OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gerald Markowitz

Gerald Markowitz (born July 12, 1944) is an American historian, currently a Distinguished Professor at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York (CUNY) and also a published author.
After graduating in 1965 with a B.A. from Earlham College, Markowitz matriculated as a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. There he graduated in 1967 with an M.A. and in 1971 with a Ph.D. At CUNY's John Jay College of Criminal Justice, he has been a professor of history from 1970 to the present and since 2004 a distinguished professor of history. He chaired John Jay College's Interdepartment of Thematic Studies in 1985–1987, 1989-1992, and 1995-1999. At Columbia University's Mailman School of Public Health, he has held an adjunct professorship in sociomedical science from 2002 to the present.

## Selected publications

* Park, Marlene; Markowitz, Gerald E. (1977). New Deal for Art: The Government Art Projects of the 1930s With Examples from New York City and State. The Gallery Association of New York State. ISBN 0934483000. LCCN 76053159.
* Park, Marlene; Markowitz, Gerald E. (1984). Democratic Vistas: Post Offices and Public Art in the New Deal. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-0-87722-348-1.
* Rosner, David; Markowitz, Gerald E., eds. (1987). Dying for Work: Workers' Safety and Health in Twentieth-century America. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-31825-4. LCCN 86010260.
* Rosner, David; Markowitz, Gerald (1994). Deadly Dust: Silicosis and the Politics of Occupational Disease in Twentieth-Century America. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-03771-4; 1st edition 1991{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
* Markowitz, Gerald; Rosner, David (16 December 2013). Children, Race, and Power: Kenneth and Mamie Clark's Northside Center. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-69285-7; 1st edition 2000{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
* Markowitz, Gerald; Rosner, David (10 October 2002). Deceit and Denial: The Deadly Politics of Industrial Pollution. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21749-2.
** 2013 edition. ISBN 978-0-520-27582-9.
* Rosner, David; Markowitz, Gerald (11 September 2006). Are We Ready?: Public Health since 9/11. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-94047-5.
* Markowitz, Gerald; Rosner, David (30 April 2013). Lead Wars: The Politics of Science and the Fate of America's Children. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-95495-3.
# Polly of the Circus (1907 play)

Polly of the Circus was a 1907 Broadway play by Margaret Mayo which starred Mabel Taliaferro and was produced by Taliaferro's husband, Frederic Thompson. A circus girl/minister love story known for its drama and its spectacle staging, the cast also included Edith Taliaferro, Herbert Ayling, Joseph Brennan, Mattie Ferguson, John Findlay, Guy Nichols, Ida St. Leon and Malcolm Williams.

## Plot

Polly, a star bareback rider in a circus, is injured during a performance. The circus leaves town and she is left behind to convalescence at a local minister's house. During her 11-month stay they fall in love but the disapproval of the town folk causes Polly to rejoin the circus. A month later the circus comes back to town and the minister goes to it in search of Polly. This third act of the play recreates an actual circus on stage, complete with animals, during which the lovers reunite. The final star lit tableau scene has the lovers together watching lights of the circus wagons as they disappear over the hills.

## Settings

Action takes place in a small mid-western town.

### Act I

* Scene 1: The minister's study at night
* Scene 2: A bedroom above the study the next morning

### Act II

* Rear garden of parsonage eleven months later

### Act II

* Scene 1: Behind the scenes at the circus tent.
* Scene 2: During the circus
* Scene 3: At night in an empty circus lot

## Production

Margaret Mayo wrote Polly of the Circus as a novel and adapted it into three act play (her first) for the stage. It was brought to the stage by amusement entrepreneur and showman Frederic Thompson, who previously had been the creator of many world's fair attractions as well as Coney Island's Luna Park and the New York Hippodrome. Thompson had married stage actress Mabel Taliaferro the previous year and produced Polly of the Circus as star vehicle for her. The sets and elaborate spectacles seen on stage were designed by Thompson and built at his Luna Park workshops.

## In performance

The play opened in New York on December 23, 1907, at the Liberty Theatre at 242 West 42nd Street and was a success, running for 160 performances until May 1908. After that it went on the road and was duplicated into several productions. During its run "Polly" was not only played by Mabel Taliaferro, but also by her sister Edith Taliaferro, and by Fay Wallace.

## Film adaptations

In 1917 silent film version of Polly of the Circus was produced by Samuel Goldwyn starring Mae Marsh. Marion Davies and Clark Gable starred in a 1932 version of Polly of the Circus directed by Alfred Santell for MGM.
# Kjell H. Halvorsen

Kjell H. Halvorsen (4 May 1946 – 18 March 2006) was a Norwegian diplomat.
He graduated from the University of Oslo with a mag.art. degree (PhD equivalent) in political science in 1976, and worked at the University of Oslo from 1977 to 1983 before being hired in the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation in 1983 and the Ministry of Development Cooperation in 1984. He was promoted to assistant secretary, then sub-director, then deputy under-secretary of state in 1991, two years after the Ministry of Development Cooperation was incorporated into the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 1999 to 2003 he served as Norway's ambassador to Iceland. From 2003 to his death he served as leader of the Nordic Secretariat in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 2000 he was decorated as a Commander of the Royal Norwegian Order of Merit. He was married and had one daughter, and died in March 2006 in Oslo.
# Dichlorotetrakis(pyridine)rhodium(III) chloride

Dichlorotetrakis(pyridine)rhodium(III) chloride is the chloride salt of the coordination complex with the formula [RhCl$_2$(pyridine)$_4$]$^+$. Various hydrates are known, but all are yellow solids. The tetrahydrate initially crystallizes from water. The tetrahydrate converts to the monohydrate upon vacuum drying at 100 °C.
The hydrates of [RhCl$_2$(pyridine)$_4$]Cl are prepared by heating rhodium trichloride with an excess of pyridine in the presence of a catalytic amount of a reductant.

## Related complexes

The molecular complex RhCl$_3$(pyridine)$_3$ is an intermediate in the synthesis of [RhCl$_2$(pyridine)$_4$]Cl.
# Heartbeats and Triggers

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Heartbeats And Triggers is the debut album by American rock band Translator. It was released in 1982 on 415 Records and was distributed by Columbia Records. It contains the hit single, "Everywhere That I'm Not". Some LP copies of this album made use of the short-lived CX noise reduction system which was introduced by Columbia Records.
In 2007 the album was re-issued on CD by Wounded Bird Records. The three other albums Translator released between 1982 and 1986 were also re-issued at the same time.

## Track listing

* "Everywhere That I'm Not" (Steven Barton) 4:03
* "Necessary Spinning" (Barton) 3:41
* "Everything You See" (Robert Darlington) 3:35
* "When I Am With You" (Barton) 3:06
* "Nothing Is Saving Me" (Barton, Darlington, Larry Dekker, David Scheff) 5:16
* "Sleeping Snakes" (Barton) 3:37
* "Favorite Drug" (Barton, Darlington, Dekker, Scheff) 3:32
* "Everywhere" (Darlington) 3:19
* "Dark Region" (Barton, Darlington, Dekker, Scheff) 2:31
* "My Heart, Your Heart" (Barton) 3:43

### 2007 CD Bonus tracks

* "Everywhere That I'm Not" (Single Version)
* "Current Events" (Single Version)
* "When I Am With You" (Extended Single Version)
# Crow instability

In aerodynamics, the Crow instability, or V.C.I. vortex crow instability, is an inviscid line-vortex instability, named after its discoverer S. C. Crow. The effect of the Crow instability can often be observed in the skies behind large aircraft, when the wingtip vortices interact with contrails from the engines, producing visible distortions in the shape of the contrail.

## Instability development

The Crow instability is a vortex pair instability, and typically goes through several stages:
* A pair of counter rotating vortices act upon each other to amplify small sinusoidal distortions in their vortex shapes (normally created by some initial disturbance in the system).
* The waves develop into either symmetric or anti-symmetric modes, depending on the nature of the initial disturbance.
* These distortions grow, both through interaction from one vortex on another, and also 'Self Induction' of a vortex with itself. This leads to an exponential growth in the vortex wave amplitude.
* The vortex amplitudes reach a critical value and reconnect, forming a chain of vortex rings.

## Aviation vortices

The wings of airplanes in flight produce at least one pair of trailing vortices. These vortices are a major source of wake turbulence as they persist for a significant period of time after the airplane has passed. If the decay of trailing vortices were due solely to viscous effects in the core of each vortex, decay would be so slow that they would persist for hundreds of miles behind the airplane. In fact, these vortices only persist for tens of miles. The additional cause of the collapse of these vortices is large-scale instabilities such as Crow instability.
# Edwin Carter

Edwin Carter was a naturalist, born in upstate New York around 1830. Carter lived in the Breckenridge, Colorado area from 1860 to 1900. He originally was a placer miner and was fairly successful, but when he observed the destruction of the environment caused by hydraulic mining, he decided to collect animal and bird specimens for display before they were all gone. In 1875, he built a log cabin museum with a 12-foot-high ceiling to house his collection of over 3,000 specimens.
Edwin was somewhat of an enigma as he never married or had any descendants and only 5 photos of him were found, one being his closed casket. Virtually no correspondence, news articles, or diaries exist to give us much insight into what made him decide to be a naturalist instead of a miner.
His Masonic connections were notable as he was honored as a first private citizen of Colorado and first lay in state at the state capitol in Denver and again in Breckenridge, both events orchestrated by his fellow Free Masons. Most of the United States' earlier Presidents, scientists and leading citizens were active in the Masonic organization in those days.

## Legacy

The Denver Museum of Nature and Science owes its original start to his collection which was purchased after his death in 1900. The original log cabin is still in excellent shape after 125+ years. As part of Breckenridge's 150th celebration it has been recently (2009) renovated and modernized by Exhibit Design Associates for the Breckenridge Heritage Alliance and includes some original examples of his taxidermy work. In addition it has numerous interactive learning exhibits and a small LCD theater room with a short film on his life history. This creative film was an official selection of the 2009 Breckenridge Festival of Film.
# Joseph Zhang Weizhu

Joseph Zhang Weizhu (Chinese: 张维柱; born 1967) is a Chinese Catholic priest and Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Xinxiang from 1992.

## Biography

Zhang was ordained a priest in 1985.
In February 1998 he was appointed Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Xinxiang by the Pope.
On May 21, 2021, Bishop Zhang Weizhu was arrested; the day before, seven priests and ten seminarians had been arrested.
On May 20, 2021 in the early afternoon, about 100 policemen from Hebei province - from Cangzhou, Hejian and Shaheqiao - surrounded the building that is used as a diocesan seminary in Shaheqiao, Hebei. Indeed, Xinxiang used as a seminary a small factory owned by a Hebei Catholic. The police entered the building and detained four priests, seminary professors, and three other priests who carry out pastoral work. Together with them they arrested 10 seminarians who were attending class at the factory.
Following the directives of the New Regulation on religious activities, the factory was closed and the director of the company was arrested.
Xinxiang Apostolic Prefecture is not recognized by the Chinese government. For this reason, all the activities of priests, seminarians and faithful are considered "illegal" and "criminal."
After the raid, the police seized all the personal effects of the priests and seminarians.
Given the huge deployment of police forces, the raid is believed to have been planned for a long time. The civil authorities believe that there are more seminarians who managed to escape and are looking for them in the area.
Public safety and police go house to house to find them. If they discover that there are signs related to the Catholic faith (crosses, statues, sacred images, photographs of the Pope, etc.), they kidnap and destroy the objects and fine the owners.
According to many observers, since the interim agreement between China and the Holy See was signed, the persecution against Catholics, especially the unofficial ones, has increased. The Agreement only refers to the appointment of new bishops, but the premise of it was that the rest of the Church's situation would remain on hold until the problems could be addressed through dialogue between the two parties. On the contrary, the police forces have placed bishops under house arrest, imposed very high fines on the faithful, expelled parish priests from churches and arrested priests and seminarians. Many faithful consider that "the Agreement has been betrayed".
Archbishop Joseph Zhang Weizhu, 63, was ordained a bishop in 1991 and was imprisoned several times. The Xinxiang Apostolic Prefecture has 100,000 faithful.
# Ficus mathewsii

Ficus mathewsii is a species of plant in the family Moraceae. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, and Venezuela.
# German invasion

German invasion may refer to:

## Pre-1900s

* German invasion of Hungary (1063)

## World War I

* German invasion of Belgium (1914)
* German invasion of Luxembourg (1914)

## World War II

* Invasion of Poland
* German invasion of Belgium (1940)
* German invasion of Luxembourg
* German invasion of France (1940)
* German invasion of the Netherlands
* Operation Weserübung, Nazi Germany's invasion of Denmark and Norway
** German invasion of Denmark (1940)
* German invasion of Greece
** Battle of Crete, the invasion of Crete by German and Italian forces
* Invasion of Yugoslavia
* Operation Barbarossa, Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union
# Cool store

A cool store or cold store is a large refrigerated room or building designed for storage of goods in an environment below the outdoor temperature. Products needing refrigeration include fruit, vegetables, seafood and meat. Cold stores are often located near shipping ports used for import/export of produce. Cool stores have been an essential part of the shipping industry since the late 19th century. Christian Salvesen expanded from a small Scottish whaling company when they established a cold store in Grimsby, then a major fishing port. Nine Elms Cold Store, constructed in 1965, could hold 16,000 tons of meat, cheese and butter. It closed in 1979 and was used by squatters and various illegal activities before being demolished towards the end of the century.
The stores themselves vary in size. A thirty hectares (74 acres) cold store with 200,000 tonne capacity was planned for Wuhan, China.

## Warehouse

A cool warehouse or cold storage warehouse is a warehouse where perishable goods are stored and refrigerated. Products stored can be, amongst other things, food, especially meat, other agricultural products, pharmaceutical drugs, other chemicals and blood.
# Far Eastern myotis

The Far Eastern myotis or bombinus bat (Myotis bombinus) is a species of mouse-eared bat found in East Asia. It is widespread but uncommon across the Korean Peninsula, and spends the winter hibernating in caves.
# Haydon Hare

Haydon William Hare FRCO (2 July 1869 – 22 April 1944) was a composer and organist based in Great Yarmouth.

## Life

He was born in Stamford, Lincolnshire, the first child of Thomas and Mary Ann Hare. He was educated at King's School, Peterborough, and was a chorister at the Peterborough Cathedral. He was an articled pupil to Dr. Haydn Keeton.
Haydon Hare was chorus master of the Norwich Musical Festival from 1908 to 1930 and conductor of the Yarmouth Musical Society from 1895 to 1939.
He was the organist in an early Henry Wood Promenade concert, when on 16 September 1909 he performed the Alexandre Guilmant Symphony Number 1 with the New Queen's Hall Orchestra under Henry Wood.
He married Amy Elizabeth Humphreys in August 1898 in St Mary's Church, Wainfleet, Lincolnshire. He died on 22 April 1944 in Great Yarmouth, and his wife died in 1964 - also in Great Yarmouth.

## Appointments

* Organist at Ryhall Church, Rutland, 1883–1885
* Organist at All Saints' Church, Stamford, 1885–1893
* Organist at Bourne Abbey church, 1893–1895
* Organist at St Nicholas' Church, Great Yarmouth, 1895–1944

## Compositions

He was a composer of:
* part songs
* a cantata, O God our help
Cultural offices :
| Preceded byHenry Stonex | Organist of St Nicholas Church, Great Yarmouth 1895–1944 | Succeeded byRichard Humphrey |
# Spinal epidural hematoma

Spinal extradural haematoma or spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) is bleeding into the epidural space in the spine. These may arise spontaneously (e.g. during childbirth), or as a rare complication of epidural anaesthesia or of surgery (such as laminectomy). Symptoms usually include back pain which radiates to the arms or the legs. They may cause pressure on the spinal cord or cauda equina, which may present as pain, muscle weakness, or dysfunction of the bladder and bowel.

## Pathophysiology

The anatomy of the epidural space is such that spinal epidural hematoma has a different presentation from intracranial epidural hematoma. In the spine, the epidural space contains loose fatty tissue and a network of large, thin-walled veins, referred to as the epidural venous plexus. The source of bleeding in spinal epidural hematoma is likely to be this venous plexus.

## Diagnosis

The best way to confirm the diagnosis is MRI. Risk factors include anatomical abnormalities and bleeding disorders.

## Treatment

Treatment is generally with emergency surgery. The risk following epidural anaesthesia is difficult to quantify; estimates vary from 1 per 10,000 to 1 per 100,000 epidural anaesthetics.
# Heartbeat star

Heartbeat stars are pulsating variable binary star systems in eccentric orbits with vibrations caused by tidal forces. The name "heartbeat" comes from the similarity of the light curve of the star with what a heartbeat looks like through an electrocardiogram if their brightness was mapped over time. Many heartbeat stars have been discovered with the Kepler Space Telescope.

## Orbital information

Heartbeat stars are binary star systems where each star travels in a highly elliptical orbit around the common mass center, and the distance between the two stars varies drastically as they orbit each other. Heartbeat stars can get as close as a few stellar radii to each other and as far as 100 times that distance during one orbit. As the star with the more elliptical orbit swings closer to its companion, gravity will stretch the star into a non-spherical shape, changing its apparent light output. At their closest point in orbit, the tidal forces cause the shape of the heartbeat stars to fluctuate rapidly. When the stars reach the point of their closest encounter, the mutual gravitational pull between the two stars will cause them to become slightly ellipsoidal in shape, which is one of the reasons for their observed brightness being so variable.

## Discoveries

Heartbeat stars were studied for the first time on the basis of OGLE project observations. The Kepler Space Telescope with its long monitoring of the brightness of hundreds of thousands of stars enabled the discovery of many heartbeat stars. One of the first binary systems discovered to show the elliptical orbits, KOI-54, has been shown to increase in brightness every 41.8 days. A subsequent study in 2012 characterized 17 additional objects from the Kepler data and united them as a class of binary stars.
A study which measured the rotation rate of star spots on the surface of heartbeat stars showed that most heartbeat stars rotate slower than expected. A study which measured the orbits of 19 heartbeat star systems, found that surveyed heartbeat stars tend to be both bigger and hotter than the Sun.
The star HD 74423, discovered using NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, was found to be unusually teardrop-shaped, which causes the star to pulsate only on one side, the first known heartbeat star to do so.
# Alaska 1741–1953

Alaska 1741–1953 is a book written by Clarence C. Hulley, published in 1953.
The book received reviews from Pacific Historical Review, The American Historical Review, Foreign Affairs, British Columbia Historical Quarterly, and The New York Times.
# Good to Go

Good to Go may refer to:

## Film and TV

* Good to Go (film), a 1986 film directed by Blaine Novak and starring Art Garfunkel and Robert DoQui
* Good to Go (Srečen za umret), 2012 film with Evgen Car

## Music

* Good to Go (7 Seconds album), a 1999 album by 7 Seconds
* Good to Go (Terrorvision album), a 2001 album by Terrorvision
* Good to Go (soundtrack), a soundtrack album to the film Good to Go
* Good to Go, an EP by Jimmy Eat World
* "Good to Go", a song by Elliott Smith from his 1995 album Elliott Smith
* "Good to Go", a track from the 1995 Steve Morse Band album Structural Damage
* "Good to Go", a track by Hammer from his 1991 album Too Legit to Quit

## Other

* Good to Go (toll collection system), the toll collection system used by the Washington State Department of Transportation
# Lechmere (disambiguation)

Lechmere was a Massachusetts-based retail company.
Lechmere may also refer to:

## People

* Lechmere (surname)
* Lechmere, a fictional character in Benjamin Britten's 1971 opera Owen Wingrave, and in the short story by Henry James on which it was based

## In and around East Cambridge, Massachusetts

* Lechmere Canal, connecting to the Charles River
* Lechmere Point Corporation Houses, listed on the National Register of Historic Places
* Lechmere Square, at the intersection of Cambridge Street and First Street
* Lechmere station, a stop on the Green Line of the Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority
* Lechmere Viaduct, connecting to the West End neighborhood of Boston
* Lechmere Warehouse station, a former railroad stop in Woburn, Massachusetts

## Other

* Lechmere baronets, a title in the United Kingdom, established in 1818
* Lechmere, Inc. v. NLRB, a 1992 case heard by the Supreme Court of the United States