# Nightmare Alley (2021 film)

Nightmare Alley is a 2021 neo-noir psychological thriller film co-written and directed by Guillermo del Toro, and based on the 1946 novel of the same name by William Lindsay Gresham. It is the second feature film adaptation of Gresham's novel, following the 1947 film. A co-production between Searchlight Pictures, TSG Entertainment, and Double Dare You Productions, the film stars Bradley Cooper as a charming and ambitious carnival worker with a mysterious past who takes big risks to boost his career. Cate Blanchett, Toni Collette, Willem Dafoe, Richard Jenkins, Rooney Mara, Ron Perlman, Mary Steenburgen, and David Strathairn also star.
Del Toro announced the film in 2017, and he produced the film alongside J. Miles Dale and Cooper. Frequent collaborator Dan Laustsen was the cinematographer, and Nathan Johnson replaced Alexandre Desplat as its composer. Principal photography began in January 2020 in Toronto, Ontario, but was shut down in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Production resumed in September 2020 and concluded that December.
Nightmare Alley premiered at Alice Tully Hall in New York City on December 1, 2021, and was theatrically released in the United States on December 17, 2021, by Searchlight Pictures. The film received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised Del Toro’s direction, the cinematography, score, production design, and performances of Cooper and Blanchett, while criticizing the film's runtime. It flopped at the box office, grossing a total of $39.6 million worldwide against a $60 million production budget. It received four nominations at the 94th Academy Awards, including Best Picture. A black-and-white version subtitled Vision in Darkness and Light was released in select cities starting on January 14, 2022.

## Plot

In 1939, Stan Carlisle hides a corpse under the floorboards of a run-down house before setting the house ablaze. That evening, he walks into a traveling carnival and watches a geek show in which a deranged man eats a live chicken. Stan runs into the carnival's strongman and is offered a temporary job for the night. He is subsequently convinced by carnival owner Clem to stay and begins working with "Madame Zeena", the carnival's clairvoyant act, and her alcoholic husband Pete.
Stan begins courting fellow performer Molly and asks her to leave the carnival with him, but she refuses. Madame Zeena and Pete teach Stan how to use the coded language and cold reading tricks in their act, while warning him against pretending to speak to the dead. Stan also learns that Clem hires troubled alcoholics to be his geeks, then gives them opium-laced alcohol so they stay. One night, Pete asks Stan for alcohol and is found dead the next day.
Local law enforcement raid the carnival after learning about the geek show. Stan uses his cold reading skills to placate the local sheriff and manipulate him into showing leniency. Shortly thereafter, Molly agrees to leave the carnival with Stan.
Two years later, Stan runs a successful psychic act for the wealthy elite of Buffalo. Molly performs as his assistant, but their relationship has deteriorated as Stan demands perfection from Molly. During a performance, psychologist Dr. Lilith Ritter interrupts and tries to expose their act. Stan bests and humiliates Ritter with his cold reading skills, then reads the man sitting with Ritter, Judge Kimball. After the show, Kimball asks Stan to help him and his wife communicate with their dead son. Stan agrees over Molly's objections.
Stan meets with Ritter to purchase information on Kimball. Ritter agrees but requests Stan sit for a psychotherapy session in lieu of payment. That night, Molly invites Madame Zeena and other performers to the hotel for an impromptu party. Madame Zeena warns Stan not to do Kimball's reading, claiming to have read his plans from tarot.
Stan performs a successful reading for Kimball and his wife and is paid handsomely. He offers to split the fee with Ritter, but she declines, instead agreeing to hide the money from Molly. Stan informs Ritter that Kimball has offered to introduce him to Ezra Grindle, a very wealthy industrialist and her former patient. At Stan's request, Ritter reluctantly provides incomplete information about Grindle; Stan steals the rest from her records, learning that Grindle forced an abortion on a young woman named Dorrie, and that she likely died from the botched procedure. After successfully convincing Grindle that he is a true medium, Stan starts an affair with Ritter and begins drinking.
Stan holds regular sessions with Grindle for exorbitant fees while Grindle demands that Stan make Dorrie's spirit materialize. Stan plans to have Molly pose as Dorrie, which she agrees to do only if she can leave Stan. On the day Stan plans to materialize Dorrie, Kimball's wife murders her husband and commits suicide to be reunited with their son. That night, Grindle confesses he hurt more women after Dorrie's death. Immediately after, Molly makes her appearance as Dorrie, but her disguise fails upon close inspection. After Grindle threatens Stan and strikes Molly, Stan beats Grindle to a pulp and runs over Grindle's bodyguard with his car, killing them both. Horrified, Molly leaves.
Stan arrives at Ritter's office to retrieve his savings, but she betrays him and withholds almost all of it. He attacks her but is forced to escape when security arrives. A flashback reveals he killed his bedridden father by intentionally exposing him to hypothermia before burning his house down.
Months later, Stan, now homeless and an alcoholic, sees ads for Madame Zeena. Stan finds a new carnival and learns that his old carnival went out of business. Stan desperately pitches his mentalist act to the new owner, who rejects it based on Stan's appearance and the act being out of fashion. The owner then offers him a drink and temporary work as a geek, which Stan accepts.

## Cast

* Bradley Cooper as Stanton "Stan" Carlisle
* Cate Blanchett as Dr. Lilith Ritter
* Toni Collette as Zeena the Seer
* Willem Dafoe as Clem Hoatley
* Richard Jenkins as Ezra Grindle
* Rooney Mara as Molly Cahill
* Ron Perlman as Bruno
* Mary Steenburgen as Mrs. Kimball
* David Strathairn as Pete
* Holt McCallany as Anderson
* Peter MacNeill as Judge Kimball
* Mark Povinelli as the Major
* Jim Beaver as Sheriff Jedediah Judd
* Tim Blake Nelson as Carny Boss
* Clifton Collins Jr. as Funhouse Jack
* Paul Anderson as Geek #1
* Lara Jean Chorostecki as Louise Hoatley
In addition, Romina Power, daughter of actor Tyrone Power, who played Stanton in the 1947 film, has an uncredited cameo as a viewer of Stanton's show.

## Production
### Pre-production

The project was announced in December 2017, when Guillermo del Toro revealed that he would be attached to write and direct a film adaptation of William Lindsay Gresham's 1946 novel. The film marks a departure for del Toro, as it contains no supernatural elements, as opposed to his previous films. Del Toro considered this to be a standalone adaptation of Gresham's novel, as opposed to a remake of the 1947 film version starring Tyrone Power. He stated: "Well, what it is is that book was given to me in 1992 by Ron Perlman before I saw the Tyrone Power movie, and I loved the book. My adaptation that I've done with [co-writer] Kim Morgan is not necessarily—the entire book is impossible, it's a saga. But there are elements that are darker in the book, and it's the first chance I have—in my short films I wanted to do noir. It was horror and noir. And now is the first chance I have to do a real underbelly of society type of movie. [There are] no supernatural elements. Just a straight, really dark story." Del Toro also revealed the film would be aiming for an R-rating, saying: "big R. Double R!"
Dan Laustsen and Alexandre Desplat were announced to serve as the film's cinematographer and composer, respectively, both having previously collaborated with del Toro in The Shape of Water (2017).

### Casting

In April 2019, Leonardo DiCaprio entered negotiations to star in the film. But by June 2019, Bradley Cooper entered early negotiations to replace DiCaprio. Del Toro stated that he and Cooper quickly connected with each other when del Toro met Cooper in the latter's house to discuss the role: "We started talking script and then this started mirroring our thoughts about life and the way we viewed the world. We entered strange, darker times that led to 'Nightmare Alley' for me, and [changed the] way I view the world." Del Toro also believed that Cooper's experience as a director helped strengthen their connection, stating, "A director is an actor and an actor is a director. There is no separation of the craft... that took awhile for me to get used to. I normally create and guide these little Fabergé eggs of movies, obsessively detailed. All of a sudden we were on an adventure. I will never shoot a movie the same way." Del Toro further discussed his collaborative relationship with Cooper while filming:
   Curiosity and integrity are the two things, they are very bonded [...] We're like truffle hunters, smelling for that, looking for certain truth, not verisimilitude or realism but truth which is a higher form of telling a story. How we get to it is only through curiosity. When we have collaborators, the main reward is a point of view that you can literally bounce off, or get bounced off, and seek for the truth... I found it a blessing at age 56 in this movie to find the marvel of complicity and curiosity. 'Is this all we can do with that scene, with that shot?' You keep seeking.
In August 2019, Cate Blanchett was in negotiations to join the film. Both Cooper and Blanchett were confirmed to star the next month, along with the addition of Rooney Mara. Toni Collette and David Strathairn were added in September, with Strathairn replacing Michael Shannon who dropped out due to scheduling conflicts. Collette praised del Toro's capabilities as a director, and described the film as a "period drama" and "unlike some of his other work." Willem Dafoe was cast in October and Holt McCallany would join the next month. Ron Perlman and Richard Jenkins were both confirmed in January 2020. In February 2020, Mary Steenburgen and Romina Power, the daughter of Tyrone Power, joined the cast of the film. In March 2020, Paul Anderson joined the cast of the film.

### Filming

Principal photography began in January 2020 in Toronto, Canada. Production temporarily moved to Buffalo, New York in February 2020, in order for del Toro to take advantage of the city's architecture and unfamiliar setting: "I wanted to find a city that was really interesting to visit for an audience, that was not a city they were overtly familiar with." Scenes were filmed in and outside of Buffalo's Niagara Square and City Hall, and required the use of fake snow, much to the surprise of the crew, as Buffalo is widely known for its heavy snowfall during the winter season.
Principal photography was initially set to begin in September 2019, but was delayed to accommodate Cooper's schedule. "We shot the second half before the first half," Cooper revealed. "We didn't want to do it that way. Things happened to us, with sets and other actors' availability and water, the snow and all that. I was the cause. I had moved to New York and said, 'I can't do it right now. Let me get settled.'" In March 2020, Del Toro himself shut down production on the film after rising concerns regarding the COVID-19 pandemic: "We stopped the shoot a week before [the industry shut down] [...] That saved us. Nobody to my knowledge in the cast or the crew got coronavirus." Del Toro later reflected that "Stopping was not mandatory back then, but we both felt if we don't stop now and someone gets sick — we said, 'we gotta stop.' Nobody was expecting it. Everybody went to lunch and came back six months later." Searchlight's parent, Walt Disney Studios, officially halted production on the film soon after.
Del Toro revealed that when production was shut down, approximately 45% of the film was shot, and he spent his time editing available footage during the hiatus. Del Toro also composed an 80-page safety precaution guideline to be used when production was to resume, which he was hoping to do in late 2020. Variety reported that Blanchett had completed her scenes prior to the shutdown.
Production resumed in September 2020 in Toronto. In an interview, Collette discussed some of the film's safety protocols: "[...] I've got to say, I think, you couldn't get any safer than a film set. They're so regimented and disciplined and demanding in terms of having to toe the line and everyone does their best to not get it. You really are in a bubble and the whole of Toronto is in masks and you're just sanitizing your hands a million times a day and trying not to be in big crowds and you just have to be mindful of that. Especially when you're working, because there's a bigger risk there. It's not just you, it's everyone else, you know?" Collette also revealed that del Toro had shot almost four hours of footage. By November 2020, principal photography was completed and re-shoots had commenced. Production officially wrapped in December 2020.
Del Toro and Cooper reflected that the unexpected shooting schedule benefited the film's structure. Del Toro remarked that "It was a blessing [...] I believe wholeheartedly life gives you what you need, not what you want. You have a window to look at everything. It was incredible. We got to see these characters, when [Stanton Carlisle] was full of himself and arrogant and certain and seeking. We were able to go back six months in between all this and were able to analyze and see not only that character but what we needed to rewrite to be able to go back to a set. If your pores are open, the movie finds you. Each movie tells you what it needs." Cooper further stated that "This movie needed that rigor. Thank god we had that time. As simple a story is, it demanded all our concentration and focus, all that time. I don't think we realized how much it demanded of us at the beginning. That was the discovery. There is arrogance. You think you can do it, then, 'how is this possible?'"
Cooper further reflected on his relationship with del Toro over the course of filming:
   We [made] Nightmare Alley for the last two and a half years [...] It was a unique experience, going through the pandemic, taking six months off and revisiting it. We not only become lifelong friends, but it was an artistic experience.

## Music

Due to scheduling conflicts, Desplat exited the film, resulting in Nathan Johnson being brought in as replacement.

## Release

It had its world premiere at the Alice Tully Hall in New York on December 1, 2021, accompanied by simultaneous screenings at the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles and the TIFF Bell Lightbox in Toronto. The film was theatrically released on December 17, 2021, after having been rescheduled from its original release date of December 3, 2021.
On December 17, 2021, the day of the film's release, Searchlight Pictures announced that a black-and-white version of the film, titled Nightmare Alley: Vision in Darkness and Light, would be released the following month, on January 14, 2022, in select theaters in Los Angeles only, for up to 6 days. In January 2022, following the success of the showings, the version was announced to be broadening to other select cities. The black-and-white film expanded to 1,020 theaters nationwide on January 28, 2022.
The film was released on the streaming services Hulu and HBO Max on February 1, 2022 and on Ultra HD Blu-ray, Blu-Ray and DVD on March 22, 2022, by 20th Century Studios Home Entertainment. The film was also released on Disney+ internationally on March 9, 2022 in Australia and New Zealand as part of the Star content hub then on March 16, 2022 in all other territories.
By March 20, 2022, the film had been streamed on HBO Max and Hulu in a combined 3.1 million households in the United States according to Samba TV, including 2.1 million since the Oscar nomination announcements on February 8, the highest total of any Best Picture nominee.

## Reception
### Box office

Nightmare Alley grossed $11.3 million in the United States and Canada, and $28.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $39.6 million.
Nightmare Alley made $225,000 from Thursday night previews and an estimated $1.19 million by Friday. Its low opening was attributed to it being primarily meant for the audiences in the older age ranges (who had avoided going out to see movies amidst the COVID-19 pandemic), low interest among the movie-going audience, and the release of Spider-Man: No Way Home on the same date. It went on to debut to $2.8 million from 2,145 theatres during the weekend, finishing fifth at the box office. Men made up 56% of the audience during its opening, with those in the age range of 25–54 composing 55% of ticket sales and those above 45 composing 29%. The ethnic breakdown of the audience showed that 63% were Caucasian, 11% Hispanic and Latino Americans, 9% African American, and 17% Asian or other. In its second weekend, the film earned $1.2 million. In its third, the film dropped out of the box office top ten, finishing eleventh with $966,875.

### Critical response

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 81% of 349 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.4/10. The website's consensus reads: "While it may not hit quite as hard as the original, Guillermo del Toro's Nightmare Alley is a modern noir thriller with a pleasantly pulpy spin." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 70 out of 100 based on 55 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, while those at PostTrak gave it a 72% positive score, with 49% saying they would definitely recommend it.
Mark Kermode of The Observer gave the film 5 out of 5, writing: "From its bruised colour palette to its spiralling descent into madness and degradation, this is deliciously damnable fare, looking back through the prism of Del Toro's adventurous oeuvre to the existential angst of his vampiric feature debut, Cronos." Linda Marric of The Jewish Chronicle also gave 5 out of 5, writing: "Del Toro employs a mixture of stylish old Hollywood sensibilities with B movie tropes to bring us an engaging and gorgeously acted psychological thriller." Clarisse Loughrey of The Independent also gave the film 5 out of 5, writing: "Del Toro can do worldbuilding in his sleep, but you might also find Cooper's brittle performance, filled with such elemental sadness, hard to shake off. Nightmare Alley is the shadow that lingers." Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film 4 out of 5, praising it as "a spectacular noir melodrama boasting gruesomely enjoyable performances and freaky twists."
Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph was more critical, giving the film 2 out of 5 stars and describing it as "an act of origami-level homage: it's all folded together in impressively fiddly ways, but the result is an angular, inert approximation, lacking in the original's breath or heat." Kevin Maher of The Times also gave the 2 out of 5 stars, praising its set design, but added: "there's little else in this drastically overstretched narrative (150 minutes!) to hold any attention beyond a cursory awareness that, yes, we’re watching an oddly literal melodrama about bad people doing very bad things, very slowly."
Martin Scorsese authored an essay in the Los Angeles Times urging readers to seek out the film, crediting Del Toro's films as being "lovingly and passionately crafted" and arguing that Nightmare Alley is "truer to the animating spirit of film noir than the many 'homages' that have been made over the years and are still being made now."

### Accolades

| Ceremony | Category | Recipients | Results |
| AARP Movies For Grownups Awards | Best Director | Guillermo del Toro | Nominated |
| AARP Movies For Grownups Awards | Best Ensemble | Nightmare Alley | Won |
| AARP Movies For Grownups Awards | Best Screenwriter | Guillermo del Toro and Kim Morgan | Nominated |
| AARP Movies For Grownups Awards | Best Supporting Actor | David Strathairn | Nominated |
| AARP Movies For Grownups Awards | Best Supporting Actress | Cate Blanchett | Nominated |
| Academy Awards | Best Picture | Guillermo del Toro, J. Miles Dale, and Bradley Cooper | Nominated |
| Academy Awards | Best Cinematography | Dan Laustsen | Nominated |
| Academy Awards | Best Costume Design | Luis Sequeira | Nominated |
| Academy Awards | Best Production Design | Tamara Deverell and Shane Vieau | Nominated |
| American Cinematheque - Tribute To The Crafts | Feature Film - Production Designer/Set Decorator | Tamara Deverell and Shane Vieau | Won |
| American Society Of Cinematographers | Feature Film | Dan Laustsen, ASC, DFF | Nominated |
| Art Directors Guild | Period Feature Film | Tamara Deverell | Won |
| British Academy Film Awards | Best Cinematography | Dan Laustsen | Nominated |
| British Academy Film Awards | Best Costume Design | Luis Sequeira | Nominated |
| British Academy Film Awards | Best Production Design | Tamara Deverell and Shane Vieau | Nominated |
| Critics Choice Movie Awards | Best Picture | Nightmare Alley | Nominated |
| Critics Choice Movie Awards | Best Director | Guillermo del Toro | Nominated |
| Critics Choice Movie Awards | Best Cinematography | Dan Laustsen | Nominated |
| Critics Choice Movie Awards | Best Costume Design | Luis Sequeira | Nominated |
| Critics Choice Movie Awards | Best Production Design | Tamara Deverell and Shane Vieau | Nominated |
| Critics Choice Movie Awards | Best Score | Nathan Johnson | Nominated |
| Critics Choice Movie Awards | Best Hair and Makeup | Nightmare Alley | Nominated |
| Critics Choice Movie Awards | Best Visual Effects | Nightmare Alley | Nominated |
| Georgia Film Critics Association | Best Production Design | Tamara Deverell and Shane Vieau | Nominated |
| Hollywood Critics Association | Best Director | Guillermo del Toro | Nominated |
| Hollywood Critics Association | Best Production Design | Tamara Deverell | Won |
| Hollywood Music in Media Awards | Best Original Score in a Feature Film | Nathan Johnson | Nominated |
| Houston Film Critics Society | Best Cinematography | Dan Laustsen | Nominated |
| Houston Film Critics Society | Best Director | Guillermo del Toro | Nominated |
| Houston Film Critics Society | Best Ensemble Cast | Nightmare Alley | Nominated |
| Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association | Best Picture | Nightmare Alley | Nominated |
| Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards | Best Production Design | Tamara Deverell | Runner-up |
| Motion Picture Sound Editors | Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Feature Dialogue / ADR | Jill Purdy and Nelson Ferreira | Won |
| Motion Picture Sound Editors | Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Feature Effects / Foley | Nathan Robitaille, Dashen Naidoo, Chelsea Body, Goro Koyama and Andy Malcolm | Nominated |
| Motion Picture Sound Editors | Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing – Feature Music | Clint Bennett, Kevin Banks and Cecile Tournesac | Nominated |
| National Board of Review | Top Ten Films | Nightmare Alley | Nominated |
| Online Film Critics Society | Best Production Design | Tamara Deverell | Nominated |
| San Diego Film Critics Society | Best Director | Guillermo Del Toro | Nominated |
| San Diego Film Critics Society | Best Supporting Actress | Cate Blanchett | Nominated |
| San Diego Film Critics Society | Best Cinematography | Dan Laustsen | Nominated |
| San Diego Film Critics Society | Best Production Design | Tamara Deverell | Won |
| San Diego Film Critics Society | Best Sound Design | Nathan Robitaille | Nominated |
| San Diego Film Critics Society | Best Adapted Screenplay | Guillermo del Toro & Kim Morgan | Runner-up |
| San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle | Best Production Design | Tamara Deverell | Won |
| San Francisco Bay Area Film Critics Circle | Best Cinematography | Dan Laustsen | Nominated |
| Saturn Awards | Best Thriller Film | Nightmare Alley | Won |
| Saturn Awards | Best Actress | Cate Blanchett | Nominated |
| Saturn Awards | Best Supporting Actor | Richard Jenkins | Nominated |
| Saturn Awards | Best Director | Guillermo del Toro | Nominated |
| Saturn Awards | Best Writing | Guillermo del Toro and Kim Morgan | Won |
| Saturn Awards | Best Music | Nathan Johnson | Nominated |
| Saturn Awards | Best Editing | Cam McLauchin | Nominated |
| Saturn Awards | Best Production Design | Tamara Deverell | Won |
| Saturn Awards | Best Costume Design | Luis Sequeira | Nominated |
| Saturn Awards | Best Make-Up | Jo-Ann MacNeil, Mike Hill and Megan Many | Nominated |
| Seattle Film Critics Society | Best Production Design | Tamara Deverell and Shane Vieau | Nominated |
| Screen Actors Guild Awards | Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role | Cate Blanchett | Nominated |
| Set Decorators Society of America Awards | Best Achievement in Décor/Design of a Period Feature Film | Tamara Deverell and Shane Vieau | Nominated |
| St. Louis Film Critics Association | Best Production Design | Tamara Deverell | Nominated |
| Visual Effects Society Awards | Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Photoreal Feature | Dennis Berardi, Ryan MacDuff, Mark Hammond, David Roby and Geoff Hill | Nominated |
| Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association | Best Production Design | Tamara Deverell and Shane Vieau | Nominated |
| Writers Guild of America Awards | Best Adapted Screenplay | Guillermo del Toro and Kim Morgan | Nominated |