OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1994 NHK Trophy

The 1994 NHK Trophy was held at the Morioka Ice Arena in Morioka on December 8–11. Medals were awarded in the disciplines of men's singles, ladies' singles, pair skating, and ice dancing.

## Results
### Men

| Rank | Name | Nation | TFP | SP | FS |
| 1 | Todd Eldredge | United States | 2.0 | 2 | 1 |
| 2 | Philippe Candeloro | France | 2.5 | 1 | 2 |
| 3 | Viacheslav Zagorodniuk | Ukraine | 4.5 | 3 | 3 |
| 4 | Scott Davis | United States | 7.0 | 6 | 4 |
| 5 | Michael Shmerkin | Israel | 7.0 | 4 | 5 |
| 6 | David Liu | Chinese Taipei | 9.5 | 5 | 7 |
| 7 | Jung Sung-il | South Korea | 10.0 | 8 | 6 |
| 8 | Seiichi Suzuki | Japan | 13.5 | 11 | 8 |
| 9 | Shin Amano | Japan | 14.0 | 10 | 9 |
| 10 | Jiao Zhongyi | China | 14.5 | 9 | 10 |
| 11 | Oleg Tataurov | Russia | 14.5 | 7 | 11 |

### Ladies

| Rank | Name | Nation | TFP | SP | FS |
| 1 | Chen Lu | China | 1.5 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | Surya Bonaly | France | 3.5 | 3 | 2 |
| 3 | Junko Yaginuma | Japan | 6.0 | 6 | 3 |
| 4 | Tanja Szewczenko | Germany | 6.0 | 4 | 4 |
| 5 | Olga Markova | Russia | 6.0 | 2 | 5 |
| 6 | Mila Kajas | Finland | 9.5 | 5 | 7 |
| 7 | Tatiana Malinina | Uzbekistan | 11.0 | 10 | 6 |
| 8 | Ying Liu | China | 12.5 | 9 | 8 |
| 9 | Hanae Yokoya | Japan | 13.5 | 7 | 10 |
| 10 | Michelle Cho | United States | 14.5 | 11 | 9 |
| 11 | Lyudmyla Ivanova | Ukraine | 16.0 | 8 | 12 |
| 12 | Park Boon-sun | South Korea | 17.0 | 12 | 11 |

### Pairs

| Rank | Name | Nation | TFP | SP | FS |
| 1 | Marina Eltsova / Andrei Bushkov | Russia | 2.0 | 2 | 1 |
| 2 | Radka Kovaříková / René Novotný | Czech Republic | 3.5 | 3 | 2 |
| 3 | Mandy Wötzel / Ingo Steuer | Germany | 3.5 | 1 | 3 |
| 4 | Elena Berezhnaya / Oleg Shliakhov | Latvia | 6.0 | 4 | 4 |
| 5 | Jenni Meno / Todd Sand | United States | 7.5 | 5 | 5 |
| 6 | Marina Khalturina / Andrei Krukov | Kazakhstan | 9.5 | 7 | 6 |
| 7 | Maria Petrova / Anton Sikharulidze | Russia | 10.0 | 6 | 7 |
| 8 | Danielle Carr / Stephen Carr | Australia | 12.0 | 8 | 8 |

### Ice dancing

| Rank | Name | Nation | TFP | CD1 | CD2 | OD | FD |
| 1 | Sophie Moniotte / Pascal Lavanchy | France | 2.0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | Tatiana Navka / Samuel Gezalian | Belarus | 4.0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| 3 | Marina Anissina / Gwendal Peizerat | France | 6.0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| 4 | Kateřina Mrázová / Martin Šimeček | Czech Republic | 8.0 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| 5 | Renée Roca / Gorsha Sur | United States | 10.0 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| 6 | Margarita Drobiazko / Povilas Vanagas | Lithuania | 12.0 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| 7 | Elizaveta Stekolnikova / Dmitri Kazarlyga | Kazakhstan | 14.0 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| 8 | Irina Lobacheva / Ilia Averbukh | Russia | 16.0 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| 9 | Aya Kawai / Hiroshi Tanaka | Japan | 18.6 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 9 |
| 10 | Zhang Tianyi / Cai Weibin | China | 19.4 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 10 |
| 11 | Yuki Habuki / Hitoshi Koizumi | Japan | 22.0 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
# Johannesburg Muslim School

26°12′6.90″S 28°1′23.10″E﻿ / ﻿26.2019167°S 28.0230833°E﻿ / -26.2019167; 28.0230833
Johannesburg Muslim School is a partly private school situated in crosby, Johannesburg, South Africa. The school combines secular and Islamic education in its curriculum and has a separate preschool located in Mayfair that caters for Nursery, and Grade R pupils. The main school section, located in crosby, caters for grades 1-12. This school is situated on Corner Foyle and Jarman Streets, Crosby, Johannesburg.
The Mission Statement of the school is "to provide young children with the holistic concept of knowledge with the holy Quran and the Sunnah as the source of guidance". The core ideology adopted is "Every child in Jannah".
JMS is run by the Johannesburg Muslim School Association (Incorporated under Section 21 of the Companies Act, 1973, South Africa). The members of the association administer the school on a voluntary basis. Being a Section 21 company, the association is incorporated as a non-profit. All funding received as fees from learners is used entirely for the objectives of the school.
Johannesburg Muslim School often ranks in the top 20 schools in the Gauteng province and is rated in the top 5 feeder schools from previously disadvantaged communities by the University of the Witwatersrand.

## History

Plans for a Muslim school in the Johannesburg area were conceived during 1989. The Johannesburg Muslim School had its humble beginnings in January 1990. From its premises on 10th Avenue, Mayfair, Johannesburg, the Johannesburg Muslim School (JMS) began with 115 learners. Tuition was first offered from Class 1 to Standard 2 (Grades 1 to 4). The Board of Management had resolved that the establishment of the school will take place in several stages. In 1991, tuition was extended to standard 3 (Grade 5) level and a pre-school with nursery classes was also introduced. The student enrolment increased to 189 in 1991. Tuition was subsequently offered at higher levels over the years that followed. As of 1997, the school offers classes from Nursery up to Matric (Grade 12) and the student enrollment in 2010 was 1200 students.
The school outgrew its premises on 10th Avenue, Mayfair, and in 1992 moved to the old Bree Street School complex in Fordsburg. This complex was completely revamped to provide students with better facilities. Again, as a result of natural growth, the premises at the Bree Street School complex became inadequate. JMS then leased the old Johannesburg Secondary School premises in Fordsburg from the Department of Public Works.
During the COVID pandemic in 2020, JMS ran a successful online school that ensured that learners did not miss a single day of school during the year. In January 2021, JMS moved to a new premises in Crosby with sprawling fields, over 40 classrooms, a capacity of 1200 learners and state of the art labs and facilities.

## Membership

* Association of Muslim Schools (SA)
# Maryland World War II Army Airfields

During World War II, the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) established numerous airfields in Maryland for training pilots and aircrews of USAAF fighters and bombers.
Most of these airfields were under the command of First Air Force or the Army Air Forces Training Command (AAFTC) (A predecessor of the current-day United States Air Force Air Education and Training Command). However the other USAAF support commands (Air Technical Service Command (ATSC); Air Transport Command (ATC) or Troop Carrier Command) commanded a significant number of airfields in a support roles.
It is still possible to find remnants of these wartime airfields. Many were converted into municipal airports, some were returned to agriculture and several were retained as United States Air Force installations and were front-line bases during the Cold War. Hundreds of the temporary buildings that were used survive today, and are being used for other purposes.

## Major Airfields

First Air Force
* Baltimore MAP, Baltimore
    Also part of Air Technical Service Command
    394th Army Air Force Base Unit
    Now: Industrial area (non-aviation use)
* Camp Springs/Andrews Field AAF, Camp Springs
    Headquarters, Continental Air Forces
    463d Army Air Force Base Unit
    Now: Andrews Air Force Base (IATA: ADW, ICAO: KADW, FAA LID: ADW)
Proving Ground Command
* Phillips Field AAF, Havre de Grace
    Now: active US Army Airfield (IATA: APG, ICAO: KAPG, FAA LID: APG), part of Aberdeen Proving Ground
# Titi Serong (state constituency)

Titi Serong is a state constituency in Perak, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Perak State Legislative Assembly.

## Demographics

Ethnic breakdown of Titi Serong's electorate as of 2022

## History
### Polling districts

According to the federal gazette issued on 31 October 2022, the Titi Serong constituency is divided into 15 polling districts.
| State constituency | Polling Districts | Code | Location |
| Titi Serong (N08） | Parit Sungai Betul | 057/08/01 | SK Tanjong Piandang |
| Titi Serong (N08） | Sungai Labu | 057/08/02 | SRA Rakyat Sungai Megat Aris Bagan Tiang |
| Titi Serong (N08） | Sungai Megat Aris | 057/08/03 | SK Sungai Megat Aris |
| Titi Serong (N08） | Sungai Kota | 057/08/04 | SK Sungai Megat Aris |
| Titi Serong (N08） | Kedai Empat | 007/08/05 | SK Haji Ramli |
| Titi Serong (N08） | Sungai Star | 007/08/06 | SK Sungai Star |
| Titi Serong (N08） | Kampong Perak | 007/08/07 | SK Titi Serong |
| Titi Serong (N08） | Kampong Kedah | 007/08/08 | SK Kampong Kedah |
| Titi Serong (N08） | Parit Buntar | 007/08/09 | SK Sri Kerian |
| Titi Serong (N08） | Seri Tenggara | 057/08/10 | SK Baru Parit Buntar |
| Titi Serong (N08） | Jalan Kedah | 057/08/11 | SK Wawasan |
| Titi Serong (N08） | Taman Kerian | 057/08/12 | SMK Sri Perak |
| Titi Serong (N08） | Titi Serong | 057/08/13 | SMA Al-Tahzib |
| Titi Serong (N08） | Tebok Haji Musa | 057/08/14 | Pusat Kecermelangan Padi Jabatan Pertanian Titi Serong |
| Titi Serong (N08） | Parit Tok Tengah | 057/08/15 | SMA Al Falah |

### Representation history

Members of the Legislative Assembly for Titi Serong :
| Assembly | Years | Name | Party |
| Constituency created from Simpang Lima ||||
| 7th | 1986-1990 | Mohd Taib Hanafiah | BN (UMNO) |
| 8th | 1990-1995 | Mohd Taib Hanafiah | BN (UMNO) |
| 9th | 1995-1999 | Abdul Latif Mat Ali | BN (UMNO) |
| 10th | 1999-2004 | Ahmad Azhar Sharin | PAS |
| 11th | 2004-2008 | Abu Bakar Mat Ali | BN (UMNO) |
| 12th | 2008-2013 | Khalil Idham Lim Abdullah | PR (PAS) |
| 13th | 2013-2018 | Abu Bakar Hussian | PR (PAS) |
| 14th | 2018-2020 | Hasnul Zulkarnain Abdul Munaim | PH (AMANAH) |
| 14th | 2020 | Hasnul Zulkarnain Abdul Munaim | Independent |
| 14th | 2020-2021 | Hasnul Zulkarnain Abdul Munaim | PN (BERSATU) |
| 14th | 2021-2022 | Hasnul Zulkarnain Abdul Munaim | Independent |
| 15th | 2022–present | Hakimi Hamzi Hayat | PN (PAS) |
# Michael Paulsen

Michael Paulsen (1 March 1899 – 18 October 1968) was a Norwegian football player. He was born in Kristiania, and played as a winger for Ørn-Horten. He was capped 20 times for Norwegian national team scoring one goal, and played at the Antwerp Olympics in 1920, where the Norwegian team reached the quarter-finals. He died in Horten in 1968.
# Wan Jiyuan

Wan Jiyuan (Chinese: 万济圆; pinyin: Wàn Jìyuán; born 13 July 2002) is a Chinese basketball player. She competed in the 2020 Summer Olympics.
# Wesley Ferris

Stewart Wesley Ferris (2 May 1927 – 28 May 2001) usually known by his middle name as Weslet Ferris was an Irish cricketer.
A right-handed batsman and right-arm medium-pace bowler, he played three times for the Ireland cricket team in 1956. He made his debut in June against Scotland in a first-class match, taking four wickets in the Scotland first innings which were his only first-class wickets. In August, he played a drawn two-day game against Sussex, taking the only two wickets to fall in the Sussex first innings before the game finished. The following month he played his final match against the MCC, a first-class match in which he met without success as a bowler, not taking a wicket in the match, and scoring seven runs in total in the match without being dismissed.
# Santa Teresa CD

Santa Teresa Club Deportivo, formerly Badajoz Club de Fútbol and Deportivo Pacense, was a football club based in Badajoz in the autonomous community of Extremadura, Spain. Founded in 2006 and dissolved in 2022, it last played in Segunda Extremeña – Group 5.

## History

Unión Deportiva Badajoz was founded in 2006 and Badajoz CF in the summer of 2012. The current club was founded in summer 2013 after the merger of Badajoz CF, UD Badajoz and CD Puerta Palmas.
In July 2014, the club changed its name to Deportivo Pacense. In July 2017, the club merged with Santa Teresa CD, a women's football club, and changed to the latter name.

## Season to season

* As UD Badajoz
| Season | Tier | Division | Place |
| 2006–07 | 6 | 1ª Reg. | 1st |
| 2007–08 | 5 | Reg. Pref. | 2nd |
| 2008–09 | 4 | 3ª | 13th |
| 2009–10 | 4 | 3ª | 13th |
| 2010–11 | 4 | 3ª | 16th |
| 2011–12 | 4 | 3ª | 7th |
| 2012–13 | 4 | 3ª | 2nd |
* As Badajoz CF
| Season | Tier | Division | Place | Copa del Rey |
| 2013–14 | 4 | 3ª | 4th | |
* As Deportivo Pacense
| Season | Tier | Division | Place |
| 2014–15 | 4 | 3ª | 17th |
| 2015–16 | 4 | 3ª | 20th |
| 2016–17 | 5 | 1ª Ext. | 15th |
* As Santa Teresa CD
| Season | Tier | Division | Place |
| 2017–18 | 5 | 1ª Ext. | 11th |
| 2018–19 | 5 | 1ª Ext. | 20th |
| 2019–20 | 6 | 2ª Ext. | 7th |
| 2020–21 | 6 | 2ª Ext. | 4th |
| 2021–22 | 7 | 2ª Ext. | (R) |
* 8 seasons in Tercera División
# Gammelsdorf

Gammelsdorf is a municipality in the district of Freising in Bavaria in Germany.
It was the site of the 1313 Battle of Gammelsdorf.
Until the mid-1990s Gammelsdorf was home of the "Circus", formerly known as the world's first village cinema, and later a nightclub where many famous artists and rock bands held concerts, most notably Nirvana.
# Barefoot Gen: Explosion of Tears

Barefoot Gen: Explosion of Tears (はだしのゲン 涙の爆発, Hadashi no Gen: Namida no Bakuhatsu) is a 1977 Japanese war drama film, directed by Tengo Yamada based on the Japanese manga series by Keiji Nakazawa. It is a sequel to the 1976 film Barefoot Gen and is the second live-action film based on the manga.

## Cast

* Kazuhide Haruta as "Gen Nakaoka", Barefoot Gen, the protagonist of the story
* Hiroshi Tanaka as "Daikichi Nakaoka", Gen's father
* Mariko Miyagi as "Kimie Nakaoka", Gen's mother
* Chizuko Iwahara as "Eiko Nakaoka", Gen's elder sister
* Fumiko Abe as "Tomoko Nakaoka", Gen's youngest sister
* Ikumi Ueno as "Ryuta"
* Shoji Ishibashi as "Seiji Yoshida"
* Etsuko Ichihara as "Kiyo Hayashi"
* Keiko Takeshita as "Mikiko"
* Keishi Takamine as "Denjiro Samejima"
# Upper Kama Upland

Upper Kama Upland (Russian: Верхнекамская возвышенность) is an elevation in the headwaters of Kama and Cheptsa rivers, located on the area of Udmurt Republic, Perm Krai and Kirov Oblast, Russia.
On the east slopes start such right tributaries of Kama River as Kosa, Inva and Obva; on the other side of the watershed is the source of Kama. The height of the relief in the most elevated part of the upland reaches 300–335 m (highest point in mount Krasnoyar (Kirov Oblast'), 337 m). Average elevations are 240–280 m. The upland has a boreal climate (Köppen: Dfc, bordering on Dfb). The average temperature for January is about -15-16°C, for July is about +16+17°C, and the annual temperature is about 0+1°C. The annual precipitation is 550–650 mm. There are oil reserves in the depths of upland: the largest fields are Krasnokamsk and Mishkinskoye. Considerable reserves of peat.
Most of the upland is covered by coniferous forests.
The most important settlements are Afanasyevo, Karsovaj, Kuliga, Omutninsk, Severny Kommunar, Siva.
# 1937 Lafayette Leopards football team

The 1937 Lafayette Leopards football team was an American football team that represented Lafayette College in the Middle Three Conference during the 1937 college football season. In its first season under head coach Edward Mylin, the team compiled an 8–0 record, won the Middle Three championship, shut out seven of eight opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 103 to 6.
Center John Quigg was selected by the Newspaper Enterprise Association (NEA) as a third-team player on the 1937 All-Eastern football team.
Other key players included end Ernest Kanzler who was chosen as the team captain, end Harold Simmons, and halfback Tommy Kearns.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result |
| October 2 | Upsala* | Fisher FieldEaston, PA | W 33–0 |
| October 9 | at Gettysburg* | Gettysburg, PA | W 2–0 |
| October 16 | at Georgetown* | Griffith StadiumWashington, DC | W 6–0 |
| October 23 | at NYU* | Yankee StadiumNew York, NY | W 13–0 |
| October 30 | Franklin & Marshall* | Fisher FieldEaston, PA | W 14–0 |
| November 6 | Rutgers | Fisher FieldEaston, PA | W 13–6 |
| November 13 | Washington & Jefferson* | Fisher FieldEaston, PA | W 16–0 |
| November 20 | at Lehigh | Taylor StadiumBethlethem, PA (rivalry) | W 6–0 |
| *Non-conference game |||||
# White Rose oil field

White Rose is an oil field development project 350 kilometres (220 mi) off the coast of Newfoundland. Husky Energy is the operator and 72.5 per cent interest holder in the White Rose oil fields.
Discovered in 1984, the White Rose offshore oil field is located in the Jeanne d'Arc Basin 350 kilometres east of St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The field consists of both oil and gas pools, including the South White Rose oil pool. The oil pool covers approximately 40 square kilometres (15 sq mi) and contains an estimated 440 million barrels (70,000,000 m$^3$) of recoverable oil. White Rose is the second harsh environment development in North America to use a Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessel, SeaRose. Production from the field began on November 12, 2005; the first shipment of oil from the field was delivered to the Irving Oil Refinery on December 6, 2005.
The working interest partners are:
White Rose
* Cenovus Energy (60%) - operator
* Suncor Energy (40%)
West White Rose
* Cenovus Energy (56.375%) - operator
* Suncor Energy (38.625%)
* Nalcor Energy (5%)
# Gulf Breeze Six

The Gulf Breeze Six incident refers to the desertion of six military intelligence analysts from the American 701st Military Intelligence Brigade who got arrested in Gulf Breeze, Florida, presumably traveling there while spurred by their spiritual beliefs.

## Absent without leave

Michael Hueckstaedt, Kris Perlock, William Setterberg, Vance Davis, Kenneth G. Beason, and Annette Eccleston were declared absent without leave from their base at Augsburg on July 9, 1990, in what was then West Germany. They were arrested five days later in Florida. All six were military intelligence analysts who had trained together at Corry Station.
Beliefs attributed to Christian eschatology appear to have played a role in their decision to journey to Florida. According to Stars and Stripes, Beason told family members and other people that they came to Florida to survive the end of the world and out of interest for UFO phenomena. Members of their units reported that some members of the group initially intended to kill the antichrist, although Beason would later deny having said anything of the sort. A conference of the Mutual UFO Network (MUFON) was taking place in Pensacola on July 9, although it is not clear any member of the group attended. Just two years prior, the Gulf Breeze UFO sightings, largely believed to be a hoax, had attracted the attention of those interested in the paranormal.
Speaking two years after the events, Davis denied the group had any interest in UFOs. According to his version of events, they had been experimenting with a ouija board since 1989 and had been spiritually instructed to leave the military in preparation for the rapture.

## Arrests and release

On July 14, the six were arrested, most of them at the Gulf Breeze home of one Anna Foster, after Hueckstaedt attracted police attention for a traffic violation. Foster was described by police as a psychic.
Under investigation for espionage, they were detained at the Fort Benning army post, then sent to Fort Knox. Because of their access to highly classified material, they were charged with desertion rather than being merely reported as absent without leave. The charges were dropped however and all six were discharged from the military within a few weeks. Three of the six came back to live at Foster's home for a time after their release. Davis would marry another woman living in Foster's home and move to Albuquerque. He wrote a book about his experiences in 1995.
# Amarsi un po' (film)

Amarsi un po (English: "To Love a Little") is a 1984 Italian romantic comedy film co-written and directed by Carlo Vanzina. starring Claudio Amendola, Tahnee Welch,Virna Lisi.

## Plot

Cristiana is a young and beautiful princess in Rome, bored by her life and her traditional parents. Marco is a young electrician and the son of a news agent. The two meet due to a minor car accident; they like each other and decide to be together despite the differences in class. Soon a great love is born, but in the long run the misunderstandings due to the different social background prevail: on the occasion of a holiday with some friends of the girl, the differences in style and behavior are highlighted, also due to the presence of an old flame of Cristiana.
The two break up, and she plans a wedding with the wealthy French nobleman Felix Rothschild. But the love between Marco and Cristiana did not fade or die. Marco, having learned of Cristiana's imminent wedding, leaves by car from Rome to Paris; he falls asleep while driving and collides with a truck. Meanwhile, Cristiana gets married but when she is departing for her honeymoon, she reads in the newspaper about Marco's accident, leaves her husband and goes to the hospital, choosing to return to the boy.

## Cast

* Claudio Amendola: Marco Coccia
* Tahnee Welch: Princess Cristiana Cellini
* Virna Lisi: Princess Marisa Cellini
* Riccardo Garrone: Prince Cellini
* Giacomo Rosselli [it]: Prince Ugo Cellini
* Mario Brega: Augusto Coccia
* Rossana Di Lorenzo: Maria Coccia
* Nicolina Papetti [it]: The neighbor
* Paolo Baroni [it]: marquis Ludovico Brunelli
* Isabella Rocchietta [it]: marchesina Brunelli
* Nicoletta Elmi: Amanda Orselli
* Mario Brega: Augusto Coccia
* Rossana Di Lorenzo: Maria Coccia
* Fabrizio Bracconeri [it]: Micione
# Stangvik (disambiguation)

Stangvik may refer to:

## Places

* Stangvik, a village in Surnadal Municipality in Møre og Romsdal County, Norway.
* Stangvik Municipality, a former municipality (1838–1965) in Møre og Romsdal County, Norway
* Stangvik Church, a parish church in Surnadal Municipality in Møre og Romsdal County, Norway

## Places

* Ine Karlsen Stangvik (born 1990), a Norwegian handball player
* Inge Stangvik, an artist for Hot Club Records
# Banking desert

Banking deserts are areas with inadequate banking services. They are usually in rural space due to being less populated, thus there are less profit opportunities for large institutions.
Especially vulnerable to the issues associated with banking deserts are low-income residents and the elderly. If basic financial services are unavailable, residents become "vulnerable to predatory lenders and pricey check cashers". In the US, banking deserts are more often found in communities of color than they are elsewhere.

## History

Banking deserts had been mentioned as early as the 1870s, by Tullio Martello and Augusto Montanari in their book, Stato attuale del credito in Italia e notizie sulle istituzioni di credito straniere, regarding Italian unification. The term had also been used to describe the situation in Newfoundland and Labrador during the period of 1993 to 2003, when the Canadian provinces had lost 23% of its bank branches.
Bank deserts have been growing in the United States since the 1990s. Due to federal deregulation, mainstream banking companies were allowed to focus the most on more populated and profitable areas and close banks that didn't produce much revenue, which were usually those in low-income communities and places consisting of people of color. This made way for higher-priced alternative financial services, such as payday lenders and check-cashing stores, to occupy these areas. The amount of banking branches in the United States peaked at 99,163 during the Great Recession and fell to 88,070 by 2018; major cities that have had banks close the most in non-white areas include Baltimore, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit and Las Vegas.

## Impact

It's much harder for citizens to build wealth, credit, and savings with only expensive alternative services and without a physical bank nearby. In addition, children who grow up in banking deserts are less likely to be exposed to parents and other adults using local banks for finances, increasing their chances of financial illiteracy as they grow older. A 2020 Making Sen$e piece that studied banking deserts in Native American reservations found they had very poor credit scores as a result of financial illiteracy and a lack of trust in banking.