# Mordovia

Mordovia (/mɔːrˈdoʊvɪə/ mor-DOH-vee-ə), officially the Republic of Mordovia, is a republic of Russia, situated in Eastern Europe. Its capital is the city of Saransk. As of the 2010 Census, the population of the republic was 834,755. Ethnic Russians (53.1%) and Mordvins (39.8%) account for the majority of the population.

## History
### Early history

The earliest archaeological signs of modern humans in the area of Mordovia are from the Neolithic era. Mordvins are mentioned in written sources from the 6th century. Later, Mordvins were under the influence of both Volga Bulgaria and the Kievan Rus. Mordvin princes sometimes raided Muroma and Volga Bulgaria and often despoiled each other's holdings.
Mordovia was briefly united under the Principality of Purgaz, led by Erzya prince Purgaz, who fought against the colonisation of the region by Vladimir-Suzdal. The Mordvin tribes were then plunged into a civil war between Purgaz, who was supported by Volga Bulgaria, and Puresh, a Moksha prince backed by Vladimir-Suzdal. The Principality of Purgaz survived the war with Vladimir-Suzdal, which ended in 1232, and was later subjugated to the Golden Horde as the Mukhsha Ulus.
The Golden Horde disintegrated in the 1430s, which resulted in some Mordvins becoming subjects of the Khanate of Kazan, whereas others were incorporated into Muscovy.

### Part of the Russian Empire

After Ivan IV of Russia annexed the Khanate of Kazan in 1552, the Mordvin lands were subjugated by the Russian monarchy. The Mordvin elite rapidly adopted the Russian language and Russian customs, whereas 1821 saw the publication of the New Testament in Erzya to address the non-elite population. In rural areas, the Mordvin culture was preserved. Russians started to convert Mordvins to Orthodox Christianity in the mid-18th century. Mordvins gave up their own shamanist religion only slowly, however, and many of shamanist features were preserved as parts of local culture, though the population became nominally Christian. Translations of literature to Mordvin languages were mostly religious books. In the 18th century, the Latin alphabet was used to write Mordvin, but from the mid-19th century, Cyrillic was used. The region of modern-day Mordovia was mainly organized as a part of Penza Governorate over the late 18th and the 19th centuries.

### Part of the Soviet Union

During the Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War, Mordovia was held by Bolsheviks from the beginning of the war. When the Bolsheviks prevailed in the war, Mordovia became a part of the Russian SFSR. In 1925, the Soviet government founded autonomous districts and village councils in the area of the Mordvins. During the Soviet era, two written languages were developed, one based on the Erzya dialect in 1922 and one on the Moksha dialect in 1923, both using Cyrillic script. The Mordovian Okrug was founded on 16 July 1928, and it was elevated to the status of an autonomous oblast becoming the Mordovian Autonomous Oblast [ru] on 10 January 1930. The autonomous oblast was transformed into the Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 20 December 1934. Several forced labor Gulags were established under the Bolsheviks, such as Temlag.

### Part of the Russian Federation

When the Soviet Union disintegrated, the Mordovian ASSR proclaimed itself the Mordovian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1990 and remained a part of the Russian Federation. Mordovia was one of only two republics that did not proclaim sovereignty. On 25 January 1994, it was renamed the Republic of Mordovia.

## Geography

The republic is located in the eastern part of the East European Plain of Russia. The western part of the republic is situated in the Oka–Don Plain; its eastern and central parts are located in the Volga Upland.
* Area: 26,200 square kilometers (10,100 sq mi)
* Borders:
** internal: Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (N), Chuvashia (NE/E), Ulyanovsk Oblast (E/SE), Penza Oblast (S/SW), Ryazan Oblast (W/NW)
* Highest point: 324 meters (1,063 ft) (crossing of the road from Bolshoy Maresev with the roads to Mokshaley, Pyaigiley, and Picheury)

### Rivers

There are 114 rivers in the republic. Major rivers include:
* Alatyr River (Erzya: Rator)
* Issa River
* Moksha River
* Satis River
* Sivin River
* Sura River
* Vad River

### Lakes

There are approximately five hundred lakes in the republic.

### Natural resources

Natural resources include peat, mineral waters, and others.

### Climate

The climate is moderately continental.
* Average January temperature: −11 °C (12 °F)
* Average July temperature: +19 °C (66 °F)
* Average annual precipitation: ~500 millimeters (20 in)

## Administrative divisions

| Mordovia, Russia | |
| Capital: Saransk ||
| As of 2014: ||
| Number of districts (районы) | 22 |
| Number of cities/towns (города) | 7 |
| Number of urban-type settlements (посёлки городского типа) | 13 |
| Number of selsovets (сельсоветы) | 344 |
| As of 2002: ||
| Number of rural localities (сельские населённые пункты) | 1,313 |
| Number of uninhabited rural localities (сельские населённые пункты без населения) | 29 |
Mordovia is divided into 22 districts called raions. The city of Saransk is administrated separately from the districts as an urban okrug.

## Politics

The supreme law is the Constitution of the Republic of Mordovia [ru].
During the Parade of Sovereignties among other former Russian autonomous republics, Mordovia established a presidency in 1991.
In that same year, Vasily Guslyannikov, a physicist by training, was elected in the general election. Guslyannikov had previously been a senior researcher at the Institute of Power Electronics and was the leader of the republican branch of the Democratic Russia political movement.
In 1993, the Supreme Council of Mordovia abolished the post of president, on the basis of which Guslyannikov was removed from his post. Guslyannikov appealed the action of the supreme legislative body of the republic in the Russian Constitutional Court, but the Constitutional Court declared its conformity with the Constitution of Russia.
The head of the government in the Republic of Mordovia is the Head of the Republic. The office is currently held by Artyom Zdunov, who was made acting head on 18 November 2020. His predecessor was Vladimir Volkov who held the office from 2012.
The State Assembly is the legislature of the republic.
The Republic of Mordovia has regional offices of the main political parties: United Russia, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, A Just Russia, Yabloko, and Right Cause. In the republic's parliament - the State Assembly of the Republic of Mordovia - deputies from United Russia and the Communist Party are represented. However, other political forces can work publicly, for example, in the Public Chamber of Mordovia.

## Economy

The most developed industries are machine construction, chemicals, woodworking, and food industries. Most of the industrial enterprises are located in the capital Saransk, as well as in the towns of Kovylkino and Ruzayevka, and in the urban-type settlements of Chamzinka and Komsomolsky.
The largest companies in the region include Unimilk (branch of Danone Russia), Ruzayevsky Chemical Machine-Building Plant, Mordovcement, Saranskkabel.

## Demographics

The population of Mordovia is 783,552 (2021 Census); .

### Settlements

Largest cities or towns in Mordovia 2010 Russian Census :
| | Rank | | Administrative Division | Pop. |
| Saransk Ruzayevka | 1 | Saransk | City of republic significance of Saransk | 297,415 |
| Saransk Ruzayevka | 2 | Ruzayevka | Ruzayevsky District | 47,523 |
| Saransk Ruzayevka | 3 | Kovylkino | Kovylkinsky District | 21,307 |
| Saransk Ruzayevka | 4 | Komsomolsky | Chamzinsky District | 13,513 |
| Saransk Ruzayevka | 5 | Zubova Polyana | Zubovo-Polyansky District | 10,338 |
| Saransk Ruzayevka | 6 | Krasnoslobodsk | Krasnoslobodsky District | 10,151 |
| Saransk Ruzayevka | 7 | Chamzinka | Chamzinsky District | 9,463 |
| Saransk Ruzayevka | 8 | Romodanovo | Romodanovsky District | 9,410 |
| Saransk Ruzayevka | 9 | Ardatov | Ardatovsky District | 9,400 |
| Saransk Ruzayevka | 10 | Torbeyevo | Torbeyevsky District | 9,373 |

### Vital statistics

    Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived April 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
| | Average population (x 1000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Fertility rates |
| 1970 | 1 026 | 15 423 | 9 048 | 6 375 | 15.0 | 8.8 | 6.2 |
| 1975 | 1 003 | 14 983 | 9 689 | 5 294 | 14.9 | 9.7 | 5.3 |
| 1980 | 984 | 14 320 | 10 287 | 4 033 | 14.6 | 10.5 | 4.1 |
| 1985 | 964 | 15 123 | 11 152 | 3 971 | 15.7 | 11.6 | 4.1 |
| 1990 | 963 | 12 910 | 11 018 | 1 892 | 13.4 | 11.4 | 2.0 | 1,87 |
| 1991 | 961 | 11 537 | 11 079 | 458 | 12.0 | 11.5 | 0.5 | 1,73 |
| 1992 | 961 | 10 215 | 11 574 | - 1 359 | 10.6 | 12.0 | - 1.4 | 1,55 |
| 1993 | 959 | 9 276 | 13 217 | - 3 941 | 9.7 | 13.8 | - 4.1 | 1,42 |
| 1994 | 956 | 8 916 | 14 748 | - 5 832 | 9.3 | 15.4 | - 6.1 | 1,37 |
| 1995 | 952 | 8 589 | 13 460 | - 4 871 | 9.0 | 14.1 | - 5.1 | 1,32 |
| 1996 | 946 | 7 883 | 13 579 | - 5 696 | 8.3 | 14.4 | - 6.0 | 1,22 |
| 1997 | 939 | 7 493 | 13 631 | - 6 138 | 8.0 | 14.5 | - 6.5 | 1,16 |
| 1998 | 931 | 7 469 | 13 116 | - 5 647 | 8.0 | 14.1 | - 6.1 | 1,16 |
| 1999 | 923 | 6 994 | 14 200 | - 7 206 | 7.6 | 15.4 | - 7.8 | 1,09 |
| 2000 | 913 | 7 148 | 14 838 | - 7 690 | 7.8 | 16.2 | - 8.4 | 1,12 |
| 2001 | 903 | 7 049 | 14 200 | - 7 151 | 7.8 | 15.7 | - 7.9 | 1,11 |
| 2002 | 891 | 7 131 | 14 918 | - 7 787 | 8.0 | 16.7 | - 8.7 | 1,12 |
| 2003 | 880 | 7 433 | 15 170 | - 7 737 | 8.4 | 17.2 | - 8.8 | 1,16 |
| 2004 | 873 | 7 689 | 14 768 | - 7 079 | 8.8 | 16.9 | - 8.1 | 1,20 |
| 2005 | 865 | 7 394 | 14 823 | - 7 429 | 8.5 | 17.1 | - 8.6 | 1,14 |
| 2006 | 858 | 7 367 | 13 981 | - 6 614 | 8.6 | 16.3 | - 7.7 | 1,14 |
| 2007 | 851 | 7 728 | 13 320 | - 5 592 | 9.1 | 15.6 | - 6.6 | 1,19 |
| 2008 | 846 | 8 215 | 13 167 | - 4 952 | 9.7 | 15.6 | - 5.9 | 1,28 |
| 2009 | 841 | 8 103 | 13 027 | - 4 924 | 9.6 | 15.5 | - 5.9 | 1,27 |
| 2010 | 835 | 7 974 | 13 106 | - 5 132 | 9.5 | 15.7 | - 6.1 | 1,24 |
| 2011 | 830 | 7 896 | 12 310 | - 4 414 | 9.5 | 14.8 | - 5.3 | 1,25 |
| 2012 | 822 | 8 180 | 11 925 | - 3 745 | 10.0 | 14.5 | - 4.5 | 1,32 |
| 2013 | 815 | 8 256 | 12 095 | - 3 839 | 10.1 | 14.8 | - 4.7 | 1,37 |
| 2014 | 811 | 8 133 | 11 621 | - 3 488 | 10.0 | 14.3 | - 4.3 | 1,37 |
| 2015 | 808 | 7 864 | 11 431 | - 3 567 | 9.7 | 14.2 | - 4.5 | 1,36 |
| 2016 | 808 | 7 975 | 11 367 | - 3 392 | 9.9 | 14.1 | - 4.2 | 1,40 |
| 2017 | 806 | 6 884 | 10 849 | - 3 965 | 8.5 | 13.5 | -5.0 | 1,26 |

### Ethnic groups

The Mordvin people are a Volga Finnic group speaking two related languages, Moksha and Erzya. The Mordvins identify themselves as separate ethnic groups: the Erzya and Moksha. Only one-third of all Mordvinic languages speakers live in the Republic of Mordovia. During the Soviet period, school textbooks were published in each language.
According to the 2010 Census, Russians make up 53.4% of the republic's population, while ethnic Erzya and Moksha are 39.8%. Other groups include Tatars (5.2%), Ukrainians (0.6%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.
| Ethnic group | 1939 census | 1939 census | 1959 census | 1959 census | 1970 census | 1970 census | 1979 census | 1979 census | 1989 census | 1989 census | 2002 census | 2002 census | 2010 census$^1$ | 2010 census$^1$ | 2021 census | 2021 census | 2021 census |
| Ethnic group | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | % of those who stated ethnicity |
| Russians | 719,117 | 60.53 | 590,557 | 59.04 | 606,817 | 58.94 | 591,212 | 59.75 | 586,147 | 60.83 | 540,717 | 60.84 | 443,737 | 53.05 | 406,061 | 51.82 | 54.09 |
| Mordvins | 405,031 | 34.09 | 357,978 | 35.79 | 364,689 | 35.42 | 338,898 | 34.25 | 313,420 | 32.53 | 283,861 | 31.94 | 333,112 | 39.83 | 290,750 | 37.11 | 38.73 |
| Tatars | 47,386 | 3.99 | 38,636 | 3.86 | 44,954 | 4.37 | 45,765 | 4.63 | 47,328 | 4.91 | 46,261 | 5.21 | 43,392 | 5.19 | 39,855 | 5.09 | 5.31 |
| Ukrainians | 7,586 | 0.64 | 6,554 | 0.66 | 6,033 | 0.59 | 5,622 | 0.57 | 6,461 | 0.67 | 4,801 | 0.54 | 4,801 | 0.57 | 1,414 | 0.18 | 0.19 |
| Other Ethnicities | 8,884 | 0.75 | 6,468 | 0.65 | 7,069 | 0.69 | 8,012 | 0.81 | 10,148 | 1.05 | 13,126 | 1.48 | 11,361 | 1.36 | 12,601 | 1.61 | 1.68 |
| Ethnicity not stated | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 32,867 | 4.19 | |
| TOTAL | 1,188,004 | 100.00 | 1,000,193 | 100.00 | 1,029,562 | 100.00 | 989,509 | 100.00 | 963,504 | 100.00 | 888,766 | 100.00 | 836,403 | 100.00 | 783,552 | 100% | 100% |
| $^1$ 3,153 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group. |||||||||||||||

### Religion

Religion in Mordovia as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas) :
| Russian Orthodoxy | Russian Orthodoxy | 68.6% | 68.6% |
| Old Believers | Old Believers | 0.6% | 0.6% |
| Other Christians | Other Christians | 4.9% | 4.9% |
| Islam | Islam | 2.4% | 2.4% |
| Spiritual but not religious | Spiritual but not religious | 9.7% | 9.7% |
| Atheism and irreligion | Atheism and irreligion | 7.2% | 7.2% |
| Other and undeclared | Other and undeclared | 6.6% | 6.6% |
According to a 2012 survey, 68.6% of the population of Mordovia adhere to the Russian Orthodox Church (there are many churches and monasteries, for example, Monastery of John the Evangelist in Makarovka), 5% are unaffiliated Christians, 2% are Muslims, 1% are Old Believers. In addition, 10% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 7% are atheist, and 6.4% follow Buddhism only in the city of Saransk. Some Mordvins adhere to the Mordvin native religion.

### Education

The most important facilities of higher education include Mordovian State University and Mordovian State Pedagogical Institute in Saransk.

## Culture

There are many museums in the republic. The largest ones include the Mordovian Republican United Museum of Regional Studies and the Museum of Mordvinian Culture in Saransk.
The National Library of the Republic of Mordovia is the largest library in the republic.
The State Puppet Theater of the Republic of Mordovia, located in Saransk, is well known in Russia. Most of the plays performed in this theater are Russian fairy-tales.
Erzya literature experienced a renaissance in the 1920s and 1930s.
The House and Museum of F. Sychkov was opened on March 11, 1970, at Kochelaevo, Kovylkinsky District after a reconstruction.
Mordovian cuisine is widespread in the country.

### Penal colonies

Mordovia is home to multiple penal colonies. Prisons in Mordovia are regarded by many as having conditions harsher than most Russian prisons. According to University of Helsinki sociologist Olga Zeveleva, who works with the Gulag Echoes project studying Russian prison conditions, "Prisons in Mordovia are notoriously terrible, even by Russian standards. The prisons there are known for the harsh regimes and human rights violations.” According to The Guardian, a popular saying among female prison inmates in Russia is “If you haven’t done time in Mordovia, you haven’t done time at all.” The prison was built as a part of a system of similar prisons in the region in the 1930s during the Soviet era. University of Oxford scholar Judith Pallot described the prison as being "stuck in time for 50 years." Violence from other prisoners and prison guards is not as frequent as in men's prisons, but is not uncommon. As of 2022, among the prisoners held in Mordovia's penal colonies is Paul Whelan, a U.S. citizen accused of spying and sentenced to 16 years.

### Sport

Mordovia, along with neighbour Chuvashia and Penza Oblast, has given some of the best modern racewalking athletes, both women (Olga Kaniskina, Anisya Kirdyapkina, Elena Lashmanova, Olena Shumkina, Irina Stankina) and men (Sergey Bakulin, Valeriy Borchin, Stanislav Emelyanov, Vladimir Kanaykin, Sergey Kirdyapkin, Sergey Morozov, Denis Nizhegorodov, Roman Rasskazov), apart from Alexei Nemov (see more in the article History of Mordovian sport).

## Language

The Mordvinic languages, alternatively Mordvin languages, or Mordvinian languages (Russian: Мордовские языки, Mordovskiye yazyki, the official Russian term for the language pair), are a subgroup of the Uralic languages, comprising the closely related Erzya language and Moksha language. Previously considered a single "Mordvin language", it is now treated as a small language grouping consisting of just two languages. Due to differences in phonology, lexicon, and grammar, Erzya and Moksha are not mutually intelligible, so the Russian language is often used for intergroup communications.
The two Mordvinic languages also have separate literary forms. The Erzya literary language was created in 1922 and the Mokshan in 1923.
The two Mordvinic languages are official languages of Mordovia along with Russian.