OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Daniel Appleton

Daniel Appleton (December 10, 1785 – March 27, 1849) was an American publisher who founded D. Appleton & Co.

## Early life

Daniel Appleton was born on December 10, 1785, in Haverhill, Massachusetts. He was the son of Daniel Appleton (1750–1828) and Lydia (née Ela) Appleton (1747–1826).

## Career

After a few years of schooling, he started a general store in Haverill. He moved to Boston and had his business office at 21 Broad Street, where he sold dry-goods imported from England. Finally, in 1825, he moved to New York City where he gradually combined the importing of books with the dry-goods trade. The book department was placed in charge of William Henry Appleton, his eldest son.
Later, he moved to Clinton Hall, Beekman Street, and devoted himself to the importation and sales of books, abandoning his dry-goods business. He published his first book in 1831. He gradually diversified. In 1841, he began offering children's books. In 1845, he began sending books to Latin America which—despite his lack of contacts—turned out to be a good market for him due to its recent independence from Spain. His business in that region was enduring and profitable. In 1847, he started offering travel literature.
The firm which he established in New York City became known as D. Appleton & Co. The publications of the house extend over the entire field of literature. The firm's New American Cyclopedia was for 50 years the largest and most widely circulated work of its kind ever produced in the United States. His company was continued by his descendants.
Appleton retired in 1848.

## Personal life

On December 18, 1813, Daniel married Hannah Adams (1791–1859), the daughter of John Adams and Dorcas Falkner, who bore him eight children:
* William Henry Appleton (1814–1899), who married Mary Moody Worthen, daughter of Ezra Worthen and sister of William Ezra Worthen, in 1844.
* Maria Louisa Appleton (b. 1815), who married James E. Cooley (1802–1882)
* John Adams Appleton (1817–1881)
* Charles Horatio Appleton (1819–1820)
* George Swett Appleton (1821–1878), who married Caroline Osgood, daughter of Robert H. Osgood, in 1847.
* Daniel Sidney Appleton (1824–1890), who married Melvina W. Marshall (d. 1878), daughter of Charles H. Marshall, in 1858.
* Samuel Frances Appleton (1826–1883)
* Sarah Emeline Appleton (1829–1861), who married Leopold Bossange, of Paris.
Appleton died in New York City on March 27, 1849.
# Damiano da Bergamo

Fra Damiano da Bergamo (Damiano di Antoniolo de Zambelli) (circa 1480–1549) was an Italian artist and Dominican friar, mainly known for his wood-engraving and intarsia completed in a Renaissance style. Along with Francesco Orlandini, and owing designs to Vignola, Damiano completed the wood panels for the chapel once found in the Château de la Bastie d'Urfé in France, now in Metropolitan Museum of New York. He also completed the wooden choir stalls for San Domenico in Bologna.
# Leiermål

Leiermål was a bureaucratic (legal and ecclesiastical) designation used in Scandinavia in approximately the 17th through 19th centuries on various forms of sexual relations outside of marriage. Leiermål had particular importance to women and men in all age and social groups in Scandinavia in the 1600s and 1700s because in this period, new laws and severe penalties were introduced in this area. Leiermål was considered a crime and were commonly detected in those cases that resulted in pregnancy, but pregnancy was not a prerequisite for the deed to be considered as illegal and punishable.
Various forms of leiermål had different severities. There were distinctions between simple or loose leiermål (sex between two unmarried persons), adultery (sex between a married and an unmarried person), and dobbelthor (adultery between two married people). In addition to the designation hor (fornication), there were also phrases such as samleie (sexual intercourse), "renting together", and "searching for a bed together".
# Damping (disambiguation)

Damping is an influence within or upon an oscillatory system that has the effect of reducing or preventing its oscillation.
Damping may also refer to:
* Damping factor
* Damping (music)
* Damping torque
* Damping capacitor
* Damping matrix
* Damping off
# Dance Spell

Dance Spell (1973–1979) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse bred in Kentucky by Harry and Jane Lunger's Christiana Stables. They entrusted his race conditioning to U.S. Racing Hall of Fame inductee, James W. Maloney.
As a two-year-old in 1975, Dance Spell's best results in major races was second place in both the Laurel Futurity and the Champagne Stakes to Honest Pleasure who was voted that year's Eclipse Award as the American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt. At age three in 1976, Dance Spell did not compete in the U.S. Triple Crown series but in July upset the undefeated Zen in winning the Saranac Stakes. He won the Jerome Handicap in September and in late October defeated Honest Pleasure to win the Jamaica Handicap. Dance Spell also notably earned a second in the Woodward Stakes and the Jim Dandy Stakes plus a third-place finish in the Travers Stakes.
Retired to stud duty for the 1978 season, Dance Spell performed for less than two full seasons before flipping over in his paddock and sustaining injuries of such severity that the valuable stallion had to be euthanized. However, a large percentage of his two crops of foals made it to racing, including multiple Graded stakes race winners Broom Dance and Fortnightly.
# Lee Konitz Plays

Lee Konitz Plays (aka Jazz Time Paris: Vol. VII) is an album by saxophonist and bandleader Lee Konitz featuring performances recorded in Paris in 1953 which were originally released as a 10 inch LP on the French Disques Vogue label.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow stated "The cool-toned altoist is in fine form for his set".

## Track listing

All compositions by Lee Konitz except where noted
* "I'll Remember April" (Gene de Paul, Patricia Johnston, Don Raye) – 4:12
* "Record Shop Suey" – 3:14
* "Le Tchee" – 2:34
* "Young Lee" – 3:18
* "You'd Be So Nice to Come Home To" (Cole Porter) – 2:35
* "4PM" – 2:40
* "Lost Henri" – 3:22

## Personnel

* Lee Konitz – alto saxophone
* Henri Renaud – piano
* Jimmy Gourley – guitar
* Don Bagley – bass
* Stan Levey – drums
# First Glance

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
First Glance is the seventh studio album by Canadian rock band April Wine, released in March 1978. First Glance became April Wine's first significant record internationally. The album spawned the hit single "Roller", which remains one of their most popular songs and a classic rock staple. It peaked in the top forty hit in the United States.
After the success of First Glance, bands such as Rush, Journey and Styx requested for April Wine to open their shows in the United States.

## Track listing
### Canadian track listing

All tracks written by Myles Goodwyn unless otherwise noted.
* "Hot on the Wheels of Love" (M. Goodwyn, S. Lang) – 3:14
* "Get Ready for Love" – 4:25
* "Rock n' Roll is a Vicious Game" – 3:10
* "Right Down to It" (B. Greenway) – 3:03
* "Roller" – 4:19
* "Comin' Right Down on Top of Me" – 4:10
* "I'm Alive" – 2:55
* "Let Yourself Go" – 2:56
* "Silver Dollar" – 5:14
* This version is only available in Canada.
Note: both versions of the CD have the first two tracks in the opposite order.

### US/UK track listing

All tracks written by Myles Goodwyn unless otherwise noted.
* "Get Ready for Love" – 4:25
* "Hot on the Wheels of Love" (M. Goodwyn, S. Lang) – 3:14
* "Rock n' Roll is a Vicious Game" – 3:10
* "Right Down to It" (B. Greenway) – 3:03
* "Roller" – 4:19
* "Comin' Right Down on Top of Me" – 4:10
* "I'm Alive" – 2:55
* "Let Yourself Go" – 2:56
* "Silver Dollar" – 5:14
* The picture on the cover of the American version is also used on the album covers of Greatest Hits (1979), The Hits (1987), and Classic Masters (2002).

## Personnel
### April Wine

* Myles Goodwyn – lead & background vocals, guitar, keyboards
* Steve Lang – bass, background vocals
* Brian Greenway – lead & background vocals, guitar, slide guitar, harmonica
* Jerry Mercer – drums & percussion
* Gary Moffet – guitar, slide guitar

### Production

* Mastering by George Marino at Sterling Sound, NYC

## Charts

| Chart (1978) | Peak position |
| Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM) | 62 |
| US Billboard 200 | 114 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Gold | 50,000$^^$ |
| $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||
# First Gold

First Gold (1993–2011) was a National Hunt racehorse that was trained by François Doumen.
The horse won the 2000 King George VI Chase race by a distance of 10 lengths when ridden by Thierry Doumen, beating Florida Pearl into second place. At the time of the win the horse was owned by the Marquesa de Moratalla.
After his King George VI success he was purchased by J. P. McManus, following which the horse won the Punchestown Gold Cup and the Martell Cognac Cup.
The horse was put down in January 2011 after suffering with laminitis.
# Daniel Attoumou Amicchia

Daniel Attoumou Amicchia (1908–1994) was a Ghanaian photographer who settled in Grand-Bassam, Côte d'Ivoire.

## Early life and career

Amicchia was introduced to photography in 1920s. In 1948, he settled in Grand-Bassam, Côte d'Ivoire, where he was active until 1970. In Grand-Bassam, he kept in contact with the English-speaking Ghanaian community in Côte d'Ivoire, whom he photographed extensively. He acted like a "travelling merchant" and produced photographs of families and businesses. Little is known about Amicchia's life and career, as he was largely undocumented and his family threw away his archives after his death.
Amicchia's partner, Joseph Ernest Kouao, however, kept and preserved the remnants of the photographer's archive. Revue Noire featured Amicchia's photographs in 1991. Since then, his photographs have appeared in many exhibitions in the west.

## Death

Amicchia died from cancer in 1994.
# Daniel Attah

Daniel Attah (born 20 November 1978) is a Nigerian former professional boxer who challenged for the WBA (Super) and WBO super featherweight titles in 2002. As an amateur, he competed in the men's featherweight event at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
Attah lost to Acelino Freitas in 12 rounds, by a unanimous decision in a world championship fight held at Phoenix, Arizona. As of 2022, he is a resident of Washington, D.C.
# Daniel Atkinson (biochemist)

Daniel Edward Atkinson (April 8, 1921 – February 2, 2024) was an American biochemist who worked at UCLA for 40 years from 1952 until his retirement in 1992, though he continued his scientific work as Emeritus Professor. He is best known for the concept of energy charge.

## Education

Atkinson was an undergraduate at the University of Nebraska, and obtained a Ph.D. at Iowa State University, where he investigated the synthesis of aromatic amino acids and effects of p-fluorophenylalanine in Lactobacillus arabinosus, under the supervision of Sidney Fox.

## Career

After a post-doctoral period at the California Institute of Technology, followed by one as a research scientist at Argonne National laboratories, Atkinson moved to UCLA in 1952 as the second biochemist in the department. In his first work at UCLA he studied the bacterium Hydrogenomonas facilis, beginning with a description of the purification of hydrogenase.
Atkinson remained at UCLA for the remainder of his career, where he undertook numerous studies of metabolic regulation. Of these the best known is his introduction of the concept of energy charge.

## Energy charge

Atkinson and Walton introduced the concept of energy charge, later discussed more fully, as a way to rationalize the dependence of metabolic processes on the proportions of the adenylates. For pairs of metabolites, such as the reduced and oxidized forms of NAD, a straightforward ratio of concentrations is sufficient, but the case of the adenylates is more complicated, as there are three components to be considered, AMP, ADP and ATP.
The three adenylates are related by the reaction catalysed by adenylate kinase:
    ${\ce {ATP + AMP <=> 2 ADP}}$
and on the basis of this equation Atkinson proposed the following ratio as a measure of the metabolic state of a cell:
    $\mathrm {Energy} {\text{ }}\mathrm {charge} ={\frac {[\mathrm {ATP} ]+0.5[\mathrm {ADP} ]}{[\mathrm {ATP} ]+[\mathrm {ADP} ]+[\mathrm {AMP} ]}}$

## Metabolic regulation

Atkinson's work on the energy charge was part of a broader interest in metabolic regulation and its mechanisms, and he contributed numerous influential publications in this field. In addition to general articles on metabolic regulation he also worked on specific enzymes, such as isocitrate dehydrogenase and glutaminase, and on the role of urea synthesis in vertebrates.

## Cellular Energy Metabolism and its Regulation

Atkinson's influential book on energy metabolism set out the concepts and understanding of metabolic regulation that had developed over the preceding decades (most notably by him), in particular explaining the role of ratios of metabolite concentrations, including the energy charge, in regulating enzyme properties.

## Later life and death

Atkinson spent his last years living in Corvallis, Oregon. He died on February 2, 2024, at the age of 102.
# Fire support coordination element

A fire support coordination element (FSCE) is a term used in the US Army to identify an element of military formation or unit organisation in which functions are directly related to positioning weapons and delivering their fire onto targets. The term is most often associated with artillery, but is sometimes used for mortar fire.
During the Vietnam War, the element, which included about five officers and nine enlisted personnel, collected and assessed information provided by the forward observers, field unit liaison officers, AN/TPS-25 surveillance radar section, division artillery air section, visual airborne target locator section, and the AN/MPQ-4 countermortar radar section (one in each direct support battalion).
The duties of fire support coordinator for the division are normally performed by the division artillery commander, who works closely with the G-2 Intelligence section of the division to identify enemy targets.
# Fire support coordinating measure

A fire support coordination measure (FSCM) is one of any number of means to facilitate planning and executing rapid engagement of targets with the appropriate weapon or group of weapons, while simultaneously providing safeguards for everything else on the battlefield.
# Lekanger

Lekanger is a village in Gildeskål Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The village is located on the western side of the island of Sandhornøya, south of the villages of Mårnes and Våg. Nordstranda Chapel is located in the village.
# Firing Squad (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Muzik | |
| RapReviews | 7/10 |
| The Source | |
Firing Squad is the second studio album by the American hip hop duo M.O.P., from Brownsville, New York. It was released on October 22, 1996, via Relativity Records. It was produced by DJ Premier, Big Jaz, Ali Dee, M.O.P. & Laze E Laze and it also features a guest appearance from Kool G Rap. The whole album was mixed and overseen by DJ Premier, who continued the work for the next two M.O.P. albums. The album is broken down track-by-track by M.O.P. in Brian Coleman's book Check the Technique.

## Charts

| Chart (1996) | Peak position |
| US Billboard 200 | 94 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) | 12 |
# Lego House (disambiguation)

Lego House may refer to:
* "Lego House", 2011 song by Ed Sheeran
* Lego House (Billund), opened in 2017
* The Lego House, another name for the Lilla Bommen building in Sweden, also known as "The Lipstick"
# Fixed-point subgroup

In algebra, the fixed-point subgroup $G^{f}$ of an automorphism f of a group G is the subgroup of G:
    $G^{f}=\{g\in G\mid f(g)=g\}.$
More generally, if S is a set of automorphisms of G (i.e., a subset of the automorphism group of G), then the set of the elements of G that are left fixed by every automorphism in S is a subgroup of G, denoted by G$^S$.
For example, take G to be the group of invertible n-by-n real matrices and $f(g)=(g^{T})^{-1}$ (called the Cartan involution). Then $G^{f}$ is the group $O(n)$ of n-by-n orthogonal matrices.
To give an abstract example, let S be a subset of a group G. Then each element s of S can be associated with the automorphism $g\mapsto sgs^{-1}$, i.e. conjugation by s. Then
    $G^{S}=\{g\in G\mid sgs^{-1}=g{\text{ for all }}s\in S\}$;
that is, the centralizer of S.
# Flag of Lyon

The flag of Lyon consists of a rectangular cloth on which the elements of its coat of arms are displayed, it is therefore a heraldic flag. Habitually it counts on habitual proportions of 3:2 and it is a flag for civil use, since in the City hall and its dependencies only the French national flag is raised.
The shield proper of Lyon consists of a field of gules (red color), in which a lion appears rampant (of profile and erect) and of silver (white color). This coat of arms is augmented from a heraldic chief, the division occupying the upper third. This is the "Head of France", granted to all "Bonnes Villes", which shows the heraldry of his former monarchs: of azure laden with three golden fleurs de lys (a blue background adorned with three yellow lily flowers).
In the 13th century, merchants' guilds embarked on a revolt against the power of the Archbishop-Count of Lyon. These used their own flags with a lion to symbolize their strength, forcing in 1320 King Philip V of France to intervene in this conflict. As a result of the intervention of the king, the city happened to depend directly on the French Crown, being included the list of "Bonnes Villes" and receiving its shield (and flag) of arms. In 1376, King Charles V simplified its heraldry, reducing to three the indeterminate number of fleurs de lys that hitherto covered the entire space of the royal armories and heraldic chiefs of the "Bonnes Villes".
# Lemming Project

Lemming Project is death metal group from Germany. Active from 1986 to 1993, they notably released two albums on Noise Records.

## Discography

* Negative Hatecore (1990, demo)
* Extinction (1991, Noise)
* Hate and Despise (1992, Noise)
Two tracks from Extinction were also released as a Noise Records promo together with two tracks off Skyclad's The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth.
# Lemming (disambiguation)

A lemming is a small rodent.
Lemming or Lemmings may also refer to:

## Arts, entertainment, and media
### Music

* Lemmings (Bachdenkel album), released in 1973
* Lemmings (Jinn album), released in 2007
* "Lemmings", a song by Blink-182 from their 1997 album Dude Ranch
* "Lemmings", a song by English progressive rock band Van der Graaf Generator from the album Pawn Hearts
* The Lemming (formerly known as Lemming), a Dutch glam rock band

### Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media

* Lemming (film), a 2005 French film
* Lemmings (advertisement), an Apple Computer TV commercial
* Lemmings (video game), a 1991 computer game with numerous sequels
* National Lampoon's Lemmings, a comedy play and album by National Lampoon
* Several characters in the animated television series Camp Lazlo
* Several characters in the animated television series Grizzy and the Lemmings

## Other uses

* Eric Lemming (1880–1930), Swedish athlete
# Leiva River

The Leiva River is a river of Chile.
# Five-storied pagoda of Ryongtongsa Buddhist temple

The Five-storied pagoda of Ryongtongsa Buddhist temple is listed as a National Treasure of North Korea.
The pagoda is 6.48 m high, built with "well-trimmed granite stones" on a platform with a width of 3.23 m. Dating from the Koryo Dynasty, it is located 10 km north of Kaesong. The KCNA describes it as representative of "the high architecture in the early days of the Koryo Dynasty."
# Daniel McCarty (Virginia politician)

Daniel McCarty (c. 1679 – May 4, 1724) was a politician and lawyer in the British colony of Virginia. He served as Speaker of the House of Burgesses (1715–18) and represented Westmoreland County in the House for several sessions.

## Early life and education

McCarty was born in 1679, the son of wealthy Irish immigrants who had arrived in Virginia four years' prior.
He studied law and in 1702 at the age of 23, he began working as an assistant at the Westmoreland County Court. In 1703, he was an active attorney in the county, and in 1704 he was appointed as the "Queen's Attorney" in the county.

## Career

In 1705, McCarty entered the House of Burgesses as a member. He was appointed to the committee for privileges and elections and took an active part in the work of the House.
In addition to representing the area in the House of Burgesses, McCarty held other positions within Westmoreland County. In 1710, he was appointed as a Judge of the Westmoreland County Court and as Sheriff of the county for a period. In 1714, McCarty served as Collector of Customs for the Potomac River district of the colony.
Outside of his political career, McCarty was a prominent landowner and planter in Virginia. He owned 150 acres of land in Westmoreland County, 1,350 acres of land in Richmond County, and other land holdings in Prince William, and Stafford counties.

### Speaker of the House of Burgesses

In August 1715, McCarty defeated three other candidates in the election for Speaker of the House of Burgesses. The session of 1715, over which McCarty presided, has been regarded by historians as a period of intense political infighting between Governor Alexander Spotswood and the House of Burgesses.
McCarty remained as an active member of the House for several subsequent sessions, including serving as chairman on the committee on propositions and grievances.

## Death

McCarty died on May 4, 1724, at the age of 45. He was buried in the churchyard of Yeocomico Church.
# Daniel de Priézac

Daniel de Priézac (1590 – May 1662) was a French writer and jurist.

## Life

Priézac was born in Limousin. Graduating as doctor of law in Bordeaux in 1614, he was professor of jurisprudence and conseiller d'État. He was elected to the Académie française in 1639 as a founder member.
He wrote the Défence des droits et prérogatives des roys de France, contre Alexandre-Patrice Armacan, théologien (Defence of the rights and prerogatives of the kings of France, against Alexandre-Patrice Armacan, theologian), first published in Latin in 1639, then in French the following year, in which he argued that cardinal Richelieu, by proclaiming the supremacy of royal power and defending France's interests, was only defending the power and interests of the Catholic religion. Besides political discourses he published in 1652-54, Daniel de Priézac left behind his Paraphrases sur les Psaumes (Paraphrases on the Psalms) and a work entitled Les Privilèges de la Vierge Mère de Dieu (The Privileges of the Virgin Mother of God), published in 1648.
# Lembevere

Lembevere is a village in Elva Parish, Tartu County in eastern Estonia.
# Lenormand

Lenormand or Le Normand is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Henri-René Lenormand (1882–1951), French playwright
* Louis-Sébastien Lenormand (1757–1837), French physicist, inventor and pioneer in parachuting
* Marie Anne Lenormand (1772–1843), French professional fortune-teller for more than 40 years, famous during the Napoleonic era
* René Lenormand (1846–1932), French composer, father of Henri-René Lenormand
* Robin Le Normand (born 1996), French-born Spanish footballer
* Stéphane Lenormand, French politician
* Théo Le Normand (born 2000), French footballer, younger brother of Robin Le Normand