# Uman

Uman (Ukrainian: Умань, IPA: , Polish: Humań) is a city in Cherkasy Oblast, central Ukraine. It is located to the east of Vinnytsia. Located in the east of the historical region of Podolia, the city rests on the banks of the Umanka River. Uman serves as the administrative center of Uman Raion (district). It hosts the administration of Uman urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: 81,525 (2022 estimate).
Among Ukrainians, Uman is known for its depiction of the Haydamak rebellions in Taras Shevchenko's longest of poems, Haidamaky ("The Haidamaks", 1843). The city is also a pilgrimage site for Breslov Hasidic Jews and a major center of gardening research containing the dendrological park Sofiyivka and the University of Gardening.
Uman (Humań) was a privately owned city of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

## Name

In addition to the Ukrainian Умань (Uman), in other languages the name of the city is Polish: Humań and Yiddish: אומאַן.

## History
### Polish rule

Uman was first mentioned in historical documents in 1616, when it was under Polish rule. It was part of the Bracław Voivodeship of the Lesser Poland Province. Its role at this time was as a defensive fort to withstand Tatar raids, containing a prominent Cossack regiment that was stationed within the town. In 1648 it was taken from the Poles by Ivan Hanzha, colonel to Cossack leader Bohdan Khmelnytsky, and Uman was converted to the administrative center of cossack regiment for the region.
Poland retook Uman in 1667, after which the town was deserted by many of its residents who fled eastward to Left-bank Ukraine. From 1670–1674, Uman was a residence to the Hetman of right-bank Ukraine.. It was part of Ottoman Empire between 1672 and 1699.
Under the ownership of the Potocki family of Polish nobles (1726–1832) Uman grew in economic and cultural importance. A Basilian monastery and school were established in this time.
The Uman region was site of haidamaky uprisings in 1734, 1750, and 1768. Notably during the latter, Cossack rebels Maksym Zalizniak and Ivan Gonta captured Uman during the Koliyivshchyna uprising against Polish rule. During this revolt, a massacre took place against Jews, Poles and Ukrainian Uniates. On the very first day large numbers of Ukrainians deserted the ranks of Polish forces and joined the rebels when the city was surrounded. Thousands from the surrounding areas fled to the Cossack garrison in Uman for protection. The military commander of Uman, Mladanovich, betrayed the city's Jews and allowed the pursuing Cossacks in, in exchange for clemency towards the Polish population. In the span of three days an estimated 20,000 Poles and Jews were slain with extreme cruelty, according to numerous Polish sources, with one source giving an estimate of 2,000 casualties.
The Polish 8th National Cavalry Brigade was garrisoned in the city in 1790.

### Russian and Soviet rule

With the 1793 Second Partition of Poland, Uman became part of the Russian Empire and a number of aristocratic residences were built there. In 1795, Uman became a povit/uezd center in Voznesensk Governorate, and in 1797, in Kyiv Governorate.
Into the 20th century, Uman was linked by rail to Kyiv and Odesa, leading to rapid development of its industrial sector. Its population grew from 10,100 in 1860 to 29,900 in 1900 and over 50,000 in 1914. According to the Russian census of 1897, Uman with a population of 31,016 was the second largest city of Podolia after Kamianets-Podilskyi.
In 1941, the Battle of Uman took place in the vicinity of the town, where the German army encircled Soviet positions. Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini visited Uman in 1941. Uman was occupied by German forces from 1 August 1941, to 10 March 1944. The Germans operated the AGSSt 16 assembly center for prisoners of war in 1941, and the Stalag 349 POW camp from September 1941 to October 1943.
In January 1989 the population was 90,596 people.

### Independent Ukraine

As of 2011, the city has optical and farm-machinery plants, a cannery, a brewery, a vitamin factory, a sewing factory, a footwear factory, and other industrial enterprises. The main architectural monuments are the catacombs of the old fortress, the Basilian monastery (1764), the city hall (1780–1782), the Dormition Roman Catholic church in the Classicist style (1826), and 19th-century trading stalls.
Uman's landmark is a famous park complex, Sofiyivka (Ukrainian: Софiївка; Polish: Zofiówka), founded in 1796 by Count Stanisław Szczęsny Potocki, a Polish noble, who named it for his wife Sofia. The park features a number of waterfalls and narrow, arching stone bridges crossing the streams and scenic ravines.
Until 18 July 2020, Uman was designated as a city of oblast significance and did not belong to Uman Raion even though it was the center of the raion. As part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Cherkasy Oblast to four, the city was merged into Uman Raion.
During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Uman was hit by Russian artillery on 24 February 2022, which led to the death of a cyclist. The incident was caught on camera. Another Russian missile strike on 28 April 2023 hit a residential building in the city, killing at least 23 people including 6 children and injuring dozens more. The airstrike was quickly followed by a Telegram post by the Russian Ministry of Defense of an image of a missile launch with the caption "right on target".

## Demographics

Distribution of the population by native language according to the 2001 census:
* $^a$ Those who did not indicate their native language or indicated a language that was native to less than 1% of the local population.

## Jewish community

A large Jewish community lived in Uman in the 18th and 19th centuries. During the Second World War, in 1941, the Battle of Uman took place in the vicinity of the town, where the German army encircled Soviet positions. The Germans deported the entire Jewish community, murdering around 17,000 Jews, and completely destroyed the Jewish cemetery, burial place of the victims of the 1768 uprising as well as Rebbe Nachman of Breslov. After the war, a Breslov Hasid managed to locate the Rebbe's grave and preserved it when the Soviets turned the entire area into a housing project.
Since the 1990s there has been a small, but growing, Jewish population in Uman, concentrated around the tomb of Rebbe Nachman of Breslov on Pushkina street. The local Jews are mostly involved in pilgrimage of Jewish tourists that arrive to the town. In 2018, the community saw large growth with about 10–20 families coming from Israel, accompanied by a small movement of young American couples. Newcomers to the city are concentrating around Skhidna St, with some toward Nova Uman area. In conjunction with this growth in the community, a new school of Yiddish was established.

### Pilgrimage to Rebbe Nachman's grave

Every Rosh Hashana, there is a major pilgrimage by tens of thousands of Hasidim and others from around the world to the burial site of Rebbe Nachman of Breslov, located on the former site of the Jewish cemetery in a rebuilt synagogue. Rebbe Nachman Me'Uman spent the last five months of his life in Uman, and specifically requested to be buried there. As believed by the Breslov Hasidim, before his death he solemnly promised to intercede on behalf of anyone who would come to pray on his grave on Rosh Hashana, "be he the worst of sinners"; thus, a pilgrimage to this grave provides the best chance of getting unscathed through the stern judgement which, according to Jewish faith, God passes everybody on Yom Kippur.
The Rosh Hashana pilgrimage dates back to 1811, when the Rebbe's foremost disciple, Nathan of Breslov, organized the first such pilgrimage on the Rosh Hashana after the Rebbe's death. The annual pilgrimage attracted hundreds of Hasidic Jews from Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and Poland throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, until the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 sealed the border between Soviet Russia (later the Ukrainian SSR within the Soviet Union) and Poland. A handful of Soviet Hasidic Jews continued to make the pilgrimage clandestinely; some were discovered by the KGB and exiled to Siberia, where they died.
The pilgrimage ceased during World War II and resumed on a drastically smaller scale in 1948. From the 1960s until end of the Cold War in 1989, several hundred American and Israeli Hasidic Jews made their way to Uman, both legally and illegally, to pray at the grave of Rebbe Nachman. In 1988, the Soviets allowed 250 men to visit the Rebbe's grave for Rosh Hashana. In 1989, over 1,000 Hasidic Jews gathered in Uman for Rosh Hashana 1989. In 1990, 2,000 attended. In 2008, attendance reached 25,000 men and boys. In 2018, over 30,000 Jews made the Rosh Hashanah pilgrimage to Uman.
In the mid-2010s, Israelis from many sectors of Israel's Ultra-Orthodox community, including many Mizrahi Jewish rabbis, make the pilgrimage. The event brings together a wide variety of Orthodox society, from Yemenite yeshiva students, to former Israeli prison inmates, and American hippies. In 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the number of pilgrims coming to Uman for Jewish New Year was approximately 10,000, or about one-third of the number in 2021.
The annual pilgrimage is regarded as Uman's main economic industry.

## Geography
### Climate

Climate data for Uman (1981–2010) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.2 (54.0) | 18.3 (64.9) | 23.6 (74.5) | 28.8 (83.8) | 34.3 (93.7) | 35.0 (95.0) | 38.9 (102.0) | 37.3 (99.1) | 32.8 (91.0) | 28.1 (82.6) | 21.2 (70.2) | 15.8 (60.4) | 38.9 (102.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.9 (30.4) | 0.2 (32.4) | 5.9 (42.6) | 14.5 (58.1) | 21.4 (70.5) | 24.0 (75.2) | 26.0 (78.8) | 25.6 (78.1) | 19.9 (67.8) | 13.2 (55.8) | 5.2 (41.4) | 0.2 (32.4) | 12.9 (55.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.6 (25.5) | −3.1 (26.4) | 1.6 (34.9) | 8.9 (48.0) | 15.0 (59.0) | 18.1 (64.6) | 20.1 (68.2) | 19.3 (66.7) | 13.9 (57.0) | 8.0 (46.4) | 2.0 (35.6) | −2.4 (27.7) | 8.2 (46.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.3 (20.7) | −5.8 (21.6) | −2.1 (28.2) | 3.8 (38.8) | 8.8 (47.8) | 12.5 (54.5) | 14.3 (57.7) | 13.7 (56.7) | 8.7 (47.7) | 3.7 (38.7) | −0.8 (30.6) | −5.0 (23.0) | 3.8 (38.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −32.2 (−26.0) | −30.0 (−22.0) | −23.8 (−10.8) | −11.1 (12.0) | −3.4 (25.9) | 0.0 (32.0) | 6.0 (42.8) | 2.0 (35.6) | −6.0 (21.2) | −10.0 (14.0) | −20.0 (−4.0) | −27.2 (−17.0) | −32.2 (−26.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 36.7 (1.44) | 35.0 (1.38) | 35.0 (1.38) | 43.7 (1.72) | 46.6 (1.83) | 89.7 (3.53) | 78.9 (3.11) | 59.6 (2.35) | 61.2 (2.41) | 39.9 (1.57) | 44.6 (1.76) | 39.8 (1.57) | 610.7 (24.04) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7.2 | 6.9 | 7.3 | 7.5 | 7.9 | 10.0 | 8.6 | 6.2 | 6.8 | 6.2 | 7.1 | 7.7 | 89.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 84.6 | 82.1 | 76.9 | 67.4 | 65.9 | 71.5 | 71.3 | 69.8 | 75.3 | 79.7 | 85.8 | 87.1 | 76.5 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: Climatebase.ru (extremes) ||||||||||||||

## Science and education

| Universities | Tychyna Pedagogical University University of Gardening European University (Uman campus) |
| Institutes and colleges | Agrarian and Technical College Demutsky Music College Medical College Shevchenko Humanitarian and Pedagogical College |
| Academy of Sciences (research institutes) | Sofiyivsky Park |
The city's highest educational institutions are the Uman National University of Horticulture and the Uman State Pedagogical University.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Uman is twinned with:
* Ashkelon, Israel
* Davis, California, United States
* Gniezno, Poland
* Haapsalu, Estonia
* Kórnik, Poland
* Łańcut, Poland
* Milford Haven, Wales, United Kingdom
* Nof HaGalil, Israel
* Radviliškis, Lithuania
* Romilly-sur-Seine, France
* Safed, Israel

## Gallery

* Church (19th century)
* The Ohel of Rebbe Nachman of Breslov
* An office building
* Late 19th century architecture
* School building (mid-19th century)
* Hotel Sofiivskyi
* Uman University
* Soviet apartment blocks
* Agrotechnical college
* Police department
* Sadova Street
* Commercial Bank (mid-19th century)