OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Danville Mall

Danville Mall, formerly Piedmont Mall, is an enclosed shopping mall in Danville, Virginia. Opened in 1984, it is managed by Hull Property Group. The mall's anchor stores are Belk and Dunham's Sports, with three vacant anchors last occupied by Boscov's, JCPenney, and Sears.

## History

The original anchors of Piedmont Mall were J. C. Penney, Hills, Belk-Leggett, and Globman's, which closed in 1990 and was later an auxiliary store for Belk. Sears was later added as a fifth anchor. General Growth Properties bought the mall in 1995.
The Hills store was sold to Ames and closed in 2001. In November 2005, the former Hills/Ames space became the first Boscov's store in Virginia. However, it closed in 2008, as one of 10 unprofitable stores after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
Hull Storey Gibson bought the mall in 2012 after General Growth filed for bankruptcy. Under Hull Storey Gibson's ownership, major renovation plans were announced, and the property was renamed Danville Mall. As part of these renovations, the Belk store was remodeled, and the second Belk was closed. In November 2015, Dunham's Sports opened on the lower level of the former Boscov's store.
On May 3, 2018, it was announced that Sears would be closing as part of a plan to close 42 stores nationwide. The store closed in August 2018.
On June 4, 2020, it was announced that JCPenney would be closing around October 2020 as part of a plan to close 154 stores nationwide, leaving Belk and Dunham's Sports as the only remaining anchor stores.

## Anchors
### Current anchors

* Belk (1984-present)
* Dunham's Sports (2015-present)

### Former anchors

* Ames (1999-2001)
* Boscov's (2005-2008)
* Globman's (1984-1990)
* Hills (1984-1999)
* Sears (1990s-2018)
* JCPenney (1984-2020)
# Deerfield Square

Deerfield Square is an upscale lifestyle center shopping area located in Deerfield, Illinois. The center was the first of its kind in the area, but now faces more competition. It opened in 2000. Major retailers in the mall include Ann Taylor LOFT, Athleta, Walgreens, and Whole Foods Market.

## History

Deerfield Square was redeveloped from the former Deerfield Commons shopping center, originally built in the 1950s. This redevelopment began in 1998. The 17-acre (69,000 m$^2$) development was spearheaded by Northbrook developer Chuck Malk, who owned Deerfield Commons. Construction began in late 1998 and was completed in 2000. Deerfield Square has a 200,000-square-foot (19,000 m$^2$) retail area and a 60,000-square-foot (5,600 m$^2$) office space.
Deerfield square is located in Deerfield, IL (60015).

## Shops in Deerfield Square

Shops in Deerfield Square include:
* Athleta (just moved from Northbrook Court)
* Avenue Fashions
* B Friends
* (Defunct) Barnes and Noble
* Café Zupas
* Chase Bank
* Chiropractic, Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine
* CorePower Yoga
* Deerfield Optical
* Eisen Orthodontics
* Gracie Barra Brazilian Jiu-jitsu
* Grand Prix Car Wash
* Il Forno Pizzeria
* Just Between Friends
* LOFT
* Mia's Fine Jewelry
* MyHealth Dentistry
* North Shore Hair Transplant Specialists
* Ophthalmology Partners, LTD
* Osterman Cleaners
* Otero's Barber Shop
* Potbelly Sandwich Works
* Pure Barre
* React Physical Therapy
* Restore Hyper Wellness and Cryotherapy
* Scout and Molly's
* scoops and cookies
* Tempur-Pedic Mattress
* Tricoci Salon | Spa
* Venus Med Spa (moved from Northbrook Court)
* Walgreens
* Whole Foods
# Distinguishing

In law, to distinguish a case means a court decides the holding or legal reasoning of a precedent case that will not apply due to materially different facts between the two cases. Two formal constraints constrain the later court: the expressed relevant factors (also known as considerations, tests, questions or determinants) in the ratio (legal reasoning) of the earlier case must be recited or their equivalent recited or the earlier case makes an exception for their application in the circumstances otherwise it envisages, and the ruling in the later case must not expressly doubt (criticise) the result reached in the precedent case.
The ruling made by the judge or panel of judges must be based on the evidence at hand and the standard binding authorities covering the subject-matter and areas of law cited in or plainly relevant to the dispute (they must be followed).
This means that a precedent will be dealt to (in English and Scottish law known instead as applied to) a case with similar facts, in which a decision can then be distinguished based upon this, or it may be cited with approval but found to be inapplicable on bases reconcilable with the earlier decision's reasoning.

## Wide and narrow distinguishment

Where a wide new class of distinguished cases is made, such as distinguishing all cases on privity of contract law in the establishment of the court-made tort of negligence or a case turns on too narrow a set of variations in facts ("turns on its own facts") compared to the routinely applicable precedent(s), such decisions are at high risk of being successfully overruled (by higher courts) on the bases respectively that:
* The lower court has invented the law
* The lower court has failed to follow a binding precedent

## Examples

Balfour v Balfour (1919) and Merritt v Merritt (1970) were cases involving the enforceability of maintenance agreements. In each case a wife sued her husband, alleging breach of contract. The judge in Balfour held the claim could not be sustained without evidence of intention to create legal regulations, so there was no legally binding contract. By contrast, in Merritt v Merritt, the judge distinguished Balfour v Balfour, deciding that the facts were materially different in that: (i) the husband and wife were separated and no longer "in amity"; and (ii) the agreement was made after they had separated, and in writing.
In Read v Lyons (1947), (where a munitions worker was injured in a factory explosion), the court distinguished Rylands v Fletcher (1868) because in the present case, even though the defendant factory kept "dangerous things on the land for a non-natural user", there was "no escape".

## Obiter followed

Where an obiter dictum (a non-binding statement based on hypothetical facts) is subsequent followed and adopted, then the later case is said to "approve" that obiter, and the earlier case may be marked "approved", "followed", or "obiter followed".
# Des Plaines Mall

The Des Plaines Mall was a 185,000 square foot (17,200 m$^2$) shopping mall in downtown Des Plaines, Illinois. It was designed by J.R. Gottlieb & Co. The architect was Erickson and Stevens, Inc. Construction began June 1, 1976. It opened October 6, 1977.
Planning for the mall began in 1972, with the Des Plaines Mall Corporation formed in 1973. The mall opened October 6, 1977. Its original tennants included Spiegler's, Radio Shack, Hallmark Cards and the Oui Boutique. It was built for about $12 million. Shoppers and employees parked at the nearby Behrel Parking Deck. The intent was to demolish buildings between the mall and the deck, most notably the abonded Spiegler's store, and build a walkway between the two locations.
In 1979 the mall added an area on the lower level called Olde Center Street, a turn-of-the-century theme arcade.
In 1995 the city took control of the mall with the intent of condemning the mall.
Its last day of business was October 31, 1996.

## Spiegler's Department Store

Spieglers occupied 23,000 square feet of the mall. It was founded in 1900 at 1467 Ellinwood.
With the mall in decline, the store closed June 28, 1992.

## Herbert H. Behrel Parking Plaza

The plaza was a 300-car parking deck on Ellinwood Street. The four story cement garage was blamed for the failure of the mall.

## Notable events

* Soap stars Richard Shoberg and Michael Storm appeared at the mall on November 8, 1980.
* The Des Plaines Public Library held two book sales in the mall in 1996.
# Chicago Studebaker Flyers

The Chicago Studebaker Flyers (also known as the Chicago Studebakers) were a National Basketball League team from 1942 to 1943. They were funded by the United Auto Workers and replaced George Halas's Chicago Bruins, who folded in 1942.
During the 1942–1943 NBL season, the Studebakers and the Toledo Jim White Chevrolets became the first teams in the league to racially integrate. The Studebakers did so by signing six former Harlem Globetrotters: Tony Peyton, Duke Cumberland, Bernie Price, Sonny Boswell, Roosie Hudson, and Hillery Brown. Though some claimed that the former Globetrotters experienced racism from their white teammates, coach Johnny Jordan insisted that "there was no strife", adding, "All the blacks were treated well by players and fans. People knew the Globetrotters were great ballplayers. They were well received."
# Linear function

In mathematics, the term linear function refers to two distinct but related notions:
* In calculus and related areas, a linear function is a function whose graph is a straight line, that is, a polynomial function of degree zero or one. For distinguishing such a linear function from the other concept, the term affine function is often used.
* In linear algebra, mathematical analysis, and functional analysis, a linear function is a linear map.

## As a polynomial function

In calculus, analytic geometry and related areas, a linear function is a polynomial of degree one or less, including the zero polynomial (the latter not being considered to have degree zero).
When the function is of only one variable, it is of the form
    $f(x)=ax+b,$
where a and b are constants, often real numbers. The graph of such a function of one variable is a nonvertical line. a is frequently referred to as the slope of the line, and b as the intercept.
If a > 0 then the gradient is positive and the graph slopes upwards.
If a < 0 then the gradient is negative and the graph slopes downwards.
For a function $f(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{k})$ of any finite number of variables, the general formula is
    $f(x_{1},\ldots ,x_{k})=b+a_{1}x_{1}+\cdots +a_{k}x_{k},$
and the graph is a hyperplane of dimension k.
A constant function is also considered linear in this context, as it is a polynomial of degree zero or is the zero polynomial. Its graph, when there is only one variable, is a horizontal line.
In this context, a function that is also a linear map (the other meaning) may be referred to as a homogeneous linear function or a linear form. In the context of linear algebra, the polynomial functions of degree 0 or 1 are the scalar-valued affine maps.

## As a linear map

In linear algebra, a linear function is a map f between two vector spaces such that
    $f(\mathbf {x} +\mathbf {y} )=f(\mathbf {x} )+f(\mathbf {y} )$
    $f(a\mathbf {x} )=af(\mathbf {x} ).$
Here a denotes a constant belonging to some field K of scalars (for example, the real numbers) and x and y are elements of a vector space, which might be K itself.
In other terms the linear function preserves vector addition and scalar multiplication.
Some authors use "linear function" only for linear maps that take values in the scalar field; these are more commonly called linear forms.
The "linear functions" of calculus qualify as "linear maps" when (and only when) f(0, ..., 0) = 0, or, equivalently, when the constant b equals zero in the one-degree polynomial above. Geometrically, the graph of the function must pass through the origin.
# Roositud

Roositud (Estonian: roositud, roosimine or vāljaõmmeldud), also known as roosimine, Estonian inlay, or knitweaving, is a inlay knitting technique originating from the Estonian knitting tradition, specifically from the southern parts of western Estonia, and the east and north parts of Mulgimaa. It is traditionally only found on socks, stockings, and gloves. Gloves with roositud inlays are called roositud kindad (literally, rose-patterned gloves). Alongside lace knitting, travelling stitches, and stranded colourwork, it was one of the most common design features found in extant samples of 19th and 20th century Estonian mittens in the Estonian National Museum.
Unlike other forms of colourwork, which rely on different stitches being knit in different colours, only one colour is knit per round or row in the roositud technique. To produce pre-charted motifs, lengths of the contrasting colour are carried around the wrong (or back) of the knitted round, then pulled between the working stitches and draped across the front (or visible) side of the work. The finished design resembles embroidery. There exist several samples of historic Estonian mittens that were embroidered, likely in an attempt to mimic the appearance of roositud.
Different regions of Estonia had their own ways of traditionally using roositud inlays. Most common were white backgrounds. In Tõstamaa and Audru, knitters would make white gloves and add inlays to the backs of the hands, and sometimes the fingers. In Viljandimaa and Pärnumaa, roositude was used to create intrucate patterns of red or blue stars or diamonds along the lower leg and foot of white stockings. These designs were broken off at the heel. Roositud inlays on non-white backgrounds were relatively uncommon, with the practice mostly being confined to regions of Mulgimaa. On the island of Ruhnu, where the people were influenced by Swedish and German cultures, knitters would add red and white roositud inlays to blue stockings.
# The Kingman Daily Miner

The Kingman Miner is a local newspaper in Kingman, Arizona, owned by River City Newspapers.
# Park Forest Plaza

Park Forest Plaza was a shopping center located in the planned community of Park Forest, Illinois, United States, that opened in 1949. The center was developed by Philip M. Klutznick (1907–1999), who was also a prominent leader in the national Jewish community and later served as U.S. Secretary of Commerce under 39th President Jimmy Carter. The architects were Loebl, Schlossman and Bennett.
Park Forest Plaza was one of the first major regional shopping centers in the United States of the post-World War II era and it served as the downtown to the adjacent village. Klutznick followed many of same principles and concepts in architecture, land use and design espoused by nationally famous developer James W. Rouse (1914–1996) of Baltimore. The distinctive clock tower in the open courtyard became the symbol of both the shopping center and the village. The grass and tree-lined courtyard gave the center an airy attractiveness which was popular much of the year. The mall was anchored by a Marshall Field's, Sears, and Goldblatt's department stores
Competition from a new larger indoor mall in nearby Matteson, Illinois, three decades later in the early 1970s ultimately doomed Park Forest Plaza. The mall did survive until 1996 when Field's closed and Sears moved to nearby Lincoln Mall.
The village has now converted what was left to a "regular" downtown area with local services, including retail stores, a banquet hall, a cultural arts center, a dance studio, a movie theater, a senior residential community and the Village Hall. Single-family homes are also being built on the outskirts of the downtown area.
# George L. Scherger

George L. Scherger (October 21, 1874 – March 31, 1941) was an American minister, musician, writer, historian, and educator in Chicago, Illinois. He was the third President of Columbia College Chicago from 1927 to 1929.

## Biography

Scherger was born in Lawrenceburg, Indiana, on October 21, 1874, to Christian and Margaret (née Rush) Scherger, both recent immigrants from Germany.
He was educated at the Indiana University (A.B., 1894); the University of Leipzig (1895–1890); and the University of Berlin in Germany (1896–1898), and received a PhD in 1899 from Cornell University. He married Bertha Mittelstadt from Prussia in 1899. He was a minister, musician, writer, historian, and educator who was a professor of history at the Armour Institute of Technology (now Illinois Institute of Technology) and at the Columbia College of Expression (now Columbia College Chicago), in Chicago, Illinois. He also was pastor of St. Paul’s Evangelical Lutheran Church, the oldest German Lutheran Church in Chicago at the time. He taught at the Armour Institute from 1899 until 1933. He was the pastor and superintendent of the Armour Mission, 1905–1931 and in 1936 he was awarded the medal of honor of the German Red Cross.
He wrote on the subjects of history and political science and his books include The Evolution of Modern Liberty, You and Your World, The Genesis and Development of the American and the French Declarations of the Rights of Man, The Evolution of the German Empire, and Mummies and How to Revive Them. He lectured as part of the Chautauqua Lecture Circuit and spoke widely around the Midwest on topics such as The Mission of Culture and Lincoln: A Man for the Ages.
At the Columbia College of Expression, he began teaching classes in English and English Literature in 1915. By the early 1920s, he was Dean of the departments of Public Speaking, Public Debate & Lectures, and History. He was appointed president after the death of Mary A. Blood in 1927 and served until 1929 when he became assistant pastor of St. Paul’s Evangelical Lutheran Church.
He died March 31, 1941, in Chicago. His pallbearers included Illinois governor Dwight H. Green, Chicago Mayor Edward Joseph Kelly, US Senator Wayland Brooks, and department store owner W.A. Wieboldt.
# Paul Bunyan Mall

Paul Bunyan Mall is a regional shopping mall in Bemidji, Minnesota. The mall's anchor stores are Hobby Lobby, Kohl's, JCPenney, Jo-Ann Fabrics, Dunham's Sports, and Harbor Freight Tools.
Paul Bunyan Mall was developed by Cleveland-based Developers Diversified, Inc. Twin Cities-based Rauenhorst Corporation (originally Rauenhorst Construction Company) both designed the mall and served as general contractor on the project. The mall is located off Paul Bunyan Drive in Bemidji just south of the "Ridgeway" development.
The mall was first proposed in 1976 and opened in 1977 with JCPenney, Kmart and Minnesota-based Bostwick's as its anchor stores. Bostwick's became Herberger's in the mid-1990s. The Kmart store closed in 2012; the space was subdivided in 2016 for Hobby Lobby and Kohl's. On April 18, 2018, it was announced that Herberger's would be closing as parent company The Bon-Ton Stores was going out of business. The store closed on August 29, 2018. The space would later be subdivided for Dunham's Sports and Harbor Freight Tools.
# Peru Mall

Peru Mall is a shopping mall located in Peru, Illinois, United States. The mall's anchor stores are Jo-Ann Fabrics, AMC Theatres, and Marshalls. There are 3 vacant anchor stores that were once Bergner's, JCPenney, and Sears. Other retailers include;Buckle, Maurices, Bath & Body Works and a few more. Directly outside the shopping center are Applebee's and Subway restaurants. The 465,000 square feet (43,200 m$^2$) mall also serves as a major commercial center in the city of Peru.

## History

Rubloff Company of Chicago built the mall in 1974. It originally featured Bergner's and Montgomery Ward. The mall later gained JCPenney as a third anchor, and underwent a renovation in 1989. The Mall's Movie Theater opened in 1989 by GKC Theatres with four screens. It was expanded twice in the 1990s, first to six, then eight screens. In 2005, Carmike Cinemas took over the theater after its purchase of GKC. It was acquired by AMC Theatres in 2016. Montgomery Ward closed in 2001 as one of the last stores in the company to close, and Sears moved into the space in 2003. Marshalls was added as a fourth anchor in 2006 in the former Walgreens spot. On March 17, 2017, it was announced that JCPenney would be closing as part of a plan to close 138 stores nationwide. The store closed on July 31, 2017. On July 7, 2017, it was announced that Sears would also be closing as part of a plan to close 43 stores nationwide. The store closed in October 2017. On April 18, 2018, it was announced that Bergner's would be closing as well on August 29, 2018, as parent company The Bon-Ton Stores was going out of business which left Jo-Ann Fabrics, AMC Theatres and Marshalls as the only anchors left.
On August 18, 2020, the Peru City Council voted in favor of moving forward with a plan to convert the Peru Mall into apartment complexes accompanied by a shopping and dining center. As of 2025, no major changes have been made. In 2024, an auction of the former Sears anchor was done and sold to a private investor based in California. It is unknown who the identity of said investor is. So far, the only redevelopment done was some new concrete added to the walled off Bergners and Sears entrances, a new road way was paved in front of the mall which was needed. A new Ollies store opened in the former Jo Ann's store next to the subdivided Kmart across the street.
On November 23, 2024, the manager of Claire's announced they would be closing at Peru Mall via a Facebook post. The store closed December 14, 2024. Another Claire's was located in the Walmart down the road, but shortly after it was announced that Claire's would close as well.
In late December 2024 a pick up truck collided with a pillar of the Peru Mall sign located in front of the North East entrance. The pillar remains damaged as of January 2025.
On February 12th, 2025 it was announced Jo-Ann fabrics would be closing 500 stores. The Peru Mall location was one of them set to close
# Plaza Mariachi Music City

Plaza Mariachi Music City located at 3955 Nolensville Pike, Nashville, TN 37211 is a tourist and entertainment center that includes an art gallery, a Mariachi Hall of Fame, live music, and shopping. The Plaza Mariachi officially opened on May 12, 2017, after 3 years of development at a cost of $15,000,000. US Bank invested $2.3 Million in the development of the Plaza Mariachi while also making a $30,000 contribution to the Hispanic Family Foundation, a non-profit organization located at the Plaza Mariachi.
In July 2024, the owners of Plaza Mariachi filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection amid foreclosure threats.
# CO2-Plume Geothermal

CO$_2$-Plume Geothermal (CPG) is a proposed technology that combines carbon capture and storage (CCS/CCUS) with geothermal energy extraction, utilising carbon dioxide (CO$_2$) itself as a geothermal energy extraction fluid.

## Technology

First, CO$_2$ would be injected in deep and naturally permeable reservoirs, as in CCS, where the CO$_2$ would be heated by the surrounding rock. At a nearby location, production wells would then extract the geothermally heated supercritical CO$_2$ back to the surface, where it would be expanded in a turbine to generate electricity. The CO$_2$ would then be cooled and condensed back to a dense phase and re-injected into the reservoir, closing the cycle and enabling all CO$_2$ to remain sequestered. CPG has the potential to generate over twice the power of conventional, water-based geothermal systems for similar conditions: while the specific heat capacity of CO$_2$ is less than that of water, the significantly lower dynamic viscosity of CO$_2$ would enable higher overall energy extraction rates.
Over 14 peer reviewed publications have been published on CPG as of 2024 since its proposal by Martin Saar and Jimmy Randolph in 2011.

## Relation to CCS projects

As the subsurface reservoir cools due to geothermal heat extraction, the density of CO$_2$ in the subsurface increases, enabling a larger mass to be stored for a given formation. Other identified impacts of CPG on CCS include increased control over CO$_2$ volumetric sweep, reduced carbon intensity of storage due to renewable energy production, additional monitoring data from production wells, flexibility to repurpose producer wells to injectors, avoiding injector downtime with associated halite deposition risks, and providing communities with power produced using CO$_2$.

## Research needs

While existing equipment from CO$_2$ enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and CCS projects could be repurposed for CPG, additional new equipment is required, primarily lower temperature supercritical turbines and high-pressure CO$_2$ cooling and condensing units. Selecting suitable locations is a challenge.