OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Slant-top desk

The slant-top desk, also called secretary desk, or more properly, a bureau, is a piece of writing furniture with a lid that closes at an angle and opens up as a writing surface. It can be considered related, in form, to the desk on a frame, which was a form of portable desk in earlier eras.

## History

The first pieces that not only resembled the bureau, but also carried the bureau name, were manufactured in France in the middle of the 17th century. Both the name (that comes from the Medieval French and hints at the type of the linen used as a pad for writing) and antecedents are much older. A medieval example is provided by a Swedish desk with a sloped surface made at the turn of the 13th century, although writing boxes, and not freestanding furniture, were typical prior to Renaissance, when cabinets with a drop-leaf board for writing started to appear in Italy and Spain (cf. Bargueño desk).
The 17-th century France bureau Mazarin had inspired a bureau brisé, where the hinged decorative top can be lifted to reveal a space for writing. While French went on to creating a regular four-legged writing desk under a name "bureau plat", in England designs acquired the sloping flap that covered the interior and doubled as a writing surface when opened. By 1700 the English bureaus switched from supporting legs to set drawers all the way to the floor; one of the most popular versions was the bureau-cabinet with a tall cabinet above the desk. The designs from England quickly spread throughout the Northern Europe and Italy, in the process getting elaborate outlines.
* Bureau brisé with the top opened (Jean Bérain the Elder, ca. 1685)
* Bureau-cabinet (Germany, ca. 1760)

## In the USA

In the United States, the slant-top desk is sometimes called a Governor Winthrop desk, in memory of John Winthrop, the 17th century governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. As Winthrop died in 1647, he had no actual connection to this style of desk, which originated in the 18th century and is especially associated with Chippendale. The name "Winthrop" was attached to this kind of desk by the Winthrop Furniture Co. of Boston, Massachusetts, who offered their "Gov. Winthrop" desk in 1924, during the colonial revival period.
Like the Wooton desk, the fall-front desk and others with a hinged desktop (and unlike closable desks with an unmovable desktop like the rolltop desk or the cylinder desk), all documents and various items must be removed from the work surface of the slant-top desk before closing up.
The slant-top desk has been handcrafted in a variety of styles, one of them being the block front seashell desk of the 18th century which was popular among the well-to-do of Colonial America.

## Modern

The slant-top desk has also been mass-produced in a great quantity of sub-forms and materials. For instance, some slant-top desks have very crude chains or levers to hold the desktop in an open working position, while others have elegant sliders ("lopers") which are manually or automatically extended to give support.
# Dafydd Cadwaladr

Dafydd Cadwaladr (1752 – 9 July 1834) was a Welsh Calvinistic Methodist preacher. He grew up in Llangwm, Denbighshire, where his family had lived for generations. By noting the letters on sheep's backs and then picking his way through the Prayer Book he was able to teach himself to read, and enjoyed reciting works such as the 'Pilgrim's Progress' at the local 'knitting meetings'.
For a while he worked as a farm boy, but c. 1771 he took the position of servant at Fedw Arian, Bala, Gwynedd, working for the Methodist preacher William Evans. Dafydd knew his bible by heart, and about 1780 himself began preaching. He also enjoyed walking, and thus became a popular preacher throughout Wales.
He died in 1834, and is buried at Llanycil. His daughter was the nurse, Betsi Cadwaladr, who worked in the Crimea.
# Federalism in Nepal

Nepal is a country with geographical diversity, which had been practicing a unitary form of government since its unification by Prithvi Narayan Shah. However, this system was not able to achieve the development goals of the country and had been described as an "exclusive form of rule" by its critics. Federalism has been seen as the answer to solving regional inequality and reducing economic, social, and religious discrimination; the country has transformed into a federal structure as a result.
Nepal has been a federal democratic republican state since 28 May 2008 (15th Jestha, 2065 BS). According to the concept of a federal system, Nepal has been divided into 7 provinces, 77 districts and 753 local levels. Now each province has a separate government along with the federal government at the centre.

## History

In the aftermath of the 2007 People's Revolt II, the 240-year monarchy was abolished in the 5th amendment of the Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2063. The amendment was the first document to mention Nepal officially as the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. It envisioned federalism as a prominent feature for a new Nepal.
The Maoist party was the catalyst for bringing forth federalism and inclusion. Other major parties that supported the move include the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) and the Nepali Congress, whereas the Rastriya Prajatantra Party, which was only able to enter the parliament under the Proportional Representation scheme, has come out in opposition to the prospect of federalism, as well as in favour of bringing back the monarchy and declaring Nepal as a Hindu nation.
Nepal had been practicing a unitary form of government under the Shah rulers (Prithivi Narayan Shah). However this system was unable to support development of the country and was seen as an "exclusive" form of rule.

## Legislative Power

The power of the provinces and the federal government are defined by the constitution.
# Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime

Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime, concerning the criminalisation of acts of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems is an additional protocol to the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime. This additional protocol was the subject of negotiations in late 2001 and early 2002. Final text of this protocol was adopted by the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers on 7 November 2002 under the title "Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime, concerning the criminalisation of acts of a racist and xenophobic nature committed through computer systems (ETS No. 189), ("Protocol"). The Protocol opened on 28 January 2003 and entry into force is 1 March 2006. As of January 2025, 37 States have ratified the Protocol and a further 10 have signed the Protocol but have not yet followed with ratification.
The Protocol requires participating States to criminalize the dissemination of racist and xenophobic material through computer systems, as well as of racist and xenophobic-motivated threats and insults. Article 6, Section 1 of the Protocol specifically covers the denial of the Holocaust and other genocides recognized as such by other international courts set up since 1945 by relevant international legal instruments. Section 2 of Article 6 allows a Party to the Protocol at their discretion only to prosecute if the offense is committed with the intent to incite hatred, discrimination or violence; or to make use of a reservation, by allowing a Party not to apply – in whole or in part – Article 6.
The Council of Europe Explanatory Report of the Protocol states the "European Court of Human Rights has made it clear that the denial or revision of 'clearly established historical facts – such as the Holocaust – ... would be removed from the protection of Article 10 by Article 17' of the ECHR (see in this context the Lehideux and Isorni judgment of 23 September 1998)".
Two of the English speaking states in Europe, Ireland and the United Kingdom, have not signed the additional protocol, (the third, Malta, signed on 28 January 2003, but has not yet ratified it). On 8 July 2005 Canada became the first non-European state to sign the convention. The United States government does not believe that the final version of the Protocol is consistent with the United States' constitutional guarantees and has informed the Council of Europe that the United States will not become a Party to the protocol.
# Shahabuddin Razvi

Shahabuddin Razvi, known with his honorific as Maulana Shahabuddin Razvi Bareilvi (urdu: مولانا شہاب الدین رضوی) (born 4 April 1974, in Bahraich, U.P) is an Indian Islamic scholar, historical writer and social worker. He is working on Pasmanda cause since last Ten Years. He is also the President of All India Muslim Jamaat and the founder of Islamic Research Center, and National General Secretary of the All India Tanzeem Ulma e Islam.
He was general secretary of the All India Jamat raza-e-Mustafa.

## As a Writer

He is the author of books on Islamic History, theology and thought in English, Urdu, and Hindi. His books include:
* Tareekh Jamat Raza e Mustafa (Hindi/Urdu)
* Mufti E Azam Hind Ke Khulfa (Urdu)
* Hayate Tajushshariya (Hindi/Urdu)
* Rasayle Tajushshariya (Urdu)

## Activities

Razvi held a press conference at the time of Uttar Pradesh assembly elections and appealed to all political parties to stop spreading hatred among communities, maintain peace and communal harmony. He further said that SP wants Muslim votes but not Muslim leaders.
In a press conference Shahabuddin Razvi targeted Akhilesh Yadav and said that the Samajwadi Party is built on the basis of Muslims, and does not even talk about Muslim issues, now the time has come that we should think about some other party.
In an interview with CNN-News18 TV channel in December 2021, Razvi said that we will start a movement, The Akhand Bharat, which aims to unite India and make a strong country.
Rejecting UK Labour MP Naz Shah tweet on human rights in India, Indian scholar Maulana Shahabuddin Razvi Barelvi said in his official statement that Muslims live here peacefully and interference of any foreign nation in India's internal matter is not justified. Razvi further advises Naaz Shah not to try to convert his 'India Phobia' into 'Islamophobia'.
# Jayaprakash

Jayaprakash may refer to:
* Jayaprakash (actor), Indian actor and producer
* Jayaprakash (name), an Indian masculine given name and surname
# Humphrey Bromley

Humphrey Bromley (fl. 1796–1826) was a Welsh Unitarian preacher. He may have been the first Unitarian preacher in North Wales. His parents were Humphrey and Jane Bromley, of Tre-brys, Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant, Denbighshire. He (like his father) worked as a gardener, but he also ran a school in the Pont Maes Mochnant area.
Although he was originally an Anglican, he became a Unitarian preacher, being supported financially by a Mr Lloyd, a local shopkeeper. He preached at some of the meetings of the South Wales Unitarian Association which were held annually.
He later immigrated to the US. His date of death is unknown.
# 1983 Penn State Nittany Lions football team

The 1983 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State University in the 1983 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team was coached by Joe Paterno and played its home games in Beaver Stadium in University Park, Pennsylvania.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Rank | Site | TV | Result | Attendance |
| August 29 | 9:00 p.m. | vs. No. 1 Nebraska | No. 4 | Giants StadiumEast Rutherford, NJ (Kickoff Classic) | KATZ | L 6–44 | 71,123 |
| September 10 | 1:30 p.m. | Cincinnati | No. 20 | Beaver StadiumUniversity Park, PA | | L 3–14 | 83,683 |
| September 17 | 1:30 p.m. | No. 13 Iowa | | Beaver StadiumUniversity Park, PA | | L 34–42 | 84,628 |
| September 24 | 1:30 p.m. | at Temple | | Veterans StadiumPhiladelphia, PA | | W 23–18 | 35,760 |
| October 1 | 1:30 p.m. | at Rutgers | | Giants StadiumEast Rutherford, NJ | | W 36–25 | 32,804 |
| October 8 | 3:45 p.m. | No. 3 Alabama | | Beaver StadiumUniversity Park, PA (rivalry) | CBS | W 34–28 | 85,614 |
| October 15 | 1:30 p.m. | at Syracuse | | Carrier DomeSyracuse, NY (rivalry) | | W 17–6 | 50,010 |
| October 22 | 1:30 p.m. | No. 4 West Virginia | | Beaver StadiumUniversity Park, PA (rivalry) | | W 41–23 | 86,309 |
| October 29 | 3:50 p.m. | at No. 19 Boston College | | Sullivan StadiumFoxborough, MA | ABC | L 17–27 | 56,605 |
| November 5 | 1:00 p.m. | Brown | | Beaver StadiumUniversity Park, PA | | W 38–21 | 84,670 |
| November 12 | 1:00 p.m. | Notre Dame | | Beaver StadiumUniversity Park, PA (rivalry) | ESPN (tape delay) | W 34–30 | 85,899 |
| November 19 | 1:00 p.m. | at No. 17 Pittsburgh | | Pitt StadiumPittsburgh, PA (rivalry) | | T 24–24 | 60,283 |
| December 26 | 8:00 p.m. | vs. Washington | | Aloha StadiumHalawa, HI (Aloha Bowl) | ESPN | W 13–10 | 37,212 |
| HomecomingRankings from AP Poll released prior to the gameAll times are in Eastern time |||||||||

## Post season
### NFL Draft

Eight Nittany Lions were drafted in the 1984 NFL draft.
| Round | Pick | Overall | Name | Position | Team |
| 1st | 4 | 4 | Kenny Jackson | Wide receiver | Philadelphia Eagles |
| 2nd | 6 | 34 | Scott Radecic | Linebacker | Kansas City Chiefs |
| 3rd | 14 | 70 | Jon Williams | Running back | New England Patriots |
| 4th | 6 | 90 | Mark Robinson | Defensive back | Kansas City Chiefs |
| 4th | 28 | 112 | Ron Heller | Offensive tackle | Tampa Bay Buccaneers |
| 7th | 8 | 176 | Harry Hamilton | Defensive back | New York Jets |
| 8th | 1 | 197 | Kevin Baugh | Wide receiver | Houston Oilers |
| 9th | 18 | 242 | George Reynolds | Punter | Los Angeles Rams |
# Yuri Romanov (boxer)

Yuri Romanov (born 24 July 1982) is a Belarusian professional boxer who fights in the lightweight division.

## Professional career
### Debut fight

Romanov's first fight as a professional boxer was in April 2002, in Maladzyechna, Belarus, when he beat fellow debutant Anton Serov with a seventh round knockout.

### First title fight

After only two fights, Romanov fought Polish boxer Krzysztof Bienias in Wrocław, Poland for the IBF Youth Light Welterweight Title. Romanov lost a close ten round points decision.
# Neil Oliver (footballer)

Neil Oliver (born 11 April 1967) is an English former footballer who played for Berwick Rangers, Blackburn Rovers, Falkirk, Hamilton Academical, Clydebank and East Fife.
Following a spell as a coach of the Berwick Rangers reserve team, Oliver became manager of Duns in 2009, taking them from the Border Amateur League into the East of Scotland League in 2011–12. He parted company with Duns in August 2013, and was appointed manager of East of Scotland League Premier Division side Coldstream on 21 January 2014. On 15 October 2014, Neil resigned as manager of Coldstream.

## Honours

Falkirk
* Scottish Challenge Cup: 1993–94
# Johnston Police Department

The Johnston Police Department is the primary law enforcement agency in the town of Johnston, Rhode Island. The town has a population of about 29,000. The department is headed by Chief Mark Vieira. It is headquartered at 1651 Atwood Avenue.

## History

The town was established in 1759. In 1874, Samuel A. Irons was appointed as the first commissioner of police. Hiram Kimball served as police chief from 1898 to 1934. His only policeman was his son. By the 1930s, the department had grown to a total of six, including the police chief Chester Colwell.

## Equipment

The department has taken advantage of various federal programs that provide equipment to local police. In the 2010-11 fiscal year it received $4.1 million in assistance including 30 assault rifles, 44 bayonets, 12 Humvees and other items.
# Sampson House

Sampson House was a commercial office building in Hopton Street, Southwark, London, United Kingdom. It was sited just west of the Tate Modern art gallery, by the railway lines running onto Blackfriars Bridge and filled a block between the Thames and Southwark Street.

## History

The building was designed in the Brutalist style, with heavy massing, extensive use of exposed concrete with minimal glazing at street level and horizontal mirror glazing in dark metal cladding in the projecting upper levels. It was built in 1976–1979 as a processing centre for Lloyds Bank and was designed by Fitzroy Robinson & Partners which was also architect for the construction (and refurbishment in 2004–2006) of 50 Queen Anne's Gate in Westminster.
Minerva plc announced in August 2005 that, in a linked transaction, it had completed the sale of Sampson House for £150.5 million and Ludgate House for £78.5 million to a private investor. The announcement also stated that "Sampson House comprises 386,288 sq.ft. of office space let to IBM UK Limited. The lease expires in December 2025 but, includes a mutual break clause in June 2018. The current rent is £8 million p.a. and will rise to £9.5 million p.a. in December this year". IBM utilised the building's extensive and deep basement levels to host data centres for the company's London based customers, with recovery facilities utilising the above-ground office space.
The nearest Underground station to the site of Sampson House is Southwark on the Jubilee line.
On 8 October 2013, Southwark London Borough Council approved plans to build an apartment building complex, at the Sampson House and Ludgate House sites. The heights of the planned apartment blocks ranges from 5 to 49 storeys.
The demolition of Sampson House started in late 2018 and took a year to complete.
# Aarón Castellanos, Santa Fe

Aarón Castellanos is a municipality in the General López Department of Santa Fe Province, in northeastern Argentina. It is located 449 km from the provincial capital Santa Fe.

## Foundation

Officially founded 21 February 1911.
On 23 March 1903, the Argentinian aristocrat Mercedes Castellanos de Anchorena ordered her representative, Angel Leanes, to found a new town at the Soler stop of the Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway line. It was to be named Aarón Castellanos, in honour of the founder of Esperanza, the colony which initiated Santa Fe's colonization.
A month later, on 29 April 1903, the bishop of Santa Fe approved Anchorena's plan for the foundation of a missionary convent. At the time, the Franciscan community had an important presence in the area, not just fulfilling their religious and spiritual duties but also acting as administrators and controllers for the materials sent by Anchorena for the convent's construction. It was later followed by a church and a hospital.

## Toponymy

Named after Aarón Castellanos, considered the father of European emigration in Argentina.

## Population

The municipality consisted of 309 inhabitants in 2010, representing a decline in population compared with the previous census of 2001. See chart below for population change in Aarón Castellanos between 1991 and 2010 according to the Indec National Census.

## Patron Saint

Christ the Redeemer, 4 October.
# Spradlin

Spradlin may refer to:
* Chris Spradlin (born 1979), American professional wrestler, known under the ring name Chris Hero
* Danny Spradlin (born 1959), American football player
* G. D. Spradlin (1920–2011), American actor
* Jerry Spradlin (born 1967), retired professional baseball player
* Kim Spradlin (born 1983), bridal shop owner from San Antonio, Texas, winner of 2012's Survivor: One World
* Michael Spradlin, the New York Times Bestselling and Edgar Award-nominated author
* Preston Spradlin, American basketball coach
# Jordan Tait

Jordan Alexander Tait (born 27 September 1979) is a former professional footballer who began his professional career at Newcastle United FC and played in the English Football League for Darlington and Oldham Athletic. He also played in Scotland for Arbroath, Ross County, Ayr United and St Johnstone F.C.
Working and learning under managers/ coaches such as Kevin Keegan, Sir Kenny Dalglish, Rudd Gullit, John Carver, Alan Irvine and Tommy Burns. Given his first professional contract by Sir Kenny Dalglish in 1998 Tait began coaching while still playing and studied for his UEFA coaching qualifications gaining the UEFA A Licence, UEFA Elite Youth A Licence and the FA Advanced Youth Award as well as qualifications in Sport Science, Psychology and Talent Identification. Following retirement through injury he moved into full-time coaching and is now a development phase lead coach at Middlesbrough F.C. who are renowned for developing their players.
In 2023 Tait graduated from Manchester Metropolitan University with a Masters in Sporting Directorship.
# Daytona

Daytona may refer to:

## Locations

* Daytona Beach, Florida
* Daytona Beach Shores, Florida
* South Daytona, Florida
* The Daytona Beach metropolitan area
* Halifax area, also known as Daytona, the region around Daytona Beach

## Motor racing

* Daytona Beach and Road Course
* Daytona International Speedway, a NASCAR speedway, which hosts:
** Daytona 500, a NASCAR race
** Daytona 300, a NASCAR race
** Daytona 200, a motorcycle race
** 24 Hours of Daytona, a sports car race
** Daytona Prototypes, a race car type used in the Daytona 24
* Daytona Motorsport, a UK-based karting organisation

## Automobiles

* Shelby Daytona
* Ferrari Daytona
* Ferrari Daytona SP3
* Dodge Daytona
* Dodge Charger Daytona
* Dodge Ram Daytona
* Alfa Romeo Daytona
* Studebaker Daytona

## Motorcycles

* Triumph Daytona 650
* Triumph Daytona 675
* Triumph Daytona 955i

## Wristwatches

* TAG Heuer Daytona
* Rolex Daytona

## Other

* Daytona database, a database management system produced by AT&T
* Campagnolo Daytona, a group of mid-range racing bicycle parts now called Centaur
* Daytona, a song by Chris Rea from his 1989 album, The Road to Hell, about the Ferrari model mentioned above
* Daytona (album), an album by American rapper Pusha T
* Daytona USA, a 1994 racing game by Sega
* Microsoft Daytona, development codename of Microsoft's Windows NT 3.5 operating system
# Kalamazoo Department of Public Safety

The Kalamazoo Department of Public Safety is the department charged with police, fire and rescue operations in Kalamazoo, Michigan. It is the largest public safety department in the nation, with over 250 sworn officers. Each officer serves as a Police Officer, Firefighter, and Medical First Responder.

## Public safety model

The Kalamazoo Police Department and Kalamazoo Fire Department were merged in the 1980s with the goal of saving significant tax payer money while increasing the amount of police and fire protection for its citizens. The merger of the departments was a difficult process on reaching agreement with unions covering the fire department and police department. The difficult effort of the merger of the departments along with the successes was even noted by the United States House of Representatives in the Congressional Record.
As the largest public safety department in the nation, Kalamazoo Public Safety is now considered a model public safety department and often consults and trains other cities throughout the world on the public safety model.

## Controversies

In 1995 a grand jury was convened to investigate missing cash and contraband from Kalamazoo Public Safety's evidence room. Although much of the evidence and investigation remains secret and the US Attorney declined to prosecute, the city attorney at the time has publicly acknowledged that the incident happened
In 2013, the department received the results of a year-long, independent study it commissioned on racial targeting. The study showed that police in Kalamazoo were more than twice as likely to pull over black drivers than white drivers. Since this time the department has been working hard to confront the racial bias in its department and has received international news coverage for attempting to address the racial issues the department acknowledges it has.

## Casualties

On April 18, 2011, while responding to a shots fired call in Kalamazoo's Edison neighborhood, PSO Eric Zapata was fatally shot. Officer Zapata was the first officer in Kalamazoo to be killed in the line of duty.
# Hjellestad

Hjellestad is a neighborhood of Bergen, Norway, situated in the borough of Ytrebygda. It is located on Mildehalvøyen, about 20 kilometers (12 mi) from the city center. From Hjellestad there is a ferry to Bjelkarøy, Lerøy and Klokkarvik. Bergen Airport, Hjellestad was situated there from 1948 to 1951.