# Santa Claus's reindeer

In traditional Western festive legend and popular culture, Santa Claus's reindeer are said to pull a sleigh through the night sky to help Santa Claus deliver gifts to children on Christmas Eve.
While various legends offer differing details, the 1823 poem A Visit from St. Nicholas (usually attributed to Clement Clarke Moore) has proved the most enduring. It describes Santa's sleigh being pulled by a team of eight reindeer, best known as Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Donner, and Blitzen.
The popularity of the 1939 story "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer", and the 1949 Christmas song of the same name, has resulted in Rudolph often being included among the team.

## Origins and history
### Single reindeer

The first reference to Santa's sleigh being pulled by a reindeer appears in "Old Santeclaus with Much Delight", an 1821 illustrated children's poem published in New York. The names of the author and the illustrator are not known. The poem, with eight colored lithographic illustrations, was published by William B. Gilley as a small paperback book entitled The Children's Friend: A New-Year's Present, to the Little Ones from Five to Twelve. The illustration to the first verse features a sleigh with a sign saying "REWARDS" being pulled by an unnamed single reindeer.

### Eight reindeer

The 1823 poem usually attributed to Clement C. Moore, A Visit from St. Nicholas, is largely credited for the modern Christmas lore that includes eight named reindeer.
The poem was first published in the Sentinel of Troy, New York, on 23 December 1823. All eight reindeer were named, the first six being Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet and Cupid; the final two, "Dunder" and "Blixem", are from a Dutch oath meaning "thunder" and "lightning". The relevant part of the poem reads:
   More rapid than eagles his coursers they came, And he whistled, and shouted, and call'd them by name: "Now! Dasher, now! Dancer, now! Prancer, and Vixen, "On! Comet, on! Cupid, on! Dunder and Blixem; "To the top of the porch! to the top of the wall! "Now dash away! dash away! dash away all!"
Moore altered the names of the last two reindeer several times; first to "Donder" and "Blitzen" (to match German Blitzen or Blitz), as appears in an early 1860s version of the poem. The relevant part reads:
   More rapid than eagles his coursers they came, And he whistled, and shouted, and called them by name; "Now, Dasher! now, Dancer! now, Prancer and Vixen! On, Comet! on, Cupid! on, Donder and Blitzen! To the top of the porch! to the top of the wall! Now dash away! dash away! dash away all!"
The modern German spelling of "Donner" came into use only in the early 20th century, well after Moore's death.

### L. Frank Baum's ten reindeer

L. Frank Baum's story The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) includes a list of ten reindeer, none of which match those in A Visit from St. Nicholas. Santa's principal reindeer are Flossie and Glossie, and he gathers others named Racer and Pacer, Reckless and Speckless, Fearless and Peerless, and Ready and Steady.

### Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer

Rudolph's story was originally written in verse by Robert L. May for the Montgomery Ward chain of department stores in 1939, and it was published as a book to be given to children in the store at Christmas time. The 1949 Christmas song "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" by Gene Autry further popularized the character.

## Appearances in popular media

* Miracle on 34th Street (1947) features the eight reindeer from A Visit from St. Nicholas.
* "Run Rudolph Run" (1958), recorded by Chuck Berry, is a popular Christmas-rock song about Rudolph.
* Prancer, a 1989 film which tells of a young girl who finds an injured reindeer.
* Dasher and Dancer appear in Prep & Landing, a 2009 Christmas special by Walt Disney Animation Studios.
* Let's Go Dancing With Santa is a song by KC & The Sunshine Band featuring Santa and his reindeer.