# Mojave National Preserve

Mojave National Preserve is a United States National Preserve located in the Mojave Desert of San Bernardino County, California, US, between Interstate 15 and Interstate 40. The preserve was established October 31, 1994, with the enactment of the California Desert Protection Act by the United States Congress, which also established Joshua Tree National Park and Death Valley National Park as National Parks. Previously, some lands contained within the Preserve were the East Mojave National Scenic Area, under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management. At 1,542,776 acres (6,243 km$^2$), within the contiguous United States it is the third largest unit of the National Park System and the first largest National Preserve. The preserve was created within the Pacific West Region of the National Park Service and remains within that jurisdiction today.
Natural features include the Kelso Dunes, the Marl Mountains and the Cima Dome, as well as volcanic formations such as Hole-in-the-Wall and the Cinder Cone Lava Beds. The preserve surrounds Providence Mountains State Recreation Area and Mitchell Caverns Natural Preserve, which are both managed by the California Department of Parks and Recreation.
Impressive Joshua tree forests are found in parts of the preserve. The forest covering Cima Dome and the adjacent Shadow Valley is the largest and densest in the world. In August 2020, a wildfire destroyed 1.3 million Joshua trees around Cima Dome. The ghost town of Kelso is found in the preserve, with the defunct railroad depot serving as the visitor center. The preserve is commonly traversed by four-wheel drive vehicles traveling on the historic Mojave Road, part of the Old Spanish National Historic Trail.
Climate in the preserve varies greatly. Summer temperatures average 90 °F (32 °C), with highs exceeding 105 °F (41 °C). Elevations in the preserve range from 7,929 feet (2,417 m) at Clark Mountain to 880 feet (270 m) near Baker. Annual precipitation varies from 3.37 inches (86 mm) near Baker, to almost 9 inches (230 mm) in the mountains. At least 25% of precipitation comes from summer thunderstorms. Snow is often found in the mountains during the winter.

## Challenges

The preserve faces challenges based on its lack of funding, as of 2018 the preserve had a deferred maintenance of $118,036,341. This lack of funding has primarily lead to infrastructure disrepair which, in combination with the reckless driving by some visitors, has caused a significant threat to the endangered desert tortoise population within the preserve. In addition to the tortoise's threatened population, the prairie falcon and the bighorn sheep are both at a risk within the preserve. A common solution provided to help save this population is to install wildlife crossings over the main roads within the preserve, though this is currently not possible with the funding provided.

## Mojave Wilderness

The California Desert Protection Act of 1994 (CDPA) designated a wilderness area within Mojave National Preserve of approximately 695,200 acres (281,300 ha). The National Park Service manages the wilderness in accordance with the Wilderness Act, the CDPA, and other laws that protect cultural and historic sites in the wilderness.

## Administrative history

Upon the preserve's establishment, Mary Martin was designated as its superintendent, she served from 1994 to 2005, when she was moved to Lassen Volcanic National Park. Dennish Schramm then served from 2005 to 2010. Stephanie Dubois served from 2010 to 2014. Todd Suess served from 2014 to 2020, though he continues to work for the National Park Service as the Chief of Biological Resources. Mike Gauthier served from 2020 to 2023, and is now superintendent at Lake Mead National Recreation Area.

## Features

* Beale Mountains
* Cima, California
* Cima Dome & Volcanic Field National Natural Landmark
* Clark Mountain
* Devils Playground
* Granite Mountains
* Ivanpah, California
* Ivanpah Mountains
* Kelso, California
* Kelso Depot
* Kelso Dunes
* Kelso Mountains
* Kelso Wash
* Lanfair Valley
* Marl Mountains
* Mid Hills
* Mojave phone booth
* Mojave Road
* New York Mountains
* Old Dad Mountain
* Providence, California
* Providence Mountains
* Vanderbilt, California
* Vontrigger Hills

## Climate

The following climate data is for a higher elevation area in the preserve. See also Climate of the Mojave Desert.
Climate data for Mountain Pass, California. (Elevation 4,740 feet (1,440 m)) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 71 (22) | 76 (24) | 81 (27) | 90 (32) | 104 (40) | 109 (43) | 110 (43) | 109 (43) | 102 (39) | 96 (36) | 89 (32) | 70 (21) | 110 (43) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 50.4 (10.2) | 53.7 (12.1) | 59.0 (15.0) | 66.4 (19.1) | 76.3 (24.6) | 87.0 (30.6) | 92.8 (33.8) | 89.9 (32.2) | 83.9 (28.8) | 72.4 (22.4) | 58.9 (14.9) | 51.1 (10.6) | 70.2 (21.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 29.5 (−1.4) | 32.4 (0.2) | 35.8 (2.1) | 41.0 (5.0) | 49.8 (9.9) | 59.2 (15.1) | 66.5 (19.2) | 64.5 (18.1) | 56.6 (13.7) | 46.3 (7.9) | 36.2 (2.3) | 30.2 (−1.0) | 45.7 (7.6) |
| Record low °F (°C) | 3 (−16) | 6 (−14) | 12 (−11) | 19 (−7) | 28 (−2) | 36 (2) | 42 (6) | 44 (7) | 33 (1) | 21 (−6) | 10 (−12) | −2 (−19) | −2 (−19) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.92 (23) | 0.89 (23) | 0.89 (23) | 0.48 (12) | 0.27 (6.9) | 0.20 (5.1) | 1.04 (26) | 1.23 (31) | 0.59 (15) | 0.54 (14) | 0.68 (17) | 0.63 (16) | 8.36 (212) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 2.7 (6.9) | 1.8 (4.6) | 1.4 (3.6) | 0.5 (1.3) | 0.2 (0.51) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.1 (0.25) | 1.1 (2.8) | 1.5 (3.8) | 9.3 (24) |
| Source: The Western Regional Climate Center ||||||||||||||