OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Guido Gonzaga

Guido Gonzaga (1290 – 22 September 1369) was an Italian condottiero, son of Ludovico I Gonzaga capitano del popolo of Mantua and imperial vicar.

## Biography

Guido was the son of Ludovico I Gonzaga, captain-general of Mantua, and Richilda Ramberti. He was elected podestà of Mantua in 1328, as well as of Reggio Emilia. In 1335 he became lord of the latter city.
In 1360 he became the second capitano del popolo in Mantua. He was appointed to that position at the old age of 70, together with his son Ugolino, who most likely held the effective power until his assassination (14 October 1362) by the brothers Francesco and Ludovico.
He was in power in 1368 when Mantua was occupied by Barnabò Visconti, although the city was freed through the intervention of emperor Charles IV. With the peace of Bologna, Mantua obtained the lands of Cavriana, Castiglione delle Stiviere, Solferino, Volta, Medole and Ceresara.
He died in 1369 and was succeeded by his son, whom he had with Beatrix of Bar, Ludovico II in the city's government.

## Marriage & issue

Guido married firstly, Agnese Pico della Mirandola. They had:
* Margherita
* Tommasina
Guido married secondly, Camilla Beccaria.
Guido married thirdly, Beatrice of Bar. They had:
* Ugolino
* Ludovico II
* Francesco
* Barnabo
* Beatrice
# Der Yid

Der Yid (Yiddish: דער איד, lit. 'The Jew') is a nonprofit New York–based Yiddish-language weekly newspaper, founded in 1953. The newspaper is published by Der Yid Inc, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. It is widely read within the broader Yiddish-speaking Haredi community. It uses a Yiddish dialect common to Satmar Hasidim, as opposed to "YIVO Yiddish", which is standard in secular and academic circles.

## History

Der Yid was founded in 1953 by Aaron Rosmarin as a fortnightly paper. He was formerly an editor of the Yiddish newspaper Der Morgn-Zhurnal ("The Morning Journal"). After the paper was bought out in 1953 by a rival Yiddish newspaper, Der Tog ("The Day"), forming the Tog-Morgn-Zhurnal ("The Day-Morning Journal"), he was laid off from the new company. Rosmarin decided to start his own newspaper.
Religiously observant, Rosmarin had run columns on the biographies of rabbis and Jewish customs while working for The Morning Journal. Under his influence, Der Yid was considered more sympathetic to Haredi Judaism than the other major Yiddish newspapers of the time. The first editor of Der Yid was the writer Uriel Zimmer, publisher of an anti-Zionist tract.
In 1955, during a Satmar protest at the Manhattan Center against the establishment of a night club in Jerusalem, the Krasna Rav, Hillel Lichtenstein, publicly tore up a copy of Der Morgn-Zhurnal as a sign of disapproval of its pro-Zionist stance. Rosmarin responded with applause. He eventually sold Der Yid to activist leaders of the Satmar community, including Sender Deutsch, who became editor-in-chief. Deutsch was the newspaper's publisher for 19 years until he started publishing the Yiddish daily Yiddische Zeitung in 1971.
Joel Teitelbaum, the rebbe of Satmar, became the paper's guiding voice, firmly establishing Der Yid as a Haredi and anti-Zionist newspaper. He once approved an appeal for financial contributions to the newspaper on the night of Yom Kippur, as a counterweight to pro-Zionist financial appeals that were commonly held on Yom Kippur.
In 1972, the paper was revamped by Chaim Moshe Stauber as a weekly newspaper carrying world news.

## Today

Der Yid is owned by the supporters of Satmar Rabbi Zalman Teitelbaum. Editor-in-chief is Aron Friedman, who has been with the newspaper for over 40 years. The paper remains firmly anti-Zionist, although some changes have occurred over time. For instance, when the State of Israel is mentioned, it no longer appears in mocking quotation marks. As a matter of course, Der Yid refrains from publishing photographs of women in its pages, in keeping with Hasidic standards of tzniut. According to Tablet Magazine, as of 2018, Der Yid, which is sold in Haredi communities throughout the world, had a circulation of approximately 80,000. However, according to the New York Post, as of 2019, it has a circulation of about 55,000. The newspaper publishes a daily edition, which, according to its website, has 15,000 e-mail subscribers.
The community of Aaron Teitelbaum publishes a similar newspaper, known as Der Blatt.
# Transnational Institute

The Transnational Institute (TNI), is an international non-profit research and advocacy think tank that was founded in 1974 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. According to their website, the organization promotes a "... just, democratic and sustainable world."

## History

TNI was founded in 1974 in Amsterdam by Eqbal Ahmad, who was the organization's first director. Initially it operated as an international arm of the Institute for Policy Studies.
In 1976 the director of the institute (Orlando Letelier) was assassinated by the Chilean secret police as ordered by Augusto Pinochet.
Pauline Tiffen is chair of the supervisory board of the TNI.
The activist Susan George is president of the TNI.
The members of the institute are involved in the civil society and the associative life of their respective countries. Based in Amsterdam, the permanent team of TNI consisted of twenty nine people in 2021.

## Work

The TNI publishes research papers, books and organises seminars and debates. Its members include activists, researchers, writers, scholars, journalists and documentary makers. The organisation has specific interest sections called "programs". These are the fields the organisation currently focuses on.

### Drugs and democracy

The program analyses worldwide trends on drugs-policies and promotes a pragmatic approach to drugs based on damage-control. It has written on countries in Latin America and Southeast Asia.
Ricardo Soberón, a lawyer, academic, writer and consultant for Peru's governmental policies on drugs, has carried out research for TNI.

### Public alternatives

The public alternatives program publishes research and organises events on the following topics
* The effects of privatisation such as water privatisation
* Energy democracy
* The return of public services or re-municipalization for which it has documented more than 200 cases.
* Transformative Cities
* Participatory democracy

### Trade and investment

Publications
* Financialisation: A Primer (2018 update) - about financialization

### Other programs

* Myanmar
* War & Pacification
* Colombia
* Agrarian & Environmental Justice
* Corporate Power
# Glycerophosphorylcholine

L-α-Glycerophosphorylcholine (alpha-GPC, choline alfoscerate, sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) is a natural choline compound found in the brain. It is also a parasympathomimetic acetylcholine precursor which has been investigated for its potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias.
Alpha-GPC rapidly delivers choline to the brain across the blood–brain barrier and is a biosynthetic precursor of acetylcholine. It is a non-prescription drug in most countries. The FDA determined that intake of no more than 196.2 mg/person/day is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS).

## Production

Industrially, alpha-GPC is produced by the chemical or enzymatic deacylation of phosphatidylcholine enriched soya phospholipids followed by chromatographic purification. Alpha-GPC may also be derived in small amounts from highly purified soy lecithin as well as from purified sunflower lecithin.

## Safety

A retrospective cohort study involving 12 million participants in South Korea found that α-GPC users had a higher risk of stroke. The authors suggested that one possible explanation is that dysbiosis may lead to α-GPC being metabolized into trimethylamine (TMA) in the gastrointestinal tract, and then to trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in the liver, which has implications for cardiovascular health. However, they also noted that the study could be influenced by confounding variables, as α-GPC is often prescribed to individuals with preexisting health risks.
A later systematic review and meta-analysis criticized the statistical analysis of the South Korean cohort study, describing it as questionable and imprecise. The review concluded that α-GPC has a favorable safety and tolerability profile and is effective in improving cognitive function and daily living in patients with dementia disorders of neurological origin, adult-onset vascular dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease.
# Katrin Budde

Katrin Budde (born 13 April 1965) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), who served as a member of the Bundestag from the state of Saxony-Anhalt from 2017 to 2025.

## Early life and career

After graduating from high school in 1983, Budde started an internship at the former VEB Schwermaschinenbau Karl Liebknecht in Magdeburg. From 1984 to 1989, she studied at the Technical University Magdeburg (from 1987 Technical University), where she graduated as an engineer for work design. Subsequently, she worked as a research assistant at VEB FER (research, development, rationalisation) until 1990.

## Political career
### Career in state politics

From 1990 to 2017 Budde was a member of the State Parliament of Saxony-Anhalt. From 2009 to 2016, she also served as chairwoman of the SPD in Saxony-Anhalt; she resigned from that position following the party's defeat in the 2016 state elections.
Budde co-chaired the SPD’s national conventions in Berlin (2011) Hanover (2012) and Augsburg (2013).

### Member of the German Parliament, 2017–2025

Budde became a member of the Bundestag in the 2017 German federal election, representing the Mansfeld district. In parliament, she was the chairwoman of the Committee on Cultural Affairs and Media and a member of the Defense Committee. In addition to her committee assignments, she served as deputy chairwoman of the German-Swiss Parliamentary Friendship Group.
Ahead of the 2021 elections, the SPD’s leadership in Saxony-Anhalt selected Budde to lead the party’s campaign; at a party convention, however, Karamba Diaby was elected to spearhead the campaign, with Budde only coming second.
Within the SPD parliamentary group, Budde belonged to the Parliamentary Left, a left-wing movement, before moving to the Seeheim Circle in 2022.
In July 2024, Budde announced that she would not stand in the 2025 federal elections but instead resign from active politics by the end of the parliamentary term.

## Other activities

* Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR (SAPMO), Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2022)
* German Historical Museum (DHM), Alternate Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2020)
* German National Committee for Monument Preservation (DNK), Member of the Board (since 2020)
* Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe Foundation, Member of the Board of Trustees (since 2020)
* Federal Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship, Member of the Board of Trustees
# Edwin P. Fischer

Edwin Philip Fischer (October 3, 1872 – November 8, 1947) was an American male tennis player who was active in the late 19th century and notable for his association with the Wall Street bombing of 1920.

## Biography

Edwin Fischer won the mixed doubles title at the U.S. National Championships four times. In 1894, 1895 and 1896, he won the title with Juliette Atkinson, and in 1898, he won his fourth title partnering Carrie Neely. The mixed doubles championship was played at the Philadelphia Cricket Club.
His best result in the men's singles competition came in 1896 when he reached the semifinals in which he was beaten by Bill Larned. In 1897, he again was defeated by Larned, this time in the quarterfinals.
In July 1896, he won the Tuxedo tournament in New York City, defeating 1894 and 1895 champion Malcolm Chace. Fischer was a three-times finalist at the Canadian Championships in 1896, 1897 and 1906. He was a runner-up at the 1906 indoor national tennis championship in New York. His highest ranking in U.S. singles was no. 5 in 1896, and he was ranked in the top 10 during four years.
Fischer was a member of the Merriewold Tennis Club during the 1910s. He came out of retirement to compete in its tournament in 1913 and 1914.

## Wall Street bombing

At noon on September 16, 1920, a bomb exploded on Wall Street in the Financial District of New York City. The blast killed 38 and seriously injured 143.
Investigators of the Wall Street bombing became suspicious of Edwin Fischer, then a lawyer, as he apparently predicted the attack with astonishing accuracy. Fischer had been warning his friends of an impending bomb attack on Wall Street, sending them postcards urging them to leave the area before September 16.
He was taken into custody in Hamilton, Ontario. On return to New York, he was wearing two business suits for warmth and a tennis outfit underneath, which he claimed he wore "to be ready for a tennis match at all times". The police questioned him at Bellevue. He said he had received the messages "through the air from God." Realizing Fischer was suffering from a mental disorder and finding that he made a regular habit of issuing such warnings, the police released him and had him committed to the Amityville Asylum where he was diagnosed as 'insane but harmless'.

## Grand Slam finals
### Mixed doubles (4 titles)

| Result | Year | Championship | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| Win | 1894 | U.S. Championships | Grass | Juliette Atkinson | Mrs. McFadden Gustav Remak, Jr. | 6–3, 6–2, 6–1 |
| Win | 1895 | U.S. Championships | Grass | Juliette Atkinson | Amy Williams Mantle Fielding | 4–6, 8–6, 6–2 |
| Win | 1896 | U.S. Championships | Grass | Juliette Atkinson | Amy Williams Mantle Fielding | 6–2, 6–3, 6–3 |
| Win | 1898 | U.S. Championships | Grass | Carrie Neely | Helen Chapman J.A. Hill | 6–2, 6–4, 8–6 |
# Ca' Giustinian

The Ca' Giustinian, sometimes called the Palazzo Giustinian, is a palace on the Grand Canal in the San Marco sestiere of Venice, Italy. It is today the seat of the Venice Biennale. Built in 1471, it was among the last Gothic palazzi built in Venice. It was partially modernized in the 17th century.

## Design

The current building is the fusion of two earlier buildings, the larger Giustinian to the east and the smaller Badoer-Tiepolo to the west.

## Location

Ca' Giustinian fronts on the Grand Canal on the south. To its left, separated by the Calle Tredici Martiri, is the Bauer Hotel, and to its right, separated by the Calle Ridotto, is the Hotel Monaco and Grand Canal.

## History

Starting in around 1820, the palazzo was the Hotel Europa, also called the Hotel d'Europa and the Albergo d'Europa. Many famous visitors stayed here, including Chateaubriand, Rodolphe Töpffer, Théophile Gautier, George Eliot, and Richard Wagner.
The modern Westin Europa shares the name, but not the location.
Ca' Giustinian is now the seat of the Venice Biennale.
# Donaldsonville Chief

The Donaldsonville Chief is a weekly newspaper published in Donaldsonville, Louisiana. Previously owned by Gatehouse Media, it is currently owned by Gannett. The Donaldsonville Chief is a member of the Louisiana Press Association. News content for the publication is based in the City of Donaldsonville, but also includes the Ascension Parish area. The newspaper has won numerous Louisiana Press Association awards

## History

The Donaldsonville Chief was founded in 1871. Linden E. Bentley founded the newspaper as a weekly Republican journal. According to the newspaper's masthead, it is the longest continuous publication in Ascension Parish. The current editor is Greg Fischer.
# List of South Korean records in track cycling

The following are the national records in track cycling in South Korea maintained by the Korea Cycling Federation.

## Men

| Event | Record | Athlete | Date | Meet | Place |
| Flying 200m time trial | 9.607 | Jeong Jae-hee | 26 June 2022 | South Korean Championships | Yangyang, South Korea |
| 250m time trial (standing start) | 17.405 | Im Chae-bin | 9 December 2017 | World Cup | Santiago, Chile |
| 500 m time trial | 31.900 | Im Chae-bin | 20 February 2015 | World Championships | Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France |
| 1 km time trial | 1:01.103 | Im Chae-bin | 20 February 2015 | World Championships | Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, France |
| Team sprint | 43.578 | Im Chae-bin Park Je-one Son Je-yong | 9 December 2017 | World Cup | Santiago, Chile |
| 4000m individual pursuit | 4:13.561 | Park Sang-hoon | 26 June 2022 | South Korean Championships | Yangyang, South Korea |
| 4000m team pursuit | 3:56.247 | Im Jae-yeon Shin Dong-in Kim Ok-cheol Min Kyeong-ho | 27 August 2018 | Asian Games | Jakarta, Indonesia |

## Women

| Event | Record | Athlete | Date | Meet | Place |
| Flying 200m time trial | 10.403 | Lee Hye-jin | 26 June 2022 | South Korean Championships | Yangyang, South Korea |
| 250 m time trial (standing start) | 18.448 | Hwang Hyeon-seo | 14 June 2023 | Asian Championships | Nilai, Malaysia |
| 500m time trial | 33.637 | Lee Hye-jin | 2 November 2017 | | Jincheon, South Korea |
| 1 km time trial | 1:07.690 | Hwang Hyeon-seo | 26 February 2025 | Asian Championships | Nilai, Malaysia |
| Team sprint (500 m) | 33.251 | Kim Won-gyeong Lee Hye-jin | 10 December 2017 | World Cup | Santiago, Chile |
| Team sprint (750 m) | 49.685 | Cho Sun-young Park Ji-hae Hwang Hyeon-seo | 18 June 2022 | Asian Championships | New Delhi, India |
| Team sprint (750 m) | 48.847 | Hwang Hyeon-seo Lee Hye-jin Cho Sun-young | 14 June 2023 | Asian Championships | Nilai, Malaysia |
| 3000m individual pursuit | 3:33.048 | Lee Ju-mi | 30 August 2018 | Asian Games | Jakarta, Indonesia |
| 4000m team pursuit | 4:23.652 | Kim You-ri Na Ah-reum Kim Hyun-ji Lee Ju-mi | 28 August 2018 | Asian Games | Jakarta, Indonesia |
# Madhuca cuprea

Madhuca cuprea is a species of plant in the family Sapotaceae. It is a tree endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. The species is confined to rainforest in Perak. There is not enough information to determine whether it is endangered.
# Norman Brunsdale

Clarence Norman Brunsdale (July 9, 1891 – January 27, 1978) was an American politician who served as the 24th governor of North Dakota and a United States senator from the state of North Dakota.

## Biography

Clarence Norman Brunsdale was born in Sherbrooke, Steele County, North Dakota. He was the son of Knute H. Brunsdale (1855–1899) and Anna Margaret (Nordgaard) Brunsdale (1860–1927), both of whom were of Norwegian immigrant heritage. He was educated in public schools and the Bruflat Academy at Portland, North Dakota. In 1913, he graduated from Luther College in Decorah, Iowa. He returned to Portland, teaching at Bruflat Academy and worked the family farm operations in Traill and Steele counties.

## Career

Brunsdale served in the North Dakota State Senate (1927–34, 1941–51). He was an alternate delegate to Republican National Convention from North Dakota (1940) and a member of Republican National Committee from North Dakota, (1948–52). He was Governor of North Dakota from 1951 to 1957 and U.S. Senator from November 19, 1959, to August 7, 1960. As governor, Brunsdale was an avid supporter of water development projects. During his administration Garrison Dam was completed and the Legislature established the Garrison Diversion Conservancy District. The early 1950s also saw the establishment of the Highway Department and the passage of major highway legislation. Education, agriculture, and mental health issues were also important to Governor Brunsdale. In 1959, Brunsdale was appointed to the United States Senate upon the death of Senator William Langer. Brunsdale voted in favor of the Civil Rights Act of 1960. Brunsdale was not a candidate for election to the vacancy and Quentin Burdick was narrowly elected to the seat in a 1960 special election.

## Personal life

He was married to Carrie Lajord (1890–1982) on August 30, 1925, and they had two daughters, Margaret Marie (Larson) and Helen Lucille (Williams). Brunsdale died at Mayville, North Dakota in 1978. He was buried in Mayville Cemetery, Mayville, Traill County, North Dakota. Brunsdale was a Lutheran.
# Du Quoin Evening Call

The Du Quoin Call was an American daily newspaper published in Du Quoin, Illinois. In 1987, the paper was acquired by Hollinger. Former owner GateHouse Media purchased roughly 160 daily and weekly newspapers from Hollinger in 1997. The Call covered Du Quoin, Perry County, and the county seat of Pinckneyville.
The Call ceased publication in July 2022.
# 1892 in paleontology

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1892.

## Mollusca
### Newly named bivalves

| Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
| Tellinomya similis. | Sp nov | synonym | Ulrich | Ashgillian | Upper Richmond Group, Minnesota | USA | transferred to Similodonta in 1964 | |
| Tellinomya recurva. | Sp nov | synonym | Lamont | Ashgillian | Upper Richmond Group, Minnesota | USA | transferred to Similodonta in 1964 | |

## Dinosaurs
### New taxa

| Taxon | Novelty | Status | Author(s) | Age | Unit | Location | Notes |
| Claosaurus annectens | Sp. nov. | Valid | Marsh | Maastrichtian | Laramie Formation | Wyoming | A new species of Claosaurus later named Edmontosaurus annectens |
| Claorhynchus trihedrus | Gen. et sp. nov. | Nomen dubium | Cope | Maastrichtian | Laramie Formation | Wyoming | Possible synonym of Triceratops |
| Iguanodon hilli | Sp. nov. | Nomen dubium | Newton | Cenomanian | Hertfordshire | England | A species of Iguanodon |
| Manospondylus gigas | Gen. et sp. nov. | Nomen dubium | Cope | Maastrichtian | Laramie Formation | Wyoming | Possible subjective synonym of Tyrannosaurus |
| Ornithomimus sedens | Sp. nov. | Valid | Marsh | Maastrichtian | Laramie Formation | Wyoming | A species of Ornithomimus |

## Plesiosaurs
### New taxa

| Name | Status | Authors | Authors | Notes |
| Cryptocleidus | Valid | Seeley | | |

## Synapsids
### Non-mammalian

| Name | Status | Authors |
| Delphinognathus | Valid | Seeley |
| Diopaeus | | |
| Geikia | Valid | Newton |