OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Signy Coleman

Signy Coleman (born July 4, 1960), sometimes credited as Signey Coleman, is an American former actress. She is known mainly for work in television, with a recurring role on The Young and the Restless.

## Background

Coleman was born in Ross, California, on July 4, 1960. She grew up in Bolinas, California, and attended Tamalpais High School in Mill Valley. She has three siblings.

## Career

Coleman was a contract regular on soap opera The Young and the Restless as the blind heroine Hope Adams (1993–97, 2000, 2002, 2008, 2010, 2012). Her character died of cancer in February 2008, but appeared in visions thereafter. She also starred on Guiding Light as Annie Dutton (1998–99, 2003).
Coleman's prime time roles include appearances on Law & Order: Criminal Intent, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, Human Target, The Steven Banks Show, Jake and the Fatman, Silk Stalkings, Doors, Necronomicon, Dark Justice, The Flash and The X-Files. She has appeared in such films as Relentless III, Indecent Proposal, and 20 Dates.
She also appeared in two music videos with Huey Lewis and the News: "I Want a New Drug" and "Heart and Soul". She appeared in an episode of Charles in Charge as model Rebecca Stansbury.
In 2012, Coleman joined the cast of River Ridge in the role of Sharon Reeves; she also served as executive producer on the series.

## Family

Coleman was married for three years to actor Vincent Irizarry (married 1989; divorced 1992), by whom she has a daughter. She also has a daughter by her second husband, Thomas Nolan (married 1999; divorced 2004).

## Roles
### Television

* Knight Rider (1985) Burial Ground, Barbara
* Matlock: Stockbroker Taylor Sinclair (1990)
* Law & Order: Criminal Intent: Joyce Wizneski (2006)
* The Division: Alicia Ray (2004)
* Law & Order: Special Victims Unit: Kim Hoffman (2003)
* Players: Mrs. Parker (1998)
* Chicago Hope: Dr. Susan Skinner (1998)
* Mike Hammer, Private Eye: Lucinda Kasher (1998)
* Guiding Light: Annie Dutton (1998–1999, 2003)
* The X-Files: Susanne Modeski (1997, 1999)
* Diagnosis: Murder: Julia Brush (1997)
* The Young and the Restless: Hope Adams (1993–1997, 2000–2002, 2008, 2010, 2012)
* Human Target: Libby Page (1992)
* Santa Barbara: Celeste DiNapoli (1988–1989)
* River Ridge: Sharon Reeves (2012)
* Viper: Sylvia Ehrengraff in the episode Thief of Hearts (1994)
* The Flash: Stasia Masters in the episode 19-Done with Mirrors (1991)
* Silk Stalkings: Astrid Sinclair in the episode Crime of Love (1993)
# Chloe Gartner

Chloe Maria Gartner Trimble (21 March 1916 – 6 August 2003) was an American historical novelist who wrote under the name Chloe Gartner.
Born Chloe Maria Gartner in Troy, Kansas, where she spent her early childhood, Gartner was also raised in Texas, in El Monte, California, and in Lincoln, Nebraska, then as a young adult resided with her mother and stepfather in Grand Junction, Colorado, where she attended Mesa College. Relocating to the Bay Area originally to study at UC Berkeley, Gartner subsequently took writing courses at the College of Marin prior to a long-time tenure at the San Francisco Chronicle and was for a time married to Chronicle reporter Peter Trimble whom she met through her original Chronicle position of librarian, while Trimble was working his original Chronicle position of copy boy: the couple, who lived in San Francisco, became the parents of a daughter: Kristine Gartner Trimble Cameron, in 1947. From 1956 to 1961 Gartner worked as assistant to Chronicle columnist Stanton Delaplane: by this time she was divorced and living with her daughter in Kentfield, California.
In 1937, while residing in Grand Junction, Gartner had a play entitled Obscure Destination published, and in 1938 she had published a one-act play: Perchance to Dream (published by Samuel French), and also the first two of her few evident short stories: "Giuseppe Goes Home" and "Prelude to Exile" which appeared in respectively the University of Nebraska quarterly journal Prairie Schooner and the Montana State University quarterly journal Frontier and Midland. However Gartner evidently only began to write in earnest in the mid-1950s when a sudden interest in the First Crusade resulted in the 1960 publication of Gartner's first novel: The Infidels, written over two years subsequent to a three-year period of research. Gartner subsequently had several novels with historical backgrounds published, as listed below:
In her later years Gartner resided with her daughter's family in Templeton, California.
# Yi Jun-yong

Yi Junyong (Korean: 이준용; 23 July 1870 – 22 March 1917), known as Prince Yeongseon (영선군) was a politician, literati, and member of the Korean Joseon dynasty's royal family, politicians, and later became a collaborator of Imperial Japan.
His courtesy name was Gyunggeuk (경극), and his art names were Seokjung (석정) and Songjung (송정). He was the grandson of the Heungseon Daewongun, and nephew and political rival of Emperor Gojong and Empress Myeongseong.

## Biography

Yi was born as a son of Prince Imperial Heung, older brother of Gojong of Korea in 1870. He entered the Joseon officialdom in 1884 as a Saema. In 1886, Yi passed the literary exam of civil service exam, and was appointed as Daegyo of Gyujanggak. The same year, Imperial Resident of Seoul Yuan Shikai attempted to abdicate Gojong and make Yi the king. However, opposition of Li Hongzhang prevented Yuan from carrying out his plot. After the assassination of Empress Myeongseong, Yi was paroled by the Japanese influence. Heungseon Daewongun advised him to refuge to Japan, but Yi stayed in Korea.
Prince Yeongseon attempted to overthrow his uncle, but his plot was revealed before overthrowing the government. He was imprisoned because of such attempts to overthrow the government, but he earned special amnesty from the Emperor. After being paroled, Yi traveled around Europe, and returned to Japan in January 1899. In June 1900, Yi was involved in the coup attempt of Ahn Gyeong-su.
On 27 November 1907, Yi was appointed as Major General of Imperial Korean Army.

## Family

* Father: Yi Jae-Myeon, Prince Imperial Heungchin (이재면 흥친왕; 22 August 1845 – 9 September 1912)
** Grandfather: Yi Ha-Eung, Grand Internal Prince Heungseon (이하응 흥선대원군; 21 December 1820 – 22 February 1898)
** Grandmother: Grand Internal Princess Consort Sunmok of the Yeoheung Min clan (순목대원비 민씨; 3 February 1818 – 8 January 1898)
* Mother: Lady Hong of the Pungsan Hong clan (풍산 홍씨; 8 April 1844 – 19 December 1887)
* Consorts and their Respective Issue(s):
* Lady Hong of the Namyang Hong clan (남양 홍씨; ? – 17 August 1894)
* Lady Kim of the Gwangsan Kim clan (광산 김씨; 19 June 1878 – 1955)
* Jeon Sun-Hyeok (전순혁)
** Yi Jin-Wan (이진완)
# Beth Ashley

Beth Ashley (May 21, 1926 – May 1, 2020) was an American author and columnist. She wrote for the Marin Independent Journal for over 60 years. In remarks before the United States House of Representatives, Congresswoman Lynn Woolsey stated "Beth Ashley's work has expressed the heart and soul of Marin County."

## Early years

Beth Ashley was raised in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Her father was an investment banker, who moved Ashley and her family to Belvedere, California in order to assist in running a shipyard in Marin County in August 1941. She was enrolled in Tamalpais High School in 1942 and 1943.
Ashley was an alumna of Stanford University, where she was the editor of the campus newspaper, the Stanford Daily, and graduated with a major in journalism in 1946.

## Career

She moved to Paris, and later worked for a magazine, and for the United States Department of State as a public affairs officer in Germany in 1949. She joined the staff of the Marin Independent Journal in 1951, and wrote over 1200 columns for the newspaper.
Ashley not only focused her writing on life in Marin County, but also on her wide-ranging travels outside the US, including Afghanistan, Russia, and Iran.
She is the subject of a tribute by Congresswoman Lynn Woolsey placed in the Congressional Record. Woolsey praised Ashley's "passionate and thoughtful writing that has made her a community institution."

## Books

Ashley was the author of two books, one being a compilation of her columns for the Marin IJ titled Since You Asked, the name of her long-running column. A book on Marin County titled Marin, with photos by Hal Lauritzen, was released in 1993.

## Personal life

She raised five sons, from two marriages, and lived in Greenbrae, California from 1959. She married retired IBM engineer Roland Fellows in 2009.
# Osei Bonsu (artist)

Osei Bonsu (22 October 1900 – 1 March 1977) was a Ghanaian sculptor and practitioner of Ashanti carving.

## Life and career

Bonsu was born on 22 October 1900. He was taught carving as an apprentice under his father. He got his start via commissions from Akan chiefs. He carved prolifically from his early twenties to his death in 1977. He was the chief carver of three Asantehene (absolute monarchs of the Kingdom of Ashanti): Prempeh I, Osei Tutu Agyeman Prempeh II, and Opoku Ware II. In this role, he gained many commissions, including work for the Ghana National Museum.
In 1975 and 1976, Bonsu toured the United States as part of the Smithsonian Institution's Festival of American Folklore.

## Works and style

After Prempeh I's return from exile, Bonsu was commissioned to carve various regalia including linguist staffs, sword hilts, flywhisk sandals, and ornaments for sandals. Importantly, he was also asked to help in reconstructing the Golden Stool, the famous symbol of power for Ashanti monarchs.
His work is on display in the British Museum, the Ghana National Museum, and the Fowler Museum at UCLA.
# Usekh collar

As early as the Old Kingdom (c. 2670–2195 B.C.), Egyptian artisans fashioned images of deities, kings, and mortals wearing broad collars made of molded tubular and teardrop beads. The Usekh or Wesekh is a personal ornament, a type of broad collar or necklace, familiar to many because of its presence in images of the ancient Egyptian elite. Deities, women, and men were depicted wearing this jewelry. One example can be seen on the famous gold mask of Tutankhamun. The ancient word wsẖ can mean "breadth" or "width" in the Ancient Egyptian language and so this adornment is often referred to as the broad collar.
The usekh broad collar was wrapped around and supported by the neck and shoulders. It is typically adorned with closely placed rows of colored stone beads, or it is made entirely of metal. The collars were connected with clasps of gold.
Over time, the broad collar went through many different variations of form. These could be attributed to shifting mythological perspectives, or perhaps due to geographical movement across Egypt.
A scene in the Fourth Dynasty tomb of Wepemnofret at Giza connects the usekh collar with dwarves and the deity Ptah. Bernd Scheel has argued that Ptah, who is sometimes depicted wearing the broad collar, protects the deceased through the collar and that dwarves had access to that protective magic, because of their work making these types of collars. In the Fifth Dynasty tomb chapel of Akhethotep (originally located at the Saqqara burial ground, but now in the Louvre), one scene distinguishes between two types of collars: the broad collar and the šnw or "encircling" collar.
# Yi Hong

Yi Hong (born 1974 in Seoul) is a South Korean model and entertainer. She is descendant of Joseon royalty; she is the eldest daughter of Yi Seok by his second wife, Donkgo Jeonghui, and a great-granddaughter of Emperor Gojong of Korea.

## Biography

Yi Hong was born in Chigung palace in the neighborhood of Gujeong-dong located next to Gyeongbokgung palace, Seoul, the main palace of the Joseon dynasty. Her father, Yi Seok is the eleventh son of Prince Imperial Ui, the 5th son of Emperor Gojong of Korea. He was a well known singer in the 1960s while in his twenties, having several hit songs including "Bidulgi jip (Dove's house). Yi Seok is currently lecturing at Jeonju University and several universities. Her parents divorced when she was at the age of three in Korean age, so Yi was raised by her maternal grandmother. Since 1979, she had lived in the United States for 10 years. Yi did not know that she was a descendant of the Korean imperial family until she was at the first year of her middle school. She first met her father at her senior year of her high school 6 months before she took the university entrance exam. In an interview with a weekly magazine, she confessed that she felt glad to meet her father, and at the same time, she was in confusion.
After graduation from the Industrial design department at Hansung University, she worked as an interior designer for a short period. Yi then studied business in Japan. Although she appeared in several films as a small roles, Yi officially started her career as an entertainer by starring in a KTF commercial. She also appeared in a Samsung Anicall commercial, and singer Jo Gwan-u's music video. In an interview with Hankook Ilbo in 2007, Yi Hong wished to restore the dignity of the empire.
In 2000, she married Han Yeong-gwang (한영광), an actor. They have one child, a daughter born in 2001.

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Yi Hong :
# Arthur Okamura

Arthur Okamura (February 24, 1932 - July 10, 2009) was an American artist, working in screen printing, drawing and painting. He lived in the San Francisco Bay Area, and was Professor Emeritus at the California College of the Arts in San Francisco, California. His work is in the permanent collections at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., the Whitney Museum in New York, and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. He is associated with the San Francisco Renaissance. He illustrated numerous works of literature and poetry, published a book on games and toys for children, and created illustrations for the TV movie The People.

## Early life

Okamura was born in Long Beach, California, on February 24, 1932. Okamura was an American of Japanese descent.
During World War II, as a child, Okamura and his family were relocated to the Granada War Relocation Center in southeast Colorado. As a result of Executive Order 9066, the United States government forced the relocation of many American residents of Japanese ancestry to a Japanese American internment camp.

## Education

Okamura attended the Art Institute of Chicago from 1950 to 1954, Yale School of Art in 1954, and the University of Chicago in 1951, 1953 and 1957. He moved to California after his university studies, living in San Francisco, then the artist colony of Bolinas.

## Career

He taught at the California College of the Arts for over 30 years, retiring in 1997. He died July 10, 2009, in Bolinas.

### Exhibitions

His first solo exhibition was in 1953, at the Frank Ryan Gallery, in Chicago. He has had exhibits at the Oakland Museum of Art (1959), the California Palace of the Legion of Honor (1962), and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (1968). In addition to being in the aforementioned permanent collections, his work is in the collections of the Legion of Honor, the Oakland Museum, the Stanford University Collection, and the California College of the Arts. He had numerous solo and group or joint exhibits over the last 50 years. Catalogs of his exhibits have been published. He is represented by the Braunstein/Quay Gallery, San Francisco.
# Michigander

"Michigander" (/ˈmɪ.ʃəˌɡæn.dər/ mih-shə-GAN-der) and "Michiganian" (/ˈmɪ.ʃəˌɡeɪ.niən/ mih-shə-GAY-nee-ən) are unofficial demonyms for natives and residents of the U.S. state of Michigan. Less common alternatives include Michiganer, Michiganite, Michiganese, Michigine, and Michigoose (female).

## Difference in terminology
### Michigander vs. Michiganian

While governors Jim Blanchard, John Engler, and Jennifer Granholm used Michiganian, more recent governors Rick Snyder and Gretchen Whitmer have used Michigander. A 2011 poll indicated 58% of Michigan residents preferred Michigander, compared to 12% for Michiganian, with 12% having no preference, and 11% not liking either term. In 2017, as part of a unanimous bill to modernize the legislation establishing the Michigan Historical Commission, the state legislature changed a reference from Michiganian to Michigander, implicitly endorsing the latter term. The federal government continues to use Michiganian.

### Yooper

Residents of the Upper Peninsula typically refer to themselves instead as Yoopers (a formation derived from the initials U.P.) either instead of or in addition to a state demonym. They sometimes refer to residents of the Lower Peninsula who live "below the bridge" between the peninsulas as Trolls, but this term is rarely self-applied.

## Origins

Michiganian is the term used for the state's citizens in The Collections of the Michigan Pioneer and Historical Society since the 1870s.
Michigander is considered pejorative by some due to the circumstances under which the term was popularized, but others perceive no such negative connotation. Even though the term was in use by at least 1820, it has nevertheless commonly been attributed to Abraham Lincoln, who popularized it when he was a Whig representative in Congress. On July 27, 1848, Lincoln made a speech against Lewis Cass, who had been a long-time governor of the Michigan Territory. Cass was then running for president on a "popular sovereignty" platform that would have let states that were conquered in the Mexican–American War decide whether to legalize slavery. Lincoln accused the Democrats of campaigning on the former President Andrew Jackson's coattails by exaggerating their military accomplishments.
   But in my hurry I was very near closing on the subject of military tales before I was done with it. There is one entire article of the sort I have not discussed yet; I mean the military tale you Democrats are now engaged in dovetailing onto the great Michigander [i.e. Lewis Cass].
Despite that, Michigan voters would go on to favor Lincoln for President twice, in 1860 and 1864.
# Jonjaamji

Jonjaamji is a Korean Buddhist site of a pagoda preserving the sacred relics of The Buddha. Jonjaamji is located in a valley on the southwest ridge of Bulrae Oreum at the Yeongsil Track region of Hallasan on Jeju Island, South Korea. On November 1, 2000, the Jeju Provincial Government designated Jonjaamji as Tangible Property Number 17.

## History

It is unknown when exactly the Jonjaam temple was founded, but two excavations in 1993 and 1994 suggest that it was constructed by Jonja, the great monk of Arhan, during the late Goryeo dynasty through the middle Joseon dynasty period.
Chungam Kim Jeong, who was exiled to Jeju-do in August 1520, wrote a book called "Jonjaam Jungsugi." According to his writings, Jonjaam was created when three families, Go, Yang and Bu (the demi-gods from the Samseonghyeol legend) settled in Jeju-do.
# The Knife (2024 film)

The Knife is a 2024 American psychological drama film produced and directed by Nnamdi Asomugha (in his directorial debut) and co-written by Asomugha and Mark Duplass. The film stars Asomugha, Melissa Leo, Aja Naomi King, and Manny Jacinto. It follows a family over the course of one night after an intruder breaks into their home, leading to a tense, mind-twisting investigation.
The film premiered in competition at the Tribeca Film Festival on June 9, 2024, where it won awards for Best New Narrative Director and Best Cinematography and was nominated for the Founders Award for Best U.S. Narrative Feature. It had its European premiere on September 11, 2024, at the Deauville American Film Festival, where it won the Jury Prize and was nominated for the festival's Grand Prix.
On November 4, 2024, Asomugha was honored with the Breakthrough Director Award at the Denver Film Festival.

## Cast

* Nnamdi Asomugha as Chris
* Melissa Leo as Detective Carlsen
* Aja Naomi King as Alexandra
* Manny Jacinto as Officer Padilla
* Amari Price as Kendra
* Aiden Price as Ryley
* Shannon Corbeil as Officer Snell
* Lucinda Jenney as Mary Duvall-Thompson

## Production

On January 18, 2022, it was announced that Nnamdi Asomugha would direct his first feature film from a script he co-wrote with filmmaker Mark Duplass. It was also announced that Academy Award-winning actress Melissa Leo would star alongside Asomugha, and production would take place in Los Angeles, with iAm21 Entertainment and Duplass Brothers Productions producing. Aja Naomi King and Manny Jacinto were also added to the cast.

## Reception
### Critical response

The film garnered critical praise following its premiere at the 23rd edition of the Tribeca Film Festival, with many critics citing it as a "remarkable and powerful directing debut," as well as lauding the "strong and poignant performances" from the ensemble cast. Film critic Will Bjarnar, in his review for Next Best Picture, said that "the film was as engaging a work of suspense as I've seen this year." Lovia Gyarkye, a critic for The Hollywood Reporter, highlighted the film's "chilling and visceral frankness" and called it "not just a story of horror, but of heartbreak."
# Stadtluft macht frei

Stadtluft macht frei ("urban air makes you free"), or Stadtluft macht frei nach Jahr und Tag ("city air makes you free after a year and a day"), is a German saying describing a principle of law in the Middle Ages. The period of a year and a day was a conventional period widely employed in Europe to represent a significant amount of time.
From the 11th century onwards, liberated serfs and other members of the Third Estate founded settlements alongside the old Roman or Germanic ones. It was customary law that a city resident was free after one year and one day. After this he could no longer be reclaimed by his employer and thus became bound to the city. Serfs could flee the feudal lands and gain freedom in this way, making cities a territory outside the feudal system to a certain extent. This created the conditions for revolts such as the Münster Rebellion.
With the Statutum in favorem principum ("Statute in Favor of the Princes"), this regulation of customary law was officially abolished for the Holy Roman Empire in 1231/32. According to the statute, cities under royal jurisdiction were forbidden to protect serfs originally owned by the regional princes or their vassals. The statute is an example of power devolving from Imperial authority to that of territorial magnates during the drawn-out contest between the Hohenstaufen emperors and the Papacy.
The medieval concept of liberty was largely confined to traditional collective rights and privileges based in custom and precedent and often expressed in territorial liberties such as, to take English examples, the Liberties of the Tower of London or the Liberties of the Savoy. Historically, the development of individualism is a product of the ideology of liberalism, whose emphasis on modern individual liberties and freedom emerged in opposition to authoritarian oppression, in England culminating in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and in France surfacing during the French Revolution.