# Thomas Jefferson Building

The Thomas Jefferson Building, also known as the Main Library, is the oldest of the Library of Congress buildings in Washington, D.C. Built between 1890 and 1897, it was initially known as the Library of Congress Building. In 1980, the building was named in honor of Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), a Founding Father, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, and the third U.S. president. In 1815, the purchase of Jefferson's book collection formed a core foundation for the library's collection.
The building is located on First Street, S.E. between Independence Avenue and East Capitol Street in the federal national capital city of Washington, D.C., across from the United States Capitol on Capitol Hill. It is adjacent to the library's additional buildings in the Library of Congress complex, the John Adams Building (built in the 1930s) across Second Street, and the James Madison Memorial Building (built in the 1970s) across Independence Avenue to the south.
The building is designed in the Beaux-Arts and elaborate decorative version of Classical Revival styles of architecture, and is known for its classicizing façade and elaborately decorated interior. The building's primary architect was Paul J. Pelz, who initially began work on the building in partnership with John L. Smithmeyer, and was subsequently succeeded by Edward Pearce Casey during the last few years of construction. In addition, Bernard Green was also a consulting engineer and architect (later worked on the Mississippi State Capitol of 1901-1903, in Jackson).
In 1965, in recognition of the prominent monumental structure and building's historical significance, it was designated a National Historic Landmark (lists maintained by the National Park Service of the United States Department of the Interior).

## Design

John L. Smithmeyer and Paul J. Pelz won the competition for the architectural plans of the library in 1873. The start of the project was delayed by U.S. congressional debates until a vote on the project was held in 1886.
In 1888, Smithmeyer was dismissed and Pelz became the lead architect. Pelz was himself dismissed in 1892 and replaced by Edward Pearce Casey, the son of Brig. Gen. Thomas Lincoln Casey, Chief of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, who at the time was in charge of the building's construction. While Smithmeyer was instrumental in securing the commission, Pelz appears to have been the main designer of the building and oversaw most of the exterior work. Bernard Green, the superintendent of construction, and Casey are credited for the completion of the interiors and the artistic supervision of the building's unique decorative program. The Library opened to the public in 1897 and the finishing work was completed in 1898.
The Thomas Jefferson Building contains some of the richest public interiors in the United States. The building represents a compendium of the work of classically trained American sculptors and painters of the "American Renaissance", in programs of symbolic content that exhibited the progress of civilization, personified in Great Men and culminating in the American official culture of the Gilded Age; the programs were in many cases set out by the Librarian of Congress, Ainsworth Rand Spofford. The central block is broadly comparable to the Palais Garnier in Paris, a similarly ambitious expression of triumphant cultural nationalism in the Beaux-Arts style that had triumphed at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, 1893. On the exterior, sculptured portrait heads that were considered typical of the world's races were installed as keystones on the main storey's window arches. The second-floor portico of the front entrance facing the U.S. Capitol features nine prominent busts of Great Men as selected by Ainsworth Rand Spofford in accordance with Gilded Age ideals. From left to right when one faces the building, they are Demosthenes (portico north side), Ralph Waldo Emerson, Washington Irving, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Babbington Macaulay, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Sir Walter Scott and Dante Alighieri (portico south side). The sculptors were Herbert Adams, Jonathan Scott Hartley and Frederick W. Ruckstull. The Court of Neptune Fountain centered on the entrance front invites comparison with the Trevi Fountain; its sculptor was Roland Hinton Perry. The copper dome, originally gilded, was criticized at the structure's completion, as too competitive with the national Capitol Building. Originally, the dome over the Main Reading Room was intended to be less than 70 ft tall to avoid this critique, however Casey and Green increased the size of the dome to 195 ft and covered it with 23 carat gold leaf.

## History

Needing more room for its increasing collection, the Library of Congress under Librarian Ainsworth Rand Spofford suggested to the Congress that a new building be built specifically to serve as the American national library. Prior to this the Library existed in a wing of the Capitol Building. The new building was needed partly because of the growing Congress, but also partly because of the Copyright Law of 1870, which required all copyright applicants to send to the Library two copies of their work. This resulted in a flood of books, pamphlets, maps, music, prints and photographs. Spofford had been instrumental in the enactment of this law.
After Congress approved construction of the building in 1886, it took eleven years to complete. The building opened to the public on November 1, 1897, met with wide approval and was immediately seen as a national monument. The building name was changed on June 13, 1980, to honor former U.S. President Thomas Jefferson, who had been a key figure in the establishment of the Library in 1800. Jefferson offered to sell his personal book collection to Congress in September 1814, one month after the British had burned the Capitol in the War of 1812.

## Book Conveying Apparatus

Prior to the 2000s, the Jefferson Building was linked to the Capitol Building by a purpose built book tunnel. This housed an electric "book conveying apparatus" that could transport volumes between the two buildings at 600 feet per minute. A portion of the book tunnel was destroyed to make room for the underground Capitol Visitor Center, which opened in 2008.

## Capitol Page School

Senate, House and Supreme Court pages formerly attended school together in the Capitol Page School located on the attic level above the Great Hall. Upon the separation of the programs (and the closure of the Supreme Court Page Program), the schools split. Senate Pages now attend school in the basement of their dormitory. The House Page Program was closed in August 2011. A small suite in the northwest corner of the attic level remains home to the official office of the Poet Laureate of the United States.

## Coolidge Auditorium

The Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge Auditorium, which opened in October 1925, has been home to more than 2,000 concerts, primarily of classical chamber music, but occasionally also of jazz, folk music, and special presentations. Some performances make use of the Library's extensive collection of musical instruments and manuscripts. Most of the performances are free and open to the public.
Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge was a wealthy patron of the arts and was no relation to Calvin Coolidge, who, coincidentally, was President of the United States at the time the Coolidge auditorium was established.

## Art

According to the Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Bernard Green, who played an important role on the interior design of the building, viewed the interior art as necessary "to fully and consistency carry out the monumental design and purpose of the building".
Art and sculptures can be found in and throughout the Jefferson Building. Representatives of the National Sculpture Society met with Casey and Green during the building's construction to select the sculptors for the Library's statues and figures. In 1894, 20 American sculptors were extended commissions and 19 accepted. In total, more than fifty American painters and sculptors produced commissioned works of art.
The Main Reading Room, circular in shape, is surrounded by eight giant marble columns that are each decoratively topped with a large statue of a female figure. The 8 statues each represent different aspects of knowledge and are symbols of civilization, including: Religion, Commerce, History, Art, Philosophy, Poetry, Law, and Science. Pendentives rest above each symbolic statue, with a quote from a notable author/work relating to each aspect.
Additionally, there are 16 bronze statues on raised balustrades overlooking the floor of the Main Reading Room. These statues "pay homage to men whose lives symbolized the thought and activity represented by the plaster statues." The subjects were chosen by Ainsworth Rand Spofford, Librarian of Congress from 1864 to 1897.
Details of each of the symbolic and portrait statues are included in the table below.
| Statue | Type | Description | Sculptor |
| Religion | Symbolic | The statue of Religion is holding a flower, which symbolizes "the lesson of God revealed in nature". The pendentive resting above this statue is a quote from Micah 6:8 that reads "What doth the Lord require of thee, but to do justly, and to love mercy, and to walk humbly with thy God?". | Theodore Baur |
| Moses, Hebrew Moshe | Portrait (Religion) | Moses was a Hebrew prophet and leader, responsible for leading the Exodus of the Israelites from Egypt and transcribing the Ten Commandments atop Mount Sinai. | Charles Henry Niehaus |
| Saint Paul, the Apostle | Portrait (Religion) | Saint Paul the Apostle was an early Christian religious leader in the first century A.D., responsible for spreading the teachings of Jesus and forming early Christian communities. | John Donoghue |
| Commerce | Symbolic | The statue of Commerce wears a wreathed crown of olive leaves and is holding a Yankee schooner and a miniature locomotive in her hands. The pendentive resting above this statue includes a quote from Dudley North that reads "We taste the spices of Arabia yet never feel the scorching sun which brings them forth.". | John Flanagan |
| Christopher Columbus | Portrait (Commerce) | Columbus was a Genoese explorer and navigator whose travels across the Atlantic Ocean paved the way for the colonization of the Americas. | Paul Wayland Bartlett |
| Robert Fulton | Portrait (Commerce) | Fulton was an American engineer and inventor. He successfully commercialized the steamboat. | Edward C. Potter |
| History | Symbolic | The pendentive resting above this statue includes a quote from Alfred Tennyson that reads "One God, one law, one element, and one far-off divine event, to which the whole creation moves.". | Daniel Chester French |
| Herodotus | Portrait | Herodotus was an ancient Greek historian and author of the first great narrative history produced in the ancient world, the History of the Greco-Persian Wars. | Daniel Chester French |
| Edward Gibbon | Portrait | Gibbon was an English historian and author of The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. | Charles Henry Niehaus |
| Art | Symbolic | The pendentive resting above this statue includes a quote from James Russell Lowell that reads "As one lamp lights another, nor grows less, so nobleness enkindleth nobleness.". | Franois M.L. Tonetti-Dozzi |
| Michelangelo | Portrait | Michelangelo was a Florentine sculptor, painter, architect, and poet during the Renaissance period. | Paul Wayland Bartlett |
| Ludwig van Beethoven | Portrait | Beethoven was a German composer and pianist of classical music. | Theodore Baur |
| Philosophy | Symbolic | The pendentive resting above this statue includes a quote from Francis Bacon that reads "The inquiry, knowledge, and belief of truth is the sovereign good of human nature.". | Bela Lyon Pratt |
| Plato | Portrait | Plato was an Athenian philosopher, founder of Platonism and the Academy. | John J. Boyle |
| Francis Bacon | Portrait | Bacon was a philosopher during the Scientific Revolution, known for his study of natural philosophy and the scientific method. | John J. Boyle |
| Poetry | Symbolic | The pendentive resting above this statue includes a quote from John Milton that reads "Hither, as to their fountain, other stars repairing, in their golden urns draw lights.". | John Quincy Adams Ward |
| Homer | Portrait | Homer is an ancient Greek poet who is attributed as the author of the Odyssey and the Iliad. | Louis Saint-Gaudens |
| William Shakespeare | Portrait | Shakespeare was an English playwright, poet and author. | Frederick MacMonnies |
| Law | Symbolic | The pendentive resting above this statue includes a quote from Richard Hooker that reads "Of Law there can be no less acknowledged than that her voice is the harmony of the world.". | Paul Wayland Bartlett |
| Solon | Portrait | Solon was an Athenian statesmen and lawmaker, credited with laying the foundation for Athenian democracy. | Fredrick Wellington Ruckstull |
| James Kent | Portrait | Kent was an American jurist, New York legislator and legal scholar. | George Bissell |
| Science | Symbolic | The pendentive resting above this statue includes a quote from Psalms 19:1 that reads " The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament showeth his handiwork.". | John Donoghue |
| Sir Isaac Newton | Portrait | Newton was an English physicist and mathematician who formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation. | Cyrus E. Dallin |
| Joseph Henry | Portrait | Henry was an American scientist and the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. | Herbert Adams |
* Art at the Thomas Jefferson Building
* Olin Levi Warner, tympanum representing Writing, above exterior of main entrance doors, 1896
* Henry Oliver Walker, Lyric Poetry, 1896
* Erotica, one of the eight panels representing literature by George Randolph Barse (1861–1938)
* Gari Melchers, Mural of War, 1896
* Gari Melchers, Mural of Peace, 1896
* Elihu Vedder, Minerva of Peace, 1896
* Edward Emerson Simmons, Melpomene, 1896
* Charles Sprague Pearce, Labor, 1896
* Charles Sprague Pearce, Religion, 1896
* Mural paintings at the corridor
* Mural painting, Northeastern Pavilion by Elmer E. Garnsey
* A portion of Edwin Blashfield's Evolution of Civilization, located on the dome above the Main Reading Room, 1895
* Ceiling of the Great Hall
* The Court of Neptune Fountain, 1897–98, by Roland Hinton Perry