# Comparison of server-side web frameworks

This is a comparison of notable web frameworks, software used to build and deploy web applications.

## General

Basic information about each framework.
Systems listed on a light purple background are no longer in active development.

### ASP.NET

| Project | Current stable version | Release date | License |
| ASP.NET Dynamic Data | | | |
| Base One Foundation Component Library (BFC) | 7.51 | 2018-06-01 | Proprietary |
| Component-based Scalable Logical Architecture (CSLA) | 4.11.2 | 2019-07-31 | MIT |
| MonoRail | 2.1 | 2011-03-17 | Apache |

### C++

| Project | Current stable version | Release date | License |
| CppCMS | 1.2.1 | 2018-05-18 | MIT |
| Drogon | 1.9.5 | 2024-06-08 | MIT |
| Poco | 1.13.3 | 2024-04-06 | Boost Software License |
| Wt | 4.10.4 | 2024-03-06 | GPL, Proprietary |

### ColdFusion Markup Language (CFML)

| Project | Current stable version | Release date | License |
| ColdBox Platform | 7.3.0 | 2024-05-14 | Apache v2 |

### Elixir

| Project | Current stable version | Release date | License |
| Phoenix | 1.7.14 | 2024-06-18; 8 months ago | MIT License |

### Haskell

| Project | Current stable version | Release date | License |
| Snap | 1.1.3.2 | 2023-07-19 | BSD-3 |
| Yesod | 1.6.24.5 | 2023-09-14; 17 months ago | MIT License |

### Java

| Project | Current stable version | Release date | License |
| Apache Click | 2.3.0 | 2011-03-27 | Apache 2.0 |
| Apache OFBiz | 18.12.17 | 2024-11-11; 3 months ago | Apache 2.0 |
| Apache Shale | 1.0.4 | 2007-12-19 | Apache |
| Apache Sling | 12 | 2022-03-18 | Apache 2.0 |
| Apache Struts | 7.0.0 | 2024-12-11; 2 months ago | Apache 2.0 |
| Apache Tapestry | 5.8.4 | 2024-02-06; 12 months ago | Apache 2.0 |
| Apache Wicket | 10.0.0 | 2024-03-11; 11 months ago | Apache 2.0 |
| AppFuse | 3.5.0 | 2015-02-20 | Apache 2.0 |
| Eclipse Mojarra (Jakarta Faces RI) | 4.1.0 | 2024-06-05; 8 months ago | CDDL, GNU GPL 2, Apache 2.0 |
| Eclipse RAP | 4.1 | 2024-12-04 | Eclipse |
| Grails | 6.2.3 | 2025-01-03; 51 days ago | Apache |
| Google Web Toolkit | 2.9.0 | 2020-05-02 | Apache 2.0 |
| JBoss Seam | 3.1.0 final | 2012-01-13 | GNU LGPL |
| JWt | 4.11.3 | 2025-02-19; 4 days ago | GPL, Proprietary |
| Netty | 4.1.117 | 2025-01-14; 40 days ago | Apache License 2.0 |
| OpenLaszlo | 4.9.0 | 2010-10-21 | CPL |
| Oracle ADF | 12.2.1.4 | 2019-10-09 | Oracle Technology Network Developer License |
| Play | 3.0.3 | 2024-05-07; 9 months ago | Apache 2.0 |
| Spring | 6.2.1 | 2024-12-12; 2 months ago | Apache 2.0 |
| Stripes | 1.6.0 | 2015-07-23 | Apache |
| Vaadin | 24.6.0 | 2024-12-18; 2 months ago | Apache 2.0 |
| Wavemaker | 11.6.0 | 2024-03-03 | Apache |
| WebObjects | 5.4.3 | 2008-09-15 | Proprietary |

### JavaScript

| Project | Current stable version | Release date | License |
| Express.js | 5.0.1 | 2024-10-08; 4 months ago | MIT License |
| Fastify | 5.2.1 | 2025-01-06; 48 days ago | MIT License |
| Meteor | 3.0 | 2024-07-22; 7 months ago | MIT License |
| NestJS | 11.0.5 | 2025-01-23; 31 days ago | MIT License |
| Next.js | 15.1.6 | 2025-01-22; 32 days ago | MIT License |
| Nuxt.js | 3.15.3 | 2025-01-24; 30 days ago | MIT License |
| Remix | 2.15.3 | 2025-01-30; 24 days ago | MIT License |
| Sails.js | 1.5.11 | 2024-05-24; 8 months ago | MIT License |
| SvelteKit | 1.15.5 | 2023-04-13; 22 months ago | MIT License |

### Perl

| Project | Current stable version | Release date | License |
| Catalyst | 5.90131 | 2023-07-20 | Artistic, GPL |
| Dancer | 1.1.1 | 2024-07-18 | Artistic, GPL |
| Maypole | 2.13 | 2008-04-18 | Artistic, GPL |
| Mojolicious | 9.37 | 2024-05-13 | Artistic |

### PHP

| Project | Start date | Current stable version | Release date | License |
| CakePHP | 2005-08 | 5.1.5 | 2025-01-16 | MIT |
| CodeIgniter | 2006-02-28 | 4.6.0 | 2025-01-19 | MIT |
| Fat-Free | 2009-09 | 3.9.0 | 2024-12-29 | GPLv3 |
| FuelPHP | 2011-08 | 1.9.0 | 2021-12-28 | MIT |
| Gyroscope | 2008-11-20 | 20.4 | 2023-11-24 | BSD |
| Jamroom | 2003-07-28 | 7.0.1 | 2024-01-01 | MPL |
| Kajona | 2006 | 6.2 | 2017-06-08 | LGPLv2 |
| Laminas (formerly Zend Framework) | 2006-03 | 3.3.3 | 2022-02-21 | New BSD |
| Laravel | 2011-07-31 | 11.42.1 | 2025-02-12; 11 days ago | MIT |
| Li3 (Lithium) | 2009-10 | 2.0.0 | 2022-12-08 | BSD |
| Phalcon | 2012-11-14 | 5.8.0 | 2024-07-09 | BSD |
| Pop PHP | 2012-03-19 | 5.5.0 | 2025-02-12 | BSD Licence |
| PRADO | 2004-01 | 4.2.0 | 2022-04-19 | New BSD |
| SilverStripe | 2007-02-03 | 5.3.0 | 2024-11-04 | BSD |
| Smart.Framework | 2015-02-01 | svn.1925 | 2024-01-19 | BSD |
| Symfony | 2005-10 | 7.2.0 | 2024-11-29 | MIT |
| Yii | 2008-12-03 | 2.0.48 | 2023-05-22 | New BSD |

### Python

| Project | Current stable version | Release date | License |
| BlueBream | 1.0 | 2011-01-18; 14 years ago | ZPL |
| CherryPy | 18.10.0 | 2024-06-15; 8 months ago | BSD |
| CubicWeb | 4.8.0 | 2024-05-21; 9 months ago | LGPL |
| Django | 5.1.6 | 2025-02-05; 18 days ago | BSD |
| FastAPI | 0.115.8 | 2025-01-30; 24 days ago | MIT |
| Flask | 3.1.0 | 2024-11-13; 3 months ago | BSD |
| Google App Engine | 1.9.91 | 2020-05-11; 4 years ago | LGPL, Proprietary |
| Grok | 5.1 | 2024-10-28; 3 months ago | ZPL |
| Gunicorn | 23.0.0 | 2024-08-10; 6 months ago | MIT |
| Jam.py | 5.4.136 | 2023-11-14; 15 months ago | BSD |
| Pyjs | 0.8.1a | 2012-05-09; 12 years ago | Apache |
| Pylons | 1.0.2 | 2015-07-22; 9 years ago | BSD |
| Pyramid | 2.0.2 | 2023-08-25; 17 months ago | BSD |
| Tornado | 6.4.2 | 2024-11-22; 3 months ago | Apache |
| TurboGears | 2.4.3 | 2020-03-01; 4 years ago | MIT, LGPL |
| web2py | 2.27.1 | 2023-11-16; 15 months ago | LGPL3 |
| Zope 2 | 5.6.0 | 2022-09-09; 2 years ago | ZPL |

### Ruby

| Project | Current stable version | Release date | License |
| Padrino | 0.14.4 | 2019-01-14 | MIT |
| Ruby on Rails | 8.0.1 | 2024-12-13; 2 months ago | MIT |
| Sinatra | 3.0.2 | 2022-10-01; 2 years ago | MIT |

### Scala

| Project | Current stable version | Release date | License |
| Lift | 3.4.3 | 2020-11-28 | Apache 2.0 |
| Play | 2.8.8 | 2021-04-08 | Apache 2.0 |
| Scalatra | 2.8.1 | 2021-09-25 | BSD |

### Others

| Project | Language | Current stable version | Release date | License |
| AIDA/Web | Smalltalk | 6.7 | 2014-09-14 | MIT |
| Oracle APEX | PL/SQL | 22.2 | 2022-11-10 | Proprietary freeware |
| Flex | ActionScript, MXML | 4.16.1 | 2019-11-23 | Apache |
| Grails | Groovy (JVM) | 6.2.2 | 2024-11-20 | Apache |
| Morfik | C#, BASIC, Pascal, Java | 3.0.8.1 | 2010-12-13 | Proprietary freeware |
| Opa | Opa | 1.1.1 | 2013-04-16 | MIT and AGPL |
| OpenACS | Tcl | 5.10.1 | 2024-09-03 | GPL |
| Seaside | Smalltalk | 3.5.9 | 2024-10-20 | MIT |

## Comparison of features
### C++

| Project | Ajax | MVC framework | MVC push-pull | i18n & L10n? | ORM | Testing framework(s) | DB migration framework(s) | Security framework(s) | Template framework(s) | Caching framework(s) | Form validation framework(s) |
| CppCMS | Yes | Yes | Push | Yes | CppDB | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Wt | Yes | Yes | Push & Pull | Yes | Wt::Dbo | Boost.test | | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |

### ColdFusion Markup Language (CFML)

| Project | Ajax | MVC framework | MVC push-pull | i18n & L10n? | ORM | Testing framework(s) | DB migration framework(s) | Security framework(s) | Template framework(s) | Caching framework(s) | Form validation framework(s) |
| ColdBox Platform | Yes | Yes | Push-pull | Yes | Quick & cbORM | Yes via TestBox | Yes | Yes | CFML | Yes | Yes |

### Java

| Project | Language | Ajax | MVC framework | MVC push-pull | i18n & L10n? | ORM | Testing framework(s) | DB migration framework(s) | Security framework(s) | Template framework(s) | Caching framework(s) | Form validation framework(s) |
| Apache Click | Java | jQuery | Page oriented | Pull | Yes | Hibernate, Cayenne | Yes | | pluggable | Velocity, JSP | Cached templates | Built-in validation |
| Apache OFBiz | Java, Groovy, XML, | jQuery | Yes | Push-pull | Yes | Entity Engine (Internal kind of ORM, not really ORM, notably used by Atlassian Jira) | JUnit | Entity Engine Tools, Data File Tool, CSV Parser, Apache POI | Internal Security framework based on OWASP | Freemarker (Recommended), Velocity (Support Available), JSP (Support Available) | Internal Cache Maintenance with Distributed Cache Clearing for clusters | Server side validation, Client Side Validation (JQuery) |
| Apache Sling | Java | Yes | Yes | Push-pull | | Uses JCR content repository | | | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Apache Struts | Java | Yes | Yes | Push-pull | Yes | Yes | Unit tests | | | Yes | | Yes |
| Apache Tapestry | Java | Prototype, jQuery | Yes | Pull | Yes | JPA, Hibernate, Cayenne | Selenium, TestNG, JUnit | | Spring Security, Shiro | Yes | with extensions | Native or Bean Validation |
| Apache Wicket | Java | Extensions for YUI, ExtJS, more | No (Modular event-driven) | Pull | Yes | with extensions | Mock objects, unit and integration tests via extension | | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Grails | Groovy | Yes | Yes | Push | Yes | GORM, Hibernate | Unit tests, integration test, functional test | multiple plugins: autobase, dbmigrate, more | Spring Security, Apache Shiro | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| JavaServer Faces | Java | Yes | Yes | Pull | Yes | JPA, Hibernate and any other Java EE ORM framework | JUnit | | Yes | Facelets, JSP | Yes | Native validators, integration with Bean Validation |
| Project | Language | Ajax | MVC framework | MVC push-pull | i18n & L10n? | ORM | Testing framework(s) | DB migration framework(s) | Security framework(s) | Template framework(s) | Caching framework(s) | Form validation framework(s) |
| JBoss Seam | Java | Yes | Yes | Pull | Yes | JPA, Hibernate | JUnit, TestNG | | JAAS integration, Drools, Hibernate Filters, OpenID, CAPTCHA | Facelets | JBoss Cache, Ehcache | Hibernate Validator |
| JWt | Java | Yes | Yes | Push-pull | Yes | | | | Yes | Yes | | Yes |
| Play | Java, Scala | Yes | Yes | Push-pull | Yes | JPA, Hibernate | JUnit, Selenium | Yes | via Core Security module | Yes | Yes | Server-side validation |
| Spring | Java | Yes | Yes | Push | Yes | Hibernate, iBatis, more | Mock objects, unit tests | | Spring Security (formerly Acegi) | JSP, Commons Tiles, Velocity, Thymeleaf, more | Ehcache, more | Commons validator, Bean Validation |
| Stripes | Java | Yes | Yes | Pull | Yes | JPA, Hibernate | Yes | | framework extension | Yes | | Yes |
| Vaadin | Java | GWT | | Push-pull | Yes | Yes | Yes | | | Yes | | Yes |
| Wavemaker | JavaScript (client), Java (server) | Dojo Toolkit | Yes | Push | Dojo Toolkit | Hibernate | JUnit | Hibernate | Spring Security (formerly Acegi), role-based access control | Dojo Toolkit | Dojo Toolkit | Regular expression, schema-driven validation |
| Project | Language | Ajax | MVC framework | MVC push-pull | i18n & L10n? | ORM | Testing framework(s) | DB migration framework(s) | Security framework(s) | Template framework(s) | Caching framework(s) | Form validation framework(s) |
| WebObjects | Java | Yes | Yes | Push-pull | Yes | EOF | WOUnit (JUnit), TestNG, Selenium | in Project WONDER | | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Google Web Toolkit | Java, JavaScript | Yes | | | Yes | JPA with RequestFactory | JUnit (too early), jsUnit (too difficult), Selenium (best) | via Java | Yes | | | Bean Validation |
| ZK | Java, ZUML | jQuery | Yes | Push-pull | Yes | any J2EE ORM framework | JUnit, ZATS | HibernateUtil, SpringUtil | Spring Security | Macro components & composition | Yes | client, server |

### JavaScript

| Project | Ajax | MVC framework | i18n & L10n? | ORM | Testing framework(s) | Security framework(s) | Template framework(s) | Caching framework(s) | Form validation framework(s) |
| AngularJS | XHR, JSONP | Yes | i18n and l10n | | Karma (unit testing), Protractor (end-to-end testing) | Content Security Policy (CSP), XSRF | Templates | Caching | Form validation (client-side) |
| EmberJS | Yes | Yes | Yes | Ember Data | QUnit | | Handlebars | | |
| qooxdoo | Yes | Data binding | i18n | | Testrunner | | | | Form Validation |
| SproutCore | Yes | Yes | | | | | | |

### Perl

| Project | Ajax | MVC framework | MVC push-pull | i18n & L10n? | ORM | Testing framework(s) | DB migration framework(s) | Security framework(s) | Template framework(s) | Caching framework(s) | Form validation framework(s) |
| Catalyst | Toolkit-independent (REST & JSON support, specific plugins for Prototype JavaScript Framework, more) | Yes | Push in its most common usage | Yes | DBIx::Class, Rose::DB::Object, more | Supports Perl testing standards, Test Anything Protocol (TAP) | ? | ACL-based, external engines, more | Template::Toolkit, HTML::Template, HTML::Mason, PHP and any extant Perl template engine | Cache, Memcached, shared memory, more | HTML::FormHandler HTML::FormFu, HTML::FormValidator, more |
| Dancer | Yes | Yes | Push | Yes | DBIx::Class, ORMesque | Yes | ? | ? | Template::Toolkit, HTML::Mason, Text::MicroTemplate, any extant Perl template engine | Cache, Memcached, shared memory, more | DataFu, any extant Perl form validation software |
| Maypole | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| Mojolicious | Toolkit-independent (REST & JSON support) | No explicit model support though commonly used as MVC | Push | Yes | Commonly used with DBIx::Class | Test::Mojo | ? | Signed session cookie | Built-in Perl templating, Template::Toolkit and several others via plugins | ? | Not explicitly, use any Perl Modules |

### PHP

| Project | Language | Ajax | MVC framework | MVC push-pull | i18n & L10n? | ORM | Testing framework(s) | DB migration framework(s) | Security framework(s) | Template framework(s) | Caching framework(s) | Form validation framework(s) | Scaffolding | RAD | Mobility |
| CakePHP | PHP >= 7.4 | Any | Yes | Yes, Push & Cells | Yes | ORM, Data Mapper Pattern, SQL Relational Algebra Abstraction Layer | Unit tests, object mocking, fixtures, code coverage, memory analysis with PHPUnit and Xdebug and Continuous Integration via Travis | Yes | CRUD based, ACL-based, Multiple Plugins | Themes, Layouts, Cells, Views, Elements, Plugins for Twig, Bootstrap, etc. | Memcache, Redis, XCache, APC, File | Validation via Contexts (Table (DAO), Entity (VO) & Controller), CSRF Protection | Plugin CRUD | Cake Bake | Mobile Agent Detection, Layouts |
| CodeIgniter | PHP >= 8.1 | Any | Yes | Push | Mostly | Third party only | Ready for next release, Unit tests for v.4 and up | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Templates |
| Fat-Free Framework | PHP >= 5.4 | Any | MVC, RMR | Push-pull | Yes | Data mappers for SQL, MongoDB, Flat-File | Built-in | Yes | Yes | Yes | APC, Memcache, XCache, WinCache, and Filesystem | Yes | No | ? | ? |
| FuelPHP | PHP >= 5.3.3 | Yes | MVC, HMVC | Push | Yes | Yes | PHPUnit | Yes | Yes, Plugins available | Yes, Plugins available | File, Redis, Memcache, more | Yes | Yes | ? | ? |
| Gyroscope | PHP >= 5.4 | nano.js, replaceable | LCHH | Push-pull | Mostly | Data-source agnostic | No | Built-in Schema comparison tool and UDF editor | ACL-based, replaceable | Implementation-specific; helper functions and theme templates available | APC, Memcache | Yes | Interactive code generator | Yes | Dedicated mobile and tablet layouts, landscape-portrait transformation |
| Kajona | PHP >= 7 | Any | Yes | Push | Yes | Yes | PHPUnit, Selenium, Jasmine | Yes | Yes | Yes | APC, Database, File | Yes | Yes | Yes | Bootstrap |
| Laminas (formerly Zend Framework) | PHP >= 7.3 | Toolkit-independent | Yes | Push-pull | Yes | Table and row data gateway or Doctrine | Unit tests, PHP Unit or other independent | Yes | ACL-based | Yes | APC, Database, File, Memcache, Zend Platform | Yes | Yes | ? | ? |
| Laravel | PHP >= 8.0 | Any | Yes | Push | Yes | Eloquent | PHPUnit | Yes | Yes | Yes | APC, Database, File, Memcache, Redis | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Li3 (Lithium) | PHP >= 5.3.6 | Any | Yes | Push | Yes | Yes | Unit tests, builtin test framework or other independent | No | Yes, Plugins available | PHP, Twig Plugin available | Memcache, Redis, XCache, APC, File | Yes, with CSRF Protection and Form Signing | No | Yes | ? |
| Phalcon | PHP >= 8.0 | Any | Yes | Push | Yes | Yes | Codeception PHPUnit | Yes | Yes | Volt, PHP | APC, Memcache, Memory, Redis, Redis Cluster, File | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? |
| Pop PHP | PHP >= 8.2 | Any | Yes | Push | Yes | Yes | PHPUnit with CI via GitHub Actions | Yes | ACL-based | Yes | APC, Database, File, Memcache, Redis, Session | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? |
| PRADO | PHP >= 7.3 | Prototype, script.aculo.us, own components | No | Push-pull | Yes | Data access objects (DAO), active record pattern, SQLMap data mapper | PHPUnit, SimpleTest, Selenium | No | Yes | XML-based, similar to ASP.NETs | APC, Database, eAccelerator, Memcached, XCache | Yes | Yes | ? | ? |
| SilverStripe (Sapphire) | PHP >= 7.1 | jQuery, jQuery UI | Yes | Push-pull | Yes | Active record pattern | Unit tests, Selenium | Automatic | incl. OpenID | Themes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Silex | PHP >= 5.3.9 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Plugin exists (Doctrine) | Yes | No | Yes | PHP, Twig | Plugin exists | Yes | Plugin exists | ? | ? |
| Smart.Framework | PHP >= 7.3 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes (PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite, MongoDB, Solr, others via plugins) | Yes | No | Yes | Yes (Markers, Twig, others via plugins) | Yes (File, Redis, others via plugins) | Yes | No | Yes | Yes, (jQuery mobile, Bootstrap, others via plugins) |
| Symfony | PHP >= 8.1 | Prototype, script.aculo.us, Unobtrusive Ajax with UJS and PJS plugins | Yes | Push | Yes | Propel, Doctrine (YAML) | Yes | Plugin exists (alpha code) | Plugin | PHP, Twig | Yes | Yes | Yes | ? | ? |
| TYPO3 | PHP >= 7.2 | Any | Yes | Push-pull | Yes | Yes | Yes | Partial | Yes | TYPO3 Fluid | Yes | Yes | Plugin exists | Plugin exists | ? |
| Yii | PHP >= 5.4 | jQuery, jQuery UI, own components, plugins | Yes | Push-pull | Yes | Data Access Objects (DAO), Active Record Pattern, Plugins (incl. Doctrine 2.0) | PHPUnit, Selenium | Yes | ACL-based, RBAC-based, plugins | PHP-based, PRADO-like, plugins | APC, Database, eAccelerator, File, Memcache, Redis, WinCache, XCache, Zend Platform | Yes | Yes | ? | ? |

### Python

| Project | Language | Ajax | MVC framework | MVC push-pull | i18n & L10n? | ORM | Testing framework(s) | DB migration framework(s) | Security framework(s) | Template framework(s) | Caching framework(s) | Form validation framework(s) | Python 3.* |
| CherryPy | Python | - | - | _ | - | pluggable | - | - | - | pluggable | - | - | Yes |
| Django | Python | Yes | Yes | Push | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | built-in, Jinja2, Mako, Cheetah | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| FastAPI | Python | Yes | - | - | - | ORM-agnostic | via pytest | depends on ORM | Yes | Jinja2 | - | Yes | Yes |
| Flask | Python | Yes | - | - | Yes | ORM-agnostic | via unittest | depends on ORM | Yes | Jinja2 | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Jam.py | Python, JavaScript | Yes | Event driven | Yes | Yes | Yes | via pytest and mocha | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Pyjs | Python, JavaScript | Yes | Use PureMVC Python version (compiled to JavaScript) | | Yes | ??, no direct data access | | No | | | | | No |
| Pylons | Python | helpers for Prototype and script.aculo.us | controller | Push | Yes | ORM-agnostic | via nose | depends on ORM | | pluggable: Mako, Genshi, Myghty, Kid, more | native: pluggable: Redis, Beaker (memory, memcached, file, databases) | preferred formencode | No |
| Pyramid | Python | Yes | Yes | Push | Yes | ORM-agnostic | Yes | depends on ORM | Yes | pluggable: Jinja2, Chameleon, Mako, Genshi, more | default: native session factory. pluggable: Redis, PyNaCl, Beaker (memory, memcached, file, databases), more | deform, formencode, WTForms, more | Yes |
| TACTIC | Python | Yes | Yes | Pull | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Mako | No | Yes | No |
| Tornado | Python | See Advanced Async Example implements AJAX | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | Yes |
| TurboGears | Python | Toolkit-independent, provides support via JSON | Full stack, best-of-breed based | Push | Yes | SQLAlchemy | nose | SQLAlchemy-Migrate | Repoze.what & Repoze.who | pluggable: Genshi, more | Support for memcached, and any WSGI compliant system | ToscaWidgets, utilizing FormEncode | Yes |
| web2py | Python | Yes | Yes | Push | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| BlueBream (Zope 3) | Python | via add-on products, e.g. Plone w/KSS | Yes | Pull | Yes | ZODB, SQLObject, SQLAlchemy | Unit tests, functional tests | ZODB generations | ACL-based | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
| Zope 2 | Python | | Yes | Pull | Yes | ZODB, SQLObject, SQLAlchemy | Unit tests | | ACL-based | Yes | Yes | CMFFormController | No |

### Ruby

| Project | Ajax | MVC framework | MVC push-pull | i18n & L10n? | ORM | Testing framework(s) | DB migration framework(s) | Security framework(s) | Template framework(s) | Caching framework(s) | Form validation framework(s) |
| Ruby on Rails | Prototype, script.aculo.us, jQuery | ActiveRecord, Action Pack | Push | Yes | ActiveRecord | Unit Tests, Functional Tests and Integration Tests | Yes | Plug-in | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Sinatra | No | Yes | Push | No | ORM-independent | rack-test | Yes | through Rack middleware | Yes | through Rack middleware | No |

### Others

| Project | Language | Ajax | MVC framework | MVC push-pull | i18n & L10n? | ORM | Testing framework(s) | DB migration framework(s) | Security framework(s) | Template framework(s) | Caching framework(s) | Form validation framework(s) |
| AIDA/Web | Smalltalk | Yes | Yes | | Yes | Gemstone/S, GLORP, more | SUnit | | Yes | | | Yes |
| Application Express | PL/SQL | Yes | | | Yes | | | Yes | Yes | | | Yes |
| Flex | ActionScript, MXML | Not by name but similar technology | | | | | FlexUnit | | | | | |
| Lift | Scala | Yes | Yes | Pull | Yes | Yes | ScalaTest, Selenium | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Opa | Opa | Yes | | | Yes | MongoDB | | | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
| OpenACS | Tcl | Yes | Yes | | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Seaside | Smalltalk | jQuery, jQuery UI, Prototype JavaScript Framework, script.aculo.us, more | Yes | | Yes | GLORP, Gemstone/S, more | Unit tests, SUnit | | | No, intentionally | | Magritte |
| Project | Language | Ajax | MVC framework | MVC push-pull | i18n & L10n? | ORM | Testing framework(s) | DB migration framework(s) | Security framework(s) | Template framework(s) | Caching framework(s) | Form validation framework(s) |