OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals

Numerous procedures performed on domestic animals are usually more invasive than purely cosmetic alterations, but differ from types of veterinary surgery that are performed exclusively for health reasons. Such procedures have been grouped together under the technical term 'mutilatory' by the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons in a report describing the reasons for their being conducted and their welfare consequences, and by others.
The term mutilatory generally connotes some form of disfigurement or even maiming. There are multiple definitions and interpretations that carry varying degrees of emotional intensity. Merriam-Webster defines "mutilate" as "to cut up or alter radically so as to make imperfect", but gives a relatively mild example: "the child mutilated the book with his scissors". Animal rights advocates often pejoratively refer to these procedures as mutilations. PETA states that one issue with current forms of non-human animal treatment is that the animals "are mutilated and confined to tiny cages so that we can kill them and eat them."
The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons noted that the term mutilation is often an emotive one, having implications in common usage of maiming and disfigurement. They stated that there was no satisfactory alternative term that would suffice for their purposes. Their definition is a narrower one: "covering all procedures, carried out with or without instruments which involve interference with the sensitive tissues or the bone structure of an animal, and are carried out for non-therapeutic reasons."

## List

The following table contains procedures performed on domesticated animals that may or may not have a purported therapeutic purpose.
Invasive procedures on animals :
| Species | Procedures |
| Cats | Castration Claw removal Devocalization Tail docking Tattooing Tendonectomy |
| Cattle | Castration Branding Dehorning Ear tagging Nose ringing Restraint Tail docking Tongue resection (calves) |
| Dogs | Castration Devocalization/Debarking Dewclaw removal Ear cropping Tail docking Tail nicking Tattooing Teeth removal |
| Ferrets | De-scenting Tattooing |
| Horses | Castration Branding Pin firing Tail blocking Tail docking Tail nicking |
| Laboratory mice | Ear tagging Earmark (agriculture) Tail clipping Tattooing Toe clipping |
| Pigs | Castration Ear docking Ear tagging Earmarking Nose ringing Tail docking Tattooing Teeth clipping Tusk trimming |
| Poultry | Beak-trimming Decrowing Blinders Caponizing Desnooding Detoeing Devoicing Dewinging Dubbing Foie gras force feeding Feather plucking Pinioning Spur removal Toe clipping Wing clipping |
| Sheep | Castration Ear tagging Earmarking Dehorning Marking Mulesing Tail docking Teeth grinding |
| Skunks | De-scenting |
| Snakes | Venom duct removal |
| Prawns/shrimp | Eyestalk ablation |
| Various | Artificial insemination Castration/(caponization) Earmarking Ear tagging Tattooing |
# WGIT

WGIT (1660 AM, Lighthouse 360) is a radio station broadcasting a Spanish Religious format. It is licensed to Canóvanas, Puerto Rico, and is owned by International Broadcasting Corporation. It is operated through a Local marketing agreement by Faro de Santidad, Inc. from Vega Baja, Puerto Rico. The station is shared with translator station W266CF 101.1 FM in San Juan, which is owned by Aurio A. Matos Barreto.

## History

WGIT originated as the expanded band "twin" of an existing station on the standard AM band. On March 17, 1997 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) announced that 88 stations had been given permission to move to newly available "Expanded Band" transmitting frequencies, ranging from 1610 to 1700 kHz, with WCHQ in Camuy authorized to move from 1360 to 1660 kHz. The construction permit for the expanded band station on 1660 AM was assigned the callsign WGIT on December 14, 2000. WGIT later moved to Canóvanas and the station signed on the air on July 27, 2001.
An FCC policy for expanded band authorizations was that both the original station and its expanded band counterpart could operate simultaneously for up to five years, after which owners would have to turn in one of the two licenses, depending on whether they preferred the new assignment or elected to remain on the original frequency. On December 24, 2003, after 33 years on the air, WCHQ on 1360 AM went silent and shut down; on April 5, 2004 its license was cancelled and the call sign deleted from its database by the FCC.
# Explanandum and explanans

An explanandum (a Latin term) is a sentence describing a phenomenon that is to be explained, and the explanans are the sentences adduced as explanations of that phenomenon. For example, one person may pose an explanandum by asking "Why is there smoke?", and another may provide an explanans by responding "Because there is a fire". In this example, "smoke" is the explanandum, and "fire" is the explanans.
Carl Gustav Hempel and Paul Oppenheim (1948), in their deductive-nomological model of scientific explanation, explored the distinction between explanans and explanandum in order to answer why-questions, rather than simply what-questions:
   "It may be said... that an explanation is not fully adequate unless its explanans, if taken account of in time, could have served as a basis for predicting the phenomenon under consideration.... It is this potential predictive force which gives scientific explanation its importance: Only to the extent that we are able to explain empirical facts can we attain the major objective of scientific research, namely not merely to record the phenomena of our experience, but to learn from them, by basing upon them theoretical generalizations which enable us to anticipate new occurrences and to control, at least to some extent, the changes in our environment."
# The Kansas City Defender

The Kansas City Defender is a news outlet primarily by and for African-American youth, especially in the Kansas City metropolitan area and the Midwestern United States more generally. They won the 2022 Community Engagement Award from Local Independent Online News (LION) Publishers for "engaging Black youth both in digital spaces, and real-life community events. Their stories on racism in schools sparked national coverage and conversations. Among other things, they work to understand the differences between the different audiences on different social media platforms and how to tailor their content to maximize the engagement of those different audiences.
Kansas City Defender founder and publisher, Ryan Sorrell, insists, "young people are not unreachable. They are very interested in news. It just has to be produced and packaged the right way for them to be interested in consuming it". Defender community engagement efforts have included basketball park takeovers and grocery buyouts. Among other things, they speak directly to high school age youth, writing about them and their concerns and inviting them to contribute content.

## Disappearing women

On September 23, 2022, The Kansas City Defender published a video on TikTok claiming that Black women had been disappearing off Prospect Avenue, and nothing was being done about it. The following Monday the Kansas City, Missouri, Police Department said they had heard nothing about this. News outlets in Kansas City and across the nation, including Newsweek and the Atlanta Black Star, chastised The Kansas City Defender for irresponsible journalism.
Two weeks later, before 8 AM on October 7, 2022, a woman began running around Excelsior Springs, Missouri, knocking on doors and crying for help. She said she had been held against her will, beaten, and sexually assaulted. She also said there had been other victims. Police found the house in which the woman said she had been confined and staked out the place. An hour later, the owner, Timothy Haslett, Jr., returned and was arrested. Haslett was charged with crimes involving multiple women and charges including rape and kidnapping. In 2024, after a body was found, he was indicted for murder.
# HMS Ruby

Nine ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Ruby:
* English ship Ruby (1652) was initially a 40-gun warship launched in 1652. She fought in the War of the Spanish Succession as part of a fleet under Admiral John Benbow. She was rebuilt in 1706 carrying between 46 and 54 guns. and captured in 1707 by the French ship Mars.
* HMS Ruby (1666) was a 66-gun third-rate ship of the line, originally the French ship Rubis. She was captured in 1666, hulked after sustaining storm damage in 1682 and broken up in 1685.
* HMS Ruby (1708) was a 54-gun fourth-rate ship of the line launched in 1708. She was renamed HMS Mermaid in 1744 and was sold in 1748.
* HMS Ruby (1745) was a 50-gun third-rate ship of the line launched in 1745 and broken up in 1765.
* HMS Rubis (1747), Rubis (1729), a 52-gun ship of the line, captured in 1747 and taken into service as HMS Rubis and condemned in 1748.
* HMS Ruby (1776) was a 64-gun third-rate ship of the line launched in 1776 that served at Bermuda between 1811 and her breaking up in 1821.
* HMS Ruby (1842) was an iron paddle tender launched in 1842 and sold in 1846.
* HMS Ruby (1854) was a wood screw gunboat launched in 1854 and broken up in 1868.
* HMS Ruby (1876) was an Emerald-class composite screw corvette launched in 1876. She was converted to a coal hulk in 1904 and renamed C 10. She was sold in 1921.
* HMS Ruby (1910) was an Acorn-class destroyer launched in 1910 and sold in 1921.
There was also HMS Ruby Prize, a 44-gun French privateer that HMS Ruby captured in 1694 and that the Navy sold in 1698. She became a merchantman and was lost at Mayotte in 1799.
# Julani (name)

Julani or Joulani or Golani is a given name and a surname. As a surname, it comes from Arabic, meaning 'of Golan'. Notable people with the name include:

## Given name

* Julani Archibald (born 1991), Kittitian footballer

## Surname

* Abu Mohammad al-Julani, nom de guerre of Ahmed al-Sharaa (born 1982), Syrian President and Military Commander
* Daniel Joulani (born 2003), Israeli footballer
# Natan Girma

Natan Girma (born 11 December 2001) is a Swiss footballer who plays as a midfielder for Reggiana.

## Early life

As a youth player, Girma joined the youth academy of Swiss side Servette. He captained the club's under-21 team. After that, he almost signed for German side Hannover 96. In 2021, he signed for Italian side Sona. He made twenty-four league appearances and scored two goals while playing for the club. In 2023, he signed for Italian side Reggiana.
Girma was born on 11 December 2001. He is a native of Vaud, Switzerland. He has regarded Brazil international Ronaldinho as his football idol. He started playing football at the age of four. Girma was born to a footballer father. He obtained Eritrean citizenship.

## Style of play

Girma mainly operates as a midfielder. He specifically operates as an attacking midfielder. He can also operate as a central midfielder or as a winger. He is right-footed. He is known for his speed. He has been described as "has a lot of agility and light-footedness, coupled with... qualities in one-on-one situations... attacks deep without hesitation and is always looking to move forward".
# Noricella oreinos

Noricella oreinos is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Hygromiidae, the hairy snails and their allies. This species is endemic to Austria.
This hairy-shelled snail was once confused with Trochulus hispidus, which it superficially resembles and therefore assigned to the genus Trochulus. Later on was moved to an own Genus Noricella. Its former subspecies Noricella oreinos scheerpeltzi was elevated to species level and therefore the Genus Noricella consists of two species now.

## Taxonomy

Noricella oreinos comprised originally two subspecies: N. o. oreinos (Wagner, 1915) in Lower Austria and Styria and N. o. scheerpeltzi (Mikula, 1954) in Upper Austria. Both taxa were originally described as regional subspecies of Trochulus hispidus. Later these two subspecies were split from Trochulus hispidus and placed in a separate species because of differences in hair morphology. Current comprehensive research, based on molecular, morphological and ecological analyses, confirm this split from T. hispidus. Additionally it was already pointed out that both taxa represent separated mitochondrial lines and different internal genital morphology although there do exist intermediate forms concerning shell morphology. A more detailed genetical study confirmed that there was almost no gene flow between the two taxa, not even in regions were they coexist, which justifies the split into separate species.

## Description

Noricella oreinos can be separated from other representatives of the tribe Trochulini by its small, curled hairs, which have a length of 0.03–0.09 mm. Like the other representatives of this tribe, older individuals and empty shells have often lost the hairs on the shell.
The shell is flat to slightly globular, and the shell width is 5.4–7.5 mm (0.21–0.30 in). Other marks are irregular, coarse ridges on the shell and an internal rib with a basal tooth in the peristome, visible as yellow structure from the outside.
The shell of the sister species N. o. scheerpeltzi is characterized by a groove beneath the keel, but there are intermediate forms between the two taxa with an incomplete or weakly developed groove.
While the gross anatomy of the reproductive system is similar to that of the genus Trochulus and its congener N. scheerpeltzi, Noricella oreinos can be unambiguously differentiated by the internal fold pattern of the penis.

## Habitat and distribution

Noricella oreinos inhabits primarily boulders, screes and alpine grassland, especially alpine meadows with patchy vegetation coverage, dominated by the sedge species Carex firma, in the Northern Calcareous Alps. Its vertical distribution reaches from the lower subalpine regions to the alpine ecotone, i.e. elevations of 1,400–2,300 metres (4,600–7,500 ft). The distribution range reaches from Schneeberg mountain in Lower Austria to Totes Gebirge in Upper Austria. Like the helicid snail Cylindrus obtusus, this species is suspected to be an ancient native East-alpine endemic, which survived the glacial times on ice-free parts of the north-eastern alpine margins.
# Tompkins Avenue station (BMT Lexington Avenue Line)

The Tompkins Avenue station was a station on the demolished BMT Lexington Avenue Line in Brooklyn, New York City. It had two tracks and two side platforms. It was located at the intersection of Lexington Avenue and Tompkins Avenue The station was opened on May 13, 1885, and had connections to the Tompkins Avenue Line, Marcy Avenue Line, and Ocean Avenue Line streetcars. It closed on October 13, 1950. The next southbound stop was Nostrand Avenue. The next northbound stop was Sumner Avenue.
# They're Taking the Hobbits to Isengard

"They're Taking the Hobbits to Isengard" is a video that was published in 2005 by Dutch musician and photographer Erwin Beekveld (1969–2022). The two-minute video composed of multiple fragments from the film trilogy The Lord of the Rings became an internet meme, and has obtained a cult status mostly among fans of this trilogy.
The video first appeared as Flash-animation on the website Albino Blacksheep and was mostly distributed via YouTube afterwards. The different versions of this video have been viewed millions of times.
The video is built out of scenes from The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring and The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers. In the video, actor Orlando Bloom is seen playing the elf Legolas, who repeats the line "They're taking the hobbits to Isengard!" He is occasionally interrupted by Gollum (played by Andy Serkis) with the words "What did you say?" and "Stupid fat hobbit," and also by Marton Csokas who plays Celeborn, who repeatedly inquires the whereabouts of Gandalf. In addition, Elijah Wood, Dominic Monaghan, Billy Boyd and Sean Astin are seen playing hobbits Frodo Baggins, Merry Brandybuck, Pippin Took and Samwise Gamgee, as well as Viggo Mortensen as Aragorn, John Rhys-Davies as Gimli, and Cate Blanchett as Galadriel.
The dialogue is rhythmically set to a techno version of music originally composed by Howard Shore for the movies' soundtracks, and contains among others the leitmotif of the song Concerning Hobbits. The song caught the attention of participants of a discussion forum sponsored by the Association of Literary Scholars and Critics, in which the dactylic quality of the song's prosody was discussed at length.
In the book Fan Fiction and Copyright: Outsider Works and Intellectual Property Protection, "They’re Taking the Hobbits to Isengard" is mentioned as an example for the amendment on the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, an American law concerning the author's copyright on digital media. The amendment from 2010 made it legal, under certain conditions, to use fragments from movies and television shows in personal videos. Musicologist Michael L. Klein (Professor at the Temple University of Philadelphia) mentions "They're Taking the Hobbits to Isengard" in his book Music and the Crises of the Modern Subject as an example of a meme and mash-up as the pinnacle of creativity in the postmodern age.
In 2013, after Orlando Bloom finished filming his final scenes on the set of The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies, director Peter Jackson published a video in which Bloom, dressed up as Legolas, sings along with "They're Taking the Hobbits to Isengard."
In an interview for Rude Tube published on Erwin Beekveld's YouTube channel in 2013, Beekveld says people love or hate him for making the video, due to its catchy tune, and that it made him very happy to see Orlando Bloom sing along with his remix eight years later, which he states is the "ultimate recognition."
On 30 March 2022, Beekveld died of lung cancer at the age of 52.
# Doaba, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Doaba is a small city located in Tall tehsil, Hangu district, Pakistan. Its population is just above 20,000, but the city has only 1,942 households. The most spoken language in Doaba is Pashto. It is roughly 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Hangu and roughly 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from Thall. Doaba is Hangu district's third-largest city.
Doaba has beautiful hills and is covered by a lot of trees. The major tribes living in Doaba are Khakhil, (Thorghali and Sarghali), Tarkon, Ferozkhail, Amerikhail, MandraKhail, Mazanih, Haider Khail, Qureshi, Sarozi, and the Paracha family.
In the mountains is the tomb of a famous religious scholar named Ghani Nikah. It is rumoured that he paid the land price in 1650 when he migrated from Afghanistan to Doaba. (A rich Malik family from Laghman state of Afghanistan migrated during the Afghan war with the Mughal empire in 1638)
There are many shopping markets along with other facilities in Doaba. People from surrounding areas come here for shopping.
In the previous two decades, Doaba was known for the area of education. The Doaba public school is an educational institution in the area.
Big stones, Sweery Ghar (mountain), Chaman, Jangalat, Kautaro Kandao, Zaraa Korna, and Khalwati Cheena are well-known picnic places.
In Doaba, fruits are prepared according to season including apricots, watermelons, plums, grapes, almonds, strawberries, and peanuts. The fruits that are naturally grown are tut and mulberry. People of Doaba has spirit of sports.Most of the sports that are playing are cricket,football and Volleyball.There are many grounds in Doaba mela cricket ground,mile bekh cricket ground,school ground and dogo ground etc.
# Era (song)

"Era" (English translation: "It Was") was the Italian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1975, composed by British-Italian singer-songwriter Shel Shapiro (born David Norman Shapiro, formerly of The Rokes and Colin Hicks & The Cabin Boys) and Andrea Lo Vecchio, and performed in Italian by American-born singer Wesley Johnson, known as Wess, and Italian Dori Ghezzi.

## Background

Starting with "Voglio stare con te", an Italian version of Brotherhood of Man's hit "United We Stand", in the 1970s
Wess and Dori Ghezzi enjoyed a number of hits, notably "Tu nella mia vita" and "Con chi stai con chi sei". They were chosen to represent Italy at Eurovision following their victory at Canzonissima with the song "Un corpo e un'anima".

## At Eurovision

The song was performed nineteenth on the night, following Sweden's Lars Berghagen with "Jennie, Jennie"). At the close of voting, it had received 115 points, placing it 3rd in a field of 19.
It was succeeded as Italian representative at the 1976 contest by Al Bano & Romina Power with "We'll Live It All Again".

## Other versions

The duo also recorded the song in English ("Fallin'"), French ("Qui vivra verra") and Spanish ("Era").
Among the artists who covered the song, Bessy Argyraki and Robert Williams recorded a Greek version titled "Μόνο".

## Charts

| Chart (1975) | Peak position |
| Italy (Musica e dischi) | 12 |
| Norway (VG-lista) | 3 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) | 20 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 23 |
| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 6 |
# Daryl Simmons

Daryl L. Simmons is an American R&B record producer and songwriter. Best known for his production work with L.A. Reid and Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, Simmons was credited on the majority of albums by their label LaFace Records, as well as several of Edmonds' solo albums. In 1977, he formed the R&B collective Manchild, who recorded two soul and funk albums and became known for their hit song, "Especially for You", which was released that same year by Chi Sound Records. Edmonds, Reggie Griffin, and Charles "Chuckie" Bush were among Manchild's revolving members.
He has written and composed songs such as "End Of The Road" (Boyz II Men), "Super Woman" (Karyn White), "Breathe Again" (Toni Braxton), "I'm Ready" (Tevin Campbell), "Baby Baby Baby" (TLC), "My My My" (Johnny Gill), "We're Not Making Love No More" (Dru Hill) and "Queen of the Night" (Whitney Houston).

## Discography
### Studio albums

* Christmas With You (2022)

### Singles

* "What Does It Take" (as Murfee De'Rock) (1985)

## Awards and nominations

Grammy Awards
| Year | Nominated work | Award | Result |
| 1989 | "Don't Be Cruel" | Best R&B Song | Nominated |
| 1990 | "Superwoman" | Best R&B Song | Nominated |
| 1991 | "My, My, My" | Best R&B Song | Nominated |
| 1993 | "End of the Road" | Best R&B Song | Won |
| 1994 | "Can We Talk" | Best R&B Song | Nominated |
| 1995 | "You Mean the World to Me" | Best R&B Song | Nominated |