OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jiang Zehan

Jiang Zehan (simplified Chinese: 江泽涵; traditional Chinese: 江澤涵; pinyin: Jiāng Zéhán; Wade–Giles: Chiang Tse-han; 6 October 1902 – 29 March 1994), also known as Kiang Tsai-han, was a Chinese mathematician and founder of China's topology.
Jiang was a member of the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

## Biography

Jiang was born in Jingde County, Anhui on October 6, 1902, to Jiang Shicai (Chinese: 江世才), a businessman. He secondary studied at Nankai School. In 1922 he was accepted to Nankai University, where he studied mathematics under Jiang Lifu. After graduation, he became an assistant in mathematics at Xiamen University. In 1927 he matriculated at Harvard University on a Chinese government scholarship, and studied mathematics under H. M. Morse. In 1930 he became an assistant of Solomon Lefschetz at Princeton University.
Jiang returned to China in 1931 and that year became professor of mathematics at Peking University. In 1936, he went to the United States for the second time, and studied for one year at the Institute of Advanced Studies, Princeton University. In 1937 he returned to China and taught at National Southwestern Associated University. In 1947 he pursued advanced studies in Switzerland, studying mathematics under H. Hopf. Jiang returned to China on August 8, 1949. After the establishment of the Communist State, he taught at Peking University.
He was elected as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1955. In 1981 he joined the Chinese Communist Party.
On March 29, 1994, he died in Beijing, aged 91.

## Papers

* T. H. Kiang (1932). "On the critical points of nondegenerate Newtonian potani-tials". Amer. J. Math. 54 (1): 94–109. doi:10.2307/2371080. JSTOR 2371080.
* T. H. Kiang (1932). "On the existence of critical points of Green's functions forthree－dimensional regions". Amer. J. Math. 54 (4): 657–666. doi:10.2307/2371093. JSTOR 2371093.
* T. H. Kiang (1934). "CritiCal points of harmonic functions and Green's functionsin plane regions". Science Quarterly Peking Univ. 3: 113–123.
* T. H. Kiang (1936). "On the Poincarés groups and the eXtended universal coverings of clased orientable two-manifolds". J. Chinese Math. Soc. 1: 93–153.
* T. H. Kiang (1943). "Ramarks on two-leaved orientable covering manifolds of closed manifolds". Annals of Mathematics. 44 (1): 128–130. doi:10.2307/1969070. JSTOR 1969070.
* T. H. Kiang (1943). "An application of the addition formulas of Mayervietoris". Science Record. 1: 275–276.
* T. H. Kiang (1945). "The manifolds of linear elements of an 𝑛-sphere". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 51 (6): 418–428. doi:10.1090/s0002-9904-1945-08369-4.
* T. H. Kiang; Jiang Bo-ju (1963). "The Nielsen numbers of self-mappings of the same homotopy type". Scientia Sinica. 12: 1071–1072.
# Education in Sambalpur

Sambalpur is a city in Sambalpur district in the Indian state of Odisha. It lies at a distance of 321km from the state capital Bhubaneswar. In the year 1876, Sambalpur was established as a municipality. It is currently the headquarters and the largest city of Sambalpur district. It is also the commercial capital of Western Odisha. Sambalpur is famous for Hirakud Dam, Sambalpuri Saree, Sambalpuri songs, Sambalpuri dance, the Sitalsasthi Carnival, The Leaning Temple of Huma and Gandhi temple.

## List of educational organizations in Sambalpur
### Universities and autonomous institutes

* Indian Institute of Management Sambalpur
* Odisha State Open University
* Sambalpur University
* Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology
* Sambalpur University Institute of Information Technology
* Gangadhar Meher University
* Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research

### Colleges

* Netaji Subash Chandra Bose College
* Government Womens College
* Lajpat Rai Law College, Sambalpur
* Hirakud College, Hirakud
* Orissa Medical College of Homeopathy & Research, Sambalpur
* Burla College, Burla
* Govt College Of Physical Education, Sambalpur
* Sambalpur Nursing College, Dhanupali
* Dr Parshuram Mishra Institute of Advanced Studies in Education, Sambalpur
* Silicon Institute of Technology, Sambalpur
# Juan Cayetano Gómez de Portugal y Solís

Juan Cayetano José María Gómez de Portugal y Solís (7 July 1783 - 4 April 1850 ) was a university professor and the Bishop of Michoacán. He played an active role in the politics of Mexico.

## Biography

Juan Cayetano Gómez de Portugal y Solís was born in San Pedro Piedra Gorda, today Manuel Doblado, Guanajuato, on 7 July 1783. He studied at the Seminary of Guadalajara. He was ordained priest and became a professor at his alma mater. He became noted as a writer, and was a member of several literary societies. He earned a doctorate in theology.
In 1815, during the Mexican War of Independence, he was appointed priest of Zapopan, Jalisco. Once Mexico had achieved independence, he was a member of the provincial government of Jalisco and adviser to the governor. In 1824, he participated in the signing of the Constitutional Act of the Mexican Federation. He represented his home state three times and was senator from the state of Jalisco. He was President of the Chamber of Deputies on two occasions (1825 and 1828), and was among a group of deputies who advocated federalism.
On February 28, 1831 he was appointed bishop of Michoacán, and was consecrated on 21 August 1831. After taking his miter, he toured his diocese for two years. He proposed to the Holy See and the government that it should be divided. On 17 December 1833, Congress issued a decree that authorized the government to fill parish vacancies. Bishops and governors of bishoprics who did not comply with this decree would be fined on the first two occasions, and banished from the country after a third offense. Gómez was among the bishops who refused to obey the law.
On 25 May 1834 the Plan of Cuernavaca was published, demanding repeal of this and other unpopular reforms. On 12 June 1834, President Antonio López de Santa Anna gave his support to the Plan of Cuernavaca. On 14 June, the new council of the capital supported the president's decision. The same day, Bishop Juan Cayetano Gomez de Portugal led Mass at the Metropolitan Cathedral in Mexico City and sang the Te Deum. On 24 June in Mexico City, Santa Anna abolished the law of Ecclesiastical Trusts issued of 17 December 1833. At the same time he appointed Gómez de Portugal y Solís] to the post of Secretary of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs in place of Andrés Quintana Roo.
After serving for a period, Gómez resigned from this position. He issued a pastoral letter in which he defended the independence of the Catholic Church. In 1845, he returned to his diocese. He founded the seminary in León, the Institute of the Sisters of Charity in Silao, and Coyuca Seminar in Pátzcuaro. He died on 4 April 1850 in Morelia, Michoacán. Shortly after his death, a letter arrived from Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli which announced that Pope Pius IX had decided to elevate him to the dignity of Cardinal.
# Slabtown, Portland, Oregon

Slabtown is a district in Portland, Oregon's Northwest District neighborhood, in the United States.
Slabtown has been described as "roughly 12 city blocks riddled with residential and industrial-chic buildings, local eateries, airy coffee shops, craft distilleries and breweries, indie boutiques, theaters, and galleries", "nestled between Portland's two trendiest Northwest neighborhoods—the Pearl and Nob Hill". In 2019, Seattle Met said, "Slabtown is not only the newest arrival to the Northwest Portland scene, but it’s also arguably the most intriguing and makes for an ideal weekend getaway."
# Jack Radford

Jack Alvin Radford (November 4, 1929 – May 19, 2003) was a Canadian politician. He served in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1972 to 1975, as a NDP member for the constituency of Vancouver South. He served as Minister of Recreation and Conservation from May 18, 1973 to December 22, 1975. He died of cancer in 2003.
He played a season with the BC Lions when they were first organized and with the Edmonton Eskimos until knee injuries side-lined him. He began trap shooting in the 1950s and won the BC Championship twice, as well as titles in the United States. He worked 20 years for Swift's Meats in Vancouver. He accepted a position with the International Woodworkers of America, then went on to become a representative for the Canadian Labour Congress.
# Pseudodysstroma

Pseudodysstroma is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
# Photoprotein

Photoproteins are a type of enzyme produced by bioluminescent organisms. They add to the function of the luciferins whose usual light-producing reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme luciferase.

## History

The term photoprotein was first used to describe the unusual chemistry of the luminescent system of Chaetopterus (a marine Polychaete worm). This was meant to distinguish them from other light-producing proteins because these do not exhibit the usual luciferin-luciferase reaction.

## Reaction kinetics

Photoproteins do not display typical enzyme kinetics as seen in luciferases. Instead, when mixed with luciferin, they display luminescence proportional to the amount of the photoprotein. For example, the photoprotein aequorin produces a flash of light when luciferin and calcium are added, rather than the prolonged glow that is seen for luciferases when luciferin is added. In this respect, it may appear that photoproteins are not enzymes, when in fact they do catalyze their bioluminescence reactions. This is due to a fast catalytic step, which produces the light, and a slow regeneration step, where the oxyluciferin is freed and another molecule of luciferin is then enabled to bind to the enzyme. Because of the kinetically slow step, each aequorin molecule must "recharge" with another molecule of luciferin before it can emit light again, and this makes it appear as though it is not behaving as a typical enzyme.
Photoproteins form a stable luciferin-photoprotein complex, often until the addition of another required factor such as Ca$^{2+}$ in the case of aequorin.
# Jul med Hep Stars

Jul med Hep Stars (Christmas with Hep Stars) is the third studio album by Swedish pop group Hep Stars, released through the Olga label. In 2001, it was rereleased by EMI. The album is made up by arrangements of well-known traditional Swedish Christmas songs mixed with somewhat newer tracks such as "Alla Sover Utom Jag".
# Essential Records

Essential Records was the name of two record companies:
* Essential Records (London), a subsidiary of London Records
* Essential Records (Christian), a Christian subsidiary of Sony BMG Music Entertainment
# Derek Watson

Derek Watson may refer to:
* Derek Watson (priest) (born 1938), Dean of Salisbury, 1996–2002
* Derek Watson (gridiron football) (born 1981), Canadian football running back
* Derek Watson (actor and musicologist) (1948–2018)
# Garden Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador

Garden Cove is a local service district and designated place in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It is southeast of Swift Current. The residents of Sound Island moved without government assistance during a period around 1953. They moved to the mainland into Garden Cove and surrounding communities. Today Garden Cove has an active close community. There is a tour boat, Merasheen which is part of the Woody Island Resort hotel which gives people a Newfoundland outport experience. Garden Cove has hiking trails passing by Big Rock Hill and Placentiamans Point. There is an inshore fishery operating there. Some species caught are lobster, cod, mackerel, herring, crab, scallops, mussels, flounder and trout. Late in summer Tuna chase bill fish just off shore.
Pods of fish called locally pot head Wales can be watched from shore. The harbour authority is run by the government using volunteers. Boats can be launched and docked there. Fresh water is available at the dock. The summer offers sheltered boating.

## Geography

Garden Cove is in Newfoundland within Subdivision K of Division No. 2.

## Demographics

As a designated place in the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Garden Cove recorded a population of 71 living in 32 of its 45 total private dwellings, a change of -17.4% from its 2011 population of 86. With a land area of 5.28 km$^2$ (2.04 sq mi), it had a population density of 13.4/km$^2$ (34.8/sq mi) in 2016.

## Government

Garden Cove is a local service district (LSD) that is governed by a committee responsible for the provision of certain services to the community. The chair of the LSD committee is Chriss Maye.
# List of storms named Omar

The name Omar has been used for three tropical cyclones worldwide:
In the Atlantic Ocean:
* Hurricane Omar (2008) – a Category 4 hurricane that grazed the Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, doing minor to moderate damage and causing 1 indirect death.
* Tropical Storm Omar (2020) – minimal tropical storm that caused rip currents and swells in the Carolinas, earliest fifteenth named storm on record in the Atlantic.
In the Western Pacific Ocean:
# Juan Cazador

Juan Ignacío Cazador Sakho, (pronounced ['xwan iɣ̞'naθio kaθa'ð̞or 'sako]) known as Juan (el) Cazador (4 June 1899 – 4 June 1956) was a Spanish poet and artist of Spanish and Senegalese origin. He was born in the village of Acequías, Granada on the edge of the Sierra Nevada.

## Biography

Cazador met the poet Federico García Lorca at the Residencia de Estudiantes in Madrid in 1919. Lorca, who was born in Fuente Vaqueros, saw a kindred spirit in his fellow Granadino. The two developed a close relationship driven by their shared love of the poetry of José Hernández, in particular the gauchesco epic Martín Fierro. Cazador's own poetry was admittedly influenced by Hernandez, reflected in his reappropriation of the Argentine 'payada'. As a poet of the Generation of '27, his work has been critically overlooked because of its overreliance on bucolic imagery and use of blank verse. Nonetheless, his later work has attracted much attention in recent years and Steve Jones-Broule & Dr Susana Bayó Belenguer of Trinity College Dublin's Department of Hispanic Studies are currently working on a forthcoming anthology of Cazador's work. During his lifetime, he travelled extensively around the Iberian Peninsula, spending many of his later summers in the Sintra region of Portugal. He became well acquainted with the son of Carvalho Monteiro, the visionary and owner behind the Quinta da Regaleira estate and was known to spend hours gazing at the Waterfall Lake.

## Political beliefs

Cazador's political beliefs were firmly rooted in the libertarian socialism school of political philosophy, and were inspired by the works of Rudolf Rocker, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Errico Malatesta in particular. These beliefs are especially identifiable in Cazador's Pastorales (I-XXI) in which he poignantly describes the small and semi-autonomous communities of the Sierra Nevada. Cazador's political convictions led him to become a firm proponent of the right to self-determination. Writing in the periodical Solidaridad Obrera on 29 February 1919, he said: I support Ireland's right to be a sovereign and independent nation, freed from the shackles of British imperialism. The subjugation, hardship, and imposition of Protestant culture upon Ireland over the course of the last five centuries must cease.

## Poetry

* Pastorales (I-XXI)
* La incandescencia de la luciérnaga común y otras poemas
* Super Bock

## Death

Cazador died on 4 June 1956, while hunting ibex on the outskirts of the village of Ronda, Málaga. He is buried in the nearby town of Zahara de la Sierra. According to Gibson, his blood was collected in a container by his son and brought back to his hometown of Acequías, to be poured onto the earth outside his house.
# Skeleton at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics – Boys'

The boys competition of the skeleton events at the 2012 Winter Youth Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria, was held on January 21, at the Olympic Sliding Centre Innsbruck. 14 athletes from 13 different countries took part in this event.

## Results

| Rank | Bib | Athletes | Country | Run 1 | Run 2 | Total | Behind |
| | 4 | Sebastian Berneker | Germany | 56.20 | 56.53 | 1:52.73 | – |
| | 6 | Stefan Geisler | Austria | 57.11 | 57.59 | 1:54.70 | +1.97 |
| | 12 | Corey Gillies | Canada | 58.35 | 57.47 | 1:55.82 | +3.09 |
| 4 | 1 | Cosmin Chioibaşu | Romania | 57.97 | 57.89 | 1:55.86 | +3.13 |
| 5 | 13 | Sacha Berger | Switzerland | 59.02 | 58.66 | 1:57.68 | +4.95 |
| 6 | 9 | Valeriy Myshaev | Russia | 58.26 | 59.45 | 1:57.71 | +4.98 |
| 7 | 3 | Anthony Herringshaw | United States | 59.00 | 59.16 | 1:58.16 | +5.43 |
| 8 | 11 | Dāvis Dreimanis | Latvia | 59.22 | 59.24 | 1:58.46 | +5.73 |
| 9 | 14 | Dan Sato | Japan | 59.55 | 59.34 | 1:58.89 | +6.16 |
| 10 | 7 | Hiroki Nokura | Japan | 59.92 | 59.80 | 1:59.72 | +6.99 |
| 11 | 5 | Ferdinando Mulassano | Italy | 59.86 | 59.94 | 1:59.80 | +7.07 |
| 12 | 8 | Kim Ban-seok | South Korea | 1:01.34 | 59.08 | 2:00.42 | +7.69 |
| 13 | 2 | Marc Alcaraz | Spain | 1:00.98 | 1:01.40 | 2:02.38 | +9.65 |
| 14 | 10 | Josué Montiel | Mexico | 1:01.85 | 1:02.52 | 2:04.37 | +11.64 |
# Storey's African mole-rat

Storey's African mole-rat (Tachyoryctes storeyi) is a species of rodent in the family Spalacidae endemic to Kenya. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland.
Some taxonomic authorities consider it to be conspecific with the East African mole-rat.
# Come On Sister

Come on Sister is an EP from the indie pop band Belle & Sebastian released in 2011. It was released by Rough Trade records.

## Artwork

The cover features Katie Alcock photographed by Stuart Murdoch.

## Track listing

* "Come on Sister (Tony Doogan mix)
* "I Didn't See It Coming (Richard X remix)
* "I Didn't See It Coming (Cold Cave mix)
* "Blue Eyes of a Millionaire"

## Charts

| Chart (2011) | Peak position |
| UK Physical Singles Chart (Official Charts Company) | 13 |
# Grand Hotel (Locarno)

The Grand Hotel is a hotel in Locarno, Ticino, Switzerland, first opened in 1876.

## History

The Grand Hotel was opened in the Swiss resort town of Locarno in 1876, following the opening of the Gotthard Tunnel and the railway station in Locarno. It was built to a design by Francesco Galli. Until the hotel closed in 2005, it had a station on the Locarno-Madonna del Sasso funicular.
From 5 to 16 October 1925, the hotel hosted the negotiations of the Locarno Treaties, that were intended to guarantee peace after the First World War.
A new film festival in the Italian-speaking part of Switzerland was planned, to counter the one begun in 1932 in Venice as being too closely related to the Fascist regime. In 1934 this took place in Lugano. In 1946 some trees needed to be cut down to create an open-air theatre in Lugano for the screen, but local opposition meant that the film festival was moved to the garden of the Grand Hotel in Locarno. After the last screening of the evening, parties would continue by the swimming pool late into the night. The screen was eight by seven metres, and there was seating for 1,200, subsequently increased to 1,500 and then 2,000. The hotel remained the location of the film festival until 1971, when it was moved to the Piazza Grande in the centre of town.
In 2005 the hotel closed. The furniture was sold, with exception of the gigantic Murano chandelier in the hall, long considered to be the biggest in Europe. Six restoration projects were proposed, without implementation. In 2022 the Artisa real estate group of Stefano and Alain Artioli commenced a comprehensive renovation, costing 100 million Euros. With the renovations, the hotel will become 5-star, with three restaurants. Reopening is due to occur in 2025.

## Cultural references

The hotel was the subject of the short film Grand Hotel by Giulio Pettenò in 2019.
# Essential Services Commission (Victoria)

The Essential Services Commission (ESC) is the economic regulator established by the State Government of Victoria, Australia to regulate prescribed essential utility services supplied by the Victorian electricity, gas, water, ports and rail freight industries and advise or report on aspects of the transport and statutory insurance sectors. In 2009, the Commission assumed the administration of the Victorian Energy Efficiency Target scheme.
Economic regulation of Victoria's electricity and gas distribution networks transferred from the commission to the Australian Energy Regulator on 1 January 2009.
The ESC commenced operations as Victoria's independent economic regulator on 1 January 2002, subsuming the Office of the Regulator-General Victoria.
# Friedrich Köck

Friedrich Köck (5 February 1898 – 1982) was an Austrian footballer. He played in six matches for the Austria national football team from 1916 to 1922.
# Gas cracker

A gas cracker is any device that splits the molecules in a gas or liquid, usually by electrolysis, into atoms. The end product is usually a gas. A hydrocracker is an example of a gas cracker. In nature, molecules are split often, such as in food digestion and microbial digestion activity. A gas cracker device splits the molecule at a rate much greater than that normally found in nature. In science and industry, gas crackers are used to separate two or more elements in a molecule. For example, liquid water, or H $_2$O, is separated into hydrogen and oxygen gases. This is not to be confused with the splitting of the nucleus (nuclear power).

## Gas cracker

Petrochemicals are usually manufactured in large scale from petroleum feed stocks using fluid catalytic cracking. Naphtha, natural gas, refinery off-gas and gas from cokers and thermal crackers are good sources. Thus natural gas is one of the most wanted feed stocks for petrochemicals production. The thermal cracking of natural gas proceeds at very high temperature resulting in olefins (Mostly ethylene/propylene). The temperature in a gas cracker exceeds 1000°C. For ultimate decomposition of gas into elements more than 1500 °C is required. Thus, acetylene/carbon black production encounters such high temperatures. Usually oxy-combustion methods are used for attaining such high temperatures. BASF burners/Kellog burners are available in the market.

## Other methods

Further electro cracking or plasma cracking methods are also available.
# Ecological region

Ecological region may refer to:
* A collection of ecological districts of New Zealand
* Ecoregion, a geographically defined area that is smaller than an ecozone and larger than an ecosystem
* Ecological District metro station
# Charles Wegg-Prosser

Charles Wegg-Prosser (16 August 1910 – 7 October 1996) was a British politician and solicitor.
Wegg-Prosser attended Downside School, then studied at Oriel College, Oxford and became a solicitor. In 1934, he joined the British Union of Fascists (BUF), soon becoming director of the group's Shoreditch branch. For the April 1936 edition of the "Fascist Quarterly", Wegg-Prosser wrote "The Worker and the State", denouncing Communist governments as "controlled, not by national workers, but by parasitic Jews" and Fabianism as a "Jewish racket."
At the 1937 London County Council election, he stood for the party in Limehouse, and the party then relocated him to Paddington.
Wegg-Prosser became disillusioned with fascism, making contact with anti-fascist activists, and leaving the BUF at the end of 1937. He then began speaking out against the group's anti-semitism and fondness of dictatorship, and was admitted to the Labour Party, on a year's probation. He served in the British Army during World War II.
In 1945, Wegg-Prosser was elected to Paddington Metropolitan Borough Council, soon becoming chair of its finance committee, and then leader of the Labour group on the council. He stood unsuccessfully in Paddington South at the 1945, 1950, 1951 and 1955 UK general elections. He campaigned against Peter Rachman, was the first chair of the North Kensington Law Centre, and was the first Labour activist to be elected to the governing body of the Law Society.
His grandson Benjamin Wegg-Prosser was Tony Blair's Director of Strategic Communications at 10 Downing Street.