OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kotdwar railway station

Kotdwar railway station (station code: KTW) is a railway station in Uttarakhand, India. It is operated by Indian Railways situated under the Northern railway zone. It is located off NH 534 near the Bus Stand Road in Kotdwar, Pauri Garhwal district, Uttarakhand. The station boasts 1 platform and offers basic amenities like waiting rooms and refreshment stalls. Travelers can find local shops, auto-rickshaws, and bus services readily available outside the station, making it a convenient hub for exploring the surrounding areas. It was established during the British Raj, which is planned to be renewed, and the foundation stone was led by Narendra Modi.
# Myles Stephens

Myles Stephens (born January 1, 1997) is an American basketball player who last played for Dolomiti Energia Trento of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA). He played college basketball at Princeton University.

## Early life and high school

Stephens grew up in the Lawrenceville section of Lawrence Township, Mercer County, New Jersey and attended The Pennington School before transferring to St. Andrew's School in Middletown, Delaware after his sophomore year. He committed to play college basketball at Princeton over offers from Brown, Columbia, Holy Cross, Penn, Seton Hall, Cornell and Yale.

## College career

Stephens came off the bench as a freshman and averaged 5.5 points in 29 games played. As a sophomore, Stephens was named first team All-Ivy League and the conference Defensive Player of the Year averaged 12.5 points and 4.6 rebounds per game and blocked 22 shots. He was named second team All-Ivy after averaging 15.3 points and 6.3 rebounds in his junior season. Stephens was named first team All-Ivy as a senior after averaging 13.6 points and 6.4 rebounds per game.

## Professional career

Stephens signed with Oldenburger TB of the German ProB on December 7, 2019.
Stephens signed with the Vilpas Vikings of the Finnish Korisliiga for the 2020–2021 season. He averaged 12.7 points and 5.9 rebounds on the season.
Stephens signed with Belgian team Kangoeroes Mechelen of the BNXT League on September 3, 2021.
On July 18, 2022, he has signed with Crailsheim Merlins of the Basketball Bundesliga (BBL).
On August 3, 2023, he signed with Dolomiti Energia Trento of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA).
# Battle of Mandalgarh

The Battle of Mandalgarh took place in 1473. Following an earlier unsuccessful attempt by Ghiyath Shah (Ghiyas-ud-Din, r. 1469–1500), the Sultan of Malwa, to capture Chittorgarh from the Kingdom of Mewar, Zafir Khan, one of Ghiyath Shah's generals, led a force which raided and plundered Mewar. In response, a combined force of Rajput armies, assembled by the Maharana of Mewar, met Zafir's army at Mandalgarh; here too, the Malwa forces met with a crushing defeat.

## Prelude

In 1473 sultan Ghiyath Shah succeeded his father Mahmud Khalji and he undertook several expeditions against Mewad. The sultan of Malwa laid siege of Chittor and devastated Dungarpur, Rata and Kalla two resilient warriors were killed in the defense. The Rajputs, led by Rana Raimal, resisted and successfully defended against multiple attacks. A Rajput of Gaur community displayed great determination and killed many soldiers of sultan of Malwa. Zahir, along with many other officers were killed and sultan was forced to retreat.

## Outcome

Early in the reign of Rana Raimal of Mewar (r. 1473–1509), a general of the Sultan of Malwa's army, Zafar Khan, marched into Mewar at the head of a large force. The armed incursions may have been at the behest of his sultan, Ghiyath Shah, who remained in his capital at Mandu, or possibly Zafir embarked on his raiding on his own initiative. In either case, a desire to redress the earlier severe defeat of Malwar forces under their sultan, Ghiyath Shah, was likely the instigating factor in the raids. During his campaign, Zafir captured Kotah, Bhainsror and Sheopur, installing his own local thanadars (administrators). The countryside in the vicinity was plundered and laid waste.
Upon hearing of the Malwar incursions, Rana Raimal called his chiefs, including the governors of Amber, Chanderi and Raisen, to march with him against Zafar Khan. The opposing forces met and clashed at Mandalgarh, where Zafar Khan was soundly routed by the combined Rajput force, losing many of his commanders in the battle. Rana Raimal pursued Zafar in his retreat to Mandu, catching up with him at Khairabad (near Kotah) where the opposing armies fought again. The Rajputs sacked the town and extracted heavy fines from the Sultan of Malwa.
# Victor Dessaignes

Victor Dessaignes (31 December 1800 – 4 January 1885) was a French lawyer, physician and chemist. Dessaignes conducted experiments on organic acids and was involved in the synthesis of hippuric acid. He was also involved in characterizing and naming malonic acid, the synthesis of asparagine from ammonium dimalate, conversion between optical isomers of tartaric acid, fumaric acid in mushrooms and the synthesis of several amides.

## Life and work

Dessaignes was born in Vendôme, the third son of Jean-Philibert Dessaignes (1762–1832) and Emilie-Françoise Renou. He studied at the college de Vendee that his father had helped develop in Vendôme and went on to study law, admitted to the bar in 1821. He however did not practice and began studies in medicine, graduating in 1835. Unable to handle the sight of blood, he did not practice medicine and moved to chemistry. Dessaignes conducted experiments on organic compounds. Hippuric acid had been produced by Justus von Liebig from horse urine in 1829 and it had then been found that human urine had more hippuric acid upon ingesting benzoic acid. Dessaignes was able to react benzoylchloride with zinc salt of glycine to produce hippuric acid in 1873. In 1858 he extracted malic acid from the rhubarb plant and oxidized it to produce malonic acid. Dessaigne's 1835 doctoral thesis dissertation was titled "Les Corps Analogues par leurs Propriétés Chimiques se Ressemblent-ils par les Modifications qu'ils Impriment aux Organes des Animaux Vivants?" Between 1836 and 1838 he taught anatomy and physiology at Vendôme at a school run by Père Duchesne.
Dessaignes married a cousin Victorine-Sophie Renou, sister of Émilien Renou, who had a fall on ice and died shortly after the birth of their son who became a professor of medicine. Dessaignes received the 1860 Jecker prize and was made chevalier of the Legion of Honor in 1863. He died from a respiratory tract infection.
# Pam (given name)

Pam is a feminine given name, often a diminutive form (hypocorism) of Pamela.

## People

* Pam Arciero (born 1954), American puppeteer
* Pam Ayres (born 1947), British poet, comedian, songwriter and presenter
* Pam Barnes (television producer), Australian television producer
* Pamela "Pam" Bondi (born 1965), American attorney and politician, Attorney General of Florida
* Pamela "Pam" Bowers (born 1949), American college basketball head coach
* Pam Brady (born 1969), American writer and television producer
* Pam Buckway (born 1949), Canadian politician
* Pam Burridge (born 1965), Australian surfer
* Pamela "Pam" Cameron (born 1971), politician in Northern Ireland
* Pamela "Pam" Casale (born 1963), American tennis player
* Pamela "Pam" Dawber (born 1951), American actress
* Pamela "Pam" Dreyer (born 1981), American ice hockey player
* Pamela "Pam" Ferris (born 1948), British actress
* Pamela "Pam" Grier (born 1949), American actress
* Pam Hallandal (1929–2018), Australian artist
* Pam Lins, American artist
* Pam Long, American writer and executive producer
* Pam Marshall (born 1960), American sprinter
* Pamela "Pam" Peters (born 1942), Emeritus Professor of Linguistics at Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
* Pam Muñoz Ryan (born 1951), American writer for children and young adults
* Pamela "Pam" Oliver (born 1962), American sportscaster
* Pamela "Pam" Patenaude (born 1961), American government official
* Pam Reynolds (1956–2010), American singer-songwriter who claimed to have had a near-death experience during surgery
* Pamela "Pam" Shriver (born 1961), American tennis player
* Pam Taylor (1929–2014), British sculptor
* Pam Tillis (born 1957), American country music singer-songwriter and actress
* Pam Tshwete (born 1951), South African politician
* Pam Warren (speaker) (born 1967), British author, activist and founder of the Paddington Survivor's Group
* Pamela "Pam" Warren (civil servant), American civil servant and former Oklahoma Secretary of Administration
* Pam the Funkstress (1966–2017), American DJ

## Fictional characters

* Pam, a vampire from The Southern Vampire Mysteries/Sookie Stackhouse Series by Charlaine Harris, and the American television drama series True Blood
* Pamela Pam Beesly, on the American TV series The Office
* Pam Coker, on the British soap opera EastEnders
* Pamela Pam Ewing, on the American soap opera Dallas
# John Burke (colonel)

John Timothy Burke (July 8, 1838 – June 23, 1914) was an officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He was court martialed for alleged cowardice at the Battle of Antietam and dismissed from the army.
Burke was born in Dunmanway, County Cork, Ireland. He emigrated to the United States and settled in Oswego, New York. At the start of the war, Burke was the lieutenant colonel of the 37th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment "The Irish Rifles". During the Peninsula Campaign, he was wounded in the first of the Seven Days Battles on June 25, 1862, at Oak Grove.
By the Maryland Campaign in September 1862, he had become the colonel of the 63rd New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment in "The Irish Brigade". During the fighting around the Sunken Road at Antietam General Thomas F. Meagher, commander of the Irish Brigade, was wounded. Colonel Burke assumed command of the brigade and led it from September 17–18 when General Meagher returned to command.
Burke died in Oswego at the age of 75 and was buried in the town's cemetery.
# Ho trai

A ho trai (Thai: หอไตร) is the library of a Thai Buddhist temple.
A ho trai can come in different shapes and sizes.
For many centuries, the sacred Tipiṭaka scriptures had been written on palm leaves. To preserve the scriptures against humidity and against termites, the library was often built on columns to raise the storage from the ground. Bricks were preferably used in constructions to battle termites. Sometimes the ho trai would be built, especially for this reason, above man-made ponds.
Traditionally, the Tipiṭaka scriptures consisted of individual palm leaves, each measuring around 50 centimetres (20 in) in length and around 4 to 6 centimetres (1.6 to 2.4 in) in width. They were perforated and threaded in order to combine them in stacks of 20 to 40 pages. These stacks are kept pressed between two pieces of teakwood which is then wrapped in cloth and stored in a special bookcase. These bookcases are sometimes exquisitely crafted with mother-of-pearl inlay or with gold leaf applied on black lacquer. Beautiful examples of bookcases can be seen in the Bangkok National Museum. Modern Tipiṭaka are now printed as books.

## Gallery

* The Ho trai of Wat Yai Suwannaram in Phetchaburi built above a pond
* The Ho trai of Wat Hua Khuang in Nan
* The Ho trai of Wat Tung Sri Muang in Ubon Ratchathani
* The interior of the Ho trai of Wat Rakhang, Khet Bangkok Noi, Bangkok
* The "Ho trai" of Wat Apson Sawan, khet Phasi Charoen, Bangkok
# Julia Bunting

Julia Bunting is a British demographer who is the ninth president of the Population Council, since March 2015. She currently works to build a body of research on how best to support young girls.

## Early life

During an exchange visit to rural areas of Tanzania, she saw firsthand great disparities in reproductive healthcare.

## Career

Bunting is known for her work on reproductive and maternal health during her 12-year tenure at the United Kingdom's Department for International Development (DFID), where she oversaw the government's policies for international development on HIV/AIDS, maternal, newborn, and child health and rights, and population. There, she campaigned to address maternal mortality as a tractable problem, and worked on the FP2020 pledge to grant access to contraceptives and family planning to 120 million girls and women in the world's poorest countries. She helped develop the global quantitative goal of "120 by 20" at the London Summit on Family Planning in July 2012, which she helped organize, along with a 2017 revival of the summit. The 2012 summit raised $2.6 billion.
She also served as a director at the International Planned Parenthood Federation, as a Programme and Technical lead.
Under her leadership, the Population Council-developed (in conjunction with pharmaceutical company TherapeuticsMD) contraceptive vaginal ring Annovera obtained FDA approval in 2018. The device lasts a year and does not require refrigeration or regular clinic visits, making it well-suited for use in low-income countries. The Population Council also announced in 2018 that their contraceptive gel for men had entered phase two clinical trials, specifically a skin-applied Nestorone/testosterone hormonal gel.

## Awards

In 2013, Julia was inducted as an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for improving reproductive health in developing countries.
# Purple World

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| RapReviews | 7/10 |
Purple World is the second studio album by American rapper Big Moe, from Houston, Texas. It was released on April 23, 2002, via Wreckshop Records, Priority Records and Capitol Records.

## Charts

| Chart (2002) | Peak position |
| US Billboard 200 | 29 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) | 3 |
# Vadivukku Valai Kappu

Vadivukku Valai Kappu (transl. Vadivu's baby shower) is a 1962 Indian Tamil-language film written and directed by A. P. Nagarajan in his directorial debut. The film stars Sivaji Ganesan, Savitri, and Sowcar Janaki. It was released on 7 July 1962.

## Cast

* Sivaji Ganesan as Kumara Vijaya Boopathy
* Savitri as Vadivu
* Sowcar Janaki
* M. N. Rajam as Rajeswari
* V. K. Ramasamy as Mahendra Boopathy
* S. V. Subbaiah as Subban
* S. Varalakshmi as Nachiyar
* Kuladeivam Rajagopal as Nallan
* T. P. Muthulakshmi as Manthahini
* T. K. Ramachandran as Thalapathy
* Manorama

## Production

Vadivukku Valai Kappu marked the directorial debut of A. P. Nagarajan, who worked mostly as a screenwriter at that time. He and V. K. Ramasamy (who acted in the film) produced the film, under the banner Sri Lakshmi Pictures. K. Somu was the original director, but removed his name from the credits in favour of Nagarajan. A. Gopinath and N. A. Thara handled the cinematography, while T. R. Nataraj did the editing. Sampath-Chinni, Rajkumar, Thangaraj and Krishnaraj were in charge of choreography. A. M. Shahul Hameed provided Nagarajan financial support to complete the film, but was not credited as producer.
The film was originally started with Sivaji Ganesan and Savitri in lead roles; however it was shelved for sometime due to Savitri's pregnancy and Ganesan advised Ramasamy to revive the film with B. Saroja Devi as lead actress. When Ramasamy discussed this with Nagarajan, he was not interested with the choice as he felt they both should decide the casting. In the midst they both made Nalla Idathu Sammandham. After her pregnancy period, Savitri returned to the film, and it was restarted. The final length was 15642 feet.

## Soundtrack

The music of the film was composed by K. V. Mahadevan.
| Song | Singer/s | Lyricist | Length |
| "Thilagame Ulagin Thilagame" | T. M. Soundararajan | A. Maruthakasi | 05:47 |
| "Un Manam Irangida Venum" | L. R. Eswari & group | A. Maruthakasi | |
| "Thaamatham Seyyaadhe Thozhi" | S. Varalakshmi | A. Maruthakasi | 03:30 |
| "Seerulaavum Inbanatham Jeeva Sangeetham" | T. M. Soundararajan & P. Susheela | A. Maruthakasi | 03:18 |
| "Saalaiyile Puliyamaram Jameenthaaru" | P. Susheela, L. R. Eswari & group | A. S. Narayanan | 03:20 |
| "Soodu Vaicha Vellai Kaalai" | Athmasha | A. S. Narayanan | |
| "Nilladiyo Nilladiyo Ninaichu Paarthu solladiyo" | P. Susheela | Kannadasan | 03:20 |
| "Pillai Manam Kalanguthendral" | T. M. Soundararajan | Kannadasan | |
| "Chillena Poothu Sirikindra Pennukku" | P. Susheela | Kannadasan | 03:30 |

## Release and reception

Vadivukku Valai Kappu was released on 7 July 1962, after being delayed for over four years. The Illustrated Weekly of India stated, "The story is poor and the way in which it is told is even poorer." Kanthan of Kalki also printed a negative review, saying there was no redeemable feature except for the outdoor photography.
# Shostka Raion

Shostka Raion (Ukrainian: Шосткинський район) is a raion (district) of Sumy Oblast in central Ukraine. The administrative center of the raion is the town of Shostka. Population: 179,432 (2022 estimate).
On 18 July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, the number of the raions in the Sumy Oblast was reduced to five, and the area of the Shostka Raion was significantly expanded. The January 2020 estimate of the raion population was 19,420 (2020 est.).
# Achicourt

Achicourt (French pronunciation:; West Flemish: Kortaken; Picard: Hachicourt) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France.

## Geography

A light industrial suburb of Arras located 2 miles (3 km) southwest of Arras, at the D3 and D5 road junction. The river Crinchon flows through the town.

## Sights

* The old windmill, rebuilt in 1994.
* The church of St.Vaast, dating from the twentieth century.
* The church of St.Christophe, dating from the twentieth century.
* Traces of a rectangular castle motte from the thirteenth century.
* The British war cemetery, where 131 English and Canadian soldiers are buried.
# Sviridov

Sviridov (Russian: Свиридов), a Russian masculine surname, may refer to:

## People

* Egor Sviridov, Russian football fan murdered in 2010
* Evgeni Sviridov (figure skater) (born 1974), Uzbekistani figure skater
* Evgeniy Sviridov (bandy) (born 1974), Belarusian bandy player
* Evgeny Sviridov (violinist) (born 1989), Russian violinist
* Georgy Sviridov (1915–1998), Soviet Russian composer
* Karp Sviridov (1896–1967), Soviet general
* Ruslan Sviridov (born 1973), Russian pianist
* Sergey Sviridov (born 1990), Russian decathlete
* Valentin Sviridov (born 1967), Russian politician
* Vladimir Sviridov (born 1990), Russian Paralympic athlete
* Vladimir Petrovich Sviridov (1897–1963), Soviet military commander
* Vladimir Sviridov (army officer) (1955–2023) , Russian military officer

## Places

* Sviridov, Kursk Oblast, a khutor in Medvensky District of Kursk Oblast, Russia
# 1977 UEFA Cup final

The 1977 UEFA Cup Final was played on 4 May 1977 and 18 May 1977 between Italian side Juventus and Spanish side Athletic Bilbao. Juventus won 2-2 on away goals.
This is the only triumph for an Italian side in an official European tournament without foreign players in its first team squad. It also marked Juventus' first title in European football, as well as the first time the UEFA Cup was won by a Southern European club.

## Route to the final

| Juventus | Juventus | Juventus | Juventus | Round | Athletic Bilbao | Athletic Bilbao | Athletic Bilbao | Athletic Bilbao |
| Opponent | Agg. | 1st leg | 2nd leg | | Opponent | Agg. | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Manchester City | 2–1 | 0–1 (A) | 2–0 (H) | First round | Újpesti Dózsa | 5–1 | 0–1 (A) | 5–0 (H) |
| Manchester United | 3–1 | 0–1 (A) | 3–0 (H) | Second round | Basel | 4–2 | 1–1 (A) | 3–1 (H) |
| Shakhtar Donetsk | 3–1 | 3–0 (H) | 0–1 (A) | Third round | A.C. Milan | 5–4 | 4–1 (H) | 1–3 (A) |
| Magdeburg | 4–1 | 3–1 (A) | 1–0 (H) | Quarter-finals | Barcelona | 4–3 | 2–1 (H) | 2–2 (A) |
| AEK Athens | 5–1 | 4–1 (H) | 1–0 (A) | Semi-finals | Molenbeek | 1–1 (a) | 1–1 (A) | 0–0 (H) |

## Match details
### First leg

| Juventus | Athletic Bilbao |
| GK | 1 | Dino Zoff |
| RB | 2 | Antonello Cuccureddu |
| CB | 5 | Francesco Morini |
| SW | 6 | Gaetano Scirea |
| LB | 3 | Claudio Gentile |
| CM | 4 | Giuseppe Furino (c) |
| AM | 10 | Romeo Benetti |
| CM | 8 | Marco Tardelli |
| RW | 7 | Franco Causio |
| CF | 9 | Roberto Boninsegna | 40' |
| SS | 11 | Roberto Bettega |
| Substitutes: ||
| FW | 12 | Sergio Gori | 40' |
| Manager: ||
| Giovanni Trapattoni ||
| GK | 1 | José Ángel Iribar (c) |
| RB | 2 | José Ignacio Oñaederra |
| CB | 5 | Agustín Guisasola |
| CB | 6 | Andoni Goikoetxea | 50' |
| LB | 3 | Javier Escalza |
| CM | 8 | Javier Irureta |
| CM | 4 | Ángel María Villar |
| CM | 11 | Txetxu Rojo |
| CF | 7 | Dani |
| CF | 9 | José Ignacio Churruca |
| CF | 10 | José Ángel Rojo |
| Manager: ||
| Koldo Aguirre ||

### Second leg

| Athletic Bilbao | Juventus |
| GK | 1 | José Ángel Iribar (c) |
| RB | 2 | José Lasa | 64' |
| CB | 5 | Agustín Guisasola |
| CB | 6 | José Ramón Alexanko |
| LB | 3 | Javier Escalza |
| CM | 4 | Ángel María Villar |
| CM | 8 | Javier Irureta |
| CM | 11 | Txetxu Rojo |
| FW | 7 | Dani |
| FW | 10 | José Ignacio Churruca |
| FW | 9 | José María Amorrortu |
| Substitutes: ||
| FW | 12 | Carlos | 64' |
| Manager: ||
| Koldo Aguirre ||
| GK | 1 | Dino Zoff |
| RB | 2 | Antonello Cuccureddu |
| CB | 5 | Francesco Morini |
| SW | 6 | Gaetano Scirea |
| LB | 3 | Claudio Gentile | 87' |
| RW | 7 | Franco Causio |
| CM | 8 | Marco Tardelli | 70' |
| CM | 4 | Giuseppe Furino (c) |
| AM | 10 | Romeo Benetti | 63' |
| CF | 9 | Roberto Boninsegna | | 60' |
| SS | 11 | Roberto Bettega |
| Substitutes: ||
| DF | 13 | Luciano Spinosi | | 60' |
| Manager: ||
| Giovanni Trapattoni ||
# 300 Years Mosque

The 300 Years Mosque (Thai: มัสยิด 300 ปี, RTGS: Matsayit Sam Roi Pi) also known as Al-Hussein Mosque (Thai: มัสยิดวาดี อัล ฮูเซ็น, RTGS: Matsayit Wadi An Husen) or Talo Mano Mosque (Thai: มัสยิดตะโละมาเนาะ) is one of the oldest mosques in Thailand. Located in Narathiwat, a southern province in Thailand, it is in use today by the large Muslim community in the area. The mosque was built in 1634 to serve the newly settled Muslim community during that time. It is the oldest wooden mosque in Thailand.

## History

The mosque dates back to the Pattani Kingdom, when it was ruled by a sultan. The villagers in that area who were both Muslims and Buddhists built the mosque in 1634. They cooperated in the construction of the mosque. Legend states that during the war between the Siamese Kingdom and the Pattani Kingdom, a young woman of a village in the Pattani Kingdom was fleeing from the war. She was the keeper of the village's Quran and fled with it in her hands. Upon fleeing, she fell into a small valley. Rescued by the villagers in that area, she surprised them as she had the Quran tight in her hands. The villagers so then decided to build the Mosque after the war ended. Another legend states that the mosque was built by Wan Husein Az-Sanawi, a teacher who migrated to the Pattani Kingdom, in 1624. The hand-written Quran and the construction plan of the mosque are kept in the mosque itself.

## Architecture

The mosque combines several architectural styles from the Chinese, Thais, and the Malays. The mosque was built with wood from the hummingbird tree and an ironwood tree. Because nails were not invented at that time, wedges were used instead to hold the wood into place. Original roofing was made of palm tree leaves and it was later changed to terracotta tiles. The mosque consists of two buildings. The smaller building is where the mihrab is located and has three layers of roof. It is also where the Chinese-style minaret is located. The bigger building has more of Thai architectural influence with the Thai-style gable. The walls of both buildings has etchings of Thai/Chinese/Malay designs and patterns.

## Ceremonies

Most ceremonies held in the mosque are strictly Islamic ceremonies. Although it also serves as a community centre, it still must be treated as a mosque.

## Renovations

To prepare for the ASEAN community, the 300 year mosque received a 200-million Thai Baht fund from the government to renovate the mosque in early 2014. The plan will be implemented by the Southern Border Provinces Administrative Center. Renovations includes renovating the mosque, improving surrounding landscapes, and adding functions to the mosque (community center). With the renovation, the mosque will hopefully attract more tourists.