# Mohanam

Mohanam is a raga in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is an audava rāga (or owdava rāga, meaning pentatonic scale). It is usually described as a janya rāga of Harikamboji (28th Melakartha Raga). However, alternate opinions suggest that Mechakalyani or even Shankarabharanam may be a more appropriate classification based on the lakshana of the raga.
The equivalent of Mohanam in Hindustani music is Bhoop (or Bhopali).
It is one of the most common pentatonic scales across the world and is very popular in East Asian and Southeast Asian music, including China and Japan.

## Structure and Lakshana

Mohanam is a symmetric rāga that does not contain madhyamam and nishādham. It is a symmetric pentatonic scale (audava-audava raga in Carnatic music classification – audava meaning 'of 5'). Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see swaras in Carnatic music for details on below notation and terms):
* ārohaṇa : S R₂ G₃ P D₂ Ṡ
* avarohaṇa : Ṡ D₂ P G₃ R₂ S
(the notes used in this scale are shadjam, chathusruthi rishabham, antara gandharam, panchamam, chathusruthi dhaivatham)
Mohanam is usually classified as a janya rāga of Harikambhoji, the 28th Melakarta rāga, or as a janya raga of Kalyani based on its lakshana. The Hindustani equivalent Bhoop is associated with Kalyan thaat (the equivalent of Kalyani alias Mechakalyani).
One of the first scales employed by the ancient Tamils was the Mullaippann (3 BCE), a pentatonic scale composed of the notes sa ri ga pa da equivalent to C, D, E, G, and A in the western notations. These fully harmonic scales, constitutes the raga Mohanam in the Carnatic music style.

## Popular compositions

Mohanam rāga lends itself to extensive elaboration and exploration and has many classical music and film music compositions.

### Kritis

The geetham Varaveena Mridupaani is one of the first short songs taught to beginners in Carnatic music. Ninnukori composed by Ramanathapuram 'Poochi' Srinivasa Iyengar is a popular Varnam in this scale. Alilaimel is another rare Varnam in this Raga by Tiger Varadachariar Here are some popular kritis composed in Mohanam.
* Preenayamo Vasudevam By Madhwacharya
* Cheri Yasodaku Sisuvithadu, Podagantimayya by Annamacharya
* Madhva nama By Sripadaraja
* Kolalanooduva Chaduranyare By Vyasatirtha
* Raja Beediyolaginda, Narayanana Nene Manave, Dashavatara Stuti, Ava reethiyinda By Vadiraja Tirtha
* Ranga Nayaka Raajeeva Lochana, Mella mellane bandane, Pillangoviya Cheluva, Bandalu Mahalakshmi, Bide Ninna Padava, Vaidya Banda Nodi, Yaaru Olidarenu, En Savi En Savi by Purandaradasa
* Sundari Rangana Tandu Tora By Kanaka Dasa
* Intha Prabhuva, Rama Rama Emberadakshara, By Vijaya Dasa
* Barayyya Ba ba By Gopala Dasa
* Eddu Baruthare By Jagannatha Dasa
* Hakkiya Hegaleri By Prasanna Venkata Dasa
* Mohana rama, Nannu palimpa, Dayarani, Rama ninnu nammina, Evarura ninnuvina and Bhavanutha by Tyagaraja
* Narasimha Agaccha, Kadambari Priyayaih, Gopika Manoharam and Rajagopalam Bhajeham by Muthuswamy Dikshitar
* Kapaali karunai and Narayana divyanamam by Papanasam Sivan
* Rara Rajiva lochana by Mysore Vasudevachar
* En Palli Kondeer Aiyya by Arunachala Kavi
* Kshemam Kuru by Narayana Teertha
* Swagatam Krishna by Oottukkadu Venkata Kavi
* Pari pahimam Nruhara by Swati Thirunal
* Sada Palaya Sarasakshi by G N Balasubramaniam
* Mohanam Tavavapurai by Swathi Thirunal
* Nagalingam by Muthiah Bhagavatar

### Tamil movie songs in Mohanam

| Song | Movie | Year | Lyricist | Composer | Singer |
| Giridhara Gopala | Meera | 1945 | | S. V. Venkatraman | M. S. Subbulakshmi |
| Thillai Ambala Nadaraajaa | Soubhagyavathi | 1957 | Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram | Pendyala Nageswara Rao | T. M. Soundararajan |
| Paadum Pothu Naan | Netru Indru Naalai | 1974 | Pulamaipithan | M. S. Viswanathan | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam |
| Nilavum Malarum | Thennilavu | 1961 | Kannadasan | A. M. Rajah | A. M. Rajah, P. Susheela |
| Aarumugamana Porul | Kandhan Karunai | 1967 | Kannadasan | K. V. Mahadevan | S. Janaki, Rajalakshmi |
| Om Namasivaya | Thiruvilaiyadal | 1965 | Kannadasan | K. V. Mahadevan | Sirkazhi Govindarajan, P. Susheela |
| Malargal Nanaindhana | Idhaya Kamalam | 1965 | Kannadasan | K. V. Mahadevan | P. Susheela |
| Velli Mani Oosaiyil | Iru Malargal | 1967 | Vaali | M. S. Viswanathan | P. Susheela |
| Chittukuruvikenna | Saavale Samali | 1971 | Kannadasan | M. S. Viswanathan | P. Susheela |
| Iraivan Varuvan | Shanthi Nilayam | 1969 | Kannadasan | M. S. Viswanathan | P. Susheela |
| Yaumuna Nadhi Inge | Gauravam | 1973 | Kannadasan | M. S. Viswanathan | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela |
| Gangai Yamunai | Imayam | 1979 | Kannadasan | M. S. Viswanathan | K. J. Yesudas, Vani Jairam |
| Sangey Mozhangu | Kalangarai Vilakam | 1965 | Bharathidasan | M. S. Viswanathan | P. Susheela, Sirkazhi Govindarajan |
| Thanga Thoniyile | Ulagam Sutrum Vaaliban | 1973 | Vaali | M. S. Viswanathan | K. J. Yesudas, P. Susheela |
| Bansaye | Ulagam Sutrum Vaaliban | 1973 | Vaali | M. S. Viswanathan | T. M. Soundarajan, L. R. Eswari |
| Kadaloram Vaangiya Kaatru | Rickshawkaaran | 1971 | Vaali | M. S. Viswanathan | T. M. Soundarajan |
| Maiyendhum Vizhiyodu | Poojaikku Vandha Malar | 1965 | Vaali | Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy | P. Susheela, P. B. Sreenivas |
| Vanda naal mudhal | Paava Mannippu | 1961 | Kannadasan | Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy | T. M. Soundarajan, G.K.Venkatesh(Background Version) |
| Thiruchendoorin Kadalorathil Senthilnaathan | Dheivam | 1972 | Kannadasan | Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan | T. M. Soundararajan, Sirkazhi Govindarajan |
| Neelakkadalin Oratthil | Annai Velankanni | 1971 | Kannadasan | G. Devarajan | T. M. Soundararajan, P. Madhuri |
| Oru Kadhal Samrajyam | Nandha En Nila | 1977 | | V. Dakshinamoorthy | P. Jayachandran, T. K. Kala |
| Ninu Kori Varnam Isaithida | Agni Natchatram | 1987 | Vaali | Ilaiyaraaja | K. S. Chithra |
| Vanthathe Oh Kungumam | Kizhakku Vaasal | 1990 | R. V. Udayakumar | Ilaiyaraaja | K. S. Chithra |
| Anniya Kaattu Annaney | Nandhavana Theru | 1995 | R. V. Udayakumar | Ilaiyaraaja | Srilekha, Mano, Swarnalatha |
| Kanmaniye Kadhal Enbadhu | Aarilirunthu Arubathu Varai | 1979 | | Ilaiyaraaja | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki |
| Nilavu thoongum | Kunguma Chimil | 1985 | | Ilaiyaraaja | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki |
| Iru Paravaigal | Niram Maratha Pookal | 1979 | | Ilaiyaraaja | Jency |
| Meenkodi Theril | Karumbu Vil | 1980 | M. G. Vallabhan | Ilaiyaraaja | K. J. Yesudas, Jency Anthony |
| Vaan Pole Vannam | Salangai Oli | 1983 | Vairamuthu | Ilaiyaraaja | S. P. Balasubhramaniam, S. P. Sailaja |
| ABC Nee Vasi | Oru Kaidhiyin Diary | 1985 | Vairamuthu | Ilaiyaraaja | K. J. Yesudas, Vani Jairam |
| Oru Thanga Rathathil | Dharma Yutham | 1979 | | Ilaiyaraaja | Malaysia Vasudevan |
| Kannan Oru kaikulanthai | Bhadrakali | 1976 | | Ilaiyaraaja | KJ Yesudas, P Susheela |
| Kaathirunthen Thaniye | Rasa Magan | 1994 | | Ilaiyaraaja | Chandrasekar, Srilekha |
| Oru Kolakili Sonnathey | Pon Vilangu | 1993 | Kamakodiyan | Ilaiyaraaja | P. Jayachandran, Sunandha |
| Sreeramane Unnai | Kangalin Vaarthaigal | 1998 | | Ilaiyaraaja | K. S. Chithra, Ilaiyaraaja |
| Naan Thanga Roja | Time | 1999 | Palani Bharathi | Ilaiyaraaja | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Swarnalatha |
| Oru Raagam | Ananda Ragam | 1982 | Gangai Amaran | Ilaiyaraaja | K. J. Yesudas, S. Janaki |
| Geetham Sangeetham | Kokarakko | 1983 | Gangai Amaran | Ilaiyaraaja | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam |
| Poovil Vandu | Kadhal Oviyam | 1982 | Vairamuthu | Ilaiyaraaja | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam |
| Ravi varman oviyamo | Puthu Vayal | 1992 | | Aravinth | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam |
| Sivappu Lolaku | Kadhal Kottai | 1996 | | Deva | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam |
| Vellarika | Kadhal Kottai | 1996 | | Deva | Krishnaraj |
| Nepala Malaiyoram | Thaikulame Thaikulame | 1995 | | Deva | S. P. Balasubhramaniam, Swarnalatha |
| Vanthalaappa Vanthalaappa | Seethanam | 1995 | R. Sundarrajan | Deva | Mano, K. S. Chithra |
| Nagumo Thensugamo | Arunachalam | 1997 | Vairamuthu | Deva | Hariharan, K. S. Chithra |
| Solai Kuyil | Anantha Poongatre | 1999 | Vairamuthu | Deva | Hariharan, Sujatha Mohan |
| Priya Priya | Kattabomman | 1993 | | Deva | S. P. Balasubhramaniam, K.S.Chitra |
| Thoonganakuruvi | Jallikattu kalai | 1994 | | Deva | S. P. Balasubhramaniam, K.S.Chitra |
| Malaiya Kodainju Pathaya Amaichen | Pudhu Padagan | 1990 | S. Thanu | S. Thanu | | S. P. Balasubhramaniam, K.S.Chitra |
| Unnai Ninachi | Avathara Purushan | 1996 | | Sirpy | S. P. Balasubhramaniam, K.S.Chitra |
| Mudhal Mudhalai | Varushamellam Vasantham | 2002 | | Sirpy | P. Unnikrishnan, Sujatha |
| Pottu Mela Pottu | Janakiraman | 1997 | | Sirpy | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Anuradha Sriram |
| Kadhal Kaditham | Cheran Pandian | 1991 | Soundaryan | Soundaryan | Lobson Rajkumar, Swarnalatha |
| Boom Boom | Boys | 2003 | Kabilan | A. R. Rahman | Adnan Sami, Sadhana Sargam |
| Ennodu Nee Irundhaal | I | 2015 | Kabilan | A. R. Rahman | Sid Sriram, Sunitha Sarathy |
| Endrendrum Punnagai | Alai Payuthey | 2000 | Pravin Mani | A. R. Rahman | Clinton Cerejo, Srinivas, Shankar Mahadevan, A. R. Rahman |
| Porale Ponnuthayi | Karuthamma | 1994 | Vairamuthu | A. R. Rahman | Unni Menon, Sujatha Mohan, Swarnalatha(Pathos)(Won National Award) |
| Madrasai Suthi (Ragamalika:Mohanam, Punnagavarali) | May Maadham | 1994 | Vairamuthu | A. R. Rahman | Shahul Hameed, Swarnalatha, G. V. Prakash & Manorama |
| Pakkada Pakkade | Gentleman | 1993 | Vairamuthu | A. R. Rahman | Minmini |
| Varayo Thozhi | Jeans | 1998 | Vairamuthu | A. R. Rahman | Sonu Nigam, Harini |
| Samba Samba | Love Birds | 1996 | Vairamuthu | A. R. Rahman | Aslam Mustafa |
| Smayiyai | Kandukondain Kandukondain | 2000 | Vairamuthu | A. R. Rahman | Devan Ekambaram, Clinton Cerejo, Dominique Cerejo |
| Kannai Katti Kollathey | Iruvar | 1997 | Vairamuthu | A. R. Rahman | Hariharan |
| Poi Solla Poren | Thiruttu Payale | 2006 | Vairamuthu | Bharadwaj | KK, Kanmani |
| Oru Kathal Enpathu | Chinna Thambi Periya Thambi | 1987 | Vairamuthu | Gangai Amaran | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki |
| Chinnanchiru Vanna Killi | Adhu Antha Kaalam | 1988 | Vairamuthu | Chandrabose | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam,P. Susheela |
| Chinnapattam Poochi | Sugamana Sumaigal | 1992 | Vairamuthu | Chandrabose | K. S. Chithra, Mano |
| Kaalai Neeye | Kaalaiyum Neeye Maalaiyum Neeye | 1988 | Vaali | Devendran | S. Janaki |
| Mainaave Mainaave | Thithikudhe | 2003 | | Vidyasagar | P. Unnikrishnan, Sadhana Sargam |
| Rosave Rosave | Ellaichami | 1992 | Pulamaipithan | S. A. Rajkumar | Malaysia Vasudevan, K. S. Chithra |
| Maname Thottal | Thotta Chinungi | 1995 | | Phillip Jerry | Hariharan, K. S. Chithra |
| Kadhalithal Anandham | Style | 2002 | | Bharani | Hariharan, K. S. Chithra |
| Uchi Mudhal | Sukran | 2005 | Vijay Antony | Vijay Antony | Timmy, Gayathri |
| Engeyum Kadhal | Engeyum Kadhal | 2011 | Thamarai | Harris Jayaraj | Aalap Raju, Devan Ekambaram, Ranina Reddy |
| Yaar Arindhadho | Thalaikoothal | 2023 | Yugabharathi | Kannan | Pradeep Kumar |

### Kannada Film Songs

| Song | Movie | Lyricist | Composer | Singer |
| Jenina Holeyo | Chalisuva Modagalu | Chi. Udayashankar | Rajan-Nagendra | Dr. Rajkumar |
| Baanallu Neene | Bayalu Daari | Chi. Udayashankar | Rajan-Nagendra | S. Janaki |

### Malayalam Film songs in Mohanam (Selected)

Malayalam movie songs in Mohanam (Selected) :
| Song | Movie | Lyricist | Composer | singer(s) |
| Malini nadiyil | Sakunthala | Vayalar Ramavarma | G Devarajan | KJ Yesudas, P Suseela |
| Manjalayil mungi thorthi | Kalithozhan | P Bhaskaran | G Devarajan | P Jayachandran |
| Manjani Poonilaav | Nagarame Nandi | P Bhaskaran | K Raghavan | S Janaki |
| Suprabhatham (neelagiriyude) | Panitheeratha Veedu | Vayalar Ramavarma | MS Viswanathan | P Jayachandran |
| Chandrikayilaliyunnu | Bharyamar Sookshikkuka | Sreekumaran Thampi | V Dakshinamoorthy | KJ Yesudas, P Leela, AM Raja |
| Pournami Chandrika | Rest House | Sreekumaran Thampi | MK Arjunan | KJ Yesudas |
| Madhuchandrikayude | Anachadanam | Vayalar Ramavarma | G Devarajan | P Jayachandran |
| Swargaputhri Navarathri | Nizhalattam | Vayalar Ramavarma | G Devarajan | KJ Yesudas |
| Guruvayurambala Nadayil | Othenante makan | Vayalar Ramavarma | G Devarajan | KJ Yesudas |
| Ezharapponnana purath | Akkarappacha | Vayalar Ramavarma | G Devarajan | P Madhuri |
| Nin maniyarayile | CID Nazir | Sreekumaran Thampi | MK Arjunan | P Jayachandran |
| Arivin Nilave | Rajashilpi | ONV Kurup | Raveendran | KS Chithra |
| Etho nidrathan | Ayal Katha Ezhuthukayanu | Kaithapram | Raveendran | KJ Yesudas |
| Maarikkuliril neela thulasi | Kouravar | Kaithapram | SP Venkitesh | KJ Yesudas, KS Chithra |
| Chandanalepa Sugandham | Oru vadakkan veeragatha | K Jayakumar | Ravi Bombay | KJ Yesudas |
| Aareyum Bhava gayakan aakkum | Nakhakshathangal | ONV Kurup | Ravi Bombay | KJ Yesudas |
| Maayaponmane | Thalayanamanthram | Kaithapram | Johnson | KS Chithra |
| Ponnambili | Golantharavarthakal | ONV Kurupp | Johnson | KS Chithra |
| Manje vaa madhuvidhu vela | Thusharam | Yousuf Ali Kechery | Shyam | KJ Yesudas, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam |
| Thaara noopuram chaarthi | Sopanam | Kaithapram | SP Venkitesh | KJ Yesudas, Manju Menon |
| Mouliyil mayilpeeli | Nandanam | Gireesh Puthenchery | Raveendran | KS Chithra |
| Ponkasavu njoriyum | joker | Yousuf Ali Kechery | Mohan Sithara | P Jayachandran, KS Chithra |
| Parvanendu mukhi | Parinayam | Yousuf Ali Kechery | Ravi Bombay | KS Chithra |
| Kaliveedurangiyallo | Deshadanam | Kaithapram | Kaithapram | KJ Yesudas |
| Aakasha neelima | Kayyum thalayum purathidaruth | Mullanezhi | Raveendran | KJ Yesudas |
| Nee en sarga soundaryame | Kathodu kathoram | ONV kurupp | Ouseppachan | KJ Yesudas, Lathika |
| Anuragathin Velayil | Thattathin Marayath | Vineeth Sreenivasan | Shaan Rahman | Vineeth Sreenivasan |

### Telugu Film Songs

| Song | Movie | Lyricist | Composer | Singer |
| Mounamga Manasu Padina | Gundamma Katha | Pingali Nagendrarao | S. Rajaswara Rao | Ghantasala |
| Seelamu Galavari Chinavada | Palnati Yudhham | Malladi Ramakrishna Sastry | S. Rajaswara Rao | Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna, P. Susheela |
| Echatanunchi Veecheno Ee Challanigaali | Appu Chesi Pappukudu | Pingali Nagendrarao | Pendyala Nageswarrao | Ghantasala, P. Susheela |
| Manasu Parimalinchene Tanuvu Paravasinchene | Srikrishnarjuna Yuddham | Pingali Nagendrarao | Pendyala Nageswarrao | Ghantasala, P. Susheela |
| Mohanraga Maha Murthymanthamaye | Mahamantri Timmarasu | Pingali Nagendrarao | Pendyala Nageswarrao | Ghantasala, P. Susheela |
| Lahirilo Lahirilo | Mayabazaar | Pingali Nagendrarao | S. Rajaswara Rao | Ghantasala, P. Leela |
| Madhilo Veenalu Mroge | Atmeeyulu | Dasarathi | S. Rajeswara Rao | P. Susheela |
| Padavela Radhika Pranayasudha Geethika | Iddaru Mitrulu | SriSri | S. Rajeswara Rao | Ghantasala, P. Susheela |
| Siva Siva Sankara | Bhakta Kannappa | Veturi Sundarrammurthy | Sathyam | V. Ramakrishna |
| Palikinadi Pilichinadi | Seetaaraamulu | Atreya | Sathyam | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Suseela |
| Nemalaki Nerpian Nadakalivi | Saptapadi | Veturi Sundarrammurthy | K. V. Mahadevan | S. Janaki |
| Akasamlo Asala Harivillu | Swarnakamalam | Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry | Ilaiyaraaja | S. Janaki |
| Ninu Kori Varnam Sarisari | Gharshana | Rajasree | Ilaiyaraaja | Chitra, Vani Jayaram |
| Maaterani Chinnadhani | O Papa Lali | Rajasree | Ilaiyaraaja | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam |
| Chinnadana Osi Chinnadana | Premalekha | Bhuvanachandra | Deva | Krishnaraj |
| Raave Naa Cheliya | Jeans | Siva Ganesh | A R Rahman | Sonu Nigam, Harini |
| Ye shwasalo Cherithe | Nenunnanu | Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry | MM keeravani | Chitra |
Kannada:
* "Malgudi Days Theme Music"
* "Mohana Muraliya Naada Leelege"
* "Olave Jeevana Saakshaatkaara"
* "Bellane Belagayitu"
* "Aashaadha Maasa Bandeetavva"
* "Belliya Raja Baaro Kullara Raja Baa"
* "Uttunga Naadininda Ondu Hudugi (Folk)"
* "Nigi Ningee Ningi Ningee"
* "Hottito Hottitu Kannadada Deepa"
* "Udayavaagali Namma Cheluva Kannada Naadu"
* "Bayaside Ninnanu Bhaavada Melake"
* "Ellaadaru Iru, Entaadaru Iru"
* "Karunaalu Baa Belake"
* "Tungaa Teeradi Ninta Suyativara"
* "Teraa Yeri Ambaradaage"
* "Tunturu Alli Neera Haadu"
* "Sarasada Ee Prati Nimisha"
* "Amara Madhura Prema"
* "Malli Malli Minchulli"
* "Nanna Aase Hannaagi Nanna Baala Kannaade"
* "Innu Hattiraa Hattiraa Baruveya"
* "Radha Madhava Vinoda Haasa"
* "Yaava Janmada Maitri"
* "Kogile O Kogile"
* "Naliyutaa Hrudaya Haadanu Haadide"
* "Kogileye Kshemave"
* "Santasa Araluva Samaya"
* "Doni Sagali Munde Hogali"
* "Mudala Maneya Muttina Neerina"
* "Appaa I Love You Paa"
* "Jenina Holeyo Haalina Maleyo"
* "Naavaaduva Nudiye"
* "Om Karadi Kande"
* "Neela Megha Gaali Beesi"
* "Ee Hasiru Siriyali Manavu Mereyali"
* "Ee Sambhaashane"
* "Baanallu Neene Bhuviyallu Neene"
* "Yogi Manege Bandaa"
* "Mella Mellane Bandane"
* "Jayatu Jaya Viththala"
* "O Pandu Ranga Prabho Viththala"
* "Avatarisu Baa Narayana"
* "Pillangoviya"

## Related rāgas
### Graha bhedam

Mohanam's notes when shifted using Graha bhedam, yields 4 other major pentatonic rāgas, namely, Hindolam, Shuddha Saveri, Udayaravichandrika (also known as Shuddha Dhanyasi) and Madhyamavati. Graha bhedam is the step taken in keeping the relative note frequencies same, while shifting the shadjam to the next note in the rāga. For more details and illustration of this concept refer Graha bhedam on Mohanam.

### Scale similarities

* Mohanakalyani is a rāga which has the ascending scale of Mohanam and descending scale of Kalyani. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R2 G3 P D2 S : S N3 D2 P M2 G3 R2 S
* Bilahari is a rāga which has the ascending scale of Mohanam and descending scale of Sankarabharanam. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R2 G3 P D2 S : S N3 D2 P M1 G3 R2 S
* Garudadhvani is a rāga which has the ascending scale of Sankarabharanam and descending scale of Mohanam. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R2 G3 M1 P D2 N3 S : S D2 P G3 R2 S
* Shivaranjani rāga differs from Mohanam only by the gāndhāram. It uses sadharana gāndhāram instead of antara gāndhāram and its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R2 G2 P D2 S : S D2 P G2 R2 S
* Hamsadhvani rāga uses nishadam in place of dhaivatam. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R2 G3 P N3 S : S N3 P G3 R2
* Niroshta rāga uses nishadam in place of panchamam. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is S R2 G3 D2 N3 S : S N3 D2 G3 R2 S