# Tees Valley

Tees Valley is a combined authority area in North East England, around the lower River Tees. The area is not a geographical valley. The combined authority covers five council areas: Darlington, Hartlepool, Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland and Stockton-on-Tees: this includes areas in both County Durham and North Yorkshire counties.
The town of Middlesbrough is the largest population centre in the area. The borough of Middlesbrough is the smallest of the five, at only 54 square kilometres (21 sq mi) and a population of 148,285: the Stockton-on-Tees borough (including multiple towns) is the largest with an area of 205 square kilometres (79 sq mi) and a population of 199,966, as of 2022.
From 1968 until 1974, parts of the area were included in the County Borough of Teesside council area. This was replaced by Cleveland county; it had four borough councils which became unitary authorities after the county was abolished in 1996. Darlington became a unitary authority in 1997; the five authorities formed a Local Enterprise Partnership in 2011, further collaboration between the five authorities lead to Tees Valley Combined Authority being created in 2016.

## Background

The River Tees' geographical valley is traditionally known as Teesdale. For centuries, north Tees was under the Prince-bishopric of Durham. Both Darlington and Stockton had ancient wards. Middleton St George, Hartlepool and Billingham were in Stockton ward, the latter two were also in a district called Hartness. South Tees was under a wapentake called Langbaurgh, which had been the Easton part of the ancient region of Cleveland, in Yorkshire's North Riding.
Urban districts (such as Eston, Billingham and Saltburn and Marske by the Sea) and parts of rural districts, as well as municipal boroughs (such as Stockton-on-Tees, Thornaby-on-Tees and Redcar) and county boroughs (Middlesbrough) were merged into the County Borough of Teesside in 1968. However in 1974, the county borough was disbanded.
The 1974 reforms created the county of Cleveland, including Hartlepool, the former Urban Districts of Guisborough, Saltburn and Marske, Skelton and Brotton and Loftus. Four boroughs were also created. Hartlepool, Stockton which had formerly been part of County Durham were created along with Middlesbrough and a new District Council of Langbaurgh (this took its name from the ancient Danelaw Wapentake of Langbaurgh of which if had formed the northern part.) These had formerly being parts of the North Riding of Yorkshire.
Local government reorganisation in 1996 saw the county of Cleveland broken up: the boroughs became unitary authorities. The boroughs were placed into the counties of North Yorkshire and County Durham for ceremonial purposes. In 1997, the Borough of Darlington also became a unitary authority.

## Governance
### UK Parliament

Tees Valley is divided into seven and a part UK parliamentary borough constituencies:
* Darlington
* Hartlepool
* Middlesbrough
* Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland
* Redcar
* Sedgefield (shared with the North East Combined Authority)
* Stockton North
* Stockton South
Each constituency is made up of wards. Four constituencies were held by the Conservative Party after the 2019 general election, up by three since the 2017 general election. This was expanded to five after the 2021 Hartlepool by-election. Labour hold the other two. Sedgefield's partial seat is also represented by a Conservative MP, as of the 2019 election. The two Middlesbrough seats have the largest majorities for either party. The Middlesbrough constituency has a sizeable Labour majority, whereas the Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland constituency has a strong Conservative majority.

### Authorities

12345 :
| 1 | Darlington 109,469 197 mi$^2$ |
| 2 | Hartlepool 93,861 94 mi$^2$ |
| 3 | Stockton-on-Tees 199,966 205 mi$^2$ |
| 4 | Middlesbrough 148,285 54 mi$^2$ |
| 5 | Redcar and Cleveland 137,175 245 mi$^2$ |
Tees Valley Combined Authority has its headquarters at Cavendish House, Thornaby. The area has 5 borough councils, each council has a representative in the combined authority. The TVCA, amends the mayor's annual budget (by two-thirds majority). It does not have the power to block the mayor's directives.

### Mayors

The Mayor of Tees Valley is a directly elected politician who, along with the Combined Authority, is responsible for the strategic government of Tees Valley. There are other mayors for the boroughs of Middlesbrough and Stockton-on-Tees. Hartlepool also had a Mayor from 2002 to 2013.
The current Tees Valley Mayor is Ben Houchen. The Mayor is responsible for Tees Valley's strategic planning and is required to produce or amend a plan for each electoral cycle.

### Lord Lieutenants

Two Lord Lieutenants (Durham and North Yorkshire) are appointed by the borough's ceremonial counties.

## Economy

The following is a chart of the Gross Value Added to the UK economy by the Tees Valley Combined Authority region, aggregated by industry.
Nominal Gross Value Added (£ millions) :
| Year | Agriculture, Forestry & Fishing; Mining & Quarrying; Electricity & Gas; Water, Sewage & Waste Management | Manufacturing | Construction | Wholesale & Retail Trade; Transportation & Storage; Accommodation & Food Services | IT | Finance | Real Estate | Professional, Scientific & Technical; Administration & Support Services | Public Administration & Defence; Compulsory Social Security; Education; Health & Social Work | Arts & Recreation; Other | Total |
| 1998 | 411 | 1,670 | 403 | 1,223 | 265 | 249 | 1,147 | 522 | 1,394 | 229 | 7,513 |
| 2000 | 421 | 1,676 | 521 | 1,300 | 330 | 231 | 1,195 | 551 | 1,567 | 259 | 8,050 |
| 2002 | 461 | 1,553 | 577 | 1,577 | 467 | 239 | 1,226 | 553 | 1,709 | 334 | 8,696 |
| 2004 | 601 | 1,690 | 646 | 1,800 | 522 | 373 | 1,272 | 747 | 2,060 | 377 | 10,087 |
| 2006 | 775 | 1,655 | 774 | 1,836 | 534 | 511 | 1,363 | 772 | 2,260 | 384 | 10,864 |
| 2008 | 718 | 1,852 | 816 | 1,936 | 515 | 458 | 1,466 | 820 | 2,487 | 409 | 11,478 |
| 2010 | 723 | 1,859 | 705 | 2,067 | 445 | 453 | 1,369 | 886 | 2,706 | 406 | 11,620 |
| 2012 | 720 | 1,665 | 781 | 1,853 | 482 | 511 | 1,581 | 1,005 | 2,775 | 411 | 11,784 |
| 2014 | 766 | 1,657 | 774 | 2,141 | 688 | 481 | 1,570 | 1,107 | 2,918 | 375 | 12,478 |
| 2016 | 649 | 1,684 | 762 | 2,489 | 665 | 431 | 1,654 | 1,109 | 2,948 | 411 | 12,803 |

### Enterprise zone

The Tees Valley Enterprise Zone is an enterprise zone which encourages industrial development. It was initiated by the local enterprise partnership Tees Valley Unlimited and its creation was announced by the government in 2011. At its launch, the zone contained 12 sites. Four of these sites offer enhanced capital allowances, aimed at large manufacturers. These sites are Wilton International and South Bank Wharf, both in Redcar and Cleveland, Port Estates in Hartlepool and New Energy and Technology Park in Billingham, Stockton-on-Tees. The remaining sites offer reduced business rates. In March 2015 the government announced that a thirteenth site is to be added, South Bank Wharf Prairie, aimed at oil and gas decommissioning business.

### Businesses

Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) operated here until the late 1990s on three chemical sites at Wilton, Billingham and Seal Sands. ICI was broken up, and its many chemical manufacturing units are now operated by a large number of companies that have acquired its assets. The Centre for Process Innovation (CPI), a national innovation catapult, is based at the Wilton Centre, the former corporate headquarters of ICI, which has become a multi-company research and development centre: along with CPI there are now some 60 other companies, including the cluster body NEPIC, using these R&D and business development facilities. This centre is now one of Europe's largest R&D facilities focusing on developments in the chemistry-based process industries. The area is a chemicals processing area, but recently it has diversified to become the UK's leading site for renewable biofuel research. This industrial activity is taking place in a collaborative environment facilitated by the economic cluster body, the North East of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC).
Hartlepool has a nuclear power station, and there is a conventional CHP power station and a biomass power station operated by Sembcorp on the Wilton chemical site.Hereema Fabrication Group make North Sea platforms at the A1048/A179 roundabout in Hartlepool.
Wilton Engineering's 50 acre fabrication and maintenance site is in Port Clarence. Barker and Stonehouse make furniture north of Middlesbrough next to the A66/A178 junction. The Teesside Steelworks near Redcar was the biggest blast furnace in Europe and was operated in its final years by Sahaviriya Steel Industries (SSI). Tata Steel Europe operate a pipe works at Hartlepool, whilst British Steel operate a heavy beam mill near Middlesbrough and a special sections mill at Skinningrove Steelworks. Able UK operate the biggest dry dock in the UK near Seaton Carew, Hartlepool where ships can be dismantled and oil rigs can be dismantled or refurbished.
The many chemistry-based businesses on Teesside include Huntsman Tioxide plant at Greatham makes titanium dioxide. Huntsman's European headquarters are in Wynyard. Johnson Matthey Catalysts and Fujifilm Dyosynth Biologics have manufacturing units in Billingham while the Lucite International Acrylics factory and the Mitsubishi battery chemical plant are on the other side of the town. Exwold Technology operate their two extrusion and packaging facilities in Hartlepool. Banner Chemicals are adjacent to the A66 in Middlesbrough. Aldous Huxley's visit to the former ICI plant in Billingham inspired Brave New World and this unit now makes fertiliser for Growhow, using 1% of the UK's natural gas. SABIC petrochemicals and polymers, Lotte Chemicals PET and PTA plants, Biffa recycled polymers, Huntsman polyurethanes and the Ensus Biofuels all operate at Wilton. ConocoPhillips refinery, BP Cats, Harvest Energy Biodiesel unit, Greenery Fuels, Fine Organics, Vertelus speciality chemicals and Ineos Nitriles are all based at Seal Sands, with Vopak and Simon Storage tank storage businesses nearby. Sita are upgrading their unit at Haverton Hill. Marlow Foods produce Quorn, and KP Snacks make McCoy's in Billingham. Santander UK's mortgages division is located in Thornaby. Tetley Tea have had their only tea bag factory in the UK at Eaglescliffe, in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees, since 1969. It is the largest tea bag factory in the world and makes 18 billion tea bags a year. Its distribution centre is at nearby Newton Aycliffe in County Durham.

### Teesport

Teesport is on the River Tees and is currently the third largest port in the United Kingdom, and amongst the ten biggest in Western Europe, in terms of tonnage shipped. Its size is due to the local steel and chemical industries.
This port handles over 56 million tonnes of goods per annum which are mainly associated with the local petrochemical, chemical and steel processing industries.
The port is an important piece of logistical infrastructure for the NEPIC cluster of process companies. PD Ports, who own Teesport, is headquartered in Middlesbrough adjacent to Middlesbrough railway station.

## Demographics

Population of Tees Valley by district (2022) :
| District | Land area | Land area | Population | Population | Density (/km$^2$) |
| District | (km$^2$) | (%) | People | (%) | Density (/km$^2$) |
| Darlington | 197 | 25% | 109,469 | 16% | 554 |
| Hartlepool | 94 | 12% | 93,861 | 14% | 1,002 |
| Middlesbrough | 54 | 7% | 148,285 | 22% | 2,752 |
| Redcar and Cleveland | 245 | 31% | 137,175 | 20% | 560 |
| Stockton-on-Tees | 205 | 26% | 199,966 | 29% | 976 |
| Tees Valley | 795 | 100% | 688,756 | 100% | 866 |

## Landmarks

* Saltburn's pier and cliff lift
* 'Bottle O' Notes' sculpture and Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art (MIMA)
* Preston Hall
* NMRN Hartlepool
* Guisborough priory
* Yarm Viaduct
* Tees Newport Bridge
* Darlington Market Hall with clock tower

## Transport
### Road

Main
| Road | Route | Notes |
| A1(M) | Darlington western bypass. South to Leeds and North to Tyne and Wear | A motorway standard stretch of the A1 |
| A19 | South for the rest of Yorkshire and North to Tyne and Wear. | Between Stockton & Middlesbrough, then Stockton & Hartlepool, as aproxoximate borough borders. |
| A66 | Most of Tees Valley is served, terminating between Middlesbrough and Redcar, linking to Hartlepool via the A19, running to the west coast of England. | The road is motorway standard around Darlington. |
| A67 | Darlington to Stockton | It is the main road for Teesside Airport, running adjacent to the railway, and was previously designated as the A66 from Darlington to Eaglescliffe and A19, Eaglescliffe southwards through Yarm. |
| A68 | Darlington to Edinburgh | Runs west of Darlington. |
Triple-digit roads
| Road | From | To | Notes |
| A135 (Yarm Road) | Stockton-on-Tees | Egglescliffe | |
| A139 | Stockton-on-Tees | Billingham | |
| A167 | Topcliffe | Kenton Bar | |
| A171 | A66 as Cargo Fleet Lane | Scarborough | Until the road goes out of the region, it is also known as: Sunnyfields, Orchard Way, Ormesby Bank, Middlesbrough Road, Whitby Road, Fancy Bank, Birk Brow Road & Fancy Bank |
| A172 | A66 as Marton Road, Middlesbrough | A19 as Stocking Hill | also known as Stokesley Road, Pannierman Lane & Dixons Bank |
| A173 | A172 (Middlesbrough) | Skelton-in-Cleveland | Also known as Church Lane & Skelton Ellers. |
| A174 | Thornaby | Whitby | As the road goes out of the region, it is known for a short stretch, as Apple Orchard Bank |
| A177 | Stockton | Durham | |
| A178 | Middlesbrough | Hartlepool | |
| A179 | A19 | Hartlepool | |
Bus
Most of the area is served by Stagecoach's Tees Flex network, a pre-bookable service running in and around the valley, mainly serving Stockton on Tees, Darlington and Redcar and Cleveland. Services are operated by a dedicated fleet of Mercedes-Benz Sprinter minibuses.

### Rail

Stations The stations, by borough, are as follows:
* Darlington:
** Darlington, North Road, Dinsdale and Teesside Airport
* Hartlepool:
** Hartlepool and Seaton Carew
* Stockton-on-Tees:
** Stockton, Billingham, Allens West, Eaglescliffe, Thornaby and Yarm
* Middlesbrough:
** Gypsy Lane, James Cook, Marton, Middlesbrough and Nunthorpe
* Redcar and Cleveland:
** Redcar Central and Redcar East, South Bank, Longbeck, Marske and Saltburn.
Lines
* Darlington is connected to the East Coast Main Line (ECML) and provides fast connections to London and Edinburgh. From May 2018, the UK Government announced that the line was to be re-nationalised for the second time since privatisation in 1997.
* Tees Valley line, serves most of the area and links to Darlington and Teesside Airport station, with sections being the former Stockton & Darlington Railway.
* Durham Coast Line, connects Hartlepool, Stockton, Thornaby and Middlesbrough with the main line.
* Northallerton–Eaglescliffe Line, connects Eaglescliffe and Yarm with Durham Coast Line.
* Esk Valley line: serves most Middlesbrough stations
Services
York-based LNER serves the full length of the ECML and operates Darlington railway station. There is also a daily LNER service from Middlesbrough to London King's Cross, while Grand Central has linked Teesside with London since December 2007 with a non-stop from York onwards. It does not have electric trains, and uses the Northallerton–Eaglescliffe Line and Durham Coast Line. CrossCountry operate regular services from Darlington to Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, Scotland, Leeds, Birmingham and southwest England.
Local-service routes in the Tees Valley are provided by Northern Trains. TransPennine Express has inter-regional services from Saltburn to Manchester Airport, via Leeds.

### Air

Teesside International Airport serves the area and has a regular service from Amsterdam, Schiphol airport.

## Media
### Television

The area is served by BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Tyne Tees, the local based-television station Local TV Teesside also broadcast to the area. Television signals are received from either the Pontop Pike or Bilsdale TV transmitters.

### Radio

Radio stations for the area are:

#### BBC Local Radio

* BBC Radio Tees

#### Independent Radio

* Capital North East
* Greatest Hits Radio Teesside
* Heart North East
* Hits Radio Teesside
* Nation Radio North East
* Smooth North East

#### Community Radio

* Zetland FM (serving Redcar and Cleveland)
* CVFM Radio (for Middlesbrough)
* Alpha Radio Darlington
* Radio Hartlepool

### Newspapers

Tees Valley is served by these local newspapers:
* Darlington & Stockton Times
* Evening Gazette (TeessideLive online)
* Hartlepool Mail
* The Northern Echo

## Sport
### Football
#### Association

| Division | Club | Ground | Location |
| EFL Championship | Middlesbrough | Riverside Stadium | Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire |
| National League | Hartlepool United | Victoria Park | Hartlepool, County Durham |
| National League North | Darlington | Blackwell Meadows | Darlington, County Durham |
| Northern League Division One | Marske United | Mount Pleasant | Marske, North Yorkshire |
| Northern Premier League Premier Division | Stockton Town | Bishopton Road West | Stockton, County Durham |
| Northern League Division One | Guisborough Town | King George V Ground | Guisborough, North Yorkshire |
| Northern League Division One | Redcar Athletic | Green Lane | Redcar, North Yorkshire |
| Northern League Division Two | Thornaby | Teesdale Park | Thornaby, North Yorkshire |
| Northern League Division Two | Billingham Synthonia | Stokesley Sports Complex | Stokesley, North Yorkshire |
| Northern League Division One | Boro Rangers | Stokesley Sports Complex | Stokesley, North Yorkshire |
| Northern League Division Two | Billingham Town | Bedford Terrace | Billingham, County Durham |
| Northern League Division Two | Redcar Town | Mo Mowlam Memorial Park | Redcar, North Yorkshire |
| Wearside League Premier Division | Darlington Railway Athletic | Brinkburn Road | Darlington, County Durham |
| Wearside League Premier Division | Norton and Stockton Ancients | Norton Sports Complex | Norton, County Durham |
Wearside League also host:
* FC Hartlepool, Hartlepool, County Durham
* Wynyard Village, Wynyard (Stockton), County Durham
Under the Northern League there is also the North Riding Football League, founded in 2017 by a merger of Teesside Football League and the Eskvale & Cleveland League
In the women's football pyramid, Middlesbrough and the Norton and Stockton Ancients play in the fourth tier (Division One North).

#### Rugby Union

As of the 2022-2 season, there are fourteen Rugby Union Football Clubs in the region, Darlington Mowden Park is in the highest division compared to the rest of the clubs:
| Division | Club | Stadium | Location |
| National League 1 | Darlington Mowden Park R.F.C. | Northern Echo Arena | Darlington, County Durham |
| National League 2 North | Billingham RUFC | Greenwood Road | Billingham, County Durham |
| Regional 2 North | Middlesbrough RUFC | Acklam Park | Acklam, Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire |
| Counties 1 Durham & Northumberland | Stockton RFC | Grangefield Ground | Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham |
| Counties 1 Durham & Northumberland | Acklam R.U.F.C. | Talbot Park | Acklam, Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire |
| Counties 1 Durham & Northumberland | Darlington RFC | Blackwell Meadows | Darlington, County Durham |
| Counties 1 Durham & Northumberland | Hartlepool | Mayfield Park | Hartlepool, County Durham |
| Counties 1 Durham & Northumberland | Hartlepool Rovers | The New Friarage | Hartlepool, County Durham |
| Counties 1 Durham & Northumberland | Guisborough | Belmangate | Guisborough, North Yorkshire |
| Counties 1 Durham & Northumberland | West Hartlepool R.F.C. | Brinkburn | Hartlepool, County Durham |
| Counties 2 Durham & Northumberland | Redcar RUFC | Mackinlay Park | Redcar, North Yorkshire |
| Counties 3 Durham & Northumberland | DMP Elizabethans | Northern Echo Arena | Darlington, County Durham |
| Counties 3 Durham & Northumberland | Seaton Carew | Hornby Park | Seaton Carew, County Durham |
| Counties 3 Durham & Northumberland | West Hartlepool T.D.S.O.B. | John Howard Park | Hartlepool, County Durham |
| Counties 3 Durham & Northumberland | Yarm | Wass Way | Eaglescliffe, County Durham |

### Cricket

ECB PL's North Yorkshire and South Durham Cricket League:
| County Durham Darlington: Darlington Cricket Club Darlington Railway Athletic Cricket Club Middleton St George Haughton Hartlepool: Hartlepool Seaton Carew Hartlepool Power Station Stockton (North Tees) Cowpen Norton Billingham Synthonia Stockton | North Yorkshire Stockton (South Tees): Durham Palatinates Thornaby Maltby Yarm Middlesbrough: Middlesbrough Smiths Dock Normanby Hall Marton Guisborough Redcar & Cleveland Redcar Marske Saltburn |

### Basketball

* Tees Valley Mohawks
* Teesside Lions