# 1992 Winter Olympics

The 1992 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XVI Olympic Winter Games (French: XVI$^{es}$ Jeux Olympiques d'hiver) and commonly known as Albertville '92 (Arpitan: Arbèrtvile '92), were a winter multi-sport event held from 8 to 23 February 1992 in and around Albertville, France. Albertville won the bid to host the Winter Olympics in 1986, beating Sofia, Falun, Lillehammer, Cortina d'Ampezzo, Anchorage, and Berchtesgaden. The 1992 Winter Olympics were the last winter games held in the same year as the Summer Olympics. The Games were the fifth Olympic Games held in France and the country's third Winter Olympics, after the 1924 Winter Games in Chamonix and the 1968 Winter Games in Grenoble. This games was the first of two consecutive Olympic games to be held in Western Europe, preceding the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.
18 events in Figure skating, short track speed skating, speed skating, and the opening and closing ceremonies took place in Albertville. The 39 other events were held in the nearby 9 villages and resorts around Savoie: Courchevel, La Plagne, Les Arcs, Les Menuires, Les Saisies, Méribel, Pralognan-la-Vanoise, Tignes, and Val d'Isère. Sixty-four National Olympic Committees and 1,801 athletes participated in six sports and fifty-seven events. This included both the Unified Team, representing the non-Baltic former Soviet republics, and Germany, newly consolidated again as a team following the reunification of the former East and West Germany in 1990. The event also saw the debut of eight nations in the Winter Olympics. The Winter Olympic program has grown this time with the addition of 11 new events. While sports that were already on the program received 5 new events (2 new events in cross-country skiing, at the same time women were allowed to compete in biathlon for the first time and won 3 events exclusive to them.) Another 6 events were added with the implementation of 2 sports that were demonstrated 4 years earlier (freestyle skiing and short track speed skating).These were the last Winter Olympics to include demonstration sports, consisting of curling, aerials and ski ballet, and speed skiing. Due to a rule change implemented in 1986, this was the last edition in the history of the Winter Olympic Games in which all speed skating events were held in an open-air venue.

## Host city selection

A record-breaking seven locations bid for the games. The non-winning bids were from Anchorage, Berchtesgaden, Cortina d'Ampezzo, Falun, Lillehammer, and Sofia. The 91st IOC Session, held in Lausanne on 17 October 1986, voted Albertville the host of the Games.
1992 Winter Olympics bidding results :
| City | Country | Round | Round | Round | Round | Round | Round |
| City | Country | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Run-off | 5 |
| Albertville | France | 19 | 26 | 29 | 42 | — | 51 |
| Sofia | Bulgaria | 25 | 25 | 28 | 24 | — | 25 |
| Falun | Sweden | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 41 | 9 |
| Lillehammer | Norway | 10 | 11 | 9 | 11 | 40 | — |
| Cortina d'Ampezzo | Italy | 7 | 6 | 7 | — | — | — |
| Anchorage | United States | 7 | 5 | — | — | — | — |
| Berchtesgaden | West Germany | 6 | — | — | — | — | — |

## Highlights

Bjørn Dæhlie and Vegard Ulvang dominated the men's cross-country skiing races, both taking home three gold medals with Norway taking a medal sweep in the event. 16-year-old Ski jumper Toni Nieminen became the youngest male gold medalist in a Winter Olympic event until 2002. Petra Kronberger won both the combined event and the slalom of alpine skiing, while Bonnie Blair won both the 500 m and 1000 m speed skating events, and Gunda Niemann took both of the longest races.
Three National Olympic Committees in Asia-Pacific region won their first medals at the Winter Olympics, one in a sport making its debut at the Games (short track speed skating.) Kim Ki-hoon's gold medal in 1000 m short track speed skating signified South Korea's first medal in the Winter Olympics, while Ye Qiaobo's silver medal in women's 500 m speed skating represented China's first Winter Olympics medal. Annelise Coberger from New Zealand became the first Oceanian athlete to win a medal in women's alpine skiing slalom, making her the first athlete from the southern hemisphere to mount the podium at the Winter Games.
Swiss speed skier Nicolas Bochatay died on the penultimate day of the Games, when he crashed into a snow-grooming vehicle during a training run.

## Legacy

The 1992 Olympic Winter Games marked the last time both the Winter and Summer games were held in the same year. The 1992 Winter Olympics also marked the last time France hosted the Olympics until 2024, when Paris became the second city to host the Summer Olympics three times.

### Cost and cost overrun

The Oxford Olympics Study established the outturn cost of the Albertville 1992 Winter Olympics at US$2.0 billion (in 2015-dollars) and cost overrun at 137% in real terms. This includes sports-related costs only, that is: (i) operational costs incurred by the organizing committee to stage the Games, e.g., expenditures for technology, transportation, workforce, administration, security, catering, ceremonies, and medical services; and (ii) direct capital costs incurred by the host city and country or private investors to build, e.g., the competition venues, the Olympic village, international broadcast center, and media and press center, which are required to host the Games. Indirect capital costs were not included, e.g. road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or hotel upgrades or other business investment incurred in preparation for the Games but not directly related to their staging. In comparison, the cost and cost overrun of the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics were US$2.5 billion and 13%, respectively, while the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics (the most costly Olympics to date) had costs and cost overrun at US$51 billion and 289%, respectively. The average cost for the Winter Games since 1960 is US$3.1 billion, while the average cost overrun is 142%.

## Mascot

The 1992 Winter Games mascot, Magique (Magic), was a small imp in the shape of a star and a cube. The mascot was created by Philippe Mairesse and replaced the bid mascot, which was a mountain goat. The star shape symbolized dreams and imagination, while the mascot's red and blue colors originated from the French flag.

## Sports

There were 57 events contested in 6 sports (12 disciplines). See the medal winners, ordered by sport:
* Alpine skiing (10) (details)
* Biathlon (6) (details)
* Bobsleigh (2) (details)
* Cross-country skiing (10) (details)
* Figure skating (4) (details)
* Freestyle skiing (2) (details)
* Ice hockey (1) (details)
* Luge (3) (details)
* Nordic combined (2) (details)
* Ski jumping (3) (details)
* Short track speed skating (4) (details)
* Speed skating (10) (details)

### Demonstration sports

This was the last time demonstration events were included in the Winter Olympics program. Of the 8 events that were under evaluation, 4 received the endorsement to be included in an official form in future editions of the Games (Curling tournaments and the aerials events on the freestyle skiing). The other four events (speed skiing and skiing ballet events on the freestyle skiing) were rejected and have not since returned.
* Curling – Was an official sport in the Olympic program in 1924, after which it was a demonstration sport twice, in 1932 and 1988. There was a possibility of re-inclusion in Lillehammer 1994, but in 1990 the IOC Executive Committee rejected its return as an official sport. The IOC accepted its return in Nagano 1998.
* Freestyle skiing – Like curling, it was a demonstration sport four years previously before becoming part of the official program. Only moguls skiing received this status, while aerials and ballet remained demonstration events. Aerials became an official event two years later, while ballet skiing appeared in the games for the last time, going into a progressive decline and losing its status as a competitive discipline by the International Ski Federation (FIS) in 2000.
* Speed skiing – Considered one of the most dangerous events in the sporting world, the event won a chance to be evaluated by the members of the International Olympic Committee and the FIS, with the possibility of appearing in the program of a future edition. However, this possibility was extinguished when Swiss skier Nicolas Bochatay ran into a snow-grooming vehicle during a training run, dying immediately. According to reports, Bochatay was moving at a speed of more than 110 kilometres per hour (68 mph) and was unable to hear the machine's warning siren. His death is the subject of several controversies, as speed skiing was not a part of the official program. After this incident, the sport was excluded from any evaluation for future additions to the Olympic program.

## Participating nations

Sixty-four nations sent competitors to the 1992 Olympics, including seven nations making their first appearance at a Winter Olympics. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, six former-Soviet bloc nations chose to form a Unified Team, while the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania competed as independent nations for the first time since 1936. Czechoslovakia made its last appearance in the Winter Olympics before its dissolution at the end of 1992. United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 took effect on 30 May 1992 (97 days after the closing ceremonies), and Yugoslav athletes were able to participate under their country's national symbols. It also suspended the activities of the Yugoslav Olympic Committee, making the country's athletes ineligible to compete on the 1992 Summer Olympics. Despite this, some of their athletes classified in individual sports and gained authorization to compete as Independent Olympic Participants (which also happened at the 1992 Summer Paralympics). Yugoslav athletes returned to the Olympic Games in the 1996 Summer Olympics, when only Serbia, Montenegro and Kosovo were still part of the country. The 1992 Winter Olympics were the first time since the 1964 Summer Olympics that Germany competed with a unified team. Seven National Olympic Committees sent their first delegations to the Winter Olympics: Algeria, Bermuda, Brazil, Honduras, Ireland, Swaziland, Croatia, and Slovenia (the last two making their first appearances at any Olympics, just a few months after their respective declarations of independence from Yugoslavia). Through the 2022 Winter Olympics, this has been the only participation of Swaziland (now Eswatini) and Honduras in an edition of the Winter Olympics.
* Participating National Olympic Committees
* Algeria (4)
* Andorra (5)
* Argentina (20)
* Australia (21)
* Austria (58)
* Belgium (5)
* Bermuda (1)
* Bolivia (4)
* Brazil (7)
* Bulgaria (31)
* Canada (108)
* Chile (5)
* China (32)
* Costa Rica (4)
* Croatia (4)
* Cyprus (4)
* Czechoslovakia (74)
* Denmark (6)
* Estonia (19)
* Finland (62)
* France (109) (host)
* Germany (111)
* Great Britain (49)
* Greece (8)
* Honduras (1)
* Hungary (24)
* Iceland (5)
* India (2)
* Ireland (4)
* Italy (107)
* Jamaica (5)
* Japan (60)
* North Korea (20)
* South Korea (23)
* Latvia (23)
* Lebanon (4)
* Liechtenstein (7)
* Lithuania (6)
* Luxembourg (1)
* Mexico (20)
* Monaco (5)
* Mongolia (4)
* Morocco (12)
* Netherlands (19)
* Netherlands Antilles (2)
* New Zealand (6)
* Norway (80)
* Philippines (1)
* Poland (53)
* Puerto Rico (6)
* Romania (23)
* San Marino (3)
* Senegal (2)
* Slovenia (27)
* Spain (17)
* Swaziland (1)
* Sweden (73)
* Switzerland (74)
* Chinese Taipei (8)
* Turkey (8)
* Unified Team (129)
* United States (147)
* Virgin Islands (12)
* Yugoslavia (25)

### Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees

| IOC Letter Code | Country | Athletes |
| ALG | Algeria | 4 |
| AND | Andorra | 5 |
| ARG | Argentina | 20 |
| AUS | Australia | 21 |
| AUT | Austria | 58 |
| BEL | Belgium | 5 |
| BER | Bermuda | 1 |
| BOL | Bolivia | 4 |
| BRA | Brazil | 7 |
| BUL | Bulgaria | 31 |
| CAN | Canada | 108 |
| CHI | Chile | 5 |
| CHN | China | 32 |
| CRC | Costa Rica | 4 |
| CRO | Croatia | 4 |
| CYP | Cyprus | 4 |
| TCH | Czechoslovakia | 74 |
| DEN | Denmark | 6 |
| EST | Estonia | 19 |
| FIN | Finland | 62 |
| FRA | France | 109 |
| GER | Germany | 111 |
| GBR | Great Britain | 49 |
| GRE | Greece | 8 |
| HON | Honduras | 1 |
| HUN | Hungary | 24 |
| ISL | Iceland | 5 |
| IND | India | 2 |
| IRL | Ireland | 4 |
| ITA | Italy | 107 |
| JAM | Jamaica | 5 |
| JPN | Japan | 60 |
| PRK | North Korea | 20 |
| KOR | South Korea | 23 |
| LAT | Latvia | 23 |
| LIB | Lebanon | 4 |
| LIE | Liechtenstein | 7 |
| LTU | Lithuania | 6 |
| LUX | Luxembourg | 1 |
| MEX | Mexico | 20 |
| MON | Monaco | 5 |
| MGL | Mongolia | 4 |
| MAR | Morocco | 12 |
| NED | Netherlands | 19 |
| AHO | Netherlands Antilles | 2 |
| NZL | New Zealand | 6 |
| NOR | Norway | 80 |
| PHI | Philippines | 1 |
| POL | Poland | 53 |
| PUR | Puerto Rico | 6 |
| ROU | Romania | 23 |
| SMR | San Marino | 3 |
| SEN | Senegal | 2 |
| SLO | Slovenia | 27 |
| ESP | Spain | 17 |
| SWZ | Swaziland | 1 |
| SWE | Sweden | 73 |
| SUI | Switzerland | 74 |
| TPE | Chinese Taipei | 8 |
| TUR | Turkey | 8 |
| EUN | Unified Team | 129 |
| USA | United States | 147 |
| ISV | Virgin Islands | 12 |
| YUG | Yugoslavia | 25 |
| Total | 1,801 |

## Venues

The 1992 Games are the last in which the speed skating venue was outdoors.
* Albertville Olympic Park
** Halle Olympique – Figure skating and short-track speed skating
** L'anneau de vitesse – Speed skating
** Théâtre des Cérémonies – Ceremonies (opening & closing)
* Les Arcs – Speed skiing
* Courchevel – Ski jumping and Nordic combined
* Les Ménuires – Alpine skiing (slalom men)
* Méribel – Alpine skiing (women)
** Méribel Ice Palace – Ice hockey
* La Plagne – Bobsleigh and luge
* Pralognan-la-Vanoise – Curling
* Les Saisies – Biathlon, cross-country skiing
* Tignes – Freestyle skiing
* Val d'Isère – Alpine skiing (men combined, downhill, giant slalom, and super-giant slalom)

## Medal table

(Host nation is highlighted.)
* Host nation (France)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Germany | 10 | 10 | 6 | 26 |
| 2 | Unified Team$^1$ | 9 | 6 | 8 | 23 |
| 3 | Norway | 9 | 6 | 5 | 20 |
| 4 | Austria | 6 | 7 | 8 | 21 |
| 5 | United States | 5 | 4 | 2 | 11 |
| 6 | Italy | 4 | 6 | 4 | 14 |
| 7 | France* | 3 | 5 | 1 | 9 |
| 8 | Finland | 3 | 1 | 3 | 7 |
| 9 | Canada | 2 | 3 | 2 | 7 |
| 10 | South Korea | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Totals (10 entries) | Totals (10 entries) | 53 | 49 | 40 | 142 |
($^1$ combined team with athletes from 6 nations of the Commonwealth of Independent States; the team only appeared in these Winter Olympics)

### Podium sweeps

| Date | Sport | Event | NOC | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| 10 February | Cross-country skiing | Men's 30 kilometre classical | Norway | Vegard Ulvang | Bjørn Dæhlie | Terje Langli |
| 17 February | Speed skating | Women's 5000 metres | Germany | Gunda Niemann-Kleemann | Heike Warnicke | Claudia Pechstein |

## Schedule

| OC | Opening ceremony | ● | Event competitions | 1 | Event finals | CC | Closing ceremony |
| February 1992 | February 1992 | 8th Sat | 9th Sun | 10th Mon | 11th Tue | 12th Wed | 13th Thu | 14th Fri | 15th Sat | 16th Sun | 17st Mon | 18th Tue | 19th Wed | 20th Thu | 21st Fri | 22nd Sat | 23rd Sun | Events |
| Ceremonies | Ceremonies | OC | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CC | — |
| Alpine skiing | Alpine skiing | | 1 | ● | 1 | ● | 1 | | 1 | 1 | | 2 | 1 | 1 | | 1 | | 10 |
| Biathlon | Biathlon | | | | 1 | 1 | | 1 | | 1 | | | 1 | 1 | | | | 6 |
| Bobsleigh | Bobsleigh | | | | | | | | ● | 1 | | | | | ● | 1 | | 2 |
| Cross country skiing | Cross country skiing | | 1 | 1 | | | 2 | | 2 | | 1 | 1 | | | 1 | 1 | | 10 |
| Figure skating | Figure skating | | ● | | 1 | | ● | ● | 1 | ● | 1 | | ● | | 1 | | | 4 |
| Freestyle skiing | Freestyle skiing | | | | | ● | 2 | | | | | | | | | | | 2 |
| Ice hockey | Ice hockey | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | ● | 1 | 1 |
| Luge | Luge | | ● | 1 | ● | 1 | | 1 | | | | | | | | | | 3 |
| Nordic combined | Nordic combined | | | | ● | 1 | | | | ● | 1 | | | | | | | 2 |
| Short track | Short track | | | | | | | | | | | ● | | 3 | | 1 | | 4 |
| Ski jumping | Ski jumping | | 1 | | | | | 1 | | 1 | | | | | | | | 3 |
| Speed skating | Speed skating | | 1 | 1 | | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | 1 | | | | 10 |
| Daily medal events | Daily medal events | | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 57 |
| Cumulative total | Cumulative total | | 4 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 20 | 24 | 29 | 34 | 38 | 42 | 44 | 50 | 52 | 56 | 57 | 57 |
| February 1992 | February 1992 | 8th Sat | 9th Sun | 10th Mon | 11th Tue | 12th Wed | 13th Thu | 14th Fri | 15th Sat | 16th Sun | 17st Mon | 18th Tue | 19th Wed | 20th Thu | 21st Fri | 22nd Sat | 23rd Sun | Total events |