OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pierre André Pourret

Pierre André Pourret (1754–1818) was a French abbot and botanist who did research and teaching in France and Spain. He described and collected large amounts of plant species, especially from the Mediterranean, and amassed many species in his botanical garden and herbarium for his research. Pourret was also a pioneer user of binomial nomenclature, first developed by Carl Linnaeus.

## Career

Pierre André Pourret was a clergyman, but started his botanical career earlier, working in the regions around his hometown, Narbonne. His given parish, however, was Saint-Jacob in Provence. He sent manuscripts of documented research to the Académie des sciences, inscriptions et belles-lettres de Toulouse. During the French Revolution in 1789, Pourret was exiled to Spain. He did botanical work in Barcelona, Madrid, and ultimately the city of Ourense in Galicia. Due to xenophobia to the French during Napoleon's invasion of Spain, an angry mob drove Pourret out of his herbarium, burning many of his resources in the process. He lived an obscure life in Santiago de Compostela until his death in 1818.

## Legacy

His botanical collection can be found in the School of Pharmacy at the Complutense University of Madrid, donated by the University of Santiago de Compostela.

## Publications

* Pourret, P.A.(1781), Itineraire pour les Pyrénées
* Pourret, P.A.(1783), Projet d'une histoire générale de la famille des Cistes
* Pourret, P.A.(1784), Chloris Narbonensis
* Pourret, P.A.,Memoire sur divers volcans ėteints de la Catalogne, Palassou, Pierre Bernard (1823), Nouveaux mémoires pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des Pyrénées et des pays adjacents, Pau: Vignancour.
# Dimethylnortestosterone

Dimethylnortestosterone may refer to:
* Dimethandrolone (7α,11β-dimethyl-19-nortestosterone)
* Dimethyltrienolone (7α,17α-dimethyl-19-nor-δ$^{9,11}$-testosterone)
* Mibolerone (7α,17α-dimethyl-19-nortestosterone)
# Cumalıkızık

Cumalıkızık is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Yıldırım, Bursa Province in Turkey. Its population is 707 (2022). It is 10 kilometers east of the city of Bursa, at the foot of Mount Uludağ. Its history goes back to the Ottoman Empire's foundation period. The village is now included within the border of the Yıldırım district as a neighbourhood. Cumalıkızık was founded as a vakıf village. The historical texture of the village has been well protected and the civilian countryside architectural structures of the early Ottoman period are still intact. Because of this, Cumalıkızık has become a popular but still unspoiled center for tourists.
# Cost-plus-incentive fee

A cost-plus-incentive fee (CPIF) contract is a cost-reimbursement contract which provides for an initially negotiated fee to be adjusted later by a formula based on the relationship of total allowable costs to total target costs.
Like a cost-plus contract, the price paid by the buyer to the seller changes in relation to costs, in order to reduce the risks assumed by the contractor (seller). Unlike a cost-plus contract, the cost in excess of the target cost is only partially paid according to a buyer/seller ratio, so the seller's profit decreases when exceeding the target cost. Similarly, the seller's profit increases when actual costs are below the target cost defined in the contract.
According to the PMBOK (7th edition) by the Project Management Institute (PMI), CPIF is a "type of cost-reimbursable contract where the buyer reimburses the seller for the seller's allowable cost (allowable costs are defined by the contract), and the seller earns its profit if it meets defined performance criteria".

## Formula and Examples

Incentive contracts allow sharing of the risks between the contractor and the client. The contractor is reimbursed all its justifiable costs in addition to a calculated fee. The basic elements of a CPIF contract are:
   * Target Cost: the estimated total contract costs.
   * Actual Cost: constitutes the reasonable costs that the contractor can prove have been incurred.
   * Target Fee: the basic fee to be paid if the Target Cost matches the Actual Cost (target profit). The Target Fee varies between the Minimum Fee and the Maximum Fee according to a formula tied to the Actual Cost (e.g. Target Fee could be 10% of the Actual Cost).
   * Sharing Ratio: the agreed upon cost sharing proportion, normally expressed in percentage (e.g. 85% for the client / 15% for the contractor). It is often different for cost overruns and cost underruns.
Other components of incentive fee contracting include:
   * Maximum Fee: the highest fee that may be earned, usually expressed as a percentage.
   * Minimum Fee: the lowest fee that may be earned, usually expressed as a percentage.
The Final Fee (profit of the contractor) is expressed as follows: Final Fee = Target Fee + (Target Cost - Actual Cost) * Contractor Share.
The Final Price of the contract is expressed as follows: Final Price = Actual Cost + Final Fee.
Note that if Contractor Share = 1, the contract is a Fixed Price Contract; if Contractor Share = 0, the contract is a cost plus fixed fee (CPFF) contract.
For example, assume a CPIF with:
   * Target Cost = 1,000
   * Target Fee = 100
   * Benefit/Cost Sharing Ratio for cost overruns = 80% Client / 20% Contractor
   * Benefit/Cost Sharing Ratio for cost underruns = 60% Client / 40% Contractor
If the Actual Cost is higher than the Target Cost, say 1,100, the client will pay: 1,100 + 100 + (1,000 - 1,100) * 0.2 = 1,180 (contractor earns 80).
If the Actual Cost is lower than the Target Cost, say 900, the client will pay: 900 + 100 + (1,000 - 900) * 0.4 = 1,040 (contractor earns 140).
# Kaigetsudō Ando

Kaigetsudō Ando (壊月堂安度, c. 1671–1743), also known as Ando Yasunori, was a Japanese painter and the founder of the Kaigetsudō school of ukiyo-e art. Though influential and prolific, it is probable that many of the works attributed to him were painted by his disciples. He is a rarity among major ukiyo-e artists in that he made only paintings and never woodblock prints.

## Biography

Ando lived in the Suwa-chō district of Asakusa in Edo (modern Tokyo) near Sensō-ji temple, and on a major road which led to the Yoshiwara north of the city. Principally active from 1700–1714, some scholars have surmised that his early training may have been in ema, wooden votive tablets sold at Shinto shrines. A distinctive element of his style is the sense of emptiness around his figures, an element which fits well with the medium of the ema; this theory is supported by the idea of his location on the main road, where a great number of pilgrims and travelers would have passed daily.
Some scholars dismiss this theory, but it is nevertheless evident that Ando was closely connected to the trends of popular culture, art, and literature at the time. His style shows influences of the father of ukiyo-e painting, Hishikawa Moronobu, and his disciples, as well as influences from book illustrators such as Yoshida Hanbei.
Ando's particular focus was on the bijinga (images of beautiful women), and in his time he and his studio nearly monopolized the production of images of the courtesans of the Yoshiwara, Edo's pleasure district. His style is especially distinguished by the elaborate, and often brilliantly colorful, patterns on the courtesan's kimono. These were truly images of the latest fashions, or perhaps of the artist's own fashion ideas, just as much as they were images of the women. It has also been said that his women had an austerity and aloofness that placed them above pure representations of sexuality, the Edo period equivalent of "pin-ups".
As the founder of a school, it should come as no surprise that his style was fresh, new and innovative, and quite distinctive. This style would be continued by his direct disciples (some of whom were his sons or other direct relations), often so closely that paintings done by them have come to be misattributed to Ando.
Kaigetsudō Ando's career came to an end in 1714, with the so-called "Ejima-Ikushima affair". It is not entirely clear how he was involved in this scandal which revolved around a high ranking court lady and a kabuki actor (who held a very low status in society, along with all actors and entertainers). All those involved were banished from Edo.
# Eduard Lucas

Eduard Lucas (19 July 1816, in Erfurt – 23 June 1882, in Reutlingen) was a German pomologist.
He worked at the botanical gardens in Munich (from 1838) and Regensburg (from 1841), and from 1843 taught classes at the Agricultural and Forestry Institute in Hohenheim. Around 1860 he founded the Pomological Institute in Reutlingen.
With Johann Georg Conrad Oberdieck, he was editor of the Monatsschrift für Pomologie und praktischen Obstbau ("Monthly journal of pomology and practical fruit growing", 1855–64); later known as the Illustrirte Monatshefte für Obst- und Weinbau (1865–74) and the Pomologische Monatshefte (from 1875 onward). With Oberdieck and Friedrich Jahn, he was editor of the 8-volume Illustrirtes Handbuch der Obstkunde ("Illustrated Handbook of Pomology"; 1859–75).
He is credited for improving and expanding upon the fruit classification system earlier developed by Adrian Diel. Several fruit varieties bear his name, such as the Lucas Gestreifter Rosenapfel (Lucas striped rose apple), Lucas Königspflaume (Lucas king plum) and Lucas Taubenapfel (Lucas pigeon apple). The Eduard-Lucas-Medaille is an award offered by the Verein zur Erhaltung und Förderung alter Obstsorten (Association for the Conservation and Promotion of Old Fruit Varieties).

## Selected works

* Die Lehre von der Obstbaumzucht auf einfache Gesetze zurückgeführt, 1844 – Doctrine of fruit arboriculture attributed to simple laws.
* Populäre Anleitung zum ländlichen Gartenbau als Mittel zu Erhöhung des Wohlstandes und zur Landesverschönerung, 1849 – Popular instructions for rural gardening as a means to increase prosperity and for land beautification.
* Ueber die Mängel und Hindernisse des Obstbau’s und über die Mittel zu deren Abhülfe mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der rauheren Gegenden Württembergs, 1853 – On shortcomings and obstacles of arboriculture and on the means of remedy, with special consideration to the rougher areas of Württemberg.
* Beiträge zur Hebung der Obstcultur, 1857 (with Johann Georg Conrad Oberdieck) – Contributions to improve fruit cultivation.
* Die Lehre vom Baumschnitt für die deutschen Gärten bearbeitet, 1867 – Doctrine of pruning for German gardens.
* Vollständiges Handbuch der Obstcultur, 1869, new editions titled Lucas’ Anleitung zum Obstbau ("Lucas' instructions for fruit production"); 22nd edition, 2002.
# Girl of the Ballet

Girl of the Ballet is a 1942 Australian radio serial by Sumner Locke Elliott for the George Edwards Company. It was the story of "an insignificant milliner who became the rage of Europe and America. Scandal nearly wrecked her career, she had a tragic marriage, and ended her days clinging desperately to the tarnished trappings of her vanished glory.
The series was popular and was repeated in 1943, 1946 and 1949.

## Cast

* Nell Stirling
* George Edwards as Anton Orsov and Nikko Surevski.
* Maxwell Osbiston
* Marion Johns
* Eric Scott
* Ailsa Grahame
* Lorna Bingham
* Beulah Mayhew

## Lily Parker

Elliott later wrote a 1947 serial about ballet for Edwards called Lily Parker.
It was about "a dancing team, Lily Parker and Eddie du Core, and the tragedy that caught up with Lily Parker, a ballet dancing couple".
# Lelia Doolan

Lelia Doolan (born 1934) is an Irish television producer.

## Early life and education

Doolan was born in Cork in 1934. She studied French and German at University College Dublin, where she won a scholarship to study at the Brecht Theatre in Germany.

## Career
### Presenting, acting and producing

She presented and acted in shows on the newly established RTÉ in 1961 and starred in a short entertainment called "The Ballad Singer" produced by Tom McGrath, a program preserved in the station's archives. She soon moved into a role as producer/director, after training in the United States. She was responsible for the establishment of The Riordans rural soap opera.
Shortly after being made head of light entertainment, Doolan resigned in protest at the political and commercial policies of RTÉ. She became artistic director of the Abbey Theatre for two years before studying for her PhD in Anthropology at Queen's University. While she was there, she also worked in community video and adult education in Belfast. Her unpublished Ph.D. thesis at Belfast Queen's University in 1977 was titled "Elements of the Sacred and Dramatic in Some Belfast Urban Enclaves". Lelia Doolan's documentary in 2011 Bernadette: Notes on a Political Journey about Bernadette Devlin screened at the 2011 BFI London Film Festival.

### Teaching

She taught at the College of Commerce, Rathmines (now part of the DIT) between 1979 and 1988, where she established and was head of the first Irish course in Media Communications, teaching Bryan Dobson (news anchor), Fergus Tighe (film director), Anne Cassin (newsreader), and Ned O'Hanlon (U2 and Rolling Stones video director) amongst others.
In 1987 she produced Reefer and the Model, with director Joe Comerford. In April 1993 she was appointed chairperson of the Irish Film Board, a role she filled for three years before retiring. She was also a founder and director of the Galway Film Fleadh.

## Personal life and views

She was once described by Archbishop John Charles McQuaid as "mad, bad, and dangerous". She has been a prominent defender of LGBT rights.
She was involved in opposing both the Burren Interpretative Centre and the Corrib Gas pipeline. She lives in Kilcolgan near Galway where she tends a herb and vegetable garden.
# Koo-Koo the Bird Girl

Minnie Woolsey (1880 – after 1960), billed as Koo-Koo the Bird Girl, was an American side show entertainer, best known for her only film appearance in Tod Browning's film Freaks in 1932.

## Biography

Woolsey was born in 1880 in Rabun County, Georgia. Little is known about her early life, only that she was "rescued" from a mental asylum in Georgia by a travelling showman and was commonly billed as Minnie Ha Ha (a play on Minnehaha) in her sideshow entertainment career. She had a rare congenital growth skeletal disorder called Virchow-Seckel syndrome, which caused her to have a very short stature, a small head, a narrow bird-like face with a beak-like nose, large eyes, a receding jaw, large ears and mild intellectual disability. In addition, Woolsey was bald, toothless, and either completely blind or very short-sighted. She would appear in an American-Indian style bodysuit made of feathers with a single feather on top of her head as her costume and would dance and speak gibberish.
She appeared in the 1932 film Freaks, alongside a cast of other sideshow performers from the time, billed as Koo Koo, the Bird Girl. She was not the original Koo Koo however; the billing was previously used by another performer in the film, a "Stork" or "Bird" woman named Elizabeth Green. Woolsey is seen in many scenes, particularly at the wedding ceremony, where she is seen dancing on the dining table in a feathery costume. In 1942, a news brief in Billboard reported that Woolsey was recovering in Coney Island Hospital after breaking her arm while descending stairs. She was hit by a car in the 1960s. When and how she died is unknown.

## In popular culture

* Australian performer Sarah Houbolt created a performance called Kookoo the Bird Girl. Speaking to Disability Arts Online, Houbolt said “My full length show, KooKoo the Birdgirl, is about Minnie Woolsey, a historical performer with disability, who starred in Freaks (1932). This is an art history piece, and a female perspective on the side show. My passion to uncover her story is as a result of the importance of telling our history from a disability perspective. Minnie lived in a time of compulsory sterilisation and anti-marriage laws for disabled women, which not many people know about.”
* She is mentioned in Tom Waits's song Lucky Day (Overture) from his album The Black Rider, about sideshow performers.
# Saint-Léon, Allier

Saint-Léon (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Allier department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France.
# Sherman Pratt

Sherman Pratt (March 22, 1900 – September 14, 1964) was an American sportsman, explorer, and co-founder of Florida's Marineland and the Grenville Baker Boys Club.

## Early life

Pratt was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York, the second son of George Dupont Pratt and Helen Deming Sherman.
He graduated from Amherst College in 1927, where he played varsity football.

## Career

Pratt had ties to RKO pictures, and produced numerous documentary films. Together with W. Douglas Burden, Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney, and Ilya Tolstoy, he was a co-founder of Marineland of Florida, the world's first oceanarium. He was also a member of the Explorers Club, and the president and founder of the Grenville Baker Boys Club. The Boys Club made annual excursions to the Pratt family camps on Holmes Lake (New Brunswick), Canada, which had been constructed by George Dupont Pratt in 1909.
During World War II, he was a lieutenant commander in the United States Navy.

## Personal life

In 1942, Pratt married Ethel B. Schniewind, a divorcee, previously married to H. Edward Manville Jr. Pratt had one child, a daughter E. Deming Pratt.
Pratt died of a heart attack and stroke on September 14, 1964, in London, England.
# SS Saturn (1904)

History :
| Name | Saturn |
| Owner | Palatine Shipping Co. (1904–1906) Watson Steamship Co. (1906–1912) Det Bergenske Dampskibsselskab (1912–1916) |
| Port of registry | Manchester, England Bergen, Norway |
| Builder | Anderson Rodger and Company, Port Glasgow, Scotland |
| Launched | 4 February 1904 |
| Completed | 26 February 1904 |
| Identification | Official number: 119583 |
| Fate | Scuttled by submarine, 31 October 1916 |
| General characteristics ||
| Type | Freighter |
| Tonnage | 981 gross register tons (GRT) 598 net register tons (NRT) |
| Length | 230.2 ft (70.2 m) |
| Beam | 34 ft (10.4 m) |
| Draught | 14.3 ft (4.4 m) |
| Installed power | 140 nhp |
| Propulsion | 1 screw propeller; 1 triple-expansion steam engine |
| Speed | 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) |
SS Saturn was a small freighter built before the First World War. Completed in 1906, she was intended for the West African trade. The ship was captured and scuttled by the German submarine SM U-57 in October 1916.

## Description

Saturn had an overall length of 230.2 feet (70.2 m), with a beam of 34 feet (10.4 m) and a draught of 14.3 feet (4.4 m). The ship was assessed at 981 gross register tons (GRT) and 598 net register tons (NRT). She had a vertical triple-expansion steam engine driving a single screw propeller. The engine was rated 140 nominal horsepower that gave her a maximum speed of 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).

## Construction and career

Saturn was laid down as yard number 377 by Anderson Rodger and Company at its shipyard in Port Glasgow, Scotland, for the Palatine Shipping Co. as Thirlmere. Named after Thirlmere, the ship was launched on 4 February 1904 and completed on the 26th. She was transferred to the Watson Steamship Co. on 30 October 1906 before Palatine was wound down in early 1907. Thirlmere was sold to Det Bergenske Dampskibsselkab of Bergen, Norway, and renamed Saturn on 6 February 1912. She was enroute to Narvik, Norway, from Liverpool, with a cargo of cotton when she was shelled, captured and scuttled by U-57 about 35 nautical miles (65 km; 40 mi) north of the Shetland Islands at coordinates 60°02′N 5°04′W﻿ / ﻿60.04°N 05.07°W﻿ / 60.04; -05.07 on 31 October 1916.
# Cumana (song)

The Cumana Song (La Cumana) is a mambo tune written by jazz pianist Barclay Allen, together with Harold Spina and Roc Hillman and released by Barclay Allen's Rhythm Four on Capitol 15107 in 1947. Its signature riff is a fast moody change between two chords (chiefly F minor 6, or its tritone substitution, and C minor seventh) with some syncopation added. This tune, in its original context, is in the key of E Flat major with some parts sounding like they come from the relative key of C minor. The suggested tempo is 180 beats per minute, and this song in its original context takes about three and a half minutes to play, taking all repeats. Allen also recorded the tune with Freddy Martin And His Orchestra later in the year.
La Cumana has been featured on several episodes of "The Lawrence Welk Show".
# Foraminotomy

Foraminotomy is a medical operation used to relieve pressure on nerves that are being compressed by the intervertebral foramina, the passages through the bones of the vertebrae of the spine that pass nerve bundles to the body from the spinal cord.
A foraminotomy is performed to relieve the symptoms of nerve root compression in cases where the foramen is being compressed by bone, disc, scar tissue, or excessive ligament development and results in a pinched nerve.
The procedure is often performed as a minimally invasive procedure in which an incision is made in the back, the muscle peeled away to reveal the bone underneath, and a small hole cut into the vertebra itself. Through this hole, using an arthroscope, the foramen can be visualized, and the impinging bone or disk material removed. Surgery is typically short in duration, taking around 6 hours. Patients stay in hospital for 5-8 nights, can drive after 8 weeks, perform light duties after 8 weeks and make a full recovery within 18 months.

## Foraminectomy

A foraminotomy that removes a large amount of bone or other material may occasionally be described as a foraminectomy.
# Lochum

Lochum is an Ortsgemeinde – a community belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde – in the Westerwaldkreis in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

## Geography

The village is located in the northeast of Koblenz on the Westerwald Lake Plateau. The residential community of Lochum belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Hachenburg, a kind of collective municipality. Its administrative center is the homonym town.

## History

In 1048, Lochum had its first documentary mention.

## Politics

The municipal council is made up of 9 council members, including the extraofficial mayor (Bürgermeister), who were elected in a majority vote in a municipal election on 13 June 2004.

## Economy and infrastructure

The community lies between Bundesstraßen 255, linking Koblenz and Hachenburg, and 414, leading from Montabaur to Herborn. Bundesautobahn 3 with its Montabaur interchange (AS 40) lies 25 km away. The nearest InterCityExpress stop is the railway station at Montabaur on the Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line.
# Junior Blue

Junior Blue is a Canadian post-rock group, consisting of Justin Peroff and Dylan Hudecki, along with contributions by Peroff's Broken Social Scene bandmates Kevin Drew and Brendan Canning, and Hudecki's By Divine Right bandmates José Miguel Contreras and Brian Borcherdt.
The band released an album, Junior Blue In the Search of Solid Gold in 2003.

## Discography

* In the Search of Solid Gold

### Track listing

* "Cabs (Day One)" - 5:21
* "Jam1" - 2:32
* "Complete Breakdown" - 2:35
* "Telephone Wires" - 2:00
* "She" - 4:16
* "Sleeping Through Alarm Clocks" - 3:10
* "7:35am" - 1:14
* "Gold" - 7:56
* "(Untitled)" - 1:41
* "(Untitled)" - 4:06
* "(Untitled)" - 2:10
# Dumb

Dumb may refer to:

## A human state

* Muteness, the condition of being unwilling or unable to speak
* Stupidity, a lack of intelligence

## Songs

* "Dumb" (The 411 song), 2004
* "Dumb" (Faith Evans song), 2012
* "Dumb" (Nirvana song), 1993
* "Dumb" (Tich song), 2013
* "Dumb", by the Beautiful South from Quench, 1998
* "Dumb", by Bvndit, 2019
* "Dumb", by Garbage from Version 2.0, 1998
* "Dumb", by Jason Derulo from Future History, 2011
* "Dumb", by Jazmine Sullivan from Reality Show, 2015
* "Dumb", by Kelly Rowland, 2015
* "Dumb", by Royce da 5'9" from Book of Ryan, 2018
* "Dumb", by Silver Sun from Silver Sun, 1997
* "Dumb", by Todrick Hall from Straight Outta Oz, 2016

## Other uses

* Dumb: The Story of Big Brother Magazine, a 2017 American documentary film