# James Oberg

James Edward Oberg (born November 7, 1944) is an American space journalist and historian, regarded as an expert on the Russian and Chinese space programs. He had a 22-year career as a space engineer in NASA specializing in orbital rendezvous. Oberg is an author of ten books and more than a thousand articles on space flight. He has provided multiple explanations of UFO phenomena for media outlets. He is also a consultant in spaceflight operations and safety.

## Early life and education

James Oberg was born in New York City on November 7, 1944.
He received a B.A. in Mathematics from Ohio Wesleyan University in 1966, a M.S. in applied mathematics (astrodynamics) from Northwestern University in 1969 (where he was also a NASA Trainee) and a M.S. in computer science from University of New Mexico in 1972.

## US Air Force

At Northwestern University he started Ph.D. work in Mathematics, but was called to active duty by the United States Air Force in 1970. There he worked with modeling laser and nuclear weapons and in the years 1972–1975, while working in the Department of Defense Computer Institute, he helped design and test ARPANET, precursor to the Internet.

## NASA

After service in the United States Air Force, he joined NASA in 1975, where he worked until 1997 at Johnson Space Center on the Space Shuttle program. He worked in the Mission Control Center for several Space Shuttle missions from STS-1 on, specializing in orbital rendezvous techniques. This culminated in planning the orbit for the STS-88 mission, the first International Space Station (ISS) assembly flight.
During the 1990s, he was involved in NASA studies of the Soviet space program, with particular emphasis on safety aspects; these had often been covered up or downplayed, and with the advent of the ISS and the Shuttle–Mir programs, NASA was keen to study them as much as possible. He privately published several books on the Soviet (and later Russian) programs, and became one of the few Western specialists on Russian space history.
He has often been called to testify before the US Congress on the Russian space program.
In 1997 he voluntarily resigned from NASA and started a full-time free-lance career. Currently he works as a consultant in spaceflight operations and safety and as a space journalist.

## Author and journalist

As a journalist, Oberg writes for several publications, mostly online; he was previously a space correspondent or commentator for UPI, ABC News and currently MSNBC, often in an on-air role. He is a Fellow of the skeptical organization CSICOP and a consultant to its magazine Skeptical Inquirer.
He has written more than a thousand magazine and newspaper articles, including such magazines as The Wall Street Journal, USA Today, Scientific American, OMNI, Popular Science, Popular Mechanics, New Scientist, IEEE Spectrum, Air Force Magazine, Star and Sky, etc.
Oberg is also a space consultant and on-air commentator to NBC News, Discovery Canada and the BBC.
In December 1990, Horizon, a British television science and philosophy television documentary program, aired a three-part series, "Red Star in Orbit," based on Oberg's book of the same name. WGBH Boston adapted the Horizon series for its Nova television science series, a three-part miniseries titled "The Russian Right Stuff," which aired in February 1991. HBO has optioned Red Star in Orbit for a future production. Also in 1991, Oberg launched a battle for official recognition of Robert Henry Lawrence, Jr. (1935–1967) as a United States astronaut; the United States Air Force officially recognized Lawrence in January 1997, six years after Oberg had begun his campaign.
In 1999, Oberg wrote Space Power Theory, sponsored by United States military as a part of an official campaign in changing perceptions of space warfare, specifically deployment and use of weapons in outer space, and its political implications. "In Oberg's view, space is not an extension of air warfare but is unique in itself."
James Oberg is an author of ten books in addition to several technical NASA publications.
He also wrote encyclopedia articles on space exploration in the World Book Encyclopedia, Britannica yearbook, Grolier and Academic American Encyclopedia.

## Moon landing conspiracies

Oberg was commissioned by NASA to write a rebuttal of Apollo Moon landing conspiracy theories. However, NASA dropped the project after ABC's World News Tonight program ran a story about it, claiming it was beneath NASA's dignity to respond to Moon landing denialists claims. Oberg has said that he still intends to pursue the project, "depending on successfully arranging new funding sources."
Oberg writes that Moon landing conspiracy theories are fueled by resentment of American culture by some countries. He gives the example of Cuba, where he claims many school teachers say the landing was a fraud. But besides this, the new wave of conspiracy theorists appear to use alternative publication methods to publicize their claims.
Oberg says that belief in the conspiracy is not the fault of the hoaxists, but rather of educators and people (including NASA) who should provide information to the public. NASA does not, in Oberg's opinion, provide an adequate reaction to the theorists' claims.

## North Korean satellite launch inspection

In April 2012 Oberg traveled to North Korea as an NBC space consultant to observe the launching of the Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 satellite and determine whether it is a military launch. Together with a team of journalists he inspected the Sohae Satellite Launching Station, the Unha rocket and the satellite. According to Oberg, North Korea "showed everything but the important things" and did not manage to demonstrate peaceful intent.

## UFO investigation

James Oberg often writes about alleged UFO sightings, giving scientific explanations to seemingly extraterrestrial phenomena, or otherwise debunking them as hoaxes.
Oberg categorized UFO sightings, excluding those identified as hoaxes, into one of three groups:
* Super-High Plumes – rocket or missile plumes, especially lit by the Sun on a dark sky;
* Space "Dandruff" – ice flakes, fragments of insulation, etc. flying alongside a space vehicle, especially seen by backward-facing cameras;
* Twilight Shadowing – objects that move from shadow into sunlight in space appear as if coming from behind the clouds or from beyond the edge of the Earth.

### List of UFO explanations

| Date | Phenomenon | Explanation |
| February 20, 1962 | John Glenn in the Mercury capsule saw three objects following and then overtaking the capsule | Small space debris – "snowflakes" |
| May 24, 1962 | Scott Carpenter in Mercury-Atlas 7 photographs "a saucer" | Tracking balloon ejected from the capsule |
| May 30, 1962 | X-15 pilot Joe Walton photographed five discs | Complete fabrication by ufologists; pilot's actual name was Joseph A. Walker |
| July 17, 1962 | X-15 pilot Robert Michael White photographed objects close to the plane | Small objects, probably ice flakes from fuel tanks |
| October 3, 1962 | Walter Schirra on Mercury-Atlas 8 reported large glowing objects over the Indian Ocean | Lightning-lit cloud masses, misquotations |
| May 16, 1963 | Gordon Cooper on Mercury-Atlas 9 reports a greenish UFO and other mysterious sightings | Fabrications, misquotations |
| March 8, 1964 | Russian cosmonauts on Voskhod 2 report an UFO while entering Earth's atmosphere | Probably man-made satellite |
| October 12, 1964 | Three Russian cosmonauts report being surrounded by fast moving discs | Complete fabrication |
| June 3, 1965 | Gemini 4 UFOs | Exaggerations and misquotations by ufologists |
| December 4, 1965 | Frank Borman and Jim Lovell on Gemini 7 photographed two oval-shaped UFOs | Complete fabrication |
| December 9, 1965 | Kecksburg UFO incident | Kosmos 96 satellite, explanation later disproved |
| July 18, 1966 | John Young and Michael Collins on Gemini 10 photographed a large cylindrical object accompanied by two smaller | Fabrication – no photos were taken, astronauts reported bright fragments near their spacecraft, probably pieces of the booster of some other satellite |
| September 12, 1966 | Richard F. Gordon, Jr. and Pete Conrad on Gemini 11 report and photograph a yellow-orange UFO | A satellite |
| November 11, 1966 | Jim Lovell and Buzz Aldrin on Gemini 12 report 4 UFOs linked in a row | Discarded trash bags; misquotations |
| December 21, 1968 | Frank Borman and Jim Lovell on Apollo 8 report a "bogie" (an unidentified object) | Misplaced quotations, pieces of debris associated with separation from the booster rocket |
| May 1969 | Apollo 10 'space music' | Radio interference between the Command Module and the Lunar Module landing vehicles |
| July 1969 | Apollo 11 UFO incidents | Complete fabrication of photos and transcripts; all data available to the public |
| November 14, 1969 | Pete Conrad, Alan Bean and Richard Gordon on Apollo 12 report a UFO preceding them on the path to the Moon | Misunderstood the meaning of conversation with ground control; reflection of the Moon |
| September 20, 1973 | Skylab 3 UFO Photographs | Space debris |
| February 12, 1980 | UFO observed over the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile | Kosmos 1164 launch from Plesetsk Cosmodrome |
| June 14, 1980 | UFO over Russia and then South America | Kosmos 1188 satellite launch |
| October 31, 1981 | UFO over Argentina and Chile | Kosmos 1317 satellite launch |
| September 7, 1984 | UFO observed in eastern Europe | SS-X-25 ICBM test launch |
| January 1989; March 1989 | Phobos 2 spacecraft photographs mysterious structures on the surface of Mars | Shadow of Phobos moon elongated due to slow acquisition of the image by scanning radiometer |
| November 5, 1990 | UFO observed by airline crews | Re-entry of the Proton-K rocket carrying Gorizont 33 satellite across France and Germany |
| September 15, 1991 | STS-48: several objects appearing | Ice particles hit by a thruster plume |
| January 28, 1994 | UFO observed by airline crews | Launch of Progress M-21 spacecraft |
| December 2, 1996 | STS-80 unusual phenomena | Nearby sunlit debris |
| December 1998 | STS-88 "Black Knight" or "Phantom Satellite" | Insulation blanket dropped by astronauts |

## Russian pistol aboard ISS

James Oberg wrote several articles as a publicity campaign to remove guns from the ISS. The TP-82 Cosmonaut survival pistol was stowed in the Soyuz emergency landing survival kit and was added there for hunting and self-defense after landing in inhospitable environment. It had three barrels and a folding stock that doubled as a shovel and contained a machete. The gun was only carried by Russian members of the ISS. Oberg suggested that it might be an invitation to a future disaster and proposed it to be put in a compartment accessible only from outside, after landing.
In 2014 Oberg asked Samantha Cristoforetti, an Italian ISS astronaut, about the pistol and she admitted the gun is removed from the list, or more precisely, it is still on the official list of kit contents, but the committee meets before every mission to review the list and vote to remove the pistol for the specific flight.

## Private life

Oberg has been married since 1969 and lives with his wife Alcestis in Dickinson, Texas. He has two grown sons (born 1977 and 1984).
He has a conversant knowledge of Russian, French and Latin, and has some familiarity with German, Swedish, Spanish, Kazakh and Japanese.

## Awards and memberships

* First place in Goddard National Space Award (twice)
* 1st and 2nd place awards from the American Society of Business Publication Editors (May 2000)
* The winner of the New Scientist award: Cutty Sark Whisky essay on UFO
* Fellow of the skeptical organization the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
* Fellow of the British Interplanetary Society
* Fellow of the Russian Academy of Cosmonautics (the first foreign member)
* Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics