OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Interaction energy

In physics, interaction energy is the contribution to the total energy that is caused by an interaction between the objects being considered.
The interaction energy usually depends on the relative position of the objects. For example, $Q_{1}Q_{2}/(4\pi \varepsilon _{0}\Delta r)$ is the electrostatic interaction energy between two objects with charges $Q_{1}$, $Q_{2}$.

## Interaction energy

A straightforward approach for evaluating the interaction energy is to calculate the difference between the objects' combined energy and all of their isolated energies. In the case of two objects, A and B, the interaction energy can be written as:
$\Delta E_{\text{int}}=E(A,B)-\left(E(A)+E(B)\right),$ where $E(A)$ and $E(B)$ are the energies of the isolated objects (monomers), and $E(A,B)$ the energy of their interacting assembly (dimer).
For larger system, consisting of N objects, this procedure can be generalized to provide a total many-body interaction energy:
$\Delta E_{\text{int}}=E(A_{1},A_{2},\dots ,A_{N})-\sum _{i=1}^{N}E(A_{i}).$
By calculating the energies for monomers, dimers, trimers, etc., in an N-object system, a complete set of two-, three-, and up to N-body interaction energies can be derived.
The supermolecular approach has an important disadvantage in that the final interaction energy is usually much smaller than the total energies from which it is calculated, and therefore contains a much larger relative uncertainty. In the case where energies are derived from quantum chemical calculations using finite atom-centered basis functions, basis set superposition errors can also contribute some degree of artificial stabilization.
# Chi-Ali

Chi-Ali Griffith (born May 27, 1976), better known by his stage name Chi-Ali, is an American rapper from The Bronx, best known for his debut album, The Fabulous Chi-Ali, released in 1992, and as a member of hip-hop collective Native Tongues.

## Music career

Chi-Ali made his first appearance on Black Sheep's debut album, A Wolf In Sheep's Clothing, on the posse cut "Pass the 40". Chi Ali at the time was a core member of Native Tongues, a New York City-based hip-hop collective, and also had connections with the Legion family, along with Showbiz and A.G.
In 1992, Chi-Ali released his first solo single, "Age Ain't Nothing But a #", which was a moderate hit and reached #6 on the Hot Rap Singles chart. The song was popular on urban radio stations, and the music video received good rotation on Yo! MTV Raps and Rap City. The album in which the song was featured, The Fabulous Chi-Ali, was released shortly thereafter, which yielded two other singles: "Roadrunner" and "Funky Lemonade," which were both remixed and re-recorded.
Chi-Ali seemingly disappeared from the hip hop industry until the late 1990s, when he appeared on Dres's solo album, Sure Shot Redemption, and began occasionally appearing on the work of other artists. Chi Ali collaborated with Jadakiss on a song entitled "G-Check".
A documentary chronicling Chi's life titled The Fabulous Chi Ali was released in 2019.

## Manslaughter conviction

On January 14, 2000, Griffith shot and killed Sean Raymond during an argument in the Throggs Neck area of The Bronx, New York City. Raymond was the brother of Griffith's girlfriend at the time. Griffith fled New York City and was charged with first degree manslaughter as well as various lesser charges. An extensive manhunt resulted, with Griffith twice featured on the TV program America's Most Wanted. Griffith hid in numerous East Coast cities until he was apprehended on March 5, 2001, in New York City, and was subsequently convicted of the killing of Sean Raymond, and served 12 years of a 14-year sentence at Sing Sing Correctional Facility.

## Discography

| Year | Title | Chart positions | Chart positions |
| Year | Title | U.S. Billboard 200 | U.S. Heatseekers |
| 1992 | The Fabulous Chi-Ali Released: March 24, 1992 Label: Violator/Relativity | 189 | 8 |

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1993 | Strapped | Pharoah Dodson | Television film |
| 2019 | The Fabulous Chi Ali | Himself | Documentary |
# MasterChef + (Brazilian TV series)

MasterChef + is a Brazilian cooking competition television series. The series premiered on Tuesday, November 15, 2022 at 10:45 p.m. (BRT / AMT) on Band.

## Format

The difference with this version is that only contestants over 60 years old can participate. The winners receives a R$15.000 cash prize and the MasterChef + trophy.

## Series overview
### Season chronology

| Season | Winners | Winners | Runners-up | Runners-up | Judge 1 | Judge 2 | Judge 3 |
| 1 | Astro Ribeiro | Pietro Coccaro | Nadja Celina | Sérgio Ferreira | Henrique Fogaça | Helena Rizzo | Erick Jacquin |
| 2 | Eduardo de Mingo | Maria do Carmo Prado | Cida Cabral | Mônica Divina | Henrique Fogaça | Helena Rizzo | Erick Jacquin |

## Ratings and reception

| Season | Timeslot (BRT) | Premiered | Premiered | Ended | Ended | TV season | SP viewers (in points) | Source |
| Season | Timeslot (BRT) | Date | Viewers (in points) | Date | Viewers (in points) | TV season | SP viewers (in points) | Source |
| 1 | Tuesday 10:45 p.m. | November 15, 2022 | 1.8 | December 13, 2022 | 1.7 | 2022–23 | 1.86 | [6] [7] |
| 2 | Tuesday 10:45 p.m. | November 21, 2023 | 1.1 | December 26, 2023 | 2.0 | 2023–24 | 1.40 | [8] [9] |
* Each point represents a specific number of households in São Paulo.
** 2022: 74.666 households.
** 2023: 76.953 households.
# Vincent Harris (political strategist)

Vincent Harris is an American conservative political strategist and the CEO of Harris Media, an online communications firm based in Miami, Florida.

## Career

Harris joined Mike Huckabee's 2008 presidential campaign a few months after it was announced, working as the campaign's official blogger. The following year, Harris served as Online Director for Bob McDonnell's successful gubernatorial campaign. McDonnell's online campaign was one of the first major Republican campaigns to embrace social media.
Harris was active in the 2012 presidential campaign. He first served as the online strategist for Rick Perry. After Perry dropped out of the race and endorsed Newt Gingrich, Harris was hired to help the Gingrich campaign's online and social media operations. In 2012, National Journal named him one of ten Republicans to follow on Twitter.
Harris has held leadership positions in other campaigns. In 2012, Harris led the digital operations of Ted Cruz's successful senate campaign. In 2014, he was the lead digital director of Senator Mitch McConnell's campaign, bringing "a new era of social campaigning for Republicans" through social media integration. Harris was reported to have been hired by the Likud Party to work on the re-election campaign for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in 2015. In 2016, Harris joined Senator Rand Paul's team as the top digital strategist.
In October 2015, Harris was behind Paul live-streaming an entire day on the campaign trail. By the end of the day, Paul had enough and called it a "dumbass livestream." The comment from Paul brought about a flurry of negative attention to an already slumped campaign.
   “I wish I knew [why the campaign was live-streaming an entire day]. I’ve been saying, I don’t want to do this, I don’t want to do this and now we’re doing this.”
In June 2016, POLITICO reported that Donald Trump's presidential campaign had hired Harris and his team to work for the campaign.
Right for America (RFA), a super political action committee (superPAC) established in early 2024 to support Donald Trump's presidential campaign, hired Harris and his team to work for the campaign.
Harris graduated from the University Of Texas and received his PhD.
# Brad Scott (American football)

Harvey Bradford "Brad" Scott (born September 30, 1954) is a former American football coach and player who was most recently the football chief of staff for the University of South Florida Bulls football team. He was previously the associate head coach and offensive line coach for the Clemson Tigers football team and was also the head coach of the South Carolina Gamecocks from 1994 to 1998.

## Career

Scott came to South Carolina after 11 years as an assistant at Florida State under Bobby Bowden, the last four as offensive coordinator. While at Florida State, he helped develop Heisman Trophy winner Charlie Ward, as well as the "Fast Break" offense that netted the Seminoles a national title in 1993.
In his first year at South Carolina, he led the Gamecocks to a 6–5 regular season. Despite a 4–4 record in Southeastern Conference play, Scott's Gamecocks routed Clemson 33–7 in the last game of the season. That earned them a berth in the Carquest Bowl, where they beat West Virginia 24–21. It was the first bowl win in the program's 102-year history—one of the longest droughts in the country at the time.
Scott's tenure at South Carolina would prove to be short-lived, as he was only able to put together one more winning season, in 1996—only the second year he managed a .500 record in conference play. In 1998, after defeating Ball State to open the season, the Gamecocks lost 10 games in a row to finish 1–10, the worst record in school history at the time. Scott was fired after the 1998 season. Shortly afterward, he was hired as tight ends coach by in-state rival Clemson, which was coached at the time by Tommy Bowden, Bobby Bowden's younger son. Scott was promoted to offensive coordinator in 2001, a job he held for three seasons. Scott was then demoted to offensive line coach after the 2003 season.
After Tommy Bowden was forced to resign in the middle of the 2008 season, Scott was named associate head coach under new head coach Dabo Swinney.
In 2020 he left Clemson with his son and joined the USF staff. Brad vacated the position following Jeff Scott's firing after the 2022 season.

## Personal life

Scott's son, Jeff, was a wide receiver at Clemson when Brad was the offensive coordinator for the Tigers and was the head coach for the University of South Florida's football team from 2020 to 2022.

## Head coaching record
### College

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs |
| South Carolina Gamecocks (Southeastern Conference) (1994–1998) ||||||
| 1994 | South Carolina | 7–5 | 4–4 | 3rd (Eastern) | W Carquest |
| 1995 | South Carolina | 4–6–1 | 2–5–1 | 4th (Eastern) | |
| 1996 | South Carolina | 6–5 | 4–4 | 3rd (Eastern) | |
| 1997 | South Carolina | 5–6 | 3–5 | 4th (Eastern) | |
| 1998 | South Carolina | 1–10 | 0–8 | 6th (Eastern) | |
| South Carolina: | South Carolina: | 23–32–1 | 13–26–1 | | |
| Total: | Total: | 23–32–1 | | | |
# Kevin Sullivan (politician)

Kevin B. Sullivan (born August 20, 1949) is an American politician. A Democrat, he was the 106th Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut, from 2004 to 2007. He was elected to the Connecticut State Senate in 1986 and served as Senate President Pro Tempore from 1997 to 2004.

## Mayor

Prior to his election to the State Senate, he was mayor of West Hartford, Connecticut, serving on the Town Council for five years. As Mayor, he oversaw an executive reorganization of town government, land use changes that eventually led to the economic renewal of the town center and cut property taxes.

## State senator

Elected to the State Senate in 1986, Sullivan chaired the General Assembly's Education Committee. Connecticut Magazine cited him for his honesty and hard work. After serving as Assistant Minority Leader, Sullivan became State Senate President Pro Tempore in 1997 and chaired the national Senate President's Forum.

## Lieutenant governor

Upon Governor John G. Rowland's resignation and imprisonment, Lieutenant Governor M. Jodi Rell became governor. Sullivan, as the Senate President Pro Tempore, succeeded to the office of Lieutenant Governor in 2004 where he served until 2007. During his time as Lieutenant governor, he led a statewide effort to improve mental health care.

## Commissioner of Revenue Services

In 2011, Governor Dannel Malloy appointed Sullivan as Connecticut's Commissioner of Revenue Service. He also served as President of the national Federation of Tax Administrators.
# François Mignard

François Mignard (born the 23th of July 1949) is a French astronomer and the former director of the CERGA Observatory (French: Centre de recherches en géodynamique et astrométrie) of the Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur in southern France. He is an expert in space astrometry and Solar System dynamics, and played major roles in the European Space Agency's Hipparcos and Gaia missions.

## Training and Career

After is study's at the Normal Superior School (French: l'École Normale Supérieur) and at the University of Paris, François Mignard joined the CERGA in 1974, then integrated the CNRS has a associate professor in 1975. The same year, he defended his post-graduate thesis on the movement of a satellite with high eccentricity.
Mignard is an active member in several commissions of the International Astronomical Union and chairman of its working group that amends the standards for the International Celestial Reference System.

## Major contributions

François Mignard played a central role in the missions of space Astrometry of the European Space Agency especially Hipparcos and Gaia missions.
For the Gaia mission, launched in 2013, he was responsible of the European Data Processing and Analysis Consortium from 2006 to 2012 and is currently a member of Gaia Science Team of ESA, has the main researcher for the french participation.

## Awards and affiliations

In 2019, he was awarded by the Academie des Sciences the Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES) award in astrophysics and space sciences.
He also chaired at the Bureau des longitudes from 2020 to 2023 and is a member of the Académie de l'air et de l'espace and was elected member of the Académie des Sciences in December 2023.

## Honors

Asteroid 12898 Mignard, discovered by astronomers with the LONEOS program in 1998, was named in his honor. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 24 July 2002 (M.P.C. 46109).
# Kaikoura lights

The Kaikoura lights is a name given by the New Zealand media to a series of UFO sightings that occurred in December 1978, over the skies above the Kaikōura mountain ranges in the northeast of New Zealand's South Island. The first sightings were made on 21 December when the crew of a Safe Air Ltd cargo aircraft began observing a series of strange lights around their Armstrong Whitworth AW.660 Argosy aircraft, which tracked along with their aircraft for several minutes before disappearing and then reappearing elsewhere. The UFO was very large and had five white flashing lights that were visible on the craft. Some people say that they could see some little disks drop from the UFO and then disappear. The pilots described some of the lights to be the size of a house and others small but flashing brilliantly. These objects appeared on the air traffic controller radar in Wellington and also on the aircraft's on-board radar.
On 30 December 1978, a television crew from Australia recorded background film for a network show of interviews about the sightings. For many minutes at a time on the flight to Christchurch, unidentified lights were observed by five people on the flight deck, were tracked by Wellington Air Traffic Controllers, and filmed in colour by the television crew. One object reportedly followed the aircraft almost until landing. The cargo plane then took off again with the television crew still on board, heading for Blenheim. When the aircraft reached about 2000 feet, it encountered what appeared to be a large lighted orb which fell into station off the wing tip and tracked along with the cargo aircraft for almost quarter of an hour, while being filmed, watched, tracked on the aircraft radar and described on a tape recording made by the TV film crew.
A spate of sightings followed the initial report and an Air Force Skyhawk was put on stand-by to investigate any positive sightings. They have appeared intermittently since the initial December 1978 sightings, with the most recent sighting being reported during 2015.

## Investigation

After the sightings, the Royal New Zealand Air Force, the police and the Carter Observatory in Wellington cooperated in an investigation, the results of which were lodged in the National Archives in Wellington. The New Zealand Ministry of Defence attributed the sightings to lights from squid boats reflected off clouds, unburnt meteors, or lights from the planet Venus or trains and cars.
Declassified documents from the CIA, taken after the dispatch of a Lockheed P-3 Orion to the area after the sightings, stated that the sightings were "unique among civilian UFO reports because there is a large amount of documentary evidence which includes the recollections of seven witnesses, two tape recordings made during the sightings, the detection of some unusual ground and airplane radar targets, and a 16mm colour movie."
In December 2010, the New Zealand military released a classified report on the incident under the Official Information Act, which concludes the same thing.
# Overnight cost

Overnight cost is the cost of a construction project if no interest was incurred during construction, as if the project was completed "overnight."
This concept is used for providing a simplistic cost comparison between power plant projects or technologies, through a ratio with the maximum power the plant can deliver.

## Power generation

The overnight capital cost is a term used in the power generation industry.
It is usually computed by dividing the overnight cost of building the plant by the maximum instantaneous power the plant can deliver. This overnight capital cost does not take into account:
* the life span of a plant or its key components,
* the capacity factor, i.e. the ratio between the effective mean power (actually delivered through the year) and the maximum power (maybe reached only a few hours per year) which typically varies from 10% (e.g. solar plants in Germany) to 90% (e.g. nuclear plants in USA) due to various causes : natural such as sun, clouds, wind or waterfall, technological such as maintenance constraints, financial such as fuel cost vs. electricity wholesale price, legal such as pollution reduction,
* the financing costs or escalation, noticeably the discount due to some interest rate or the comparative return of capital in other industries.
Hence :
* the overnight capital cost is not an actual estimate of construction cost,
* investors in the energy industry typically look rather to the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for comparing generation projects or technologies (e.g. solar power, natural gas) in the long term, as it includes ongoing fuel, maintenance, operation and financial costs.
The U.S. Department of Energy tracks and makes publicly available levelized cost of energy figures for competing technologies. These figures will vary substantially in other countries due to different energy policies and domestic energy sources.
# Taichō

Taichō (泰澄, July 20, 682 – April 20, 767) was a shugendō monk in Nara period Japan. He was raised in Echizen Province, which was in the southern portion of present-day Fukui Prefecture. He was the second son of Mikami Yasuzumi (三神安角). He is said to be the first person to reach the top of Mount Haku in neighboring Kaga Province and other peaks in the Ryōhaku Mountains.

## Opened mountains

Taichō is said to be the first to have climbed the following mountains:
* Mount Haku
* Mount Ochizen (越智山)
* Mount Bessan
# Asilomar International Conference on Climate Intervention Technologies

The Asilomar International Conference on Climate Intervention Technologies was a conference developed by Margaret Leinen of the Climate Response Fund and chaired by Michael MacCracken of the Climate Institute. The conference took place in March 2010 and the recommendations were published in November 2010. The goal was to identify and minimize the risks involved with climate engineering (geoengineering, or climate intervention), and was based on the 1975 Asilomar Conference on Recombinant DNA which discussed the potential biohazards and regulation of biotechnology. A group of over 150 scientist and engineers gathered together with lawyers, environmentalists and disaster relief workers in an open meeting to avoid accusations of conspiracy during this discussion. The Asilomar Conference focused exclusively on the development of risk reduction guidelines for climate intervention experiments.

## Goals of the conference

* Identify potential risks associated with climate intervention experiments
* Propose a system to assess experiment design for potential categorical risks and suggest precautions to assure their safe conduct
* Propose voluntary standards for climate intervention research for the international scientific community

## Recommendations

* The core rationale for pursuit of climate engineering research is to advance the collective well-being of society and the environment;
* Climate engineering research is internationally planned and coordinated;
* Appropriately scoped governmental oversight, public involvement, and decision-making takes place during consideration and conduct of planned activities;
* Transparency and exchange of research plans, data, and findings minimize the need for environmentally disruptive experiments and maximize the learning from experiments that are conducted; and
* Regular, independent evaluation and assessment of the extent of understanding and uncertainty is carried out to provide optimal information and confidence for the public and policymakers

## Steering committee

* Michael C. MacCracken (chair), Climate Institute, USA
* Scott Barren, Columbia University, USA
* Roger Barry, World Data Center for Glaciology and University of Colorado, USA
* Paul Crutzen (corresponding member), Max Planck Institute, Germany, and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, USA
* Steven Hamburg, Chief Scientist, Environmental Defense Fund, USA
* Richard Lampitt, National Oceanography Centre and University of Southampton, UK
* Diana Liverman, University of Arizona, US, and Oxford University, UK
* Thomas Lovejoy, H. John Heinz III Center for Science, Economics and the Environment, USA
* Gordon McBean, The University of Western Ontario, Canada
* John Shepherd, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, and Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, UK
* Stephen Seidel, Pew Center on Global Climate Change, USA
* Richard Somerville, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, USA
* Tom M. L. Wigley, University of Adelaide, Australia
# Jamila Jemstone

Jamila Jemstone (born 16 January 1972), a.k.a. Jamila Mohammed, is a British/Nigerian singer, songwriter and music consultant. She was born in Kaduna, Nigeria, and was raised in the UK.

## Background

Jemstone is the fifth daughter of Margaret (née Roberts), a nurse from Wales and Inuwa Mohammed, a veterinarian surgeon from Nigeria.
Jemstone attended Penrhos College in North Wales, King William's College in the Isle of Man and Kingston University, UK. After leaving Kingston, she embarked on a career in the music industry, temping at various London record labels before landing a permanent position working for UK-based singer-songwriter Gabrielle, spending the 1990s/2000s working with Go! Beat Records/Polydor and Gabrielle. Jemstone has been working within the energy sector since 2003, whilst still maintaining her passion for songwriting.

## Latest works

In May 2011, Jemstone released her debut single "No Regrets" in Nigeria. The song was given good support by radio, TV and press in Nigeria and was received well by critics. Her follow-up single, "We Are One" was released in September 2011, a song aimed at promoting unity and peace in Nigeria. The song was also shortlisted (one of three songs) as the Team Nigeria song for the London 2012 Olympic Games, which was eventually won by the Nigerian act Big Smile with his song “Niaja Don Win”, decided by a national radio vote. Her first album, Story Book, was officially released later in 2012.
Between 2013 and 2016, Jamila completed a BSc (Hons) degree in Oil and Gas Management. She continues to work within the energy sector.