# Pinsk

Pinsk (Belarusian: Пінск; Russian: Пинск, IPA:; Polish: Pińsk; Ukrainian: Пінськ; Yiddish: פינסק) is a city in Brest Region, Belarus. It serves as the administrative center of Pinsk District, though it is administratively separated from the district. It is located in the historical region of Polesia, at the confluence of the Pina River and the Pripyat River. The region was known as the Pinsk Marshes and is southwest of Minsk. As of 2024, it has a population of 124,295.
The historic city has a restored city centre, with two-storey buildings from the 19th and early 20th centuries. The centre has become an active place for youths of all ages with summer theme parks and an association football stadium, which houses the city's football club, FC Volna Pinsk.

## History
### Timeline up to WWI

* 1097 – the first mention of Pinsk
* 1241 – transfer of the Orthodox diocese from Turov
* 1316 – after this date, Pinsk was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
* 1396 – a Catholic church and a Franciscan monastery were erected
* 1492 – Pinsk becomes a royal city, first owned by King Alexander
* 1569 – Pinsk becomes a seat of the poviat
* 1581 – king Stephen Báthory grants Pinsk city rights
* 1642–1646 - Saint Andrew Bobola stayed in the Jesuit monastery in Pinsk and nearby, conducting evangelistic activity
* 1648 – rebellion of the city and admission of Cossack forces under the command of Colonel Maxim Hładki. The slaughter of burghers not of the Orthodox religion. The assault of Janusz Radziwiłł's troops on the city, under the command of the hetman Hrehory Mirski of about 1200–1300 people, ended with the capture of the city. The city was burned to the ground and about 1/3 – 1/2 of the inhabitants were killed (it is estimated that on the eve of the Khmelnytsky Uprising, Pinsk had about 10,000 inhabitants)
* 1655 – Russians and Cossacks attacked the city and murdered many inhabitants.
* 1657 – in mid-May Zdanowicz's cossacks (about 2,000) destroyed the city and murdered many Roman Catholics. Jesuits, incl. Fr. Simon Maffon and Saint Andrew Bobola
* 1660 – Cossacks attacked Pinsk, robbed a Jesuit college and church, and murdered, among others Fr. Eustachy Piliński
* 1662 – return of the Jesuits to Pinsk, fire of the monastery after a year
* 1666 – foundation of the Dominican monastery
* 1690 – foundation of the Karolin settlement by Jan Karol Dolski
* 1695 – construction of a church and castle in Carolina by Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki
* 1706 – from May 5 to June 3. The capture of Pinsk by King of Sweden Charles XII. Blowing up the castle of Michał Serwacy Wiśniowiecki
* 1707 – the occupation of Pinsk by the army of General Halast and General Hołowina
* 1709–1710 and in 1716: a great epidemic with thousands of victims
* 1717 – construction of the Bernardine monastery
* 1734 – construction of a Carmelite monastery
* 1756 – construction of the Mariavite Order [de] monastery
* 1767 – construction of the Ogiński Channel
* 1775 – construction of the Royal Canal
* 1793 – the Second Partition of the Commonwealth. Pinsk now belongs to Russian Empire.
* 1795 – establishment of the Catholic diocese of Pinsk (previously Pinsk was in the diocese of Lutsk)
* 1799 – the incorporation of Karolina into Pinsk
* 1796 – the liquidation of the Uniate diocese of Pinsk
* 1799 – liquidation of the Pinsk Catholic diocese (it was moved to Minsk)
* 1812 – in July, Pinsk was taken by Napoleon's army
* 1850 – a candle and soap factory was established
* 1882 – a railway line was brought from Żabinka and a match factory was opened
* 1885 – construction of a river shipyard in Leszcze
* 1907–1909: a provincial circle of the Polish Education Association in Minsk operated in the city, which organized lectures on Polish literature and vocabulary, which, according to a report by the Russian police, "increased Polish national consciousness".
* 1909 – during the local elections 22 Belarusians (orthodox), 7 Poles (catholics), 2 Jews and 1 representative of other nationalities were elected to the city council
* 1915 – Russian authorities abandon the city escaping from advancing German forces

### WWI and Polish–Soviet War

Pinsk was occupied by the German Empire on 15 September 1915, during the First World War. After the German defeat, Pinsk became the subject of dispute between the Belarusian People's Republic and the Ukrainian People's Republic, both short-lived. Pinsk was taken by the advancing Red Army on 25 January 1919, during the Soviet westward offensive of 1918–19. It was retaken by Polish troops on 5 March 1919 during the Polish–Soviet War but was retaken by the Red Army on 23 July 1920 and finally retaken by the Polish on 26 September 1920. Pińsk became part of the reborn Poland in 1920 when the Polish-Soviet War ended with the Peace of Riga, signed in March 1921.
Like many other cities in Eastern Europe, Pinsk had a significant Jewish population before World War II. According to the Russian census of 1897, out of the total number of 28,400 inhabitants, Jews were approximately 74% of the population (21,100 persons), making it one of the most Jewish cities under tsarist rule. During the Polish-Soviet War, 35 Jewish civilians from Pinsk were executed by the Polish Army in April 1919 after being accused of collaborating with Russian Bolsheviks. The incident, known as the Pinsk massacre, created a diplomatic crisis noted at the Versailles Conference.

### Interwar period

Pińsk was the initial capital of the Polesie Voivodeship, but it moved to Brześć-nad-Bugiem (now Brest, Belarus) after a citywide fire on 7 September 1921. The population of the city grew rapidly in interwar Poland from 23,497 in 1921 to 33,500 in 1931. Pińsk became a bustling commercial centre, and 70% of the population was Jewish, in spite of considerable migration.

### Second World War

Following the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, Pinsk and the surrounding area was annexed to the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. It was the seat of the Pinsk Oblast from 1940.
After Operation Barbarossa, Germany occupied Pinsk from 4 July 1941 to 14 July 1944, as part of the Reichskommissariat Ukraine. Most Jews were killed in late October 1942 during the liquidation of the Pińsk Ghetto by the German Ordnungspolizei and the Byelorussian Auxiliary Police, 10,000 being murdered in one day. In 1945, after postwar border adjustments of Poland, Pinsk again became part of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.

### Post-WWII and independence

In 1954 it became part of the Brest Voblast.
Pinsk has formed part of the Republic of Belarus since Belarusian independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.

## Landmarks

Three main sights of the town are lined along the river: the Assumption Cathedral of the Monastery of the Greyfriars (1712–1730), with a campanile from 1817, the Jesuit collegium (1635–1648); a large Mannerist complex, whose cathedral was demolished after World War II by communists; and the Butrymowicz Palace (1784–1790), built for Mateusz Butrymowicz, an important political and economical figure of Pinsk and Polesie. The Church of St. Charles Borromeo (1770—1782) and St. Barbara Cathedral of the Monastery of the St. Bernard Order (1786–1787) are placed near historic centre in the former Karolin suburb, which is now part of Pinsk. The foremost modern building is the black-domed Orthodox Cathedral of St. Theodore.
* Old Market Square
* Cathedral of St. Stanislaus and church of St. Dominic
* Cathedral of Name of the Blessed Virgin Mary
* Monastery of the Greyfriars
* Jesuit collegium
* Church of St. Charles Borromeo
* St. Barbara Cathedral
* St. Theodore Cathedral
* Old Synagogue
* Butrymowicz Palace

## Climate

Climate data for Pinsk (1991–2020, extremes 1875–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 14.3 (57.7) | 16.4 (61.5) | 26.0 (78.8) | 30.2 (86.4) | 32.9 (91.2) | 36.1 (97.0) | 36.2 (97.2) | 36.3 (97.3) | 35.5 (95.9) | 26.7 (80.1) | 20.3 (68.5) | 12.8 (55.0) | 36.3 (97.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.7 (30.7) | 0.9 (33.6) | 6.4 (43.5) | 14.3 (57.7) | 20.2 (68.4) | 23.4 (74.1) | 25.3 (77.5) | 24.8 (76.6) | 18.8 (65.8) | 12.2 (54.0) | 5.3 (41.5) | 0.7 (33.3) | 12.6 (54.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.0 (26.6) | −2.0 (28.4) | 2.2 (36.0) | 9.0 (48.2) | 14.6 (58.3) | 18.0 (64.4) | 19.9 (67.8) | 19.0 (66.2) | 13.6 (56.5) | 7.9 (46.2) | 2.7 (36.9) | −1.6 (29.1) | 8.4 (47.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.3 (22.5) | −4.7 (23.5) | −1.4 (29.5) | 4.1 (39.4) | 9.1 (48.4) | 12.7 (54.9) | 14.6 (58.3) | 13.6 (56.5) | 9.1 (48.4) | 4.4 (39.9) | 0.4 (32.7) | −3.7 (25.3) | 4.4 (39.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −34.7 (−30.5) | −29.9 (−21.8) | −25.7 (−14.3) | −9.0 (15.8) | −3.1 (26.4) | 1.4 (34.5) | 4.5 (40.1) | 1.1 (34.0) | −4.5 (23.9) | −12.4 (9.7) | −23.3 (−9.9) | −28.0 (−18.4) | −34.7 (−30.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 39 (1.5) | 32 (1.3) | 36 (1.4) | 35 (1.4) | 59 (2.3) | 74 (2.9) | 92 (3.6) | 57 (2.2) | 52 (2.0) | 46 (1.8) | 45 (1.8) | 44 (1.7) | 611 (24.1) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 5 (2.0) | 6 (2.4) | 3 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | 4 (1.6) | 6 (2.4) |
| Average rainy days | 7 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 8 | 127 |
| Average snowy days | 14 | 14 | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 13 | 59 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 85 | 82 | 77 | 68 | 67 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 78 | 81 | 86 | 88 | 77 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 38.4 | 62.4 | 141.0 | 199.0 | 264.8 | 281.2 | 280.8 | 272.6 | 180.5 | 120.5 | 42.7 | 31.8 | 1,915.7 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA ||||||||||||||

## Notable people

* Aaron of Pinsk (died 1841), rabbi
* Matheus Butrymowicz (1745–1814), Polish-Lithuanian statesman, reformer of Polesye
* Vladimir Chub (born 1948), governor of Rostov Oblast in Russia
* Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich, (1808–1884), Belarusian writer, poet, dramatist and social activist, author of the play Pinskaya shlyakhta
* Baruch Epstein (1860–1941), bookkeeper, rabbi and prolific Jewish scholar, best known for his Torah Temimah commentary on the Torah
* William Moses Feldman (1880–1939), child physiologist, born in Pinsk
* Semyon Furman (1920–1978), Chess grandmaster and trainer of World Champion Anatoly Karpov
* Jonah Gogol (died 1602), Orthodox and later an Uniate bishop
* Olga Govortsova, (born 1988) Belarusian tennis player
* Haim Gvati (1901–1990), Israeli Minister of Agriculture
* Chaim Kanievsky (1928–2022), rabbi
* Ryszard Kapuściński (1932–2007), Polish writer and reporter
* Danila Klimovich (born 2003), NHL prospect currently under contract with the Vancouver Canucks, and currently on the active roster for the AHL Abbotsford Canucks
* Moshe Kol (1911–1989), Israeli politician and one of the signatories of the Israeli declaration of independence
* Igor Kolb (born 1977), principal dancer of Mariinsky Ballet
* Andrzej Kondratiuk (1936–2016), Polish film director, screenwriter, actor, and cinematographer
* Simon Kuznets (1901–1985), 1971 Nobel laureate in economics
* parents of Ralph Lauren, American fashion designer lived in Pinsk before moving to the U.S.A
* Golda Meir (1898–1978), fourth prime minister of Israel, born in Kiev, lived two years of her childhood in Pinsk
* Shabsay Moshkovsky (1895–1982), noted physician, research scientist and malariologist
* Adam Naruszewicz (1733–1796), Polish-Lithuanian poet, historian, bishop
* Narymunt (1277–1348), Prince of Pinsk
* Theodore Odrach (1912–1964), Ukrainian and Polesian writer of novels, short stories and memoirs
* Napoleon Orda (1807–1883), Polish-Lithuanian musician, pianist, composer and artist
* Sławomir Rawicz (1915–2004), Polish Army lieutenant, claimed to have walked from Siberia to India during World War II
* Bona Sforza (1494–1557), Queen consort of Poland and Grand Duchess consort of Lithuania, Princess of Pinsk
* Yauhen Shatokhin (1947–2012), Belarusian painter and political activist
* Izya Shlosberg (born 1950), Jewish American artist, born in Pinsk and lived in Pinsk for 44 years
* Sir Isaac Shoenberg (1880–1963), electrical engineer born in Pinsk, principal inventor of the first high-definition television system, as used by the BBC
* Helena Skirmunt (1827–1874), Polesian painter and sculptor
* Raman Skirmunt (1868–1939), Belarusian and Polesian statesman, aristocrat and landlord
* Kazimierz Świątek (1914–2011), Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church, Metropolitan Archbishop of Minsk-Mohilev and Apostolic Administrator of Pinsk
* Chaim Weizmann (1874–1952), first president of Israel, born in Motal, near Pinsk and educated in Pinsk
* Tatiana Woollaston (born 1986), professional snooker referee, born in Pinsk
* Leo Zeitlin (1884–1930), composer, born in Pinsk before studying in Odessa and later moving to the U.S.A.
* Ivan Zholtovsky (1867–1959), Soviet architect and educator