres) |
Within Engelswies is the now-abandoned Talsberg quarry, known for its fossiliferous layers, and the site of evidence of the oldest Eurasian hominoids; a molar tooth found there in June 1973 was reported in June 2011 to have been "dated with relative precision at 17 to 17.1 Ma" (million years ago).

## Mayors

In November 2004 Bernd Gombold, was elected mayor with 96,8 % of the vote.
* 1946–1949: Fridolin Oswald
* 1949–1966: Johann Scherer
* 1967–1972: Manfred Sailer
* 1973–2005: Pius Widmer
* since 2005: Bernd Gombold
# La Folletière

La Folletière (French pronunciation:) is a former commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Martin-de-l'If.

## Geography

A very small forestry and farming village situated by the banks of the river Cesne in the Pays de Caux, some 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Rouen, at the junction of the D89 and the D289 roads.

## Population

Historical population of La Folletière :
| Year | 1962 | 1968 | 1975 | 1982 | 1990 | 1999 | 2006 |
| Population | 52 | 53 | 42 | 47 | 52 | 56 | 69 |
| From the year 1962 on: No double counting—residents of multiple communes (e.g. students and military personnel) are counted only once. ||||||||

## Places of interest

* The sixteenth century church was demolished in 1828.
# La Folletière-Abenon

La Folletière-Abenon (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.