OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Metrosideros fulgens

Metrosideros fulgens (scarlet rātā, rātā vine or in Māori akatawhiwhi) is a forest liana or vine endemic to New Zealand. It occurs in coastal and lowland forest throughout the North Island, on the west coast of the South Island and on the Three Kings Islands north of Cape Reinga. It is one of a number of New Zealand Metrosideros species which live out their lives as vines, unlike the northern rātā (M. robusta), which generally begins as a hemi-epiphyte and grows into a huge tree. Scarlet rātā is one of the better-known species of rātā vines, because it flowers in autumn or winter, and is often highly visible on well-lit host trees along forest roads, with vibrant displays of large red flowers (sometimes orange or yellow) that rise above the forest canopy.

## Description

Metrosideros fulgens is a species in the genus Metrosideros, it prefers warm moist habitats and grows up to 10 metres (33 feet) long or more, with the main stem up to 10 cm or more in diameter. It climbs in the same way as ivy, sending out short adventitious roots to adhere to the trunks of host trees, penetrating and clinging to rough surfaces. The climbing shoots of juvenile plants are designed to grow rapidly and extend the length of the plant. The short clinging roots usually die after about a year, so that when the vine is mature, the thick, twisted, rope-like stems hang free from the host like thick, sometimes twisted ropes, with red-brown flaky bark. The leaves are mostly rounded at the tip. Flowering is from autumn to spring, with seed capsules taking about a year to ripen.

## Cultivation

There are several cultivars of M. fulgens available, mostly selected for their flower colours.
* Metrosideros fulgens ‘Gold’/'Aurata' has bright yellow flowers from late summer to early winter and grows to 1.5 by 1.5 metres, taking several years to reach this size. It has attractive fresh light green foliage, and can be trimmed to form an informal hedge. M. Aurata was first encountered in 1890 near Collingwood by a Mrs S. Featon of Gisborne, and was first thought to be a separate species (Metrosideros aurata). M. Gold was the name used when introduced into cultivation, and was sourced in the same area and time as M. Jaffa below.
* Metrosideros fulgens 'Jaffa' is a compact bush producing brilliant burnt-orange flowers. This cultivar was selected in the mid-1990s from a specimen growing on the Tairua-Whitianga Road in the Coromandel Peninsula by Jenny Oliphant. It has been available since 2001.
* Metrosideros fulgens 'Orange Princess' was released in 2000 by Duncan & Davies in Taranaki. This cultivar was sourced from the Onaero River valley. Its appearance is very similar to M. Jaffa.
* Metrosideros fulgens 'Red Glow' is a more "standard" form of M. fulgens and has orangy-red flowers. The source of this cultivar is not known but has only been available for a few years.
In addition to the above cultivars, it is also possible to buy regular forms of M. fulgens through specialist plant nurseries.
# Nayda Venegas

Nayda Venegas Brown (born July 24, 1958) is a Puerto Rican politician affiliated with the New Progressive Party (PNP). She was a member of the Puerto Rico Senate, from 2017 to 2021, representing Carolina Senatorial district.

## Early years and studies

Nayda Venegas Brown was born on July 24, 1958, the daughter of boxer Juan Evangelista Venegas who was the first Olympic medalist from Puerto Rico, and his wife Hilda Brown Quiñones.
She studied administration and secretarial science at Instituto de Banca y Comercio, Criminal Justice at Universidad del Este, of the Ana G. Méndez University System in Carolina, Puerto Rico, and theology at the Mizpa Pentecostal University in San Juan, Puerto Rico.

## Political career

Nayda Venegas Brown was the President of the Municipal legislature of Loiza until December 31, 2016. In the 2016 election, she was elected as one of the Senator for the Carolina District.
In 2018, she introduced Project 950, a bill that regulates abortion.
# Zhou Bi

Zhou Bi (pinyin: Zhōu Bì; 周毖, or 周珌; died 2 April 190) was an official of the Eastern Han dynasty. He was the son of Zhou Shen (周慎).
He was mentioned in the biographies of Emperor Xian, Dong Zhuo and Yuan Shao in the Book of Later Han, and the biographies of Yuan Shao and Xu Jing in the Records of the Three Kingdoms.

## Life

His place of birth is uncertain; it was recorded as Hanyang (漢陽郡) in Xu Jing's biography in the Records of the Three Kingdoms, and Wuwei (武威郡) in Dong Zhuo's biography in the Book of Later Han.
When Dong Zhuo seized the power in September 189, Zhou Bi had Dong Zhuo's full confidence. Shortly after, Yuan Shao left the capital, laying down his public office. Zhou Bi, then Palace Attendant, joined the Colonel of the City Gates Wu Qiong and He Yong in jointly advising Dong Zhuo to appease the rage of Yuan Shao by appointing Yuan Shao as the Administrator of Bohai Commandery). In fact, Zhou Bi and Wu Qiong were secretly in league with Yuan Shao.
Afterwards, he was made Minister of Civil Service Affairs (吏部尚書), and he, along with Wu Qiong, He Yong, Zheng Tai and Xu Jing took part in the personnel policy division of the Dong Zhuo's administration by Dong Zhuo's orders, and they appointed Xun Shuang, Han Rong, Han Fu, Kong Zhou, Zhang Miao, Liu Dai and Chen Ji, Zhang Zi and others to public offices.
In January 190, as Yuan Shao and Zhang Mao raised an army and began a campaign against Dong Zhuo, Dong Zhuo thought out a plan to move the capital to Changan. Zhou Bi, then titled Colonel Who Inspects the Army (督軍校尉), along with Wu Qiong, Huang Wan and Yang Biao, opposed the Dong Zhuo's plan.
In April 190, Dong Zhuo executed Zhou Bi and Wu Qiong, citing the reason that most figures who were appointed by them defected to the anti-Dong Zhuo forces.
# Dinosaur Land

Dinosaur Land may refer to:
* Dinosaur Land (Rügen), an amusement park with model dinosaurs on the German island of Rügen
* Dinosaur Land (Virginia), an amusement park with model dinosaurs in White Post, Virginia
* Dinosaur Land, the setting of the 1990 video game Super Mario World
# Vice President of Suriname

The vice president of Suriname (Dutch: Vicepresident van de Republiek Suriname) is the second-highest political position in Suriname, after the president. The president and the vice president are elected by the National Assembly for five-year terms.
The position of vice president was created in the Constitution of 1987, when the position of prime minister of Suriname was abolished. The vice president is charged with the day-to-day management of the Council of Ministers and is responsible to the President.
Ronnie Brunswijk is the incumbent vice president of Suriname as of 16 July 2020. Brunswijk was elected on 13 July 2020 as vice president by acclamation in an uncontested election and inaugurated on 16 July on the Onafhankelijkheidsplein in Paramaribo in ceremony without public due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Powers and duties

The powers of the president are exercised by the vice president:
* In case the president is declared unfit to exercise his powers;
* In case the president has laid down the exercise of his powers temporarily;
* As long as there is no president or if he is absent;
* If, in the case described in article 140, prosecution against the President has been initiated.

## List of vice presidents
### Vice President of Suriname (1988–present)

| Vice President | Vice President | Vice President | Term of office | Term of office | Term of office | Political party | President |
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Political party | President |
| 1 | | Henck Arron (1936–2000) | 25 January 1988 | 24 December 1990 | 2 years, 333 days | NPS | Ramsewak Shankar (VHP) |
| 2 | | Jules Wijdenbosch (born 1941) | 7 January 1991 | 16 September 1991 | 252 days | NDP | Johan Kraag (NPS) |
| 3 | | Jules Ajodhia (1945–2024) | 16 September 1991 | 15 September 1996 | 4 years, 365 days | VHP | Ronald Venetiaan (NPS) |
| 4 | | Pretaap Radhakishun (1934–2001) | 15 September 1996 | 12 August 2000 | 3 years, 332 days | BVD | Jules Wijdenbosch (NDP) |
| (3) | | Jules Ajodhia (1945–2024) | 12 August 2000 | 12 August 2005 | 5 years | VHP | Ronald Venetiaan (NPS) |
| 5 | | Ramdien Sardjoe (born 1935) | 12 August 2005 | 12 August 2010 | 5 years | VHP | Ronald Venetiaan (NPS) |
| 6 | | Robert Ameerali (born 1961) | 12 August 2010 | 12 August 2015 | 5 years | ABOP | Dési Bouterse (NDP) |
| 7 | | Ashwin Adhin (born 1980) | 12 August 2015 | 16 July 2020 | 4 years, 339 days | NDP | Dési Bouterse (NDP) |
| 8 | | Ronnie Brunswijk (born 1961) | 16 July 2020 | Incumbent | 4 years, 223 days (as of 24 February 2025) | ABOP | Chan Santokhi (VHP) |

### Deputy Vice President of Suriname (1988–1990)

| Deputy Vice President | Deputy Vice President | Deputy Vice President | Term of office | Term of office | Term of office | Political party | Vice President |
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Political party | Vice President |
| 1 | | Willy Soemita (1936–2022) | 25 January 1988 | 24 December 1990 | 2 years, 333 days | KTPI | Arron (NPS) |
# Cliff Pirtle

Cliff R. Pirtle is an American politician who served as Republican member of the New Mexico Senate representing, District 32 from January 15, 2013 to December 31, 2024.

## Controversy

On March 12, 2023, Santa Fe, NM, police officers were dispatched to home that Cliff R. Pirtle rented in Santa Fe during the 2023 legislative session. Officers responded to a domestic dispute between Cliff and his wife Aysia Pirtle. The disturbance between them began when Ms. Pirtle caught her husband in bed with a New Mexico Senate employee.

## Education and career

Pirtle graduated from Roswell High School.
In December 2020, in the aftermath of the 2020 presidential election, Pirtle supported an audit of the election. Pirtle claimed it was unclear whether Biden won the presidency.

## Elections

* 2012: To challenge District 32 incumbent Democratic Senator Timothy Jennings, Pirtle ran in the June 5, 2012 Republican Primary, winning by 9 votes with 1,018 votes (50.2%) and won the November 6, 2012 General election with 5,930 votes (52.3%) against Senator Jennings, who had served in the seat since 1979.
* 2024: Pirtle chose not to seek re-election. Candy Ezzell succeeded him as the District 32 senator.
# Efraín Nieves

Efraín Nieves (born November 15, 1989) is a Puerto Rican professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) for the Lamigo Monkeys.

## Career
### Milwaukee Brewers

Nieves attended the Puerto Rico Baseball Academy. The Milwaukee Brewers drafted Nieves in the seventh round of the 2007 Major League Baseball draft. After playing rookie ball in 2007 and 2008, Nieves was promoted to the Single-A Wisconsin Timber Rattlers for the 2009 season. He would spend the entire 2010 season for the Timber Rattlers as well, pitching to a 5.56 ERA with 53 strikeouts and 41 walks. Nieves was promoted to the advanced Single-A Brevard County Manatees in 2011, where he spent the season. On March 26, 2012, Nieves was released by the Brewers.

### Detroit Tigers

On April 24, 2012, Nieves signed a minor league contract with the Detroit Tigers organization. Nieves spent the year with the low Single-A Connecticut Tigers and re-signed with the Tigers on a minor league contract on November 26.

### Toronto Blue Jays

On December 6, 2012, Nieves was selected by the Toronto Blue Jays in the minor league phase of the Rule 5 Draft. Nieves spent the 2013 season with the Single-A Lansing Lugnuts and the advanced Single-A Dunedin Blue Jays. Nieves remained in Dunedin in 2014 and became a free agent after the season.

### Texas Rangers

On November 20, 2014, Nieves signed a minor league contract with the Texas Rangers organization. Nieves was released before the season on March 4, 2015.

### Evansville Otters

Nieves signed with the Evansville Otters of the Frontier League following his release from the Rangers organization. In his first Frontier League start on May 20, 2015, Nieves pitched six innings of one hit, no runs ball with five strikeouts.

### Somerset Patriots

On April 9, 2016, Nieves signed with the Somerset Patriots of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball.

### Lamigo Monkeys

On May 28, 2016, Nieves signed with the Lamigo Monkeys of the Chinese Professional Baseball League.

### Somerset Patriots (second stint)

On June 22, 2017, Nieves signed with the Somerset Patriots of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball. Nieves pitched to a 3.95 ERA with 63 strikeouts in 73.0 innings pitched across 16 games.

## International career

Nieves played for the Puerto Rican national baseball team in the 2013 World Baseball Classic. He was selected to Puerto Rico's roster for the 2019 Pan American Games.
# Preservative redemption

Preservative redemption or preservative grace is, in Catholic theology, the doctrine that people can be preserved from future sin and temptation. This doctrine was first developed by Duns Scotus in the 13th century, who believed that the Virgin Mary was preserved from original sin (the Immaculate Conception). This means that Mary was the object of perfect redemption, as if fashioned by the Holy Spirit, which was merited by Jesus. Whether or not Mary was ever tempted is speculated by theologians. The Catholic Church has developed the doctrine of preservative redemption to include the Eucharist, teaching ever since the Council of Trent that a fruit of Holy Communion is preservation from future temptation and future mortal sin. This is because the soul is enkindled with divine love, so that the more of Jesus one receives the harder it becomes for one to be tempted and commit sin. A commonly held pious opinion is that the prophet Jeremiah, John the Baptist, and according to some St. Joseph were sanctified from original sin in the womb, but not at their conception. Saint Faustina claimed to have received the grace of freedom from temptation against purity. Criticism of preservative grace includes asking why God does not make every human and angel sinless and how the Immaculate Conception makes sense if Mary is not redeemed from original sin.

## Catholic Church
### Official teaching
#### Immaculate Conception

The Council of Trent, in Canon XXIII of Session VI, teaches the Immaculate Conception. The Immaculate Conception of Mary is the dogma that the Mother of God enjoyed the grace and privilege of freedom from original sin and personal sin since the moment of her conception. This means that Mary was the object of perfect redemption, as if fashioned by the Holy Spirit, which was merited by Jesus. Whether or not Mary was ever tempted is speculated by theologians.

#### Holy Communion

When a Catholic receives the Eucharist worthily (free from mortal sin, i.e., in sanctifying grace), among the fruits received is preservation from future temptation and from future mortal sin. This is because the Eucharist enkindles divine love in the soul, so that the more a person receives Jesus the harder it becomes to be tempted and commit sin.

### Unofficial teaching
#### Pious Opinion

A commonly held pious opinion is that the prophet Jeremiah, John the Baptist, and according to some St. Joseph were sanctified from original sin in the womb, but not at their conception.

#### Private Revelation

Saint Faustina claimed that Jesus told her she "will never be subject to temptations against purity."

## Criticism

A criticism is how the Immaculate Conception can make sense if redemption requires a person to be redeemed from original sin, rather than original sin being prevented altogether.

## See Also

* Prevenient grace
# UMSL–North station

UMSL–North station is a light rail station on the Red Line of the St. Louis MetroLink system. This station is located on an embankment near Arnold B. Grobman Drive and the Ted Jones Trail.

## Station layout

The station is located between two elevated viaducts, just east of the UMSL Campus Tunnel. It is accessed via sidewalks from UMSL's Parking Lot F.
| Westbound | ← Red Line toward Lambert Airport (North Hanley) |
| Island platform, doors will open on the left / right ||
| Eastbound | ← Red Line toward Shiloh–Scott (UMSL–South) → |
| Street | Entrance/exit |

## Notable places nearby

* Blanche M. Touhill Performing Arts Center
* St. Vincent Greenway
* University of Missouri–St. Louis, North Campus
# The Creation of Dangerous Violent Criminals

The Creation of Dangerous Violent Criminals is a book by Lonnie H. Athens, originally published in 1989 by Routledge and University of Illinois Press; an expanded 2nd edition was published in 2018. The work explores a process by which individuals become violent criminals.

## Structure

The 2nd edition has a foreword by Richard Rhodes and an introduction by the author, followed by 11 chapters:
* Dangerous Violent Criminals
* The Key to the Creation of Dangerous Violent Criminals
* The Research Rationale and Strategy
* Stage One: Brutalization: Violent Subjugation
* Stage One: Brutalization: Personal Horrification
* Stage One: Brutalization: Violent Coaching
* Stage Two: Belligerency
* Stage Three: Violent Performances
* Stage Four: Virulency
* Theoretical Implications
* Policy Implications
It concludes with an afterword by the author and bibliography.

## Reviews

* Bean, Philip (1990). "Reviewed work: The Creation of Dangerous Violent Criminals, L. H. Athens". The British Journal of Criminology. 30 (4): 528–529. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a048069. JSTOR 23637621.
* Johnson, John M. (1990). "The Creation of Dangerous Violent Criminals". Symbolic Interaction. 13 (2): 293–295. doi:10.1525/si.1990.13.2.293.
* Weiner, Neil Alan (1990). "Reviewed work: The Creation of Dangerous Violent Criminals., Lonnie H. Athens". Contemporary Sociology. 19 (3): 429–431. doi:10.2307/2072484. JSTOR 2072484.

## Publication history

* Athens, Lonnie H. (1989), The Creation of Dangerous Violent Criminals (1st ed.), Routledge and University of Illinois Press, ISBN 978-0-252-06262-9, retrieved 29 July 2023
* Athens, L. H. (2017), The Creation of Dangerous Violent Criminals (2nd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-1412865364, retrieved 29 July 2023

## About the author

Lonnie H. Athens is a professor of Criminal Justice in the Department of Sociology, Anthropology, Social Work, and Criminal Justice at Seton Hall University.

## Similar or related works

* Violent Criminal Acts and Actors: A Symbolic Interactionist Study
* Domination and Subjugation in Everyday Life
# Horsey Browne

William Fraser "Horsey" Browne (1903–1931) was a British army and Irish rugby international. He won 12 caps between 1925 and 1928. He started playing whilst serving as a lieutenant in the Duke of Wellington's Regiment.
Played for both Devonport Services RFC and United Services RFC.
# René de Possel

Lucien Alexandre Charles René de Possel (7 February 1905 – 1974) was a French mathematician, one of the founders of the Bourbaki group, and later a pioneer computer scientist, working in particular on optical character recognition.

## Life

Possel was born in Marseille. He had the conventional background for a member of Bourbaki: the École Normale Supérieure, agrégation, and then study in Germany. He left Bourbaki at an early stage: there was an obvious personal matter intruding between him and André Weil who had married De Possel's ex-wife Eveline following her divorce from De Possel in 1937.

## Work

De Possel published an early book on game theory in 1936 (Sur la théorie mathématique des jeux de hasard et de réflexion). His later research work in computer science at the Institut Blaise Pascal was in a position of relative isolation, as the subject strove for independence and to move away from the imposed role of service provider in the field of numerical analysis. He became director there in 1960, in succession to Louis Couffignal (1902–1966), until an administrative reorganisation under the C. N. R. S. in 1969. He was a leading figure in pushing for the later Institut de Programmation. He died in Paris.
# Abdelali Mhamdi

Abdelali Gluja Mhamdi (Arabic: عبدالعالي محمدي; born 29 November 1991) is a Moroccan professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Al-Batin on loan from Wydad AC.

## Honours
### Club
#### RS Berkane

* Morocco Throne Cup: 2018
* CAF Confederation Cup runner-up: 2018–19

### International
#### Morocco

* African Nations Championship: 2018
# Jeff Smith

Jeff Smith or Jeffrey Smith may refer to:

## Sports
### Combat sports

* Jeff Smith (boxer) (1891–1962), American boxer
* Jeff Smith (1948–2019), American professional wrestling manager best known as Izzy Slapawitz
* Jeff Smith (martial arts) (born 1963), American martial artist

### Gridiron football

* Jeff Smith (offensive lineman) (born 1973), played for the Chiefs, Jaguars and Steelers
* Jeff Smith (defensive end) (born 1962), defensive end, played for the Cincinnati Bengals
* Jeff Smith (running back) (born 1962), running back, played for the Chiefs and Buccaneers
* Jeff Smith (tight end) (born 1962), tight end, played for the New York Giants
* Jeff Smith (wide receiver, born 1962), gridiron football player, notably in the Canadian Football League
* Jeff Smith (wide receiver, born 1997), wide receiver for the New York Giants

### Other sports

* Jeff Smith (motorcyclist) (born 1934), former world champion motocross racer
* Jeff Smith (footballer, born 1935), English football full back (Lincoln City)
* Jeff Smith (British racing driver) (born 1966), British racing car driver and businessman
* Jeff Smith (American racing driver) (born 1963), American stock car racing driver
* Jeff Smith (baseball) (born 1974), coach in the Minnesota Twins' organization
* Jeff Smith (darts player) (born 1975), Canadian darts player
* Jeff Smith (footballer, born 1980), English football defender/midfielder (Port Vale, Carlisle United and Darlington)

## Politics and government

* Jeff Smith (British politician) (born 1963), MP for Manchester Withington 2015-
* Jeff Smith (Mississippi politician) (born 1949), Republican (formerly Democratic) legislator
* Jeff Smith (Wisconsin politician) (born 1955), Wisconsin legislator
* Jeff Smith (Iowa politician) (born 1967), Iowa State Representative
* Jeff Smith (Missouri politician) (born 1973), former State Senator, convicted of crimes related to federal election law violations
* Jeffrey H. Smith (lawyer), former General Counsel of the CIA

## Other

* Jeff Smith (cartoonist) (born 1960), creator of the comic book Bone
* Jeff Smith, comedy musician from duo Raymond and Scum
* Jeff Smith (chef) (1939–2004), host of The Frugal Gourmet TV program
* Jefferson "Jeff" Smith, the protagonist in the 1939 film Mr. Smith Goes to Washington
* Jeffrey H. Smith, former professor of mathematics at Purdue University, Indiana
* Jeffrey M. Smith (born 1958), journalist, author and documentary filmmaker
* Jeffrey W. Smith, biologist at the Burnham Institute
* Jeffrey Chipps Smith, American art historian
* Jeffrey G. Smith (1921–2021), U.S. Army general
* Jeff Smith (hedge fund manager), American hedge fund manager
* R. Jeffrey Smith, American journalist
* Jeffrey L. Smith, Washington, D.C. police officer, responded to the 2021 storming of the U.S Capitol Building