OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# James Bonar (civil servant)

James Bonar (27 September 1852 – 18 January 1941) was a Scottish civil servant, political economist and historian of economic thought.

## Biography

He was born in Perth. He was brought up, from the age of four, in Glasgow where his father was a Church of Scotland Minister. This clerical background extends to two uncles, both ministers who 'came out' in the disruption of 1843, both later serving terms as Moderator of the Free Church General Assembly. From Glasgow Academy Bonar graduated MA in Mental Philosophy from Glasgow University in 1874. He followed the same lengthy undergraduate career that Adam Smith pursued more than a century before gaining a Snell Exhibition to Balliol College, Oxford from which he graduated with a first in 1877.
A major early influence was the moral philosopher, Edward Caird: first as Professor at Glasgow and then as Master of Balliol. Together with his family background that influence helps explain Bonar's decision to spend the next three years teaching economics in the newly established University Extension Movement in the East End of London. In 1881 he began a career in the civil service only retiring (to live in Hampstead) from his final position, as Deputy Manager of the Ottawa branch of the Royal mint, in 1919 at the age of 67.
In 1886, with J. H. Muirhead and others, Bonar was instrumental in establishing the London Ethical Society, the first ethical society in the UK. Although the LES became the London School of Ethics and Philosophy in 1897 (which was later absorbed in the London School of Economics), it was the first of a growing number of ethical societies which prompted the formation of the Union of Ethical Societies in 1896, known today as Humanists UK.
He was awarded an LLD from Glasgow University in 1887, and an honorary doctorate from Cambridge University in 1935.

## Major publications

* Parson Malthus, 1881.
* Malthus and his Work, 1885.
* Letters of David Ricardo to Thomas Robert Malthus: 1810–1823 (ed.), 1887.
* "Austrian economists and their view of value", 1888, QJE
* Bonar, James (1891). "The value of labor in relation to economic theory". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 5 (2): 137–164. doi:10.2307/1882969. JSTOR 1882969.
* Philosophy and Political Economy, 1893 (3rd ed. 1922; 4th ed. 1927)
* 'А Catalogue of Adam Smith's Library, 1894.
* Bonar, J (1898). "The Centenary of Malthus". The Economic Journal. 8 (30): 206–208. doi:10.2307/2957360. JSTOR 2957360.
* Letters of David Ricardo to Hutches Trower and Others: 1811–1823 (with J.H. Hollander), 1899.
* Disturbing Elements in the Study and Teaching of Political Economy, 1911.
* "Knapp's theory of money", 1922, EJ
* Ricardo's Ingot Plan, 1923, EJ
* "Memories of F.Y. Edgeworth", 1926, EJ
* The Tables Turned. A Lecture and Dialogue on Adam Smith and the Classical Economists. London: Macmillan & Company. 1931. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
* "Ricardo on Malthus", 1929, EJ
* Theories of Population from Raleigh to Arthur Young, 1931
# Alice Isaacs, Marchioness of Reading

Alice Edith Isaacs, Marchioness of Reading, CI, GBE (née Cohen; c. 1866 – 30 January 1930) was the first wife of Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading, and a prominent philanthropist in colonial India. Her husband served as Viceroy and Governor-General of India, making her the Vicereine of India.
Isaacs was born in London to a Jewish family. She was the third daughter of Albert Cohen, a merchant in the City of London, and his wife, Elizabeth. She married Rufus Isaacs, then a newly qualified barrister, on 8 December 1887. He had considered being a stockbroker but his wife encouraged him to pursue a career in law. He was ultimately Solicitor-General, Attorney-General and Lord Chief Justice.
Her title successively changed from Mrs Isaacs to Lady Isaacs on her husband's knighthood in 1910, Baroness Reading on his ennoblement in 1914, Viscountess Reading in 1916, the Countess of Reading in 1917, and finally the Marchioness of Reading in 1926.
In 1921, Lord Reading was appointed Viceroy of India. He was reluctant to accept, as his wife's health was delicate, but she persuaded him. She accompanied him to India and, despite continuing poor health, served prominently as Viceregal Consort. She also threw herself into charitable work, particularly with Indian women and children. She established the Women of India Fund in 1921 and National Baby Week in 1923, as well as supporting many existing charities. In 1926 she campaigned to construct a standard hospital in Peshawar, in place of Agerton Hospital. The new hospital was subsequently named as Lady Reading Hospital. Later, upon the retirement of her husband in 1926, they returned to England.
She was appointed Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) in the 1920 civilian war honours and Companion of the Order of the Crown of India (CI) on 14 March 1921, the latter being a traditional honour for the Vicereine of India. She was awarded the Kaiser-i-Hind Medal in gold in 1924. She died of cancer in 1930, aged 64.

## Footnotes

* 1 2 3 4 "Obituary: Lady Reading – Work for Indian Women". The Times. 31 January 1930. p. 19.
* ↑ "Alice Edith Isaacs, Countess of Reading, (ISA6829) | British Jews in the First World War".
* ↑ "No. 31840". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 March 1920. p. 3757.
* ↑ "No. 32257". The London Gazette. 15 March 1921. p. 2092.
* ↑ "No. 32941". The London Gazette. 30 May 1924. p. 4419.
# Emicizumab

Emicizumab, sold under the brand name Hemlibra, is a humanized bispecific monoclonal antibody for the treatment of haemophilia A, developed by Genentech and Chugai (both organizations are subsidiaries of Hoffmann-La Roche). A Phase I clinical trial found that it was well tolerated by healthy subjects.
In November 2017, it was approved in the United States for treatment of haemophilia A in those who had developed resistance to other treatments. It was subsequently approved by the US FDA in April 2018 under the breakthrough therapy designation for treatment of haemophila A in those who have not developed resistance to other treatments. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) considers it to be a first-in-class medication.
Studies indicate that emicizumab is a better therapy compared to the previous generations, due to subcutaneous administration and fewer injections, which reduces injection site reactions and makes therapy less troublesome.

## Adverse effects

The most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥10%) are injection site reactions, headache, and arthralgia.

## Mechanism of action

Emicizumab binds to both the activated coagulation factor IX and to factor X, mediating the activation of the latter. This is normally the function of coagulation factor VIII, which is missing in haemophilia A patients.
# Downtown New Britain station

Downtown New Britain is a bus rapid transit station and the terminus of the CTfastrak line, located just south of Route 72 off Columbus Boulevard and Main Street in New Britain, Connecticut. It opened with the line on March 28, 2015. The station consists of one side platform and one island platform, comprising a collective total of 19 bus bays for CTfastrak local and express services, plus local CT Transit buses which do not use the busway. The station is located at the site of New Britain's former railroad station, which saw service from 1850 to 1960.

## Railroad history

The Hartford and New Haven Railroad (H&NH) opened through the far east part of New Britain in 1839. The railroad quickly established a New Britain station on what is now New Britain Avenue (CT-174) just over the Wethersfield border, possibly in a privately owned building or house. It was replaced with a dedicated station at the same location in 1848.
The Hartford, Providence and Fishkill Railroad (HP&F) opened in 1850; it shared the H&NH right of way north of Newington Junction, but diverged to the south and ran to downtown New Britain and beyond. The HP&F established their own station just east of Main Street; the H&NH then moved their New Britain station north to Newington and finally Newington Junction. The H&NH established their own branch from Middletown to New Britain via Berlin in 1865, sharing the HP&F station.
The station may have been expanded in 1876, but by the 1880s it was in poor condition and publicly maligned. The state legislature ordered a new union station in 1884, which was completed in 1887. A retail arcade stretching west from the station, unique on the New Haven Railroad, was completed within the next three years. It proved profitable but the railroad declined to pursue similar dedicated retail spaces at other stations, stating they were "not in that kind of business".
Passenger service declined in the 20th century; service on the branch to Middletown ended in 1932. Waterbury–Boston intercity service via New Britain, including the Nutmeg, operated until 1955. The city purchased the station in November 1956; it was demolished at the end of the month and replaced with a parking lot weeks after. Tickets were thereafter sold from an office in the arcade. Waterbury-Hartford local service ended on January 22, 1960, replaced with buses to Newington Junction. The ticket office closed on September 16, 1960, leaving only local buses serving New Britain.

## Future

The 2013 Central Connecticut Rail Study, which analyzed the possibility for commuter rail from Waterbury to Hartford via New Britain and Berlin, recommended placing a rail platform on the straight section of track just south of the bus platforms. This would allow a cross-platform transfer between trains and buses.
# Maya (John Frusciante album)

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 80/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Clash | 8/10 |
| Exclaim! | 8/10 |
| Loud and Quiet | 6/10 |
| Pitchfork | 7.6/10 |
Maya is the eleventh studio album by American musician John Frusciante, released on October 23, 2020 through Timesig, a label owned by Venetian Snares. The album was released as a digital album, on limited edition vinyl and compact disc, and is the first full-length instrumental electronic album for Frusciante to be released under his own name. The LP went on to have another pressing on lilac purple vinyl in March 2021.
On August 31, 2020, "Amethblowl" was uploaded to Frusciante's Bandcamp page for streaming and as a pre-order bonus.

## Background and recording

The album is dedicated to Frusciante's cat Maya, who died earlier in the year. Frusciante stated: "Maya was with me as I made music for 15 years, so I wanted to name it after her. She loved music, and with such a personal title, it didn't seem right to call myself Trickfinger, somehow, so it's by John Frusciante. I don't have that interest in singing or writing lyrics like I used to. The natural thing when I'm by myself now, is to just make music like the stuff being released this year. I really love the back and forth with machines and the computer."
# Pavlovac, Karlovac County

Pavlovac is a village in Croatia, under the Slunj township, in Karlovac County. It is near the Blagaj castle.
# Achabal

Achabal (Urdu pronunciation:), known as Achival (Kashmiri pronunciation:) in Kashmiri, is a town in Anantnag district, in the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Achabal is an important tourist town about 8.1 km away from Anantnag, and is notable for a Mughal garden called Achabal Gardens, holding an ancient spring surrounded by a terraced landscape developed by the Mughals. The upper portion of the garden is called 'Bag-e-Begum Abad' developed by Malika Noor Jehan Begum in 1616 AD and renowned as Sahib Abad in which there is a Hamam (treasure of water) getting heat from a logical lamp (Tosnag).
Cascades and fountains have been erected by Mughal Emperors. A mosque standing in the garden is believed to have been constructed by Mughal Prince Dara Shikwah. Achabal was once the pleasure retreat of Empress Noor Jehan. A trout hatchery is also located nearby.

## Geography

Achabal is located at 33°41′N 75°14′E﻿ / ﻿33.68°N 75.23°E﻿ / 33.68; 75.23. It has an average elevation of 1936 metres (6352 feet) above mean sea level.

## History

According to Kalhana's Rajatarangini Achabal(Sanskrit Akṣavāla) was founded by Akṣa son of King Nara II of Gonandiya dynasty.

## Demographics

At the 2001 India census, Achabal had a population of 5835. Males constituted 53% of the population and females 47%. Achabal had an average literacy rate of 65%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 65% of the males and 35% of females literate. 12% of the population was under 6 years of age.

## Nearest tehsils

* Shangus
* Anantnag
* Kokernag
# Jeff Ferrell

Jeffrey Alan Ferrell (born November 23, 1990) is an American former professional baseball pitcher who played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Detroit Tigers in 2015 and 2017.

## Career
### Detroit Tigers

Ferrell attended Emsley A. Laney High School in Wilmington, North Carolina, and played collegiately at Pitt Community College. The Detroit Tigers selected Ferrell in the 26th round of the 2010 Major League Baseball draft.
In 2015, Ferrell saved 12 games for the Double-A Erie SeaWolves, while allowing five runs on 21 hits over 27 innings with four walks and 35 strikeouts. He was promoted to the Triple-A Toledo Mud Hens on June 29, earning the save in his debut for the Mud Hens.
Ferrell was called up to the major leagues by the Tigers on July 3, 2015. He made his major league debut on July 4 against the Toronto Blue Jays, pitching one inning, allowing two hits, and two earned runs. In his rookie campaign, Ferrell compiled a 6.35 ERA with 6 strikeouts over 9 games.
Ferrell began the 2016 campaign in the minors, but made tossed only 11+1⁄3 innings between Toledo and the High–A Lakeland Flying Tigers before suffering an injury. He was designated for assignment following the acquisition of Donn Roach on August 9. Ferrell was released on August 15. On September 1, he re–signed with Detroit on a minor league contract, but did not make another appearance on the season.
On August 13, 2017, the Tigers purchased Ferrell's contract after designating Edward Mujica for assignment. In 11 appearances for the Tigers, he struggled to a 6.75 ERA with 6 strikeouts across 9+1⁄3 innings pitched. Ferrell was removed from the 40-man roster and sent outright to Triple–A on November 2. He elected free agency following the season on November 6.

### Baltimore Orioles

On November 28, 2017, Ferrell signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles organization. He was released on March 29, 2018.
# Louis Alan Hazeltine

Louis Alan Hazeltine (August 7, 1886 – May 24, 1964) was an engineer and physicist, the inventor of the Neutrodyne circuit, and the Hazeltine-Fremodyne Superregenerative circuit. He was the founder of the Hazeltine Corporation.

## Biography

Louis Alan Hazeltine was born in Morristown, New Jersey, in 1886 and attended the Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey, majoring in electrical engineering. He graduated in 1906 and accepted a job with General Electric corporation.
Hazeltine returned to Stevens to teach, eventually becoming chair of the electrical engineering department in 1917.
The following year he became a consultant for the United States Navy. The Navy job eventually parlayed into a position as an advisor to the U.S. government on radio broadcasting regulation, and later, a position on the National Defense Research Committee during World War II.
Hazeltine was president of the Institute of Radio Engineers in 1936.
# Downtown Rowlett station

Downtown Rowlett station (previously Rowlett Park and Ride) is a DART light rail station in Rowlett, Texas. The station is located in Rowlett's historic downtown district, approximately 1⁄4 mile (0.40 km) south of Lakeview Parkway (SH 66) and 1⁄2 mile (0.80 km) west of President George Bush Turnpike (SH 190).
The station is the northern terminus of the Blue Line and the main transfer point for Eastern Pilot GoLink, a microtransit service that serves Rowlett and southeastern Garland. The station is also served by the Rockwall Dial-A-Ride service and a shuttle to Greenville.

## History

Dallas Area Rapid Transit originally serviced the city of Rowlett through a park-and-ride lot at Christian City Church, located about 3.5 miles (5.6 km) east of the current station at the intersection of Lakeview Parkway and Dalrock Road. DART paid the church $10,000 per year to lease the site on weekdays.
In 1997, DART announced the construction of a dedicated park-and-ride lot in downtown Rowlett, which would allow for more streamlined bus routes. The facility opened on May 22, 2000, as the Rowlett Park and Ride. The opening of the facility coincided with the introduction of DART On-Call, a demand-response service for Rowlett neighborhoods east of the lot.
The lot was located on a former Missouri–Kansas–Texas rail corridor which DART had purchased for a future extension of its light rail system. On March 25, 2011, DART held a groundbreaking for the extension. Testing began in April 2012, and the completed extension opened on December 3, 2012. In tandem with the opening, the facility was renamed to Downtown Rowlett station.
On September 30, 2016, Hunt County-based transit service The Connection announced the creation of a shuttle route between the station and Greenville.
On May 7, 2018, DART implemented a parking permit system at the station. Certain segments of the lot are reserved on weekdays for drivers with a free permit indicating that they are a resident of one of DART's 14 member cities. A similar system is in use at Parker Road station, though the two permits are not interchangeable.
# Novyye Kovardy

Novyye Kovardy (Russian: Новые Коварды; Bashkir: Яңы Ҡауарҙы, Yañı Qawarźı) is a rural locality (Russian village) in Imendyashevsky Selsoviet, Gafuriysky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 14 as of 2010. There is only one street.

## Geography

Novyye Kovardy is located 52 km northeast of Krasnousolsky (the district's administrative centre) by road. Sabayevo is the nearest rural locality.
# Three (Phantogram album)

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 66/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Pitchfork | 5.8/10 |
Three is the third studio album by American electronic rock duo Phantogram, released October 7, 2016 by Republic Records. It was produced by band members Josh Carter and Sarah Barthel, along with Ricky Reed, John Hill, and Dan Wilson. The album was preceded by the June 2016 release of the single "You Don't Get Me High Anymore".

## Background

In the nine years until Three's release, Phantogram, a duo of Josh Carter and Sarah Barthel, transformed from an indie trip hop act to a Republic Records-signed pop act, collaborating with the likes of Miley Cyrus, Skrillex and Big Boi. In January 2016, Barthel's older sister died by suicide.
"You Don't Get Me High Anymore" samples the drum break from "Hook And Sling (Part I)," a 1969 track by Eddie Bo that he wrote with Alfred Scramuzza. Bo (under his real name, Edwin Bocage) and Scramuzza have writers credits on the song.

## Release

The album debuted at No. 5 on the Billboard Top Album Sales chart and No. 9 on the Billboard 200. It included the single "You Don't Get Me High Anymore", produced by Josh Carter and Reed. A series of promotional remixes of the lead single by How to Dress Well, A-Trak, Miami Horror, Attlas, and The Range were released following the album.

## Track listing

Notes
* signifies a co-producer
* signifies an additional producer
* The track incorporates string lines from the third movement, After The War, of Reich's 1988 composition Different Trains.

## Personnel

Credits adapted from Tidal.

## Charts

| Chart (2016) | Peak position |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 93 |
| Canadian Albums (Billboard) | 38 |
| US Billboard 200 | 9 |
# Scott Saunders

Scott Saunders (born October 17, 1988) is an Australian former professional stock car racing driver who has competed in the NASCAR Nationwide Series and the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series.
Saunders has also previously competed in the NASCAR K&N Pro Series East, the PASS South Super Late Model Series, the X-1R Pro Cup Series, and the CRA Super Series Southern Division.

## Motorsports results
### NASCAR

(key) (Bold - Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics - Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led.)

#### Nationwide Series

NASCAR Nationwide Series results :
| Year | Team | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | NNSC | Pts | Ref |
| 2012 | SR² Motorsports | 24 | Chevy | DAY | PHO | LVS | BRI | CAL | TEX | RCH | TAL | DAR | IOW | CLT | DOV | MCH | ROA | KEN | DAY | NHA | CHI | IND | IOW 28 | GLN | CGV | BRI | ATL | RCH | CHI | KEN | DOV | CLT | | | | | 69th | 38 | |
| 2012 | Randy Hill Racing | 08 | Ford | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KAN 34 | TEX 32 | PHO | HOM | 69th | 38 | |

#### Camping World Truck Series

NASCAR Camping World Truck Series results :
| Year | Team | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | NCWTC | Pts | Ref |
| 2013 | Jennifer Jo Cobb Racing | 0 | RAM | DAY | MAR | CAR | KAN 36 | CLT | DOV | TEX | KEN | IOW | ELD | POC | MCH | BRI | MSP | IOW | CHI | LVS | TAL | MAR | TEX | PHO | HOM | 82nd | 8 | |

#### K&N Pro Series East

NASCAR K&N Pro Series East results :
| Year | Team | No. | Make | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | NKNPSEC | Pts | Ref |
| 2012 | MacDonald Motorsports | 49 | Dodge | BRI 16 | GRE 18 | RCH 19 | IOW | BGS | JFC | LGY | CNB | COL | IOW | NHA | DOV | GRE | CAR | 36th | 79 | |
# William Brewer (sheriff)

William Brewer was an American politician who served on the Board of Selectmen of the Town of Roxbury, Massachusetts, as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives and from, 1811 to 1812, as the sheriff of Norfolk County, Massachusetts.

## Death

Brewer died on August 2, 1817.
# Murder of Isla Bell

Isla Bell (born 22 October 2004) was a 19-year old Australian woman from Melbourne who went missing in October 2024. On 19 November, human remains were discovered at a rubbish tip in Dandenong, which are believed to be Bell's remains.

## Disappearance and death

Bell was last seen leaving her Brunswick home on Friday, 4 October around 6pm. According to ABC News, she met an older man in a St Kilda East apartment on 5 October. Around midnight 7 October she sent a Snapchat message to a friend saying she had found "the best Russian sugar daddy" who had saved her from "sex traffickers" and given her gifts. CCTV footage captured her being assaulted by the man, and later him engaging in "extensive cleaning" of his apartment.
According to The Age, her body was then transported in a fridge to various spots across Melbourne's southeast until the fridge was placed in a recycling centre in Clayton. There, another individual (who discovered the remains) moved the fridge to the street, where it eventually ended up in the Dandenong rubbish tip. According to The Guardian, "[t]here had been no activity on Bell’s bank or social media accounts and her phone had not pinged to any telecommunication towers."
# Caffè Ritazza

Caffè Ritazza is a chain of coffee shops owned by the British multinational company SSP Group. It provides a range of coffees, pastries, ciabattas, panini and alcoholic drinks at many sites internationally.
The brand was developed specifically for the travel market.
During the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, SSP announced it was cutting 5,000 UK jobs across its chains, including Caffè Ritazza, as part of a restructuring aimed at keeping the company afloat.

## Locations

There are 119 outlets across 21 countries. Four blends are offered by the café chain: Sorrento, Firenze, Napoli, and Capri.
Caffè Ritazza outlets, some of which are operated by Compass Group, are based mainly in the transport sector, airports, railway stations. Around the world, Caffè Ritazza outlets can also be found at university campuses, hospitals, airports and Asda Living stores.