OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Eurosphere

The Eurosphere or the European Empire is a concept centered around the European Union's sphere of influence, a term associated with the public intellectual Mark Leonard, Oxford University academic Jan Zielonka, the European Union Director-General for Politico-Military Affairs Robert Cooper and the former European Commission President José Manuel Barroso.

## Background

Over the past 50 years, the European Union has expanded from 6 founding members to 27; additionally there are 7 candidate and potential candidate countries waiting to join: Albania, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Ukraine, which are candidates, and Kosovo, which is a potential candidate. A number of European countries are integrated economically, as part of the European Single Market and using its single currency, the euro. Through its High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, the EU has the capability to speak with one voice on the world stage and has established association and free trade agreements with many states. Furthermore, through the European Neighbourhood Policy and Union for the Mediterranean it is creating closer ties with countries on its borders; while developing ties with other former European colonies, the ACP countries.
Countries seeking membership in the EU must undergo a great deal of reform, for example the reforms seen in Turkey, such as the abolition of capital punishment. The emergence of the Union's global influence, and the draw of membership, has been the subject of a number of academic writings. Mark Leonard describes the area of EU influence as the "Eurosphere".

## Countries within the Eurosphere

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According to Mark Leonard, the Eurosphere includes 109 countries. In Europe, this includes the 27 member states of the EU, applicant countries wishing to join the EU, the Western Balkans and European Commonwealth of Independent States countries (including Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine and transcontinental Kazakhstan). He does not mention Western European countries such as Norway who are already integrated into the EU's single market. Outside of Europe, he lists every African country and every Middle Eastern country, as well as the countries forming the eastern border of the Eurosphere such as Iran, Azerbaijan and Russia.
Other countries that could be said to be within the Eurosphere include European countries belonging to the European Economic Area, such as Iceland or Liechtenstein, states using the euro as their currency, such as Andorra, Monaco and San Marino, or the EU's Outermost Regions (OMR) in the Caribbean, South America and in the Atlantic, such as French Guiana, Guadeloupe, La Réunion, Martinique and Saint Martin. In addition, the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT) closely associated with the EU in the Atlantic, Caribbean, Pacific and Southern oceans are generally included in the Eurosphere such as Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, French Polynesia, Greenland and Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon.
# Evagrius

Evagrius or Euagrius may refer to:

## People

* Evagrius of Constantinople (fourth century), bishop of Constantinople (circa 370–380)
* Evagrius of Antioch, bishop of Antioch (388-392)
* Evagrius Ponticus (346–399), Christian mystic
* Evagrius Gallus [ca] (5th century), author of the Dialogue of Simon and Theophilus
* Evagrius Scholasticus (6th century), historian
# 2013 Men's NORCECA Volleyball Final Four Cup

The 2013 Final Four Men's Volleyball Cup was the first edition of the annual men's volleyball tournament, played by four countries from November 6–9, 2013 in Monterrey, Mexico. Mexico won the event with the Dominican Republic in second place and Canada won the bronze over the fourth place, Venezuela. The Mexican Tomás Aguilera was awarded Most Valuable Player.

## Competing Nations

* Group A —
* Canada
* Mexico
* Dominican Republic
* Venezuela

## Round robin

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | Pts | SPW | SPL | SPR | SW | SL | SR |
| 1 | Mexico | 3 | 3 | 0 | 14 | 249 | 197 | 1.264 | 9 | 1 | 9.000 |
| 2 | Dominican Republic | 3 | 2 | 1 | 10 | 239 | 257 | 0.930 | 7 | 4 | 1.750 |
| 3 | Canada | 3 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 200 | 212 | 0.943 | 3 | 6 | 0.500 |
| 4 | Venezuela | 3 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 219 | 241 | 0.909 | 1 | 9 | 0.111 |
| Date | Time | | Score | | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 | Set 4 | Total | Report |
| 6 Nov | 17:00 | Venezuela | 0–3 | Canada | 20–25 | 22–25 | 18–25 | | 60–75 | P2 P3 |
| 6 Nov | 19:00 | Mexico | 3–1 | Dominican Republic | 25–18 | 25–17 | 21–25 | 25–14 | 96–74 | P2 P3 |
| 7 Nov | 17:00 | Canada | 0–3 | Dominican Republic | 22-25 | 22-25 | 21-25 | | 65-75 | P2 P3 |
| 7 Nov | 19:00 | Mexico | 3–0 | Venezuela | 25-22 | 25-17 | 26-24 | | 76-63 | P2 P3 |
| 8 Nov | 17:00 | Dominican Republic | 3–1 | Venezuela | 25-23 | 12-25 | 25-22 | 28-26 | 90-96 | P2 P3 |
| 8 Nov | 19:00 | Mexico | 3–0 | Canada | 25-16 | 25-19 | 27-25 | | 77-60 | P2 P3 |

## Final

| Date | Time | | Score | | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 | Set 4 | Set 5 | Total | Report |
| 9 Nov | 14:00 | Canada | 0-3 | Venezuela | 22-25 | 19-25 | 19-25 | | | 60–75 | P2 P3 |
| 9 Nov | 16:00 | Mexico | 3–0 | Dominican Republic | 25-17 | 25–23 | 25–17 | | | 75–57 | P2 P3 |

## Final standing

| Rank | Team |
| | Mexico |
| | Dominican Republic |
| | Venezuela |
| 4 | Canada |
* 2013 Men's Final Four Cup champions
* Mexico First title
12–man Roster :
* Jesús Valdez, Gonzalo Ruiz, Jesús Rangel, José Mendoza Perdomo, Édgar Herrera, Pedro Rangel, Jorge Barajas, Guerson Acosta, Samuel Córdova, Tomás Aguilera, Néstor Orellana, Iván Márquez
* Head coach
* Jorge Azair

## Awards

* Most valuable player
    Tomás Aguilera
* Best scorer
    Henry Tapia
* Best spiker
    Jesús Valdez
* Best blocker
    Samuel Cordón
* Best server
    Elnis Palomino
* Best setter
    Pedro Rangel
* Best libero
    Marshall Douglas
* Best receiver
    Héctor Salerno
* Best libero
    Edwin Peguero
# 2013 Men's Softball World Championship

The 2013 ISF Men's World Championship, also known as the 2013 ISF Tradestaff Men's World Championship for sponsorship reasons, was an international softball tournament. The tournament was held at Rosedale Park in Auckland, New Zealand from 1–10 March 2013. It was the 13th time the World Championship took place. Sixteen nations competed, including defending champions Australia.
In the end, New Zealand won over Venezuela. Defending champions, Australia finished third.

## Final standings

| Rk | Team | W | L |
| 1 | New Zealand | 9 | 1 |
| 2 | Venezuela | 7 | 5 |
| 3 | Australia | 9 | 2 |
| 4 | Argentina | 7 | 3 |
| 5 | Canada | 6 | 3 |
| 6 | Japan | 6 | 3 |
| 7 | Samoa | 4 | 4 |
| 8 | United States | 4 | 4 |
| Failed to qualify for Playoffs ||||
| 9 | Great Britain | 3 | 4 |
| 10 | Colombia | 3 | 4 |
| 11 | Czech Republic | 3 | 4 |
| 12 | South Africa | 2 | 5 |
| 13 | Mexico | 2 | 5 |
| 14 | Netherlands | 1 | 6 |
| 15 | Philippines | 0 | 7 |
| 16 | Indonesia | 0 | 7 |
# Glenwood, Washington

Glenwood, Washington may refer to the following places in the U.S. state of Washington:
* Glenwood, Kitsap County, Washington, an unincorporated community in Kitsap County
* Glenwood, Klickitat County, Washington, an unincorporated community in Klickitat County
* Glenwood, Whitman County, Washington, an unincorporated community in Whitman County
# Glossy snake

Arizona elegans is a species of medium-sized colubrid snake commonly referred to as the glossy snake or the faded snake, which is endemic to the southwestern United States and Mexico. It has several subspecies. Some have recommended that A. elegans occidentalis be granted full species status.

## Subspecies

Subspecies of Arizona elegans include:
* Arizona elegans arenicola Dixon, 1960 – Texas glossy snake
* Arizona elegans candida Klauber, 1946 – Western Mojave glossy snake
* Arizona elegans eburnata Klauber, 1946 – Desert glossy snake
* Arizona elegans elegans Kennicott, 1859 – Kansas glossy snake
* Arizona elegans expolita Klauber, 1946 – Chihuahua glossy snake
* Arizona elegans noctivaga Klauber, 1946 – Arizona glossy snake
* Arizona elegans occidentalis Blanchard, 1924 – California glossy snake
* Arizona elegans philipi Klauber, 1946 – Painted Desert glossy snake

## Description

The glossy snake and its many subspecies are all similar in appearance to gopher snakes. However, they are smaller than gopher snakes, with narrow, pointed heads, and a variety of skin patterns and colors. They appear "washed-out" or pale, hence the common name, "faded snakes".
Most subspecies are ca. 75–130 cm (ca. 30-50 inches) in total length. The maximum recorded total length for the species is 142 cm (56 in).
They are shades of tan, brown, and gray with spotted patterns on their smooth, glossy skin, and a white or cream-colored unmarked ventral surface. Coloration often varies in relation to the color of the soil in a snake's native habitat.

## Habitat

Habitat is normally semi-arid grasslands of the southwestern United States, from California in the west to Kansas in the east and as far south as Texas, and northern Mexico.

## Behavior and diet

They are nonvenomous, nocturnal predators of small lizards.

## Reproduction

Glossy snakes are oviparous. Adults breed in the late spring and early summer. Clutches average from 10 to 20 eggs. The eggs hatch in early summers and the newly hatched young are approximately 25 cm (9.8 in) in total length.
# Glossy display

A glossy display is an electronic display with a glossy surface. In certain light environments, glossy displays provide better color intensity and contrast ratios than matte displays. The primary disadvantage of these displays is their tendency to reflect any external light, often resulting in an undesirable glare.

## Technology

Some LCDs use an antireflective coating, or nanotextured glass surface, to reduce the amount of external light reflecting from the surface without affecting light emanating from the screen as an alternative to matte display.

## Disadvantages

Because of the reflective nature of the display, in most lighting conditions that include direct light sources facing the screen, glossy displays create reflections, which can be distracting to the user of the computer. This can be especially distracting to users working in an environment where the position of lights and windows are fixed, such as in an office, as these create unavoidable reflections on glossy displays.

## Adverse health effects

Ergonomic studies show that prolonged work in the office environment with the presence of discomforting glares and disturbances from light reflections on the screen can cause mild to severe health effects, ranging from eye strain and headaches to photosensitive epileptic episodes. These effects are usually explained by the physiology of the human eye and the human visual system. The image of light sources reflected in the screen can cause the human visual system to focus on that image, which is usually at a much farther distance than the information shown on the screen. This competition between two images that can be focused is considered to be the primary source of such effects.

## Advantages

In controlled environments, such as darkened rooms, or rooms where all light sources are diffused, glossy displays create more saturated colors, deeper blacks, brighter whites, and are sharper than matte displays. This is why supporters of glossy screens consider these types of displays more appropriate for viewing photographs and watching films.
# Dwikora Harbour

Dwikora Harbour (Indonesian: Pelabuhan Dwikora) is the main harbour of Pontianak. It is located at the edge of Kapuas River in Pontianak central area. Its location is also near to Pontianak Mayor Office.
* This West Kalimantan location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# List of largest gold mines by production

This is a list of the largest gold mines by 2022 annual production, measured in troy ounces.
| Number | Name of mine | Production (ounces) | Location |
| 1 | Olimpiada mine | 1,998,000 | Russia |
| 2 | Grasberg mine | 1,798,000 | Indonesia |
| 3 | Muruntau mine | 1,700,000 | Uzbekistan |
| 4 | Carlin Trend | 1,571,000 | United States |
| 5 | Boddington mine | 813,000 | Australia |
| 6 | Kibali Gold Mine | 749,000 | DR Congo |
| 7 | Detour Lake Mine | 732,570 | Canada |
| 8 | Cortez Gold Mine | 731,700 | United States |
| 9 | Pueblo Viejo mine | 713,300 | Dominican Republic |
| 10 | Lihir mine | 701,800 | Papua New Guinea |
# Glutamic--pyruvic transaminase 2

Glutamic--pyruvic transaminase 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPT2 gene.

## Function

This gene encodes a mitochondrial alanine transaminase, a pyridoxal enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to generate pyruvate and glutamate. Alanine transaminases play roles in gluconeogenesis and amino acid metabolism in many tissues including skeletal muscle, kidney, and liver. Activating transcription factor 4 upregulates this gene under metabolic stress conditions in hepatocyte cell lines. A loss of function mutation in this gene has been associated with developmental encephalopathy. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Apr 2015].
# Glycosuria

Glycosuria is the excretion of glucose into the urine. Ordinarily, urine contains no glucose because the kidneys are able to reabsorb all of the filtered glucose from the tubular fluid back into the bloodstream. Glycosuria is nearly always caused by an elevated blood sugar level, most commonly due to untreated diabetes. Rarely, glycosuria is due to an intrinsic problem with glucose reabsorption within the kidneys (such as Fanconi syndrome), producing a condition termed renal glycosuria. Glycosuria leads to excessive water loss into the urine with resultant dehydration, a process called osmotic diuresis.
Alimentary glycosuria is a temporary condition, when a high amount of carbohydrate is taken, it is rapidly absorbed in some cases where a part of the stomach is surgically removed, the excessive glucose appears in urine producing glycosuria.
Additionally, SGLT2 inhibitor medications ("gliflozins" or "flozins") produce glycosuria as their primary mechanism of action, by inhibiting sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 in the kidneys and thereby interfering with renal glucose reabsorption.

## Follow-up

In a patient with glucosuria, diabetes is confirmed by measuring fasting or random plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin(HbA1c).

## Pathophysiology

Blood is filtered by millions of nephrons, the functional units that comprise the kidneys. In each nephron, blood flows from the arteriole into the glomerulus, a tuft of leaky capillaries. The Bowman's capsule surrounds each glomerulus, and collects the filtrate that the glomerulus forms. The filtrate contains waste products (e.g. urea), electrolytes (e.g. sodium, potassium, chloride), amino acids, and glucose. The filtrate passes into the renal tubules of the kidney. In the first part of the renal tubule, the proximal tubule, glucose is reabsorbed from the filtrate, across the tubular epithelium and into the bloodstream. The proximal tubule can only reabsorb a limited amount of glucose (~375 mg/min), known as the transport maximum. When the blood glucose level exceeds about 160–180 mg/dL (8.9-10 mmol/L), the proximal tubule becomes overwhelmed and begins to excrete glucose in the urine.
Approximate correlation between dipstick designation and urine concentration of glucose :
| Urine dipstick designation | Approximate urine concentration |
| trace | 100 mg/dL |
| 1+ | 250 mg/dL df |
| 2+ | 500 mg/dL |
| 3+ | 1000 mg/dL |
| 4+ | 2000 mg/dL |
This point is called the renal threshold for glucose (RTG). Some people, especially children and pregnant women, may have a low RTG (less than ~7 mmol/L glucose in blood to have glucosuria).
If the RTG is so low that even normal blood glucose levels produce the condition, it is referred to as renal glycosuria.
Glucose in urine can be identified by Benedict's qualitative test.
If yeast is present in the bladder, the sugar in the urine may begin to ferment, producing a rare condition known as urinary auto-brewery syndrome.
# Glyphipterix bifasciella

Glyphipterix bifasciella is a species of sedge moth in the genus Glyphipterix. It was described by Hans Georg Amsel in 1959. It is found in Iraq.
# Gmina Markuszów

Gmina Markuszów is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Puławy County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Markuszów, which lies approximately 22 kilometres (14 mi) east of Puławy and 25 km (16 mi) north-west of the regional capital Lublin.
The gmina covers an area of 40.39 square kilometres (15.6 sq mi), and as of 2011 its total population is 3,070. It is the smallest gmina in Puławy County in terms of area as well as population.

## Villages

Gmina Markuszów contains the villages and settlements of Bobowiska, Góry, Kaleń, Kolonia Góry, Łany, Markuszów, Olempin, Olszowiec, Wólka Kątna and Zabłocie.

## Demographics

Population data as of December 31, 2011:
| | Residents | Percent | Density/km² |
| Male | 1,478 | 49.2% | 36.6 |
| Female | 1,527 | 50.8% | 37.8 |
| TOTAL | 3,005 | 100% | 74.4 |

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Markuszów is bordered by the gminas of Abramów, Garbów, Kurów and Nałęczów.
# Gmina Markowa

Gmina Markowa is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Łańcut County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Markowa, which lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-east of Łańcut and 22 km (14 mi) east of the regional capital Rzeszów.
The gmina covers an area of 68.46 square kilometres (26.4 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 6,639 (6,617 in 2011).

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Markowa is bordered by the gminas of Chmielnik, Gać, Hyżne, Jawornik Polski, Kańczuga and Łańcut.

## Villages

Gmina Markowa contains the villages (sołectwos) of Husów, Markowa and Tarnawka.
# Glyphipterix nugella

Glyphipterix nugella is a species of sedge moth in the genus Glyphipterix. It was described by Felder in 1875. It is found in Colombia.
# Glyphipterix sulcosa

Glyphipterix sulcosa is a moth of the family Glyphipterigidae. It is found on Sardinia.
# Gmina Wschowa

Gmina Wschowa is an urban-rural gmina (administrative district) in Wschowa County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. Its seat is the town of Wschowa, which lies approximately 57 kilometres (35 mi) east of Zielona Góra.
The gmina covers an area of 198.3 square kilometres (76.6 sq mi), and as of 2019 its total population is 21,162.
The gmina contains part of the protected area called Przemęt Landscape Park.

## Villages

Apart from the town of Wschowa, Gmina Wschowa contains the villages and settlements of Buczyna, Czerlejewo, Dębowa Łęka, Hetmanice, Kandlewo, Klucz, Konradowo, Łęgoń, Lgiń, Łysiny, Mały Bór, Nowa Wieś, Olbrachcice, Osowa Sień, Przyczyna Dolna, Przyczyna Górna, Pszczółkowo, Siedlnica, Tylewice, Wincentowo and Wygnańczyce.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Wschowa is bordered by the gminas of Niechlów, Sława, Święciechowa, Szlichtyngowa, Wijewo and Włoszakowice.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Gmina Wschowa is twinned with:
* Šalčininkai, Lithuania
# List of highways numbered 31A

The following highways are numbered 31A:

## Canada

* British Columbia Highway 31A

## India

* National Highway 31A (India)

## United States

* U.S. Route 31A
* Nebraska Spur 31A
* New Jersey Route 31A (former)
* New York State Route 31A
* Oklahoma State Highway 31A
# List of highways numbered 322

The following highways are numbered 322:

## Canada

* Nova Scotia Route 322
* Saskatchewan Highway 322

## China

* China National Highway 322

## Costa Rica

* National Route 322

## India

* National Highway 322 (India)

## Japan

* Japan National Route 322

## United States

* U.S. Route 322
* Arkansas Highway 322
* Connecticut Route 322
* County Road 322 (Levy County, Florida)
* Georgia State Route 322 (former)
* Iowa Highway 322 (former)
* Kentucky Route 322
* Louisiana Highway 322
* Maryland Route 322
* Minnesota State Highway 322 (former)
* Mississippi Highway 322
* Montana Secondary Highway 322
* Nevada State Route 322
* New Mexico State Road 322
* New York:
** New York State Route 322
** County Route 322 (Erie County, New York)
* South Carolina Highway 322
* Tennessee State Route 322
* Texas:
** Texas State Highway 322
** Texas State Highway Loop 322
** Farm to Market Road 322
* Virginia State Route 322
** Virginia State Route 322 (former)
* Wyoming Highway 322 (former)
Other areas:
* Puerto Rico Highway 322
* U.S. Virgin Islands Highway 322
| Preceded by 321 | Lists of highways 322 | Succeeded by 323 |
# List of highways numbered 31E

The following highways are numbered 31E:

## United States

* U.S. Route 31E
* New York State Route 31E
# List of marquises of Saluzzo

The marquises (also marquesses or margraves) of Saluzzo were the medieval feudal rulers city of Saluzzo (today part of Piedmont, Italy) and its countryside from 1175 to 1549. Originally counts, the family received in feudum the city from the margrave of Turin, Ulric Manfred. It passed to the margrave of Susa, of the del Vasto family of Savona, and, in 1175, it was raised to margravial status by the Emperor Frederick I. In 1549, it was annexed to France during the Italian Wars. It remained under French control until 1601, when it was ceded to the Duke of Savoy in exchange for Bresse and surrounding territories.

## Marquises

* Manfred I (1125–1175)
* Manfred II (1175–1215)
* Manfred III (1215–1244)
* Thomas I (1244–1296)
* Manfred IV (1296–1330)
** Manfred V, civil war with his brother until 1332
** Frederick I, civil war with his brother until 1332
* Frederick I (1332–1336)
* Thomas II (1336–1357)
* Frederick II (1357–1396)
* Thomas III (1396–1416)
* Ludovico I (1416–1475)
* Ludovico II (1475–1504)
* Michele Antonio (1504–1528)
* Gian Ludovico (1528–1529, d.1563), deposed
* Francesco Ludovico I (1529–1537)
* Gian Gabriele (1537–1548)
# Eleutherodactylus grandis

Eleutherodactylus grandis, also known as the great peeping frog, is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae. It is endemic to Mexico and only known from near its type locality on the lava fields of Xitle volcano, in the southern part of the Mexico City federal district. Its natural habitat is shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss caused by spreading of Mexico City. Little suitable habitat remains, and the species is thought to be restricted to the Pedregal Reserve.
# China Cultural Industry Association

The China Cultural Industry Association is an umbrella trade association and cultural institution led by Zhang Bin.

## Description

The China Cultural Industry Association is a Chinese umbrella media organisation that also works to build “the soft power of Chinese culture.”

## Organisation

The China Cultural Industry Association website states that it is an independent organisation registered with the Ministry of Civil Affairs.
The organisation is led by billionaire political strategist and business person Zhang Bin and is noted for is proximity to the Government of China.

## History

The China Cultural Industry Association website states that it was founded on Jun 29, 2013. The organisation previously operated as a media company. Established in 2003, the Liaoning Folk Art Ensemble later became the Bensham Media Company before being renamed as the China Cultural Industry Association in 2011.
From 2011, the company became very profitable as it delivered media in Northeast China.
In 2014, the association funded the erection of a statue of Norman Bethune located at the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine. In 2016, the association stated that it had created the Trudeau Education Fund at the Universite de Montreal. In 2023, the university was considering returning the $750,000 donation to Zhang.
In 2022, on behalf of various Chinese technology companies, the association published a fourteen-page “self-discipline initiative", a corporate self-governance model for trading in non-fungible tokens. The rules centred around transparency and discouraging anonymous trading.