# United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

The United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations is a standing committee of the U.S. Senate charged with leading foreign-policy legislation and debate in the Senate. It is generally responsible for authorizing and overseeing foreign aid programs; arms sales and training for national allies; and holding confirmation hearings for high-level positions in the Department of State. Its sister committee in the House of Representatives is the Committee on Foreign Affairs.
Along with the Finance and Judiciary committees, the Foreign Relations Committee is among the oldest in the Senate, dating to the initial creation of committees in 1816. It has played a leading role in several important treaties and foreign policy initiatives throughout U.S. history, including the Alaska purchase, the establishment of the United Nations, and the passage of the Marshall Plan. The committee has also produced eight U.S. presidents—Andrew Jackson, James Buchanan, Andrew Johnson, Benjamin Harrison, Warren Harding, John F. Kennedy, Barack Obama, and Joe Biden (Buchanan and Biden serving as chairman)—and 19 secretaries of state. Notable members have included Arthur Vandenberg, Henry Cabot Lodge, and William Fulbright.
The Foreign Relations Committee is considered one of the most powerful and prestigious in the Senate, due to its long history, broad influence on U.S. foreign policy, jurisdiction over all diplomatic nominations, and its being the only Senate committee to deliberate and report treaties.
From 2021 to 2023, the Foreign Relations Committee was chaired by Democratic Senator Bob Menendez of New Jersey, until he stepped down as chair after facing federal corruption charges.

## Role

In 1943, a confidential analysis of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee by British scholar Isaiah Berlin for the Foreign Office stated:
   The Senate of the United States ... keeps a close watch on foreign policy, not merely in theory but in practice. The two-thirds majority of the Senate needed for the ratification of all foreign treaties is only the best known of its powers, but its general control over all legislation and its power of veto over the appointment of ambassadors, and other high public officials, and the influence of its views over public opinion, give it a unique position in the determination of United States foreign policy. The organ within the Senate which moulds this policy is the Foreign Relations Committee, which has in its power to alter, delay and, under certain political circumstances, to veto almost any piece of major policy in this field.

## History

Between 1887 and 1907, Alabama Democrat John Tyler Morgan played a leading role on the committee. Morgan called for a canal linking the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through Nicaragua, enlarging the merchant marine and the Navy, and acquiring Hawaii, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Cuba. He expected Latin American and Asian markets would become a new export market for Alabama's cotton, coal, iron, and timber. The canal would make trade with the Pacific much more feasible, and an enlarged military would protect that new trade. By 1905, most of his dreams had become reality, with the canal passing through Panama instead of Nicaragua.
During World War II, the committee took the lead in rejecting traditional isolationism and designing a new internationalist foreign policy based on the assumption that the United Nations would be a much more effective force than the old discredited League of Nations. Of special concern was the insistence that Congress play a central role in postwar foreign policy, as opposed to its ignorance of the main decisions made during the war. Republican senator Arthur Vandenberg played the central role.
In 1966, as tensions over the Vietnam War escalated, the committee set up hearings on possible relations with Communist China. Witnesses, especially academic specialists on East Asia, suggested to the American public that it was time to adopt a new policy of containment without isolation. The hearings Indicated that American public opinion toward China had moved away from hostility and toward cooperation. The hearings had a long-term impact when Richard Nixon became president, discarded containment, and began a policy of détente with China. The problem remained of how to deal simultaneously with the Chinese government on Taiwan after formal recognition was accorded to the Beijing government. The committee drafted the Taiwan Relations Act (US, 1979) which enabled the United States both to maintain friendly relations with Taiwan and to develop fresh relations with China.
In response to conservative criticism that the state department lacked hardliners, President Ronald Reagan in 1981 nominated Ernest W. Lefever as Assistant Secretary of State. Lefever performed poorly at his confirmation hearings and the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations rejected his nomination by vote of 4–13, prompting Lefever to withdraw his name. Elliot Abrams filled the position.
Republican senator Jesse Helms, a staunch conservative, was committee chairman in the late 1990s. He pushed for reform of the UN by blocking payment of U.S. membership dues.
Bertie Bowman served as a staffer on the FRC from 1966 to 1990 and as the hearing coordinator from 2000 to 2021.

## Members, 119th Congress

| Majority | Minority |
| Jim Risch, Idaho, Chair Pete Ricketts, Nebraska Dave McCormick, Pennsylvania Steve Daines, Montana Bill Hagerty, Tennessee John Barrasso, Wyoming Mike Lee, Utah Rand Paul, Kentucky Ted Cruz, Texas Rick Scott, Florida John Curtis, Utah John Cornyn, Texas | Jeanne Shaheen, New Hampshire, Ranking Member Chris Coons, Delaware Chris Murphy, Connecticut Tim Kaine, Virginia Jeff Merkley, Oregon Cory Booker, New Jersey Brian Schatz, Hawaii Chris Van Hollen, Maryland Tammy Duckworth, Illinois Jacky Rosen, Nevada |

### Subcommittees

| Subcommittees | Chair | Ranking Member |
| Africa and Global Health Policy | Ted Cruz (R-TX) | Cory Booker (D-NJ) |
| East Asia, The Pacific, and International Cybersecurity Policy | Pete Ricketts (R-NE) | Chris Coons (D-DE) |
| Europe and Regional Security Cooperation | Steve Daines (R-MT) | Chris Murphy (D-CT) |
| Multilateral International Development, Multilateral Institutions, and International Economic, Energy and Environmental Policy | Mike Lee (R-UT) | Tammy Duckworth (D-IL) |
| Near East, South Asia, Central Asia, and Counterterrorism | Dave McCormick (R-PA) | Jacky Rosen (D-NV) |
| State Department and USAID Management, International Operations, and Bilateral International Development | Bill Hagerty (R-TN) | Chris Van Hollen (D-MD) |
| Western Hemisphere, Transnational Crime, Civilian Security, Democracy, Human Rights and Global Women's Issues | John Curtis (R-UT) | Tim Kaine (D-VA) |

## Chairmen (1816–present)

| Chairman | Party | State | Years |
| James Barbour | Democratic-Republican | Virginia | 1816–1818 |
| Nathaniel Macon | Democratic-Republican | North Carolina | 1818–1819 |
| James Brown | Democratic-Republican | Louisiana | 1819–1820 |
| James Barbour | Democratic-Republican | Virginia | 1820–1821 |
| Rufus King | Federalist | New York | 1821–1822 |
| James Barbour | Democratic-Republican | Virginia | 1822–1825 |
| Nathaniel Macon | Democratic-Republican | North Carolina | 1825–1826 |
| Nathan Sanford | Democratic-Republican | New York | 1826–1827 |
| Nathaniel Macon | Democratic-Republican | North Carolina | 1827–1828 |
| Littleton Tazewell | Democratic | Virginia | 1828–1832 |
| John Forsyth | Democratic | Georgia | 1832–1833 |
| William Wilkins | Democratic | Pennsylvania | 1833–1834 |
| Henry Clay | Whig | Kentucky | 1834–1836 |
| James Buchanan | Democratic | Pennsylvania | 1836–1841 |
| William C. Rives | Whig | Virginia | 1841–1842 |
| William S. Archer | Whig | Virginia | 1842–1845 |
| William Allen | Democratic | Ohio | 1845–1846 |
| Ambrose H. Sevier | Democratic | Arkansas | 1846–1848 |
| Edward A. Hannegan | Democratic | Indiana | 1848–1849 |
| Thomas Hart Benton | Democratic | Missouri | 1849 |
| William R. King | Democratic | Alabama | 1849–1850 |
| Henry S. Foote | Democratic | Mississippi | 1850–1851 |
| James M. Mason | Democratic | Virginia | 1851–1861 |
| Charles Sumner | Republican | Massachusetts | 1861–1871 |
| Simon Cameron | Republican | Pennsylvania | 1871–1877 |
| Hannibal Hamlin | Republican | Maine | 1877–1879 |
| William W. Eaton | Democratic | Connecticut | 1879–1881 |
| Ambrose Burnside | Republican | Rhode Island | 1881 |
| George F. Edmunds | Republican | Vermont | 1881 |
| William Windom | Republican | Minnesota | 1881–1883 |
| John F. Miller | Republican | California | 1883–1886 |
| John Sherman | Republican | Ohio | 1886–1893 |
| John T. Morgan | Democratic | Alabama | 1893–1895 |
| John Sherman | Republican | Ohio | 1895–1897 |
| William P. Frye | Republican | Maine | 1897 |
| Cushman Davis | Republican | Minnesota | 1897–1900 |
| Shelby M. Cullom | Republican | Illinois | 1901–1911 |
| Augustus O. Bacon | Democratic | Georgia | 1913–1914 |
| William J. Stone | Democratic | Missouri | 1914–1918 |
| Gilbert M. Hitchcock | Democratic | Nebraska | 1918–1919 |
| Henry Cabot Lodge | Republican | Massachusetts | 1919–1924 |
| William E. Borah | Republican | Idaho | 1924–1933 |
| Key Pittman | Democratic | Nevada | 1933–1940 |
| Walter F. George | Democratic | Georgia | 1940–1941 |
| Tom Connally | Democratic | Texas | 1941–1947 |
| Arthur H. Vandenberg | Republican | Michigan | 1947–1949 |
| Tom Connally | Democratic | Texas | 1949–1953 |
| Alexander Wiley | Republican | Wisconsin | 1953–1955 |
| Walter F. George | Democratic | Georgia | 1955–1957 |
| Theodore F. Green | Democratic | Rhode Island | 1957–1959 |
| J. William Fulbright | Democratic | Arkansas | 1959–1975 |
| John J. Sparkman | Democratic | Alabama | 1975–1979 |
| Frank Church | Democratic | Idaho | 1979–1981 |
| Charles H. Percy | Republican | Illinois | 1981–1985 |
| Richard Lugar | Republican | Indiana | 1985–1987 |
| Claiborne Pell | Democratic | Rhode Island | 1987–1995 |
| Jesse Helms | Republican | North Carolina | 1995–2001 |
| Joe Biden | Democratic | Delaware | 2001 |
| Jesse Helms | Republican | North Carolina | 2001 |
| Joe Biden | Democratic | Delaware | 2001–2003 |
| Richard Lugar | Republican | Indiana | 2003–2007 |
| Joe Biden | Democratic | Delaware | 2007–2009 |
| John Kerry | Democratic | Massachusetts | 2009–2013 |
| Bob Menendez | Democratic | New Jersey | 2013–2015 |
| Bob Corker | Republican | Tennessee | 2015–2019 |
| Jim Risch | Republican | Idaho | 2019–2021 |
| Bob Menendez | Democratic | New Jersey | 2021–2023 |
| Ben Cardin | Democratic | Maryland | 2023–2025 |
| Jim Risch | Republican | Idaho | 2025–present |

## Historical committee rosters
### 118th Congress

| Majority | Minority |
| Ben Cardin, Maryland, Chair (from September 25, 2023) Bob Menendez, New Jersey, (Chair until September 22, 2023, member until August 20, 2024) Jeanne Shaheen, New Hampshire Chris Coons, Delaware Chris Murphy, Connecticut Tim Kaine, Virginia Jeff Merkley, Oregon Cory Booker, New Jersey Brian Schatz, Hawaii Chris Van Hollen, Maryland Tammy Duckworth, Illinois George Helmy, New Jersey (from September 11, 2024, member until December 8, 2024) | Jim Risch, Idaho, Ranking Member Marco Rubio, Florida Mitt Romney, Utah Pete Ricketts, Nebraska Rand Paul, Kentucky Todd Young, Indiana John Barrasso, Wyoming Ted Cruz, Texas Bill Hagerty, Tennessee Tim Scott, South Carolina |

#### Subcommittees

| Subcommittees | Chair | Ranking Member |
| Africa and Global Health Policy | Cory Booker (D-NJ) | Tim Scott (R-SC) |
| East Asia, The Pacific, and International Cybersecurity Policy | Chris Van Hollen (D-MD) | Mitt Romney (R-UT) |
| Europe and Regional Security Cooperation | Jeanne Shaheen (D-NH) | Pete Ricketts (R-NE) |
| Multilateral International Development, Multilateral Institutions, and International Economic, Energy and Environmental Policy | Tammy Duckworth (D-IL) | John Barrasso (R-WY) |
| Near East, South Asia, Central Asia, and Counterterrorism | Chris Murphy (D-CT) | Todd Young (R-IN) |
| State Department and USAID Management, International Operations, and Bilateral International Development | Ben Cardin (D-MD) | Bill Hagerty (R-TN) |
| Western Hemisphere, Transnational Crime, Civilian Security, Democracy, Human Rights and Global Women's Issues | Tim Kaine (D-VA) | Marco Rubio (R-FL) |

### 117th Congress

| Majority | Minority |
| Bob Menendez, New Jersey, Chairman Ben Cardin, Maryland Jeanne Shaheen, New Hampshire Chris Coons, Delaware Chris Murphy, Connecticut Tim Kaine, Virginia Ed Markey, Massachusetts Jeff Merkley, Oregon Cory Booker, New Jersey Brian Schatz, Hawaii Chris Van Hollen, Maryland | Jim Risch, Idaho, Ranking Member Marco Rubio, Florida Ron Johnson, Wisconsin Mitt Romney, Utah Rob Portman, Ohio Rand Paul, Kentucky Todd Young, Indiana Ted Cruz, Texas John Barrasso, Wyoming Mike Rounds, South Dakota Bill Hagerty, Tennessee |

#### Subcommittees

| Subcommittees | Chair | Ranking Member |
| Africa and Global Health Policy | Chris Van Hollen (D-MD) | Mike Rounds (R-SD) |
| East Asia, The Pacific, and International Cybersecurity Policy | Ed Markey (D-MA) | Mitt Romney (R-UT) |
| Europe and Regional Security Cooperation | Jeanne Shaheen (D-NH) | Ron Johnson (R-WI) |
| Multilateral International Development, Multilateral Institutions, and International Economic, Energy and Environmental Policy | Chris Coons (D-DE) | Rob Portman (R-OH) |
| Near East, South Asia, Central Asia, and Counterterrorism | Chris Murphy (D-CT) | Todd Young (R-IN) |
| State Department and USAID Management, International Operations, and Bilateral International Development | Ben Cardin (D-MD) | Bill Hagerty (R-TN) |
| Western Hemisphere, Transnational Crime, Civilian Security, Democracy, Human Rights and Global Women's Issues | Tim Kaine (D-VA) | Marco Rubio (R-FL) |

### 116th Congress

| Majority | Minority |
| Jim Risch, Idaho, Chairman Marco Rubio, Florida Ron Johnson, Wisconsin Cory Gardner, Colorado Todd Young, Indiana John Barrasso, Wyoming Rob Portman, Ohio Rand Paul, Kentucky Lindsey Graham, South Carolina Mitt Romney, Utah Ted Cruz, Texas David Perdue, Georgia | Bob Menendez, New Jersey, Ranking Member Ben Cardin, Maryland Jeanne Shaheen, New Hampshire Chris Coons, Delaware Tom Udall, New Mexico Chris Murphy, Connecticut Tim Kaine, Virginia Ed Markey, Massachusetts Jeff Merkley, Oregon Cory Booker, New Jersey |
| Subcommittees | Chair | Ranking Member |
| Africa and Global Health Policy | Lindsey Graham (R-SC) | Tim Kaine (D-VA) |
| East Asia, The Pacific, and International Cybersecurity Policy | Cory Gardner (R-CO) | Ed Markey (D-MA) |
| Europe and Regional Security Cooperation | Ron Johnson (R-WI) | Jeanne Shaheen (D-NH) |
| Near East, South Asia, Central Asia, and Counterterrorism | Mitt Romney (R-UT) | Chris Murphy (D-CT) |
| Multilateral International Development, Multilateral Institutions, and International Economic, Energy and Environmental Policy | Todd Young (R-IN) | Jeff Merkley (D-OR) |
| State Department and USAID Management, International Operations, and Bilateral International Development | John Barrasso (R-WY) | Cory Booker (D-NJ) |
| Western Hemisphere, Transnational Crime, Civilian Security, Democracy, Human Rights and Global Women's Issues | Marco Rubio (R-FL) | Ben Cardin (D-MD) |

### 115th Congress

| Majority | Minority |
| Bob Corker, Tennessee, Chairman Jim Risch, Idaho Marco Rubio, Florida Ron Johnson, Wisconsin Jeff Flake, Arizona Cory Gardner, Colorado Todd Young, Indiana John Barrasso, Wyoming Johnny Isakson, Georgia Rob Portman, Ohio Rand Paul, Kentucky | Bob Menendez, New Jersey, Ranking Member Ben Cardin, Maryland Jeanne Shaheen, New Hampshire Chris Coons, Delaware Tom Udall, New Mexico Chris Murphy, Connecticut Tim Kaine, Virginia Ed Markey, Massachusetts Jeff Merkley, Oregon Cory Booker, New Jersey |
| Subcommittees | Chair | Ranking Member |
| Near East, South Asia, Central Asia, and Counterterrorism | Jim Risch (R-ID) | Tim Kaine (D-VA) |
| Western Hemisphere, Transnational Crime, Civilian Security, Democracy, Human Rights and Global Women's Issues | Marco Rubio (R-FL) | Ben Cardin (D-MD) since February 6, 2018 Bob Menendez (D-NJ) until February 6, 2018 |
| Europe and Regional Security Cooperation | Ron Johnson (R-WI) | Chris Murphy (D-CT) |
| Africa and Global Health Policy | Jeff Flake (R-AZ) | Cory Booker (D-NJ) |
| East Asia, The Pacific, and International Cybersecurity Policy | Cory Gardner (R-CO) | Ed Markey (D-MA) |
| Multilateral International Development, Multilateral Institutions, and International Economic, Energy and Environmental Policy | Todd Young (R-IN) | Jeff Merkley (D-OR) |
| State Department and USAID Management, International Operations, and Bilateral International Development | Johnny Isakson (R-GA) | Jeanne Shaheen (D-NH) |

### 114th Congress

| Majority | Minority |
| Bob Corker, Tennessee Chairman Jim Risch, Idaho Marco Rubio, Florida Ron Johnson, Wisconsin Jeff Flake, Arizona Cory Gardner, Colorado David Perdue, Georgia Johnny Isakson, Georgia Rand Paul, Kentucky Rob Portman, Ohio John Barrasso, Wyoming | Ben Cardin, Maryland, Ranking Member Barbara Boxer, California Jeanne Shaheen, New Hampshire Chris Coons, Delaware Tom Udall, New Mexico Bob Menendez, New Jersey Chris Murphy, Connecticut Tim Kaine, Virginia Ed Markey, Massachusetts Jeff Merkley, Oregon |
Sources: 2015 Congressional Record, Vol. 161, Page S297 –297, 661–662
| Subcommittee | Chair | Ranking Member |
| Near East, South Asia, Central Asia and Counterterrorism | Jim Risch (R-Idaho) | Chris Murphy (D-Conn.) |
| Western Hemisphere, Transnational Crime, Civilian Security, Democracy, Human Rights and Global Women's Issues | Marco Rubio (R-Fla.) | Barbara Boxer (D-Calif.) |
| Europe and Regional Security Cooperation | Ron Johnson (R-Wisc.) | Jeanne Shaheen (D-N.H.) |
| Africa and Global Health Policy | Jeff Flake (R-Ariz.) | Ed Markey (D-Mass.) |
| State Department and USAID Management, International Operations and Bilateral International Development | Rand Paul (R-Ky.) | Barbara Boxer (D-Calif.) |
| East Asia, The Pacific and International Cybersecurity Policy | Cory Gardner (R-Colo.) | Ben Cardin (D-Md.) |
| International Development, Multilateral Institutions and International Economic, Energy and Environmental Policy | John Barrasso (R-Wyo.) | Tom Udall (D-N.M.) |

### 113th Congress

| Majority | Minority |
| John Kerry, Massachusetts, Chairman, until February 1, 2013 Bob Menendez, New Jersey Chairman, from February 1, 2013 Barbara Boxer, California Ben Cardin, Maryland Jeanne Shaheen, New Hampshire Chris Coons, Delaware Bob Casey, Pennsylvania, until 2013 Dick Durbin, Illinois Tom Udall, New Mexico Chris Murphy, Connecticut Tim Kaine, Virginia Ed Markey, Massachusetts, from 2013 | Bob Corker, Tennessee Ranking Member Jim Risch, Idaho Marco Rubio, Florida Ron Johnson, Wisconsin Jeff Flake, Arizona John McCain, Arizona John Barrasso, Wyoming Rand Paul, Kentucky |
Sources: 2013 Congressional Record, Vol. 159, Page S297 –297, 661–662
| Subcommittee | Chair | Ranking Member |
| International Operations and Organizations, Human Rights, Democracy and Global Women's Issues | Barbara Boxer (D-CA) | Rand Paul (R-KY) |
| East Asian and Pacific Affairs | Ben Cardin (D-MD) | Marco Rubio (R-FL) |
| African Affairs | Chris Coons (D-DE) | Jeff Flake (R-AZ) |
| Western Hemisphere and Global Narcotics Affairs | Tom Udall (D-NM) | John McCain (R-AZ) |
| European Affairs | Chris Murphy (D-CT) | Ron Johnson (R-WI) |
| Near Eastern and South and Central Asian Affairs | Tim Kaine (D-VA) | Jim Risch (R-ID) |
| International Development and Foreign Assistance, Economic Affairs and International Environmental Protection, and Peace Corps | Tim Kaine (D-VA), until 2013 Ed Markey (D-MA), from 2013 | John Barrasso (R-WY) |