# Duval County, Florida

Duval County (/djuːˈvɔːl/ dew-VAWL), officially the City of Jacksonville and Duval County, is a county in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2020 census, its population was 995,567, making it the sixth-most populous county in Florida. Its county seat is Jacksonville, with which the Duval County government has been consolidated since 1968. Duval County was established in 1822 and is named for William Pope Duval, Governor of Florida Territory from 1822 to 1834. Duval County is the central county of the Jacksonville, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## History

The area was settled by varying cultures of indigenous peoples for thousands of years before European contact. Within the Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve in Jacksonville, archeologists excavated remains of some of the oldest pottery in the United States, dating to 2500 BCE. Prior to European contact, the area was inhabited by the Mocama, a Timucuan-speaking group who lived throughout the coastal areas of northern Florida. At the time Europeans arrived, much of what is now Duval County was controlled by the Saturiwa, one of the region's most powerful tribes. The area that became Duval County was home to the 16th-century French colony of Fort Caroline and saw increased European settlement in the 18th century with the establishment of Cowford, later renamed Jacksonville.
Duval County was created in 1822 from St. Johns County. It was named for William Pope Duval, Governor of Florida Territory from 1822 to 1834. When Duval County was created, it covered a massive area, from the Suwannee River on the west to the Atlantic Ocean on the east, north of a line from the mouth of the Suwannee River to Jacksonville on the St. Johns River. Alachua and Nassau counties were created out of parts of Duval County in 1824. Clay County was created from part of Duval County in 1858. Part of St. Johns County south and east of the lower reaches of the St. Johns River was transferred to Duval County in the 1840s.
* Portrait of William Pope Duval
* Duval County Courthouse in 1894
* Jacksonville in 1909
* Bryan Simpson United States Courthouse in 2008.
* Jacksonville Beach in 2018.

## Government

On October 1, 1968, the government of Duval County was consolidated with the government of the city of Jacksonville. The Duval County cities of Atlantic Beach, Jacksonville Beach, and Neptune Beach, and the town of Baldwin are not included in the corporate limits of Jacksonville and maintain their own municipal governments. The city of Jacksonville provides all services that a county government would normally provide. The Mayor of Jacksonville serves as the chief administrator over all of Duval County.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 918.464 square miles (2,378.81 km$^2$), of which 762.623 square miles (1,975.18 km$^2$) is land and 155.841 square miles (403.63 km$^2$) (17.0%) is water. The topography is coastal plain; however there are some rolling hills.

### National protected areas

* Fort Caroline National Memorial
* Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve

### Adjacent counties

* Nassau County - north and northwest
* St. Johns County - southeast
* Clay County - southwest
* Baker County - west

## Demographics

As of the first quarter of 2024, the median home value in Duval County was $367,550.
As of the 2023 American Community Survey, there are 428,020 estimated households in Duval County with an average of 2.36 persons per household. The county has a median household income of $69,436. Approximately 14.6% of the county's population lives at or below the poverty line. Duval County has an estimated 63.3% employment rate, with 34.3% of the population holding a bachelor's degree or higher and 91.6% holding a high school diploma.
The median age in the county was 37.2 years.
Duval County, Florida – racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
| Race / ethnicity (NH = non-Hispanic) | Pop. 1980 | Pop. 1990 | Pop. 2000 | Pop. 2010 | Pop. 2020 |
| White alone (NH) | 413,897 (72.49%) | 478,981 (71.17%) | 494,747 (63.52%) | 488,826 (56.56%) | 492,039 (49.42%) |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 139,039 (24.35%) | 162,420 (24.13%) | 214,473 (27.54%) | 250,063 (28.93%) | 286,344 (28.76%) |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 1,259 (0.22%) | 1,779 (0.26%) | 2,375 (0.30%) | 2,816 (0.33%) | 2,306 (0.23%) |
| Asian alone (NH) | 5,921 (1.04%) | 12,123 (1.80%) | 20,871 (2.68%) | 35,381 (4.09%) | 48,652 (4.89%) |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | — | — | 431 (0.06%) | 688 (0.08%) | 960 (0.10%) |
| Other race alone (NH) | 405 (0.07%) | 335 (0.05%) | 1,407 (0.18%) | 2,006 0.23(%) | 6,837 (0.69%) |
| Mixed race or multiracial (NH) | — | — | 12,629 (1.62%) | 19,085 (2.21%) | 45,740 (4.59%) |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 10,482 (1.84%) | 17,333 (2.58%) | 31,946 (4.10%) | 65,398 (7.57%) | 112,689 (11.32%) |
| Total | 571,003 (100.00%) | 672,971 (100.00%) | 778,879 (100.00%) | 864,263 (100.00%) | 995,567 (100.00%) |

### 2020 census

As of the 2020 census, there were 995,567 people, 399,759 households, and 249,480 families residing in the county. The population density was 1,305.4 inhabitants per square mile (504.0/km$^2$). There were 435,033 housing units at an average density of 570.4 per square mile (220.2/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the county was 51.71% White, 29.36% African American, 0.37% Native American, 4.97% Asian, 0.11% Pacific Islander, 4.49% from some other races and 8.99% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 11.32% of the population. 22.3% of residents were under the age of 18, 6.2% were under 5 years of age, and 15.7% were 65 and older. The gender makeup of the county was 48.5% male and 51.5% female.

### 2010 census

As of the 2010 census, there were 864,263 people, 342,450 households, and 218,254 families residing in the county. The population density was 1,133.9 inhabitants per square mile (437.8/km$^2$). There were 388,486 housing units at an average density of 509.7 per square mile (196.8/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the county was 60.87% White, 29.51% African American, 0.39% Native American, 4.15% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 2.13% from some other races and 2.85% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 7.57% of the population.
Ancestries:
* White (10.7% German, 10.6% Irish, 9.2% English, 4.1% Italian, 2.3% French, 2.1% Scottish, 2.1% Scotch-Irish, 1.8% Polish, 1.2% Dutch, 0.6% Russian, 0.6% Swedish, 0.6% Norwegian, 0.5% Welsh, 0.5% French Canadian)
* Black (1.7% Subsaharan African, 1.4% West Indian/Afro-Caribbean American [0.5% Haitian, 0.4% Jamaican, 0.1% Other or Unspecified West Indian, 0.1% Bahamian])
* Native
* Asian (1.7% Filipino, 0.8% Indian, 0.6% Other Asian, 0.4% Vietnamese, 0.3% Chinese, 0.2% Korean, 0.1% Japanese)
* Other Races (0.9% Arab)
* Multiracial
* Hispanic/Latino (2.5% Puerto Rican, 1.7% Mexican, 0.8% Cuban)
In 2010, 6.7% of the population considered themselves to be of only "American" ancestry (regardless of race or ethnicity).
Of the 342,450 households 28.68% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.92% were married couples living together, 16.74% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.27% were non-families. 24.85% of households were one person and 8.05% (2.29% male and 5.76% female) had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.04.
The age distribution was 23.5% under the age of 18, 10.5% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% 65 or older. The median age was 35.8 years. For every 100 females there were 94.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.6 males.
The median household income was $49,463 and the median family income was $60,114. Males had a median income of $42,752 versus $34,512 for females. The per capita income for the county was $25,854. About 10.4% of families and 14.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.3% of those under age 18 and 9.6% of those aged 65 or over.
In 2010, 9.0% of the county's population was foreign born, with 49.5% being naturalized American citizens. Of foreign-born residents, 38.2% were born in Latin America, 35.6% born in Asia, 17.9% were born in Europe, 5.8% born in Africa, 2.0% in North America, and 0.5% were born in Oceania.

### 2000 census

As of the 2000 census, there were 778,879 people, 303,747 households, and 201,688 families residing in the county. The population density was 1,007.0 inhabitants per square mile (388.8/km$^2$). There were 329,778 housing units at an average density of 426.0 per square mile (164.5/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the county was 65.80% White, 27.83% African American, 0.33% Native American, 2.71% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 1.31% from some other races and 1.96% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 4.10% of the population.
There were 303,747 households out of which 33.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.50% were married couples living together, 15.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.60% were non-families. 26.50% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.06.
In the county the population was spread out with 26.30% under the age of 18, 9.60% from 18 to 24, 32.40% from 25 to 44, 21.20% from 45 to 64, and 10.50% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 94.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.90 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $40,703, and the median income for a family was $47,689. Males had a median income of $32,954 versus $26,015 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,753. About 9.20% of families and 11.90% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.40% of those under age 18 and 11.60% of those age 65 or over.

### Languages

As of 2010, 87.36% of all residents spoke English as their first language, while 5.74% spoke Spanish, 1.18% Tagalog, 0.53% Arabic, 0.48% Serbo-Croatian, 0.47% Vietnamese, and 0.46% of the population spoke French Creole (mostly Haitian Creole) as their mother language. In total, 12.64% of the population spoke languages other than English as their primary language.

## Politics
### Voter registration

According to the Secretary of State's office, Democrats comprise a plurality of registered voters in Duval County.
Duval County Voter Registration & Party Enrollment as of March 31, 2024 :
| Political Party | Political Party | Total Voters | Percentage |
| | Democratic | 248,542 | 38.61% |
| | Republican | 231,320 | 35.93% |
| | Independent | 146,544 | 22.76% |
| | Third Parties | 17,394 | 2.70% |
| Total | Total | 643,800 | 100.00% |

### Statewide and national elections

Duval County is somewhat conservative for an urban county, and it began moving away from the Democratic Party sooner than the majority of Florida counties. Despite the small Democratic plurality in registration, the county's Democrats are nowhere near as liberal as their counterparts in other large Florida counties, such as Broward and Orange. The county has only supported a Democrat for president three times since 1952, in 1960, 1976, and 2020.
However, the Republican edge in Duval has lessened somewhat in recent years. It swung from a 16-point win for George W. Bush in 2004 to only a three-point win for John McCain in 2008. Mitt Romney won an equally narrow margin in 2012 and in 2016, Donald Trump only won the county by fewer than 6,000 votes even as he narrowly carried Florida. In 2020, Joe Biden, despite losing statewide, broke the 44-year Democratic drought in Duval County, winning by less than four points. In 2024, the county reverted back to the GOP and Trump won it by less than 2 points.
In 2018, Andrew Gillum, despite losing the election, won Duval by four points, the first time a Democrat had won the county in a gubernatorial election since Steve Pajcic's losing bid in 1986. Four years later, however, Duval rebounded to vote for Ron DeSantis by over 10 points. In the Senate elections, Bill Nelson only failed to carry the county in his first bid in 2000, and Lawton Chiles and Bob Graham carried the county in all three of their respective bids. In 2022, Ron DeSantis won the county in his reelection bid by 12 points.
United States presidential election results for Duval County, Florida :
| Year | Republican | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Third party(ies) | Third party(ies) |
| Year | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
| 2024 | 236,285 | 49.92% | 229,365 | 48.46% | 7,683 | 1.62% |
| 2020 | 233,762 | 47.30% | 252,556 | 51.11% | 7,843 | 1.59% |
| 2016 | 211,672 | 48.48% | 205,704 | 47.12% | 19,197 | 4.40% |
| 2012 | 211,615 | 51.27% | 196,737 | 47.67% | 4,381 | 1.06% |
| 2008 | 210,537 | 50.53% | 202,618 | 48.63% | 3,538 | 0.85% |
| 2004 | 220,190 | 57.78% | 158,610 | 41.62% | 2,261 | 0.59% |
| 2000 | 152,460 | 57.49% | 108,039 | 40.74% | 4,682 | 1.77% |
| 1996 | 126,959 | 49.96% | 112,328 | 44.20% | 14,836 | 5.84% |
| 1992 | 123,631 | 49.47% | 92,098 | 36.85% | 34,197 | 13.68% |
| 1988 | 128,081 | 62.79% | 74,894 | 36.72% | 1,004 | 0.49% |
| 1984 | 128,724 | 62.41% | 77,488 | 37.57% | 37 | 0.02% |
| 1980 | 98,664 | 50.45% | 90,466 | 46.26% | 6,424 | 3.29% |
| 1976 | 74,997 | 41.08% | 105,912 | 58.01% | 1,652 | 0.90% |
| 1972 | 122,154 | 72.19% | 46,530 | 27.50% | 520 | 0.31% |
| 1968 | 51,585 | 30.89% | 54,834 | 32.84% | 60,559 | 36.27% |
| 1964 | 81,116 | 50.55% | 79,365 | 49.45% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1960 | 59,073 | 45.73% | 70,091 | 54.27% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1956 | 53,481 | 50.17% | 53,127 | 49.83% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1952 | 50,346 | 48.27% | 53,949 | 51.73% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1948 | 15,379 | 25.76% | 28,567 | 47.85% | 15,749 | 26.38% |
| 1944 | 12,220 | 24.89% | 36,867 | 75.11% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1940 | 9,177 | 18.29% | 41,003 | 81.71% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1936 | 5,368 | 17.12% | 25,989 | 82.88% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1932 | 6,096 | 24.25% | 19,038 | 75.75% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1928 | 16,919 | 63.39% | 9,316 | 34.91% | 454 | 1.70% |
| 1924 | 3,291 | 28.93% | 5,908 | 51.93% | 2,177 | 19.14% |
| 1920 | 6,628 | 31.18% | 13,650 | 64.21% | 979 | 4.61% |
| 1916 | 1,339 | 16.83% | 5,456 | 68.57% | 1,162 | 14.60% |
| 1912 | 243 | 5.20% | 3,514 | 75.26% | 912 | 19.53% |
| 1908 | 641 | 18.00% | 2,381 | 66.84% | 540 | 15.16% |
| 1904 | 671 | 21.91% | 2,011 | 65.65% | 381 | 12.44% |
| 1900 | 773 | 27.73% | 1,857 | 66.61% | 158 | 5.67% |
| 1896 | 1,462 | 39.58% | 1,903 | 51.52% | 329 | 8.91% |
| 1892 | 0 | 0.00% | 1,442 | 95.18% | 73 | 4.82% |
Gubernatorial election results :
| Year | Republican | Democratic | Third parties |
| 2022 | 55.44% 182,569 | 43.68% 143,837 | 0.88% 2,913 |
| 2018 | 47.35% 179,869 | 51.74% 196,537 | 0.90% 3,431 |
| 2014 | 54.22% 146,407 | 41.49% 112,026 | 4.29% 11,600 |
| 2010 | 51.60% 135,074 | 45.88% 120,097 | 2.52% 6,614 |
| 2006 | 58.86% 132,607 | 38.93% 87,718 | 2.21% 4,972 |
| 2002 | 61.35% 148,923 | 38.01% 92,263 | 0.64% 1,556 |
| 1998 | 60.15% 111,716 | 39.85% 74,016 | 0.00% 4 |
| 1994 | 57.22% 108,900 | 42.53% 80,945 | 0.25% 471 |

## Education

Duval County Public Schools operates public schools in the county.
Duval County is served by the Jacksonville Public Library.

## Communities

| Rank | Municipality | Type | 2023 Estimate | 2020 Census | Change |
| 1 | Jacksonville | City | 985,843 | 949,611 | +3.82% |
| 2 | Jacksonville Beach | City | 23,447 | 23,830 | −1.61% |
| 3 | Atlantic Beach | City | 13,182 | 13,513 | −2.45% |
| 4 | Neptune Beach | City | 6,984 | 7,217 | −3.23% |
| 5 | Baldwin | Town | 1,366 | 1,396 | −2.15% |

## Transportation
### Public transportation

Public transportation is provided by the Jacksonville Transportation Authority.

### Major highways

* I-10 / SR 8
* I-95 / SR 9
* I-295 / SR 9A
* US 1 / SR 5
* US 1 Alt.
* US 17 / SR 15
* US 23 / SR 139
* US 90
* US 90 Alt.
* US 301 / SR 200
* SR A1A
* SR 9B
* SR 10

### Airports

* Cecil Airport
* Herlong Recreational Airport
* Jacksonville Executive at Craig Airport
* Jacksonville International Airport