# Patsho Khiamniungan

Patsho Khiamniungan is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Noklak district in the state of Nagaland, India.

## Alphabet

The Patsho Khiamniungan alphabet consists of the following letters:
Patsho Khiamniungan Alphabet :
| Capital letters | A | Ch | E | H | I | J | K | Kh | L | M | N | Ng | Ny | O | P | Ph | S | Sh | T | Th | Ts | Tsh | U | Ü | V | W | Y |
| Small letters | a | ch | e | h | i | j | k | kh | l | m | n | ng | ny | o | p | ph | s | sh | t | th | ts | tsh | u | ü | v | w | y |
| IPA | a a̯ | tʃʰ | e ɛ ɛ̯ | h | i i̯ | tʃ | k | kʰ | l | m | n | ŋ | ɲ | o o̯ | p | pʰ | ʃ | ʃʰ | t | tʰ | ts | tsʰ | u ʊ u̯ | ə ɜ̯ | v | w | j |
This makes for 27 letters in Patsho Khiamniungan.

## Background

Patsho is a language spoken in eastern part of Nagaland state and also refers to the people living under Noklak district in India. Above all, it is a village with one of the highest number of Population in the region. Sometimes, it refers to Patsho speaking group of people who are native to and belong to Patsho Village.

## Typology

Patsho Khiamniungan is a sino-Tibetan, compound of two words. Patsho is a village in Nagaland and Khiamniungan refers to one of the major tribes in Nagaland.

## Phonology

The phonological inventory of Patsho Khiamniungan is as follows.
Consonants :
| | labial/ labiodental | dental | palatal/ palato-alveolar | velar | glottal |
| stop, unasiprated | p | t | | k | ʔ |
| stop, aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | | kʰ | |
| affricate, unaspirated | | ts | tʃ | | |
| affricate, aspirated | | tsʰ | tʃʰ | | |
| nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
| fricative | (v) | s | ʃ | | |
| approximant | w | l | j | | h |

### Vowels

Vowels :
| a | e | i |
| o | u | ü |

### Phonemic tones

There are four phonemic tones in Patsho,
* high level /55/
* mid level /33/
* high falling /52/
* low /31/

### Monophthongs

| | Front | Back |
| Close | i [ɪ], | u [u], [ʊ], |
| Mid | e [e], [ɛ], | o [o], |
| Open | a [ɑ], | ü [ə], |

### Diphthongs

Patsho Khiamniungan has the following diphthongs:
| Starting with a | Starting with e | Starting with i | Starting with o | Starting with u |
| ai (/ai/, /ɑːi/ or /ai/) | ei (/eɪ/, /ɛi/ or /ɛɪ/) | ie (/iɛ/) | ou (/ou/) | ui (/ui/) |
| au (/au/) | eu (/ɛu/, /eʊ/) | iu (/ɪʊ/ or /iu/) | oi (/oi/) | ua (/uɑ/) |

### Triphthongs

Patsho Khiamniungan has the following triphthongs:
* iai, as in hiai,
* iau as in hiauh, kiau,
* uai, as in huai,kuai,
* üie, as in khǖîe
* uau, as in liuau,
* uou, as in Tiuou,
* oua, as in touap,

## Grammar
### Case marking

   * èi sōih-à jǖ-shíu-shī-ê.
   1sg.ABS go.away-INF NEG-be.able-RSMPT-IRR
   ‘I won't be able to go away again.’
   (AC4-20170109_KIX1-002)
   * ngǖ-ōh yôh nǜ hâkūtî vâuh tèu-nyê.
   1SG-ERG pig DEM large rear keep-REAL
   I am rearing a large pig
   (AC4-20050127_KIX1_001)
   * nyǖ-ōh ātsòu èi jūa-ê tə)náihtǖ,
   2SG-ERG really 1SG.ABS call-IRR COND
   nyǖ-ōh ā-jāmsǖkōuh mèi-kǖ ā-hīe.
   2SG-ERG 2SG.POSS-household good-SIM IMP-make
   If you really plan to call me (to marry), then you set your

#### Conjugation

The verbs are not conjugated as in languages such as English and French by changing the desinence of words, but the tense (in a sentence) is clarified by the aspect and the addition of some particles, such as
* -e (Irrealis mood suffix -encoding a hypothetical or predicted situation. ),
For example: Ei phu-e/I will come
* nye (Realis mood - used to encode actualized events and states),
For example: Ei khu nye/I went
* -shī (resumptive aspect-nominal suffix),
For example: Lü khushi/go again(lü-imperative prefix/mood)(authoritative command)
* nyü (Prohibitive mood),
For example: Nyü khu/Don't go
* ie (nominal suffix. reciprocal suffix),
For example: Nyü vei-ie/Don't fight

#### Pluralisation

Nouns are pluralized by suffixing -hoi, for example:
| Noun | Plurals | Meaning |
| kheunyoh mietshou jamkei | kheunyohhoi mietshouhoi jamkeihoi | kheunyoh – human hoi-beings or group/mietshouhoi – kids or children/jamkeihoi- vehicles |

#### Negation

For declarative sentences, negation is achieved by adding the particle jü (not) in the middle of a sentence. For example,
| Sentence | Negation |
| Lamnyu shi je Lamnyu is coming | Lamnyu jüshi Lamnyu did not come |
| Sümieh nong-oh lüvok nü tsie-ie je Three divides six | Sümieh nong-oh lüvok nü jütsie-ie je Three does not divide six |

### Replication and transfer(cognitive schemas)

   (1).
   * “Standard” Nagamese (Indo-Aryan):
   kana hik-i-bole song learn-EP-INF6
   ‘to learn a song’
   * Patsho Khiamniungan (Konyakian):
   tsūihāng līam-ā song search-INF
   ‘to learn a song’
   * Nagamese of Patsho Khiamniungan speakersː
   kana pisar-i-bole song search-EP-INF
   ‘to learn a song
   (2)
   * Mongsen Ao (Indo-Burmic):
   tāŋ%āɹ tʃū nə) tə)-pāʔ khə) tə)-jā nə)t other DIST AGT RL-father CONJ RL-mother two tāŋ tʃū nə) wā-ə+ɹ, SIDE DIST ALL go-SEQ
   ‘Others went to the mother and father,…’
   (lit. to the mother and father's side), (Coupe 2017, p. 290)
   * Patsho Khiamniungan (Konyakian):
   lōhō mīe-nyù nǖ tōŋ-lè khù-shī-nyè. again girl-F DEM SIDE-LOC go-RPET-REAL
   ‘Again he went to the girl.’ (lit. … to the girl's side’)

## Syntax

Patsho Khiamniungan is a tonal, agglutinative and SOV language with postpositions. Adjectives, numerals and demonstratives comes after the nouns they modify, whilst relative clauses may be either externally or internally headed. Interrogative such as ateitsoh? appears after the noun or subject but the word mou? usually comes at the end, transforming the sentence into question.
* Example of interrogative?
Kheunyoh
ateitsoh
ki
je
kouni?
Kheunyoh ateitsoh ki je kouni?
How many of you lives here?
Nyo-oh
Khünu
hau
chai
nü
kiuh
va
mou?
Nyo-oh Khünu hau chai nü kiuh va mou?
Did you give the money to Khünu?
* Example of numeral
Jüsa
jamkheu
ko
kheunyoh
müngou
je.
Jüsa jamkheu ko kheunyoh müngou je.
There are five siblings in our family.
* Example of adjective
Jam
Haküti
nong
le
le
jam
haküti.
no.
Jam nong le haküti.
Haküti le jam no.
This house is very big?
Miesheu
Lahküti
Lamnyu
je
lahküti
Lamnyu
je.
to.
Miesheu Lamnyu lahküti je.
Lahküti je Lamnyu to.
Miss Lamnyu is very tall.
* Example of demonstrative
Demonstratives seems to appear either before noun or after, shown by the example given below.
Jünou
Nong
je
ni
nong
jünou
ni.
je.
Jünou je nong ni.
Nong ni jünou je.
This is my sister.

## Language development

Orthography which is in Latin script has been written and published for language development and preservation for cultural identity. Along with other pedagogical materials and dictionary for the oral language.

## Writing system

Patsho Khiamniungan is written in Latin script with twenty seven letters, while some of them are combined to form one letter, for example t, s, and h are different and separate letters, but tsh is one letter, found in (among others) the word Patsho.

## Sample texts

The following is a sample text in Patsho Khiamniungan of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: or
| Patsho Khiamniungan | English |
| Kheunyoh tshou apem mongthah kü kihie-a nühe avi nüko tshahnye. Asheu nong alianghie a shiuko nühe atshümua jü nüko ok kiuhnye. Nongteiphie, tsak hei tsak ajujie a-ie kü nühe teisüniu tü kihie-a apouting noinye. | All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience. Therefore, they should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |

## Basic vocabulary

| Patsho Khiamniungan | English |
| Thēumêi | Thank You |
| Āmêi hǜnī? | How are you? |
| Āmêi. | I am fine. |
| Khìam | Water |
| Tshīh | (cooked) rice |
| Ngòuh nyèih | fish (meat) |
| Vèu nyèih | chicken (meat) |
| Yōh nyèih | pork (meat) |
| Jâng nyèih | beef (meat) |
| Ūo nyèih | mutton (meat) |
| Kīe nyèih-kìe/sāngô) | dish (meat/vegetable) |
| Sāng-ô (kīesāngô) | vegetable |
| Nāgā chǖ-ùm | lentils |
| Tsēm | salt |
| Lūtsôutsòh (Chauchau ko) | less |
| Pǖ-ìuh | chilli |
| Jūjīelīankó āshūa kìuhshī | Please give again (serve again). |
| Têitsòh | enough |
| Khìam nü āshêu kìuh. | Please give water. |
| Tsīh nü ākhém kíuh. | Please give food (rice). |
| Jūjīelīangkó kîemāu nǖhéikǖ ākīuh. | Please give (side dish) vegetable / meat. |
| ātéi yèuh jē? | What do you want? |
| Atéi? | What? |
| Āvàih? Ātéi nāih-òh? | When? |
| Ātéi lé? | Where? |
| Ātéi ālì? | How? |
| Āshēu āmēi. | Good Night. |
| Shīemông lè āléuh phù jè? | How do I go to Shiemong? |
| Nòngnī ātēitsòh mâi nò? | What is the price of this? |
| Mêikǖ lǜ-īu. | Happy journey. |
| mônglīngkǖ lǖnôi. | Stay happy. |

### Numbers in Patsho

| Numerals | Hauvi | Tone(Shangliak) | IPA |
| 0 | wa | wà | wa³¹ |
| 1 | tsak | tsāk | tsak³³ |
| 2 | lümih | lǖmīeh | lə³³.mɪʔ³³ |
| 3 | sümieh | sǖmīeh | sə³³.mɪəʔ³³ |
| 4 | pülie | pǖlīe | pə³³.lɪə³³ |
| 5 | müngou | mǖngōu | mə³³.ŋɒu³³ |
| 6 | lüvok | lǖvòk | lə³³.vɒk³³ |
| 7 | tshünyieh | tshūnyìeh | tsʰə³³.ɲɪɛʔ³³ |
| 8 | püjeih | pǖjèih | pə³³.tʃɛʔ³³ |
| 9 | lükau | lǖkàu | lə³³.kɒu³³ |
| 10 | tshie | tshìe | tsʰɪɛ³³ |
| 20 | khei | khèi | kʰɛɪ³¹ |
| 30 | ausam | āusám | ɑu³³sɑm⁵⁵ |
| 40 | aupülie | àupǜlīe | au̯³¹pə³¹liɛ̯³³ |
| 50 | aumüngou | àumǜngōu | au̯³¹məŋ³¹ou̯³³ |
| 60 | aulüvok | àulǜvòk | au̯³¹lə³¹vok³² |
| 70 | autshienyieh | àutshǜnyìeh | au̯³¹tsʰə³¹ɲiɛ̯ʔ³² |
| 80 | aupüjeh | àupǜjèih | au̯³¹pə³¹tʃɛi̯ʔ³² |
| 90 | aulükau | àulǜkàu | au̯³¹lə³¹lau̯³¹ |
| 100 | tsum tsak | tsūm tsāk | tsum³³.tsak³³ |
| 200 | tsum lümieh | tsūm lǖmīeh | tsum³³.lə³³ mɪʔ³³ |
| 300 | tsum sümieh | tsūm sǖmīeh | tsum³³.sə³³ mɪəʔ³³ |
| 400 | tsum pülie | tsūm pǖlīe | tsum³³.pə³³.lɪə³³ |
| 500 | tsum müngou | tsūm mǖngōu | tsum³³.mə³³.ŋɒu³³ |
| 600 | tsum lüvok | tsūm lǖvòk | tsum³³.lə³³.vɒk³³ |
| 700 | tsum tshünyieh | tsūm tshūnyìeh | tsum³³.tsʰə³³.ɲɪɛʔ³³ |
| 800 | tsum püjeih | tsūm pǖjèih | tsum³³. pə³³.tʃɛʔ³³ |
| 900 | tsum lükau | tsūm lǖkàu | tsum³³.lə³³.kɒu³³ |
| 1000 | ka tsak | ká tsāk | ka⁵⁵.tsak³³ |
| 10,000 | ka tshie | ká tshīe | ka⁵⁵.tsʰɪɛ³³ |
| 100,000 | tsang tsak | tsāng tsāk | tsaŋ³³.tsak³³ |
| 10000000 | pei tsak | péi tsāk | pei⁵⁵.tsak³³ |
| 1000000000 | iuh tsak | ìuh tsāk | iuʔ³¹.tsak³³ |
| 100000000000 | em tsak | ēm tsāk | em³³.tsak³³ |