OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lawrence K. Grossman

Lawrence Kugelmass Grossman (June 21, 1931 – March 23, 2018) was a cable television industry executive who served as president of PBS from 1976 to 1984 and headed NBC News from 1985 to 1988.

## Early life and career

Grossman was born Lawrence Kugelmass on June 21, 1931, in Brooklyn, New York. His father, Nathaniel H. Kugelmass, was a lawyer; his mother, the former Rose Goldstein, was a high school administrator. His father died when Lawrence was 3, and his mother later married Nathan Grossman, also a lawyer, who adopted him. He attended Midwood High School and graduated from Columbia College in 1952, where he studied English and political science. He spent a year at Harvard Law School and left to join Look magazine in the promotions department.

## Career

He was hired by the advertising department at CBS in 1956, then moved to NBC in 1962, becoming the network’s vice president of advertising. After leaving NBC, he ran his own advertising, marketing and communications firm until he was hired by PBS as its president in 1976.

### President of PBS

As president of PBS, he was credited for transforming it into the first network to deliver its programming by satellite, introducing Live from Lincoln Center, launching the Frontline documentary series, and the 13-part documentary miniseries Vietnam: A Television History, and expanding The MacNeil/Lehrer Report (now known as PBS NewsHour) to one hour. He also received credit for standing up to pressure from members of the Congress and ExxonMobil to air Death of a Princess on public television. The film was controversial for its depiction of Saudi Arabian customs and provoked strong diplomatic responses from the Saudi government to the UK and the US.

### President of NBC News

In 1984, he was appointed president of NBC News by network chairman Grant Tinker. He was responsible for bringing in Tim Russert as anchor, and helped engineer the turnaround of the channel that saw ratings slip in comparison to its competitors. Under his tenure, Today became the No.1 morning show and NBC Nightly News saw increase in the ratings. However, after General Electric brought the network in 1986, he clashed with Bob Wright and Jack Welch over budget cuts and was forced out in 1988, replaced by Michael Gartner.
Book: The Electronic Republic: Reshaping American Democracy in the Information Age (1995). https://www.amazon.com/Electronic-Republic-Reshaping-Democracy-Information/dp/0140249214

## Personal life

After leaving NBC News, he taught at the John F. Kennedy School of Government and teamed up with former FCC Chairman Newton Minow to launch Digital Promise, an initiative authorized by Congress in 2008 to promote “funding of research in using digital information technologies for teaching and learning.”
Grossman died at his home in Westport, Connecticut, on March 23, 2018, at 86. He is survived by his wife, three daughters, six grandchildren, and two great-grandchildren.
# Spurinnia gens

The gens Spurinnia was a minor plebeian family of Etruscan descent at ancient Rome. No members of this gens are mentioned in ancient writers, but several are known from inscriptions.

## Origin

The nomen Spurinna belongs to a class of gentilicia of Etruscan origin, readily distinguished by the suffix -inna, characteristic of Etruscan nomina. The inscriptions of this gens, mostly belonging to the imperial era, and all of which come from either Rome or Etruria, demonstrate that the feminine form was Spurinnia. As a cognomen, Spurinna appears in the Vestricia gens, the members of which gained considerable fame from the time of Caesar to that of Trajan, but the majority of epigraphic occurrences are as a nomen gentilicium.

## Praenomina

The inscriptions of the Spurinnae indicate that their favoured praenomina were Lucius, Publius, and Quintus, three of the most common names throughout Roman history. There is also an example of Velthur, a typical Etruscan praenomen.

## Members

    This list includes abbreviated praenomina. For an explanation of this practice, see filiation.
* Publius Spurinna, named in a sepulchral inscription from Tarquinii in Etruria, dating from the third quarter of the second century BC.
* Velthur Spurinna, named in a first-century inscription from Tarquinii.
* Spurinnia P. l. Eleutheris, a freedwoman buried at Rome during the first century.
* Spurinna Firmus, buried at Tarquinii, aged thirty.
* Lucius Spurinna Florus, one of the quattuorviri at Volsinii in Etruria.
* Lucius Spurinna Ɔ. l. Hilarus, a freedman buried at Rome.
* Spurinnia Longa, buried at Tarquinii in Etruria, aged seventy-five, in a tomb dating from the third quarter of the first century BC.
* Spurinnia Nice Torquatiana, the nurse of Titus Julius Antigonus, buried at Rome during the middle part of the first century, in a tomb dedicated by Antigonus and his brother-in-law, Primigenius, the slave of Lucius Volusius Saturninus, for Spurinnia and Charis, the wife of Primigenius.
* Quintus Spurinna Q. f. Quintianus, an eques from Laurentum in Latium, was one of the municipal duumvirs at Arretium in Etruria during the reign of Severus Alexander, and held several other positions of trust during his public career.
* Spurinnia L. f. Thannia, buried at Tarquinii, aged ninety-four, in a tomb dating from the third quarter of the first century BC.
# Nicolae Ivan (bishop)

Nicolae Ivan (Romanian pronunciation:; May 17, 1855 – February 3, 1936) was a Romanian cleric. He was the first bishop of the Vad, Feleac and Cluj Diocese, where he served from 1921 until his death.
# Vito Knežević

Vito Knežević (born 25 January 1956) is a retired Swedish football defender who played most of his career for Allsvenskan club Djurgårdens IF.
Born in SFR Yugoslavia, Knežević came to Sweden with his family in 1960. The family settled in the city of Borås. Knežević began playing for Norrby IF and was considered to be one of Sweden's biggest talents when Djurgårdens IF paid 250,000 kronor and signed him in 1977. Knežević began his career as a sweeper, but later learned to play as both wingback and winger. He was best known for his tough style of playing. He represented the Sweden U19 and U21 teams.
# Karalliyada Kandegammedda

Karalliyada Kandegammedda is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.
# Juan Guzmán (baseball)

Juan Andres Guzmán Correa (born October 28, 1966) is a Dominican former professional baseball pitcher who played ten seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). He spent most of his playing career with the Toronto Blue Jays and was part of their World Series winning teams in 1992 and 1993.

## Career

Guzmán was originally signed by the Los Angeles Dodgers as an amateur free agent in 1985. In late 1987, he was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays for Mike Sharperson. In his first three seasons with the Blue Jays, he went a combined 40–11 with a 3.28 ERA. The Jays made the playoffs all three years, winning the World Series in 1992 and 1993. Guzmán won two games in both the 1992 and 1993 ALCS, but did not secure a win in either World Series. His playoff record was 5–1 in eight starts, with a 2.44 ERA.
Guzmán had an ERA of 2.93 in 1996, the lowest in the American League among qualified pitchers. Guzmán had a very good fastball, striking out 7.5 batters per nine innings during his career. He led the American league in wild pitches in 1993 and 1994. On July 31, 1998, the Jays traded him to the Baltimore Orioles for Shannon Carter and Nerio Rodriguez. On July 31, 1999, Guzmán and cash were traded to the Cincinnati Reds for B. J. Ryan and Jacobo Sequea.
He signed as a free agent with the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in 2000 and pitched one game, which resulted in giving up eight runs in 1.2 innings. It was his last appearance in a game. Guzmán finished his career with an ERA of 4.08.
# Get Dirty Radio

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllHipHop | |
| AllMusic | |
| HipHopDX | 3.5/5 |
| Prefix | 6/10 |
| RapReviews | 8/10 |
Get Dirty Radio is the second solo studio album by American rapper A.G. of Diggin' in the Crates Crew. It was released on October 31, 2006 through Look Records. Recording sessions took place at Handclap Studios in San Francisco, except for the song "We Don't Care", which was recorded in The Bronx. Production was handled by DJ Design, Madlib, Oh No, Tommy Tee, Cochise, Jake One, J Dilla, Lord Finesse and Showbiz. It features guest appearances from Aloe Blacc, Party Arty and Lil' Roze.

## Personnel

* Andre "A.G." Barnes – main artist, executive producer
* Arthur "Party Arty" Sheridan – featured artist (tracks: 3, 9)
* Egbert Nathaniel "Aloe Blacc" Dawkins III – featured artist (tracks: 3, 13)
* Lil' Roze – featured artist (track 6)
* Otis "Madlib" Jackson Jr. – producer (tracks: 1, 3)
* Jacob "Jake One" Dutton – producer (track 2)
* Keith "DJ Design" Griego – producer (tracks: 4, 7, 10, 15, 16), mixing, executive producer
* Tommy Flaaten – producer (tracks: 5, 9)
* Cochise – producer (track 6)
* Michael "Oh No" Jackson – producer (tracks: 8, 12)
* Robert "Lord Finesse" Hall – producer (track 11)
* James "J Dilla" Yancey – producer (track 13)
* Rodney "Showbiz" LeMay – producer (track 14)
* Dave Cooley – mastering
* Jeff Jank – design
* Pete Jones – photography
# Xenoleini

Xenoleini is a tribe of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae. It was described by Lacordaire in 1869.

## Taxonomy

* Hirtaeschopalaea Pic, 1925
* Paraxenolea Breuning, 1950
* Xenolea Thomson, 1864
# Darial Gorge

The Darial Gorge is a river gorge on the border between Russia and Georgia. It is at the east base of Mount Kazbek, south of present-day Vladikavkaz. The gorge was carved by the river Terek, and is approximately 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) long. The steep granite walls of the gorge can be as much as 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) tall in some places. The Georgian Military Road runs through the gorge.

## In history

The name Darial originates from Dar-i Alān (در الان) meaning "Gate of the Alans" in Persian. The Alans held the lands north of the pass in the first centuries AD. It was fortified in ancient times both by the Romans and Persians; the fortification was variously known as the Iberian Gates or the Caucasian Gates. It was also frequently mistakenly referred to as the Caspian Gates in classical literature. The pass is mentioned in the Georgian annals under the names of Darialani; Strabo calls it Porta Caucasica and Porta Cumana; Ptolemy, Fortes Sarmatica; it was sometimes known as Porta Caucasica and Portae Caspiae (a name bestowed also on the "gate" or pass beside the Caspian Sea at Derbent); and the Tatars call it Darioly.
Josephus wrote that Alexander the Great built iron gates at an unspecified pass which some Latin and Greek authors identified with Darial.
Darial Pass fell into Sassanid hands in 252–253, when the Sassanid Empire conquered and annexed Iberia. The control of the Darial Pass switched to the Western Turkic Kaganate in 628, when Tong Yabgu Kagan signed a treaty with Iberia, transferring over to the Kaganate the control of all its cities and fortresses, and establishing free trade. Control of Darial Pass switched to the Arab Rashidun Caliphate in 644. Afterwards, it was controlled by the Kingdom of Georgia. There was a battle point between the Ilkhanate and the Golden Horde, then indirectly controlled by Safavids and Qajar state, until it was captured by Russian Empire after annexation of Kingdom of Georgia in 1801–1830. It remained a strategic Russian forepost under Russian control until the dismemberment of the Soviet Union.

## Importance

The Darial Pass was historically important as one of only two crossings of the Caucasus mountain range, the other being the Derbent Pass. As a result, Darial Gorge has been fortified since at least 150 BC.
As the main border crossing between Georgia and Russia, it has been the site of Russians fleeing conscription for the Russo-Ukrainian War.
# Trialism

Trialism in philosophy was introduced by John Cottingham as an alternative interpretation of the mind–body dualism of Descartes. Trialism keeps the two substances of mind and body, but introduces a third substance, sensation, belonging to the union of mind and body. This allows animals, which do not think like humans, to be regarded as having sensations and not as being mere automata.

## Background

Cottingham introduced this term after noting that Descartes' account of sensation and imagination has placed his official dualism under considerable pressure: "Partly as a result of this, we often see the emergence, in Descartes’ writings on human human psychology, of a grouping of not two but three notions – not a dualism but what may be called a ‘trialism’." According to Cottingham, Descartes added the third notion of sensation "alongside thought and extension without proceeding to reify it as a separate substance". Thinkers such as Daniel Garber and Tad Schmaltz supported this by citing a letter in the correspondence between Descartes and Princess Elizabeth of Bohemia, which indicated that he changed his mind from a dualistic view.
# Brian Horgan

Brian Horgan (born 1976) is an Irish hurler who played as a right wing-back for the Tipperary senior hurling team.
Born in Dundrum, County Tipperary, Horgan first arrived on the inter-county scene at the age of seventeen when he first linked up with the Tipperary minor teams as a dual player, before later joining the under-21 hurling team. He joined the senior team for the 1998 championship. Horgan went on to play a bit part for Tipperary over the next few years, and won one National Hurling League medal.
At club level Horgan won numerous divisional medals in both hurling and Gaelic football with Knockavilla–Donaskeigh Kickhams.
Throughout his career Horgan made just four championship appearances. His inter-county career came to an end following the conclusion of the 2003 championship.
In retirement from playing, Horgan became involved in team management and coaching. He was an All-Ireland-winning selector with the Tipperary minor team in 2012. Horgan was expected to be appointed as a selector to the Kerry senior hurling team in January 2014.

## Honours
### Player
#### Knockavilla–Donaskeigh Kickhams

* West Tipperary Senior Hurling Championship (3): 1997, 1999, 2006 (c)
* West Tipperary Senior Football Championship (1): 1998
* Tipperary Intermediate Football Championship (1): 2002
* West Tipperary Intermediate Football Championship (3): 1993, 2002, 2004, 2005
* Tipperary Junior Football Championship (1): 2009
* Tipperary Under-21 Hurling Championship (1): 1994
* West Tipperary Under-21 Hurling Championship (2): 1994, 1995
* West Tipperary Minor Hurling Championship (2): 1993, 1994

#### Tipperary

* National Hurling League (1): 1999
* All-Ireland Under-21 Hurling Championship (1): 1995 (c)
* Munster Under-21 Hurling Championship (1): 1995 (c)
* Munster Minor Hurling Championship (1): 1993

### Selector
#### Tipperary

* All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship (1): 2012
* Munster Minor Hurling Championship (1): 2012
# Rybushka Formation

The Rybushka Formation is a Campanian geologic formation in the Penza and Saratov Oblasts of European Russia. Pterosaur, fish and invertebrate fossils have been recovered from the formation.

## Fossil content

The following fossils have been reported from the formation:
* Amylodon karamysh
* Archaeolamna kopingensis
* Bogolubovia orientalis
* Cretolamna appendiculata
* Ischyodus bifurcatus
* Volgadraco bogolubovi
* Pseudocorax laevis
* Squalicorax kaupi
* Squatina hasei
* Chalmys sp.
* Edaphodon sp.
* Elasmodus sp.
* Eostriatolamia sp.
* Gryphaeostrea sp.
* Heterodontus sp.
* Monticulina sp.
* Prognathodon sp.
* Solariella sp.
* Squatirhina sp.
* ?Clidastes sp.
* Latoplatecarpus willistoni
* Chelospharginae indet.
* Elasmobranchii indet.
* Elasmosauridae indet.
* Enchodontidae indet.
* Mosasauridae indet.
* Plesiosauria indet.
* Polycotylidae indet.
* Testudinata indet.
* ?Thoracosaurinae indet.
# Fairburn Ings RSPB reserve

Fairburn Ings Nature Reserve is a protected area in West Yorkshire, England, noted for its avian biodiversity. The reserve has recorded around 280 bird species, remarkable for an inland site in the United Kingdom. This is explained by the site being on migration routes as well as the diversity of habitats.

## History

It was designated a local nature reserve in 1957 under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act (1949). Since the late 1970s it has been managed by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) on behalf of the local naturalists who set it up.

## Geography

The reserve is in the Lower Aire Valley, south and west of Fairburn, near Castleford. It includes the whole of Fairburn & Newton Ings SSSI. It is also a Statutory Bird Sanctuary (one of only 10 in England) with a focus mainly on wildfowl and waders, although many other birds can be seen.
The word ings (singular ing) is of Old Norse origin and means "damp or marshy land that floods", a reference to the area being flooded regularly by the River Aire. Lying alongside the River Aire, the 657-acre (266 ha) nature reserve includes a large lake and a number of smaller lakes, ponds and dikes. The area has been the scene of industrial and mining operations for 150 years, and, although the valley floods naturally, the permanent waterbodies are the result of subsidence of former coal-mine workings, up to 600 metres (2,000 ft) underground, providing habitats for wildfowl and many other birds.
The site is bordered by predominantly arable farmland to the north and east, and urban environments to the south and west. One third of the site has been developed from 26 million cubic metres of colliery spoil which have been landscaped to create a large complex of herb rich grassland, wetlands and woodland.
Habitats at Fairburn Ings include flood meadows, wet fenland, marsh and reed bed, woodland and scrub. Listed in terms of the United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan, the reserve contains:
* UK BAP habitats:
** mesotrophic lakes,
** reedbed,
** lowland meadow.
* BAP species of these habitats include: grey partridge (Perdix perdix), European turtle dove (Streptopelia turtur), Eurasian skylark (Alauda arvense), song thrush (Turdus philatelist), Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus), linnet (Carduelis cannabina), Eurasian bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyorrhoea), reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus), corn bunting (Milaria calandra), water vole (Arvicola terrestris ) and pipistrelle bat (Pipistrellus pippistrellus).
Birds of conservation concern of these habitats include: the black-necked grebe (Podiceps nigrocollis), garganey (Anas querquedula), Common redshank (Tringa totanus), whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus) and European golden plover (Pluvialis apricalia).

## Visitor facilities

There is a visitor centre and five hides. Entrance to the reserve is free but there is a charge for car parking.

## Gallery

* Looking out across the ings
* Looking down towards the River Aire
* The walk across the disused coal mining area
# Takaoka Muneyasu

Takaoka Muneyasu (高岡宗泰, 1255 – August 13, 1326) was a Shugodai of Oki Province in the Kamakura period. He was the founder of the Takaoka clan in Izumo Province, Japan.
Takaoka Muneyasu was the 8th son of Sasaki Yasukiyo. His mother was Kasai Kiyochika's daughter. Muneyasu was Enya Yoriyasu's younger brother.
He was originally named Minamoto no Muneyasu. His alias was "Takaoka Hachirō" or "Sasaki Hachirō". His wife was from the Ii clan (Izumo Province). His official rank was Saemonnojyō. His family crest was Hana-wachigai (Shippō-ni-hanakaku).

## Brief history

* 1274 (Kōchō 11 December of moon calendar): Because Mongol had attacked it, he became a soldier of foreign enemy defense (Ikoku-keigo ban-yaku), and he went to Coast of Kurosaki, Chikuzen Province.
* 1277 (Kenji 3 April of moon calendar): He became an acting governor in Oki Province (to one theory governor in Oki Province).
* 1287(Kōan 10th): The territory Takaoka-mura, Enya-no-sato, Izumo Province, ingot was succeeded among his father Yasukiyo's inheritances. Therefore, he became a clan name "Takaoka" for the first time.
* 1305 (Kagen 3rd): When Hōjō Munekata was revolted (The Kakitsu War), he attacked rebels running after by the Shōgun instruction.
* 1326 (Karyaku 1st): On August 13 he died at age 71. His posthumous Buddhist name was "Kakunen".
# The Scarlet Blade

The Scarlet Blade (released in the United States as The Crimson Blade, but with the dialogue unchanged) is a 1963 British adventure film written and directed by John Gilling and starring Lionel Jeffries, Oliver Reed, Jack Hedley and June Thorburn.
It is a period drama set during the English Civil War, a genre not usually approached by Hammer films of that time.

## Plot

When King Charles I is captured by Roundhead forces led by the tyrant Colonel Judd and his right-hand man Captain Sylvester, it is up to a band of locals loyal to the King led by a Robin Hood–type character named the Scarlet Blade to try to rescue him. They are helped by Judd's daughter Claire who secretly helps them in defiance of her father.

## Cast

* Lionel Jeffries as Colonel Judd
* Oliver Reed as Captain Tom Sylvester
* Jack Hedley as Edward Beverley, the Scarlet Blade
* June Thorburn as Claire Judd
* Michael Ripper as Pablo
* Harold Goldblatt as Jacob
* Duncan Lamont as Major Bell
* Clifford Elkin as Philip Beverley
* Suzan Farmer as Constance Beverley
* John Harvey as Sgt. Grey
* Charles Houston as Drury
* Robert Rietti as King Charles I
* George Woodbridge as Towncryer

## Reception

The film is said to have "at most only a casual acquaintance with recorded history".
The Radio Times noted that Oliver Reed was "on form as a renegade swordsman with an eye for the ladies" but gave the overall film two stars out of five.
A very mixed review focusing on the cast, stated, "The main problem is Hadley, who is as far as possible from the Errol Flynn type you would expect to find. Over his career, he was much more of a world-weary supporting actor type – Hadley may be best known as the burned-out detective at the center of Lucio Fulci’s notorious giallo film, The New York Ripper. (...) Considerably more interesting are the bad guys. Let’s start with Col. Judd, and Jeffries is a revelation as a ruthless bad guy. It comes as quite a shock considering the actor is best known for playing the lovable grandfather in Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (even though he was younger than his supposed son, Dick Van Dyke!)."

## Accolades

The film won the BAFTA for Best cinematography.
# Joakim Askling

Joakim Daniel Askling (Hebrew: דניאל אסקלינג; born 4 January 1990) is a Swedish footballer. Besides Sweden, he has played in Italy and Israel.

## Honours

* Liga Alef
** Winner (1): 2013–14
# Beranang

Beranang is a town and a mukim in Hulu Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia.

## Residential areas

* Eco Majestic
* Rinching
* Tasik Kesuma
* Bukit Mahkota

## Transportation
### Car

Federal Route 1 (Kuala Lumpur-Johor Bahru road) runs through Beranang town.

### Public transport

Rapid Bus T450 to Kajang central business district (Stadium Kajang MRT).
# Heiwadai Athletic Stadium

Heiwadai Athletic Stadium (平和台陸上競技場) is an athletic stadium in Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan.
# Bornella stellifer

Bornella stellifer is a species of colorful sea slug, a nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Bornellidae.
# Özgür Yasar

Özgür Yasar (born 26 November 1981) is a Swedish footballer who plays as a forward.
# Thulasi (1976 film)

Thulasi (pronunciation) is a 1976 Indian Kannada film, directed and produced by K. S. L. Swamy. The film stars Kalyan Kumar, Jayanthi, Srinath and Manjula in the lead roles. The film has musical score by Vijaya Bhaskar.

## Cast

* Kalyan Kumar
* Jayanthi
* Srinath
* Manjula
* S. Shivaram