OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Buchholz

Buchholz may refer to:

## Places
### Germany

* Buchholz in der Nordheide, a town in the district of Harburg, Lower Saxony
* Französisch Buchholz, a community in Berlin
* Märkisch Buchholz, in the Dahme-Spreewald district, Brandenburg
* Buchholz, Schaumburg, in the district of Schaumburg, Lower Saxony
* Buchholz, Soltau-Fallingbostel, in the district Soltau-Fallingbostel, Lower Saxony
* Buchholz, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, in the Müritz district, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
* Gremersdorf-Buchholz in the Nordvorpommern district, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
* Buchholz, Neuwied, in the district of Neuwied, Rhineland-Palatinate
* Annaberg-Buchholz, a town in Saxony
* Buchholz, Saxony-Anhalt, a town in the district of Stendal, Saxony-Anhalt
* Buchholz, Dithmarschen in the district of Dithmarschen, Schleswig-Holstein
* Buchholz, Lauenburg in the district of Lauenburg, Schleswig-Holstein
* Buchholz, Thuringia, in the district of Nordhausen, Thuringia
* Galerie Buchholz, a chain of art galleries in Cologne and Berlin
* Wittenberge–Buchholz railway

### Belgium

* Buchholz, a village in the municipality of Büllingen

### United States

* Buchholz High School, a high school in Gainesville, Florida

### Marshall Islands

* Bucholz Army Airfield, a US Army airfield in the Marshall Islands

### Poland

* Buchholz, German name of Bukowiec, Bartoszyce County
* Buchholz, German name of Grabno, Lubusz Voivodeship
* Buchholz, German name of Grabowo, Stargard County

## Other

* Buchholz (surname)
* Buchholz hydra, a mathematical game on a labeled tree
* Buchholz psi functions, a system of ordinal collapsing functions
* Buchholz's ID hierarchy, a hierarchy of inductively defined mathematical systems
* Buchholz relay, a safety device for oil-filled electrical transformers
* Buchholz system, a chess ranking system
# Hot Creek Range

The Hot Creek Range is a volcanic mountain range in Nye County, in central Nevada in the western United States. From the historic community of Warm Springs, the range runs north-northeast for approximately 43 miles (69 km).
To the west are Stone Cabin Valley, Little Fish Lake Valley, and the large Monitor Range. To the east are Hot Creek Valley, Big Sand Springs Valley, and the Lunar Craters Volcanic Field. Further east lies the large Railroad Valley, and the Grant and Quinn Canyon Ranges. Highway 6 passes south of the range at 6293-foot (1918 m) Warm Springs Summit. To the north, the range almost merges with the smaller Antelope and Park Ranges.
The northern section of the Hot Creek Range has two distinct crests. The eastern crest rises to Morey Peak (10,246 feet, 3123 m), the highest point of the range. Nearby is the historic silver mining district of Morey. The western crest, across Sixmile Canyon, includes Mahogany Peak (9825 feet, 2995 m), Hot Creek Canyon, and the rugged Fandango Wilderness Study Area.
The range took its name from a nearby hot spring.
# Theodore Plucknett

Theodore Frank Thomas Plucknett (2 January 1897 – 14 February 1965) was a British legal historian who was the first chair of legal history at the London School of Economics.

## Life and career

Plucknett was born on 2 January 1897 in Bristol. Plucknett completed his early education at Alderman Newton's School in Leicester and then Bacup and Rawstenstall school in Newchurch, Lancashire. He completed his degree in history at London University and graduated with second class honours. He later completed his master's degree at University College London before his twenty-first birthday. He was also awarded the Alexander prize of the Royal Historical Society. For his masters Plucknett's speciality was the fifteenth-century council; he would later go on to write his PhD thesis on Statutes and their Interpretation in the First Half of the Fourteenth Century. He received his PhD from Emmanuel College, Cambridge, and studied under the tutorship of Harold Hazeltine.
With Plucknett's PhD came an LLB degree, which helped him get into Harvard Law School. Whilst studying at Harvard he took no courses, and instead only studied. He arrived at the school as a student in 1920 and by 1923 was an instructor. By 1926 he had graduated to an assistant professor; a position he held until 1931.
Plucknett then left Harvard for the London School of Economics after he received a recommendation from Harold Laski, who had been impressed by Plucknett's recent publication, Concise History of the Common Law. The book had been dictated and edited in a matter of weeks. When Plucknett arrived at the London School of Economics, he became the first ever holder of the school's chair of legal history. He was to remain in that position until his retirement in 1963. He succeeded William Holdsworth as Literary Director of the Selden Society and was followed by S. F. C. Milsom.
Though Plucknett remained at the London School of Economics, he also held the presidency of the Royal Historical Society from 1948 to 1952, and the presidency of the Society of Public Teachers of Law from 1953 to 1954. In 1950 Plucknett was awarded a fellowship at University College London and in 1950 he was made an honorary fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. He also received honorary degrees from both the University of Glasgow, Birmingham University and Cambridge.
In later life colleagues would describe Plucknett as 'distant'. He maintained the history of law had nothing to do with its practical application and was quoted as saying that "It is still too often said that English law can only be understood historically. Now English law may be bad, but is it really as bad as that?"
Plucknett officially retired from teaching in 1963 due to poor health and died at his home in Crescent Road, Wimbledon, London SW19 on 14 February 1965.
# Sandra Bubendorfer-Licht

Sandra Bubendorfer-Licht (born 5 September 1969) is a German interpreter and politician of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) who served as a member of the Bundestag from the state of Bavaria from 2019 to 2025.

## Political career

Bubendorfer-Licht is chairwoman of the district association Mühldorf am Inn of the FDP Bavaria. She is an observer on the state executive committee of the FDP Bavaria.
In the 2017 federal elections, Bubendorfer-Licht was a direct candidate in the Altötting constituency and ran for 13th place on the list for the FDP in Bavaria. On 9 December 2019 she moved up to the Bundestag to replace the late Jimmy Schulz. In parliament, she was a member of the Committee on Home Affairs and the Committee on Petitions. Following the 2021 elections, she served as her parliamentary group’s spokesperson for religious communities.
# Adriano (footballer, born 2006)

Adriano Carvalho Ribeiro (born 16 June 2006) is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a forward for Académica de Coimbra.

## Early life

Adriano was born in Jacarepaguá, a neighbourhood in the city of Rio de Janeiro, to former Brazilian international footballer, also named Adriano. He was born while his father was competing with Brazil at the 2006 FIFA World Cup, and so his father first saw him in the form of a photograph sent while he was travelling with the squad.

## Club career

Adriano took an interest in football after his father, and began his career with a Barcelona-affiliated academy in Rio de Janeiro. He was playing for Boavista before a move to Grêmio in April 2021. He marked his debut for Grêmio's under-15 side in June 2021 with a goal. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Adriano found his opportunities at the club limited, and he was left off Grêmio's sixteen-player squad list for the Nike Cup.
Following his departure from Grêmio in December 2021, he joined the academy of Serrano in early 2022. He made headlines in Brazil for his goal-scoring ability while with Serrano, and was invited to trial with Danish side Esbjerg in October 2022. Despite this, he remained with Serrano, signing a professional contract in April 2023 - a deal running through December 2026.

### Académica de Coimbra

On the 22nd of February, 2025, it was announced that Adriano signed with Portuguese side Académica de Coimbra.

## Career statistics
### Club

Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | State League | State League | Cup | Cup | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Serrano | 2023 | – | – | – | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
* ↑ Appearances in the Campeonato Carioca Série A2
* ↑ Appearances in the Copa Rio
# Rajwar (title)

Rajwar was a title used by the Katyuri Kings and Chand Rajput community of Kumaon (Uttarakhand and Far western region of Nepal called Doti).

## Rajwar Dynasty of Askot

The Rajwar dynasty of Askot in Pithoragarh was set up in the 1279 AD, by a branch of the Katyuri Kings, headed by Abhay Pal Deo, who was the grandson of Katyuri king, Brahm Deo. The dynasty ruled the region until it became part of the British Raj through the Treaty of Sugauli in 1816. Doti, another branch of the Katyuri dynasty, came under Nepal through Gurkha expansion in 1790.
Later one more strong offshoot was Mahuli Mahson Raj, (Basti), Uttar Pradesh. The feudal kingdom stretched (47 kilometers) 14 kose. After Brahm Deo's reign the empire disintegrated, with his grandson Abhay Pal Dego continuing his reign from the kingdom of Askote in Kumaon's Pithoragarh district. Abhay Pal, Deo's two younger sons, Alakh Deo and Tilak Deo set out from Askote in 1305 with a large army and after passing through the Terai region and the plains of U.P, came to Gonda/Gorakhpur. This region was covered in thick jungles and swamps and was inhabited by fierce Bhar tribals. The Ghagra river in the south and Rapti river in the east protected the region from heavy attacks.
# İbrahim Şevki Atasagun

İbrahim Şevki Atasagun (1899, Istanbul, Ottoman Empire – 28 May 1984, Ankara, Turkey) was a Turkish soldier and statesman. In 1966, he served as acting president for 54 days when President Cemal Gürsel underwent medical treatments in the United States.

## Career

He graduated from Istanbul Darulfünûn Medical School, where he entered as a military student. He participated in the Turkish War of Independence on the Western front with the rank of medical lieutenant and won the Medal of Independence (İstiklâl Madalyası) by rising to first lieutenant. He was appointed to the Military Medical School (Gülhane Academy) as a negotiator physician. He completed his internal medicine specialist training in 1926. When he passed the Medical Faculty Hygiene Associate Professorship exam, which he entered on leave from the General Staff, he was considered on leave for five years, without prejudice to his connection with the army. He was appointed to Erzurum Military Hospital (Marshal Çakmak Military Hospital) on 3 October 1933. He became a major in 1934. After the Tekirdağ Military Hospital, he was assigned to the Siirt Military Hospital. He served in the Eastern service after his appointment as a lieutenant colonel in 1941. He was transferred to Ankara Military School Chief Physician. He was appointed as the 2nd Medical Doctor of the Military Position Hospital. He worked in the General Staff Health Department (Turkish: Genelkurmay Sağlık Daire Başkanlığı). He was appointed as a hygiene professor at Gülhane Military Medical Academy. Brigadier general in 1953, and promoted to major general in 1956. He was appointed as the Head of the Land Forces Department of Health. He retired on 21 September 1957. Between 1958 and 1960 he served as the Undersecretary of the Ministry of Health.
In the election held on 15 October 1961 he was elected as a member of the Republican Senate Nevşehir as the candidate of the Republican Villagers Nation Party. He was re-elected in the one-third renewal election on 2 June 1968, and he continued this post until the renewal elections on 5 June 1977. He served as the Head of the National Defense Commission in 1963 and 1964. He left his party between 4 June 1962 and 7 February 1963 and remained independent. After a while he returned to his party, but left again on 25 February 1964 and joined the Justice Party on 9 April 1964. He became the Vice President in the first election of the Presidential Board of the Senate of the Republic held on 28 October 1961. He held this post until the election on 2 November 1962. He was elected as the President of the Senate of the Republic on 2 December 1965 and he continued this duty until 9 November 1970.
He acted as President of the Republic between 2 February and 28 March 1966, when President Cemal Gürsel was in treatment in the United States. He chaired the Senate Delegations, which officially visited Berlin, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Iran, Pakistan and Hungary at the invitation of the Parliament Presidents.
# Diphosphene

Diphosphene is a compound having the formula (PH)$_2$. It exists as two geometric isomers, E and Z. Diphosphene is also the parent member of the entire class of diphosphene compounds with the formula (PR)$_2$, where R is an organyl group.
Visible radiation induces cis-trans isomerization, although further irradiation can excite the molecule to a triplet diradical state. In triplet trans-HPPH, the P-P bond length is predicted to be 2.291 Å. It is not only longer than the P-P double bond in ground state trans-bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)diphosphene, but also longer than that of P-P single bond in H$_2$PPH$_2$. Calculation of the dihedral angle of trans-HPPH suggests that it is almost 90 degree, which means the formation of $\pi$ and $\pi ^{*}$ P-P bonds is forbidden and σ bond is enhanced.
# Corben Sharrah

Corben Sharrah (born April 20, 1992) is an American male BMX rider, representing his nation at international competitions. He competed in the time trial event at the 2015 UCI BMX World Championships.
He has qualified to represent the United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
# Quazi Nawshaba Ahmed

Quazi Nawshaba Ahmed is a Bangladeshi actress, voice artist, painter, puppeteer, director and a social activist.

## Background

Ahmed studied at the Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Dhaka.

## Career

Ahmed first acted in the film Udhao in 2008, which was released on 2013. She also acted in the film Chuye dile mon (2015) as a special appearance, but this film was not released due to funding issues. She also acted in the films Dhaka Dreams (2017), Dhaka Attack (2017), Bhubhan Majhi (2017), and Chandrabati Kotha (2017), all of which are in post-production.
Ahmed performed the role of a badminton player, Tania, in a short film by Projonmo Talkies, which was released in July 2017 on its YouTube channel.
Ahmed founded a theater troupe named Together We Can in 2018 and she also runs a production studio, X Solutions Ltd. Together We Can produced a play "Riya, Girl with a White Pigeon", featuring children with special needs from Rajshahi.
Ahmed worked as the puppeteer behind Sisimpur’s puppet character Ikri for seven years. In April 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, her organisation Together We Can, along with Mukto Ashor, launched a campaign titled Art for Togetherness 2020. Ahmed and her daughter were featured in June 2020 by the Independent Global Art Festival 2020. In April 2021, she produced a music video titled Alor Khoje featuring musician Shofi Mondol and sign language instructors Ahsan Habib and Afroza Mukta.
Ahmed acted in a Bengali-Indian film, Joto Kando Kolkatatei, directed by Anik Dutta, awaiting release in 2024. She performed in the stage play "Siddhartha", directed by Reza Arif, with the theatre troupe Aarshinagar.
Ahmed has been an activist in social movements starting with the 2013 Shahbag protests.
In 2024, she became a member of the Bangladesh Films Certificate Board.

## Personal life

Ahmed has a daughter, Prokiti Nazareena Ahmed Bela, aged 11–12.
Ahmed was arrested on 4 August 2018 from Uttara by Rapid Action Battalion (RAB). She was accused of spreading false news over the 2018 Bangladesh road safety protests. On 5 August, RAB officials claimed she had confessed to the allegations. On 21 August, she got ad-interim bail from Dhaka court due to her health conditions. She was placed in a 4-day remand before the court and granted for two day remand on 10 August for quizzing. In January 2019, she was granted permanent bail by the court.
In May 2019, Counter Terrorism and Transnational Crime (CTTC) submitted charge sheet against Ahmed. In November, the High Court stayed the trial proceedings for six months.

## Works
### Films

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2013 | Udhao | Mita | |
| 2015 | Chuye Dile Mon | Abonti | Special Appearance |
| 2016 | Prothiruddo | | |
| 2017 | Dhaka Dreams | Parul | Filming |
| 2017 | Dhaka Attack | Sinthia | |
| 2017 | Bhuban Majhi | | |
| 2019 | Chandrabati Kotha | Sonai | |
| 2022 | Araal | Shefali | A Chorki Web film |
| 2022 | Amanush | | |
| TBA | Chaya Brikkho† | | |

### Music video appearance

| Song | Year | Artist | Ref(s) |
| "Kashfuler Shohor Dekha" | 2021 | Shironamhin | |
# Valluvar Kottam

Valluvar Kottam (Tamil: வள்ளுவர் கோட்டம்) is a monument in Chennai, dedicated to the classical Tamil poet philosopher Valluvar. It is the city's biggest Tamil cultural centre.

## Location

Valluvar Kottam is located at the intersection of the Kodambakkam High road and the Village road in Nungambakkam neighbourhood of Chennai. The monument now stands at what was once the deepest point of a local lake called the Nungambakkam lake.

## History

The construction of the Valluvar Kottam was conceived and executed by the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M. Karunanidhi during the 1970s. It was designed by South Indian traditional architect V. Ganapati Sthapati, who is also the architect of the Thiruvalluvar Statue at Kanyakumari. It was inaugurated in April 1976 by the then President of India Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed.

## The monument

The monument consists of a decorative arch, an auditorium that can accommodate around 3,500 people, and the Kural Manimandapa, where all the 1,330 couplets from all 133 chapters of the Kural literature are inscribed on bas-relief. The hallmark of the monument is the 39-meter-high (128-foot) stone car, a replica of the famed temple chariot of Thiruvarur. The chariot is made of around 3000 blocks of granite stone from Tiruvannamalai and weighs 2,700 tonnes. The largest of these stones weigh as much as 40 tonnes. The four giant-sized wheels of the chariot measure 11 feet in diameter and 2 feet in thickness. A life-size statue of Valluvar has been installed in the chariot. The chariot is adorned with the famed Kalamkari drawings. The bottom portion of the chariot features bas relief sculptures depicting all the 133 chapters of the Kural text. The central auditorium measures 220 feet by 100 feet and is said to be Asia's largest at the time of its construction. The roof of the monument has a terraced garden with two large pools.

## Visitors

The monument is visited by an average of about 700 people during weekdays and 1000 people during weekends.

## Renovation

The monument is maintained by the memorial section of the information and public relations department of the state government. It was renovated in 2007 at a cost of ₹ 6 million. In 2018, the department started renovating the memorial at a cost of ₹ 8.5 million.
* Terrace view of Valluvar Kottam
* Terrace view of Valluvar Kottam
* Lion on Valluvar Kottam
* Terrace view of Valluvar Kottam
* Valluvar kottam chariot
* Tiruvalluvar statue inside valluvar kottam chariot
* Tirukkural
* Plants
# Battle of Finta

The Battle of Finta (27 May 1653) was a confrontation between Prince Matei Basarab's Wallachian army and a combined Moldavian–Cossack–Tatar force under Prince Vasile Lupu and Tymofiy Khmelnytsky. It took place around Finta, now a commune in Dâmbovița County, Romania.
The battle began by an attack of Moldavian infantry and Tatar–Cossack cavalrymen. From the beginning, the Moldavians, Tatars and Cossacks were driven back by the Wallachian military forces and Lithuanian defenders. Subsequently, both armies advanced to meet in a marshland, where a great melee began. Wallachians, Polish-Lithuanians, Seimeni Serb and Hungarian mercenaries destroyed the entire force of Cossacks and Tatars, with their swords and bayonets; the Moldavians, alongside the German and Austrian mercenaries, retreated a kilometer to prepare for the attacks. They resisted a series of attacks by the Wallachian-led combined troops, until finally the Wallachians bombarded their positions. The German and Austrian mercenaries were all killed during the bombardment. 1,000 Moldavians, 4,000 Cossacks and 1,000 Tatars were taken as prisoners, and mistreated by Wallachians. Almost half of them perished in captivity or were sold as slaves, including Ecaterina Cercheza, the wife of Vasile Lupu.
The battle was a Wallachian decisive victory, resulting in the ousting of the Moldavian Prince and his replacement with Gheorghe Ștefan. There was a brief Wallachian occupation of Iași, and a siege of Suceava (where Tymofiy was killed).
# Anichini family

The Anichini family were Italian Renaissance sculptors, leading carvers of engraved gems for seals and medals in Renaissance Italy.
Francesco Anichini (fl. 1449–1526) had four sons who followed him in the art. He was the leading gem-cutter in Venice, taking commissions from Isabella d'Este and others.
His sons were:
* Alvise Anichini (dates uncertain)
* Andrea Anichini (fl. 1526–1553)
* Callisto Anichini (a. 1527–c. 1553), a jewelry-maker,
* Luigi Anichini (b. 1500 x 1510, d. after 1559) Michelangelo pronounced his Interview of Alexander the Great with the high-priest at Jerusalem "the perfection of the art". His medals of Henry II of France and Pope Paul III are greatly valued.
# Usage-centered design

Usage-centered design is an approach to user interface design based on a focus on user intentions and usage patterns. It analyzes users in terms of the roles they play in relation to systems and employs abstract (essential) use cases for task analysis. It derives visual and interaction design from abstract prototypes based on the understanding of user roles and task cases.
Usage-centered design was introduced by Larry Constantine and Lucy Lockwood. The primary reference is their book.

## Usage-centered design methods

Usage-centered design is largely based on formal, abstract models such as models of interaction between user roles, UML workflow models and task case and role profiles. Usage-centered design proponents argue for abstract modelling while many designers use realistic personas, scenarios and high-fidelity prototypes. The techniques have been applied with particular success in complex software projects, some of which have been reported in case studies.

## Usage-centered design and activity-centered design approach

Usage-centered design share some common ideas with activity-centered design. It is concerned more with the activities of users but not the users per se. Constantine (2006) presents an integrated framework where the models of Usage-centered design are enriched with concepts from the Activity theory.