# Apollo Granforte

Apollo Granforte (20 July 1886, Legnago – 11 June 1975, Milan) was an Italian opera singer and one of the leading baritones during the inter-war period of the 20th century.

## Early years and education

At 9 o'clock on the morning of 22 July 1886, when Granforte was two days old, he was left in a basket at the Ospedale Civile in Legnano, wrapped and wearing a bonnet to which a brass medal was attached by white cotton thread. The nuns at the hospice remarked on his large body and strong profile and thus dubbed him Apollinare Granforte, the name which the president Giovanni Tebon wrote down in the hospice's official records. He was adopted by Gaetano Brigo and Rosa Uccelli, a couple from Noventa Vicentina. At nine years old, he was an apprentice cobbler and enjoyed acting and singing at the small theater in town. At 16 he sang tenor in Lucia di Lammermoor, put on by a small company that traveled the countryside and performed in town squares.
On 5 October 1905 Granforte married eighteen-year-old Amabile Frison. They had a daughter, Maria, in the same year and emigrated to Buenos Aires in Argentina to be with Granforte's brother Erminio Brigo. He continued to work as a shoemaker, and on Sundays sang for the Italian immigrants in local taverns. There he was heard by a wealthy music lover named Pedro Valmagia (aka Pietro Balmaggia), who paid for him to study at the La Prensa Conservatory of Buenos Aires. He then transferred to the Instituto Musical Santa Cecilia in the same city, studying with masters Nicholas (Nicola?) Guerrera and Guido Capocci.
Granforte made his stage debut in Rosario, as Germont, in 1913 when he was 27. In that same year he debuted in a concert in La Plata, singing "Eri tu" from Un ballo in maschera and the "Ciel! mio padre" duet from Aida with a soprano student at the Verdi Conservatory in La Plata.
In 1913, at the age of 27, Granforte made his stage debut as Germont at the Rosario Politeama. His success there led to successive engagements at other provincial theatres in Buenos Aires. By 1915 he had also appeared at the Buenos Aires Politeama, the Solis of Montevideo and at Pelotas, Rio Grande and Porto Allegre in Brazil. In one four-week period at Montevideo he sang Silvio in Pagliacci, Marcello in La bohème, Alfio in Cavalleria rusticana, Germont in Traviata, Enrico in Lucia, Rigoletto, Barnaba in La Gioconda, Valentin in Faust, Amonasro in Aida, and Alfonso in La favorita.
While still in Argentina, Granforte and Frison had two more daughters, Ofelia and Leonora. At the outbreak of World War I, Granforte and family returned to Italy sponsored by Valmagia, who had earlier helped the baritone begin his studies. Granforte enlisted at Parma as a grenadier, but became ill and was found unsuitable for the front lines. He then toured the war zone entertaining the Italian troops, alongside Alessandro Bonci and Elvira de Hidalgo.

## Career

After the war, while Granforte was singing at the Teatro Costanzi in Rome, his fourth daughter, Costanza, was born. The director of the Opera, Emma Carelli, sent Granforte to Milan for finishing touches in his vocal technique and repertoire. He studied there with the bass Luigi Lucenti and coach Tullio Voghera.
In 1919, Granforte was at Naples and there met composer Pietro Mascagni. They became lifelong friends and collaborators, the latter always choosing the former as lead baritone when he conducted. In 1921, the impresario Lusardi introduced Granforte to La Scala in Milan. Conductor Arturo Toscanini entrusted the role of Amfortas to him, and in 1921 he made his debut there. In 1924, he went to Australia on a successful tour with Nellie Melba, and again in 1928. During Granforte's subsequent tour of Australia and New Zealand in J. C. Williamson's 1932 Imperial Grand Opera season, Frank Thring Sr.'s Melbourne-based Efftee Productions filmed him with the Williamson-Imperial Grand Opera Company in a selection from Rossini's The Barber of Seville. This relatively brief footage was released on VHS in 1989 by the National Film and Sound Archive of Australia.
Granforte possessed a big, rich, vibrant voice, quite similar in quality to that of Titta Ruffo, with a sinister undertone, and quickly established himself in the great baritone roles of Verdi and the verismo composers. He sang some Wagner as well, and also sang Menècrate in the first performance of Mascagni's Nerone in 1935. His last operatic appearance, after a career of ~ 1,800 performances, was on 26 February 1943 in Pizzetti's Fedra at Trieste's Teatro Verdi.
After retiring from the stage, he taught at the Music Conservatory of Ankara, then at the Prague Opera and in Milan, where he opened a music school at his residence on Via Arici in the Crescenzago section. Among his pupils were soprano Leyla Gencer, bass Raffaele Arié, and tenors Flaviano Labò and Jesús Quiñones Ledesma. He participated in musical life into his 80s, and was often an adjudicator for music competitions. Besides his musical life Granforte was also a successful businessman, inventing a kind of rotating or swiveling lamp in the process. Along with business partner Luigi Devizzi he owned the factory that produced these lamps, as well as a farm, both situated at a large villa in the Milan suburb of Gorgonzola, where he died on 11 June 1975.
Granforte can be heard on HMV early-electrical 78-rpm recordings of Il trovatore, Otello, Pagliacci and Tosca. He also recorded 78-rpm discs of individual arias and duets in the 1920s and 1930s, and the best of these have been reissued on a Preiser CD anthology. He is considered to have been one of the great Italian baritones of the 1920s and 1930s, alongside Mariano Stabile, Carlo Galeffi, Cesare Formichi, Carlo Tagliabue, Benvenuto Franci and Mario Basiola.

## Repertoire

Roles displayed in bold type were created by Granforte in their world premiere.
Sortable table :
| Composer | Opera/oratorio | Role |
| Emilio Arrieta | Marina | Roque |
| Vincenzo Bellini | I puritani | Riccardo |
| Hector Berlioz | La damnation de Faust | Méphistophélès |
| Georges Bizet | Carmen | Escamillo |
| Georges Bizet | Les pêcheurs de perles | Zurga |
| Felipe Boero | El matrero | Don Liborio |
| Gianni Bucceri | Marken | Il campanaro |
| Carlos de Campos | Um caso singular | Carvalho Lopes |
| Alfredo Catalani | La Wally | Gellner |
| Alfredo Catalani | Loreley | Hermann |
| Nino Cattozzo | I misteri gaudiosi | Giuseppe |
| Francesco Cilea | L'arlesiana | Baldassare |
| Gaetano Donizetti | Don Pasquale | Dr. Malatesta |
| Gaetano Donizetti | La favorita | Alfonso |
| Gaetano Donizetti | Lucia di Lammermoor | Enrico |
| Luigi Gazzotti | Lo zingaro cieco | Lucio |
| Umberto Giordano | Andrea Chenier | Carlo Gérard |
| Umberto Giordano | Fedora | De Siriex |
| Umberto Giordano | La cena delle beffe | Neri Chiaramantesi |
| Umberto Giordano | Siberia | Gleby |
| Barbara Giuranna | Jamanto | Jusuf |
| Charles Gounod | Faust | Valentin |
| Ernst Křenek | Cefalo e Procri | Crono |
| Lamberto Landi | Il Pergolese | Enzo Spinelli |
| Ruggero Leoncavallo | I pagliacci | Silvio |
| Ruggero Leoncavallo | I pagliacci | Tonio |
| Ruggero Leoncavallo | Gli Zingari | Tamar |
| Lino Liviabella | Antigone | Creonte |
| Adriano Lualdi | La figlia del re | Svarga |
| Gian Francesco Malipiero | Giulio Cesare | Bruto |
| Pietro Mascagni | Cavalleria Rusticana | Alfio |
| Pietro Mascagni | Isabeau | Re Raimondo |
| Pietro Mascagni | L'amico Fritz | David |
| Pietro Mascagni | Le maschere | Capitan Spaventa |
| Pietro Mascagni | Lodoletta | Giannotto |
| Pietro Mascagni | Nerone | Menecrate |
| Pietro Mascagni | Parisina | Nicolò d'Este |
| Jules Massenet | Thaïs | Anthanaël |
| Italo Montemezzi | Hellera | Schauwalki |
| Italo Montemezzi | La nave | Sergio Gràtico |
| Italo Montemezzi | La notte di Zoraima | Pedrito |
| Italo Montemezzi | L'amore dei tre re | Manfredo |
| Giuseppe Mulè | Dafni | Sileno |
| Modest Mussorgsky | Boris Godunov | Boris |
| Jacques Offenbach | Les contes d'Hoffmann | Coppelius/Miracle/Dapertutto |
| Jaume Pahissa | La princesa Margarida | [unknown] |
| Mario Persico | Morenita | Ribera |
| Ildebrando Pizzetti | Fedra | Teseo |
| Ildebrando Pizzetti | Lo straniero | Scedeur |
| Amilcare Ponchielli | La gioconda | Barnaba |
| Giacomo Puccini | La bohème | Marcello |
| Giacomo Puccini | La fanciulla del West | Jack Rance |
| Giacomo Puccini | Il tabarro | Michele |
| Giacomo Puccini | Tosca | Scarpia |
| Ottorino Respighi | Lucrezia | Sesto Tarquinio |
| Ottorino Respighi | Maria egiziaca | Abbate Zosimo/Pellegrino |
| Igino Robbiani | Guido del popolo | Oliverotto |
| Gioacchino Rossini | Il barbiere di Siviglia | Figaro |
| Armando Seppilli | La nave rossa | Ardì |
| Camille Saint-Saëns | Samson et Dalila | High Priest of Dagon |
| Richard Strauss | Salome | Jochanaan |
| Eraldo Trentinaglia | Rosamunda | [unknown] |
| Giuseppe Verdi | Aïda | Amonasro |
| Giuseppe Verdi | Un ballo in maschera | Renato |
| Giuseppe Verdi | La forza del destino | Don Carlo di Vargas |
| Giuseppe Verdi | Rigoletto | Rigoletto |
| Giuseppe Verdi | La traviata | Germont |
| Giuseppe Verdi | Il trovatore | Conte Di Luna |
| Giuseppe Verdi | Otello | Iago |
| Facundo de la Viña | La espigadora | [unknown] |
| Franco Vittadini | Caracciolo | Alì |
| Richard Wagner | Götterdämmerung | Gunther |
| Richard Wagner | Lohengrin | Telramund |
| Richard Wagner | Parsifal | Amfortas |
| Richard Wagner | Parsifal | Klingsor |
| Richard Wagner | Siegfried | Wanderer |
| Richard Wagner | Tannhäuser | Wolfram |
| Richard Wagner | Tristan und Isolde | Kurwenal |
| Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari | Le donne curiose | Pantalone |