OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Justus van Maurik

Justus van Maurik (16 August 1846, in Amsterdam – 18 November 1904), was a Dutch author and cigar maker. He was the grandson of Justus van Maurik Sr.
Justus was known as a writer of farces and humorous plays. In 1878, he published his first novel, Mie de porster. He subsequently wrote hundreds of books. Many of his books were illustrated by the graphic artist Johan Braakensiek.
In 1877, Maurik co-created De Amsterdammer, a newspaper targeted toward audiences in trade, industry and art. The newspaper has now changed its name to the weekly De Groene Amsterdammer.

## Works

* Een bittere pil (1873)
* Mie de porster (1878)
* Janus Tulp (1879, play)
* Uit het volk (1879)
* Van allerlei slag (1881)
* Fijne Beschuiten (1883, play)
* Met z'n achten (1883)
* Burgerluidjes (1884)
* Uit één pen (1886)
* Krates (1887?)
* Papieren kinderen (1888)
* Amsterdam bij dag en nacht (1889)
* Indrukken van een Tòtòk (1897)
* Novellen en schetsen (1900)
* Toen ik nog jong was (1901) about Jacob Frederik Muller and the Amsterdam neighborhood Fort van Sjako.
* Joris Komijn op de Tentoonstelling
* Op reis en thuis
* Stille menschen
* Verspreide Novellen
* Amsterdam bij dag en nacht
* Het Amsterdam van Justus van Maurik
* Novellen losse reisschetsen
* Novellen Toon Toos en de Opera
* Novellen De Laatste der Oempah's
* Novellen Het genootschap Leuterburg
* Novellen Een vergeten schuld
* De Buren 1875 toneelstuk
* Janus Tulp 1879 toneelstuk
* Pakketten voor Dames 1880 play
* Gewichtige dagen 1830-1831 play
* Françoises opstel 1887 play
* Anarchisten tonelstuk
* Plicht toneelstuk
* De Planetenjuffrouw 1902 play
* Men Zegt..... 1885 play
* Tijdschift "Ons Amsterdam"1994 no 6 (Het Amsterdam van J v M.)
* Uit het leven van Justus van Maurik 1846 - 1904 (J.H. Rössing)''
# General St John

General St John may refer to:
* Frederick St John (British Army officer) (1765—1844), British Army general
* Henry St John (British Army officer) (1738–1818), British Army general
* Roger St John (1911–1998), British Army major general
# KCUL

KCUL may refer to:
* KDPM (FM), a radio station (92.3 FM) licensed to serve Marshall, Texas, United States, which held the call signs KCUL-FM from 1992 to 2020 and KCUL in 2020
* KPRO, a defunct radio station (1410 AM) formerly licensed to serve Marshall, Texas, which held the call sign KCUL from 2019 to 2020
* KAMM (AM), a radio station (1540 AM) formerly KCUL from 1949 to 1967 licensed to serve University Park, Texas
* the ICAO code for Carmi Municipal Airport, an airport in Carmi, Illinois
# Solito

Solito is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

## Footballers

* Cláudio Roberto Solito (born 1956), Brazilian goalkeeper
* Carlos Alberto Solito (1959-2016), Brazilian goalkeeper

## Other

* Auraeus Solito (born 1969), Filipino film director
# Eden Valley

Eden Valley may refer to several places:

## In the United States

* Eden Valley (Nevada), a valley in Humboldt County
* Eden Valley, Minnesota, a city
* Eden Valley, New York, a hamlet

## Elsewhere

* Eden Valley 216, an Indian reserve in Alberta, Canada
* Eden Valley, South Australia, a town in Australia
** Eden Valley wine region surrounding the town
* Vale of Eden, the valley of the River Eden in Cumbria, England
** Eden Valley Railway, closed railway in the above location
** Eden Valley Railway (heritage railway), heritage railway in the above location
* Eden Valley, New Zealand, a suburb of Auckland
# Strageath Halt railway station

Strageath Halt railway station served the village of Muthill, in the historic county of Perthshire, Scotland, from 1958 to 1964 on the Crieff Junction Railway.

## History

The station was opened on 15 September 1958 by the Scottish Region of British Railways. It was a request stop. It was a short-lived station, only being open for under 6 years before closing on 6 July 1964.
# Kim Seon-dong (politician, born 1963)

Kim Seon-dong (Korean: 김선동, born 9 October 1963) is a South Korean politician who served as the Secretary-General of the United Future Party (UFP; People Power Party since 2 September 2020) from 28 May 2020 until his resignation on 14 October 2020. Prior to this, he was the Member of the National Assembly for Dobong 2nd constituency (2008-2012; 2016-2020).

## Career

Kim entered to politics as the Administrative Secretary of the Office of the President under Kim Young-sam cabinet. He was also an aide to the Grand National Party (GNP) presidential candidate Lee Hoi-chang during the 2002 presidential election.
He was firstly elected to the National Assembly in 2008 election, defeating the United Democratic Party (UDP) candidate Yoo In-tae. However, he lost to Yoo in 2012 election; he could only made a comeback when Yoo was not selected the Democratic candidate prior to 2016 election.
He is a pro-Park Geun-hye figure but not a hardliner. During the 1st term as an MP, he was a member of Minbon 21, a GNP sub-group formed by its 1st term reformist MPs.
In 2019, he unsuccessfully contested for the Liberty Korea Party (LKP) parliamentary leadership. In 2020 election, he contested under the United Future Party (UFP) banner but lost to Oh Ki-hyung, whom he used to defeat 4 years ago. On 28 May, he was appointed the Secretary-General of the UFP, replacing the incumbent Park Wan-soo. He resigned from the position on 14 October.

## Election results
### General elections

| Year | Constituency | Political party | Votes (%) | Remarks |
| 2008 | Dobong 2nd | GNP | 37,228 (52.18%) | Won |
| 2012 | Dobong 2nd | Saenuri | 40,464 (47.19%) | Defeated |
| 2016 | Dobong 2nd | Saenuri | 38,788 (43.72%) | Won |
| 2020 | Dobong 2nd | UFP | 44,554 (45.63%) | Defeated |
# Jean Michel Claude Richard

Jean Michel Claude Richard (16 August 1787 – 1868) was a noted French botanist and plant collector active in Senegal, Madagascar, Mauritius, and Réunion, and a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur.
Richard was born in Volon, Haute-Saône. He was sent to Senegal in 1816 as the colony's gardener-in-chief, but served without obvious distinction until the arrival in 1822 of Baron Jacques-François Roger (1787–1849) who entrusted to Richard the creation of an experimental garden on the left bank of the Sénégal River, near the village of Nghiao, and named it Richard Toll (toll means "garden" in the Wolof language). Richard was responsible for all plants, buildings, and facilities, and under his direction a number of new species were introduced to Senegal, including bananas, manioc, oranges, sugar cane, and coffee. In February 1824 Richard was sent to Cayenne. Directed on 30 July 1824 to keep a diary of his experiences, he developed a catalog of the garden's species, and left Senegal in 1825.
In January 1831 Richard became second director of the Jardin du Roy (now the Jardin de l'État) in the Île Bourbon (now Réunion), succeeding Nicolas Bréon. Under his leadership the garden achieved its golden age. He introduced some 3,000 plant species to the colony, by his reckoning, while studying cryptogams, ferns, and orchids. He also sent lichens from Mauritius to the German specialist Ferdinand Christian Gustav Arnold (1828–1901).
In retrospect, Richard's life has been marred by controversy. In 1841, when the young slave Edmond Albius (1829–1880) discovered the process of hand-pollination of vanilla, Richard claimed to have discovered the technique three or four years earlier. His story created serious doubts about Albius' claims, despite the support for Albius of Féréol Marie Bellier de Beaumont (1759–1831), naturalist Eugène Volcy Focard, and Méziaires of Lepervanche. By the end of the 20th century, Albius was considered the true discoverer.

## Note

Other botanists called Richard are:
* Louis-Claude Marie Richard (1754-1821),
* Achille Richard (1794-1852), his son (A.Rich.)
* Olivier Jules Richard (1836-1896) (O.J.Rich.)
* Claude Richard fl.(C.Rich)
* Joseph Herve Pierre Richard (J.H.P.Rich.)

## Selected works

* Catalogue du jardin de La Réunion, 1 vol. in 8°, 113 pages, 1856.
# List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 328

This is a list of all the United States Supreme Court cases from volume 328 of the United States Reports:
| Case name | Citation | Date decided |
| Swanson v. Marra Brothers, Inc. | 328 U.S. 1 | 1946 |
| Illinois ex rel. Gordon v. United States | 328 U.S. 8 | 1946 |
| El Dorado Oil Works v. United States | 328 U.S. 12 | 1946 |
| Burton-Sutton Oil Company v. Commissioner | 328 U.S. 25 | 1946 |
| Utah Junk Company v. Porter | 328 U.S. 39 | 1946 |
| Collins v. Porter | 328 U.S. 46 | 1946 |
| Thomas Paper Stock Company v. Porter | 328 U.S. 50 | 1946 |
| Girouard v. United States | 328 U.S. 61 | 1946 |
| Queenside Hills Realty Company v. Saxl | 328 U.S. 80 | 1946 |
| Seas Shipping Company v. Sieracki | 328 U.S. 85 | 1946 |
| D.A. Schulte, Inc. v. Gangi | 328 U.S. 108 | 1946 |
| Smith v. Hoboken Railroad Warehouse and Steamship Connecting Company | 328 U.S. 123 | 1946 |
| Thompson v. Texas Mexican Railroad Company | 328 U.S. 134 | 1946 |
| First Iowa Hydro-Electric Cooperative v. FPC | 328 U.S. 152 | 1946 |
| Howitt v. United States | 328 U.S. 189 | 1946 |
| Federal Trade Commission v. A.P.W. Paper Company | 328 U.S. 193 | 1946 |
| Reconstruction Finance Corporation v. Beaver County | 328 U.S. 204 | 1946 |
| Woods v. Nierstheimer | 328 U.S. 211 | 1946 |
| Thiel v. Southern Pacific Company | 328 U.S. 217 | 1946 |
| United States v. Joseph A. Holpuch Company | 328 U.S. 234 | 1946 |
| Porter v. Lee | 328 U.S. 246 | 1946 |
| Porter v. Dicken | 328 U.S. 252 | 1946 |
| United States v. Causby | 328 U.S. 256 | 1946 |
| Fishgold v. Sullivan Drydock and Repair Corporation | 328 U.S. 275 | 1946 |
| SEC v. W.J. Howey Co. | 328 U.S. 293 | 1946 |
| United States v. Lovett | 328 U.S. 303 | 1946 |
| Pennekamp v. Florida | 328 U.S. 331 | 1946 |
| Morgan v. Virginia | 328 U.S. 373 | 1946 |
| Porter v. Warner Holding Company | 328 U.S. 395 | 1946 |
| Prudential Insurance Company v. Benjamin | 328 U.S. 408 | 1946 |
| Robertson v. California | 328 U.S. 440 | 1946 |
| Fisher v. United States | 328 U.S. 463 | 1946 |
| Reconstruction Finance Corporation v. Denver and R.G.W. Railroad Company | 328 U.S. 495 | 1946 |
| Colegrove v. Green | 328 U.S. 549 | 1946 |
| Universal Oil Products Company. v. Root Refining Company | 328 U.S. 575 | 1946 |
| Davis v. United States (1946) | 328 U.S. 582 | 1946 |
| Zap v. United States | 328 U.S. 624 | 1946 |
| Bihn v. United States | 328 U.S. 633 | 1946 |
| Pinkerton v. United States | 328 U.S. 640 | 1946 |
| Knauer v. United States | 328 U.S. 654 | 1946 |
| Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. | 328 U.S. 680 | 1946 |
| United States v. Anderson | 328 U.S. 699 | 1946 |
| Hust v. Moore-McCormack Lines, Inc. | 328 U.S. 707 | 1946 |
| Kotteakos v. United States | 328 U.S. 750 | 1946 |
| American Tobacco Company v. United States | 328 U.S. 781 | 1946 |
# KRI Memet Sastrawiria (380)

KRI Memet Sastrawiria (380) was a Kapitan Patimura-class corvette operated by the Indonesian Navy. Before her service in Indonesia, the ship was part of the East German Volksmarine, as Bützow (244).

## Specifications

The Parchim-class corvette was developed for the East German Navy in the late 1970s, and built by the Wolgast Peene-Werft. The ships were designed for coastal anti-submarine warfare. In case of an all-out NATO-Warsaw Pact war in Europe their prime targets would have been the small U-206 coastal submarines of the West German navy. The first ship, Wismar (now the Indonesian KRI Sutanto), was launched on 9 April 1981 in Rostock, and subsequently another 15 ships were built until 1986. To make production more economical, the Soviet Union agreed to purchase another 12 ships from Wolgaster Peenewerft built between 1986 and 1990, thereby effectively subsidising the East German shipbuilding industry.
The ships of the Soviet Navy were named Parchim II by NATO. Though useful as a coastal ASW platform, the Soviet production of the similar but far more powerful Grisha class made this purchase even more illogical for the Soviet Navy. After German re-unification the former East German ships were sold to the TNI-AL (Indonesian Navy) in 1993. The Indonesian Navy extensively refurbished their Parchims, to the point where the refurbishing exceeded the cost of purchase. They are still in service, both in the Indonesian Navy and in the Russian Baltic Fleet.
Indonesian Parchims have completed a major refit to fulfill Indonesian Navy needs. The one twin 57 mm gun AK-725 and one twin 30 mm gun AK-230 were retained except for KRI Sultan Thaha Syaifuddin where the 30mm AK-230 replaced by Chinese made Type 730 CIWS. The RBU-6000 also retained as a major armament. Two SA-N-5 SAM removed and replaced by two Vektor G12 20mm gun. Four 400mm Russian-made torpedo launcher was out of service because there is no Russian made torpedo in Indonesian Navy inventory so this Russian made torpedo launcher replaced by two western made triple torpedo launcher but only for two ships.

## Service history

Bützow was launched by Peene-Werft, Wolgast and commissioned on 30 December 1981. Following the end of the Cold War and the reunification of Germany, Bützow was sold to the Indonesian Navy in 1995, alongside 15 other Kapitan Patimura-class corvettes and 23 other vessels in a US$12.7 million deal. She was renamed Memet Sastrawiria and was commissioned on 2 June 1995, following modifications.
On 18 August 2008, While conducting a routine patrol around Lampung waters, KRI Memet Sastrawiria caught fire at a position 3 miles before Labuhan Siging. 44 personnel and Marine Commander Major (F) Gema Eka Putra graduated from the Naval Academy in 1995, who were on board at the time of the incident were not injured in this incident. Because the damage was so severe, KRI Memet Sastrawiria was then decommissioned and scuttled.
# Formula Lites

The Formula Lites series was a single-seater formula racing class launched for 2015. The series was sanctioned by SCCA Pro Racing.

## History

The High Performance Group and Crawford Composites announced the creation of the Formula Lites Series in 2014. Dane Cameron debuted the car at Virginia International Raceway during the 2014 Ultimate Track Car Challenge.
The first race of the Formula Lites Series was run at the Thompson Speedway Road Course. Driver Nick Neri won the inaugural event.
The series saw only six entries at every race during its initial season. The 2016 schedule was announced but no races occurred, ending the series.

## Car

The drivers all used the spec car, the Crawford FL-15, designed and constructed by Crawford Composites. The Crawford FL15 has a carbon fiber monocoque chassis built according to FIA F3 technical regulations. The car is powered by a 2.4 L Honda powerplant. The 2.4 L Honda K24 engine will be built by Honda Performance Development. The racing class was announced with the unveiling of the car at the North American Motorsports Expo.

## Champions

| Year | Champion |
| 2015 | Vinicius Papareli |
# Daiki Nakamura

Daiki Nakamura may refer to:
* Daiki Nakamura (actor) (born 1962)
* Hokutofuji Daiki (sumo wrestler, born 1992 as Daiki Nakamura)
* Ōnosato Daiki (sumo wrestler born 2000 as Daiki Nakamura)
# Eupithecia analoga

Eupithecia analoga is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species can be found from western Europe to the Ural and Siberia. In the north, the range extends north of the polar circle. South, it is found up to the Alps.
The wingspan is 17–21 mm. There is one generation per year with adults on wing from the beginning of May to mid July.

## Subspecies

* Eupithecia analoga analoga
* Eupithecia analoga nageli (Skala, 1929)
# Fiat 505

The Fiat 505 is a passenger car produced by Fiat between 1919 and 1925. The 505 was based on the same basic design as the four cylinder Fiat 501, but with a larger engine and bigger exterior dimensions. With a 2296 cc (30 hp) engine, the car could reach a top speed of 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph).
30,000 examples of the Fiat 505 were produced.
# List of storms named Ondoy

The name Ondoy was assigned by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) to three tropical cyclones in the Western Pacific Ocean. The name was retired from future use in the Philippine Area of Responsibility following the 2009 Pacific typhoon season, and replaced with "Odette" beginning in 2013.
* Tropical Storm Ondoy (2001) (28W) – a weak storm that completed a loop to the east of Samar Island before moving further out to sea.
* Tropical Storm Tembin (2005) (T0522, 23W, Ondoy) – made landfall in the northern Philippines.
* Typhoon Ketsana (2009) (T0916, 17W, Ondoy) – made landfall in the Philippines and causing massive flooding in Metro Manila and other nearby provinces.
# General Maxwell

General Maxwell may refer to:
* Charles William Maxwell (1775–1848), British Army lieutenant general
* David W. Maxwell (fl. 1980s–2020s), U.S. Marine Corps major general
* Francis Aylmer Maxwell (1871–1917), British Army brigadier general
* John Maxwell (British Army officer) (1859–1929), British Army general
* Russell Maxwell (1890–1968), U.S. Army major general
* Thomas Maxwell (Jacobite) (d. 1693), Scottish-born French Army major general
* William Maxwell (Continental Army general) (1733–1796), Ulster-born Continental Army brigadier general
# Lobsang Spire

Lobsang Spire is a mountain in the Karakoram Range of the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. It rises above the Baltoro Glacier near Broad Peak.

## First ascent

Lobsang Spire was first climbed on 13 June 1983 by an expedition led by Doug Scott, with Greg Child and Peter Thexton, via the South Pillar and in alpine style. They climbed from 10–13 June in one of the first routes to employ big wall aid climbing techniques, including portaledges, in the Karakoram. A previous attempt by other expedition members Alan Rouse and Andy Parkin via the West ridge failed near the summit.
# Formula Masters China

Formula Masters China, FMCS (Chinese: 青年冠军方程式系列赛) (previously known as Formula Pilota China), was a single-seater racing series based in Asia. The series was created in 2011 after the success of the Formula Abarth championship that was created a year before.

## Event schedule

Each event in the championship is normally run to a three-day schedule. It comprises two free practice sessions on the first day, one qualifying session and 45–55 km or 25-minute race on the second day, and a 45–55 km or 25-minute race on the third day. The grid for the second race is determined by the fastest lap in the first race; if drivers set equal times, priority will be given to driver who set the time first.

## Circuits

Events have been held predominantly on Chinese circuits at Guangdong, Ordos International Circuit, Shanghai, and Shanghai Tianma, as well as Sepang and Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia.

## Formula Pilota China Cars

All the teams in Formula Pilota China use the same Tatuus FA010 chassis and a 1.4 litre FPT engine.
Specifications:
* Chassis: Tatuus FA010 Carbon composite monocoque FIA F3-2010 safety homologated
* Dimension: 2650mm x 1490mm x 1455mm
* Weight: 525 kg
* Engine: FPT 414TF
* Displacement: 1.400cc
* Power output: 180 hp
* Fuel: Premier, FIA FT3 fuel cell ethanol compatible
* Gearbox: Sadev sequential six-speed gearbox — LSD differential.
* Front Suspension: Double wishbone with pushrods
* Rear Suspension: Double wishbone with pushrods
* Shock Absorbers: ORA
* Brake Disc: AP cast iron ventilated discs, 278mm x 16mm.
* Wheel Rims: ATS, Front 9x13", Rear 10,5x13"centre-bolt aluminium.
* Tyres: GitiCompete GTR1 racing slicks and wet weather tyres
* Fuel Tank: 45 litres

## Points

After each race the points will be awarded to eligible drivers listed as classified finishers as follows:

### 2011

Points :
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th |
| 20 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
Points are awarded after the completion of any Judicial or Technical procedures and after the Stewards have declared the results final. Only the best eleven race results are retained, any other points being discarded.

### 2012–2014

| Position | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th | PP |
| Race 1&3 | 20 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Race 2 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

## Results

| Season | Champion | Second | Third | Secondary Class Champion | Team Champion |
| 2011 | Mathéo Tuscher | Luís Sá Silva | Dustin Sofyan | A: Dustin Sofyan | not awarded |
| 2012 | Antonio Giovinazzi | Dan Wells | Parth Ghorpade | A: Parth Ghorpade | Eurasia Motorsport |
| 2013 | Aidan Wright | Afiq Yazid | Akash Nandy | C: Pu Jun Jin | Meritus GP |
| 2014 | James Munro | Matt Solomon | Dan Wells | not awarded | Cebu Pacific Air by KCMG |
| 2015 | Martin Rump | Jake Parsons | Nick Rowe | not awarded | Cebu Pacific Air by KCMG |
| 2016 | Philip Hamprecht | Aidan Read | Zheng Shangguan | M: Takashi Hata C: Zheng Shangguan | Absolute Racing |
| 2017 | Taylor Cockerton | Daniel Lu | Danial Frost | not awarded | not awarded |
# Daiki Niwa

Daiki Niwa may refer to:
* Daiki Niwa (D.N.Angel), a character in the manga series D.N.Angel
* Daiki Niwa (footballer) (born 1986), Japanese footballer
# List of valleys of Arizona

This is a list of valleys of Arizona. Valleys are ordered alphabetically, by county.

## Apache County

B
* Bat Canyon
* Beautiful Valley
C
* Chinle Valley, Chinle, Arizona
M
* Monument Valley
R
* Red Rock Valley
W
* Windy Valley (Arizona)

## Cochise County

C
* Cienega Valley (Arizona)
S
* San Bernardino Valley
* San Pedro Valley (Arizona), San Pedro River (Arizona)
* San Simon Valley
* Sulphur Springs Valley

## Coconino County

A
* Aubrey Valley
C
* Chino Valley (Arizona)
L

## Gila County

S
* Salt River Valley

## Graham County

A
* Aravaipa Valley, Aravaipa Creek
G
* Gila River Valley
* Gila Valley (Graham County)
W
* Whitlock Valley, Whitlock Mountains

## Navajo County

K
* Kletha Valley
M
* Monument Valley

## Pinal County

F
* Falcon Valley
G
* Gila River Valley

## Santa Cruz County

C
* Cienega Valley (Arizona)
G
* Gringo Gulch
S
* San Rafael Valley

## Valleys in the Gila River Valley corridor

* Gila Valley (Graham County)
* Pleasant Valley (Arizona)
* Rainbow Valley (Arizona)
* Citrus Valley
* Dendora Valley
* Hyder Valley
* Park Valley (Arizona)
* San Cristobal Valley
* Mohawk Valley (Arizona)
* Dome Valley
* Gila Valley (Yuma County)

## Valleys in the Lower Colorado River Valley corridor, Arizona

* Sacramento Valley (Arizona)
* Mohave Valley
* Parker Valley
* Palo Verde Valley
* Gila Valley (Yuma County)
* Yuma Valley, (also in Baja California(state), Mexico?)

### California

* Mohave Valley
* Chemehuevi Valley, Chemehuevi Wash
* Vidal Valley
* Parker Valley
* Palo Verde Valley
# Eugenio Gignous

Eugenio Gignous (4 August 1850 – 30 August 1906) was an Italian painter born in Milan, which when he was born was part of the Austrian Empire.

## Biography

The son of a silk merchant from Lyon, Gignous displayed a precocious talent for painting and enrolled at the Brera Academy of Fine Arts in 1864, attending the courses on landscape taught by Luigi Riccardi and then Gaetano Fasanotti. He came into contact with the Milanese Scapigliatura movement when still very young and formed a close friendship with Tranquillo Cremona. He began to focus exclusively on landscape in the 1870s, experimenting with painting en plein air and producing views of the Lombard and Piedmontese countryside that he showed at all the major national exhibitions. The late 1870s saw a more naturalistic approach to landscape painting under the influence of Francesco Filippini and Filippo Carcano, with whom Gignous went to paint on Lake Maggiore in 1879, thus inaugurating a thematic repertoire devoted primarily to views of the Verbano, Mottarone and Val d’Ossola. Some biographical notes written by the artist’s wife Matilde would appear to bear out the hypothesis of a trip to Paris in the company of Carcano in 1878 and attest to friendship with Vincenzo Vela, who was apparently his host on numerous occasions in Ligornetto. A recognised leader of the Lombard school of painting, he lived in Stresa (Verbania) and on the coast of Liguria from 1887 to 1906, with long stays in Venice. He died in 1906 in Stresa. The Venice Biennale held a retrospective exhibition of his work in 1907.