# Free German Trade Union Federation

The Free German Trade Union Federation (German: Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund or FDGB) was the sole national trade union centre of the German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) which existed from 1946 to 1990. As a mass organisation of the GDR, nominally representing all workers, the FDGB was a constituent member of the National Front. The leaders of the FDGB were also senior members of the ruling Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED).

## Structure

The bureaucratic union apparatus was a basic component and tool of the SED’s power structure, constructed on the same strictly centralist hierarchical model as all other major GDR organizations.
The smallest unit was a Kollektiv, which nearly all workers in any organisation belonged to, including state leaders and party functionaries. They recommended trustworthy people as the lowest FDGB functionaries and voted for them in open-list ballots. The higher positions ranged from "Departmental Union Leader" (Abteilungsgewerkschaftsleiter, AGL) to Leader of the "Central BGL" (Betriebsgewerkschaftsleitung - Company Union Leadership in combines); they were normally full-time and held by SED members with a history of toeing the party line, or in some cases bloc party members. Their jobs, like those of the FDGB district leaders, were assured until they retired as long as they did not stray from party policy.
The chairman of the FDGB was Herbert Warnke until his death on March 26, 1975, when he was replaced by Harry Tisch, a member of the SED’s Politburo, who kept the post until the political turnaround in 1989.

## Membership
### Chairmen

| Name | Term | Party |
| Hans Jendretzky | 1946 – 1948 | SED |
| Herbert Warnke | 1948 – 1975 | SED |
| Harry Tisch | 1975 – 1989 | SED |
| Annelis Kimmel | 1989 – 1990 | SED |
| Helga Mausch | 1990 | NDPD |
Officially, membership in the FDGB was voluntary, but unofficially it was hardly possible to develop a career without joining. In 1986, 98% of all workers and employees were organized in the FDGB, which had 9.6 million members. This meant that it was nominally one of the world's largest trade unions. As well as improving members’ career chances, the FDGB also offered various "concessions".

## Function

In the East German system, the FDGB was in charge of ideological control and the conformity of companies.
Though formalized, the union held responsibility for setting work norms, through negotiating with management, protecting workers from management caprice, and enforcing GDR labor code and worker protections. The union was criticised for holding too much power and making the process of firing a worker lengthy and difficult.
The FDGB was also responsible for social tasks for its members, which included hospital visits, presenting awards, giving gifts on special anniversaries, even organizing health spas and the hard-to-get holiday bookings through its own holiday service.
The single trade union was also involved in recruiting members for military functions. Incentivizing recruitment with small benefits and occasional pressure, large numbers of workers and employees were recruited to the paramilitary organization Combat Groups of the Working Class.

## School

In spring 1946, the former ADGB Trade Union School in Bernau bei Berlin, which before Nazi rule had belonged to the Allgemeiner Deutsche Gewerkschaftsbund (ADGB) (Federation of German Trade Unions), was given to the FDGB to use as a training centre. After some restoration work, the school opened in 1947 under the name FDGB-Bundesschule "Theodor Leipart" (Theodor Leipart FDGB Trade Union School). In January 1952 it was given degree awarding status and renamed Gewerkschaftshochschule "Fritz Heckert" (Fritz Heckert Trade Union College). In the early 1950s the FDGB considerably increased the size of the school, constructing new buildings on the site, in addition to those of the former ADGB school. The original part of the school, completed in 1930, was a project of the Bauhaus design school and in 2017 it was added to the UNESCO World Heritage Site the Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau.
Short term two and four week training courses and longer-term study were offered, including collective bargaining, social and economic policy, youth and women's issues, employment law, business administration, history of the labour movement, etc. After 1952 two year courses, and later, from 1956, three year bachelor's degree-equivalent courses were also taught. From 1958 correspondence courses were also offered, and from 1959 courses were run for foreign trade unionists. Over 15,000 East German and 5,000 foreign trade unionists were trained by the FDGB school between 1947 and 1990.
The college closed in September 1990 just before German reunification.
The buildings have been used by the Internat des Bildungszentrums der Handwerkskammer Berlin (Berlin Chamber of Skilled Crafts training school) since 2007.

## German reunification

In May 1990, shortly before German reunification, the FDGB was dissolved. Many former members did not join the West German (now German) unions, some, due to the lightning privatization of the GDR, simply because they had lost their jobs.

## Affiliates

The following unions were affiliated to the FDGB:
| Union | Abbreviation | Formed | Left | Fate | Membership (1964) |
| German Postal Union | DPG | 1990 | 1990 | Dissolved | N/A |
| Industrial Union of Chemicals, Glass and Ceramics | IG CGK | 1946 | 1990 | Merged into Chemical, Paper and Ceramic Union | 130,365 |
| Industrial Union of Clothing | IG Bekleidung | 1946 | 1950 | Merged into IG TBL | N/A |
| Industrial Union of Construction | IG Bau | 1946 | 1950 | Merged into IG Bau-Holz | N/A |
| Industrial Union of Construction and Wood | IG Bau-Holz | 1950 | 1990 | Dissolved | ? |
| Industrial Union of Energy | IG Energie | 1949 | 1958 | Merged into IG EPT | N/A |
| Industrial Union of Energy, Post and Transport | IG EPT | 1958 | 1963 | Split into IG PF, IG TuN, IG Bergbau-Energie | N/A |
| Industrial Union of Food, Luxuries and Hospitality | IG NGG | 1946 | 1958 | Merged into Gew. Handel | N/A |
| Industrial Union of Leather | IG Leder | 1946 | 1950 | Merged into IG TBL | N/A |
| Industrial Union of the Local Economy | IG ÖW | 1955 | 1958 | Dissolved | N/A |
| Industrial Union of Metal | IG Metall | 1946 | 1990 | Dissolved | 1,000,000 |
| Industrial Union of Metallurgy | IG Metallurgie | 1951 | 1958 | Merged into IG Metall | N/A |
| Industrial Union of Mining and Energy | IG Bergbau-Energie | 1946 | 1990 | Dissolved | 375,000 |
| Industrial Union of Post and Telecommunications | IG PF | 1946 | 1958 | Merged into IG EPT | N/A |
| Industrial Union of Printing and Paper | IG DuP | 1946 | 1990 | Dissolved | ? |
| Industrial Union of Railways | IG Eisenbahn | 1946 | 1963 | Merged into IG TuN | N/A |
| Industrial Union of Textiles | IG Textil | 1946 | 1950 | Merged into IG TBL | N/A |
| Industrial Union of Textiles, Clothing and Leather | IG TBL | 1950 | 1990 | Dissolved | 650,000 |
| Industrial Union of Trade and Transport | IG Handel und Transport | 1946 | 1949 | Split into Gew. Handel and IG Transport | N/A |
| Industrial Union of Transport | IG Transport | 1990 | 1990 | Dissolved | N/A |
| Industrial Union of Transport and Communication | IG TuN | 1963 | 1990 | Split into GdE, IG Transport and DPG | 600,000 |
| Industrial Union of Wood | IG Holz | 1946 | 1950 | Merged into IG Bau-Holz | N/A |
| Union of Academic Research | Gew. W | 1953 | 1990 | Dissolved | ? |
| Union of Administration, Banking and Finance | VBV | 1946 | 1958 | Merged into Sta-Ge-Fi | N/A |
| Union of Army Members | GdAA | 1990 | 1990 | Dissolved | N/A |
| Union of Art | Gew. Kunst | 1949 | 1990 | Merged into Media Union | 60,000 |
| Union of Art and Literature | Gew. Kunst und Schrifttum | 1945 | 1950 | Dissolved | N/A |
| Union of Civilian Workers of the NVA | | 1973 | 1990 | Dissolved | N/A |
| Union of Education and Training | UuE | 1946 | 1990 | Dissolved | 280,000 |
| Union of Employees | GdA | 1946 | 1949 | Split into Gew. Handel and VBV | N/A |
| Union of Employees of State Organs and the Communal Economy | MSK | 1961 | 1990 | Dissolved | 500,000 |
| Union of the German Press | | 1950 | 1953 | Disaffiliated | N/A |
| Union of Government Administration, Healthcare and Finance | Sta-Ge-Fi | 1958 | 1961 | Split into Gew. Gusundheitswesen and MSK | N/A |
| Union of Healthcare | Gew. Gesundheitswesen | 1949 | 1958 | Merged into Sta-Ge-Fi | N/A |
| Union of Healthcare | Gew. Gesundheitswesen | 1961 | 1990 | Dissolved | 250,000 |
| Union of Land, Food and Forests | Gew. Land, Nahrungsgüter und Forst | 1946 | 1990 | Dissolved | 315,578 |
| Union of the Police | GdVP | 1990 | 1990 | Dissolved | N/A |
| Union of Railway Workers | GdE | 1990 | 1990 | Dissolved | N/A |
| Union of Trade | Gew. Handel | 1949 | 1990 | Dissolved | 800,000 |
| Union of Transport | IG Transport | 1949 | 1958 | Merged into IG EPT | N/A |
| Union of Transport | IG Transport | 1990 | 1990 | Dissolved | N/A |
| Wismut Industrial Union | IG W | 1950 | 1990 | Merged into Union of Mining and Energy | ? |