# Vaghri language

Vaghri (Bavri) is an Indo Aryan language of Pakistan spoken by the Vagri. It is closely related to Gujarati.

## Phonology

Consonants :
| | | Bilabial | Dental | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Pharyngeal |
| Plosive | Unvoiced | /p/ /p$^h$/ | /t/ /t$^h$/ | /ʈ/ /ʈ$^h$/ | /c/ /c$^h$/ | /k/ /k$^h$/ | |
| Plosive | Voiced | /b/ /b$^h$/ | /d/ /d$^h$/ | /ɖ/ /ɖ$^h$/ | /ɟ/ /ɟ$^h$/ (j) | /g/ /g$^h$/ | |
| Fricative | Fricative | | /s/ | | | | /h/ |
| Nasal | Nasal | /m/ | /n/ | /ɳ/ | | /ŋ/ | |
| Tap | Tap | | /r/ | /ɽ/ | | | |
| Lateral | Lateral | | | | /l/ | | |
| Semivowel | Semivowel | /w/ | | | /j/ | | |
/ŋ/, /ɽ/, and /ɳ/ do not occur word-initially.
Vowels :
| | Front | Near-front | Central | Back | Back |
| | Front | Near-front | Central | Unrounded | Rounded |
| Close | /i/ | | | /ɯ/ | /u/ |
| Close-mid | /e/ | /ɪ/ (I) | /ə/ | | |
| Open-mid | /ɛ/ | | /ə/ | /ʌ/ | /ɔ/ (o) |
| Open | | | | /ɑ/ (a) | /ɒ/ |
All vowels except /e/ and /ɔ/ can be nasalized. There are four 'true' diphthongs, these being /ɔɑ/, /ɑi/, /ɑu/, and /ɑɯ/.
The majority of monosyllabic words are CVC. Every word has at least one accented syllable.

## Morphology

Vaghri distinguishes two noun classes: Masculine and feminine. Neuter Indo-Aryan nouns are mostly classed masculine. Nouns ending in /-ɒ/ generally belong to the masculine class. Nouns ending in /-i/ are generally feminine.
Nouns in Vaghri are inflected for two numbers: singular and plural.
Plural inflection :
| Masculine | Feminine | Plural |
| /-ɒ/ | /-i/ | /-ũ/ |
| /-C/ | /-C/ | /-Cũ/ |
| /-a/ | /-a/ | /-aũ/ (optional) |
Masculine nouns can be inflected for additional cases:
Case endings for masculine nouns ending in -ɒ :
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | /-ɒ/ | /-ē/ |
| Direct Object | /-ɒ/ | /-ɛ/ |
| Oblique | /-ɛ/ | /-̃ɛ̃/ |
| Vocative | /-ɒ̄/ | /-ɒ̄/ or /-ɒū/ |
All other nouns :
| Case | Singular | Plural |
| Nominative | /-∅/ | /-ũ/ |
| Direct Object | /-∅/ | /-ũ/ |
| Oblique | /-∅/ | /-ũ/ |
| Vocative | /-∅/ | /-ɛ̃/ |
Adjectives are inflected for noun class. There is no comparative affix, but the word wad$^h$u can be used to indicate the comparative.
Vaghri pronouns inflect for case and number.
Personal pronouns :
| Person | Case | Singular | Plural |
| 1st person | Nom. | ā̃ũ | asĩ |
| 1st person | Obj. | mũ | asā̃ |
| 1st person | Obl. | mũ | asā̃ |
| 2nd person | Nom. | tũ | ā̃i |
| 2nd person | Obj. | to | ā̃i |
| 2nd person | Obl. | to | āi |
| 3rd person | Nom. | u | u |
| 3rd person | Obj. | un | uni |
| 3rd person | Obl. | un | uni |
Vaghri verbs, like other Indo-Aryan verbs, consist of three parts: A root, an affix, and a personal suffix. Passive voice is formed by adding -ā to the stem.

## Vocabulary

Cardinal numerals :
| Number | Gloss | Vaghri | Gujarati |
| 1 | one | hekɽɒ | ek |
| 2 | two | bɒ | be |
| 3 | three | trɛ | tran̩ |
| 4 | four | cār | cār |
| 5 | five | penjn | pānc |
| 6 | six | c$^h$ɒ | c$^h$a |
| 7 | seven | satt | sāt |
| 8 | eight | aʈʈ$^h$ | ˈɑʈʰ |
| 9 | nine | nũ | nav |
| 10 | ten | ɖɒ | das |
| 11 | eleven | agiyārɒ | əɡijɑɾ |
| 20 | twenty | with | vīs |
| 30 | thirty | trih | trīs |
| 40 | forty | c$^h$āri | cāḷīs |
| 50 | fifty | panj$^h$a | pacās |
| 60 | sixty | satʈ$^h$ | sāʈ$^h$a |
| 70 | seventy | santɛr | sittēra |
| 80 | eighty | ɛsi | ɛ̃si |
| 90 | ninety | nevũ | nevu |
| 100 | one hundred | sɒ | sō |
ɒrdinal numerals are as follows:
| Number | Gloss | Vaghri masc. | Gujarati masc. | Vaghri fem. | Gujarati fem. |
| 1st | first | pɛhrɒ | pahelo | pɛhri | pahli |
| 2nd | second | byo | bijo | bai | baji |
| 3rd | third | tryo | trijo | trai | triji |
| 4th | fourth | cot$^h$o | cot$^h$o | cot$^h$i | cot$^h$i |
| 5th | fifth | panj$^h$mũ | pānomũ | panj$^h$mi | pānemi |
| 6th | sixth | c$^h$aʈʈ$^h$o | c$^h$aʈʈ$^h$o | c$^h$aʈʈ$^h$i | c$^h$aʈʈ$^h$i |
| 7th | seventh | sattmũ | sātmɒ | sattmi | sātmi |
| 8th | eighth | aʈʈ$^h$mũ | āʈʈ$^h$mɒ | aʈʈ$^h$mi | āʈʈ$^h$mi |
| 9th | ninth | numũ | navmɒ | nũmi | navmi |
| 10th | tenth | ɖɒmũ | dasmɒ | dɒmi | dasmi |