# Gaza synagogue

The Gaza synagogue was an ancient Jewish synagogue, now an archaeological site in the Rimal district of Gaza City, Palestine. Built in the early 6th century during the Byzantine period, it was destroyed by fire in the first half of the 7th century. It was located in the ancient port city of Gaza, then known as Maiumas. The archaeological remains of the former synagogue were discovered in 1965. The 6th-century mosaics that led to the identification of the building as a synagogue were removed and later displayed, first at the Israel Museum and then in the Museum of the Good Samaritan.

## History

The synagogue was built over an earlier structure that was destroyed in a fire; it is uncertain whether the fire was part of a larger destructive episode which affected Gaza Maiuma in the late 5th century or was an isolated event.
The construction of the building likely took several years. The inscription on the mosaic dated 508–509 likely indicates when the pavement was completed. Asher Ovadiah, who excavated the site in 1967, suggested that this may have been when the building was completed. During its use, the mosaic floors were partially replaced by marble slabs. Pottery from the late 6th and early 7th centuries was recovered from the later phases of the site. The synagogue was burned, likely in the first half of the 7th century; Ovadiah suggested that this could have coincided with the Sassanian or Arab conquests of the region.

## Rediscovery and investigation

In 1965, 'Abd el-Mohsen el-Khashab led excavations in Gaza on behalf of the Egyptian Department of Antiquities. During the work they uncovered the remains of a structure they interpretated as a 5th-century church. It contained two mosaics with inscriptions in Greek and Hebrew; one of them featured a seated figure, thought to be a saint, with a harp. In contrast, archaeologist Michael Avi-Yonah interpreted the site as a synagogue based on the contents of the mosaics: Jewish names; the use of the phrase "the most holy site"; the seated figure with a lyre was labelled in Hebrew as 'David' and depicted in imperial clothing and therefore thought to be King David in the style of a depiction of Orpheus. Historian Marc Philonenko [fr] came to the same conclusion based on similar reasoning.
When Israel captured the Gaza Strip in the 1967 Six-Day War, Asher Ovadiah carried out further excavations on the site for the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums (IDAM). An industrial complex covering an area of up to 300 square metres (3,200 sq ft) west of the synagogue was also excavated; the structure had been destroyed by fire in antiquity; the excavator suggested that it was a dyeworks and dated to the 5th century. Ovadiah carried out more excavations in 1976 which discovered that the synagogue was built over an earlier building which had been destroyed in a conflagration. The work also found evidence that the synagogue had been burned in its final period of use.
In 1974, the IDAM removed the mosaic featuring David and transferred it to the Israel Museum; three decades later the deputy director of IDAM was uncertain why the mosaic was removed, saying "Maybe there was an intention then to return it, but it didn’t work out! I don’t know why." The mosaic was kept in storage, away from public view until the 1990s; in 1992 the museum began preparing the mosaic for display. The mosaic was cleaned and the damaged area where David's head had been was replaced based on black and white photographs.
When the Museum of the Good Samaritan near the Israeli settlement of Ma'ale Adumim in the West Bank opened in 2009 it featured the mosaic from the Gaza synagogue near the entrance.
Since c. 2005, the Gaza synagogue was closed and Jews were not allowed to worship at the holy site. During the Israeli invasion of Gaza as part of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, the Gaza synagogue was briefly used as a place of worship by soldiers of the IDF to pray amidst their invasion into Gaza, prior to the establishment of the Abraham Temple in November 2023.

## Description
### Architecture

The synagogue's floorplan was almost square and was aligned east–west. Internally it was divided into five parts: a central nave flanked by two aisles on each side, which were paved with mosaics.

### Mosaic floor

The mosaic was dated to 508–509 and measured 3 meters (9.8 ft) high by 1.9 meters (6.2 ft) wide.$^{:73}$ The best known panel of the mosaic floor shows King David, who is named in a Hebrew inscription reading "David" (דויד), while sitting and playing a lyre with a number of wild animals listening tamely in front of him. The iconography is a clear example of David being depicted in the posture of the legendary Greek musician Orpheus. Philonenko compared the composition to a mosaic at Dura-Europos in which Orpheus is depicted with a lyre and animals. David's head is surrounded by a halo, which Avi-Yonah drew a parallel with a depiction of Abraham in a mosaic at Beth Alpha.
The central inscription of the mosaic says: "We, Menachem and Yeshua, sons of the late Yishay, wood merchants, as a sign of admiration for the most holy site, donated this mosaic in the month of Luos, year 569" (corresponding to approximately July–August of the year 508; the census of the Jews of Gaza began with the expulsion of Gavinius, during the reign of Pompey, in 61 BCE).
The design of the mosaics found at the Gaza synagogue are similar to those at the broadly contemporary Maon synagogue and the church at Shelal so they may have been created by the same artists. The yellow glass in the border of the mosaic is the same type used in the mosaics at Saint Hilarion Monastery.