# Oriagba

Oriagba (a.k.a. Oriagba Negho, 'Oriagba the Adorable' and Oriagba N'ovbi Obo, 'Oriagba the son of a doctor', c. 1050 – c. 1070 AD) was the twenty-third ruler of the Ogiso dynasty in the ancient Kingdom of Igodomigodo, later known as the Kingdom of Benin. He implemented reforms to the monarchy, including the establishment of the system of primogeniture for succession. Oriagba's reign involved the subjugation of the Dukedom of Udo and the strengthening of hereditary governance structures for both the monarchy and the Edion'isen, the kingmakers. His reign also included the revival of the guild system and the organisation of the first royal pilgrimage to Uhe. He was succeeded by Ogiso Odoligie.

## Early life and ascension

Oriagba was a native of Oroghotodin, a village now part of Ibiwe, Idunmwebo, and Emotan Circle in modern-day Benin City. His father, Obo, was a herbalist and diviner, influencing Oriagba's upbringing. Under his father’s guidance, Oriagba became skilled in drumming and gained recognition within his community. The selection of Oriagba as Ogiso was guided by divination, with the Senior Nobles deeming him a suitable candidate for leadership.
Oriagba's formative years were influenced by traditional practices, particularly his use of the Ighede drum, an important instrument in spiritual rituals. Although he did not inherit his father's skills in divination, Oriagba excelled in marksmanship and mystical practices. His ascension to the throne was considered crucial in stabilising the monarchy after periods of unrest caused by political interference from the Senior Nobles.
During the early years of his reign, Oriagba worked closely with the Senior Nobles to consolidate his authority. After his coronation he introduced reforms to strengthen the kingdom's governance. To secure the loyalty of the nobility, Oriagba implemented measures, including alliances and decrees.
Oriagba focused on restructuring the kingdom's succession system. He introduced policies that centralised the succession process within the royal family, designating the eldest son or closest relative as the heir. These measures aimed to eliminate internal disputes and ensure a more predictable transfer of power.
Oriagba's leadership style emphasised preserving the dynastic system through practical governance and collaboration with influential figures. His decrees were supported by the Senior Nobles and reinforced by invoking ancestral spiritual authority. This approach enabled Oriagba to implement his vision for a stable kingdom.

## Reforms and achievements

Oriagba introduced reforms during his reign to stabilise the monarchy and promote the kingdom’s development. One reform was establishing the principle of primogeniture, designating the eldest son or nearest kin as the heir to the throne. This measure aimed to curtail succession disputes.
Another focus was restoring the guild system, which had declined during earlier periods. Oriagba encouraged the return of skilled artisans and craftspeople, leading to the revival of trades such as ironworking, carpentry, weaving, leatherworking, and pottery.
Cultural and religious initiatives were also part of Oriagba's administration. He introduced new ceremonies and festivals, which were adopted across the kingdom. A system was established where families contributed portions of festival produce to local leaders, ensuring a share reached the king.
In diplomacy, Oriagba established a system of royal patronage and organised trading guilds. These efforts facilitated trade and secured loyalty from regional leaders. Oriagba's reign also included organising the first royal pilgrimage to Uhe, aimed at reinforcing connections with the kingdom's ancestral homeland. This tradition remained until the reign of Oba Ewuare in the 15th century.

## Pilgrimage to Uhe

Oriagba was the first Ogiso to organise a royal pilgrimage to Uhe, to pay homage at the ancestral shrine of Oghene located at Uduwa on the Uhe Plateau. This pilgrimage, documented in 1050 AD, played a role in strengthening cultural and spiritual ties among the people of Benin.
The pilgrimage required extensive preparation, including the collection of cowries used as offerings. Pilgrims carried three separate bags of cowries: one for their journey to Uhe, another to present at the Uduwa shrine, and a third for their return home. These practices highlighted the economic organisation of the kingdom during Oriagba's reign.
Oral histories recall events from these pilgrimages, such as the story of Esagho-oza, which inspired songs passed down through generations. The royal pilgrimage tradition continued for nearly four centuries, ending during the reign of Oba Ewuare in the 15th century.
These journeys were significant as spiritual rituals and as a means of uniting the kingdom under a shared cultural heritage. The traditions associated with the pilgrimages were preserved in songs and oral narratives, reflecting their impact on Benin's cultural history.

## Legacy

Oriagba's reign had an impact on the Benin kingdom. His introduction of the primogeniture system established a clear succession process, reducing conflicts over leadership. The revitalisation of the guild system under his leadership contributed to economic growth and cultural development, supporting the continuation of craftsmanship and trade.
The institution of the royal pilgrimage to Uhe further reinforced the spiritual and cultural identity of the kingdom. Oriagba's efforts in diplomacy and strategic alliances aimed to maintain the loyalty of regional leaders and support the kingdom's political stability.
Despite challenges during his reign, Oriagba implemented reforms in governance, culture, and the economy that influenced subsequent rulers. Oriagba's death in 1070 marked the end of his period in the kingdom's history. His successor, Ogiso Odoligie, continued many of his policies. Oriagba’s contributions are part of Benin’s historical legacy.