OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hans Kramers

Hendrik Anthony "Hans" Kramers (17 December 1894 – 24 April 1952) was a Dutch physicist who worked with Niels Bohr to understand how electromagnetic waves interact with matter and made important contributions to quantum mechanics and statistical physics.

## Background and education

Hans Kramers was born on 17 December 1894 in Rotterdam. the son of Hendrik Kramers, a physician, and Jeanne Susanne Breukelman.
In 1912 Hans finished secondary education (HBS) in Rotterdam, and studied mathematics and physics at the University of Leiden, where he obtained a master's degree in 1916. Kramers wanted to obtain foreign experience during his doctoral research, but his first choice of supervisor, Max Born in Göttingen, was not reachable because of the First World War. Because Denmark was neutral in this war, as was the Netherlands, he travelled (by ship, overland was impossible) to Copenhagen, where he visited unannounced the then still relatively unknown Niels Bohr. Bohr took him on as a Ph.D. candidate and Kramers prepared his dissertation under Bohr's direction. Although Kramers did most of his doctoral research (on intensities of atomic transitions) in Copenhagen, he obtained his formal Ph.D. under Ehrenfest in Leiden, on 8 May 1919.
Kramers enjoyed music, and played cello and piano.

## Academic career

He worked for almost ten years in Bohr's group, becoming an associate professor at the University of Copenhagen. He played a role in the ill-fated BKS theory of 1924-5. Kramers left Denmark in 1926 and returned to the Netherlands. He became a full professor in theoretical physics at Utrecht University, where he supervised Tjalling Koopmans.
In 1925, with Werner Heisenberg he developed the Kramers–Heisenberg dispersion formula, and in 1926 he was one of the authors of the WKB method. He is also credited with introducing in 1948 the concept of renormalization into quantum field theory, although his approach was nonrelativistic. He is also credited for the Kramers–Kronig relations with Ralph Kronig which are mathematical equations relating real and imaginary parts of complex functions constrained by causality. One further refers to a Kramers turnover when the rate of thermally activated barrier crossing as a function of the damping goes through a maximum, thereby undergoing a transition between the energy diffusion and spatial diffusion regimes. He is also known for Kramers' degeneracy theorem.
In 1934 he left Utrecht and succeeded Paul Ehrenfest in Leiden. From 1931 until his death he held also a cross appointment at Delft University of Technology.
Kramers was one of the founders of the Mathematisch Centrum in Amsterdam.

## Family

On 25 October 1920 he was married to Anna Petersen. They had three daughters and one son.

## Recognition

Kramers became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1929, he was forced to resign in 1942. He joined the Academy again in 1945. He was an International member of the American Philosophical Society. Kramers won the Lorentz Medal in 1947 and Hughes Medal in 1951.
# Dave Shean

David William Shean (July 9, 1883 – May 22, 1963) was an American professional baseball second baseman. He played from 1906 through 1919 for the Philadelphia Athletics (1906), Philadelphia Phillies (1908–1909), Boston Doves (1909–1910, 1912), Chicago Cubs (1911), Cincinnati Reds (1917) and Boston Red Sox (1918–1919) of Major League Baseball (MLB). Listed at 5 ft 11 in (1.80 m), 175 lb (79 kg)., Shean batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Arlington, Massachusetts.
A graduate of Fordham University, Shean was a well-traveled utility who spent 14 years in baseball, nine of them in the major leagues. His most productive season came in 1918 with Boston, when he posted career-numbers in batting average (.264) and runs (58), while leading the American League hitters with 36 sacrifice hits. He also was a member of the World Champions Red Sox in the 1918 Series.
In a nine-season career, Shean was a .228 hitter (495-for-2167) with six home runs and 167 RBI in 630 games, including 225 runs, 59 doubles, 23 triples, and 66 stolen bases. In six Series games, he hit .211 (4-for-19) with a double, two runs, and one stolen base.
Following his baseball career, Shean was president of Nathan Robbins Company, a poultry concern. Shean died at the age of 79 in Boston, Massachusetts, after suffering injuries in an automobile accident.
# Angelos (mythology)

In Greek mythology, Angelos (Ancient Greek: Ἄγγελος) or Angelia (Ἀγγελία) was a daughter of Zeus and Hera.

## Mythology

Angelos' story only survives in scholia on Theocritus' Idyll 2. Angelos was raised by nymphs to whose care her father had entrusted her. One day she stole her mother Hera's anointments and gave them away to Europa. To escape Hera's wrath, she had to hide first in the house of a woman in labor, and next among people who were carrying a dead man. Hera eventually ceased from prosecuting her, and Zeus ordered the Cabeiroi to cleanse Angelos. They performed the purification rite in the waters of the Acherusia Lake in the Underworld. Consequently, she received the world of the dead as her realm of influence, and was assigned an epithet katachthonia ("she of the underworld").
The story of Angelos is cited by the scholiast in a series of rare myths concerning the birth of Hecate, which makes it possible to think that Angelos was essentially equal to Hecate. This is to some extent confirmed by the fact that, according to Hesychius, Angelos was a surname of Artemis in Syracuse, being that Artemis as goddess of the moon was identified with Hecate. Angelos could be an early version of Hecate, the one that pertained both to the upper world and the underworld, similar to the position of Persephone.
# GRE Biology Test

The GRE subject test in biology was a standardized test in the United States created by the Educational Testing Service, and was designed to assess a candidate's potential for graduate or post-graduate study in the field of biology. The test was comprehensive and covered—in equal proportions—molecular biology, organismal biology, and ecology and evolution.
This exam, like all the GRE subject tests, was paper-based, as opposed to the GRE general test which is usually computer-based. It contains 194 questions which were to be answered within 2 hours and 50 minutes. Scores on this exam were required for entrance to some biology Ph.D. programs in the United States.
Scores were scaled and then reported as a number between 200 and 990; however, in recent versions of the test, the maximum and minimum reported scores were 940 (corresponding to the 99 percentile) and 400 (1 percentile) respectively. The mean score for all test takers from July, 2009, to July, 2012, was 658 with a standard deviation of 123.
Tests generally took place three times per year, on one Saturday in each of September, October, and April. ETS took the decision to discontinue the test after April 2021.

## Content specification

Since many students who apply to graduate programs in biology do so during the first half of their fourth year, the scope of most questions is largely that of the first three years of a standard American undergraduate biology curriculum. A sampling of test item content is given below:

### Cell and molecular biology (33–35%)

* Cell biology
* Metabolism
* Genetics
* Microbiology/immunology

### Organismal biology (33–34%)

* Animal anatomy and physiology
* Plant anatomy and physiology
* Biodiversity

### Ecology and evolution (33–34%)

* Ecosystems
* Behavioral ecology
* Evolutionary processes
* History of life
# David Hamilton (baseball)

David Lewis Hamilton (born September 29, 1997) is an American professional baseball shortstop and second baseman for the Boston Red Sox of Major League Baseball (MLB). He made his MLB debut in 2023.

## Career
### Amateur career

Hamilton attended San Marcos High School in San Marcos, Texas. The Los Angeles Angels selected him in the 28th round of the 2016 MLB draft, but he did not sign with the Angels. He enrolled at the University of Texas at Austin, where he played college baseball for the Texas Longhorns. In 2018, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Yarmouth–Dennis Red Sox of the Cape Cod Baseball League. He tore his achilles tendon in an electric scooter accident, causing him to miss his junior season in 2019.

### Milwaukee Brewers

The Milwaukee Brewers selected Hamilton in the eighth round, with the 253rd overall selection, of the 2019 MLB draft. He signed with the Brewers, forgoing his senior season at Texas.
During the 2020 season, Hamilton played for Team Texas in the Constellation Energy League, following the cancellation of the 2020 Minor League Baseball season due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, he played for the Wisconsin Timber Rattlers in High-A Central. He stole six bases in a game on June 2, setting a franchise record. In August, the Brewers promoted him to the Biloxi Shuckers of Double-A South.

### Boston Red Sox

On December 1, 2021, the Brewers traded Hamilton, Jackie Bradley Jr., and Alex Binelas to the Boston Red Sox in exchange for Hunter Renfroe. In his first game with the Double-A Portland Sea Dogs, Hamilton went 5-for-7 with two home runs, seven RBIs, and a stolen base. In 2022 in the minor leagues he had a slash line of .251/.338/.402 in 463 at bats and was tied for third in the minor leagues in stolen bases, with 70, while being caught eight times. He was named the minor-league Baserunner of the Year by the Red Sox organization.
On November 15, 2022, Hamilton was added to Boston's 40-man roster. Hamilton was optioned to the Triple-A Worcester Red Sox to begin the 2023 season. In 52 games, he slashed .255/.339/.486 with 11 home runs, 25 RBI, and 27 stolen bases. On June 21, Hamilton was promoted to the major leagues for the first time. He was optioned back to Worcester on July 7 after appearing in 13 games and batting .138. Hamilton was recalled to Boston on August 28. On September 22, Hamilton underwent season–ending surgery to repair a torn UCL in his left thumb. In 15 major-league games for Boston, he had a slash line of .121/.256/.182 with no home runs or RBI, and two stolen bases. In September, Hamilton was recognized as the Red Sox' minor-league defensive player of the year for 2023.
Hamilton was optioned to Triple–A Worcester to begin the 2024 season. Entering the season, he was ranked as the Red Sox' number 20 minor-league prospect by Baseball America. He was activated by Boston in early April, following an injury to Trevor Story. Hamilton made his season debut on April 7 against the Los Angeles Angels, in which he hit his first major-league home run in the third inning.
# Noadiah Russell

The Reverend Noadiah Russell (22 July 1659 – 3 December 1713) was a Congregationalist minister, a founder and trustee of Yale College, and one of the framers of the Saybrook Platform.

## Life

Russell was born in New Haven, Connecticut, the son of William Russell, who emigrated from England in 1638, and his wife Sarah Davis. His father died in 1665. His will requested that his "son be devoted to God in the way of learning, being likely to prove a useful instrument in the good work of the ministry." Noadiah was graduated from Harvard in 1681, and became a teacher. He was ordained at Middletown on 24 October 1688.
Along with his cousin, Samuel Russell, he was one of the ten founders of Yale in 1701 and a trustee of Yale College from 1701 to 1713.
Russell married Mary Hamlin, daughter of Captain Giles Hamlin and Hester Crow Hamlin, on 20 February 1689/90 at Middletown, Connecticut. They had nine children. Their eldest son Rev. William Russell, graduated from Yale in 1709, and his wife Mary Pierpont, daughter of another Yale founder, Rev. James Pierpont, were parents of another Reverend Noadiah Russell.
Russell was pastor of the First Congregational Church in Middletown, Connecticut, for 25 years, until his death. He was succeeded as pastor by his son, William. Russell was buried in Riverside Cemetery in Middletown.
Noadiah Russell was a progenitor of William Huntington Russell, Frank Henry Russell, and Frank Ford Russell.
# Love Hurts (TV series)

Love Hurts is a British comedy-drama series that was broadcast from 3 January 1992 to 18 March 1994 on BBC1. It was scripted by Laurence Marks and Maurice Gran and starred Adam Faith as Frank Carver, Zoë Wanamaker as Tessa Piggott, Tony Selby as Max Taplow and Jane Lapotaire as Diane Warburg. Zoë Wanamaker received a 1993 Best Actress BAFTA nomination for her work in the series.
The theme tune was written by Alan Hawkshaw and performed by Peter Polycarpou.

## Plot

When her married long-term boyfriend (who was also her boss) decides to end their relationship for a younger woman, Tessa Piggott (Zoë Wanamaker) leaves her high powered City career and, determined to change her life and leave the rat race, with the help of an old university friend (Jane Lapotaire) – who is also a rabbi, takes a job supervising a charitable Third World development agency. She also resolves to give up relationships, until that is, she meets wealthy and roguish 'hands on' entrepreneur Frank Carver (Adam Faith), who has built up his successful plumbing business from scratch, and romance beckons. Their 'on/off' romance follows throughout the three series, often complicated by their numerous friends, family and colleagues.
# Ernest Barfo

Ernest Barfo (born 19 September 1992), is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Kaya F.C.–Iloilo.

## Honours

Calicut FC
* Super League Kerala: 2024
# Mikhail Miropiev

Mikhail Alexeyevich Miropiev (Russian: Михаил Алексеевич Миропиев; 1852- 8 Dec 1919) was a Russian Orthodox Missionary who worked in the Caucasus in the late 19th century and early 20th century. At the turn of the 20th century he was the director of the Caucasus Teacher's Seminary, later he worked as the Inspector of Orenburg Educational Region (inspector Orenburgskogo uchebnogo okruga). He wrote numerous works concerning Islam and conversion of Russian Muslims to the Russian Orthodox faith.
# Jio-bp

Reliance BP Mobility Limited (d/b/a Jio-bp), is an Indian oil and gas company, owned by Mukesh Ambani of Reliance Industries Limited (RIL). It is based in Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It is vertically integrated and is involved in hydrocarbon exploration, production, refining and also has interests in the downstream business and operates over 1700 Retail Fuel Outlets in India. It also operates the largest oil refinery in the world, situated in Jamnagar.
It owns/have long term chartered two oil rigs – DD KG-1 and DD KG-2 (DD standing for Dhirubhai Deepwater). They are both drilling ships registered in Marshall Islands and owned by Deepwater Pacific Inc., a subsidiary of Transocean.

## Jamnagar Refinery

With an annual crude processing capacity of 1,240,000 barrels (197,000 m$^3$) per stream day, RPL is the largest refinery in the world. It will have a complexity of 21.0, using the Nelson Complexity Index, ranking it one of the highest in the sector. The polypropylene plant will have a capacity to produce 0.9 million metric tonnes per annum.
The refinery project is being implemented at a capital cost of ₹27,000 crore being funded through a mix of equity and debt. This represents a capital cost of less than US$10,000 per barrel per day and compares very favourably with the average capital cost of new refineries announced in recent years. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates the average capital cost of new refinery in the OECD nations to be in the region of US$15,000 to US$20,000 per barrel per day. The low capital cost of RPL becomes even more attractive when adjusted for high complexity of the refinery.

## Controversies

In 2012, reports surfaced in the media highlighting the fact that ONGC had chartered an oil rig owned by RIL in May 2009 (Dhirubhai Deepwater KG-1, also known as DDKG-1) without taking bids from any other companies. This was revealed in the report published by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG), the overseer of expenditures of the Indian Government. RIL also owed ONGC ₹92,000 crores, which were already overdue by two years at that time. However, as of 2018, this outstanding amount was still not paid to ONGC by RIL.
# 1580s BC

The 1580s BC was a decade lasting from January 1, 1589 BC to December 31, 1580 BC.

## Events and trends

* The Egyptians invented a new and better calendar. It is based on both the moon and a star. They observed the annual appearance of the brightest star in the sky, Sirius. This calendar was more advanced than the Babylonian calendar.

## Significant people

* Erishum III, King of Assyria, 1598–1586 BC (traditional date), or ca. 1580–1567 BC (newer dating)
* Actaeus, King of Athens, first King of Athens according to the Parian Chronicle succeeded in the throne by Cecrops I
# Kuril–Kamchatka Trench

The Kuril–Kamchatka Trench or Kuril Trench (Russian: Курило-Камчатский жёлоб, Kurilo-Kamchatskii Zhyolob) is an oceanic trench in the northwest Pacific Ocean. It lies off the southeast coast of Kamchatka and parallels the Kuril Island chain to meet the Japan Trench east of Hokkaido. It extends from a triple junction with the Ulakhan Fault and the Aleutian Trench near the Commander Islands, Russia, in the northeast, to the intersection with the Japan Trench in the southwest.
The trench formed as a result of the subduction zone, which formed in the late Cretaceous, that created the Kuril island arc as well as the Kamchatka volcanic arc. The Pacific plate is being subducted beneath the Okhotsk microplate along the trench, resulting in intense volcanism.
The maximum depth of the trench is reported in peer-reviewed academic papers as 9,600 meters.

## Tectonics

At the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench, the Pacific plate is subducting beneath the Okhotsk microplate, a microplate formerly considered to be part of the North American plate. The convergence rate ranges from ≈75 mm (3.0 in)/yr in the north to ≈83 mm (3.3 in)/yr at the southern end. Obliquity of convergence increases to the south, where the transpressional stress is partitioned into trench-normal thrust earthquakes and trench-parallel strike-slip earthquakes. This partitioning results in westward translation of the Kurile forearc relative to the North American plate.

## Associated seismicity

Major earthquakes associated with the subduction zone:
| Date | Location | Magnitude |
| 3 February 1923 | Kamchatka, Russia | 8.4 |
| 13 April 1923 | Kamchatka, Russia | 8.2 |
| 2 March 1933 | Sanriku-oki, Japan | 8.6 |
| 4 November 1952 | Kamchatka, Russia | 9.0 |
| 6 November 1958 | Kuril Islands, Russia | 8.4 |
| 13 October 1963 | Kuril Islands, Russia | 8.5 |
| 4 October 1994 | Kuril Islands, Russia | 8.3 |
| 25 September 2003 | Hokkaido, Japan | 8.3 |
| 15 November 2006 | Kuril Islands, Russia | 8.3 |
| 24 May 2013 | Sea of Okhotsk | 8.3 |
| 18 July 2017 | Kamchatka, Russia | 7.8 |
| 25 March 2020 | Kamchatka, Russia | 7.5 |
# Galway Bay (song)

"Galway Bay" is the name of at least two different songs.
The first, "(My Own Dear) Galway Bay", is traditionally more popular and known in the Galway Bay area. The second song is more popular outside Ireland.

## "(My Own Dear) Galway Bay"

This song is known alternatively as "Galway Bay", "My Own Dear Galway Bay", or "The Old Galway Bay".
It was composed in London by Frank A. Fahy (1854–1935), a native of Kinvara, Co. Galway, on the shores of Galway Bay. It was originally written to air of "Skibbereen".
One of the most renowned recordings of the later version was by the Irish singer Dolores Keane.

## "Galway Bay"

A separate song was written by Dr. Arthur Colahan in Leicester in 1947 and popularised by Bing Crosby. Crosby recorded the song with Victor Young and his Orchestra on 27 November 1947, and changed some of the lyrics so as to be less political. It became a huge hit around the world with Irish emigrants, and reached the No. 3 position in the Billboard charts in the U.S. Crosby recorded the song again in 1966 for a television show broadcast the following year. The tracks were recorded in Dublin, and later commercially issued on the album A Little Bit of Irish. Crosby also included the song in his 50th anniversary concert at the London Palladium, which was recorded and issued on a double album. In 1948, "Galway Bay" spent 22 consecutive weeks at No. 1 on the UK's sheet music sales chart, with multiple cover versions available at the time. Unusually, it entered the chart at No. 1, and spent a total of 39 weeks on the listings. The contemporary recordings available during this period were by:
* Denis Martin
* Robert Wilson
* Bing Crosby
* The Sentimentalists presented by Billy Cotton
* Anne Shelton with The Wardour Singers
* Bill Johnson
* Jack Simpson and his Sextet (vocal by Dave Kydd)
* Michael O'Duffy with Duncan Morrison (piano)
* Joseph McNally
* Josef Locke
* Joe Loss and his Orchestra (vocal by The Lhon D'Hoo Male Choir)
* Johnny Cash
Ruby Murray later included the song on her album When Irish Eyes Are Smiling (1955).
The copyright of "Galway Bay" is held by Box and Cox Publications of London. A humorous version was created by The Clancy Brothers and Tommy Makem. A notable reference to Colahan's song is made in The Pogues' "Fairytale of New York". Chloë Agnew of Celtic Woman also covered the song in the group's show Songs from the Heart, while Philip Noone released a more modern version as a single in 2019.
# Las Vegas (In the Hills of Donegal)

    This song is not to be confused with the Bridie Gallagher song "The Hills of Donegal".
"Las Vegas (In the Hills of Donegal)" is a song by the Irish folk rock group Goats Don't Shave. It was a top 10 hit for the band in 1991, reaching #4 on the Irish singles chart.

## Lyrics and meaning

The lyrics of the song tell of the speaker's desire to turn County Donegal, described to be fame-less and unknown, into a gambling hub, ala Las Vegas. He speaks of walling it off from the rest of Ireland while legalizing casinos and brothels. There are several references made to people from popular and business culture including Jack the Ripper, the Man in the Iron Mask, Neil Blaney, Brigitte Nielsen, Mike Tyson and Donald Trump.

## Release and reception

It was first released by the Goats Don't Shave in 1992 with the release of their album, The Rusty Razor. The song found new popularity in the 2000s, not only among people from County Donegal, but people from all over Ireland. The album was a mix of modern material and traditional Irish folk written mostly by Pat Gallagher.

## Cover versions

The song has been covered by many other artists including The Dubliners.
* Charlie and the Bhoys
* Mike Denver
* Scythian
* Nathan Carter
* The Irish Rovers
* The Saw Doctors

## Legacy

The song was blared from the Croke Park PA system after Donegal won the Sam Maguire Cup in 2012. It was again played on the Croke Park PA system just before Donegal were presented with the National League Division 2(football) Cup in April 2019.
# Ampelita katsaensis

Ampelita katsaensis is a species of tropical air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Acavidae.

## Distribution

This species is endemic to Madagascar.
# Chergui (wind)

The chergui or sharqī (Arabic: شرقية šarqīa) is the name of a continental easterly or southeasterly wind which blows on the southernmost part of Morocco, a hot and dry wind coming from the Sahara Desert. This wind can be compared with the sirocco, a very hot and very dry desert wind. The Arabic word means "coming from the east", as the chergui emanates from the desert east of the Atlas Mountains. This is a rain shadow wind as it falls down after passing over the top of the mountain range as a very hot and dry air into the coastal plains area towards the Atlantic Ocean, which brings soaring temperatures typical of the desert, often over 40 °C (104 °F) and can even turn around 48 °C (118.4 °F) during the day at summertime and the relative humidity is extremely low, nearly always below 15%. The chergui can also more rarely blow at wintertime, and is responsible of a warm, sunny and dry weather.