OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Linear city (Graves and Eisenman design)

The linear city was an urban plan proposed in 1965 by Michael Graves and Peter Eisenman for a 34 kilometer (21.1 miles) long linear settlement between New Brunswick and Trenton, New Jersey. If built, the proposed city would have been 1.6 kilometers (1 mile) wide.
Between 2014 and 2015, the Grounds For Sculpture, located near where the city would have been located, hosted an exhibit featuring the models and designs for this project.
# Fabrizio Savelli

Fabrizio Savelli (1607 – 26 February 1659) was an Italian military leader, commander of papal troops and, later, a Catholic Cardinal.

## Early life

Savelli was born in 1607 of the House of Savelli which included Pope Honorius IV (1285 - 1287). He was the nephew of Cardinal Giulio Savelli and the uncle of Cardinal Paolo Savelli. As a young man he received military training and later commanded troops in a number of regional conflicts.
During the First War of Castro, Savelli was given the title of Generalissimo and was put in command of a contingent of papal troops fighting the Dukes of Parma. However, according to contemporary John Bargrave, Savelli had great respect for the Dukes and also believed Pope Urban VIII would not live long and so the war was futile. As a result, Savelli moved his troops slowly and was hesitant to engage in battle. Pope Urban relieved Savelli of his command and appointed his nephew, Taddeo Barberini, in Savelli's place.

## Ecclesiastic career

Savelli, though, was not severely punished. Instead, he was brought back to Rome and in 1642, he was elected Archbishop of Salerno with dispensation for not having yet received the presbyterate. He was consecrated in October of that year, in Rome by Cardinal Alessandro Cesarini with Francesco Gonzaga, Bishop of Cariati e Cerenzia, serving as co-consecrator.
Thereafter he was named nuncio in Poland.
Savelli was made cardinal in the consistory of 7 October 1647. He was named legate in Bologna in 1648 and then legate in Ravenna and Ferrara. He participated in the papal conclave of 1655 which elected Pope Alexander VII.
He became Minister of Poland before the Holy See in 1658 and died in February of the following year.
# Isaac Spencer

Isaac Spencer (born December 8, 1977), is an American professional basketball player. At 6'6", he played as a forward.

## High school career

Spencer attended Jefferson Davis High School in Montgomery, Alabama where he excelled at basketball. Spencer was awarded the Alabama Mr. Basketball awarded in 1996 by the Alabama Sports Writers Association. The award is given annually to the best high school boys' basketball player in the state of Alabama. Spencer was also named First Team All-State and Alabama 6A Player of the Year in 1996.

## College career

Isaac Spencer played college basketball at Murray State University in Murray, Kentucky. He was named OVC Newcomer of the Year for the 1997–98 season. Spencer scored the first point of Murray State's inaugural basketball game in the CFSB Center in 1998. Spencer was the only returning senior for the 2000–01 season on the Murray State team. In March 2001, Spencer was named to the National Association of Basketball Coaches/Chevrolet Division I All-District 7 Second Team. During the 2000–01 season, Spencer led the Racers in both points and assists, a combination that wasn't matched again by a Racer until Isaiah Canaan in the 2011–12 season. Spencer averaged 17.7 PPG across his college career at Murray State, including 21.6 PPG during his senior season in 2000–01. Spencer remains number two among Murray State's all-time career scoring leaders and number six all-time in the Ohio Valley Conference with 2,248 points. Spencer was one of only two players in Murray State history to be named to the All-OVC team for four consecutive years. Spencer shares the four-time All-OVC honor with Lamont Sleets.

## Professional career

Isaac Spencer began his professional career in May 2001 with the Lakeland Blue Ducks of the United States Basketball League (USBL). In Fall 2001, Spencer was picked up by the Kentucky Pro Cats of the American Basketball Association; however, the Pro Cats disbanded in early 2002. Later that year, Spencer joined the St. Joseph Express of the USBL. Spencer had a high game of 32 points and 10 rebounds against the defending USBL champion Pennsylvania ValleyDawgs. In July 2002, Spencer joined the Barangay Ginebra Kings of the Philippine Basketball Association. Spencer returned to the United States for the 2003 USBL season. In that year he played in 30 games with the Brevard Blue Ducks of the USBL. Spencer played 34 games with the Daegu Orions of the Korean Basketball League during the 2003–2004 season, scoring 541 points during the season. Following the season with the Orions, Spencer joined CPN Pueblo Nuevo of the Dominican Republic as an import player in 2004.
# Suresh Singh Rawat

Suresh Singh Rawat (28 March 1980) is an Indian politician and currently serving Cabinet Minister of Water Resources Department in Government of Rajasthan & Parliamentary Secretary in Government of Rajasthan. He is 14th, 15th & 16th Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly representing the Pushkar. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.

## Early life

Suresh Singh Rawat hails from Ajmer of Rajasthan's Muhami region. He has done Bachelor of Arts Honours degree from Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University.

## Political career

Since March 2013, he is a Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly as BJP MLA from Pushkar.
He is the Parliamentary secretary, State Minister in Government of Rajasthan.
On 19 September 2022 he brought a cow to the state assembly to protest about the Lumpy disease.

## Other works

He played the role of Raja in Pehredaar Piya Ki in Indian television show at Sony Entertainment Television.
# 1993 Invercargill mayoral by-election

The 1993 Invercargill mayoral by-election was held on 20 March 1993 as a result of the death of Mayor Eve Poole on Boxing Day the previous year.

## Background

Since losing the Waitemata City mayoralty in 1989, Tim Shadbolt had made several unsuccessful electoral runs, including 1992 mayoral elections in Auckland and Dunedin, in both of which he placed third.
The election attracted an unusually large pool of 14 candidates, including the incumbent deputy mayor and the two deputy mayors preceding him. Former Southland County Council chairman and father of candidate Janet Malloch, Sir Erskine Bowmar, described it as "a bit of a joke".

## Polling

| Poll source | Date(s) administered | Sample size | Margin of error | Neil Boniface | Mirek Cvigr | Janet Malloch | Bruce Pagan | Geoff Piercy | Tim Shadbolt | Dougal Soper | Anne Stoddart | Mark Winter | Undecided |
| The Southland Times | 1 March 1993 | 519 | ± 4.5% | 2% | 8.86% | 4.24% | 12.91% | 3.47% | 21.39% | 7.13% | 3.47% | 6.94% | 22% |
| The Southland Times | 10 March 1993 | 615 | ± 4.5% | 1.6% | 8.9% | 3.4% | 16.1% | 2.4% | 26.2% | 5.8% | 1.6% | 10.2% | 17% |

## Results

The following table gives the election results:
1993 Invercargill mayoral by-election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Independent | Tim Shadbolt | 10,078 | 33.35 | |
| | Independent | Bruce Pagan | 5,752 | 19.03 | −16.16 |
| | Independent | Mark Winter | 4,795 | 15.87 | |
| | Independent | Mirek Cvigr | 3,915 | 12.95 | −13.96 |
| | Independent | Dougal Soper | 1,972 | 6.52 | |
| | Independent | Geoff Piercy | 1,221 | 4.04 | |
| | Independent | Janet Malloch | 765 | 2.53 | |
| | Independent | Anne Stoddart | 718 | 2.37 | |
| | Independent | Neil Boniface | 416 | 1.37 | |
| | Independent | Marjory Jones | 268 | 0.88 | |
| | Independent | George Ngatai | 116 | 0.38 | |
| | Independent | Katherine Hart | 55 | 0.18 | |
| | Independent | Richard Osborn | 50 | 0.16 | |
| | Independent | Owen Houliston | 42 | 0.13 | |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 4,326 | 14.32 | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 30,211 | 79.45 | |
# Salome (Titian, private collection)

Salome, also called Salome with the Head of John the Baptist, is an oil painting by Titian, made in around 1570, and currently in a private collection. It is not to be confused with other compositions of Salome and Judith by Titian.

## Subject

Salome, in Jewish history, was the name borne by three women of the Herod dynasty. Titian depicts the daughter of Herodias by her first husband Herod Philip. She was the wife successively of Philip the Tetrarch and Aristobulus, son of Herod of Chalcis. This Salome is the only one of the three who is mentioned in the New Testament, and only in connection with the execution of John the Baptist. Herod Antipas, pleased by her dancing, offered her a reward "unto the half of my kingdom"; instructed by Herodias, she asked for John the Baptist's "head in a charger".

## History

This late work by Titian has been dated to the period 1567–1568. It was once owned by King Charles I, but having passed through a number of private hands, it was sold at auction for just £8,000 at Christie's, in December 1994, as lot 348, described incorrectly as a work "from the school of Titian". After the painting was sold on again in 2001, its true nature and value were revealed after cleaning.

## Description

Salome is depicted as a beautiful young woman, dressed in the finest clothing, while carrying the severed head of John the Baptist in a charger. She smiles, joyfully, and expresses no remorse with the macrabe trophy that she carries. Another woman, possibly a servant, looks from the left, while a young black page is seen at the bottom right.

## Versions

* Version by Titian and his workshop, c. 1560–1570, in the NMWA, Tokyo (90 x 83.3 cm)
* Painting by David Teniers II, after Titian, c. 1650 (17.1 x 12 cm)
* Engraving by Lucas Vorsterman II for the Theatrum Pictorium, 1673
# Vsevolod Lytkin

Vsevolod Yuryevich Lytkin (Russian: Всеволод Юрьевич Лыткин; born 17 January 1967, in Siberia), has since 2005 served as a bishop in the Siberian Evangelical Lutheran Church (SELC), and since 2007 has headed that denomination.
After encountering Lutherans in Soviet-era Estonia, Lytkin's church career began with his 1987 baptism according to the Lutheran rite in Tallinn, Estonia. After 1991, he began preaching Christianity according to the Lutheran tradition in Akademgorodok, a suburb of Novosibirsk, Siberia. He later created additional Lutheran communities in Khakassia, Buryatia, Tomsk, Omsk, Irkutsk, Kemerovo, Sverdlovsk and Chita, as well as in the Krasnoyarsk territory.
The following year, the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS), a conservative Lutheran denomination in the United States, began to actively support Lytkin's missionary efforts.
In 1993 the Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church (EELC) recognized Lytkin and his Novosibirsk Lutheran community as part of the EELC, a semi-independent missionary unit directly subordinate to the EELC's Archbishop Jaan Kiivit, Jr. and with its clergy receiving ordination from the Estonian church body.
In May 2003, however, the Siberian Evangelical Lutheran Church, founded and headed by Vsevolod Lytkin, became independent from the Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church. In 2005, SELC elected Lytkin as its bishop. Being not yet ordained, however, he was known as bishop-elect until 2007, when his official ordination took place.
Since 2012, he also serves as bishop to St. George, an independent Anglican congregation in Thailand.
# 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯

In mathematics, 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯, also written ⁠$\textstyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }n^{0}$⁠, ⁠$\textstyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }1^{n}$⁠, or simply ⁠$\textstyle \sum _{n=1}^{\infty }1$⁠, is a divergent series. Nevertheless, it is sometimes imputed to have a value of ⁠$-{\tfrac {1}{2}}$⁠, especially in physics. This value can be justified by certain mathematical methods for obtaining values from divergent series, including zeta function regularization.

## As a divergent series

1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ is a divergent series, meaning that its sequence of partial sums does not converge to a limit in the real numbers.
The sequence 1$^n$ can be thought of as a geometric series with the common ratio 1. For some other divergent geometric series, including Grandi's series with ratio −1, and the series 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ⋯ with ratio 2, one can use the general solution for the sum of a geometric series with base 1 and ratio ⁠$r$⁠, obtaining ⁠${\tfrac {1}{1-r}}$⁠, but this summation method fails for 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯, producing a division by zero.
Together with Grandi's series, this is one of two geometric series with rational ratio that diverges both for the real numbers and for all systems of p-adic numbers.
In the context of the extended real number line
    $\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }1=+\infty \,,$
since its sequence of partial sums increases monotonically without bound.

## Zeta function regularization

Where the sum of n$^0$ occurs in physical applications, it may sometimes be interpreted by zeta function regularization, as the value at s = 0 of the Riemann zeta function:
    $\zeta (s)=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n^{s}}}={\frac {1}{1-2^{1-s}}}\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {(-1)^{n+1}}{n^{s}}}\,.$
The two formulas given above are not valid at zero however, but the analytic continuation is
    $\zeta (s)=2^{s}\pi ^{s-1}\ \sin \left({\frac {\pi s}{2}}\right)\ \Gamma (1-s)\ \zeta (1-s)$
Using this one gets (given that Γ(1) = 1),
    $\zeta (0)={\frac {1}{\pi }}\lim _{s\rightarrow 0}\ \sin \left({\frac {\pi s}{2}}\right)\ \zeta (1-s)={\frac {1}{\pi }}\lim _{s\rightarrow 0}\ \left({\frac {\pi s}{2}}-{\frac {\pi ^{3}s^{3}}{48}}+...\right)\ \left(-{\frac {1}{s}}+...\right)=-{\frac {1}{2}}$
where the power series expansion for ζ(s) about s = 1 follows because ζ(s) has a simple pole of residue one there. In this sense 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ = ζ(0) = −⁠1/2⁠.
Emilio Elizalde presents a comment from others about the series, suggesting the centrality of the zeta function regularization of this series in physics:
   In a short period of less than a year, two distinguished physicists, A. Slavnov and F. Yndurain, gave seminars in Barcelona, about different subjects. It was remarkable that, in both presentations, at some point the speaker addressed the audience with these words: 'As everybody knows, 1 + 1 + 1 + ⋯ = −⁠1/2⁠.' Implying maybe: If you do not know this, it is no use to continue listening.
# Redoubt Peak

Redoubt Peak is a 3,109-metre (10,200 ft) mountain summit located on the shared border of Jasper National Park in Alberta, and Mount Robson Provincial Park in British Columbia, Canada. Redoubt Peak is part of The Ramparts in the Canadian Rockies. It was named in 1920 because it has an appearance similar to that of a redoubt on a castle. Its nearest higher peak is Dungeon Peak, 0.6 km (0.37 mi) to the southeast.

## History

The first ascent was made in 1927 by F. H. Slark and F. Rutishauser, who both perished on the descent. The following summer (1928), Douglas Busk and J.E. Johnson made the second ascent with Hans Fuhrer. On a ledge Fuhrer found "Slark’s rucksack with a pair of mountain boots in addition to the rest of the stuff; these were small boots, and from his size Slark must have had big feet, so I think it probable that Rutis was climbing in stockinged feet on the cliffs directly below the summit when they fell. It was a place we looked at in horror, and circumnavigated. I am firmly convinced that they fell and were not struck by falling stones", on the summit they found a tin containing the names of the missing climbers. The 1928 party inferred that Slark and Rutishauser ascended the W. ridge and were trying to descend the S. face when the accident occurred.
The mountain's name became official in 1935 by the Geographical Names Board of Canada.

## Climate

Based on the Köppen climate classification, Redoubt Peak is located in a subarctic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below -20 °C with wind chill factors below -30 °C. Precipitation runoff from Redoubt Peak drains into the Athabasca River on its east side, and the Fraser River from the west side.
# Rams Head Pub

Rams Head Pub is a restaurant and bar in Portland, Oregon, United States. McMenamins operates the pub in northwest Portland's Northwest District. In 2025, the company announced plans to close Rams Head Pub permanently in June, after operating for approximately 35 years.

## Description

The company McMenamins operates the restaurant and bar Rams Head Pub in the Campbell Hotel (also known as the Campbell Building) at the intersection of Northwest 23rd Avenue and Hoyt Street, in the Nob Hill area northwest Portland's Northwest District. The restaurant has a red brick facade, sidewalk seating, a lounge, coffered ceilings, stamped-tin wainscoting, and ornate woodwork. Portland Monthly has said the interior serves as "a time machine, with ample seating and a thrift store-esque stench that's light enough to tolerate". The drink menu has included liquor jellies, whiskey flights, and mixed drinks such as an apple pie cocktail and a pomegranate-infused sparkler.

## History

Rams Head Pub operates in the Campbell Hotel, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and previously housed one of the city's largest speakeasies, called Rams Head. Rams Head Pub was among the first properties operated by McMenamins, which was established in 1983.
In 2014, McMenamins converted the pub into an "artisanal" cocktail bar.
In February 2025, McMenamins announced plans to close Rams Head permanently in June.

## Reception

Carrie Uffindell included Rams Head in Eater Portland's 2017 overview of twelve "must-visit" McMenamins pubs and restaurants. She called the pub "arguably McMenamins' most elegant space", with many cocktail and spirit options. Writers for Portland Monthly ranked Rams Head thirtieth in a list of all McMenamins properties in the metropolitan area.
# Chinese Souls

Chinese Souls #2 is a quilt by American artist Nancy Crow, located at the Indianapolis Museum of Art, in Indianapolis, Indiana. It was created in 1992 as part of a series of memorial quilts she began in response to an atrocity she witnessed in China in 1990.

## Description

Chinese Souls #2 is made of resist-dyed fabric which has been embroidered, machine-pieced, and quilted. The dying process created the circular patterns and rich array of hues. The spiraling embroidery adds energy to the composition. This combination of vivid colors, striking patterns, and social commentary is typical of Crow's work.
Crow performed the initial dying of the fabric, which was then resist-dyed by Lunn Fabrics. Crow cut and pieced the quilt alone in her studio, still hearing the cries of the condemned. She stopped frequently to weep. She then embroidered the quilt with the help of Marla Hattabaugh, Suzanne Keller, and Maria Magisano. Hattabaugh performed the hand-quilting according to the pattern created by Crow.

## Background information

According to the artist, "Chinese Souls quilts are my memorial to more than 60 teenage boys who were bound and loaded on two trucks to be driven to their execution for petty crimes. I witnessed this horrible incident while I was an exchange artist in China in September 1990. The boys were all wrapped with heavy ropes. In these quilts, the circles represent their souls and the bull’s-eye embroidery and the hand-quilting represents the ropes tied around their souls. The colours of the circles represent the individuals. I have always felt there is an eerie energy that radiates out from the surface of each of these quilts".
So intense was Crow's visceral reaction to the executions that she felt compelled to begin embroidering a grid of circles on the resist-dyed fabric she had with her, an intersection between the cross-hairs of a gun and the circles painted on the wall so the boys' parents would know where they had died. When she returned to the United States, she quickly produced a series of ten quilts based on the same theme, of which she considers Chinese Souls #2 to be the finest.
The artwork was sold by Nancy Crow to the Indianapolis Museum of Art in 1996, where it has the accession number 1996.249.
# David S. Prowitt

David S. Prowitt (May 29, 1934 - April 12, 2008) was a broadcast television producer and writer during the mid twentieth century. During his career he helped to develop and manage much of the science broadcasting for WNET-TV, PBS during the 1960s-1980s and worked on the shows The Killers, and The Thin Edge. He also produced the documentary news series Bill Moyers' Journal (1972-).

## Biography

Prowitt was born on May 29, 1934. He went to the University of Chicago and the Sorbonne. Prowitt began his career in 1952 working for the Chicago Sun-Times as a reporter and photograph editor. He also worked in public relations for American Airlines and later for ABC News and ABC television as a producer. In 1964, Prowitt developed, produced, wrote, and served as correspondent for WNET's first science series, Spectrum (broadcast nationally over NET member stations, some (like KCET) of which originated several episodes), and became the executive producer for WNET. He moved to Washington, D.C., in 1971 where he became a news correspondent and eventually WNET-TV Program Division Washington Bureau Chief. It was here that he wrote and produced several other shows including Bill Moyers' Journal, This Week with Bill Moyers, The Killers, The Thin Edge, made-for-TV movie The Pentagon Papers, and Baryshnikov: Live at Wolf Trap. Prowitt received the American Psychological Foundation's National Media Award in the television-radio-movie category in 1971 as the producer and narrator of the film The Mind of Man.
From 1973 to 1983, David Prowitt served as CEO and Chairman of the Board at Science Program Group, Inc. which promoted and supported science TV programming production. He left in 1983 to start his own science programming production company.
Prowitt died at age 73 in Virginia of a respiratory disease.
# Judy

Judy is a short form of the name Judith.
Judy may refer to:

## Places

* Judy, Kentucky, village in Montgomery County, United States
* Judy Woods, woodlands in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England, United Kingdom

## Animals

* Judy (dog) (1936–1950), Royal Navy Second World War ship's dog awarded the Dickin Medal
* Judy of Punch and Judy (dogs) (fl. 1946), British dog awarded the Dickin Medal
* Judy the Beauty (foaled 2009), Canadian-American racehorse

## People and fictional characters

* Judy (given name), a list of people and fictional characters
* Judy (surname)

## Music

* Judy (Judy Garland album) (1956)
* Judy (Judy Rodman album) (1986)
* "Judy" (Elvis Presley song) (1961)
* "Judy" (The Pipettes song) (2005)
* "Judy" (Thomas Anders song) (1980)
* "Judy", a song from the album Lost & Found (1961–62) by The Beach Boys
* "Judy", a song from the album On the Double by Golden Earring
* "Judy", a song from Tony Bennett's album When Lights Are Low by Hoagy Carmichael and Sammy Lerner

## Magazines

* Judy (satirical magazine), extant 1867–1907
* Judy (girls' magazine), extant 1960–1991

## Other uses

* Judy (2019 film), a biopic about the life of Judy Garland
* Judy, Allied codename for the Japanese Yokosuka D4Y dive bomber aircraft during World War II
* Judy, a colloquial name for a dress form
* Judy's, a defunct chain of clothing stores based in Los Angeles
* Judy, British slang for a girl or woman
* Typhoon Judy, tropical cyclones with the name
* Judy, Canadian name for the Jucika comic series