OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Linus Johansson

Linus Johansson (born 30 November 1992) is a Swedish professional ice hockey forward who is currently playing for Färjestad BK in the Swedish Hockey League (SHL).
Johansson played in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) after serving as captain in his first tenure with Färjestad BK of the SHL.

## International play

Johansson represented Sweden at the 2024 IIHF World Championship and won a bronze medal.

## Career statistics
### Regular season and playoffs

| | | | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs |
| Season | Team | League | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 2007–08 | IF Troja/Ljungby | J18 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2008–09 | IF Troja/Ljungby | J18 | 26 | 15 | 14 | 29 | 28 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 2008–09 | IF Troja/Ljungby | J20 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2009–10 | IF Troja/Ljungby | J18 | 13 | 6 | 11 | 17 | 8 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2009–10 | IF Troja/Ljungby | J20 | 34 | 1 | 7 | 8 | 26 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2010–11 | IF Troja/Ljungby | J20 | 31 | 10 | 18 | 28 | 38 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2010–11 | IF Troja/Ljungby | Allsv | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2011–12 | Topeka Roadrunners | NAHL | 25 | 3 | 11 | 14 | 26 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2011–12 | IF Troja/Ljungby | SWE.2 U20 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 43 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 |
| 2012–13 | Nittorps IK | SWE.3 | 21 | 9 | 12 | 21 | 38 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2012–13 | Olofströms IK | SWE.3 | 11 | 6 | 8 | 14 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 2013–14 | Olofströms IK | SWE.3 | 38 | 18 | 40 | 58 | 36 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2013–14 | IK Oskarshamn | Allsv | 5 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 27 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2014–15 | Storhamar Dragons | NOR | 31 | 12 | 30 | 42 | 81 | 16 | 6 | 12 | 18 | 14 |
| 2015–16 | Mora IK | Allsv | 35 | 11 | 17 | 28 | 73 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
| 2016–17 | Djurgårdens IF | SHL | 46 | 9 | 6 | 15 | 18 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 2017–18 | Djurgårdens IF | SHL | 44 | 9 | 17 | 26 | 36 | 11 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 10 |
| 2018–19 | Färjestad BK | SHL | 51 | 10 | 15 | 25 | 67 | 13 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 14 |
| 2019–20 | Färjestad BK | SHL | 49 | 9 | 19 | 28 | 50 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2020–21 | HC Sochi | KHL | 8 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2020–21 | Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk | KHL | 19 | 3 | 4 | 7 | 10 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2021–22 | Färjestad BK | SHL | 43 | 13 | 13 | 26 | 30 | 19 | 5 | 6 | 11 | 35 |
| 2022–23 | Färjestad BK | SHL | 37 | 4 | 19 | 23 | 44 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 2 |
| 2023–24 | Färjestad BK | SHL | 49 | 8 | 10 | 18 | 64 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| SHL totals | SHL totals | SHL totals | 319 | 62 | 99 | 161 | 309 | 57 | 11 | 22 | 33 | 71 |

### International

| Year | Team | Event | Result | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 2022 | Sweden | OG | 4th | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 2023 | Sweden | WC | 6th | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 2024 | Sweden | WC | | 10 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 10 |
| Senior totals | Senior totals | Senior totals | Senior totals | 19 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 12 |

## Awards and honours

| Award | Year |
| SHL |||
| Le Mat Trophy (Färjestad BK) | 2022 |
# J. J. Mikkola

Jooseppi Julius (J. J.) Mikkola (July 6, 1866, Ylöjärvi – September 28, 1946, Helsinki), was a Finnish linguist and professor. Mikkola is regarded as one of the most important Finnish linguists of Slavic languages of his era.

## Biography

Mikkola's parents were farmer Antti Erland Mikkola and Johanna Mikkola. Mikkola graduated in 1886.
In 1893 Mikkola married Finnish author Maila Talvio.
Mikkola was politically in the extreme right, he was member of the fascist "Friends of the Young Italy" society and later in the Nazi Finnish Realm Union.

## Books

* Berührungen zwischen den westfinnischen und slavischen Sprachen, väitöskirja. Finsk-ugriska sällskapet, Helsingfors 1893–1895
* Betonung und Quantität in den westslavischen Sprachen. W. Hagelstam, Helsingfors 1899
* Kansallinen liike Böömissä. Kansanvalistusseura 1903
* Ladoga, Laatokka. Finsk-ugriska sällskapet, Helsingfors 1906
* Urslavische Grammatik : Einführung in das vergleichende Studium der slavischen Sprachen, 1 Teil – Lautlehre, Vokalismus, Betonung. Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, Heidelberg 1913
* Die chronologie der turkischen Donaubulgaren. Suomalais-ugrilainen seura 1914
* Slaavilaiset kansat ajanlukumme ensimmäisellä vuosituhannella. Porvoo 1916
* Zur Vertretung der Gutturale und tj in den lateinischen Lehnwörtern des Germanischen und Slavischen. Société néophilologique, Helsingfors 1924
* Suomen ja suomalais-ugrilaisten kielten tutkimus. Helsinki 1929
* Kaksi pyhää Henrikkiä koskevaa muistiinpanoa, kirjoittajat Aarno Maliniemi ja J. J. Mikkola. Helsinki 1930
* Englantilais-suomalais-ruotsalais-saksalainen merisanasto, toimttaneet J. J. Mikkola ja R[udolf] Dillström. WSOY 1931
* Inkerinmaan kreikanuskoisten käännytyksestä vuosina 1683–1700. Suomen historiallinen seura, Helsinki 1932
* Antti Jalava tshekkiläisiin tutustumassa. Helsinki 1937
* Muutamia tietoja kenraali Casimir Ehrnroothin toiminnasta Bulgarian hallitusmiehenä. Helsinki 1938
* Onko suomen silta balttilaista alkuperää? Helsinki 1938
* Die älteren Berührungen zwischen Ostseefinnisch und Russisch. Suomalais-ugrilainen seura 1938
* Hämärän ja sarastuksen ajoilta. WSOY 1939
* Reposaaren nimestä, teoksessa Satakunta XI. 1939
* Kolttakylän arkisto, Lapin sivistysseuran julkaisuja n:o 8. WSOY 1941
* Lännen ja idän rajoilta : : historiallisia kirjoitelmia. WSOY 1942
* Urslavische Grammatik : Einführung in das vergleichende Studium der slavischen Sprachen, 2 Teil – Konsonantismus. Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, Heidelberg 1942
* Urslavische Grammatik : Einführung in das vergleichende Studium der slavischen Sprachen, 3 Teil – Formenlehre. Carl Winter's Universitätsverlag, Heidelberg 1950

## Footnotes

* ↑ http://www.helsinki.fi/keskusarkisto/virkamiehet_2/index.htm finnish infopage
* ↑ Roselius, Aapo & Silvennoinen, Oula & Tikka, Marko: Suomalaiset fasistit - Mustan sarastuksen airuet. WSOY, 2016. ISBN 9789510401323.
# Oliver Gibson

Oliver Gibson (28 June 1934 – 27 April 2018) was a Northern Irish politician who was a founding member of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) and served as a DUP councillor for West Tyrone. He also served as an MLA for West Tyrone in the first session of the Assembly.

## Background

Gibson had been a teacher and vice-principal in Omagh High School as well as a Lieutenant in the Ulster Defence Regiment. In December 1974 it was reported that Lieutenant Gibson and a Corporal had been charged with the assault of two men in Omagh causing them actual bodily harm.
In October 1983 Gibson announced the creation of a co-operative with a £1 million fund to promote Protestant businesses in the Mid-Tyrone area. A leaflet giving details of the venture stated that shareholder membership "shall be solely Protestant". The Omagh Alliance Party association criticised the proposal, saying it was "ludicrous" that the primary aim of a business co-operative was to "stop the enroachment of the Church of Rome`".
In 1990 it was reported that Gibson had been "kicked out" of the Apprentice Boys of Derry because of his opposition to their application to the International Fund for Ireland for grant support. Gibson described the application as seeking "blood money".
His niece, Esther Gibson, was one of the 29 victims killed in the 1998 Omagh bombing.
In 1999, David Jordan, a former Ulster Defence Regiment soldier, broke down in a bar and claimed to be part of a patrol that killed a nationalist councillor, Patsy Kelly, in 1974. Jordan reportedly implicated Gibson in the murder. Jordan was never formally questioned in relation to the matter and no charges were ever brought against Gibson.
In 2003, it emerged that Gibson was having an affair with his 35-year-old secretary Audrey McKenzie and was living with her in Ballybogy, County Antrim. His wife confirmed that he had left her and was no longer living in their Sixmilecross home. He retired as a councillor in Omagh District Council shortly afterwards.
# Domenico Nordio

Domenico Nordio is an Italian violinist who was born in Piove di Sacco (21 March 1971). He is a member of the Nordio family.
Nordio studied violin with Corrado Romano and Michèle Auclair. He began his concert career very young, winning the Vercelli "Viotti" International Competition at the age of 16, with Yehudi Menuhin as President of the panel of judges. Successes followed at competitions such as the "Thibaud" in Paris, the "Sigall" in Viña del Mar and the "Francescatti" in Marseilles and, in particular, in 1988 the "Eurovision" which brought him international fame thanks to the final round broadcast throughout Europe from the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam.
Since then, his intense work schedule as a soloist has brought him to perform all over the world. He has played in London (Barbican Centre), Paris (Salle Pleyel), Tokyo (Suntory Hall), Geneva (Victoria Hall), Madrid (Teatro Monumental), Dublin (National Concert Hall), Istanbul (Atatürk Centre), Rome (Accademia di Santa Cecilia e Teatro dell’Opera), Moscow (Conservatoire Tchaikovskij), New York City (Carnegie Hall), Vienna (Konzerthaus), Zürich (Tonhalle), St.Petersburg (Philharmonic Great Hall), Prague (Spring Festival), Milan (Teatro Alla Scala) and with many prestigious orchestras.
In Italy, he has performed almost everywhere. He signed a recording agreement with the Sony Music Group and his first CD for Sony Classical was released in March 2013. He is currently the Artistic Director of the Città di Brescia International Violin Competition, competition member of the WFIMC (World Federation of International Music Competitions).

## Discography

* Busoni and Malipiero, Violin Concertos (Sony Classical)
* Respighi, Dallapiccola and Petrassi, Violin Concertos (Sony Classical)
* Casella and Castelnuovo Tedesco, Violin Concertos (Sony Classical)
* Mozart, Violin Concertos (Velut Luna)
* Mendelssohn, Violin Concertos (Amadeus)
* Ysaÿe, Sonatas op.27 (Decca)
* Brahms, Sonatas for Viola and Violin (Decca)
* "Capriccio", Recital (Decca)
# Dnipropetrovsk (disambiguation)

Dnipropetrovsk is the Soviet-era name of the city Dnipro in Ukraine, it may refer to:
* Dnipro (Ukrainian: Дніпро, formerly Dnipropetrovsk), Dnipro Raion, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine; the city and administrative centre
* Dnipro Raion (Ukrainian: Дніпровський район, formerly Dnipropetrovsk Raion), Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine; a district
* Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (Ukrainian: Дніпропетровська область), Ukraine; a province
* Dnipro International Airport, (formerly Dnipropetrovsk International Airport), Ukraine
* Ukrainian frigate Dnipropetrovsk
* Dnepropetrovsk maniacs, Ukrainian serial killers
# Piano Concerto No. 11 (Mozart)

Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 11 in F major, K. 413 (K. 387a in the sixth edition of the Köchel catalogue), was the second of the group of three early concertos he wrote when in Vienna, in the autumn of 1782 (according to the latest edition of the Köchel catalogue, K. 414 was written first). It was the first full concerto he wrote for the subscription concerts he gave in the city. The autograph is held by the Jagiellońska Library, Kraków with an additional, now incomplete, copy that Mozart brought to Salzburg in 1783, in the library of the Archabbey of St Peter's, Salzburg. The concerto is in the usual three movements:
* Allegro in $^3$ $_4$
* Larghetto in $^4$ $_4$ (in B♭ major)
* Tempo di menuetto in $^3$ $_4$
It is scored for solo keyboard (piano or harpsichord), two oboes, two bassoons (second movement only), two horns and strings. The winds and brass do not play an important role throughout the concerto, and Mozart himself advertised an "a quattro" version, which is for string quartet and keyboard only, presumably for domestic use. As per 18th century performance practice a string orchestra could also have provided as a suitable option for the "quattro" accompaniment.
The time signatures of the concerto are slightly unusual: Mozart wrote only three other keyboard concertos with first movements in $^3$ $_4$ (No. 4, K. 41, No. 14, K. 449 and No. 24, K. 491). In the first movement, Mozart definitively modulates to the dominant, C major, when he introduces the second subject in the prelude before returning to F major 8 bars later; a scheme also followed in No. 14.
The second movement is in binary form.
The third movement, on the other hand, is unusual both in its minuet form, and in its variation of the normal rondo structure.
# Finningia

Finningia is one of the Latin names for Finland, along with Fennia, Finnia and Finlandia. The name first appeared in Carta marina, the Scandinavian map from 1539 created by the historian and cartographer Olaus Magnus. Olaus Magnus placed Finlandia vel Finningia olim regnum ("Finlandia or Finningia, an ancient kingdom") around Southwest Finland, suggesting an unhistorical past kingdom of Finland.
In Naturalis Historia ("Natural History"), Pliny the Elder mentions the island of Aeningia (with variant spellings such as Einingia and Eningia) as a "nearly equally large island" after Scatinavia. Johannes Magnus, the brother of Olaus Magnus, suggested in his Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus (published posthumously in 1554) that this name should be read as Finningia.
However, there is no agreement on what Pliny meant by Aeningia. The scholar and cartographer Jacob Ziegler placed Finlandia and Einingia next to each other in Southwest Finland in his map from 1532, and the French classical scholar Jean Hardouin believed that Aeningia referred to the area of modern Finland. Louis Poinsinet de Sivry and others have argued that it instead referred to the area of the present-day Baltic States. Valentin Parisot has suggested that Aeningia might refer to the island of Zealand, where there is a village by the name Hejninge.
# Margaret Campbell Macpherson

Margaret Campbell Macpherson (1860 – May 16, 1931) was an artist born in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. Macpherson was well known for her various works of paintings in Scotland. Macpherson later died in Versailles, France.

## Early life

Macpherson grew up in St John's, Newfoundland, and moved to Edinburgh to study painting.

## Career

Between 1880 and 1884, Macpherson studied in Switzerland, with the artist Auguste-Henri Berthoud. In 1885, she returned to Edinburgh and exhibited at the Royal Scottish Academy for the first time. Macpherson began to exhibit her work at the Glasgow Institute of the Fine Arts from 1887 onwards.
In 1889, Macpherson moved to Paris. Once there, she trained under Gustave Courtois and Pascal Dagnan-Bouveret at the Academie Colarossi. Whilst in France, Macpherson also worked at the artists' colony of Concarneau during 1891, where she began to specialise in paintings of girls in traditional Breton costume.
Macpherson was dividing her time between France and Scotland, where she had a successful career as a portrait painter. She shared a studio in Edinburgh with another artist, Josephine Hoxie Bartlett. Macpherson and Bartlett became members of the Society of Scottish Artists in 1892. Macpherson and Bartlett had a joint exhibition in Edinburgh in 1895. They moved permanently to Paris in 1899.
Throughout her career the following art societies all accepted paintings by Macpherson
* Royal Scottish Academy
* Glasgow Institute of Fine Art
* Society of Scottish Artists
* Société Nationale des Beaux-Arts
* Royal Academy, London
* Société des Artistes Français

### Awards

* Bronze medal - Exposition universelle, Paris, in 1900
* Gold medal - Exposition nationale, Reims, in 1903
* Gold medal - Exposition internationale, Nantes, in 1904
# Acanthobrama lissneri

Acanthobrama lissneri, or the Jordan bream, is a species of freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae. It is found in Israel and Jordan. Its natural habitats are rivers and lakes, and is now commonly found in reservoirs.

## Distribution and threats

The Jordan bream is found in the Jordan River drainage basin and the on the coastal plain of Israel in the Qishon River. It has been introduced into the Azraq Wetland Reserve.
It is widely distributed and locally abundant, particularly in lakes such as Lake Kinneret, but there have been significant declines in riverine parts of its range. It is threatened by habitat loss as water extraction is impacting the lakes and rivers in this region. Pollution in the waters is also a threat in certain localities. Nevertheless, it is able to inhabit reservoirs and other artificial water bodies which compensates for the losses in rivers and streams.
# Stanley Hand Tools

Stanley Hand Tools is a brand of hand tools. It is a division of Stanley Black & Decker, following the merger of The Stanley Works with Black & Decker in March 2010.

## History

The Stanley Works was founded by Frederick Trent Stanley in 1843, originally a bolt and door hardware manufacturing company located in New Britain, Connecticut.
The Stanley Rule and Level Company was founded in 1857 by Frederick Trent Stanley's cousin, Henry Stanley, also in New Britain. In 1920, this company merged with the Stanley Works, and continued operating as its hand tools division.
Around 1937, Stanley acquired the British J. A. Chapman company, a British manufacturer of carpentry tools and other items (including bayonets during World War I) formerly located in Sheffield, from Norman Neill. This helped Stanley to enter the British market.

## Products

Stanley is a well known brand of tools and has produced millions of hand planes, saws, rulers, try squares, chisels, screwdrivers, and many other types of tools for consumer and for industrial use. Their innovations include the Bailey plane, the Surform shaper, the PowerLock tape measure, the utility knife, and an unusual multitool known as the Stanley #1 Odd Jobs.

## Gallery

* A hot glue gun
* High-visibility green screwdrivers
* An adjustable wrench
* A "quick-change" utility knife
* A Stanley tape measure and tool box
* A claw hammer
* Stanley tools for sale in China
# Dujaq Rural District

Dujaq Rural District (Persian: دهستان دوجاق) is in Samarin District of Ardabil County, Ardabil province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Yengejeh-ye Molla Mohammad Hasan.

## History

In 2010, Gharbi Rural District was separated from the Central District in the formation of Samarin District, and Dujaq Rural District was created in the new district.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2011 National Census, the rural district's population was 4,186 inhabitants in 1,054 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the rural district as 3,535 in 1,063 households. The most populous of its 16 villages was Gendishmin, with 763 people.
Other villages in the rural district include Kulan Kuh, Mijandi, and Sheykh Ahmad.
# Del Frisco's Double Eagle Steak House

Del Frisco's Double Eagle Steak House is a fine dining restaurant steakhouse chain founded in 1981 that was operated by Del Frisco's Restaurant Group until the restaurant was acquired by Landry's, Inc. in September 2019, with 71 locations across the United States.
# Marianówek, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

Marianówek is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dzierżoniów, within Dzierżoniów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. Prior to 1945 it was in Germany. It lies approximately 12 km (7 mi) east of Dzierżoniów, and 51 km (32 mi) south-west of the regional capital Wrocław.
# John Cushing Aylwin

John Cushing Aylwin (1780s – January 28, 1813) was an officer in the United States Navy during the War of 1812.

## Early life

Born in Quebec, Canada, Aylwin worked on board British naval vessels at an early age. Though never formally enrolled in the Royal Navy, he received increasing responsibilities eventually performing the duties of a mate by 1795. He refused the offer of a midshipman's warrant, but continued service at sea—apparently against his will—for another six years. Ill health, however, finally brought about his return home.

## Later career

Then, for several years, he commanded merchant ships out of Boston, Massachusetts. When war between the United States and Great Britain broke out in 1812, Aylwin received an appointment as a lieutenant in the United States Navy and became sailing master on Constitution. He received commendations for his gallantry during that frigate's engagement with Guerriere on 19 August 1812. In which he refused medical attention until everyone else on the ship had received it.
Lt. Aylwin took part in the battle between Constitution and HMS Java on 29 December 1812. Severely wounded during that encounter, Aylwin later died at sea.

## Namesakes

Four ships in the United States Navy have been named USS Aylwin for him.
# Sareyn

Sareyn (Persian: سرعين) is a city in the Central District of Sareyn County, Ardabil province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 4,478 in 1,135 households, when it was capital of the former Sareyn District in Ardabil County. The following census in 2011 counted 4,440 people in 1,241 households, by which time the district had been separated from the county in the establishment of Sareyn County. Sareyn was transferred to the new Central District as the county's capital. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 5,459 people in 1,582 households.
Sareyn is known for its hot springs. The population increases to more than 20,000 in the summer because of the many tourists who go there due to the charming climate. It stands 25 km from Ardabil and total area is 1.28 square km$^2$.
Sareyn Springs:
* Qara Su (A'saab) Thermal Spring
* Sari Su Thermal Spring
* Gavmish Goli Thermal Spring
* General Thermal Spring
* Besh Bajilar Thermal Spring
* Qahveh Suei Thermal Spring
* Pehenlu Thermal Spring
# Tidewater News

Tidewater News is a newspaper based in Franklin, Virginia covering Franklin, Southampton County and Isle of Wight County. Since November, 2006, it has been published three days a week.
# Violin Concerto No. 1 (Mozart)

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Violin Concerto No. 1 in B♭ major, K. 207, once was supposed to have been composed in 1775 (when Mozart was 19), along with the other four wholly authentic violin concertos. However, analysis of handwriting and the manuscript paper on which the concerto was written suggest that the date of composition might have been 1773. It has the usual fast–slow–fast structure.
Movements are:
* Allegro moderato
* Adagio
* Presto
The concerto is full of intricate passage work with running sixteenth notes. It is characterized generally by high spirits.
The Rondo in B♭, K. 269, for violin and orchestra, also is connected to this concerto. It was intended to replace the finale movement, and was composed to fulfil the recommendation of Antonio Brunetti, a violinist in Salzburg at the time.
Nonetheless, typically the concerto is performed with the original finale and the K. 269 Rondo remains a separate concert-piece.
# Sidney Toy

Sidney Toy (1875–1967) was a British architect and architectural historian.

## Life

Toy was born on 15 February 1875 in Redruth in Cornwall. Toy became a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1924. While travelling in the Middle East, Toy met teacher and militant suffragette Violet Mary Doudney and they married in Leicester in 1929. Doudney had been imprisoned in 1912 for smashing the window of the Home Secretary. In 2018, the Toy's eldest son, John. recalled "My father was a typical Victorian man and wasn't in favour of women having the vote. He asked [Violet Mary Doudney] not to talk about [her imprisonment] and she didn't tell us until the day the Second World War broke out."
In 1939, Toy published Castles through Heinemann; it was one of the major works on castles in the 1920s and 1930s. He wrote the entry on castles for the Encyclopædia Britannica, published in 1959. As an architectural historian, Toy specialised in military architecture and his work continues to inform research into the 21st century.

## Selected publications

* Castles (1939)
* Castles of Great Britain (1953)
* A History of Fortification from 3000 BC to 1700 AD (1955)
* Strongholds of India (1958)
* Fortified Cities of India (1965)