# Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument

Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument is a U.S. national monument and UNESCO biosphere reserve located in extreme southern Arizona that shares a border with the Mexican state of Sonora. The park is the only place in the United States where the senita and organ pipe cactus grow wild. Along with this species, many other types of cacti and other desert flora native to the Yuma Desert section of the Sonoran Desert region grow in the park. Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument is 517 sq mi (1,340 km$^2$) in size. In 1976 the monument was declared a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO, and in 1977 95% of Organ Pipe Cactus was declared a wilderness area.
Land for the Monument was donated by the Arizona state legislature to the federal government during Prohibition knowing that the north–south road would be improved and make contraband alcohol easier to import from Mexico. In 1937 the land was officially opened as a national monument.
At the north entrance of the park is the unincorporated community of Why, Arizona; the town of Lukeville, Arizona at the park's southern border is a border crossing point to Sonoyta, Sonora, Mexico.
Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument is bordered to the northwest by Cabeza Prieta National Wildlife Refuge and to the east by the Tohono O'odham Indian Reservation.

## Mexico-United States barrier

The visitor center has been named in honor of Ranger Kris Eggle. On August 9, 2002, he was shot and killed by a drug smuggler during a United States Border Patrol operation. With a continuing, steady flow of immigrants and drug runners from Mexico, the majority of the park was closed in 2003. The National Park Service reopened the backcountry in 2014 after surveillance towers, vehicle barriers, and pedestrian fences were installed along the border.
The first 30-foot (9.1 m) panels of a new Arizona, US-Mexico border wall were installed in August 2019 on a two-mile (3.2 km) stretch of Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument. It is the first of three projects that will add bollard walls along Southern Arizona's wildlife refuges. The National Park Service issued a report on September 18, 2019, stating that the barrier wall threatens archaeological artifacts representing 16,000 years of human history. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection agency said that five archaeological sites fall within the area that it wishes to construct.
In February 2020, controlled demolition and other construction work was performed within the Roosevelt Reservation. This strip of land along the border is federally controlled. However, many sites within this region are considered sacred by the Tohono O'odham Nation. Important sites include Monument Hill, which is a ceremonial and historic battle site and burial ground; and Quitobaquito Springs, which is a local water source and the site of an annual salt pilgrimage. For this reason, construction was opposed by many locals, including Representative Raúl Grijalva and Tohono O’odham Nation Chairman Ned Norris, Jr., who testified before Congress on the matter. Customs and Border Protection officials maintained that no human remains or artifacts were discovered in the areas where explosives were used, and that Monument Hill was previously disturbed in 2010 when the existing border fence was installed.

## Climate

Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument has a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh) with very hot summers and mild winters.
Climate data for Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, Arizona, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1944–present :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 90 (32) | 95 (35) | 99 (37) | 104 (40) | 111 (44) | 119 (48) | 118 (48) | 116 (47) | 113 (45) | 107 (42) | 98 (37) | 88 (31) | 119 (48) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 81.3 (27.4) | 84.2 (29.0) | 90.8 (32.7) | 97.9 (36.6) | 103.4 (39.7) | 110.1 (43.4) | 111.5 (44.2) | 110.4 (43.6) | 106.9 (41.6) | 100.0 (37.8) | 89.9 (32.2) | 80.2 (26.8) | 112.7 (44.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 70.7 (21.5) | 73.0 (22.8) | 79.2 (26.2) | 85.8 (29.9) | 93.3 (34.1) | 101.8 (38.8) | 103.8 (39.9) | 103.2 (39.6) | 99.1 (37.3) | 90.0 (32.2) | 78.9 (26.1) | 69.9 (21.1) | 87.4 (30.8) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 56.0 (13.3) | 57.9 (14.4) | 63.3 (17.4) | 68.8 (20.4) | 76.3 (24.6) | 84.8 (29.3) | 89.7 (32.1) | 89.3 (31.8) | 84.5 (29.2) | 74.3 (23.5) | 63.4 (17.4) | 55.4 (13.0) | 72.0 (22.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 41.4 (5.2) | 42.9 (6.1) | 47.3 (8.5) | 51.9 (11.1) | 59.3 (15.2) | 67.8 (19.9) | 75.6 (24.2) | 75.3 (24.1) | 69.9 (21.1) | 58.5 (14.7) | 47.9 (8.8) | 40.9 (4.9) | 56.6 (13.7) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 29.2 (−1.6) | 31.6 (−0.2) | 35.9 (2.2) | 39.9 (4.4) | 48.2 (9.0) | 56.4 (13.6) | 65.8 (18.8) | 66.3 (19.1) | 58.8 (14.9) | 45.3 (7.4) | 35.5 (1.9) | 29.3 (−1.5) | 26.8 (−2.9) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 14 (−10) | 18 (−8) | 16 (−9) | 31 (−1) | 30 (−1) | 46 (8) | 52 (11) | 50 (10) | 46 (8) | 29 (−2) | 24 (−4) | 18 (−8) | 14 (−10) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.99 (25) | 0.89 (23) | 0.78 (20) | 0.31 (7.9) | 0.18 (4.6) | 0.11 (2.8) | 1.32 (34) | 1.82 (46) | 0.75 (19) | 0.56 (14) | 0.44 (11) | 1.13 (29) | 9.28 (236) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 inch) | 3.2 | 3.7 | 3.0 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 4.3 | 6.0 | 3.0 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 4.0 | 33.3 |
| Source: NOAA ||||||||||||||

## Gallery

* An organ pipe cactus in the Monument
* Hedgehog cactus and brittlebush in bloom at the National Monument
* The Monument is also home to many saguaro cacti
* The Monument also contains a pair of natural arches
* Map of Organ Pipe and its designated wilderness
* Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, National Park Service
* Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument Campsite