# Morgan County, West Virginia

Morgan County is a county located in the U.S. state of West Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 17,063. Its county seat is Berkeley Springs. The county was formed in 1820 from parts of Hampshire and Berkeley Counties and named in honor of General Daniel Morgan, prominent soldier of the American Revolutionary War. The county and town of Bath are considered excellent jumping-off points for exploring the Potomac and Cacapon Rivers just to the north and west, respectively. Also, the county is a tourist destination hosting numerous local artists, mineral water spas, and a large amount of outdoor recreation that includes fishing, boating, wildlife, hunting, and mountain scenery. The region is known for the famed Apple Butter Festival held annually in October. Morgan County is also the home of an important silica mine, part of U.S. Silica.

## History

Morgan County was created by an act of the Virginia General Assembly in February 1820 from parts of Berkeley and Hampshire counties. It was named in honor of General Daniel Morgan (1736–1802). He was born in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, and moved to Winchester, Virginia as a youth. He served as a wagoner in Braddock's Army during the campaign against the Native Americans in 1755. During the campaign, a British Lieutenant became angry with him and hit him with the flat of his sword. Morgan punched the Lieutenant, knocking him unconscious. Morgan was court-martialed for striking a British officer and was sentenced to 500 lashes. Morgan later joked that the drummer who counted out the lashes miscounted and he received only 499 lashes. For the rest of his life, he claimed the British still owed him one.

### Early European settlers

The first English settlers in present-day Morgan County arrived during the 1730s. Because most of these early pioneers were squatters, there is no record of their names. Historians claim that the first cabin in the county was built around 1745. As word of the county's warm springs spread eastward, Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron decided that the county needed to be surveyed. In 1748, George Washington, then just 16 years old, was part of the survey party that surveyed the Eastern Panhandle region for Lord Fairfax. He later returned to Bath (Berkeley Springs) several times over the next several years with his half-brother, Lawrence, who was ill and hoped that the warm springs might improve his health. The springs, and their rumored medicinal benefits, attracted numerous Native Americans as well as Europeans to the area.

### 18th century

As mentioned previously, George Washington visited present-day Berkeley Springs several times with his half-brother, Lawrence. When he vacationed in the area in 1767, he noted how busy the town had become. Lord Fairfax had built a summer home there and a "private bath" making the area a popular destination for Virginia's social elite. As the town continued to grow, the Virginia General Assembly decided to formally recognize it. In October 1776, the town was officially named Bath, in honor of England's spa city called Bath. The town's main north–south street was named Washington and the main east–west street was named Fairfax. Also, seven acres (28,000 m$^2$) were set aside for "suffering humanity." When West Virginia gained statehood, that area became West Virginia's first state park.
Bath's population increased during and immediately after the American Revolutionary War as wounded soldiers and others came to the area believing that the warm springs had medicinal qualities. Bath gained a reputation as a somewhat wild town where eating, drinking, dancing, and gambling on the daily horse races were the order of the day.
Bath later became known as Berkeley Springs, primarily because the town's post office took that name (combining Governor Norborne Berkeley's last name with the warm springs found there) to avoid confusion with another post office, located in southeastern Virginia, which was already called Bath. Because the mail was sent to and from Berkeley Springs, that name slowly took precedence.

### 19th century

Morgan County was one of fifty Virginia counties that were admitted to the Union as the state of West Virginia on June 20, 1863. Later that year, the counties were divided into civil townships, with the intention of encouraging local government. This proved impractical in the heavily rural state, and in 1872 the townships were converted into magisterial districts. Morgan County was divided into six districts: Allen, Bath, Cacapon, Rock Gap, Sleepy Creek, and Timber Ridge. Except for minor adjustments, the historic magisterial districts remained unchanged until the 1980s, when they were consolidated into three new districts: District 1, District 2, and District 3. A District 4 was created in the 1990s, but subsequently discontinued.

### 20th century

On April 10, 1919, racial violence broke out when the Morgan County race riot was sparked by local business using African-American strikebreakers against local striking white workers. On the same day of the riots one Hugh Ferguson, a Martinsburg African-American, was accused of criminally assaulting Mrs. Ernest Zimmerman at her home near Brosius, Morgan County (now known as Hancock, West Virginia). An angry mob of several hundred men formed around the jail hoping to lynch Ferguson. Sheriff C. R. Hovermale was forced to flee town with Ferguson.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 230 square miles (600 km$^2$), of which 229 square miles (590 km$^2$) is land and 0.5 square miles (1.3 km$^2$) (0.2%) is water.

### Major highways

* U.S. Highway 522
* West Virginia Route 9

### Adjacent counties

* Washington County, Maryland (north)
* Berkeley County (east)
* Frederick County, Virginia (southeast)
* Hampshire County (southwest)
* Allegany County, Maryland (northwest)

### Rivers and streams

* Potomac River
* Cacapon River
* Cherry Run
* Sir Johns Run
* Sleepy Creek
* Meadow Branch
* Warm Spring Run

## Demographics
### 2020 census

As of the 2020 census, there were 17,063 people and 6,957 households residing in the county. There were 9,071 housing units in Morgan. The racial makeup of the county was 93.7% White, 0.7% African American, 0.5% Asian, 0.2% Native American, 0.5% from other races, and 4.5% from two or more races.Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 1.4% of the population.
Of the 6,957 households, 56.4% were married couples living together, 19.9% had a female householder with no spouse present, 16.1% had a male householder with no spouse present. The average household and family size was 2.93. The median age in the county was 48.5 years with 17.7% of the population under 18. The median income for a household was $56,616 and the poverty rate was 8%.

### 2010 census

As of the 2010 United States census, there were 17,541 people, 7,303 households, and 5,015 families living in the county. The population density was 76.6 inhabitants per square mile (29.6/km$^2$). There were 9,753 housing units at an average density of 42.6 per square mile (16.4/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the county was 97.3% white, 0.6% black or African American, 0.3% Asian, 0.3% Native American, 0.2% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.0% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 27.0% were German, 13.2% were Irish, 11.5% were American, and 10.6% were English.
Of the 7,303 households, 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.1% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 31.3% were non-families, and 25.7% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.84. The median age was 45.0 years.
The median income for a household in the county was $37,281 and the median income for a family was $49,974. Males had a median income of $39,372 versus $27,949 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,732. About 11.9% of families and 15.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.0% of those under age 18 and 10.6% of those age 65 or over.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 14,943 people, 6,145 households, and 4,344 families living in the county. The population density was 65 inhabitants per square mile (25/km$^2$). There were 8,076 housing units at an average density of 35 per square mile (14/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the county was 98.30% White, 0.60% Black or African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.12% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.23% from other races, and 0.57% from two or more races. 0.83% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 6,145 households, out of which 28.70% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.90% were married couples living together, 8.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.30% were non-families. Of all households, 24.50% were made up of individuals, and 10.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 2.84.
The age distribution is 22.40% under the age of 18, 6.80% from 18 to 24, 27.30% from 25 to 44, 26.90% from 45 to 64, and 16.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 96.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.00 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $35,016, and the median income for a family was $40,690. Males had a median income of $29,816 versus $22,307 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,109. About 8.00% of families and 10.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.60% of those under age 18 and 8.80% of those age 65 or over.

## Government and public safety
### County government

Morgan County Commission is a three-member elective body. The term of office for each Commission member is six years, with one term expiring every two years. The current commissioners are Sean Forney, Joel Tuttle, and Bill Clark, with Forney serving as the President.

### County sheriff

The Morgan County Sheriff's Office operates the county jail, provides court protection, provides county building and facility security, and provides patrol and detective services for the county. Johnnie C. Walter Jr. is the current Sheriff.

### County clerk

The current county clerk is Kimberly Nickles.

### County assessor

The current assessor is Debbie Weaver.

### Magistrates

Morgan County has two Magistrates: Kermit Ambrose and Greg Miller

## Politics

Morgan County has historically been a stronghold for the Republican Party. Every Republican presidential nominee has won Morgan County since 1864, the first presidential election following West Virginia's statehood. The last Democratic presidential nominee to win Morgan County was Lewis Cass in 1848; the county was won by the Whig Party, the Know-Nothing Party and John Bell's Constitutional Union Party in its last three elections as part of Virginia.
The county is a massive outlier in West Virginia, a state that tilted Democratic for much of the 20th century before swinging hard to the GOP. Franklin Roosevelt did no better than 39 percent of the county's vote, and only two Democrats—Lyndon Johnson and Jimmy Carter—have managed even 40 percent of the vote. The 1964 United States presidential election was by far the closest election here, with Barry Goldwater taking the county by a margin of just 46 votes.
United States presidential election results for Morgan County, West Virginia :
| Year | Republican | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Third party(ies) | Third party(ies) |
| Year | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
| 2024 | 7,009 | 76.74% | 1,947 | 21.32% | 178 | 1.95% |
| 2020 | 6,537 | 75.17% | 1,998 | 22.98% | 161 | 1.85% |
| 2016 | 5,732 | 74.09% | 1,573 | 20.33% | 432 | 5.58% |
| 2012 | 4,513 | 63.82% | 2,363 | 33.42% | 195 | 2.76% |
| 2008 | 4,428 | 60.86% | 2,721 | 37.40% | 127 | 1.75% |
| 2004 | 4,511 | 65.88% | 2,272 | 33.18% | 64 | 0.93% |
| 2000 | 3,639 | 63.05% | 1,939 | 33.59% | 194 | 3.36% |
| 1996 | 2,599 | 51.16% | 1,929 | 37.97% | 552 | 10.87% |
| 1992 | 2,585 | 48.37% | 1,854 | 34.69% | 905 | 16.93% |
| 1988 | 3,002 | 65.78% | 1,545 | 33.85% | 17 | 0.37% |
| 1984 | 3,469 | 70.34% | 1,457 | 29.54% | 6 | 0.12% |
| 1980 | 2,833 | 61.23% | 1,594 | 34.45% | 200 | 4.32% |
| 1976 | 2,369 | 55.12% | 1,929 | 44.88% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1972 | 3,014 | 72.94% | 1,118 | 27.06% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1968 | 2,244 | 60.32% | 1,015 | 27.28% | 461 | 12.39% |
| 1964 | 1,866 | 50.62% | 1,820 | 49.38% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1960 | 2,752 | 66.78% | 1,369 | 33.22% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1956 | 2,946 | 72.74% | 1,104 | 27.26% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1952 | 2,699 | 70.78% | 1,114 | 29.22% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1948 | 2,159 | 66.09% | 1,104 | 33.79% | 4 | 0.12% |
| 1944 | 2,303 | 72.01% | 895 | 27.99% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1940 | 2,563 | 66.59% | 1,286 | 33.41% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1936 | 2,555 | 61.07% | 1,620 | 38.72% | 9 | 0.22% |
| 1932 | 2,082 | 59.78% | 1,358 | 38.99% | 43 | 1.23% |
| 1928 | 2,539 | 76.75% | 758 | 22.91% | 11 | 0.33% |
| 1924 | 1,883 | 63.10% | 919 | 30.80% | 182 | 6.10% |
| 1920 | 1,817 | 71.48% | 712 | 28.01% | 13 | 0.51% |
| 1916 | 1,208 | 63.45% | 666 | 34.98% | 30 | 1.58% |
| 1912 | 612 | 34.89% | 549 | 31.30% | 593 | 33.81% |

## Communities
### Towns

* Berkeley Springs (county seat)
* Paw Paw

### Magisterial districts
#### Current

* District 1
* District 2
* District 3

#### Historic

* Allen
* Bath
* Cacapon
* Rock Gap
* Sleepy Creek
* Timber Ridge
* District 4

### Census-designated places

* Great Cacapon

### Unincorporated communities

* Berryville
* Burnt Factory
* Campbells
* Cherry Run
* Doe Gully
* Duckwall
* Green Ridge
* Greenwood
* Hancock (formerly Brosius)
* Hansrote
* Holton
* Jerome
* Jimtown
* Johnsons Mill
* Largent
* Lineburg
* Magnolia
* Mount Trimble
* New Hope
* North Berkeley
* Oakland
* Omps
* Orleans Cross Roads
* Redrock Crossing
* Ridersville
* Ridge
* Rock Gap
* Sir Johns Run
* Sleepy Creek
* Smith Crossroads
* Spohrs Crossroads
* Stotlers Crossroads
* Unger
* Woodmont
* Woodrow

## Historic places

The following are listed on the National Register of Historic Places:
| Site | Year Built | Address | Community | Listed |
| Ambrose Chapel | mid-19th century | Winchester Grade Road (CR 13) | Stotlers Crossroads | 1998 |
| Berkeley Springs State Park | mid-18th century | South Washington & Fairfax Streets | Berkeley Springs | 1976 |
| Berkeley Springs Train Depot | 1915 | 342 North Washington Street (US 522) | Berkeley Springs | 2001 |
| Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park | early 19th century | Chesapeake & Ohio Canal | Paw Paw | 1966 |
| Clarence Hovermale House (Allen Mendenhall House) | late 19th century | 167 Wilkes Street | Berkeley Springs | 2003 |
| John Herbert Quick House (Coolfont Manor House) | 1913 | 73 Manor House Lane | Berkeley Springs | 1984 |
| Judge John W. Wright Cottage | 1872 | 156 South Green Street | Berkeley Springs | 1986 |
| New Deal Resources in Cacapon State Park Historic District | 1934 | 818 Cacapon Lodge Drive | Berkeley Springs | 2019 |
| Morgan County Courthouse | 1923 | 202 Fairfax Street (CR 9/9) | Berkeley Springs | 2005 |
| Samuel Taylor Suit Cottage (Berkeley Castle) | 1885 | 276 Cacapon Road (WV 9) | Berkeley Springs | 1980 |
| Sloat-Horn-Rossell House (The Manor) | late 19th century | 234 Fairfax Street (CR 9/9) | Berkeley Springs | 1984 |
| T. H. B. Dawson House | 1880 | 139 South Green Street | Berkeley Springs | 1983 |
| Town of Bath Historic District | 1776-1959 | Center roughly intersection of Fairfax St and Washington St | Berkeley Springs | 2009 |
| Paw Paw Old Mayor's Office and Jail | 1893 | 93 Lee St | Paw Paw | 2023 |
| Saint Charles Catholic Mission Church | 1876 | 153 Winchester St | Paw Paw | 2024 |
| Paw Paw Black School | 1928 | Amelia St | Paw Paw | 2024 |
| Sen P. E. Nixon House | 1909 | Winchester St | Paw Paw | 2024 |
| Western Maryland Railroad Right-of-Way, Milepost 126 to Milepost 160 | 20th century | Milepost 126 to Milepost 160 | Jerome | 1981 |