OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Centonization

In music centonization (from Latin cento or patchwork) is musical composition via the combination of pre-existing motivic units, typically in reference to Christian liturgical chant. A piece created using centonization is known as a "centonate".
The concept of centonization was borrowed from literary theory, and first applied to Gregorian chant in 1934 by Dom Paolo Ferretti [it]; it has since also been applied to Byzantine chant.

## Overview

Centonization, according to Ferretti's theory, is a very old and widespread technique. The musical modes used in Gregorian chant are supposed to reflect this use; according to the theory, the modes were more collections of appropriate melodic formulas than a set of pitches. Similar ideas appear in the music theory of other cultures; for example, the maqam of Arab music, the raga of Indian music, or the pathet of Indonesian music. These do not designate merely scales, but sets of appropriate melodies and specific ornaments on certain tones (they are sometimes called "melody types"). The originality of the composer lies in how he or she links these formulas together and elaborates upon them in a new way.
Regardless of whether the application of the concept to other branches of Christian chant, or other types of music is valid, its use with respect to Gregorian chant has been severely criticized, and opposing models have been proposed. The term "centonate" is not applied to other categories of composition constructed from pre-existing units, such as fricassée, pasticcio, potpourri, and quodlibet.
# Portland Alliance

The Portland Alliance is a free monthly newspaper in Portland, Oregon. The newspaper is the primary project of a non-profit organization, the Northwest Alliance for Alternative Media and Education (NAAME). The newspaper has no paid staff and is developed and distributed by volunteers.
Describing itself as "Portland's oldest alternative progressive newspaper," the newspaper typically explores the topics of environmentalism, trade unions, social justice, and other topics "missed by the mainstream press".
In 2000, investigative journalism by the newspaper uncovered a series of tapes in which the Portland Police Chief at the time, Mark Kroeker, made anti-gay statements ten years before. This was the first in a series of public embarrassments for Kroeker, who was eventually forced to resign as Portland Police Chief in 2003.
The Portland Alliance was nominated for an Utne Independent Press Award in 2003 in the category "Local/Regional Coverage".
The paper ceased publishing a print edition in June 2011, but continues to maintain an online presence as of Aug. 2, 2022.
# Greenfield Stadium

Greenfield Stadium could refer to:
* Greenfield Stadium (Trelawny), a multi-purpose stadium in Jamaica.
* Greenfield Stadium, Bradford, a former rugby league, greyhound racing and speedway stadium in Bradford, England.
* Greenfields Sports Ground, the home ground of English football team, Market Drayton Town F.C.
* Greenfield International Stadium, a multi-purpose stadium in Thiruvananthapuram, India.
# Berwyn Suburban Life

The Berwyn Suburban Life is a weekly newspaper published on Wednesdays in Berwyn, Illinois. The paper covers news of Berwyn, Cicero, Forest View and Stickney in western Cook County.
The Berwyn Suburban Life is published by Suburban Life Media and owned by Shaw Media. Shaw Media's suburban group includes the Northwest Herald, Kane County Chronicle, Daily Chronicle of DeKalb, and The Herald-News of Joliet.
# Kayla Uddenberg

Kayla Uddenberg (born 24 October 2005) is a footballer who plays as a midfielder for Simcoe County Rovers FC in League1 Ontario. Born in Canada, she represents Saint Kitts and Nevis at international level. She is the youngest player to ever represent Saint Kitts and Nevis internationally at the age of 13 years and 341 days.

## Early life

Born in Canada, Uddenberg played youth soccer with Aurora FC and for the Our Lady Queen of the World Catholic Academy (formerly Jean Vanier CSS) high school soccer team.

## College career

In 2023, she began attending Seneca College, where she played for the women's soccer team. At the end of her first season, she was named an OCAA East Division Second Team All-Star.

## Club career

In 2022, she played for Vaughan Azzurri in League1 Ontario, making her debut on May 29 against Tecumseh SC.
In 2023, she played with the Simcoe County Rovers.

## International career

Born in Canada, Uddenberg and her sisters are eligible to represent Saint Kitts and Nevis internationally, where their paternal grandparents were born.
Uddenberg began her international career with the Saint Kitts and Nevis U15 team in 2018.
On 30 September 2019, she made her debut for the Saint Kitts and Nevis senior team at the 2020 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Championship qualification tournament against the Dominican Republic at the age of 13 years and 341 days, becoming the youngest player to ever represent St. Kitts and Nevis and the 11th youngest women's international debut. She played significant minutes at the qualification tournament, helping the country qualify for the main Olympics qualification tournament, where she was the youngest player in the entire tournament.

## Personal life

Uddenberg's sisters, Cloey and Carley, are also members of the Saint Kitts and Nevis women's national football team.
# Boone News-Republican

The Boone News-Republican is a newspaper in Boone, Iowa, United States. It was established in 1907 as a result of a merger between the Boone Daily News and the Weekly Republican. It is owned by Gannett. Former owner Stephens Media sold its newspapers to GateHouse Media in 2015.
# Concerto Abbreviato

Concerto Abbreviato is a musical composition for solo clarinet written by Petar Bergamo, for Milenko Stefanović, who gave its first performance on March 16, 1966, on his tour in UK, and recorded it, the same year, for PGP-RTB.

## Analysis

This is composition of remarkable originality. Written in one single movement, it is based on a theme consisting partly of a sequence of chromatic tones hidden behind the intervals of the ninth, the diminish octave and seventh. The composer occasionally uses only a short motive from this theme, extending the theme itself in other places so as it encompass all the twelve notes of the scale and thus manages to build an impressive work. Gradually condensing the musical texture and accelerating the tempo, the author creates a gradation of extraordinary force, reaching the climax in the part marked con brio. This is followed by appeasement and meditation, vanishing completely at the end of the composition. This Concerto makes masterful use of some new possibility of the clarinet, such as flutter-tongue or effect of a dual tones which is the result of differentiation in dynamics. Written in an unconventional way, without the usual brilliant passages, this work achieved quite new, unusual sound qualities. However, all those inventively devised and realized means of expressions by the clarinet are not there for the sake of mere effect, having been used by composer exclusively for expressing the emotional contents of his work.

## Awards

This composition won Yugoslav Radio-Television Prize (1966) and was selected as an obligatory piece for the Jeunesses Musicales International Contest in Belgrade (1971)
# Burevestnik (1921)

Burevestnik (Russian: Буревестник, The Petrel) was a Russian language anarchist periodical published in New York City from 1921 to 1922.

## Publication history

Burevestnik (The Petrel) was first issued in New York City in 1921. It was published by the Group of Anarchist Communists. Victor Bondarenko was one of the main editors of the publication.
The third issue of Burevestnik was published in December 1921, and the fourth issue in January 1922.
# Call option

In finance, a call option, often simply labeled a "call", is a contract between the buyer and the seller of the call option to exchange a security at a set price. The buyer of the call option has the right, but not the obligation, to buy an agreed quantity of a particular commodity or financial instrument (the underlying) from the seller of the option at or before a certain time (the expiration date) for a certain price (the strike price). This effectively gives the buyer a long position in the given asset. The seller (or "writer") is obliged to sell the commodity or financial instrument to the buyer if the buyer so decides. This effectively gives the seller a short position in the given asset. The buyer pays a fee (called a premium) for this right. The term "call" comes from the fact that the owner has the right to "call the stock away" from the seller.

## Price of options

Option values vary with the value of the underlying instrument over time. The price of the call contract must act as a proxy response for the valuation of:
* the expected intrinsic value of the option, defined as the expected value of the difference between the strike price and the market value, i.e., max[S−X, 0].
* the risk premium to compensate for the unpredictability of the value
* the time value of money reflecting the delay to the payout time
The call contract price generally will be higher when the contract has more time to expire (except in cases when a significant dividend is present) and when the underlying financial instrument shows more volatility or other unpredictability. Determining this value is one of the central functions of financial mathematics. The most common method used is the Black–Scholes model, which provides an estimate of the price of European-style options.
# Capital City Weekly

The Capital City Weekly, or CCW as it is informally known, is a free regional weekly newspaper in Juneau — Alaska's capital. It is the largest distributed community paper in Southeast Alaska. It focuses on feature news stories about Southeast Alaska with nearly all of its content produced by local writers.
# CaribPress

CaribPress is a monthly newspaper published in California, covering primarily Southern California and the West. As the name suggests, CaribPress has a Caribbean focus. A large part of the paper's editorial content relates to entertainment and sports. It also features regular columns on business, immigration and family law. It is also distributed in various locations throughout the United States, such as New York City and Miami.
Founded as California CaribPress in 1999, the paper was originally published bi-monthly until 2005, when the paper became a monthly. The paper was renamed CaribPress after the first issue.
Reggae singer Maxi Priest graced the publication's first cover. Since that time CaribPress has profiled notable figures from a variety of professions including former Jamaican Prime Minister P. J. Patterson, television executive Paula Madison, Los Angeles City Councilman Bernard Parks and businessman Butch Stewart.

## Awards and recognition

* 2011: Interethnic Relations Award for "Iraqi Immigrant's Formula for Success in South L.A." by Sheannette Virtue
# Casco Bay Weekly

The Casco Bay Weekly was a free alternative weekly newspaper published in Portland, Maine, from May 26, 1988, to 2004. It was similar to other alternative newspapers such as The Village Voice and The Phoenix.
In 1990, Dodge Morgan, who also owned the Maine Times newspaper, purchased Casco Bay Weekly from Mogul Media Inc. At the time, CBW had a circulation of approximately 20,000 entirely in the Greater Portland area. The paper struggled with declining ad revenues after the establishment of another alternative newspaper, the Portland Phoenix, in 1999.
The paper's final editor, Chris Busby, founded The Bollard in 2005.
# Samsung Galaxy J1

The Samsung Galaxy J1 is an Android smartphone developed by Samsung Electronics. It was released in January 2015 and is the first phone of the Galaxy J series. It was marketed as an entry-level device starting at $100.

## History

The Galaxy J1 was announced in January 2015 as the first model of the J series. The 3G model was released in February 2015, the 4G model one month after. In the following months Samsung launched more smartphones bearing the J1 name such as the J1 Ace/Ace Neo, J1 Nxt/mini and J1 mini prime.
In January 2016, the successor Galaxy J1 (2016) was released.

## Specifications
### Hardware

The Samsung Galaxy J1 was available in a 3G and a 4G version. Both models have an ARM Cortex-A7 CPU with either two (3G) or four cores (4G) with 512 MB (3G) or 768 MB (4G) of RAM respectively, and 4 GB of internal storage. The phone also has a slot for a microSD card (up to 256 gigabytes) and dual SIM card support. The rear camera's resolution is 5 megapixels while the front camera is 2 megapixels and both film video at 720p 30 fps.

### Software

The J1 shipped with Android 4.4.4 "KitKat" and Samsung's TouchWiz user interface. The original model never got updated to Android Lollipop, but got an unofficial Android 7.1.2 "Nougat" custom firmware port on XDA-Developers.
An unofficial port of TWRP exists for this device.
Verizon released a special branded J1 4G. It's shipped with Android 5.0.2 "Lollipop" which is upgradable to 5.1.1 as of September 2015.
# Izzy G.

Isabella Gaspersz (born August 5, 2008), known professionally as Izzy G, is an American actress known for her work on AJ and the Queen and B Positive.

## Early life and career

Izzy G. is the daughter of actress Sabrina Gennarino and producer / director Pieter Gaspersz. Gaspersz appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live! with guest host RuPaul in August 2021.

## Filmography

* After (2014) - Baby Chloe
* Death of an Umbrella Salesman (2018) - Mean Girl
* Wings (2018) - Little Girl
* The Highwaymen (2019) - Little Mudlark Girl
* A Violent Separation (2019) - Young Frances
* AJ and the Queen (2020) - AJ Douglas
* B Positive (2020–2022) - Madeline "Maddie" Dunbar
* Under the Bridge (2024) - Kelly Ellard
# Catholic Courier

The Catholic Courier is the newspaper of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rochester, New York.

## History

The journal was first published as The Catholic Journal in October 1889. It has had several names combining the words Catholic, Courier, and Journal over nearly 130 years. In 2004 the paper started putting all content online. In 2013 the paper completed a digital archive of all issues back to 1889.

## Current form

The Courier is currently published ten times per year (January–June and August–December) as a printed newspaper, reaching nearly 100,000 homes in the 12-county Diocese of Rochester, New York. An interactive digital replica of the print format is available 12 months of the year, and news is updated daily. The newspaper also offers free weekly e-newsletters.
# Change of Heart (street paper)

Change of Heart is a quarterly street newspaper produced and sold in Lawrence, Kansas. It was founded by Craig Sweets in late 1996. who says the idea of starting a street newspaper was given to him by Michael Stoops, the director of the National Coalition for the Homeless. The paper is a member of the North American Street Newspaper Association (NASNA), and is the only street newspaper in Kansas.
Like most street newspapers, it is written mostly by the homeless and is sold by homeless vendors; it has also been supported by a grant from the Ethics and Excellence in Journalism Foundation. The paper usually includes coverage of news and events relevant to the homeless community; editorials, poetry, stories, and artwork contributed by the homeless; a directories of resources for the homeless and ways that non-homeless readers can aid the homeless community.
The paper claims a readership of about 1200 per quarter. In 1999 the paper was named "Best New Street Newspaper in North America" by NASNA. At the time, the paper was a single page printed on both sides and published using local churches' photocopiers; today it is 10 pages long and has its own staff and computers.
# Chicago Record-Herald

The Chicago Record-Herald was a newspaper published in Chicago, Illinois from 1901 until 1914. It was the successor to the Chicago Morning Herald, the Chicago Times Herald and the Chicago Record.
H. H. Kohlsaat, owner of the Times-Herald, bought the Chicago Record from Chicago Daily News publisher Victor F. Lawson in 1901 and merged it with the Times-Herald to form the Record-Herald. Frank B. Noyes became part-owner of the new newspaper at the time and served as publisher, with Kohlsaat as editor. Kohlsaat retired from the paper in 1902, but re-purchased it from Noyes in 1910 to serve as editor and publisher.
In May 1914, the circulation of the Chicago Record-Herald was reported to be 149,776 daily and 209,105 on Sunday. It was then acquired by James Keeley, then general manager of the Chicago Tribune, who also bought the Chicago Inter Ocean out of receivership at the same time. Readers decided that Keeley's new consolidated newspaper should be named The Chicago Herald, which name it held until it was bought by William Randolph Hearst's Chicago Examiner in 1918, and named the Chicago Herald and Examiner.
# Clark County Courier

The Clark County Courier is a weekly newspaper published in Clark, South Dakota, United States. The newspaper serves the counties of Clark and Codington. It is published on Wednesdays and edited by Bill Krikac.

## History

The first newspaper in Clark County, the Clark Pilot, was established by E.F. Conklin in 1880, nine years before South Dakota became the 40th U.S. state. The Pilot consolidated with another early newspaper, the Clark Review in 1887 and was published as the Pilot-Review. The Clark Republic was first published in 1901 with E.S. Ashley as editor. Its name was later changed to Clark Republic Courier in 1908 and to Clark County Courier in 1911. Two years later, the Courier was purchased by E.A. Silfies, who had originally come from south of Chicago. On May 14, 1925, a deal was struck between G.E. Morrison, then editor of the Pilot-Review, and Silfies in which Silfies became owner of the Pilot-Review which he consolidated into the Clark County Courier.
Silfies and his son, Orval, continued to operate the paper until 1945 when it was purchased by B.W. "Jeff" Condit of Mayville, North Dakota, the Lum Brothers of Wahpeton, North Dakota and Wayne Peterson of Moorhead, Minnesota. In 1947 Condit and son-in-law Bert Moritz of Wahpeton bought out the other partners and continued to publish the Courier until 1957 when Moritz purchased Condit's interest. Dave Moritz entered a partnership with his father, Bert, in 1972 and in 1976 Bert's son Jim joined his father and brother in establishing the Moritz Publishing Co. to do job printing as well as operate the newspaper. Bill Krikac joined the newspaper staff in 1995 and purchased the newspaper in 2001. The job printing side of the business remained with the Moritz Publishing Co.
The first edition of the Clark County Courier printed by the offset method rather than by hot type was in August 1968. The newspaper is currently prepared at the office in Clark and then sent to the Ortonville Independent, a newspaper in Ortonville, Minnesota, for printing.
Long time owner attorney Ralph A. Dunham sold the newspaper in 1914 to concentrate on his legal practice. The newspaper's former editors and publishers, David and Bert Moritz, contributed information and images to the 2006 book, Clark County; Images of America: a history of American life in images and texts.
# Weinstraße (region)

The Weinstraße (German pronunciation: ), also referred to as the Middle Haardt (Mittelhardt), is a region within the Palatinate in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate that was named after the German Wine Road or Deutsche Weinstraße.

## Geography

In a geological sense the Weinstraße is an altitudinal belt (Höhenstufe) that is just under 150 metres high in the centre. It is part of the South German Scarplands and forms a hilly zone, about 85 kilometres long and 10 to 15 kilometres wide, that separates the Upper Rhine Plain from the mountains of the Palatine Forest. Its eastern edge is formed by the Haardt with its highest point, the Kalmit (673 m). The German Wine Road runs longitudinally through the region.

## Climate

Favourable thermals cause warm air to climb up the slopes at night, whilst cold air flows down onto the plain, so that on the vine-covered hillsides of the Weinstraße there is a low risk of frost at the time when the vines flower in spring. Thanks to these favourable climatic conditions, fig and almond trees are also grown here in the open as are kiwi fruits and lemons.

## Economy

The Weinstraße is the largest part of the Palatine wine region. The main sources of income are wine growing and tourism, which are often marketed together. The wine-growing districts of the Weinstraße are described in the article on the Palatine wine region.

## Transport

The Bundesstraße 271 federal road runs along the northern part of the Weinstraße, whilst the southern part is crossed by the B 38 federal road and A 65 motorway. Two railways cross the area: the line from Landau to Neustadt (formerly the Palatine Maximilian Railway) and the Neustadt to Monsheim line (formerly the Palatine Northern Railway). Train services on both run to the Rheinland-Pfalz-Takt timetable system.
# Mai Neng Moua

Mai Neng Moua (RPA: Maiv Neeb Moua, Pahawh: 𖬊𖬲𖬦 𖬀𖬶𖬬 𖬑𖬲𖬦; born May 5, 1974) is a Hmong-American writer and a founder of the Paj Ntaub Voice, a Hmong literary magazine. She is also the editor of the first anthology of Hmong American writers, Bamboo Among the Oaks.

## Early life

Moua was born in Laos. She has two brothers, one older and one younger. In 1977, when Moua was 3 years old, her father died in the Vietnam war. Moua's family lived in Thailand as refugees until the family was able to move to the United States. They initially emigrated to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, until finally settling in St. Paul, Minnesota, which has the largest Hmong population in the United States. Moua's mother worked in the local farmer's market, selling vegetables to support the family.
In 1995, Moua graduated with a B.A. in Sociology and Anthropology from St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota. From 1997 to 1999, she attended the Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs at the University of Minnesota.

## Career

When Moua was diagnosed with endstage renal disease as a junior at St. Olaf College, she searched for inspiration and comfort in writing by her fellow Hmong-Americans. This experience inspired Moua to publish the first edition of Paj Ntuab Voice and to edit Bamboo Among the Oaks.
Predominantly a creative non-fiction writer, she has been published in How do I Begin?, Where One Voice Ends, Another Begins, Healing by Heart, Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, the Minneapolis Star Tribune, and We Are the Freedom People. Her literary awards include the Bush Artists Fellowship, the Minnesota State Arts Board Artist Initiative Grant, the Jerome Travel Grant, and the Loft Literary Center's Mentor Series.
She has taught creative writing to youth through the Jane Addams School for Democracy, COMPAS, and Success Beyond the Classroom. Moua was also a pivotal figure in the creation of the Hmong American Institute for Learning, a non-profit organization based in Minnesota that focused on Hmong oral histories, the literary arts and the continued publication of the Paj Ntaub Voice Hmoob Literary Journal.
Moua currently works for the Minnesota Department of Employment and Economic Development as a Rapid Response Specialist. Her previous jobs include being the program coordinator for the Kellogg Action Lab at Fieldstone Alliance and the public policy coordinator for The Institute for New Americans.
Moua has won a Bush Foundation Research Grant and was awarded an Artist Initiative Grant from the Minnesota State Arts Board.
In 2017, Moua published The bride price : a Hmong wedding story, an autobiographical account of her cross-cultural wedding traditions and experiences.

## Personal life

Moua resides in Minnesota. She is married to Blong Yang. They have two daughters.