OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# French corvette Lawriston (1778)

Lawriston was a 22-gun corvette of the French Navy.

## Career

Originally a ship of the French East India Company, Lawriston was brought into service in the French Navy. She took part in the Siege of Pondicherry in 1778.
She was returned to merchant service in June 1781 at Île de France but again requisitioned in December 1781.
HMS Isis captured her on 16 February 1782, during the prelude of the Battle of Sadras. Lawriston was carrying a large part of the field artillery for the French army in the Indian Ocean, as well as two companies of the Légion de Lauzun. Her captain had decided to pray on small merchantmen, and failed to escape in time when the British appeared.

## Citations

* 1 2 3 Demerliac (1996), p.151, #1297
* 1 2 3 4 5 Roche, vol.1, p.276
* ↑ Cunat, p.110
* ↑ Cunat, p.121
# HOBAG

Holzbau AktienGesellschaft Breslau (HOBAG) was a German firm located in Breslau, Nazi Germany, notorious for using forced labour. In April 1941, 200 Jewish men from the Gorlice ghetto were conscripted as forced labor. In January 1943, 70 were still alive and they were transferred to another labor camp in Muszyna.

## Background

HOBAG was a sawmill facility located in Breslau, Nazi Germany (now Wrocław in Poland), which manufactured various wooden products used in the German war effort. The majority of its output was prefabricated wooden barracks or coffins for German military casualties. A few wooden bats were also created for the Jewish Ghetto Police to keep order.
The use of forced labor under German rule during World War II was very common. By the fall of 1940, the Jewish population in the town of Gorlice in southeastern Poland had increased to around 4,000 people, due in part to Kristallnacht, which drove many Jews out of Germany and into Poland. Jews who owned small businesses were allowed to manage them, but only women were allowed to work in them. There was a fear among able-bodied Jewish men of being kidnapped and taken to a forced labor camp, a frequent occurrence, prompting the Germans to create the Judenrat, or Jewish Council. The seven Jewish leaders who made up the Judenrat were headed by a local lawyer, Dr. Henryk Arnold, with Dr. Jakub Blech as his deputy. The Gorlice Judenrat was in place until the regional Judenrat in Jasło took control. They were instructed to find labor volunteers to end the random kidnappings, and 200 Jewish men were enlisted to work at the German company, HOBAG, in April 1941.
Men were killed while working in the sawmill if their work slowed, a tactic used to instill fear in the Jewish workers. Non-Jewish Poles also working at HOBAG provided the Jewish workers with food in addition to their rations so they would be able to keep up with the demanding work. Until December 1, 1942, the Jews working at HOBAG received extremely low wages, which was rare for Jewish forced laborers during the war, who were normally unpaid. The workers continued to live in the Gorlice Ghetto along with the rest of the Jewish population, until evacuations began. During mid-August 1942, around 200 non-HOBAG laborers in the ghetto were collected and sent to the Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp, while many more were taken by truck to Stróżówka where they were lined up and shot in a pit in the Garbacz Forest by the Nazis. The HOBAG laborers were exempt from these evacuations of the Gorlice Ghetto, and the workers were instead taken to live in the grounds of the sawmill.
On January 6, 1943, the seventy of the original two hundred Jews working at HOBAG who were still alive were transported to another labor camp in Muszyna. Only a handful of the Jews who worked at HOBAG managed to survive the entirety of World War II.
# Siege of Abrantes

The siege of Abrantes in 1179 was a military confrontation of the Reconquista between Portuguese and Almohad forces. The Muslims attempted to conquer Abrantes but were utterly defeated by the city's defenders.
In 1178, after a period of Portuguese military successes, Prince Sancho of Portugal launched a big offensive against the Almohad Caliphate. It would be known as the "Great Triana Raid" and the result was an astonishing victory for the Catholic forces. This triumph greatly contributed to King Afonso's attempts at getting Papal acknowledgment of Portuguese independence. However, it also generated a swift response from the Almohad armed forces.
In the following year, the son of the Almohad Caliph entered with his army into Portuguese territory, crossed the Alentejo and laid siege to the city of Abrantes. The Portuguese soldiers bravely defended themselves and the castle of the city, inflicting a large number of casualties on the Muslims. After 4 days of unsuccessful attempts at conquering the castle and lack of supplies, the Muslim leader was forced to retreat with his forces. It appears that this campaign was not carefully planned after all.
Although the Portuguese were able to resist this particular attack, the Almohads did not give up and in the next year already they attacked and destroyed the city of Coruche. Yet, within two years, it was reconstructed. In 1181, after the previous attack, the Muslim forces once again invaded Portugal. This time the target was the city of Évora, but the attack ultimately failed.
# Davidstow Cheddar

Davidstow Cheddar is a brand of Cheddar cheese manufactured by Dairy Crest, at the Davidstow Creamery in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, alongside Cathedral City Cheddar.

## Production

Cheddar cheese has been produced at Davidstow for over 70 years; the plant was set up there in 1951 by Cow & Gate. Milk is supplied by 300 farms in Cornwall and Devon, all within a 50-mile (80 km) radius. The Davidstow plant is the largest in Britain, having been upgraded in 2004, and has the capacity to produce 1,000 tonnes of Davidstow and Cathedral City cheese per week.

## Awards

Davidstow won Gold trophies at the International Cheese Awards in Nantwich in 2010 and 2011.
# Yevhen Cheberko

Yevhen Ihorovych Cheberko (Ukrainian: Євген Ігорович Чеберко; born 23 January 1998) is a Ukrainian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Columbus Crew in Major League Soccer.

## Club career

Cheberko is a product of the UFK Dnipro and FC Dnipro youth systems.
On 24 July 2016, Cheberko made his debut for FC Dnipro, coming on as a second half substitute in a match against Volyn Lutsk. Several months later, on 30 April 2017, he achieved another milestone by scoring his first professional goal against the same team. It came via a penalty kick, securing a 1–0 victory for his club.
Cheberko transferred to Zorya Luhansk on 24 June 2017, following FC Dnipo's relegation from the Ukrainian Premier League. The transfer allowed him to continue competing in the top flight of Ukrainian football, and he agreed to a two-year contract with his new club.
In July 2020, it was announced that had transferred to Austrian Bundesliga side LASK for a reported €300,000.
On 5 February 2021, Cheberko joined Croatian First Football League side Osijek on an 18-month loan deal with a purchase option. The option was triggered on 2 January 2022 making the loan move permanent.
On 9 June 2023, Cheberko transferred from Osijek to Columbus Crew.

## International career

He made his national team debut on 7 October 2020 in a friendly against France.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of 24 February 2025
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition :
| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Dnipro | 2016–17 | Ukrainian Premier League | 14 | 2 | 1 | 0 | — | — | 15 | 2 |
| Zorya Luhansk | 2017–18 | Ukrainian Premier League | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 10 | 0 |
| Zorya Luhansk | 2018–19 | Ukrainian Premier League | 16 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 1 |
| Zorya Luhansk | 2019–20 | Ukrainian Premier League | 27 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 33 | 0 |
| Zorya Luhansk | Total | Total | 53 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 61 | 1 |
| LASK | 2020–21 | Austrian Bundesliga | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 7 | 0 |
| Osijek (loan) | 2020–21 | Prva HNL | 13 | 0 | — | — | — | — | 13 | 0 |
| Osijek | 2021–22 | Prva HNL | 19 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 25 | 0 |
| Osijek | 2022–23 | Prva HNL | 20 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 1 |
| Osijek | Total | Total | 39 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 48 | 1 |
| Columbus Crew | 2023 | Major League Soccer | 6 | 0 | 6 | 0 | — | — | 12 | 0 |
| Columbus Crew | 2024 | Major League Soccer | 25 | 1 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 39 | 1 |
| Columbus Crew | 2025 | Major League Soccer | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 124 | 3 | 11 | 2 | 9 | 0 | 173 | 5 |
* ↑ Includes 3 appearances in Leagues Cup and 3 appearances in the MLS Cup Playoffs
* ↑ Includes 5 appearances in Leagues Cup and 2 appearances in the MLS Cup Playoffs

## Honours

Columbus Crew
* MLS Cup: 2023
* Leagues Cup: 2024
* CONCACAF Champions Cup runner-up: 2024
Individual
* CONCACAF Champions Cup Best XI: 2024
# Mississauga Celebration Square

Mississauga Celebration Square, or simply Celebration Square, is a 4.8 acre (1.9 hectare) outdoor civic square and park in Mississauga, Ontario. It located in the city centre adjacent to city hall, extending south to Burnhamthorpe Road. Both were designed as a renovation and expansion of the existing square at city hall, with the expansion occurring into a civic space adjacent to the central library. The design features an expansive turf grass field with adjacent amphitheatre, a surrounding stone path, benches, canopies and secondary stage. The square's large water feature becomes ice rink in the winter and doubles as an event space when needed. The project is said to juxtoposition small intimate spaces with large open areas of turf. The transformation has dramatically increased the use of the facility for daily civic life.

## Dimensions and features

* Gross Area: 4.8 acres (1.9 ha)
* Two Digital Screens: 15 x 28 feet (4.5 x 8.5 metres)
* Underground parking garage

## History

In 2006, with the help of Project for Public Spaces, the city started hosting "My Mississauga" summer festivities at the existing Civic Square at city hall. Mississauga planned over 60 free events to bring more people to the civic square. The square was transformed and included a movable stage, a snack bar, extra seating, and sports and gaming facilities (basketball nets, hockey arena, chess and checker boards) including a skate park. Some of the events included Senior's day on Tuesday, Family day on Wednesday, Vintage car Thursdays, with the main events being the Canada Day celebration, Rotary Ribfest, Tree Lighting Ceremony, and Beachfest.
The square expansion project was first announced to begin construction in 2007 and opened on June 22, 2011. Two firms, CS&P architects and Janet Rosenberg & Studio designed the square and park.
The upper and lower parts of the square were originally distinct spaces separated by a segment of City Centre Drive. However, pedestrian safety issues, a desire to unify the two sections, and a commitment to building a vibrant downtown led the city council to permanently close this segment, uniting the upper and lower parts of the square.
Celebration Square hosted public viewing parties when the Toronto Raptors played in the 2019 NBA Finals, adopting the name "Jurassic Park West" in reference to the main "Jurassic Park" at downtown Toronto's Maple Leaf Square. The project costed $40 million to build. In its first few months of being opened to the public, the square attracted over 1 million visitors.

## Canada Day celebrations

Celebration Square’s Canada day event is an annual festival that includes cultural performances, and celebrity music guests. The event has grown to attract over 100,00 visitors and hosted the likes of musicians such as Carly Rae Jepsen, Down with Webster, and the Strumbellas. The event concludes with a firework showcase at 10:00 pm.

## Other regular events

* Amacon Mississauga Rotary Ribfest
* Outdoor Movie Nights
* Mississauga Latin Festival
* Diwali at Celebration Square

## Awards

Celebration Square was a Mississauga Urban Design Awards Competition winner in 2011.
# Harlow Hill, Northumberland

Harlow Hill is a small village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Stamfordham, in Northumberland, England. In 1951 the parish had a population of 61.
Harlow Hill lies on the line of Hadrian's Wall, and is the site of Milecastle 16. The Military Road also passes by the village.
Harlow Hill was historically a township in the ancient parish of Ovingham. It became a separate civil parish in 1866. The civil parish was abolished on 1 April 1955, when it was merged with other parishes to create the civil parish of Stamfordham.
# Andrew Caplin

Andrew S. Caplin (born 15 June 1956 in London, England) is a British economist, now living in the United States, where he received his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1983. He is a professor of economics at New York University, co-director of the Center for Experimental Social Science, and Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. Caplin's research focuses on six areas: (1). economics and psychology (behavioral economics,) (2.) indivisibility and economic outcome, (3.) life cycle consumption and portfolio choice, (4.) real estate finance, and (5.) individual differences and outcomes in economics and policies.
Caplin has published extensively and serves as co-Editor with Andrew Schotter of the Oxford University Press/CESS series of publications entitled "Methods of Modern Economics", is a fellow of the Econometric Society, an associate editor of the Quarterly Journal of Economics, co-editor of Economic Inquiry, and has testified on public housing policy before the United States congress.

## Selected publications

* "Home Equity Insurance>" in E. Glaser and J. Quigley(eds.) Housing Markets and the Economy. Lincoln Press, 2009. (co-author).
* "Economic Theory and Psychological Data," in A. Caplin and A. Schotter, A. (eds.) Foundations of Positive and Normative Economics, OUP, 2008.
* "Annuity Valuation, Long Term Care, and Bequest Motives in J. Ameriks and O. Mitchess (eds.) Recalibrating Retirement spending and Saving, Oxford University Press, 2003 (co-author).
* “Equilibrium in a Durables Goods Market with Lumpy Adjustment Costs,” with John Leahy, Journal of Economic Theory, 187–213, 2006.
* “Economic Theory and the World of Practice: A Celebration of the (S,s) Model”, with John Leahy, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2010.
* “Trading Frictions and House Price Dynamics”, with John Leahy, forthcoming in Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 2010.
* Machine Learning and the Spatial Structure of House Prices and Housing Returns, with Sumit Chopra, John Leahy, Yann LeCun, and Trivikraman Thampy, mimeo. 2008.
* "Behavioral Policy" in I. Brocas and J. Carillo (eds). The Psychology of Individual Decisions. Oxford University Press, 2003 (co-author).
* "Fear as a Policy instrument" in R. Baumeister et al. (eds.) Time and Decision. Russell Sage, 2003 (co-author).
* "The Reverse Mortgage Market: Problems and Prospects" in O. Mitcvhell et a.l (eds.) Innovations in Retirement Financing. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.
* “Comparative Statics with Indivisible Goods: The Five Market Transitions,” with John Leahy, mimeo.
# Pontian District

Pontian District (Malay: Daerah Pontian) is a district located in southwest part of the Malaysian state of Johor. It borders Batu Pahat and Kluang Districts to the north and Kulai and Johor Bahru Districts to the east.
The district is home to Tanjung Piai, the southernmost point of the Malay Peninsula and mainland Eurasia as a whole.

## Etymology

The name of Pontian was derived from the Malay word “Perhentian” which means a stop, a reference to the sailors travelling to and from Singapore or Malacca stopping at Pontian Besar River for shelter from the rough waters in the Strait of Malacca.

## Administrative divisions

Pontian District is divided into 11 mukims:
* Api-Api
* Ayer Baloi
* Ayer Masin
* Benut
* Jeram Batu
* Pengkalan Raja
* Pontian
* Rimba Terjun
* Serkat
* Sungai Karang
* Sungai Pinggan
2 big towns (bandar):
* Benut
* Pontian Kechil
And 1 small town (pekan):
* Pekan Nanas

## Federal Parliament and State Assembly Seats

List of Pontian district representatives in the Federal Parliament (Dewan Rakyat):
List of Pontian district representatives in the State Legislative Assembly (Dewan Undangan Negeri):

## Demographics

In 2000, the annual population growth of Pontian District was 2.36%.

## Economy

The main economic activities in the district are agriculture, construction, ecotourism, fishery and marine and food processing industries. The former includes pineapple farms and palm oil plantations, which are mainly focused in the town of Pekan Nanas.

## Transportation
### Road

The district is accessible by bus from Larkin Sentral (Mybas Johor- T50, Maju - 96) in Johor Bahru.

### Sea

There are regularly scheduled ferries connecting fishing village Kukup in Serkat Mukim with Tanjung Balai Karimun in Riau Islands, Indonesia.
# Backyard Hockey (series)

Backyard Hockey is an ice hockey video game series created by Humongous Entertainment and Mistic Software that was published by Infogrames/Atari. It was first released in 2002 for Microsoft Windows. Additional titles were released for the Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS. A total of four Backyard Hockey games have been released, and these include the original Backyard Hockey, Backyard Hockey 2005, Backyard Hockey for Game Boy Advance, and Backyard Hockey for Nintendo DS. The original and updated computer releases of Backyard Hockey were developed solely by Humongous Entertainment, but the two Hockey games for Nintendo handhelds were co-developed with Mistic Software. The fourth installment on Nintendo DS is regarded to be the first hockey video game released in North America for such platform. A remastered version of the original Backyard Hockey entitled Backyard Hockey '02 is planned to release on Steam; Mega Cat Studios is the remaster's developer, with Playground Productions as the publisher.
In a similar fashion to other titles in the Backyard Sports series, players create their own teams choosing from more than 30 "neighborhood kids" who each have their own unique strengths and weaknesses. Players may also choose from several National Hockey League hockey players as children, some of these players are Steve Yzerman, Mike Modano, Joe Sakic, Jaromír Jágr, Jarome Iginla, Martin Brodeur, and Curtis Joseph.
In the game players control their character in a game of ice hockey. At random times during a game, power ups appear at center ice. Power ups provide help to the team that secures them such as causing all the players on the opposing team to fall over, or super speed. Unique from most ice hockey games, fighting is not allowed in Backyard Hockey (instead being replaced by rock-paper-scissors with the loser going to the penalty box) and a few penalties are called.

## Installments

| Title | Year | Developer | Publisher | Platforms |
| Backyard Hockey | 2002 | Humongous Entertainment | Infogrames | Microsoft Windows |
| Backyard Hockey | 2003 | Mistic Software | Atari | Game Boy Advance |
| Backyard Hockey 2005 | 2004 | Humongous Entertainment | Atari | Microsoft Windows |
| Backyard Hockey | 2007 | Mistic Software | Atari | Nintendo DS |
| Backyard Hockey '02 | TBA | Mega Cat Studios | Playground Productions | Microsoft Windows |
# Övörkhangai Province

Övörkhangai (Mongolian: Өвөрхангай; lit. "South Khangai") is one of the 21 aimags (provinces) of Mongolia. Its capital is Arvaikheer.
The Shankh Monastery, one of the oldest and most important monasteries, is located in this province, as well as Erdene Zuu monastery and Tövkhön Monastery. Karakorum, the ancient capital of the Mongol Empire was located adjacent to the Erdene Zuu monastery.

## Geography

The province is located in central Mongolia. The Khangai Mountains cover its northern and northwestern parts. A steppe plain stretches to the south, and the extreme south enters the foothills of the Mongolian part of the Altai Mountains.

## Administrative subdivisions

As of 2009, the aimag is subdivided into 19 sums.
The sums of Övörkhangai Aimag :
| Sum | Mongolian | Population 2004 est. | Population 2006 est. | Population 2008 est. |
| Arvaikheer | Арвайхээр | 22,546 | 24,954 | 25,622 |
| Baruun Bayan-Ulaan | Баруун Баян-Улаан | 2,586 | 2,502 | 2,556 |
| Bat-Ölzii | Бат-Өлзий | 5,932 | 5,878 | 6,189 |
| Bayan-Öndör | Баян-Өндөр | 3,734 | 4,077 | 4,261 |
| Bayangol | Баянгол | 4,103 | 3,933 | 4,572 |
| Bogd | Богд | 5,708 | 5,395 | 5,342 |
| Bürd | Бүрд | 3,171 | 3,258 | 3,135 |
| Guchin-Us | Гучин-Ус | 2,290 | 2,279 | 2,260 |
| Khairkhandulaan | Хайрхандулаан | 3,388 | 3,462 | 3,510 |
| Kharkhorin | Хархорин | 12,546 | 13,270 | 12,901 |
| Khujirt | Хужирт | 6,781 | 6,749 | 6,649 |
| Nariinteel | Нарийнтээл | 3,797 | 3,792 | 3,736 |
| Ölziit | Өлзийт | 2,805 | 2,678 | 2,741 |
| Sant | Сант | 3,706 | 3,540 | 3,525 |
| Taragt | Тарагт | 3,860 | 3,424 | 3,313 |
| Tögrög | Төгрөг | 2,839 | 2,691 | 2,689 |
| Uyanga | Уянга | 10,003 | 10,510 | 9,581 |
| Yesönzüil | Есөнзүйл | 3,584 | 3,415 | 3,422 |
| Züünbayan-Ulaan | Зүүнбаян-Улаан | 4,268 | 4,343 | 4,436 |

## Economy

In 2018, the province contributed to 1.52% of the total national GDP of Mongolia.

## Culture

Övörkhangai Province held Mongolia area's first Special Olympics Games events in 2015.

## Transportation

The Arvaikheer Airport (AVK/ZMAH) has one unpaved runway and is served by regular flights to Ulaanbaatar and Altai.
Bus travels from Arvaikheer to Ulaanbaatar.
# Mick Bates (English footballer)

Michael Bates (19 September 1947 – 12 July 2021) was an English footballer who played as a midfielder in the Football League for Leeds United, Walsall, Bradford City and Doncaster Rovers. He is best known for playing for Leeds during the Don Revie period.

## Career

Bates was born in Armthorpe, Doncaster, and began his football career as an apprentice with Leeds United. Although primarily a squad player at Elland Road, not being able to break into the regular eleven due to Billy Bremner and Johnny Giles not releasing their places in the sides, Bates was still an excellent part of Don Revie's Leeds squad of the 1960s and early 1970s. Signing professional forms in 1964, Bates made 187 appearances for Leeds scoring nine goals, including one against Juventus in the 2–2 first leg of the Fairs Cup Final of 1971 away in Turin. This goal along with a 1–1 score-line at Elland Road helped Leeds to triumph in the competition with Leeds winning on the away goals rule. Leeds won the league twice during his time at the club in 1969 and 1974. Bates contributed only four appearances to the first of these titles but ten, enough for a medal, to the second. He remained loyal to Leeds for 12 years despite the fact he would have probably retained a regular place in most other sides. A repetition of knee injuries between 1974 and 1976 kept him out of the action for much of that time. He eventually left Leeds in the summer of 1976, going to Walsall for £25,000. Bates later had spells at Bradford City, from 1978 to 1980 joining for £20,000 and Doncaster Rovers, joining for free. He retired from professional football in 1981 and ran his own insurance firm.
He died on 12 July 2021, aged 73.

## Honours

* FA Cup: 1972
* Inter-Cities Fairs Cup: 1968, 1971
* First Division: 1973–74
# Turkman Valley

Turkman Valley or Dare-e Turkman (Persian: دره ترکمن; Hazaragi: دره ترکمون) is a valley in Afghanistan, located in Surkhi Parsa District, Parwan Province in Hazarajat region, which is inhabited by the Hazaras.

## Demographics

The Turkman valley is populated by Hazaras. They speak the Hazaragi dialect of Persian.

## History

* Further information: First Campaign against Turkoman Hazaras

## Notable people

* Commander Shafi Hazara
* Wakil Hussain Allahdad
* Mohaqiq Kabuli
* Mohammad Ebrahim Khedri
* Abbas Noyan