OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William Praed

William Praed (24 June 1747 – 9 October 1833) was an English businessman, banker, and politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1774 to 1808.
He is not to be confused with his first cousin of the same name, William Mackworth Praed, serjeant-at-law (1756–1835) and revising barrister for Bath who was the father of Winthrop Mackworth Praed.

## Early life and family

He was the oldest son of Humphrey Mackworth Praed (c. 1718–1803) of the manor of Trevethoe, near St Ives in Cornwall. His father was a Member of Parliament for St Ives and then for Cornwall. His mother Mary was a daughter of William Forester, the MP for Wenlock. He was educated at Eton College and at Magdalen College, Oxford.
In 1778, he married Elizabeth Tyringham, daughter of the banker and MP Barnaby Backwell, of Tyringham in Buckinghamshire. They had ten children.

## Career

A partner in his family's banks in Cornwall, Praed also founded Praed's & Co in Fleet Street, London.
His family mostly controlled the borough of St Ives, which elected him to the House of Commons at the 1774 general election. An election petition was lodged alleging various forms of corruption, and Praed's election was declared void. He won the resulting by-election, and thereafter spent enough money to secure control of the borough until 1802, when he sold one of the seats.
Having already built a new country seat at Tyringham Hall in Buckinghamshire, he sold Trevethoe manor, and his interest in Cornwall waned. In 1806 he sold the second seat, and secured election at Banbury, where his money had won over the corporation. That election was voided on petition, and Praed lost the resulting by-election; he never returned to Parliament.
Praed's business interests were a higher priority than parliamentary affairs, and he was particularly focused on the Grand Junction Canal, of which he was chairman. He steered through Parliament the bill which authorised its construction, and Praed Street in Paddington (near the canal's Paddington Basin) is named after him.

## Death

He died in October 1833 and was buried in Tyringham Church with a monument carved by William Behnes.
# Explorer 24

Explorer 24 (also called AD-B, Air Density experiment-B and S-56C) was a NASA satellite designed for atmospheric studies. Explorer 24 was launched on 21 November 1964 from Vandenberg Air Force Base, Lompoc, California, with a Scout X-4. Explorer 24 was launched along with its successor satellite, Explorer 25.

## Spacecraft

Explorer 24 was placed in orbit together with Explorer 25 from a single launch vehicle. Explorer 24 was identical in configuration to the previously launched balloon satellites Explorer 9 and Explorer 19. The spacecraft was 3.6 m (12 ft) in diameter, was built of alternating layers of aluminum foil and plastic film, and was covered uniformly with 5.1 cm (2.0 in) white dots for thermal control. It was designed to yield atmospheric density near perigee as a function of space and time from sequential observations of the sphere's position in orbit. To facilitate ground tracking, the satellite carried a 136-MHz tracking beacon.

## Experiments
### Nonsystematic Changes of Air Density

This experiment was designed to determine nonsystematic changes of the density of the upper atmosphere from studies of the drag on a 3.6 m (12 ft) diameter low-density sphere caused by short-term differences in solar activity. Density values near perigee were deduced from sequential observations of the spacecraft position, using optical (Baker-Nunn camera network) and radio and/or radar tracking techniques. This experiment resulted in the successful determination of reasonable density values until spacecraft re-entry.

### Systematic Changes of Air Density

This experiment was designed to determine systematic changes of air density as a function of altitude, latitude, and time of day, by measuring the drag on a 3.6 m (12 ft) diameter low-density sphere with ground tracking.

## Results

Explorer 24 helped determine the variation in density between the day and night of the Earth and gave rise to studies on the zone winds in the exosphere, at an altitude of between 450 km (280 mi) and 620 km (390 mi).
The satellite reentered the Earth's atmosphere on 18 October 1968.
# Fomitopsis supina

Fomitopsis supina is a species of fungus in the family Fomitopsidaceae. It is a plant pathogen that affects avocados.
# Harold Johnston

Harold Johnston may refer to:
* Harold Johnston (footballer) (1895–1978), Australian rules footballer
* Harold Whetstone Johnston (1859–1912), American historian known for his writings on ancient Rome
* Harold I. Johnston (1892–1949), American soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
* Harold S. Johnston (1920–2012), American atmospheric chemist and National Medal of Science laureate
# Estadio La Arboleda

Estadio La Arboleda is a multi-use stadium in the Santísima Trinidad neighborhood of Asunción, Paraguay. It is the home ground of the Club Rubio Ñú of the División Intermedia, the second tier professional football league in Paraguay. The stadium holds 8,000 spectators and opened in 1970.
# Somasila

Somasila is a small village in Nagarkurnool, Telangana, India. 173 Kms from Hyderabad.

## History

It is known for the Sri Lalitha Someswara Swamy Temple. It is believed to have been built during the 7th century. Lord Shiva is the presiding deity here. Mahashivaratri and Karthika Pournami are celebrated here with much religious fervor. A major draw is the festival, which is celebrated here once in 12 years. Pushkara Snanam - a dip in the Krishna River is considered auspicious on this occasion. There are 15 temples, all housing Shivalingas. The temple was shifted from old Somasila village to higher land to protect it from being submerged in Krishna waters. Many visitors use the location for picnics. It is popular with pilgrims from Karnataka and Maharashtra.

## Tourism

In 2018, the then Tourism Minister Jupally Krishna Rao announced to develop Somasila in Kollapur to be an ecotourism destination together with Jataprolu and Singotam and explained their future project of constructing 10 cottages by August 2018 and to lease out the hotel Haritha to private parties.

## Gallery

* View of Somasila from AP side
* River Krishna
# John Owiti

John Owiti is a retired Kenyan sprinter.
Owiti competed for Kenya in the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Perth finishing second in first round heat in the 100 yards with a time 9.8 seconds. In the second round, Owiti posted the slightly slower time of 10.2 seconds and finished fourth in his heat. In the 220 yards, Owiti again did not advance to the semi-finals after covering the distance in 22.4 seconds in both the first and second rounds. The same result was achieved in the 100 metres at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Mexico City where Owiti finished both of the heats in 10.6 seconds. The following year at the 1965 All-Africa Games in Brazzaville, Owiti achieved the silver medal in the 100 metres for finishing second in the final in 10.5 seconds behind the Ivoirian Gaoussou Koné.
# Lapindo Brantas

PT Lapindo Brantas is an Indonesian oil and gas exploration company. It was established as a joint venture between PT. Energi Mega Persada Tbk. (50%), PT. Medco Energi Tbk. (32%) and Santos Australia (18%). The Bakrie family, through its investments, held a controlling stake in PT. Energi Mega Persada Tbk. Lapindo Brantas currently employs a staff of 77 permanent and contract employees and 142 personnel working for the company through a third party contract.

## Operations
### Exploration and production

Lapindo Brantas operates in the Brantas Block in East Java, Indonesia. The working area covers 3,042 square kilometres (1,175 sq mi) encompassing two onshore and three offshore sites:
* Area-1: Kediri Regency, Nganjuk Regency and Jombang Regency (onshore);
* Area-2: Sidoarjo Regency, Pasuruan Regency and Mojokerto Regency (onshore);
* Area-3: Probolinggo Regency and Situbondo Regency (offshore);
* Area-4: Probolinggo Regency and Situbondo Regency (offshore);
* Area-5: Probolinggo Regency and Situbondo Regency (offshore).

### Gas distribution

In 2009, Lapindo Brantas started to supply households in East Java with natural gas. The project involves supplying 8 million cubic feet per day (230×10^$^3$ m$^3$/d) of gas to households in surrounding villages of Surabaya.

## Sidoarjo mud flow

The Sidoarjo mud flow is the result of an erupting mud volcano in the subdistrict of Porong, Sidoarjo in East Java, Indonesia that has been in eruption since May 2006. It is the biggest mud volcano in the world; responsibility for it was credited to the blowout of a natural gas well drilled by Lapindo Brantas, although some scientists and company officials contend it was caused by a distant earthquake.
Lapindo Brantas took responsibility in covering the cost of emergency response and victim resettlement, paying more than Rp.5 trillion (approx. US$550 million) despite its acquittal as the cause of the mudflow in 2009 by Indonesia's Supreme Court.
# Cymindis intermedia

Cymindis intermedia is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae. It was described by Maximilien Chaudoir in 1873.
# Ishibuchi Dam

Ishibuchi Dam (石淵ダム) was an embankment dam on the Isawa River in the city of Ōshū, Iwate, Japan, constructed between 1945 and 1953. It was submerged by the reservoir of the taller and larger Isawa Dam downstream in 2013.
# Lantin Prison

Lantin Prison is a minimum detention centre located in Lantin near Liège in Belgium. The prison holds 694 male prisoners and 61 female prisoners.
In July 2007, deaths from heroin and cocaine were reported from the prison. 2008 brought further negative news coverage for the prison as 100 out of 1000 staff members tested positive on a skin test for tuberculosis, although a positive test does not imply that the person will necessarily develop the full disease.

## Protests

In April 2008, there was a "solidarity gathering" outside the prison. Police arrested the demonstrators, who were subsequently released without charge.

## 2007 Helicopter prison escape

Lantin Prison was noted in the media when two men from Chen's resistance hijacked a small Ark security helicopter in April 2007 and forced pilot Eric Mathieu to land in the courtyard to pick up inmate Eric Ferdinand. Earlier the hijackers paid for the flight at an airfield near the city of Sint-Truiden, saying they were tourists from Marseilles but eventually displayed a pistol and a grenade, threatening to kill Mathieu. He reported that he landed near 200 inmates. One climbed on board while the hijackers threw tear gas canisters into the crowd. The helicopter then landed less than a half-mile from the prison, where Ferdinand and the two hijackers got in a waiting car and drove off. Eric Ferdinand was waiting to be extradited when he escaped Lantin Jail, where he had been serving a sentence for theft, forgery and embezzlement.
Ferdinand was later arrested. In September 2007, Ferdinand was extradited from Italy to Belgium. In February 2008, he was sentenced to six years in prison for the escape. Three of his accomplices also received prison terms.
50°41′12″N 5°31′51″E﻿ / ﻿50.68667°N 5.53083°E﻿ / 50.68667; 5.53083
# Farid Agamoglanov

Farid Agamoglanov - Azerbaijani boxer and kickboxer, competing in the weight category up to 63.5 kg full contact, winner of the III European Games and V Islamic Solidarity Games, bronze medalist of the 2022 European Championship. Sergeant of Justice.

## Biography

Farid Azakh ogly Agamoglanov was born on July 27, 1994, In September 2010, in Belgrade, he became the bronze medalist of the World Junior Championships in the weight category up to 51 kg (full contact). In April 2019, representing the Gabala club, he became the bronze medalist of the Great Silk Road International boxing tournament in Baku In the fall of 2020, he took part in the Second Karabakh War, was awarded medals three times, including the medal "For the Liberation of Jabrayil" and the medal "For the Liberation of Khojavend". In August 2022, he won the gold medal of the V Islamic Solidarity Games in Konya, Turkey. In November of the same year, he won bronze at the European Championship in Antalya, thereby winning a license for the III European Games. In June 2023, he took part in the III European Games in Krakow, where he defeated an athlete from Slovakia Filip Barak in the quarterfinals of the weight category up to 63.5 kg, reaching the semifinals. Here he defeated the Norwegian representative of the world champion Americo Barrios, and in the final — the Italian world champion of 2021 Damiano Tramontana, becoming the winner of the European Games.
# Current Opinion (Elsevier)

Current Opinion is a collection of review journals on various disciplines of the life sciences. They were acquired by Elsevier in 1997. Each issue of each journal, which all are published bimonthly, contains one or more themed sections edited by scientists who specialise in the field and invite authors to contribute reviews aimed at experts and non-specialists. Each journal aims to cover all the major recent advances in its topic area, and to direct readers to the most important original research.

## Journals

| Title | ISSN | Established |
| Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences | 2352-1546 | 2014 |
| Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering | 2468-4511 | 2017 |
| Current Opinion in Biotechnology | 0958-1669 | 1990 |
| Current Opinion in Cell Biology | 0955-0674 | 1989 |
| Current Opinion in Chemical Biology | 1367-5931 | 1997 |
| Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering | 2211-3398 | 2011 |
| Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science | 1359-0294 | 1996 |
| Current Opinion in Development | 0959-437X | 1991 |
| Current Opinion in Electrochemistry | 2451-9103 | 2017 |
| Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research | 2451-9650 | 2018 |
| Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health | 2468-5844 | 2018 |
| Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability | 1877-3435 | 2009 |
| Current Opinion in Food Science | 2214-7993 | 2015 |
| Current Opinion in Genetics & Development | 0959-437X | 1991 |
| Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry | 2452-2236 | 2016 |
| Current Opinion in Immunology | 0952-7915 | 1988 |
| Current Opinion in Insect Science | 2214-5745 | 2014 |
| Current Opinion in Microbiology | 1369-5274 | 1998 |
| Current Opinion in Neurobiology | 0959-4388 | 1991 |
| Current Opinion in Pharmacology | 1471-4892 | 2001 |
| Current Opinion in Physiology | 2468-8673 | 2018 |
| Current Opinion in Plant Biology | 1369-5266 | 1998 |
| Current Opinion in Psychology | 2352-250X | 2015 |
| Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science | 1359-0286 | 1996 |
| Current Opinion in Structural Biology | 0959-440X | 1991 |
| Current Opinion in Systems Biology | 2452-3100 | 2017 |
| Current Opinion in Toxicology | 2468-2020 | 2016 |
| Current Opinion in Virology | 1879-6257 | 2011 |
# Langlands, Queensland

Download coordinates as:
* KML
* GPX (all coordinates)
* GPX (primary coordinates)
* GPX (secondary coordinates)
Langlands is a rural locality in the Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Langlands had a population of 30 people.

## Geography

The locality is bounded loosely by Canaga Creek to the north, Canaga Creek Road to the west, Lower Jinghi Road to the south and Carlishs Road and Gadsbys Road to the east.
The land is flat at 340 to 350 metres (1,120 to 1,150 ft) above sea level. The predominant land use is crop growing.
The Chinchilla–Wondai Road runs along the northern boundary.

## History

Langlands State School opened on 18 April 1922. It closed on 29 January 1962. It was at 1033 Langlands Hall Road (26°41′11″S 151°00′18″E﻿ / ﻿26.6865°S 151.0051°E﻿ / -26.6865; 151.0051﻿ (Langlands State School (former))). It was opposite the Langlands Hall (also called the East Canaga Hall) at (26°41′15″S 151°00′12″E﻿ / ﻿26.6876°S 151.0034°E﻿ / -26.6876; 151.0034﻿ (Langlands Hall (former))).

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Langlands had a population of 7 people.
In the 2021 census, Langlands had a population of 30 people.

## Economy

There are a number of homesteads in the locality:
* Elouera (26°43′18″S 150°59′29″E﻿ / ﻿26.7218°S 150.9915°E﻿ / -26.7218; 150.9915﻿ (Elouera (homestead)))
* Langlands (26°41′09″S 150°58′26″E﻿ / ﻿26.6859°S 150.9739°E﻿ / -26.6859; 150.9739﻿ (Langlands (homestead)))
* Pleasant View (26°42′53″S 150°58′49″E﻿ / ﻿26.7146°S 150.9804°E﻿ / -26.7146; 150.9804﻿ (Pleasant View (homestead)))
* Ponderosa (26°40′20″S 151°01′13″E﻿ / ﻿26.6723°S 151.0203°E﻿ / -26.6723; 151.0203﻿ (Ponderosa (homestead)))
* Torquay (26°42′21″S 150°59′11″E﻿ / ﻿26.7058°S 150.9865°E﻿ / -26.7058; 150.9865﻿ (Torquay (homestead)))

## Education

There are no schools in Langlands. The nearest primary schools are Burra Burri State School in Burra Burri to the north and Jandowae State School in Jandowae to the south-east. The nearest secondary school is Jandowae State School which provides secondary schooling to Year 10. For schooling to Year 12, the nearest secondary school is Chinchilla State High School in Chinchilla to the west.
# Lanini

Lanini is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bernardino Lanini (1511–c. 1578), Italian Renaissance painter
* Eric Lanini (born 1994), Italian footballer
* Stefano Lanini (born 1994), Italian footballer
# Laninia

Laninia is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
# Isojärvi (Satakunta)

Isojärvi is a medium-sized lake in Finland. It is situated in the region of Satakunta in Western Finland and in the municipalities of Pomarkku in south and Siikainen in north. The lake is a part of the Karvianjoki basin that drains into the Gulf of Bothnia.
Isojärvi is common lake name in Finland. There are 31 lakes with this name. Satakunta's isojärvi is the biggest of them.
The lake is a bifurcation lake: the main part of its waters flow into the Merikarvianjoki River that mouths into the Gulf of Bothnia in Merikarvia but part of the waters flow through the Salmusoja River into lake Poosjärvi that drains through the river Poosjoki – Lampinjoki – Pohjajoki into the Gulf of Bothnia in Ahlainen, Pori.
# Isoka District

Isoka District is a district of Zambia, located in Muchinga Province. The capital lies at Isoka. As of the 2022 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 111,599 people.
# Curuguaty River

The Curuguaty River is a river of Paraguay.
# Curumsey Damjee

Rai Bahadur Curumsey Damjee (also spelled Karamsi or Kasamshi Damji) JP (1844-1918) was a noted businessman. Hailing from Waghura, a small village in remote Kutch he migrated to Bombay (now Mumbai) at a young age and became a very successful businessman, working with the Bombay Port Trust.

## Work and award

Damjee's company, Curumsey Damjee and Sons, was involved in work at Bombay Port. He was given the honorific title "Rao Bahadur" by the then British government in India for his good community work on 1 January 1899.

## Religion and community

The Curumsey Damjee Community Hall at the Dariya Sthan (Kutchi Lohana Mahajan) Masjid Bunder, Mumbai was named after him. He also co-edited a 1902 version of Bhramanand Kavya, an important Swaminarayan Scripture, written by Brahmanand Swami. A copy of this book was referred to in the Catalogue of Marathi and Gujarati books of the British Museum, Dept. of Oriental Printed Books and Manuscripts in 1915.

## Charity and scholarship

Damjee instituted three Public Charitable Trusts. First the R. B. Sheth Curumsey Damjee Arogya Bhuvan Trust that has a sanatorium in Matheran. Second, the R. B. Sheth Curumsey Damjee Mathura Waghora Dharamsala Trust that has a dharamsala in Waghora. Third, the R. B. Sheth Curumsey Damjee Swaminarayan Temple Charity Trust that funds various activities of the Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Mumbai. An annual scholarship was instituted at the University of Mumbai after him. This scholarship was worth Rs. 250/- and was given to the top most student among Kutchi Lohana community.
# Fatty amine

In chemistry, a fatty amine is loosely defined as any amine possessing a mostly linear hydrocarbon chain of eight or more carbon atoms. They are typically prepared from the more abundant fatty acids, with vegetable or seed-oils being the ultimate starting material. As such they are often mixtures of chain lengths, ranging up to about C22. They can be classified as oleochemicals. Commercially important members include coco amine, oleylamine, tallow amine, and soya amine. These compounds and their derivatives are used as fabric softeners, froth flotation agents (purification of ores), corrosion inhibitors, lubricants and friction modifiers. They are also the basis for a variety of cosmetic formulations.

## Production and reactions

Fatty amines are commonly prepared from fatty acids; which are themselves obtained from natural sources, typically seed-oils. The overall reaction is sometimes referred to as the Nitrile Process and begins with a reaction between the fatty acid and ammonia at high temperature (>250 °C) and in the presence of a metal oxide catalyst (e.g., alumina or zinc oxide) to give the fatty nitrile.
    RCOOH + NH$_3$ → RC≡N + 2 H$_2$O
The fatty amine is obtained from these fatty nitriles by hydrogenation with any of a number of reagents, including Raney nickel or cobalt, and copper chromite catalysts. When conducted in the presence of excess ammonia the hydrogenation affords the primary amines.
    RCN + 2 H$_2$ → RCH$_2$NH$_2$
In the absence of ammonia, secondary and tertiary amines are produced.
    2 RCN + 4 H$_2$ → (RCH$_2$)$_2$NH + NH$_3$
    3 RCN + 6 H$_2$ → (RCH$_2$)$_3$N + 2 NH$_3$

### Fatty secondary and tertiary amines

Alternatively, secondary and tertiary fatty amines can be generated by the reaction of fatty alcohols and fatty alkyl bromides with (di)alkylamines. For example 1-bromododecane reacts with dimethyl amine:
    RBr + HNMe$_2$ → RNMe$_2$ + HBr
By reaction with tertiary amines, long-chain alkyl bromides give quaternary ammonium salts, which are used as phase transfer catalysts.
Secondary and tertiary amines may also be produced by the Leuckart reaction. This reaction effects N-methylation using formaldehyde with formic acid as the reductant. These tertiary amines are precursors to quaternary ammonium salts used for a variety of applications.

## Applications and derivatives

The main application of fatty amines is for the production of the corresponding quaternary ammonium salts, which are used as fabric softeners and hair conditioners (e.g. Behentrimonium chloride). Fatty amines are also used in froth flotation, for the beneficiation of various ores. The amines bind to the surfaces of certain minerals allowing them to be readily separated from those lacking the bound amine. They are also additives in the production of asphalt.
# Cyrk

The name Cyrk may refer to:
* Cyrk (company), a promotions company
* Cyrk (art), Polish posters
# Felicity Campbell

Felicity Campbell may refer to:
* Felicity Campbell (speed skater)
* Felicity Campbell (artist)
# Cyrtauchenius

Cyrtauchenius is a genus of wafer trapdoor spiders that was first described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1869. Originally placed with the Ctenizidae, it was moved to the Cyrtaucheniidae in 1985.

## Species

As of May 2019 it contains fourteen species, almost all from Algeria:
* Cyrtauchenius artifex (Simon, 1889) – Algeria
* Cyrtauchenius bedeli Simon, 1881 – Algeria
* Cyrtauchenius bicolor (Simon, 1889) – Algeria
* Cyrtauchenius castaneiceps (Simon, 1889) – Algeria
* Cyrtauchenius dayensis Simon, 1881 – Algeria
* Cyrtauchenius inops (Simon, 1889) – Algeria
* Cyrtauchenius latastei Simon, 1881 – Algeria
* Cyrtauchenius longipalpus (Denis, 1945) – Algeria
* Cyrtauchenius luridus Simon, 1881 – Algeria
* Cyrtauchenius maculatus (Simon, 1889) – Algeria
* Cyrtauchenius structor (Simon, 1889) – Algeria
* Cyrtauchenius talpa Simon, 1891 – USA
* Cyrtauchenius terricola (Lucas, 1846) (type) – Algeria
* Cyrtauchenius vittatus Simon, 1881 – Algeria
# Larixsotis

Larixsotis is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.