OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Shockwave cosmology

Shockwave cosmology is a non-standard cosmology proposed by Joel Smoller and Blake Temple in 2003. In this model, the “big bang” is an explosion inside a black hole, producing the expanding volume of space and matter that includes the observable universe.

## Integration with general relativity

Smoller and Temple integrate shock waves into Einstein's general relativity. This produces a universe that "looks essentially identical to the aftermath of the big bang" according to cosmologists Barnes and Lewis. They explain that Smoller and Temple's version is distinguished from the big bang only by there being a shockwave at the leading edge of an explosion – one that, for Smoller and Temple's model, must be beyond the observable universe. However, Barnes and Lewis do not support shockwave cosmology because they see it as not testable; they point out that there is no explosion in the standard theory of the Big Bang.

## Current and future state of the universe

From Smoller and Temple's calculations, we are still inside an expanding black hole. The configuration of 'flat' spacetime (see Minkowski space) inside a black hole, also occurs during the moments of the formation of a black hole from a collapsing star.
Eventually, according to shockwave cosmology, the mass of our expanding volume of space and matter will fall in density as it expands. At some point, the event horizon of the black hole will cease to be. An outside observer will then see it appear as a white hole. The matter would then continue to expand.

## Alternative to dark energy

In related work, Smoller, Temple, and Vogler propose that this shockwave may have resulted in our part of the universe having a lower density than that surrounding it, causing the accelerated expansion normally attributed to dark energy.
They also propose that this related theory could be tested: a universe with dark energy should give a figure for the cubic correction to redshift versus luminosity C = −0.180 at a = a whereas for Smoller, Temple, and Vogler's alternative C should be positive rather than negative. They give a more precise calculation for their wave model alternative as: the cubic correction to redshift versus luminosity at a = a is C = 0.359.

## Comparison with standard cosmology

Although shockwave cosmology produces a universe that "looks essentially identical to the aftermath of the big bang", cosmologists consider that it needs further development before it could be considered as a more advantageous model than the big bang theory (or standard model) in explaining the universe. In particular, and especially for the proposed alternative to dark energy, it would need to explain big bang nucleosynthesis, the quantitative details of the microwave background anisotropies, the Lyman-alpha forest, and galaxy surveys.
# Ezra USA

Ezra USA is a Jewish youth movement founded in 2002. The main activities of Ezra are organized trips, including Birthright trips to Israel and "Shalom World" trips, and educational programs and events.

## Goals

The stated goal of the Ezra is to introduce Jewish youth to, and unite it around, its cultural heritage. Another major goal is to fight the assimilation of the younger Jewish generation in America. Ezra also stimulates Jewish young leadership through seminars and shabbatons, both in connection with its trips and in independent programs and events. As a further means to this end, group leaders ("madrichim") are recruited from former participants of Ezra's programs.

## Activities
### Birthright Israel trips

Ezra is one of the official trip organizers for Birthright Israel trips for the US, Germany and the Former Soviet Union states. Trips take place during the winter (December - February) and summer (May - August). Originally, Ezra's trips were particularly geared towards participants from families from the former Soviet Union, but in recent years more participants have come from the general American Jewish youth.

### "Shalom World" trips

"Shalom World" trips are organized from all world branches on a yearly basis to Argentina, China, Eastern Europe, Greece, Panama, Russia, Spain, and South Africa. They strive to show participants especially Jewish historical and cultural sites. As of December 2011, over 15,000 young adults have participated in Ezra trips.

### Dmitriy Salita Youth Center

June 6, 2010 Ezra opened a youth center with support from Ukrainian born Jewish-American boxer Dmitry Salita. Also in attendance were leaders of Israel's political party Yisrael Beiteinu, traditionally representing immigrants from the former Soviet Union, headed by Israeli MP Danny Ayalon.
# Del in cylindrical and spherical coordinates

This is a list of some vector calculus formulae for working with common curvilinear coordinate systems.
# American Boulevard station

American Boulevard is a light rail station in Bloomington, Minnesota at the intersection of 34th Avenue South and American Boulevard, just south of Interstate 494. It is the only station on the Blue Line to have a split design where the northbound platform is on the opposite end of the intersection from the southbound platform. It is an infill station, that was built after the rest of the line had been completed. It was included in the original plans for the Blue Line, but was shelved when extra costs incurred caused plans for the Mall of America station to change. The station had a dedication ceremony for construction workers on December 9, 2009 and opened on December 12, 2009.
# Battle of Erego

The Battle of Erego (also known as Beerdhiga) occurred on October 6, 1902, in Hodayo, about 70 miles north of Galkacyo. The battle involved British colonial forces, led by Colonel Swayne, and Somali troops (known as Dervishes) under the command of Haji Muhammad Abdullah Hassan. The Dervishes won by ambushing the British forces. The battle was an early conflict of the Somaliland campaign.

## Battle

The British forces were on a mission to locate Hassan, who was known as "the Mad Mullah" for his resistance to colonial rule. This search led them to Erego, where they were ambushed by Hassan's forces.
At the beginning, Colonel Swayne, who was leading the British column, believed that he had defeated the Dervishes. Certain that Hassan's capture was within reach, he dispatched triumphant messages of victory to London. However, the Dervishes launched an attack from the rear that cut off Colonel Swayne's communication with the coast, destroyed the Zariba on which he relied for supplies, and ultimately forced him to retreat.
A British officer's letter describes the situation during the battle:
   "No one will appreciate this business until it is too late. We are in a regular trap, and how we are going to get out we do not know. We have had stiffish fights, and have lost many men. The worst is that our blacks are flunking and our camels have nearly all been killed or captured. We have next to no water, and we are miles from any wells. We have no supplies, and nearly no ammunition. They have captured two of our Maxims. I do not suppose they care at home what happens to us. It is a brutal shame to send us blind into an ambush like this."
The battle ended in a decisive Dervish victory.

## Aftermath

This expedition cost the British Empire more than $300,000 and resulted in a considerable loss of lives. It proved to be a failure. In response, the House of Commons offered Muhammad Abdullah Hassan $15,000 per year on the condition that he cease the war. However, he declined the offer.
Colonel Swayne, who spearheaded the operations against the Dervishes, was recalled by The War Office for consultations.
The victory at Erigo brought considerable recognition to the Dervish cause. Frederick Quelch who fought in Somaliland, reported:
   "If the Mad Mollah wins a victory, the other Mohammedans are at once more impressed with the divine character of his leadership, and they flock to his standard where they might otherwise have remained passive. The recent victory of the Mad Mollah over Colonel Swayne's detachment presages, therefore, large fanatic hordes to his forces. The trouble the British will have in subduing him will be proportionately increased by each victory."
Muhammad Abdullah Hassan was commonly referred to as the 'Mad Mullah' by the media until the defeat at Erego. Following this event, there was a shift in perception. The Daily News noted that:
   'the "Mad Mullah"... seems to be showing increasing signs of sanity', and that, 'for a mad man, the Mullah planned his tactics skilfully... he is no fool, this Mad Mullah'.
# Michael Creizenach

Michael Creizenach (born in Mainz May 16, 1789; died in Frankfort-on-the-Main, August 5, 1842) was a German Jewish educator, mathematician, theologian, and proponent of the Reform movement.
Creizenach is typical of the era of transition, following the epoch of Moses Mendelssohn. Creizenach was educated in the traditional way, devoting his whole time to Talmudic studies; and he was sixteen years old when he began to acquire the elements of secular knowledge. This was during the French occupation. He studied mathematics with great zeal, and wrote text-books on it. Through his influence a Jewish school was founded in Mayence, whose principal he was, at the same time giving private instruction. He was a very popular teacher, and counted many Christians among his pupils.
In 1825 Creizenach was appointed teacher at the Philanthropin in Frankfort, where he found in I. M. Jost an enthusiastic coworker in pedagogic and reform endeavors. He held services regularly in the hall of the school, and introduced confirmation exercises. His literary works were also devoted to the advocacy of Reform on the basis of rabbinical Judaism. With this object he wrote his "Shulḥan 'Aruk," in which he essayed to prove that the Talmud as a whole was untenable, but that a compromise with modern ideas could be effected in the same dialectical way in which the Rabbis had harmonized the Law with the exigencies of their time. In the later parts of his work, however, he abandoned this view; advocating a return to pure Mosaism, which a year after his death was more distinctly proclaimed as the program of the Frankfort Reformverein, at the head of which was his son Theodor Creizenach.
In spite of his Reform tendencies, Creizenach was deeply interested in Hebrew literature, especially in Hebrew fiction, and during the last two years of his life edited with his friend Jost the Hebrew periodical Zion.

## Works

Creizenach's works are:
* "Versuch über die Parallellentheorie," Mainz, 1822
* "Lehrbuch der Darstellenden Geometrie," ib. 1822
* "Geist der Pharisäischen Lehre," a monthly, ib. 1823-24
* "Ḥeshbon ha-Nefesh, oder Selbstprüfung des Israeliten Während der Busstage," Frankfurt-on-the-Main, 1838
* "Ḥinnuk li-Bene Miẓwah, oder Stunden der Weihe für Israelitische Confirmanden," ib. 1841
* Ibn Ezra's "Yesod Mora" (edited with a German translation), ib. 1840
* "32 Thesen über den Talmud," ib. 1831
* "Lehrbuch der Technischen Geometrie," ib. 1828
* "Lehrbuch der Algebra," Stuttgart and Leipzig, 1835.
His chief work, mentioned above, is "Shulḥan 'Aruk, oder Encyklopädische Darstellung des Mosaischen Gesetzes," etc., in 4 vols.:
* "Thariag, oder Inbegriff der Mosaischen Vorschriften nach Talmudischer Interpretation," ib. 1833
* "Shurat ha-Din, Anweisung zur Regulirung des Israelitisch-Religiösen Lebens," etc., ib. 1837
* "Ḥizzuḳ ha-Torah, oder die Dringlich Gewordene Befestigung der Mosaischen Lehre," etc., ib. 1839
* "Dorshe ha-Dorot, oder Entwickelungslehre des Mosaischen Ritualgesetzes," etc., ib. 1840.
# Elizabeth Godfrey

Elizabeth Godfrey, also known as Eliza Godfrey and Elizabeth Buteux (active c. 1720–1766), was an English gold- and silversmith. She has been called "the most outstanding woman goldsmith of her generation."

## Early Life

The daughter of Simon Pantin, a renowned silversmith himself, Godfrey was born in London and is believed to have been trained in her father's workshop.

## Career

Despite obvious success as an artist in her own right, her work has been largely periodised by her marriages to men. Godfrey married twice, both times to silversmiths with whom she shared her business in London. In 1720 she wed Abraham Buteux. After his death eleven years later, Godfrey began to run the firm on her own. She later married Benjamin Godfrey, who is believed to have been in her employ. He died in 1741, at which point she again began to head the business by herself, a period in which her firm's skill at producing increasingly popular Rococo aesthetics garnered loyal clientele. Until recently, Godfrey was thought to have been active until 1758. However, recent research has revealed that she was active until at least 1766. This was a period when many women traders were active in London, and the luxury trades were a sector in which they were particularly successful. Godfrey was, for instance, a contemporary of Hester Bateman.
Her works were known for their high quality and sophisticated style. Godfrey described herself on trade cards as "Goldsmith, Silversmith, and Jeweller, [who] makes and sells all sorts of plates, jewels, and watches, in the newest taste at the most reasonable rates." Her patrons included a number of nobles and their families— notably the Duke of Cumberland. Her work was influenced by French Huguenot traditions of silversmithing.

## Gallery

* Inkstand
# Reseda station

Reseda station is a station on the G Line of the Los Angeles Metro Busway system. It is named after adjacent Reseda Boulevard, which travels north–south and crosses the east–west busway route. The station is in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Tarzana.

## Service
### Hours and frequency

G Line buses run 24 hours a day. Buses operate every eight minutes during peak hours on weekdays. They operate every ten minutes during the daytime on weekdays and most of the day on weekends. Night service on all days is every 20 minutes.

### Connections

As of January 19, 2025, the following connections are available:
* Los Angeles Metro Bus: 240
# Abul Hassan Isphani

Mirza Abul Hassan Ispahani (Persian: میرزا ابو الحسن اصفهانی; 1902–1981) was a Pakistani politician and diplomat who served as an ambassador of Pakistan to the United States.

## Early life

Ispahani was born in 1902 to the Perso-Bengali Ispahani family of Kolkata. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge. He completed his Bar-at-Law in 1924 from Inner Temple, London. In 1925, he joined the family business of M. M. Ispahani and engaged in other business undertakings. He was elected a member of the Calcutta Corporation in 1933, but resigned in 1935 and worked for the introduction of separate electorates in the company. He was re-elected in 1940. He became joint secretary of the Bengal Provincial All India Muslim League in 1936-37 and remained its treasurer from 1936-47. He was elected deputy mayor of Calcutta Corporation from 1941-42.

## Career

Ispahani was a member of the committee which was given the task of drawing up a Five Year Plan for the educational economic, social and political advancement of Muslims which was constituted at the 28th session of the All India Muslim League held in Madras in April 1941. At the 29th session of Muslim League held in Allahabad in 1942 he moved the resolution which was passed, giving full powers to Muhammad Ali Jinnah "to take every step or action as he may consider necessary in furtherance of relating to the objects of the Muslim League as he deems proper".
He became a member of the Indian Constituent Assembly in 1946 and represented the Muslim League at the New York Herald Tribune Forum the same year.
After independence, he became a Member of the Pakistan Constituent Assembly in 1947. Ispahani toured the United States as personal representative of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and was ambassador to the United States from October 1948 to February 1952. He was Deputy Leader of Pakistan Delegation to the U.N. Organisation on Trade and Development in 1947. He was Vice Chairman of the Pakistan Delegation to the U.N. Security Council on the Kashmir issue and was High Commissioner to the United Kingdom from 1952 to 1954. He was Federal Minister for Industries and Commerce from 1954 to 1955. He was an Ambassador to Afghanistan in 1973-74. Ispahani founded Orient Airways in 1946 which would later become Pakistan International Airlines in 1955.
Ispahani died in Karachi in 1981.

## Family

During the 1990s, Mirza Zia Ispahani, the youngest son of Mirza Abul Hassan Ispahani, served as Pakistan Ambassador in Switzerland and Italy and is currently Ambassador-at-large with Minister of State status and visited Bangladesh on the instructions of PPP co-chairman Asif Ali Zardari. His granddaughter, Farahnaz Ispahani, served as a member of Pakistan's parliament and is the wife of Pakistan's former ambassador to United States, Hussain Haqqani and lived for some time in the same house in Washington as did her grandfather.

## Books

He authored a number of books which include:
* The Case of Muslim India (1946)
* 27 Days in China (1960)
* Leningrad to Samarkand (1962)
* Quaid-e-Azam Jinnah, as I Knew Him (1967)
# Yusuf Maryam

Yusuf Maryam Aladi is a Nigerian public administrator and politician representing the Ilorin south constituency, Ilorin south local government area in the 10th Assembly of the Kwara State House of Assembly.

## Early life and education

Maryam was born in 1975 in Ilorin, Ilorin South Local Government area of Kwara State Nigeria. She studied public administration at Bayero University, Kano, during her undergraduate where she earned her diploma and bachelor's degree in political science in 1994 and 1999 respectively.

## Career

Maryam is an experienced administrator who joined politics, previously serving as administrative assistance at Standard Construction Nig ltd, Kano, between 1994 and 1995, prior to her election as a member of the 10th Assembly in Kwara State under the All Progressive Congress platform in the 2023 general election to represent Ilorin South Constituency.
# Roslindale Village station

Roslindale Village station is an MBTA Commuter Rail station on the Needham Line, located in the Roslindale Square business district of the Roslindale neighborhood in Boston, Massachusetts. The station has a single side platform serving the line's single track, with a mini-high platform for accessibility.
Roslindale Square is an important bus transfer location; ten MBTA bus routes (14, 30, 34, 34E, 35, 36, 37, 40, 50, and 51) run on Washington Street between Forest Hills and Roslindale, then fan out to the south and west.

## History

The Boston and Providence Railroad (B&P) opened its West Roxbury Branch from Forest Hills to Dedham via West Roxbury on July 14, 1849.$^{:154}$ Stations at South Street (later Roslindale), Central (Bellevue), and West Roxbury all opened with the branch. A new brick station building was constructed in 1876.
A grade crossing elimination project in the late 1890s raised the tracks above grade. A rail bridge was built over Roberts Street, while South Street was cut at the tracks, with only a pedestrian underpass. The 1898-built bridge over Roberts Street was replaced with a modern bridge in June 2021. The new bridge was designed to allow construction of a parallel span should a second track be later added.
# Jyotipal Mahathero

Jyotipal Mahathero was a Bangladeshi Buddhist monk. He was the 10th Sangharaja (supreme patriarch) of Buddhists in Bangladesh.
The Buddhist communities in Bangladesh have been benefited for the practice of the Buddha’s teaching because of Sangharaja Jyotipal Mahathero’s profound intellect in Buddhism. It was he who established a number of Buddhist educational centres around the main original Buddhist centres at his native land of Comilla in Bangladesh. Many of his students and disciples are now living in various Buddhist countries and trying to propagate of Buddhism for the sake of humanity. That is to say, presently Buddhist institutions, scholars and many Buddhist developmental works are from Jyotipal Mahathero’s instructive model. One of his Buddhist knowledges is that he would never discriminate among the Buddhists, Muslims, Cristians and Hindus in Bangladesh. He wrote a number of books for the better understanding of the Buddha’s teachings, and now modern Buddhist scholars and in higher academic studies of Buddhism have widely been using for the further development of Buddhist researches

## Early life

Mahathero was born on 5 January 1914 in Kemtali, Laksam Upazila, Comilla District. His father's name was Chandramoni Singh and his mother's name was Draupadi Bala Singh.

## Career

Mahathero was initiated into Shramanya Dharma in 1933 at the age of 15. He became a monk in 1937. He acquired proficient knowledge of Pali language, literature, etc. at Pahartali Mahamuni Pali College, Calcutta and Nalanda Vidya Bhavana. He was proficient in Bengali, Hindi, Pali, English and Sanskrit languages.
Mahathero is the founder of many charitable organizations, such as Boys 'High School in 1991, Chittagong University Peace Pagoda in 1982, Girls' High School (now College), Orphanage, etc.
Mahathero was granted the title of World Citizen by the United Nations in 1995. He received the title of Epitome Master from Nalanda Vidya Bhavana. He was the Sangharaja, the highest religious guru of Bangladeshi Buddhists. He is the 10th religious guru of Buddhists in Bangladesh. He was awarded the title of 'Aggamhadharmjoti Kadhwaj' by the Government of Myanmar. His temple is named after him 'Sangharaj Jyoti: Pal Mahath's Buddhist Mahavihara Complex.

## Death and legacy

Mahathero died on 12 April 2002, at the age of 92. He was buried with full state honors for his contribution to the Bangladesh Liberation war. He received the Ekushey Padak in 2010 and the Independence Day Award (posthumously) in 2011.
# Route 46 (MTA Quickbus)

Route 46 was a limited stop bus route, identified as a "Quickbus", operated by the Maryland Transit Administration in Baltimore. The line ran from the Cedonia Loop in Northeast Baltimore to the Paradise Loop, in Catonsville. Service operated every 15 minutes during rush hour only. The line served the corridors of Frederick Avenue in West Baltimore, and Sinclair Lane/Cedonia Ave in Northeast Baltimore including the communities of Yale Heights, and Gwynns Falls in West Baltimore, and Berea and Parkside in East Baltimore.
Unlike a local bus, the 46 did not stop at every bus stop along its route; rather, its stops were limited to certain locations of importance, including transfer points to other bus lines, major landmarks, and other busy intersections selected by MTA. In all, there are 42 stops along the route.

## History

Route 46 started operated on August 28, 2010, becoming, along with Route 47, the third and fourth "QuickBus" services operated by MTA.
The no. 46 designation has previously been used for several other streetcars and buses in the Baltimore area. These included a shuttle that operated briefly in the Woodberry area that resembles part of the present Route 98 as a streetcar 1901-49 and as a bus 1949-70, and a series of routes for the Baltimore City Public Schools that operated 1999-2003.

## BaltimoreLink

When the revamped BaltimoreLink bus system began operating, the 46 went out of service. Its alignment has been replaced with the CityLink Purple and Pink. The Express BusLink 105 also runs along some of this alignment.