OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Roll film

Roll film or rollfilm is any type of spool-wound photographic film protected from white light exposure by a paper backing. The term originated in contrast to sheet film. Confusingly, roll film was originally often referred to as "cartridge" film because of its resemblance to a shotgun cartridge.
The opaque backing paper allows roll film to be loaded in daylight. It is typically printed with frame number markings which can be viewed through a small red window at the rear of the camera. A spool of roll film is usually loaded on one side of the camera and pulled across to an identical take up spool on the other side of the shutter as exposures are made. When the roll is fully exposed, the take up spool is removed for processing and the empty spool on which the film was originally wound is moved to the other side, becoming the take up spool for the next roll of film.

## History

In 1881 a farmer in Cambria, Wisconsin, Peter Houston, invented the first roll film camera. His younger brother David, filed the patents for various components of Peter's camera.
David Henderson Houston (born June 14, 1841; died May 6, 1906), originally from Cambria, Wisconsin, patented the first holders for flexible roll film. Houston moved to Hunter in Dakota Territory in 1880. He was issued an 1881 patent for a roll film holder which he licensed to George Eastman (it was used in Eastman's Kodak 1888 box camera). Houston sold the patent (and an 1886 revision) outright to Eastman for $5000 in 1889. Houston continued developing the camera, creating 21 patents for cameras or camera parts between 1881 and 1902. In 1912 his estate transferred the remainder of his patents to Eastman.
The most popular roll film format is 120 film, which is used in most medium format cameras and roll film magazines for large-format cameras. Until the 1950s, 120 roll film was, with the smaller 127 film, also used in the simplest of box cameras and other snapshot cameras. The use of roll film in consumer cameras was largely superseded by 135 and 126 cartridges, but 120 and 220 (double length) film are still commonly used in medium format cameras.

## Automatic film speed sensing

In 1998, Fujifilm introduced a film identification system for 120 and 220 format roll film called Barcode System (with logo "|||B"). The barcode encoding the film format and length as well as the film speed and type is located on the sticker between the emulsion carrying film and the backing paper. This 13-bit barcode is optically scanned by newer medium format cameras like the Fujifilm GA645i Professional, GA645Wi Professional, GA645Zi Professional, GX645AF Professional, GX680III Professional and GX680IIIS Professional, the Hasselblad H1, H2, H2F and H3D Model I with HM 16-32, and the Contax 645 AF.
# Hawadle Madar

Muhammad Hawadle Madar (Somali: Maxamed Xawaadle Madar, Arabic: محمد حواضلي مذر , 1939–2005), also known as Hawadle Madar was the Vice President of Somalia from September 3, 1990, to January 24, 1991. A former member of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party, he was in office in the period leading up to the outbreak of the Somali Civil War. He was a member of the Sa'ad Musa sub-division of the Habr Awal Isaaq clan.

## Biography

Madar was born in 1939 in the northwestern town of Hargeisa, then a part of British Somaliland. Madar studied in the Soviet Union, where he received a Bachelor of Science in engineering. Madar held several ministerial positions in the Somali Democratic Republic. Between 1975 and 1981, Madar served as Minister of Public works, followed as the Minister of Communication and Post from 1981 to 1983. He also served as a Minister of Planning (1984–1986). Madar headed the economy committee of the People's Assembly. Then, he was elected as deputy speaker of the People's Assembly. On 3 September 1990, Madar appointed as Vice President of Somalia, a position he held until 24 January 1991, eventually succeeded he was replaced by Umar Arteh Ghalib.

## Death

Madar died on January 9th. 2005 in High Barnet hospital, London, UK, due to prostate cancer. He was buried in Hargeisa, Somaliland.
# Jean-Baptiste Bottex

Jean-Baptiste Bottex (June 24, 1918 – May 28, 1979) was a Haitian painter.

## Biography

Hailing from Port Margot, near Cap-Haitien in northern Haiti, Jean-Baptiste and his younger brother Seymour are descendants of the Haitian Generals of the Independence of the North - Raimond de Bottex, and his son Narcéus Bottex (18th and 19th centuries).
Like Seymour, he worked for a time for the Galerie Issa in Port-au-Prince. Considered a naïve artist, his work is best known for its two separate styles:
* painting directly from social inspiration, often depicting daily Haitian life
* religious themes feature often in his work - as in his younger brother Seymour's work
Often exhibited in Haiti, particularly at the Centre d'Art, his works have also featured in numerous exhibitions worldwide.
# Seymour Etienne Bottex

Seymour Etienne Bottex (24 December 1922 - 16 May 2016) was a Haitian painter.

## Biography

Born in Port-Margot, in northern Haiti, Seymour and his brother Jean-Baptise are descendants of the Haitian Generals of the Independence of the North - Raimond de Bottex, and his son Narcéus Bottex (18th and 19th centuries).
Seymour worked as a photographer until 1955 when his older brother Jean-Baptiste encouraged him to begin painting. He joined the Centre d'Art in 1961, and the Galerie Issa in Port-au-Prince in 1969.
In the 1980s, he moved to the United States, but remained loyal to the Galerie Issa until the death of its founder in 2005.
His paintings, mingling humorous, historical, and biblical themes, are exhibited worldwide and often auctioned at Sotheby's in New York. He is considered one of the finest Haitian naïf painters, and his murals in the Episcopal Cathedral de Sainte Trinité in Port-au-Prince are considered the most important achievement in Haitian modern art.
Paintings by Seymour Etienne Bottex have been sold by the Friends of HAS Haiti to raise funds for the Hôpital Albert Schweitzer Haiti, located in Deschapelles.
# Kévin Afougou

Kévin Afougou Jouanneau (born 26 January 1990) is a French professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Championnat National 3 club Thonon Evian.

## Career

Afougou grew up in Ecquevilly, Yvelines.
He signed with Boulogne-Billancourt in December 2018.
Ahead of the 2019–20 season, Afougou joined Thonon Evian.

## Honours

Thonon Evian
* Championnat National 3: 2021–22
* Régional 1 Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes: 2019–20
# Eastern Argus

The Eastern Argus was a newspaper published in Portland, Maine, United States, from 1803 to January 1921. In early 1921, it was succeeded by the Portland Press Herald.

## History

The newspaper was founded by Calvin Day and Nathaniel Willis. Its offices, along with the offices of all the newspapers in the city, were destroyed on July 4, 1866, in the Great Fire of 1866. At the time of its closure, it was the "oldest newspaper in Maine published continuously without change of name." Among those with a business interest in the paper at that time were Don Carlos Seitz and Ernest C. Bowler. It was owned by the Independent Publishing Company.

## Journalists

Prominent editors and journalists employed by the Eastern Argus included John Adams, Thomas Haskell and Seba Smith.

## Editorial positions

In 1803 "gentlemen of the Republican party" invited Nathaniel P. Willis, father of the journalist Nathaniel Parker Willis, to move from Boston to Portland to establish the Eastern Argus "in opposition to the Federalists." The paper was friendly to the French Revolution and opposed the Federalist Party. Later, it was friendly to the Democratic Party. It was strongly in favor of separation of Maine from Massachusetts and the formation of the U.S. state of Maine, which was accomplished in 1820.
# El Nuevo Georgia

El Nuevo Georgia is a Spanish-language newspaper distributed in Greater Atlanta, with its headquarters in unincorporated Gwinnett County, Georgia, near Norcross. Published since March 1998

## Circulation and Coverage

El Nuevo Georgia is a biweekly newspaper and is published on Thursdays. As of 2011, its circulation is 20,000 issues. As of January 2011, the newspaper prints 40,000 copies each month. The newspaper is distributed in 13 counties and 36 cities around Greater Atlanta. As of 2012 Rafael Navarro is the editor of the newspaper.
The newspaper has been published since March 1998. In the article "Repression in the Age of Deal" in the January 6, 2011 issue, the newspaper published a doctored photograph of Governor of Georgia Nathan Deal, a Republican, dressed as a Nazi, wearing a Nazi armband, and performing an Adolf Hitler salute. The article itself discussed Deal's previous financial issues and an ethics investigation of Deal. The photograph received criticism from members of both political parties. Pedro Marin, a state representative belonging to the Democratic Party and, at the time, one of Georgia's two Hispanic legislators, criticized the doctored photograph. Brian Robinson, Deal's spokesperson, said "Those who can't formulate a coherent argument in our society's marketplace of ideas often resort to childish, even offensive tactics. This is pathetic." Deal himself made no statement about the image. Navarro said that the newspaper used the image to represent fear in Hispanic immigrants due to Deal's speeches against immigration during his previous election campaign. According to Navarro, traffic to the website of El Nuevo Georgia increased to new records after other local media reported on the Deal image controversy.
# Erie Gay News

Erie Gay News is a monthly newsletter reporting news and current events concerning the gay community in the Erie, Pennsylvania, region. It was first published by a local gay man as a double-sided single sheet on a monthly/bi-monthly basis, beginning in early 1992. Beginning in January 1993, it was published on a monthly basis as a multiple-page document.

## History

First published n a monthly/bi-monthly basis by a local gay man in Erie, Pennsylvania in early 1992 as a double-sided, single sheet, the Erie Gay News grew in popularity among members of Erie's gay community as a source for news and current events. By January 1993, it had become a multiple page publication distributed on a monthly basis.
The first local Family Portrait was taken on the steps of the Erie County Courthouse on October 28, 1995, and appeared in the special December 1995 issue for Erie PA's Bicentennial, and a copy of that issue was placed in a time capsule in the Bicentennial Tower at the foot of State Street. The time capsule is scheduled to be opened in 2095.
The first run of Erie Gay News was published monthly through December 1999. The editorial staff for most of the first run was Deb Spilko, Michael Mahler and Mike Miller. At that point, it was exclusively published on the web.
In September 2002, the decision was made to again begin publishing in print, beginning with the issue cover dated for December, 2002. The editorial staff currently consists of Deb Spilko and Michael Mahler.
In February 2008, Erie Gay News was selected for inclusion in the EBSCO Publishing LGBT Life with Full Text index. This index is marketed to the library marketplace. All current and past issues are now included. Archive copies of both runs of the print editions are also in the collections at Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives in Toronto, Gerber/Hart Library in Chicago, Homodok-LAA/IHLIA of IHLIA LGBT Heritage in Amsterdam, ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives in Los Angeles, The Pat Parker/Vito Russo Center Library in New York City, and Sexual Minorities Archives in Holyoke, MA. Archive copies are also included in ProQuest's collection.
# Evening Express (Portland, Maine)

The Evening Express was an American daily evening broadsheet-format newspaper published in Portland, Maine. Founded in 1882, it was owned by Guy Gannett Publishing Co. from 1925 until 1991. As of February 1991, the Monday through Saturday average circulation was 22,700.
The Express's final issue appeared on February 1, 1991. The paper's demise left Portland as a one-newspaper town with the Portland Press Herald, a morning paper also owned by Guy Gannett. It remained so until the February 2009 launch of The Portland Daily Sun.

## History
### First issue

The Evening Express's first issue was printed on Thursday, October 12, 1882, by Arthur Laughlin, who was 28 years old at the time. In the first issue, Laughlin proclaimed; "With this, the first number of the Portland Evening Express, we present to the public a new penny daily evening paper, whose aim will be to give all the local news of the day up to 3 o'clock P.M." By 1889, the Express boasted the highest daily circulation in the city.

### Col. Frederick Neal Dow

In 1887, the Express was taken over by Col. Frederick Neal Dow, son of Portland Mayor Gen. Neal S. Dow. Dow oversaw numerous technical improvements to the paper and initiated an expansion that included the purchase of competing newspaper The Daily Advertiser in 1910. Dow also purchased the city's Sunday newspaper, the Maine Sunday Telegram, which is still published to this day. Dow sold the Evening Express and Maine Sunday Telegram to Guy P. Gannett in 1925.

### The end

In fall 1990, Guy Gannett Publishing Co., under the leadership of heiress Jean Gannett Hawley, announced it would cease publication of the Evening Express the following February, citing the nationwide circulation decline of evening newspapers and its desire to merge the Express newsroom with that of the morning Portland Press Herald, which Guy Gannett also owned. The final issue of the Evening Express appeared Friday, February 1, 1991, with the headline "Goodbye", ending its 108-year run. The Maine Sunday Telegram continued under Guy Gannett ownership as the Sunday edition of the Portland Press Herald.
# Evergreen Newspapers

Evergreen Newspapers Inc is a publisher of three weekly newspapers and a direct mail shopper in Evergreen, Colorado. It is owned by Landmark Community Newspapers, a subsidiary of Landmark Communications. Evergreen Newspapers also sponsors local community events including Evergreen's Big Chili Cook Off, which supports local firefighters, and Conifair, a local fair in Conifer, Colorado.
Current publications include:
* The Canyon Courier, serving Bailey, Conifer, Evergreen, Genesee, Kittredge, Lookout Mountain, and Morrison;
* Clear Creek Courant, serving Idaho Springs, Georgetown, and Floyd Hill along the I-70 corridor;
* Columbine Courier, serving areas of Littleton, Ken Caryl, Columbine, Grant Ranch, and southwestern Jefferson County; and
* the 285 Hustler, a direct mail shopper.

## History

The Courier began in 1955 as Smoke Signals, a monthly bulletin published by the Indian Hills Fire Department. The paper was purchased in 1958 to begin weekly publication as the Canyon Courier.
In 1977, Evergreen Newspapers began publishing The High Timber Times, which served Morrison, Conifer, Pine, Bailey, and the 285 corridor; it merged with the Canyon Courier in 2016. The Clear Creek Courant began publication in 1973; the Columbine Courier, in 1991.
# Farm, Field, and Fireside

Farm, Field and Fireside was a monthly and later weekly newspaper published in the 20th century which offered advice through articles about farming and homemaking. It was published by Charles Henry Howard of the Howard Company in Chicago, Illinois. Its slogan was: "A weekly illustrated family magazine for everyone who tills the soil".
# Farmer's Voice

The Farmers Voice was a weekly or bi-weekly American agriculture-focused newspaper published beginning in 1885. It was published out of Chicago, Illinois. The Farmers Voice focused on different topics about farming, homemaking, and children's interests.
# Fayette Tribune

The Fayette Tribune is a newspaper serving Oak Hill, West Virginia, and surrounding Fayette County. Published on Thursday, it has a circulation of 1,093 and is owned by Community Newspaper Holdings.

## History

In 1915, Charles A. Goddard acquired the Fayette Tribune and Free Press, a name simplified to the Fayette Tribune in 1924. In 1930 the Tribune was sold to the Woodyard brothers, who also purchased the Fayette Democrat.
The Fayette Tribune was the first newspaper to call attention to the Hawk's Nest Tunnel disaster, a large scale incident of occupational silicosis, considered to be one of the worst industrial tragedies in the history of the United States. Reporting in February 1931 the paper broke the story:
    "Their [sic] is a great deal of comment regarding the unusually large number of deaths among the colored laborers in the tunnel works. The deaths totaled about 37 in the past two weeks."
The mining continued, however, resulting in an estimated 476 deaths before construction halted.
In 2022, The Montgomery Herald was merged into the Fayette Tribune.

## Related Resources

* List of newspapers in West Virginia
# Fort Scott Tribune

The Fort Scott Tribune is a daily newspaper serving Fort Scott, Kansas, United States. It has been owned by Rust Communications since 2004.

## History

The Fort Scott Banner began publication in 1882, and the same group began publication of the Fort Scott Tribune as a daily on October 1, 1884, with J.B. Chapman as its first editor. George Marble Sr. (b. 1870, d. March 15, 1930), who began working for the paper in 1885 (when he was 15), first acquired an interest in the paper in 1896, which he increased over time, becoming publisher and president in 1902. In 1904, the paper merged with the Fort Scott Monitor (which had been founded in Maramton in 1862 and moved to Fort Scott in 1863). The Tribune also acquired two other papers in its early days—the Fort Scott News (founded 1889), which it acquired in 1900; and The Republican (founded 1902) in 1916.
When Marble Sr. died in 1930, George Marble Jr. (d. June 18, 1972) took over as publisher, and remained in that position until 1972 when he died of a reaction to a bee sting. His widow Sally Marble (d. 1982) then served as publisher from 1972 to 1979. In 1979, George Jr. and Sally's daughter Sara, and her husband Frank Emery took over the paper. Emery became sole owner in 1987. It remained in Emery's hands until he sold to Rust Communications in 2004.
# Franklin County Courier

The Franklin County Courier is a weekly newspaper in Enosburg Falls, Vermont USA which is released on Thursdays. It is more often referred to as the County Courier. The County Courier, which has an estimated circulation of 4,100, serves Franklin County as well as the communities of Alburgh, Jeffersonville, Waterville, and Belvidere, Vermont.
The current editor of the County Courier is Greg Lemoreaux. The paper is currently published by O'Shea Publishing Co., though the business status is listed as inactive by the Vermont Secretary of State.

## Notable History
### Origins and Ownership

In 1977 the County Courier was formed from the merger of Enosburg Standard, Richford Journal and Gazette, Swanton Courier, and the Saint Albans Leader by then owner of the Swanton Courier and Saint Albans Leader, Bernard O'Shea. Prior to the merger this group of weekly newspapers was edited by Nat Worman. The paper was sold to Mathias and Alison Dubilier in 1992. Owner Mathias Dubilier gave the editor position to the paper's primary reporter Steve Cusick in 1997. In 2008, Alison Dubilier sold the paper to Ed Shamy, a former columnist for The Burlington Free Press.

### Political Connections

Owner and publisher of the paper from 1977 – 1992 Bernard O'Shea was active in politics throughout his life. He made several attempts at running for Vermont Senate and House seats as well as Governor, winning several primary elections but never successfully winning a general election. He held several appointments including on the State Board of Education, and was active in the peace movement.

### 2006 Hacking

In August 2006 the website of the County Courier was hacked and the newspaper's web content was replaced with graphic images of bombing victims
# Freeman Courier

The Freeman Courier is a weekly newspaper serving the larger Freeman, South Dakota community. Located on the eastern edge of Hutchinson County, the Courier's primary readership includes eastern Hutchinson, western Turner, and southern McCook counties.

## History

The Courier was established in 1901. The following year, Jacob J. Mendel became the editor and he owned the weekly until 1960 when he sold the Courier to brothers Glenn and Vernon Gering. The Gerings published the Courier until 1984 when they sold it to Tim L. Waltner and his wife, Mary. Their son, Jeremy Waltner, began working in the business as a jr. high student and, after studying journalism at South Dakota State University in Brookings, SD, became news editor in 1999. The Waltners established Second Century Publishing Inc., in 2001, reflecting the acquisition of other publications including the Hutchinson Herald, the weekly serving the neighboring town and Hutchinson County communities of Menno and Olivet. Jeremy and his wife, Stacey, joined the ownership team and became publishers in 2016. In July 2019, publication of the Hutchinson Herald as a separate newspaper ended and the Courier expanded its coverage to include the Menno and Olivet communities.
The business also includes two advertising publications — the Area Wide Connection and the Dakota Action Rocket — and Waltner Media + Studios, which offers photography/graphic design/printing and online services.
The Freeman Courier is a member of the South Dakota Newspaper Association, the National Newspaper Association, and the International Society of Weekly Newspaper Editors and has won journalism awards from all three organizations.