# Mandaic language

Mandaic, or more specifically Classical Mandaic, is the liturgical language of Mandaeism and a South Eastern Aramaic variety in use by the Mandaean community, traditionally based in southern parts of Iraq and southwest Iran, for their religious books. Mandaic, or Classical Mandaic, is still used by Mandaean priests in liturgical rites. The modern descendant of Mandaic or Classical Mandaic, known as Neo-Mandaic or Modern Mandaic, is spoken by a small group of Mandaeans around Ahvaz$^{:XXXVI–XXXVIII,1–101}$ and Khorramshahr in the southern Iranian Khuzestan province.
Liturgical use of Mandaic or Classical Mandaic is found in Iran (particularly the southern portions of the country), in Baghdad, Iraq and in the diaspora (particularly in the United States, Sweden, Australia and Germany). It is an Eastern Aramaic language notable for its abundant use of vowel letters (mater lectionis with aleph, he only in final position, ‘ayin, waw, yud) in writing, so-called plene spelling (Mandaic alphabet) and the amount of Iranian and Akkadian language influence on its lexicon, especially in the area of religious and mystical terminology. Mandaic is influenced by Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, Samaritan Aramaic, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, in addition to Akkadian and Parthian.

## Classification

Classical Mandaic belongs to the Southeastern group of Aramaic and is closely related to the Jewish Babylonian Aramaic dialect in the major portions of the Babylonian Talmud, but less to the various dialects of Aramaic appearing in the incantation texts on unglazed ceramic bowls (incantation bowls) found mostly in central and south Iraq as well as the Khuzestan province of Iran. It is considered a sister language to the northeastern Aramaic dialect of Suret.

## Usage

This southeastern Aramaic dialect is transmitted through religious, liturgical, and esoteric texts, most of them stored today in the Drower Collection, Bodleian Library (Oxford), the Bibliothèque Nationale (Paris), the British Library (London), and in the households of various Mandaeans as religious texts. More specific written objects and of linguistic importance on account of their early transmission (5th–7th centuries CE) are the earthenware incantation bowls and Mandaic lead rolls (amulets) (3rd–7th centuries CE),$^{:4}$ including silver and gold specimens that were often unearthed in archaeological excavations in the regions of their historical living sites between Wasiṭ and Baṣra, and frequently in central Iraq, for example (Bismaya, Kish, Khouabir, Kutha, Uruk, Nippur), north and south of the confluences of the Euphrates and Tigris (Abu Shudhr, al-Qurnah), and the adjacent province of Khuzistan (Hamadan).

## Phonology
### Consonants

| | | Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Alveolar | Palato- alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal |
| | | Labial | Dental | plain | emphatic | Palato- alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | | n | | | | | | | |
| Stop/ Affricate | voiceless | p | | t | tˤ | (t͡ʃ) | k | k | q | | (ʔ) |
| Stop/ Affricate | voiced | b | | d | (dˤ) | (d͡ʒ) | g | g | | | |
| Fricative | voiceless | f | θ | s | sˤ | ʃ | | x | x | (ħ) | h |
| Fricative | voiced | v | ð | z | (zˤ) | (ʒ) | | ɣ | ɣ | (ʕ) | |
| Approximant | Approximant | w | | l | | | j | | | | |
| Trill | Trill | | | r | | | | | | | |
* The glottal stop [ʔ] is said to have disappeared from Mandaic.
* /k/and /ɡ/ are said to be palatal stops, and are generally pronounced as [c] and [ɟ], but are transcribed as /k, ɡ/, however; they may also be pronounced as velar stops [k, ɡ].
* /x/and /ɣ/ are noted as velar, but are generally pronounced as uvular [χ] and [ʁ], however; they may also be pronounced as velar fricatives [x, ɣ].
* Sounds [tʃ, dʒ, ʒ] only occur in Arabic and Persian loanwords.
* Both emphatic voiced sounds [dˤ, zˤ] and pharyngeal sounds [ħ, ʕ] only occur in Arabic loanwords.

### Vowels

| | Front | Central | Back |
| Close | i iː | | u uː |
| Mid | e eː | ə | (o) oː |
| Mid | e eː | ə | ɔ |
| Open | æ | a | ɑː |
* A short [o] is often replaced by the short /ɔ/ sound.

## Alphabet

Mandaic is written in the Mandaic alphabet. It consists of 23 graphemes, with the last being a ligature. Its origin and development is still under debate. Graphemes appearing on incantation bowls and metal amulet rolls differ slightly from the late manuscript signs.

## Lexicography

Lexicographers of the Mandaic language include Theodor Nöldeke, Mark Lidzbarski, Ethel S. Drower, Rudolf Macúch, and Matthew Morgenstern.

## Neo-Mandaic

Neo-Mandaic represents the latest stage of the phonological and morphological development of Mandaic. Having developed in isolation from one another, most Neo-Aramaic dialects are mutually unintelligible and should therefore be considered separate languages. Determining the relationship between Neo-Aramaic dialects is difficult because of poor knowledge of the dialects themselves and their history.
Although no direct descendants of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic survive today, most of the Neo-Aramaic dialects spoken today belong to the Eastern sub-family of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic and Mandaic, among them Neo-Mandaic that can be described with any certainty as the direct descendant of one of the Aramaic dialects attested in Late Antiquity, probably Mandaic. Neo-Mandaic preserves a Semitic "suffix" conjugation (or perfect) that is lost in other dialects. The phonology of Neo-Mandaic is divergent from other Eastern Neo-Aramaic dialects.
Three dialects of Neo-Mandaic were native to Shushtar, Shah Vali, and Dezful in northern Khuzestan Province, Iran before the 1880s. During that time, Mandeans moved to Ahvaz and Khorramshahr to escape persecution. Khorramshahr had the most Neo-Mandaic speakers until the Iran–Iraq War caused many people to leave Iran. Ahvaz is the only community with a sizeable portion of Neo-Mandaic speakers in Iran as of 1993.
The following table compares a few words in Old Mandaic with three Neo-Mandaic dialects. The Iraq dialect, documented by E. S. Drower, is now extinct.
| Meaning | Script | Old Mandaic | Iraq dialect | Ahvaz dialect | Khorramshahr dialect |
| house | ࡁࡀࡉࡕࡀ‎ | baita | bejθæ | b(ij)eθa/ɔ | bieθɔ |
| in, ins | ࡁ | b- | gaw; b- | gu | gɔw |
| work | ࡏࡅࡁࡀࡃࡀ‎ | ebada | wad | wɔd | əwɔdɔ |
| planet | ࡔࡉࡁࡉࡀࡄࡀ‎ | šibiaha | ʃewjæ | ʃewjɔha | ʃewjɔhɔ |
| come! (imp.pl) | ࡀࡕࡅࡍ | atun | doθi | d(ij)ɵθi | doθi |

## Sample text

The following is a sample text in Mandaic of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Mandaic: ".ࡊࡅࡋ ࡀࡍࡀࡔࡀ ࡌࡉࡕࡋࡉࡓ ࡔࡀࡅࡉࡀ ࡁࡏࡒࡀࡓࡀ ࡅࡀࡂࡓࡉࡀ࡞ ࡁࡉࡍࡕࡀࡅࡕࡉࡓࡕࡀ ࡏࡕࡄࡉࡁࡋࡅࡍ ࡅࡋࡅࡀࡕ ࡄࡓࡀࡓࡉࡀ ࡈࡀࡁࡅࡕࡀ ࡀࡁࡓࡉࡍ ࡀࡊࡅࡀࡕ ࡖࡍࡉࡄࡅࡍ ࡀࡄࡉࡀ࡞‎"
Transliteration:
English original: "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood."