# Eugen Varga

Eugen Samuilovich "Jenő" Varga (born as Eugen Weisz, November 6, 1879 – October 7, 1964) was a Soviet economist of Hungarian origin.

## Biography
### Early years

He was born as Jenő Weiß (Hungarian orthography: Weisz) in a poor Jewish family, as a child of Samuel Weisz - who was a teacher in the primary school of Nagytétény - and Julianna Singer. Eugen "Jenő" Varga studied philosophy and economic geography at the University of Budapest. In 1906, he started writing in socialist and academic journals, mainly on economic subjects. Before World War I he gained some fame by discussing with Otto Bauer the origins of inflation in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In this period, he belonged to the Marxist Centrists, of whom Karl Kautsky and Rudolf Hilferding were the most prominent spokesmen.

### Hungarian revolution

In February 1919, Varga joined the newly created Hungarian Communist Party. During the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919, led by Béla Kun, he was People's Commissar for Finance (March 21-April 3), and then Chairman of the Supreme Council of National Economy. After the overthrow of the Soviet Republic he fled to Vienna.

### Soviet emigration

In 1920 he went to the Soviet Union with Arthur Holitscher. Here he started working for the Comintern, specializing in international economic problems and agrarian questions. In the years 1922-1927 he was working at the department of trade in the Soviet embassy in Berlin. In 1927-47, he was director of the Institute of World Economy and World Politics. In the 1930s, he became an economic adviser to Joseph Stalin. He survived the purges of the 1930s, during which Bela Kun and other Hungarians were executed.
During World War II he advised the Soviet Government in matters of post-war reparations. He attended the Potsdam Conference of 1945 as an expert. Like most of his compatriots living and working in Moscow, he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, but he also remained active in the Hungarian Communist Party.
He authored the economic reports the congresses of the Comintern discussed between 1921 and 1935. A large number of his writings were studies of the international economic conjuncture, in which he made great effort to assess quantitative trends in output, investment and employment using official economic data from numerous countries. He also extensively studied German imperialism.

## Personality

In 1922, Alexander Barmine, a Soviet diplomat who later defected to the west, travelled by train to Moscow with delegates to the Fourth Congress of Comintern, including Varga, who "showed the most revolting lack of consideration" by demanding a private railway compartment. Barmine considered that he should have content with a berth in a first class carriage. He wrote: "The little luxuries of power go to men's heads."
Another Soviet defector Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov, writing under the pseudonym Alexander Uralov, left a humorous description of Varga, whom he described as having "the pedantry of a German official, the obstinacy of a Russian accountant, and the suppleness of an Oriental fakir", and of his institute, where "share fluctuations were followed more attentively than in any London or New York bank. The most brilliant member of the Stock Exchange would have envied the way in which Varga was kept informed."

## Post-War Controversy

In 1946, Varga published The Economic Transformation of Capitalism at the End of the Second World War, in which he argued that during the war, western governments had accumulated great power over the management of capitalist economies, which brought them closer to socialist economies and more likely to last. He was praised by Kremlin watchers in the west as a 'person with a Western orientation' and a 'defender' of the Marshall Plan, but "these implications were highly distasteful to Soviet conservatives" who believed that capitalism was heading for an extreme and possibly terminal crisis. During a closed meeting of economists called by the USSR Academy of Sciences and Moscow University, in May 1947, "Varga was attacked for his writings by most, if not all, of the participants."
He was also attacked by Nikolai Voznesensky, then a powerful figure as Chairman of Gosplan and a member of the Politburo, who wrote a book in which he accused 'certain theoreticians' of having 'empty opinions which deserve no consideration'. Varga's book was condemned at a meeting of economists and political experts in May 1947, and the institute he headed was closed and subsumed into Gosplan. Though he remained a leading academic economist, his prestige had diminished - in the second edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia he was qualified as a "bourgeois economist" - but the fact that he was not dismissed or arrested implies that he had powerful protectors. In March 1949, Voznesensky was arrested, and two days later, on 15 March, Varga published a self-critical letter in Pravda.

### Years after Stalin

After Stalin's death in 1953, Varga reappeared on the scene. In February 1956, he wrote an article in Pravda that rehabilitated Bela Kun. The new leaders in the Kremlin, believing in the virtues of peaceful co-existence, were not interested in Varga's predictions of the outbreak of a "necessary" economic crisis in the United States. After his death, his selected works in three volumes were published in the Soviet Union, Hungary, and East Germany.
Varga never returned to living in his native Hungary. Because he was very close to Mátyás Rákosi, he was several times invited as an economic advisor to Hungary. In this period (1945-1950) he had specialized in economic planning, pricing and monetary reforms, i.e. reforms the Hungarian Communists now in power were carrying out. After the fall of Rákosi caused by the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the take-over by the Kádár team, Varga's advisory work was no longer fashionable.

## Awards

* Three Orders of Lenin (1944, 1953, 1959)
* Order of the Red Banner of Labour (1945)
* Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (1945)
* Lenin Prize (1963)

## Footnotes

* ↑ Michael Löwy (1992). Redemption and Utopia: Jewish Libertarian Thought in Central Europe : a Study in Elective Affinity. Stanford University Press. p. 174. ISBN 9780804717762. Redemption and Utopia: Jewish Libertarian Thought in Central Europe : a Study in Elective Affinity.
* ↑ Tokes, Rudolf L. (1967). Béla Kun and the Hungarian Soviet Republic: The Origins and Role of the Communist Party of Hungary in the Revolutions of 1918-1919. New York: Frederick A. Praeger.
* ↑ Holitscher, Arthur (1921). Drei Monate in Sowjet-Rußland von Arthur Holitscher (in German). Berlin: S. Fischer.
* ↑ Lazitch, Branko, in collaboration with Milorad Drachkovitch (1973). Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern. Stanford, Cal: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 424–25. ISBN 0-8179-1211-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
* ↑ Barmine, Alexander (1945). One Who Survived. New York: G.P.Putnam's Sons. p. 123.
* ↑ Uralov, Alexander (1953). The Reign of Stalin. London: The Bodley Head.
* ↑ Hahn, Werner G. (1982). Postwar Soviet Politics, The Fall of Zhdanov and the Defeat of Moderation, 1946-53. Ithaca: Cornell U.P. pp. 91, 84–85. ISBN 0-8014-1410-5.
* ↑ Ra'anan, Gavriel D. (1983). International Policy Formation in the USSR, Factional 'Debates' during the Zhdanovschina. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon. p. 65. ISBN 0-208-01976-6.
* ↑ Conquest, Robert (1961). Power and Policy in the U.S.S.R. London: MacMillan. pp. 88–91.
* ↑ Spriano, Paolo (1985). Stalin and the European Communists. London: Verso.
* ↑ Conquest. Power and Policy. p. 91.