OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Conrad II, Count of Luxembourg

Conrad II of Luxembourg (died 1136) was Count of Luxembourg from 1131 until his death in 1136, succeeding his father William, Count of Luxembourg. His mother was Mathilde or Luitgarde of Northeim.
Conrad II married Ermengarde, daughter of Otto II, Count of Zutphen. Conrad II died without a male heir, and so the county of Luxembourg reverted to the Holy Roman Emperor. The emperor in turn did not wish the county to be ruled by Conrad's closest relative Henri de Grandpré, who was a French lord and so might align the county with the Kingdom of France, and so granted it to Henry of Namur, a cousin of Conrad's.
Conrad II, Count of Luxembourg Elder House of Luxemburg Died: 1136 :
| Preceded byWilliam | Count of Luxembourg 1131–1136 | Succeeded byHenry IV |
vteMonarchs of Luxembourg :
County of Luxemburg (963–1354) :
Duchy of Luxemburg (1354–1794) :
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (since 1815) :
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# Bedir Khan Beg's Campaign Against the Assyrians

In June 1843, Bedr Khan Beg launched a campaign against the Assyrian tribes in the Hakkari region of Turkey, leading to a massacre of the Assyrians and the destruction of their villages.
# Fly Baghdad

Fly Baghdad is a private Iraqi airline, headquartered in Baghdad, with flights based at Baghdad International Airport. The airline restarted its operations on 14 February 2017. Fly Baghdad has 1 Boeing B737-700, 5 B737-800, 3 B737-900ER, 1 CRJ-200 and 1 CRJ-900 with an average aircraft age of approximately fifteen years. After the dissolution of old board, the new management rebuilt the company again. The company slogan is Less Price... More Flights. Flights to the European Union have been banned in November 2023, due to safety concerns.
In January 2024, U.S. Treasury Department sanctioned Fly Baghdad and its CEO for providing assistance to Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps and its proxy groups in Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon by transporting fighters and weapons. Fly Baghdad canceled flights on all routes and suspended operations effective 25 January 2024. Flights resumed several weeks later.
On 13 December 2024, the European Union (EU) added Fly Baghdad to their list of airlines banned in the European Union.

## Destinations

Fly Baghdad is flying to the following destinations:
| Country | City | Airport | Notes |
| Armenia | Yerevan | Yerevan International Airport | |
| Azerbaijan | Baku | Heydar Aliyev International Airport | |
| Belarus | Minsk | Minsk National Airport | Terminated |
| Egypt | Cairo | Cairo International Airport | |
| Georgia | Tbilisi | Shota Rustaveli Tbilisi International Airport | |
| India | Ahmedabad | Ahmedabad Airport | |
| India | Mumbai | Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport | |
| India | New Delhi | Indira Gandhi International Airport | |
| Iran | Mashhad | Mashhad International Airport | |
| Iran | Tehran | Imam Khomeini International Airport | |
| Iraq | Baghdad | Baghdad International Airport | Base |
| Iraq | Basra | Basra International Airport | |
| Iraq | Erbil | Erbil International Airport | |
| Iraq | Najaf | Al Najaf International Airport | |
| Jordan | Amman | Queen Alia International Airport | |
| Lebanon | Beirut | Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport | |
| Malaysia | Kuala Lumpur | Kuala Lumpur International Airport | |
| Russia | Moscow | Vnukovo International Airport | |
| Saudi Arabia | Medina | Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz International Airport | |
| Syria | Aleppo | Aleppo International Airport | |
| Syria | Damascus | Damascus International Airport | |
| Tunisia | Tunis | Tunis–Carthage International Airport | |
| Turkey | Ankara | Ankara Esenboğa Airport | |
| Turkey | Antalya | Antalya Airport | |
| Turkey | Istanbul | Istanbul Airport | |
| Turkey | Istanbul | Istanbul Sabiha Gökçen International Airport | |
| United Arab Emirates | Dubai | Dubai International Airport | |

## Fleet

Fly Baghdad operates the following aircraft as of November 2023:
Fly Baghdad fleet :
| Aircraft | In service | Order | Passengers |
| Boeing 737-700 | 1 | — | 148 |
| Boeing 737-800 | 5 | — | 189 |
| Boeing 737-900ER | 1 | — | 215 |
| Bombardier CRJ200ER | 1 | — | 50 |
| Bombardier CRJ-900 | 1 | — | ? |
| Total | 8 | — | |
# Berkeley station (Illinois)

Berkeley is a Metra commuter railroad station in Berkeley, Illinois, a western suburb of Chicago. It is served by the Union Pacific West Line, and lies 14.3 miles (23.0 km) from the eastern terminus. Trains go east to Ogilvie Transportation Center in Chicago and as far west as Elburn, Illinois. Travel time to Ogilvie is 29 to 36 minutes, depending on the service. As of 2018, Berkeley is the 173rd busiest of the 236 non-downtown stations in the Metra system, with an average of 145 weekday boardings. Unless otherwise announced, inbound trains use the north (island) platform and outbound trains use the south (side) platform.
As of February 16, 2024, Berkeley is served by 43 trains (21 inbound, 22 outbound) on weekdays, by all 20 trains (10 in each direction) on Saturdays, and by all 18 trains (nine in each direction) on Sundays and holidays.
The station is at Park Avenue and Arthur Avenue. To the south there is a parking lot, a residential neighborhood of single-family homes, several distribution centers and warehouses. A large industrial estate that houses the Proviso Yard of Union Pacific Railroad sits to the north. Immediately to the west there are two highway overpasses that carry Interstate 294 and Interstate 290, respectively, over the freight yard. Berkeley Village Hall is on Electric Avenue, about a mile to the south.
# Shadow square

The shadow square, also known as an altitude scale, was an instrument used to determine the linear height of an object, in conjunction with the alidade, for angular observations. An early example was described in an Arabic treatise likely dating to 9th or 10th-century Baghdad. Shadow squares are often found on the backs of astrolabes.

## Uses

The main use of a shadow square is to measure the linear height of an object using its shadow. It does so by simulating the ratio between an object, generally a gnomon, and its shadow. If the Sun's ray is between 0 degrees and 45 degrees the umbra versa (Vertical axis) is used, between 45 degrees and 90 degrees the umbra recta (Horizontal axis) is used and when the Sun's ray is at 45 degrees its shadow falls exactly on the umbra media (y=x) It was used during the time of medieval astronomy to determine the height of, and to track the movement of celestial bodies such as the Sun when more advanced measurement methods were not available. These methods can still be used today to determine the altitude, with reference to the horizon, of any visible celestial body.

## Gnomon

A gnomon is used along with a shadow box commonly. A gnomon is a stick placed vertically in a sunny place so that it casts a shadow that can be measured. Studying the shadow of the gnomon provides information about the motion of the Sun. Gnomons were most likely independently discovered by many ancient civilizations, but it is known that they were used in the 5th century BC in Greece. Most likely for the measurement of the winter and summer solstices. "Herodotus says in his Histories written around 450 B.C., that the Greeks learned the use of the gnomon from the Babylonians.

## Examples

If a shadow of a human being is 4 feet long then what is the altitude of the sun? This problem can be solved through the use of the shadow box. The shadow box is divided in half, one half is calibrated by sixes the other by tens. Because it is a shadow cast by the human body the sixes are more convenient. By moving the alidade to the four (the same as the shadows length) and then reading the altitude scale shows the Sun is at an altitude of 56.3 degrees.
The Shadow box can also be used with long shadows using a slightly modified method. If a human's shadow is 18 feet long, then what is the altitude of the Sun? Using the sixes side of the shadow box (using a human body as measurement) the longest shadow marked on a shadow box is six feet. This creates a problem any time the shadow is longer than the gnomon that casts it. By performing a simple calculation, by figuring out how tall a gnomon would be if it cast a six-foot shadow in the same situation, in this situation the gnomon would be only two feet tall in order to cast a six-foot shadow. If the shadow is longer than the gnomon, first turn the astrolabe upside down then set the alidade at two, the height of the projected gnomon, then read off the altitude from the altitude scale. It should read that the Sun is at 19 degrees above the horizon.
# Mourn (Assemblage 23 album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Electrozombies | |
| Elektro Fox | |
| Soundscape Magazine | |
Mourn is the ninth album by American electronic act Assemblage 23. It was released on September 11, 2020, on Metropolis Records.
Released during the COVID-19 pandemic, reviewers noted how it "touches on commonalities so ingrained in today’s’ first world problems" and the suffering of that year. Another reviewer pointed out that instead of sticking to Assemblage 23's normally very personal emotional content, Mourn combined this with the social concerns of the time. Sonically, reviewers found different genres represented on the album, from EBM and Industrial, to future pop, synth wave, and darkwave, to electropop. Multiple reviewers remarked on the symbolic connection between the album's subject matter of loss and mourning and its release date of September 11th, which was the 19th aniversary of the September 11th Terrorist Attacks.

## Track listing

All original songs written, performed and produced by Tom Shear.
# Mount Lyttle

Mount Lyttle is an 1,899-metre-elevation (6,230-foot) mountain in Fiordland, New Zealand.

## Description

Mount Lyttle is part of the Darran Mountains and is situated in the Southland Region of the South Island. It is set within Fiordland National Park which is part of the Te Wahipounamu UNESCO World Heritage Site. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into tributaries of the Hollyford River. Topographic relief is significant as the summit rises 1,650 metres (5,413 feet) above the Hollyford Valley in three kilometres, and 1,200 metres (3,937 feet) above Lake Marian in 1.5 kilometres. The nearest higher neighbour is the South Peak of Mount Gunn, 0.87 kilometres to the north.

## Etymology

Bert Lyttle was an early mountaineer who explored in the Fiordland area. He is credited with the first ascent of Mount Balloon in January 1911 with William Grave and Arthur Talbot. A December 1908 to January 1909 expedition that consisted of Bert Lyttle, William Grave, Algernon Charles Gifford, and Arthur Talbot searched for a route between Lake Wakatipu and Milford Sound via nearby Moraine Creek and Adelaide Saddle. The names of Mount Lyttle, Grave Mountain, Mount Talbot, and Mount Gifford honour these four Fiordland pioneers. The Mount Lyttle toponym was officially approved in 1936 by the New Zealand Geographic Board after unofficially being known as "Billy the B" before that.

## Climbing

Climbing routes with first ascents:
* Eastern Slopes – Bob Smith, Dick Ferris, Ivan O'Brien – (1934)
* Via Gunn Basin – Bruce Banwell, Dick Wood, Ron Webster – (1958)

## Climate

Based on the Köppen climate classification, Mount Lyttle is located in a marine west coast climate zone. Prevailing westerly winds blow moist air from the Tasman Sea onto the mountain, where the air is forced upward by the mountains (orographic lift), causing moisture to drop in the form of rain and snow. The months of December through February offer the most favourable weather for viewing or climbing this peak.

## Gallery

* Southeast aspect in winter viewed from Key Summit
* East aspect of Mount Christina (left) and Mount Lyttle (right) viewed from Lake MacKenzie Lodge.
* Mount Christina, Mount Crosscut, and Mount Lyttle from Key Summit
# Carlo Smuraglia

Carlo Smuraglia (12 August 1923 – 30 May 2022) was an Italian politician and partisan who served as President of National Association of Italian Partisans from 2011 to 2017.

## During the Resistance

Smuraglia began studying law in Pisa, when in 1943, with the Armistice of Cassibile, he left the university. He refused to join the Italian Social Republic and took part instead in the Italian resistance movement joining the "Cremona" Combat Group, with which he fought against nazi-fascists from Marche to Venice, until the Surrender of Caserta in 1945.

## After the War

Smuraglia returned to University and graduated at the Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies and at the University of Pisa, beginning his political career as provincial councilor for Justice at the Province of Pisa.
He taught Labor Law in the University of Milan and the University of Pavia and was later elected regional councilor in Lombardy and appointed President of the Regional Assembly from 1978 to 1980.
From 1986 to 1990, Smuraglia has been a member of the High Council of the Judiciary, then led by President Francesco Cossiga.
From 1992 to 2001, Smuraglia has been elected to the Senate with the Democratic Party of the Left and was at the head of the Labour Committee of the Senate from 1994 to 2001.

## President of ANPI

From April 2011 to November 2017, Smuraglia was elected President of the National Association of Italian Partisans. In 2016, he said that ANPI would have supported "No" in occasion of the 2016 constitutional referendum proposed by Prime Minister Matteo Renzi.

## Death

Smuraglia died in Milan on 30 May 2022, at the age of 98.

## Electoral history

| Election | House | Constituency | Party | Votes | Result |
| 1970 | Regional Council of Lombardy | Milan | PCI | 4,770 | Y Elected |
| 1975 | Regional Council of Lombardy | Milan | PCI | 35,215 | Y Elected |
| 1980 | Regional Council of Lombardy | Milan | PCI | 20,069 | Y Elected |
| 1992 | Senate of the Republic | Rho | PDS | 68,443 | Y Elected |
| 1994 | Senate of the Republic | Rozzano | PDS | 52,721 | Y Elected |
| 1996 | Senate of the Republic | Rozzano | PDS | 67,359 | Y Elected |
# Don Bollweg

Donald Raymond Bollweg (February 12, 1921 – May 26, 1996) was an American professional baseball player who appeared in 195 games in Major League Baseball as a first baseman and pinch hitter for three teams between 1950 and 1955. Born in Wheaton, Illinois, Bollweg threw and batted left-handed; he stood 6 feet 1 inch (1.85 m) tall and weighed 190 pounds (86 kg).

## Early career

He signed his first pro contract with the St. Louis Cardinals in 1942, which he spent at the Class D level of the minor leagues, then served in the United States Army and U.S. Army Air Force during World War II. He resumed his playing career in 1946, spending two seasons at Double-A Houston and one at Triple-A Rochester before finally making his MLB debut at age 29 in September 1950. Bollweg appeared in only ten total games for the Cardinals during autumn 1950 and spring 1951, when big-league rosters were expanded to 40 and 28 men, respectively.
On May 14, 1951, as they faced the annual roster cutdown to 25 players, the Redbirds dealt Bollweg to the New York Yankees, who sent him to the Kansas City Blues of the American Association. He batted over .300 in both 1951 and 1952, and in the latter year was selected the Association's MVP.

## Major league service

That stellar Triple-A performance set the table for Bollweg's successful 1953 season as a reserve first baseman and pinch hitter for a Yankees team that captured its fifth consecutive American League pennant and World Series title. He appeared in 70 AL games, with 34 starts at first base, and collected 46 hits and 21 bases on balls in 178 plate appearances, batting .297 with six home runs. In the 1953 Series, won in six games against the Brooklyn Dodgers, he was used as a pinch hitter in Games 3 and 4, striking out both times, and as a defensive replacement for Johnny Mize in the ninth inning of clinching Game 6.
In December 1953, Bollweg was traded to the Philadelphia Athletics in an 11-player deal, and he shared playing time at first base in 1954 with right-handed-swinging Lou Limmer. After that season, the Athletics moved to Kansas City, site of Bollweg's finest years in Triple-A, in 1955. He singled and drove in two runs as a pinch hitter in the club's first-ever home game at Municipal Stadium, but it was his only safety in nine at bats for the relocated franchise.
After a final pinch hitting assignment against the Baltimore Orioles on May 10, 1955, Bollweg was sent to the minor leagues, again a cutdown-date casualty. He played for four high-level clubs in 1955–1956, then retired from pro baseball after playing a dozen seasons spanning 15 years.
Bollweg ended his major-league career with a batting average of .243, with 110 hits, 22 doubles, seven triples, 11 homers, and 53 runs batted in in 195 games.
After baseball, he returned to Illinois, working largely in real estate and insurance. He died in Wheaton at age 75 in 1996, three years after suffering a stroke.
# Jacob Lalrawngbawla

Jacob Lalrawngbawla (born 8 June 1995) is an Indian football player playing for Shillong Lajong in the I-League in India as a midfielder.

## Career
### Shillong Lajong

Jacob is a youth product of Shillong Lajong. He joined the youth set up in 2010. A talented youngster, Jacob was selected for a training camp in FC Bayern Munich in July 2011. Impressive performances saw him graduate to the senior team at the start of 2012–13 season along with two other academy boys. He made his professional debut on 12 October 2012 at the age of 17 when he came on as a substitute in an I-League game against Salgaocar F.C. Shillong Lajong coach Des Bulpin has hailed Jacob Lalrawngbawla as a "brilliant talent."
# Grand Pianoramax

Grand Pianoramax is an experimental keyboard and drums bands conceived by Leo Tardin. The band consists of Tardin and Dominik Burkhalter and features guests, often including Mike Ladd and Black Cracker.

## Biography

The 2005 self-titled debut album features Tardin with drummer Jojo Mayer (and two tracks with Ferenc Nemeth on drums). Grand Pianoramax's second album, The Biggest Piano in Town, employs the likes of drummers Deantoni Parks and Adam Deitch and expanded personnel to include guest vocals, raps and spoken word from Mike Ladd, Black Cracker, Invincible, and Spleen.
At the same time as the album The Biggest Piano in Town was commercially released in the U.S. and Canada, Grand Pianoramax went on a ten-city tour in the U.S. opening for Maceo Parker and then performed at festivals in Europe (most notably at a showcase night featuring the Andy Milne & Gregoire Maret duo, and Grand Pianoramax with Spleen & Bleubird at the 2008 Montreux Jazz Festival). Zurich-based Dominik Burkhalter had become the official drummer for the band.
Grand Pianoramax's third album, Smooth Danger, was recorded and mixed between Mumbai, Berlin, Paris and Bristol (and mastered by Shawn Joseph, collaborator of Portishead). It was released in Europe and the U.S. in October 2010, and featured longtime collaborators Mike Ladd, Black Cracker, and for the first time Karsh Kale on tabla.

## Leo Tardin

Leo Tardin, a native of Geneva, Switzerland, won the first Montreux Jazz Festival International Solo Piano Competition in 1999. He graduated from New School University in 2000 and spent ten years in New York City. He moved to Berlin in 2009 for the production of his third album.
He has performed with musicians like Roy Ayers, Frank Morgan, Toots Thielemans, Charles Tolliver, Dave Liebman, Enrico Rava, Maria João, Erik Truffaz, Gregoire Maret and Paula Oliveira.

## Discography
### Studio albums

* Grand Pianoramax (ObliqSound, 2005)
* The Biggest Piano in Town (ObliqSound, 2008)
* Smooth Danger (ObliqSound, 2010)
* Till There's Nothing Left (ObliqSound, 2013)
* Soundwave (Mental Groove Records, 2016)

### Singles

* "Starlite 12" Single" (ObliqSound, 2005)
* "The Hook (Remixes)" digital single (ObliqSound, 2008)
* "The Hook (Remixes)" 12" vinyl single (ObliqSound, 2009)
# Ruth Wallace

Ruth Wallace (born 1 February 1993) is a former Australian rules football player who played for Norwood Football Club in the SANFL Women's League and Adelaide Crows in the AFLW. Wallace decided not to renew her contract for the 2020 AFLW season for personal reasons.
She is also former soccer player who played for Adelaide United in the Australian W-League.
In 2014, Wallace ran the New York Marathon as part of the Indigenous Marathon Project.
# Marsien

The Marc Philipp Gemballa Marsien is a sports car produced by Marc Philipp Gemballa GmbH based on the Porsche 992 Turbo S.

## Overview

Marc Philipp Gemballa, the son of Uwe Gemballa, who founded a tuning company in 1981, presented as managing director of Marc Philipp Gemballa GmbH the Marsien, a sports car limited to 40 off-road vehicles in July 2021. It had its public premiere a month later as part of Monterey Car Week. The car is inspired by the rally version of the Porsche 959. In its normal state, the Marsien has a ground clearance of 12 centimetres, but this can be hydraulically increased to 25 centimeters in off-road mode. The chassis is a custom-made product specially developed for the vehicle KW Automotive . It has a double wishbone suspension at the front and a multi-link suspension at the rear. The vehicle is named after the red sand deserts in the United Arab Emirates, where the Marsien was tested as a Project Sandbox. The development team reminded these deserts of the surface of the planet Mars.

## Specifications

The Marsien is powered by the 3.7-liter boxer engine that came from the 911 Turbo S, which has been upgraded to 551 kW (750 hp) by Ruf Automobile. The Marsien accelerates to 100 km/h (62 mph) in 2.6 seconds and has a top speed of 335 km/h (208 mph).
# MSH

MSH may refer to:

## Biology and medicine

* Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, a hormone produced in the pituitary gland, and related to skin pigmentation
* DNA mismatch repair genes:
** MSH2
** MSH3
** MSH4
** MSH5
** MSH6
* Multiple system atrophy
* Mycothiol, an unusual thiol that is found in Actinobacteria

## Computing

* Microsoft Surface Hub
* Monad Shell (msh), a former name for the Microsoft Windows PowerShell

## Places

* Maharashtra state highway, India
* Markham Stouffville Hospital, Ontario, Canada
* RAFO Masirah airport, Oman (IATA: MSH)
* Mississippi State Hospital, US
* Mossley Hill railway station, England
* Mount St. Helens, volcano in Washington, US
* Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada

## Other uses

* Mills–Slee–Hill catalogue: Between 1958 and 1961, astronomers Bernard Mills, Bruce Slee, and Eric Hill published the Catalogue of Radio Sources (later known as the MSH Catalogue), surveyed at the Mills Cross Telescope
* Maison des Sciences de L'Homme, a research foundation in Paris, France
* Management Sciences for Health, a non-profit
* Marvel Super Heroes (disambiguation), in entertainment
* Masikoro language, spoken in Madagascar (ISO 639: msh)
# Samuel Hill (1691–1758)

Samuel Hill (?1691-1758), of Shenstone Park, near Lichfield, Staffordshire, was an English Member of Parliament.
He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Lichfield 1715–1722.