# Richland County, South Carolina

Richland County is a county located in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2020 census, its population was 416,147, making it the second-most populous county in South Carolina, behind only Greenville County. The county seat and largest community is Columbia, the state capital. The county was established on March 12, 1785. Richland County is part of the Columbia, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 2020, the center of population of South Carolina was located in Richland County, in the city of Columbia. The county is also the location of the geographic center of South Carolina, southeast of Columbia.

## History

Richland County was probably named for its "rich land". The county was formed in 1785 as part of the large Camden District. A small part of Richland County was later ceded to adjacent Kershaw County in 1791. The county seat and largest city is Columbia, which is also the state capital. In 1786, the state legislature decided to move the capital from Charleston to a more central location. A site was chosen in Richland County, which is in the geographic center of the state, and a new town was laid out. Richland County's boundaries were formally incorporated on December 18, 1799. Cotton from the surrounding plantations was shipped through Columbia and later manufactured into textiles there. General William T. Sherman captured Columbia during the Civil War and his troops burned the town and parts of the county on February 17, 1865. The U. S. Army returned on friendlier terms in 1917, when Fort Jackson was established, which is now the largest and most active Initial Entry Training Center in the U.S. Army. The South Carolina State House is located in downtown Columbia.

## Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 771.96 square miles (1,999.4 km$^2$), of which 757.28 square miles (1,961.3 km$^2$) is land and 14.68 square miles (38.0 km$^2$), or 1.90%, is water. Richland County is situated in the center of South Carolina.

### National protected area

* Congaree National Park

### State and local protected areas/sites

* Harbison State Forest
* Nipper Creek Heritage Preserve
* Riverbanks Zoo and Garden
* Sesquicentennial State Park
* South Carolina State Fair
* South Carolina State Museum
* Wateree Heritage Preserve/Wildlife Management Area

### Major water bodies

* Broad River
* Congaree River
* Lake Murray
* Little River
* Saluda River
* Wateree River

### Adjacent counties

* Kershaw County – northeast
* Fairfield County – north
* Sumter County – east
* Lexington County – west
* Calhoun County – south
* Newberry County – northwest

## Demographics
### 2020 census

Richland County, South Carolina – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the U.S. census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. :
| Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2000 | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| White alone (NH) | 157,843 | 174,267 | 172,644 | 49.22% | 45.32% | 41.49% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 143,773 | 174,549 | 188,141 | 44.83% | 45.40% | 45.21% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 709 | 987 | 888 | 0.22% | 0.26% | 0.21% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 5,441 | 8,433 | 11,330 | 1.70% | 2.19% | 2.72% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 228 | 372 | 427 | 0.07% | 0.10% | 0.10% |
| Other race alone (NH) | 442 | 562 | 1,872 | 0.14% | 0.15% | 0.45% |
| Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) | 3,528 | 6,697 | 14,750 | 1.10% | 1.74% | 3.54% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 8,713 | 18,637 | 26,095 | 2.72% | 4.85% | 6.27% |
| Total | 320,677 | 384,504 | 416,147 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
As of the 2020 census, 416,147 people, 153,484 households, and 90,802 families were residing in the county.

### 2010 census

At the 2010 census, 384,504 people, 145,194 households, and 89,357 families were residing in the county. The population density was 507.9 inhabitants per square mile (196.1/km$^2$). There were 161,725 housing units at an average density of 213.6 per square mile (82.5/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the county was 45.3% White, 48.9% African American, 2.2% Asian, 0.3% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.9% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 4.8% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 9.6% were German, 8.6% were English, 7.6% were Irish, and 7.1% were American.
Of the 145,194 households, 32.9% had children under 18 living with them, 39.6% were married couples living together, 17.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 38.5% were not families, and 30.2% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.43, and the average family size was 3.05. The median age was 32.6 years.
The median income for a household in the county was $47,922 and for a family was $61,622. Males had a median income of $42,453 versus $34,012 for females. The per capita income for the county was $25,805. About 10.0% of families and 14.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.6% of those under age 18 and 9.7% of those age 65 or over.

## Law and government

Richland County is governed by a county council, who hold concurrent four-year terms. Richland County is governed under the Council-Administrator form of government, which is very similar to the council–manager form of government. The major difference between the council–manager and council–administrator forms of government is the title of the chief executive.
County council (as of 2023) :
| District | Council person |
| District 1 | Jason Branham |
| District 2 | Derrek Pugh |
| District 3 | Yvonne McBride |
| District 4 | Paul Livingston |
| District 5 | Allison Terracio |
| District 6 | Don Weaver |
| District 7 | Gretchen Barron |
| District 8 | Overture Walker (chair) |
| District 9 | Jesica Mackey (vice chair) |
| District 10 | Cheryl English |
| District 11 | Chakisse Newton |
The South Carolina Department of Corrections, headquartered in Columbia and in Richland County, operates several correctional facilities in Columbia and in Richland County. They include the Broad River Correctional Institution, the Goodman Correctional Institution, the Camille Griffin Graham Correctional Institution, the Stevenson Correctional Institution, and the Campbell Pre-Release Center. Graham houses the state's female death row. The State of South Carolina execution chamber is located at Broad River. From 1990 to 1997 Broad River housed the state's male death row.
In March 2008, the Richland County Sheriff's Department acquired an armored personnel carrier equipped with a .50 caliber machine gun. Reason magazine criticized the acquisition as "overkill".

### Politics

Richland County was one of the first areas of South Carolina to break away from a Solid South voting pattern. From 1948 to 1988, it only supported the official Democratic candidate for president once, in 1976. It voted for splinter Dixiecrat Strom Thurmond in 1948, and for unpledged electors in 1956.
Since 1992, Richland County has been one of the stronger Democratic bastions in South Carolina, following the trend of most urban counties across the country.
United States presidential election results for Richland County, South Carolina :
| Year | Republican | Republican | Democratic | Democratic | Third party(ies) | Third party(ies) |
| Year | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % |
| 2024 | 58,019 | 31.81% | 121,110 | 66.39% | 3,282 | 1.80% |
| 2020 | 58,313 | 30.09% | 132,570 | 68.40% | 2,939 | 1.52% |
| 2016 | 52,469 | 31.10% | 108,000 | 64.01% | 8,253 | 4.89% |
| 2012 | 53,105 | 33.37% | 103,989 | 65.34% | 2,060 | 1.29% |
| 2008 | 57,941 | 35.11% | 105,656 | 64.02% | 1,440 | 0.87% |
| 2004 | 56,212 | 42.01% | 76,283 | 57.01% | 1,306 | 0.98% |
| 2000 | 50,164 | 43.07% | 63,179 | 54.24% | 3,138 | 2.69% |
| 1996 | 39,092 | 41.05% | 52,222 | 54.84% | 3,916 | 4.11% |
| 1992 | 43,744 | 41.17% | 53,648 | 50.49% | 8,858 | 8.34% |
| 1988 | 43,841 | 52.74% | 36,420 | 43.81% | 2,862 | 3.44% |
| 1984 | 46,773 | 57.44% | 32,212 | 39.56% | 2,444 | 3.00% |
| 1980 | 36,337 | 49.87% | 33,158 | 45.50% | 3,374 | 4.63% |
| 1976 | 32,727 | 46.78% | 36,855 | 52.68% | 380 | 0.54% |
| 1972 | 39,746 | 64.11% | 21,462 | 34.62% | 787 | 1.27% |
| 1968 | 26,215 | 50.96% | 18,198 | 35.37% | 7,032 | 13.67% |
| 1964 | 27,306 | 60.35% | 17,939 | 39.65% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1960 | 20,736 | 63.94% | 11,694 | 36.06% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1956 | 6,714 | 29.99% | 6,154 | 27.49% | 9,516 | 42.51% |
| 1952 | 15,925 | 64.17% | 8,890 | 35.83% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1948 | 670 | 7.29% | 2,419 | 26.31% | 6,104 | 66.40% |
| 1944 | 140 | 1.98% | 6,590 | 93.12% | 347 | 4.90% |
| 1940 | 167 | 3.38% | 4,781 | 96.62% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1936 | 152 | 2.21% | 6,728 | 97.79% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1932 | 119 | 2.64% | 4,371 | 97.13% | 10 | 0.22% |
| 1928 | 444 | 12.33% | 3,158 | 87.67% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1924 | 88 | 3.48% | 2,369 | 93.60% | 74 | 2.92% |
| 1920 | 295 | 10.81% | 2,434 | 89.19% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1916 | 292 | 11.20% | 2,283 | 87.57% | 32 | 1.23% |
| 1912 | 23 | 1.30% | 1,557 | 88.17% | 186 | 10.53% |
| 1908 | 236 | 11.76% | 1,750 | 87.19% | 21 | 1.05% |
| 1904 | 122 | 9.09% | 1,220 | 90.91% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1900 | 62 | 12.23% | 445 | 87.77% | 0 | 0.00% |
| 1896 | 468 | 32.91% | 925 | 65.05% | 29 | 2.04% |
| 1892 | 146 | 15.63% | 788 | 84.37% | 0 | 0.00% |

## Economy

In 2022, the GDP was $32 billion (about $75,222 per capita), and the real GDP was $27.3 billion (about $64,302 per capita) in chained 2017 dollars.
Top ten employers (2019) :
| Rank | Employer | Employees |
| 1 | Prisma Health | 16,000 |
| 2 | Blue Cross Blue Shield | 10,000 |
| 3 | University of South Carolina | 7,000 |
| 4 | South Carolina Department of Corrections | 5,000 |
| 5 | Richland County School District One | 5,000 |
| 6 | South Carolina Department of Transportation | 5,000 |
| 7 | South Carolina Department of Mental Health | 5,000 |
| 8 | South Carolina Department of Social Services | 5,000 |
| 9 | Richland County School District Two | 4,000 |
| 10 | South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control | 4,000 |
Employment and Wage Statistics by Industry in Richland County, South Carolina - Q3 2023 :
| Industry | Employment Counts | Employment Percentage (%) | Average Annual Wage ($) |
| Accommodation and Food Services | 21,045 | 9.5 | 22,100 |
| Administrative and Support and Waste Management and Remediation Services | 16,431 | 7.4 | 41,652 |
| Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting | 807 | 0.4 | 48,776 |
| Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation | 3,934 | 1.8 | 22,412 |
| Construction | 6,934 | 3.1 | 69,108 |
| Educational Services | 19,160 | 8.6 | 57,252 |
| Finance and Insurance | 20,736 | 9.4 | 74,516 |
| Health Care and Social Assistance | 33,974 | 15.3 | 71,812 |
| Information | 2,769 | 1.2 | 75,348 |
| Management of Companies and Enterprises | 1,375 | 0.6 | 98,956 |
| Manufacturing | 12,069 | 5.4 | 70,980 |
| Mining, Quarrying, and Oil and Gas Extraction | 122 | 0.1 | 78,208 |
| Other Services (except Public Administration) | 6,864 | 3.1 | 44,876 |
| Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services | 13,750 | 6.2 | 88,556 |
| Public Administration | 24,376 | 11.0 | 61,620 |
| Real Estate and Rental and Leasing | 3,862 | 1.7 | 57,252 |
| Retail Trade | 20,720 | 9.4 | 36,920 |
| Transportation and Warehousing | 4,567 | 2.1 | 59,488 |
| Utilities | 701 | 0.3 | 89,076 |
| Wholesale Trade | 7,335 | 3.3 | 86,944 |
| Total | 221,531 | 100.0% | 58,839 |

## Transportation
### Interstates

* I-20 (Interstate 20) travels from west to east and connects Columbia to Atlanta and Augusta in the west and Florence in the east. It serves the nearby towns and suburbs of Pelion, Lexington, West Columbia, Sandhill, Pontiac, and Elgin. Interstate 20 is also used by travelers heading to Myrtle Beach, although the interstate's eastern terminus is in Florence.
* I-26 (Interstate 26) travels from northwest to southeast and connects the Columbia area to the other two major population centers of South Carolina: the Greenville–Spartanburg area in the northwestern part of the state and the North Charleston–Charleston area in the southeastern part of the state.
* I-77 (Interstate 77) begins in Lexington county and ends in Cleveland, Ohio, and is frequently used by travelers on the east coast heading to or from Florida.
* I-126 (Interstate 126) branches off from I-26 and leads into downtown Columbia and provides access to Riverbanks Zoo.

### U.S. routes

* US 1
* US 1 Conn.
* US 21
* US 21 Conn.
* US 76
* US 76 Conn.
* US 176
* US 321
* US 378
* US 601

### State routes

* SC 6
* SC 7
* SC 12
* SC 12 Spur
* SC 16
* SC 40
* SC 48
* SC 48 Truck
* SC 215
* SC 262
* SC 263
* SC 269
* SC 277
* SC 555
* SC 764
* SC 768
* SC 768 Conn.

### Airports

The Jim Hamilton–L.B. Owens Airport operates over 56,000 aircraft annually, but is a smaller airport used mostly for small and private planes. The main airport for the region is the Columbia Metropolitan Airport, which is located in neighboring Lexington County. In 2018, the Columbia Metro Airport served 1,197,603 passengers with 12,324 flights.

### Bus systems

Public transportation in Richland County is provided by the COMET, or officially the Central Midlands Regional Transit Authority (CMRTA). The bus system is the main public transit system for the greater Columbia area and services approximately 2,800,000 passengers annually. In Richland County, the bus system runs in the areas of Columbia, Forest Acres, Fort Jackson, Irmo, St. Andrews, Northeast Richland, Lower Richland, and Eastover. Additionally, COMET offers Dial-a-ride transit (DART), which provides personalized service passengers with disabilities.
The University of South Carolina's transit system, which is maintained by COMET, services an additional 1,000,000 passengers annually.

### Railway

Columbia has one Amtrak station (CLB) that serves over 30,000 passengers per year on the Silver Star rail line. Additionally, Richland County has an operating facility for CSX Transportation, a company that transports over one million carloads of freight on South Carolina's rail network.

### Major infrastructure

* Columbia Station
* Fort Jackson
* McEntire Joint National Guard Base, U.S. Air Force base

## Education
### Public primary and secondary education

Public School Districts :
| Name | Enrollment | Notes |
| Richland School District 1 | 23,975 | Central and southern portions of the county |
| Richland School District 2 | 28,303 | Northeastern portions of the county |
| Lexington & Richland County School District Five | 16,780 | Northwestern portions of the county |
| Fort Jackson | Varies | The on-post areas of Fort Jackson are served by the Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) for elementary grades, with District 2 serving that area for secondary grades. |

### Colleges and universities

Colleges and Universities :
| Name | Enrollment | Notes |
| University of South Carolina | 34,731 | |
| Midlands Technical College | 8,794 | |
| Benedict College | 2,090 | HBCU |
| Medical University of South Carolina | 3,312 | Main Campus: Charleston |
| Columbia International University | 2,039 | |
| South University-Columbia | 1,132 | Main Campus: Savannah, Georgia |
| Columbia College | 1,200 | |
| Allen University | 590 | HBCU |
| Virginia College-Columbia | 404 | Main Campus: Birmingham, Alabama |
| Remington College-Columbia | 272 | Main Campus: Lafayette, Louisiana |

### Public library

Richland Library System :
| Branches | Circulation | Annual Visitors (counted once) |
| 11 | 3,300,000 | 364,000 |

## Healthcare

Hospitals :
| Hospital | Approximate Annual Patients |
| Medical University of South Carolina: Downtown | 1,000,000 |
| Medical University of South Carolina: Northeast | 1,000,000 |
| Prisma Health Baptist: Taylor and Marion Streets | 1,500,000 |
| Prisma Health Baptist: Parkridge | 1,500,000 |
| Prisma Health: Richland | 1,500,000 |
| William Jennings Bryan Dorn Veterans Affairs Medical Center | 1,130,000 |
| Moncrief Army Community Hospital | 400,000 |
| Lexington Medical Center: Northeast | |

## Attractions

* Congaree National Park
* Fort Jackson National Cemetery
* Harbison State Forest
* Lake Murray
* Palmetto Trail
* Richland Library
* Riverbanks Zoo
* Sesquicentennial State Park
* South Carolina State Fair
* South Carolina State Museum

## Communities
### Cities

* Cayce (mostly in Lexington County)
* Columbia (state capital, county seat, and largest community in the county; partly in Lexington County)
* Forest Acres

### Towns

* Arcadia Lakes
* Blythewood (partly in Fairfield County)
* Eastover
* Elgin (mostly in Kershaw County)
* Irmo (mostly in Lexington County)

### Census-designated places

* Arthurtown
* Capitol View
* Dentsville
* Gadsden
* Hopkins
* Lake Murray of Richland
* Olympia
* St. Andrews
* Woodfield

### Unincorporated communities

* Bookman
* Horrell Hill
* Pontiac
* Wateree

### Neighborhoods

* Boyden Arbor
* Cedar Creek
* Eau Claire
* Fairwold Acres
* Killian
* Kingville
* Leesburg
* Lykes
* Mountain Brook
* Riverside
* Spring Hill
* State Park
* Wateree
* Windsor Estates

### Regions

* Dutch Fork
* Fort Jackson
* Intown/downtown
* Lower Richland
* Northeast Richland
* Upper Richland

### Population ranking

The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Richland County.
† = county seat
| Rank | Name | Type | Population (2020 census) |
| 1 | † Columbia | City | 136,632 |
| 2 | St. Andrews | CDP | 20,675 |
| 3 | Dentsville | CDP | 14,431 |
| 4 | Cayce | City | 13,781 |
| 5 | Irmo | Town | 11,569 |
| 6 | Forest Acres | City | 10,617 |
| 7 | Woodfield | CDP | 9,199 |
| 8 | Lake Murray of Richland | CDP | 8,110 |
| 9 | Blythewood | Town | 4,772 |
| 10 | Capitol View | CDP | 4,653 |
| 11 | Arthurtown | CDP | 2,294 |
| 12 | Hopkins | CDP | 2,514 |
| 13 | Elgin | Town | 1,634 |
| 14 | Gadsden | CDP | 1,301 |
| 15 | Olympia | CDP | 1,087 |
| 16 | Arcadia Lakes | Town | 865 |
| 17 | Eastover | Town | 614 |

## In popular culture

Richland County was one of several counties across the country used as a filming location for the A&E reality documentary series Live PD, which worked in collaboration with the Richland County Sheriff's Department. The show first premiered in 2016 and aired for four years until its cancellation in 2020. In 2022, an unofficial revival of the show, On Patrol: Live, aired on Reelz. It features Curtis Wilson from the Richland County Sheriff's Department as well as the Berkeley County Sheriff's Office.