OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Henry Markham

Henry Harrison Markham (November 16, 1840 – October 9, 1923) was an American lawyer and Republican politician. He was the 18th governor of California (1891–1895), and represented California's 6th congressional district during the 49th United States Congress (1885–1887). Earlier in life, he served as a Union Army officer in the American Civil War.

## Early life

Markham was born in Wilmington, New York, on November 16, 1840. He attended the common schools of his hometown and Wheeler's Academy in Vermont. He moved to Wisconsin in 1861.

## Career

During the Civil War, Markham enlisted as a private in Company G, 32nd Wisconsin Infantry Regiment; he was promoted to second lieutenant. Markham was part of General William Tecumseh Sherman's March to the Sea in 1864. He was wounded at the Battle of Rivers' Bridge in 1865, and discharged.
After the war Markham returned to Wisconsin and settled in Milwaukee, where he studied law and passed the bar in 1867. He practiced law in Milwaukee in the state and federal courts. In 1879, Markham moved to Pasadena, California and continued the practice of law.
Markham was elected as a Republican to the 49th Congress in 1884, but declined to seek renomination in 1886.
He was elected governor of California in 1890 and inaugurated in January 1891. During his term, California's economy suffered badly from the Panic of 1893. Hoping to boost economic recovery, Markham strongly backed the California Midwinter International Exposition of 1894, held in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park; it was a resounding success. Markham declined to seek a second term as governor in 1894.
In Pasadena Markham was on the school board and was one of the founders of the Pasadena public library. He was also part of the Calico Union Mining Company. During his run for governor he was referred to as "the dashing colonel from Pasadena," and he was a longtime member of the Pasadena Republican Club.

## Personal life

On May 17, 1876, Markham married Mary A. Dana in Waukesha, Wisconsin. He purchased a 23-acre ranch in Pasadena, California, and he and his family moved there in 1879. They had five daughters: Marie, Alice, Gertrude, Genevieve, and Hildreth.
On October 9, 1923, Markham died in his Pasadena home at age 82. He was interred at Mountain View Cemetery in Altadena.
# Agon Elezi

Agon Elezi (Macedonian: Агон Елези; born 1 March 2001) is a Macedonian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Croatian club Gorica on loan from the German side VfL Bochum.

## Club career

Born in Skopje, Macedonia, he played for Shkupi in the Macedonian First League between 2014 and 2016. In 2016 he attended Brooke House College Football Academy in Market Harborough. The Academy plays fixtures in Cup Competitions, including ISFA, ESFA & County Cups. Alongside these competitions, players will play in a competitive game Programme from Professional Clubs to School sides. In the 2017–18 season Elezi signed a contract with the French side Caen where he spent a year of his youth career playing here.
On 30 January 2024, Elezi signed a three-and-a-half-year contract with VfL Bochum in the Bundesliga.
On 10 January 2025, Elezi returned to Croatia, joining Gorica on loan until the end of the season.

## International career

Elezi was part of the Macedonia U21 national team. In the past, he was part of the U19 and U17 teams as well.
On 23 September 2022, he made his debut for the Macedonian national team in a UEFA Nations League match against Georgia. As of February 2023, he has earned a total of two caps.

## Honours

Varaždin
* Druga nogometna liga: 2021–22
# North Korea national football team results (1980–1999)

This article provides details of international football games played by the North Korea national football team from 1980 to 1999.
After a 3–0 loss to South Korea in 1993, chairman Kim Jong-il banned the national team from competing in international tournaments. They did not return to competitive football until 1998.

## International matches
### 1999
#### Notes

* ↑ Saudi Arabia were awarded a 2–0 win after the North Korean team assaulted referee Vijit Getkaew and his linesman after the final whistle of the semi-final against Kuwait
# Jamalabad, Ardabil

Jamalabad (Persian: جمال اباد) is a village in Meshgin-e Gharbi Rural District of Qosabeh District in Meshgin Shahr County, Ardabil province, Iran.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the village's population was 776 in 170 households, when it was in the Central District. The following census in 2011 counted 787 people in 207 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the village as 668 people in 195 households, by which time the rural district had been separated from the district in the formation of Qosabeh District.
# List of public transport routes numbered 19

In public transport, Route 19 may refer to:
* Melbourne tram route 19
* Route 19 (MTA Maryland), a bus route in Baltimore, Maryland and its suburbs
* London Buses route 19
* 19 Polk, a bus route in San Francisco
# Florida Express

Florida Express was an airline headquartered in Orlando, Florida, United States. Orlando International Airport (MCO) served as the airline's hub with a point-to-point linear route system in the eastern U.S. and Florida. Established in 1984, the air carrier operated a small fleet consisting exclusively of British Aircraft Corporation BAC One-Eleven twin jet aircraft and employed approximately 385 employees in 1985. It was incorporated in Delaware on January 24, 1983 and received its economic certificate from the Civil Aeronautics Board exactly a year later on January 24, 1984. First flight was January 26, 1984 and it was co-founded and led by Gordon Linkon, a former Midway Airlines president and Frontier Airlines executive. The airline completed an initial public offering on October 16, 1985, raising $13mm. The airline's toll-free phone number was 1-800-FAST-JET.
On October 28, 1987, the second incarnation of Braniff announced its acquisition of Florida Express in a deal worth $20mm (over $50mm in 2024 dollars). After government approvals, the deal closed on April 19, 1988. However, before the deal closed, from January 15, 1988 onward, Florida Express flew for Braniff under the name Braniff Express.

## Fleet

1987-88 World Airline Fleets (copyright 1987) lists the Air Florida fleet as follows:
* 6 BAC 1-11-201AC
* 9 BAC 1-11-203AE
* 3 BAC 1-11-401AK
* 1 BAC 1-11-414AE
The 203AE series aircraft were originally delivered to Braniff International Airways, the US trunk carrier that ceased operation in 1982, a separate but related carrier from the Braniff that bought Florida Express.

## Destinations

As of January 1984:
* Florida
** Fort Lauderdale (FLL)
** Miami (MIA)
** Orlando (MCO - Hub)
** Tampa (TPA)
* Indiana
** Indianapolis (IND)
* Kentucky
** Louisville (SDF)
* Tennessee
** Nashville (BNA)
* Virginia
** Norfolk (ORF)
** Richmond (RIC)
As of April 1986:
* Alabama
** Birmingham (BHM)
* Florida
** Fort Lauderdale (FLL)
** Miami (MIA)
** Orlando (MCO - Hub)
** St. Petersburg/Clearwater/Tampa (PIE)
** West Palm Beach (PBI)
* Indiana
** Indianapolis (IND)
* Kentucky
** Cincinnati, Ohio (CVG)
** Louisville (SDF)
* Louisiana
** New Orleans (MSY)
* Ohio (for Cincinnati, see Kentucky)
** Columbus (CMH)
* Pennsylvania
** Harrisburg (MDT)
* Tennessee
** Knoxville (TYS)
** Nashville (BNA)
# Gangua

Mohammad Parvez (known professionally as Gangua) is a Bangladeshi film actor who is known for his role as villain in the cinema of Bangladesh.

## Career

Gangua was born in Bogra. He initially starred on the stage. Later in 1978, he was introduced in the Bangladeshi film industry by actor Jashim. His stage name Gangua was given by Jashim. Early in his career, he used to play small roles. In 1992, he played an important role for the first time in the film 'Mustan Raja' directed by Dewan Nazrul. He acted in more than 700 films. His latest movie Rajababu - The Power was released in 2015.
# Treaty Establishing a Monetary, Economic and Social Union between the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany

The Treaty Establishing a Monetary, Economic and Social Union between the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Vertrag über die Schaffung einer Währungs-, Wirtschafts- und Sozialunion zwischen der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland) was a treaty signed on 18 May 1990 between the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany, as part of the process of German reunification. Coming into force on 1 July 1990, the treaty replaced the East German mark with the Deutsche Mark as East Germany's official currency.

## Background

By the late 1980s, East Germany was in an economic crisis. Its centrally planned economy struggled due to inefficiencies, foreign debt, and growing deficits. By the end of 1989, East Germany's debt had reached 49 billion East German Marks, and the state was unable to sustain economic growth. The crisis, coupled with increasing emigration to the West, put immense pressure on the government to reform.
The process of economic integration was initiated in the wake of East Germany's first free elections, which resulted in a victory for the Alliance for Germany, a coalition of pro-reunification parties led by the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). This government, under Lothar de Maizière, quickly engaged in negotiations with West Germany on currency and economic unification.

## Economic Consequences

The introduction of the Deutsche Mark was widely welcomed, but it had significant economic repercussions. Many East German businesses, accustomed to operating under a planned economy, struggled to compete in the new market-driven system. The sudden shift led to mass factory closures and rising unemployment.
The Treuhandanstalt (Trust Agency), established on March 1, 1990, was tasked with privatizing nearly 8,000 state-owned enterprises, which employed four million people. However, many businesses were sold for far less than their value or failed to attract investors, leading to accusations of mismanagement and corruption.
# Junior Paulo

Junior Paulo may refer to:
* Junior Paulo (rugby league, born 1983), New Zealand prop and second-row forward
* Junior Paulo (rugby league, born 1993), Samoan prop
# Kilij Arslan

Kilij Arslan, meaning Sword Lion in Turkish, was the name of four sultans of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm:
* Kilij Arslan I reigned as of 1092, died 1107
* Kilij Arslan II reigned as of 1156, died 1192
* Kilij Arslan III reigned as of 1204, died 1205
* Kilij Arslan IV reigned as of 1248, died 1265
# Spencer Kobren

Spencer Kobren (born May 1965) is the founder of The American Hair Loss Association and The International Alliance of Hair Restoration Surgeons. He is the author of The Bald Truth: The First Complete Guide to Preventing and Treating Hair Loss and The Truth About Woman's Hair Loss.
Kobren hosted a nationally syndicated radio program also called The Bald Truth which aired on XM satellite radio as well as on radio stations throughout the United States. Following the death of his brother, Alan, he created a radio series entitled Highway Justice about road safety. He currently hosts "The Bald Truth" podcast on Friday's which can be seen on YouTube. He is also a contributing editor to Consumers Digest Magazine and hair loss content provider for WebMD.
# North Korea national football team results (2000–2009)

This article provides details of international football games played by the North Korea national football team from 2000 to 2009.

## Results
### 2009
#### Notes

* ↑ Iran were awarded a 3–0 win after North Korean players abandoned the match after 60 minutes due to firecrackers being thrown from Iranian fans
* ↑ Jordan were awarded a 3–0 win after North Korean immigration officials failed to issue the Jordanian team visas, meaning they were refused entry into the country
* ↑ Since there were crowd troubles in the previous two North Korea's home matches, FIFA decided that the next North Korean home match would be moved to a neutral venue (Thailand), and played behind closed doors
* 1 2 North Korea played two games on 24 June 2007. It is unclear which was played first.
* 1 2 Since North Korea refused to play the anthem and fly the flag of South Korea, the match was moved from Pyongyang to Shanghai, China
# Barney Brooks

Barney Brooks (December 17, 1884 – March 30, 1952) was an American physician and surgeon. He was a medical educator, particularly in surgical residency training, and was known for his research in orthopedics, intestinal obstruction, and vascular surgery. He was appointed first Professor and Chief of Surgery at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in 1925 where he served until his death in 1952 from a hemorrhagic stroke.

## Training and professional career

Barney Brooks was born in Texas in 1884, received his B.S. from the University of Texas in 1905, and graduated from Johns Hopkins Medical School in 1911. While at Hopkins, he worked for two years as a high school science teacher to supplement the cost. He did his internship in surgery under William Halsted but was not offered an appointment as surgical resident, so he completed his residency at The Barnes Hospital in St. Louis, Missouri, after which he joined the surgical staff at Washington University School of Medicine. In 1925 Brooks was appointed Vanderbilt University School of Medicine’s first Professor and Chief of Surgery, in part due to a strong recommendation from Halsted, despite the fact that Halsted had denied him a residency position years earlier. At both at Washington University and Vanderbilt, Brooks established productive laboratories in surgical pathology.
At Vanderbilt, Brooks introduced an Amphitheater Clinic, in which medical students were called down to answer questions on the case being presented, an intense and unforgettable experience for the students.

## Leisure and Health

Brooks was an avid golfer who disregarded the limitations of inclement weather. When it was too dark to golf, he was known to play bridge. He suffered from hypertension for many years resulting in complications of congestive heart failure beginning in 1949, a left-sided stroke resulting in right hemiplegia in 1951, and finally a fatal right-sided cerebral hemorrhage in 1952.

## Quotes

“...Without doubt the only place for the effective teaching of surgery is on the wards, and good teaching can be done only if the patients are receiving as nearly as possible perfect professional services.” - September 18, 1935, in a letter to Dr. C. W. Flynn
# Chengdu airport

Chengdu airport may refer to the following airports in Chengdu, Sichuan, China:
* Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport ("Chengdu Airport"), the primary airport serving the City of Chengdu
* Chengdu Tianfu International Airport ("Tianfu Airport"), the new suburban airport serving the City of Chengdu
* Chengdu Fenghuangshan Airport, a military airport in suburban Chengdu
* Xinjin Airport, a general aviation airport in suburban Chengdu
# Kostyantyn Pikul

Kostyantyn Vitaliyovych Pikul (Ukrainian: Костянтин Віталійович Пікуль; born 3 June 1995) is a Ukrainian professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Þróttur Vogum.
# Schuermans

Schuermans is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alfred Schuermans (1897–1978), Belgian painter
* Jens Schuermans (born 1993), Belgian mountain cyclist
* Kenneth Schuermans (born 1991), Belgian footballer
# Ucha Dar Babe Nanak Da

Ucha Dar Babe Nanak Da is an Indian Punjab film directed and produced by Tarnvir Singh Jagpal. It stars Dev Kharoud, Monica Gill, Isha Rikhi, Harby Sangha, Yograj Singh, Sarbjit Cheema and Kimi Verma. It was released on 12 July 2024.

## Plot

Dev Kharoud and Monica Gill feature in Ucha Dar Babe Nanak Da, a family drama. As husband and wife in the film, Dev and Monica, have a lot of arguments due to their dissimilar personalities, which leads to their breakup. But Dev's father, Yograj Singh, teaches him to read the Gurbani words, and that brings an end to all his suffering and guides him on the path of righteousness. Dev obeys his father and worships him every day.

## Cast

* Dev Kharoud
* Monica Gill
* Harby Sangha
* Yograj Singh
* Sarbjit Cheema
* Isha Rikhi
* Kimi Verma
* Kamaljit Neeru
* Harj Nagra
* Naginder Gakhar
* Baljinder Singh Atwal
* Lakhan Pal
* Gurnaz Kaur
* Japanjot kaur
* Karm Bath
* Naginder Gakhar
* Sarita Tiwari
# Caledonia station

Caledonia is an underground light rail transit (LRT) station under construction on Line 5 Eglinton, a new line that is part of the Toronto subway system. It will be located along Eglinton Avenue between the GO Transit Barrie rail corridor and the entrance to the Westside Mall. This is about 200 metres (660 ft) west of Caledonia Road opposite Blackthorn Avenue.
In April 2014, the station's headwalls were tunnelled through. As of February 2025, its opening has been postponed, with no new opening date provided.

## Description

The main entrance will face Eglinton Avenue West and have a small station plaza. The station will include a bus loop with two bus bays, outdoor parking for 60 bicycles and retail spaces within the main entrance at ground level.
The underground station platform will be located on the north side of the Eglinton Avenue directly under the main entrance. The station design provides an opportunity to bring sunlight from this entrance down to the platform level via an open shaft from the upper concourse.
As part of a program to install artworks at major interchange stations along Line 5 Eglinton, Caledonia station will feature the artwork Ride of Your Life by Janice Kerbel, consisting of a series of large-scale mosaic wall works which will be visible from the Line 5 platform level. The artwork shows mosaic images of signage with multiple typefaces and sizes.

## Caledonia GO Station

In May 2015, Metrolinx announced plans to add Caledonia as a future stop on the GO Transit Barrie line. The environmental assessment for the GO station was expected to be complete in early 2016. Construction of the GO portion of the station is expected to take two years. As of 2022, construction was expected to begin in mid-2023 and conclude sometime after the opening of Line 5 Eglinton.
The LRT station will be integrated with the planned GO station. There will be a pedestrian bridge connecting the GO station to the LRT station's main entrance. The GO station will have a second entrance at its north end where both the York Beltline Trail and Bowie Avenue end. In future, through the Regional Rail Express project, a second track is planned for the GO line to enable all-day, two-way GO train service.

## Surface connections

As of November 2023, the following are the proposed connecting routes that would serve this station when Line 5 Eglinton opens:
| Route | Name | Additional information |
| 18 | Caledonia | Northbound to Yorkdale station |
| 34 | Eglinton | Westbound to Mount Dennis station and eastbound to Kennedy station |
| 47 | Lansdowne | Southbound to Queen Street |
# Ron Shapira

Ron A. Shapira is an Israeli lawyer and professor of law. He is the rector of the Peres Academic Center. In July 2024, Shapira was chosen to represent Israel as an ad-hoc judge in the International Court of Justice.

## Biography

Shapira was born in Tel-Aviv. His father, Chaim Shapira, was the president of the Tel-Aviv magistrate court. During his military service, Shapira served as deputy to the military advocate general Menachem Finkelstein. In 1990, Shapira started a private legal practice dealing with real estate and criminal law. In 2007 he merged his practice with that of Jacob Weinroth. He is a senior partner in the Abraham Neeman legal firm.
Between 1994 and 2000, Shapira was a senior lecturer in Tel-Aviv University as well as a visiting lecturer in Columbia University and the Cardozo Law School. In 2001, Shapira became a professor of law in Bar-Ilan University and served as the dean of the law school between 2001 and 2004. In 2008 he left Bar-Ilan to become the president of Peres Academic Center.
Between 2006 and 2014, Shapira served as a member of the Israeli public defender's committee.
After Aharon Barak chose to resign for personal reasons, in July 2024, Shapira was chosen to replace Barak as the ad-hoc Israeli representative associate judge in the International Court of Justice.

## Work

Shapira's areas of specialty are procedural law, evidence law, criminal law and mathematical formulae in legal doctrine. Since 1999, Shapira is an editorial board member of the journal "Law, Probability and Risk".
Shapira is a member of the advisory board of the Israel Law and Liberty Forum, and a supporter of key elements of the proposed 2023 Israeli judicial reform.

## Select publications

* Shapira, R. A. (1994). The Probabilistic Model of the Law of Evidence: Part One-Traditional Criticism. Tel Aviv UL Rev., 19, 205.
* Shapira, R. A. (1996). The Probabilistic Model of the Law on Evidence: Part Two-The Epistemic Logic. Tel Aviv UL Rev., 20, 141.
* Shapira, R. A. (1997). The susceptibility of formal models of evidentiary inference to cultural sensitivity. Cardozo J. Int'l & Comp. L., 5, 165.
* Shapira, R. A. (1997). Economic Analysis of the Law of Evidence: A Caveat. Cardozo L. Rev., 19, 1607.
* D Barak-Erez, R Shapira, The delusion of symmetric rights, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Volume 19, Issue 2, SUMMER, Pages 297–312
* Shapira, R.A. Fuzzy measurement in the Mishnah and the Talmud. Artificial Intelligence and Law 7, 273–288 (1999)
* Shapira, R.A. (2002). Fuzzy Logic and Its Application to Legal Reasoning — A Comment to Professor Zadeh. In: MacCrimmon, M., Tillers, P. (eds) The Dynamics of Judicial Proof. Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing, vol 94. Physica, Heidelberg
* Sagi A, Shapira R. Civil Disobedience and Conscientious Objection. Israel Law Review. 2002;36(3):181-217
* Shapira-Ettinger, Keren and Shapira, Ron A.. "The Constructive Value of Overconfidence" Review of Law & Economics, vol. 4, no. 3, 2008, pp. 751-778
* Shapira R. Disciplinary Measures against Minors as Justification in Criminal Law. Israel Law Review. 2014;30(1-2):161-170.
# Kaspa's

Kaspa's (also known as Kaspa's Desserts) are a British chain of ice cream parlours, which offer other hot and cold desserts. They started in 2012 in Croydon, South London. The business is based on franchising the model and branding to other companies who run Kaspa's dessert houses.
Their products "are no GM, suitable for vegetarians, handmade and imported from the heart of Italy, with no artificial preservatives." They have also been described as "an American dessert chain".
As of June 2021, according to the Kaspa's website, they have 104 locations, mostly in the United Kingdom. Kaspa's opened their first overseas location in Islamabad, Pakistan.
# Itching Palms

Itching Palms is a 1923 American silent comedy horror film, directed by James W. Horne and starring Tom Gallery, Herschel Mayall and Virginia Fox.

## Cast

* Tom Gallery as Jerry
* Herschel Mayall as Jerry's Father
* Virginia Fox as Virgie
* Tom Wilson as Mac
* Joseph Harrington as Obadiah Simpkins
* Victor Potel as The Village Dumbbell
* Gertrude Claire as Grandma Gano
* Robert Walker as Dr. Peak
* Thomas G. Lingham as Judge Barrett
* Richard Cummings as Constable Coman
# Ashley Kahn

Ashley Kahn (b. 1960) is an American music historian, journalist, and producer. He was born in the Bronx, New York, and was raised in Cincinnati. Kahn graduated from Columbia University in 1983. While attending Columbia, he hosted a jazz and blues radio show on WKCR, and was known on the air as "The Cincinnati Kid."
In 2014, Kahn co-authored the autobiography of Carlos Santana, titled The Universal Tone: Bringing My Story To Light. To date, his most critically acclaimed books have been on two major jazz albums, Kind of Blue by Miles Davis and A Love Supreme by John Coltrane. He pens articles, interviews and other features on music, and is a prolific liner note writer for a variety of music labels, and for which he has earned three ASCAP/Deems Taylor awards, and three Grammy nominations. In 2015, he was awarded a Grammy for his album notes to the John Coltrane release Offering: Live at Temple University.