# Kota Samarahan

Kota Samarahan, formerly known as Muara Tuang, is a town and the administrative seat of the Samarahan District in Samarahan Division, Sarawak, Malaysia. It is also a satellite town for Kuching due to its proximity to the city part of Greater Kuching area. The Sarawak government position Kota Samarahan as the medical and education hub of the state. Kota Samarahan can be considered as the 'heart' of Malay/Muslims in Sarawak (in addition to Kuching) which forms approximately over 54% of the population, thus make it as another "Putrajaya" version of Sarawak.
The Kota Samarahan Municipal Council (MPKS) exercises local authority over Samarahan and Asajaya districts, as well as Sadong Jaya subdistrict.
As of 2024, the Kota Samarahan town has a total population of 29,395, and the population of all towns managed by Kota Samarahan Municipal Council is 76,940.

## Etymology

Samarahan District was known as Muara Tuang subdistrict and the town as "Muara Tuang" under the administration of Kuching Division before 1983. On 19 August 1983, Muara Tuang was elevated to a district status together with a name change to "Samarahan District". At the same time, the town in Samarahan District was also renamed to "Kota Samarahan". On 24 July 1986, Samarahan Division was created by combining the Samarahan, Serian, and Simunjan districts together.
Kota Samarahan is known as Kota Ilmu (town of knowledge) after the first public university in Sarawak, the Universiti Malaysia Sarawak (UNIMAS) established in 1992.

## History

The Samarahan area became an important part of the Bruneian Empire as a trading port in 1364 during the reign of the king Awang alak Betatar (who later changed his name to Sultan Muhamad after adopting Islam). In 1853, Samarahan lost its importance along with Sadong areas when the areas were ceded to James Brooke by Sultan Omar Ali Saiffudin II in an agreement which also recognize James Brooke as Raja of Sarawak. In return, James Brooke had to pay 1500 dollars to the Sultanate as cession money. Since the cession, Samarahan officially broke its relations with the Brunei Sultanate. The cession money was increased to 4500 dollars per year after 1861.

## Geography

Kota Samarahan is a suburb of the greater metropolitan area of Kuching. It is located about 30 km south east of Kuching. The lands in Samarahan District are flat and consists of lowland and peat soil.

### Climate

Kota Samarahan has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy to very heavy rainfall year-round.
Climate data for Kota Samarahan :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.7 (85.5) | 29.9 (85.8) | 31.0 (87.8) | 32.0 (89.6) | 32.4 (90.3) | 32.2 (90.0) | 32.1 (89.8) | 32.1 (89.8) | 31.7 (89.1) | 31.6 (88.9) | 31.3 (88.3) | 30.6 (87.1) | 31.4 (88.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.1 (79.0) | 26.2 (79.2) | 26.9 (80.4) | 27.5 (81.5) | 27.8 (82.0) | 27.6 (81.7) | 27.3 (81.1) | 27.4 (81.3) | 27.1 (80.8) | 27.1 (80.8) | 26.9 (80.4) | 26.6 (79.9) | 27.0 (80.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.6 (72.7) | 22.6 (72.7) | 22.8 (73.0) | 23.0 (73.4) | 23.3 (73.9) | 23.0 (73.4) | 22.6 (72.7) | 22.7 (72.9) | 22.6 (72.7) | 22.7 (72.9) | 22.6 (72.7) | 22.6 (72.7) | 22.8 (73.0) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 578 (22.8) | 447 (17.6) | 314 (12.4) | 280 (11.0) | 248 (9.8) | 198 (7.8) | 189 (7.4) | 235 (9.3) | 269 (10.6) | 319 (12.6) | 349 (13.7) | 474 (18.7) | 3,900 (153.7) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org ||||||||||||||

## Demographics

Ethnic composition of Kota Samarahan (2024) :
| Ethnicities / Nationality | Ethnicities / Nationality | Percentage | Percentage |
| Malays | Malays | 54.07% | 54.07% |
| Iban | Iban | 28.2% | 28.2% |
| Bidayuh | Bidayuh | 2.5% | 2.5% |
| Melanau | Melanau | 0.31% | 0.31% |
| Other Bumiputeras | Other Bumiputeras | 0.02% | 0.02% |
| Chinese | Chinese | 12.87% | 12.87% |
| Indians | Indians | 0.01% | 0.01% |
| Others | Others | 0.02% | 0.02% |
| Non-Malaysian | Non-Malaysian | 2% | 2% |
| Ethnicity | 2024 | 2024 |
| Ethnicity | Pop. | % |
| Malays | 15894 | 54.07% |
| Iban | 8290 | 28.2% |
| Bidayuh | 736 | 2.5% |
| Melanau | 91 | 0.31% |
| Other Bumiputeras | 5 | 0.02% |
| Chinese | 3782 | 12.87% |
| Indians | 4 | 0.01% |
| Others | 6 | 0.02% |
| Malaysian total | 28808 | 98% |
| Non-Malaysian | 587 | 2% |
| Total | 29395 | 100.00% |

## Local government

Kota Samarahan Municipal Council was set up in 2016 to administer Kota Samarahan including its surrounding areas such as Asajaya and Sadong Jaya districts. Samarahan Divisional Resident Office was built after the Samarahan district was declared a division in 1986.

## Economy

Due to the vast availability of lowlands in the district, Malaysian federal government started Integrated Agricultural Development Area (IADA) in Samarahan since 1986. Amongst the crops planted are sweet lime, coconut, oil palm, and pineapple. Amongst the cash crops that are planted are: paddy rice, watermelon, sweet corn, and vegetables. This programme helps in poverty reduction from 77% in 1986 to 19.5% in 2005 by using poverty line income (PLI) of RM 765 (US$ 201.3) per month based on Ninth Malaysia Plan in 2006. As of 2006, 40% of the average household income in this area was RM 1440. Assuming a yearly income growth rate of 3%, all the farmers in the IADA area would come above the PLI by 2022.
There is a mini industrial estate near Tanjung Bundong village.
Sarawak Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority (SALCRA) set up its headquarters in Kota Samarahan.

## Transportation
### Local Bus

| Route No. | Operating Route | Operator |
| 3AB | Kuching-Serian | BusAsia |
| K10 | Kuching-Kota Samarahan | CPL |
| 10A | Kuching-Kota Samarahan | BusAsia |
| 10AC | Kuching-Kota Samarahan | BusAsia |
| K12 | Kuching-Kota Samarahan-Asajaya-Sadong Jaya | CPL |
Prior to 1990, the shortest means of access into Samarahan from Kuching was via a ferry at Sungai Kuap other than direct road access from Jalan Datuk Muhamad Musa which takes longer. The construction of a bridge has further shortened the road distance from between Kuching-Kota Samarahan to 11 kilometers. This new road, officially known as Kuching-Kota Samarahan Expressway, links Kota Samarahan with the major industrial areas of Pending, Demak Laut and Sama Jaya. This new road is currently undergoing some expansion in anticipation of increased traffic between Kuching-Samarahan due to the increasing population in Samarahan.

## Other utilities
### Education

Universiti Malaysia Sarawak was established in December 1992 with two faculties namely the Faculty of Social Science and the Faculty of Resource Science and Technology. In 1994, more faculties were added, including the Faculty of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development, the Faculty of Applied and Creative Arts, and the Faculty of Engineering. In 1995, the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences was set up, followed by the Faculty of Economics and Business in 1996.
Universiti Teknologi MARA Kota Samarahan branch was given 883 acres of land to develop its campus. As of 2013, Campus 2 was built next to its old Campus 1.
Teachers' training institute Tun Abdul Razak campus was built in November 1999.
INTAN Sarawak campus moved from Kuching to Kota Samarahan in August 2011. It serves as a training centre for government servants in customer service and administration.
Kota Samarahan Industrial Training Institute (ILPKS) was established in 1999, by Department of Manpower under the Ministry of Human Resources. It provides vocational training for manufacturing sector.

### Medical facilities

Sarawak General Hospital Heart Centre was set up in 2011 in Kota Samarahan, incorporating the department of cardiology from Sarawak General Hospital due to space constraints. In 2015, the centre is known as "Sarawak Heart Centre" after it was given administrative autonomy by the government of Malaysia.
Kota Samarahan public health clinic is located 15 km away from Sarawak Heart Centre.

## Leisure and conservation areas
### Retail

Building upon the entries of tertiary educational institutions, Sarawak Heart Centre, and large businesses in Kota Samarahan, the first shopping mall named the "Summer Mall" was opened in 2013. This was followed by Aiman Mall in 2017, being the first suburban mall in Samarahan with retail space of over 140,000 square feet. La Promenade Mall was opened in 2021, as part of the Hock Seng Lee (a construction company based in Sarawak) office tower located along the Kuching-Samarahan expressway. The mall mainly caters to the La Promenade's luxury gated residential community developed by Hock Seng Lee. Supermarkets in Kota Samarahan are: Farley, BB, Everwin, KSC and EMART.