# Mongolian calendar

The term Mongolian calendar (Mongolian: цаглабар, romanized: tsaglabar or цаг тооны бичиг, tsag toony bichig) refers to a number of different calendars, the oldest of which was a solar calendar. The beginning of the year was autumn. The year was divided into 4 seasons. The seasons begin at the equinoxes and the solstices of the sun. This calculation was changed in 1211, and the new year was celebrated in the spring. Spring began on March 22.
In 1282, Kublai Khan revised the Chinese calendar and began to include his homeland Mongolia in this calendar.
The traditional Mongol calendar is a lunisolar calendar based on Tegus Buyantu zurkhai system developed in 1747 by monk Ishbaljir (Сүмбэ хамбо Ишбалжир, Sümbe khambo Ishbaljir; 1704–1788). The Mongol year is composed of either 12 or 13 lunar months, each beginning and ending with a new moon. A thirteenth month is added every two or three years, so that an average year is equal to the solar year.
The Mongol traditional new year celebration is Tsagaan Sar which is celebrated at the second new moon following the winter solstice. In 2022, the second new moon was on 1 February in Mongolia.
In modern Mongolia, the Gregorian calendar is used, with the traditional calendar only used for traditional celebrations and events based on the calendar.
The European system of chronology is called Аргын тоолол (Argyn toolol, chronology of method) and the Mongol system of chronology is called Билгийн тоолол (Bilgiin toolol, chronology of wisdom).

## Argyn toolol
### Months

The twelve months of the year are referred to by their number, such as first month, second month, and so on.
| English name | Mongolian name | Mongolian name |
| English name | Cyrillic | Traditional |
| January | Нэгдүгээр сар | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ |
| January | Negdügeer sar | Nigedüger sar-a |
| January | Анхдугаар сар | ᠠᠩᠬᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ |
| January | Ankhdugaar sar | Aŋqaduɣar sar-a |
| February | Хоёрдугаар сар | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ |
| February | Khoyordugaar sar | Qoyaduɣar sar-a |
| March | Гуравдугаар сар | ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ |
| March | Guravdugaar sar | Ɣurbaduɣar sar-a |
| April | Дөрөвдүгээр сар | ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ |
| April | Dörövdügeer sar | Dörbedüger sar-a |
| May | Тавдугаар сар | ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ |
| May | Tavdugaar sar | Tabuduɣar sar-a |
| June | Зургаадугаар сар | ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ |
| June | Zurgaadugaar sar | J̌irɣuduɣar sar-a |
| July | Долоодугаар сар | ᠳᠣᠯᠣᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ |
| July | Doloodugaar sar | Doloduɣar sar-a |
| August | Наймдугаар сар | ᠨᠠᠢ᠌ᠮᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ |
| August | Naimdugaar sar | Naimaduɣar sar-a |
| September | Есдүгээр сар | ᠶᠢᠰᠦᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ |
| September | Yesdügeer sar | Yisüdüger sar-a |
| October | Аравдугаар сар | ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ |
| October | Aravdugaar sar | Arbaduɣar sar-a |
| November | Арваннэгдүгээр сар | ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠦᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ |
| November | Arvannegdügeer sar | Arban nigedüger sar-a |
| December | Арванхоёрдугаар сар | ᠠᠷᠪᠠᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠳᠤᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ |
| December | Arvankhoyordugaar sar | Arban qoyaduɣar sar-a |

### Days of the week

In colloquial usage, the first 5 days of the week are referred to as first day, second day, etc. Saturday is referred to as Хагас сайн өдөр (Khagas sain ödör, "half-good day"), and Sunday is referred to as Бүтэн сайн өдөр (Büten sain ödör, "full good day"); a result of 5 full working days and Saturday as a half working day during the communist era.
The names of Tibetan origin are used in more formal settings, and almost exclusively in written documents, while the Sanskrit names are practically absent in modern usage.
| English name | Colloquial | Colloquial | Tibetan origin | Tibetan origin | Sanskrit origin | Sanskrit origin | Sanskrit origin |
| English name | Cyrillic | Traditional | Cyrillic | Traditional | Cyrillic | Traditional | Meaning |
| Monday | Нэг дэх өдөр | ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠳᠡᠬᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ | Даваа гараг | ᠳᠠᠸᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ | Сумьяа | ᠰᠤᠮᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ | Chandra |
| Monday | Neg dekh ödör | Nigedeki edür | Davaa garag | Dawa ɣarag | Sum'yaa | Sumiy-a | Chandra |
| Tuesday | Хоёр дахь өдөр | ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ | Мягмар гараг | ᠮᠢᠭᠮᠠᠷ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ | Ангараг | ᠠᠩᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ | Mangala |
| Tuesday | Khoyor dakh' ödör | Qoyadaki edür | Myagmar garag | Miɣmar ɣarag | Angarag | Aŋɣarag | Mangala |
| Wednesday | Гурав дахь өдөр | ᠭᠤᠷᠪᠠᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ | Лхагва гараг | ᡀᠠᠭᠪᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ | Буд | ᠪᠤᠳ᠋ | Budha |
| Wednesday | Gurav dakh' ödör | Ɣurbadaki edür | Lkhagva garag | Lhaɣba ɣarag | Bud | Bud | Budha |
| Thursday | Дөрөв дэх өдөр | ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠳᠡᠬᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ | Пүрэв гараг | ᠫᠦᠷᠪᠦ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ | Бархасбадь | ᠪᠠᠷᠬᠠᠰᠪᠠᠳᠢ | Brihaspati |
| Thursday | Döröv dekh ödör | Dörbedeki edür | Pürev garag | Pürbü ɣarag | Barkhasbad' | Barqasbadi | Brihaspati |
| Friday | Тав дахь өдөр | ᠲᠠᠪᠤᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ | Баасан гараг | ᠪᠠᠰᠠᠩ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ | Сугар | ᠱᠤᠭᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ | Shukra |
| Friday | Tav dakh' ödör | Tabudaki edür | Baasan garag | Basaŋ ɣarag | Sugar | Šuɣar-a | Shukra |
| Saturday | Хагас сайн өдөр | ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠰ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ | Бямба гараг | ᠪᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ | Санчир | ᠰᠠᠨᠢᠴᠠᠷ | Shani |
| Saturday | Khagas sain ödör | Qaɣas sayin edür | Бямба гараг | ᠪᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ | Санчир | ᠰᠠᠨᠢᠴᠠᠷ | Shani |
| Saturday | Зургаа дахь өдөр | ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠤᠭᠠᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ | Бямба гараг | ᠪᠢᠮᠪᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ | Санчир | ᠰᠠᠨᠢᠴᠠᠷ | Shani |
| Saturday | Zurgaa dakh' ödör | J̌irɣuɣadaki edür | Byamba garag | Bimba ɣarag | Sanchir | Saničar | Shani |
| Sunday | Бүтэн сайн өдөр | ᠪᠦᠲᠦᠨ ᠰᠠᠶᠢᠨ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ | Ням гараг | ᠨᠢᠮ᠎ᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ | Адьяа | ᠠᠳᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ | Surya |
| Sunday | Büten sain ödör | Bütün sayin edür | Ням гараг | ᠨᠢᠮ᠎ᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ | Адьяа | ᠠᠳᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ | Surya |
| Sunday | Долоо дахь өдөр | ᠳᠣᠯᠣᠭᠠᠳᠠᠬᠢ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ | Ням гараг | ᠨᠢᠮ᠎ᠠ ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ | Адьяа | ᠠᠳᠢᠶ᠎ᠠ | Surya |
| Sunday | Doloo dakh' ödör | Doloɣadaki edür | Nyam garag | Nim-a ɣarag | Ad'yaa | Adiy-a | Surya |