# Ben Nighthorse Campbell

Ben Nighthorse Campbell (born April 13, 1933) is a Native American politician and Air Force veteran who served in both chambers of the United States Congress; representing Colorado in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1987 to 1993 and in the U.S. Senate from 1993 to 2005. He serves as one of 44 members of the Council of Chiefs of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Tribe. During his time in office, he was the only Native American serving in Congress. He was the last Native American elected to the U.S. Senate until the 2022 election of Cherokee Markwayne Mullin.
Originally a member of the Democratic Party, Campbell switched to the Republican Party on March 3, 1995. Reelected to the Senate in 1998, Campbell announced in March 2004 that he would not run for a third term. His seat was won by Democrat Ken Salazar in the November 2004 election. Campbell later expressed interest in running for governor of Colorado in 2006, but on January 4, 2006, announced that he would not enter the race. He later became a lobbyist for the law and lobbying firm Holland & Knight and afterward co-founded his own lobbying firm, Ben Nighthorse Consultants.

## Early life

Campbell was born Benny Campbell in Auburn, California. His mother, Mary Vierra (Vieira), was a Portuguese immigrant who had come at age six with her mother to the U.S. through Ellis Island. According to Campbell, his maternal grandfather had entered the U.S. some time before. The Vierra family settled in the large Portuguese community near Sacramento. When Mary Vierra contracted tuberculosis in her youth, she was forced to convalesce at a nearby hospital, often for months at a time during treatment. It was there that she met a Native American patient, Albert Campbell, who was at the hospital for alcoholism treatment. Albert Campbell was of predominantly Northern Cheyenne descent but, according to Campbell biographer Herman Viola, spent much of his youth in Crow Agency boarding school and may have had some Pueblo Indian and Apache Indian ancestry as well. The couple married in 1929, and Ben Campbell was born in 1933.
During Campbell's childhood, his father continued to have problems with alcoholism, often leaving the family for weeks and months at a time. His mother continued to have problems with tuberculosis, a highly contagious disease that limited the contact she could have with her children and continued to force her into the hospital for long periods. These problems led Ben and his sister, Alberta (who died in an apparent suicide at age 44), to spend much of their early lives in nearby Catholic orphanages. As a young man, Campbell was introduced to the Japanese martial art of judo by Japanese immigrant families he met while working in local agricultural fields.

## Military service and education

Campbell attended Placer High School, dropping out in 1951 to join the U.S. Air Force. He was stationed in Korea during the Korean War as an air policeman; he left the Air Force in 1953 with the rank of Airman Second Class, as well as the Korean Service Medal and the Air Medal. While in the Air Force, Campbell obtained his GED and, after his discharge, used the G.I. Bill to attend San Jose State University, graduating in 1957 with a Bachelor of Arts in physical education and fine arts.
He is listed as Ben M. Campbell in his college records and records of his Olympic competition, but was given the name "Nighthorse" when he returned to the Northern Cheyenne reservation for his name-giving ceremony, as a member of his father's family, Blackhorse.

## Career
### Sports

In college, Campbell was a member of the San Jose State judo team, coached by future USA Olympic coach Yosh Uchida. While training for the Olympic Games, Campbell attended Meiji University in Tokyo, Japan, as a special research student from 1960 to 1964. The Meiji team was world-renowned and Campbell credited the preparation and discipline taught at Meiji for his 1961, 1962, and 1963 U.S. National titles and his gold medal in the 1963 Pan-American Games. In 1964, Campbell competed in judo at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. This made him the first Native American on the U.S. Olympic judo team. He suffered an injury and did not win a medal. He broke his ankle and was out for two years.
In the years after returning from the Olympic Games, Campbell worked as a deputy sheriff in Sacramento County, California, coached the U.S. national judo team, operated his own dojo in Sacramento, and taught high school (physical education and art classes). He and his wife also raised quarterhorses, including a Supreme Champion and AQHA Champion, Sailors Night. They bought a ranch near Ignacio, Colorado, on the Southern Ute reservation in 1978.

### Jewelry

In Herman Viola's book Ben Nighthorse Campbell: An American Warrior, Campbell recounts learning to make jewelry from his father and flattening silver dollars on train tracks for the materials. He also used techniques learned from sword makers in Japan and other non-traditional techniques to win over 200 national and international awards for jewelry design under the name Ben Nighthorse, and in the late 1970s was included in a feature article in Arizona Highways magazine about Native artists experimenting in the "new look" of Indian jewelry. Campbell has works on display with the Art of the Olympians organization.

### Politics

Campbell was elected to the Colorado State Legislature as a Democrat in November 1982, and served two terms. He was voted one of the 10 Best Legislators by his colleagues in a 1986 Denver Post – News Center 4 survey.

#### Congress

In 1986, Campbell was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, defeating incumbent Mike Strang; he was reelected twice to this seat. In 1989, he authored the bill HR 2668 to establish the National Museum of the American Indian, which became PL 101–185.

#### Senate

The early 1990s marked a turning point in Campbell's political career. In 1992, after Senator Tim Wirth announced his retirement, Campbell won a three-way Democratic primary against former three-term Governor Richard Lamm and Boulder County Commissioner Josie Heath, who had been the party's nominee in 1990. During the primary campaign, Lamm supporters accused Heath of "spoiling" the election by splitting the vote of the party's left wing. Heath's campaign argued that it was Campbell who should not have run, because his voting record in Congress had been much more like that of a Republican. Campbell won the primary with 45% of the vote and defeated Republican State Senator Terry Considine in the general election. He was the first Native American elected to the United States Senate since Charles Curtis in the 1920s.
In March 1995, after two years in office, Campbell switched parties from Democratic to Republican in the wake of publicized disputes he had with the Colorado Democratic Party. Campbell said the last straw was the Senate's defeat of the balanced-budget amendment, which he had championed since coming to Washington as a congressman in 1987. Others attributed the switch to personal hostility within the Democratic Party in Colorado.
In 1998, Campbell was reelected to the Senate by what was then the largest margin in Colorado history for a statewide race. After winning reelection, Campbell identified as a moderate Republican, saying that his reelection "shows the moderate voices within the Republican Party are dominating". During President Bill Clinton's impeachment trial, Campbell voted to convict Clinton on both articles of impeachment against him; in his final statement before the vote, he said: "I took a solemn oath. Simply speaking, the president did too. And, so even though I like him personally, I find I can only vote one way. And that is guilty on both articles." Clinton was acquitted on both counts as neither received the necessary two-thirds vote of the senators present for conviction and removal from office.
In the 106th Congress, Campbell passed more public laws than any other member of Congress. During his tenure, he also became the first American Indian to chair the Senate Indian Affairs Committee. While in the Senate, Campbell voted to support the Supreme Court's Roe v. Wade decision. He gradually became more conservative during his tenure, reversing his position on late-term abortions and voting for the Defense of Marriage Act. However, in 2004, he was one of six Republicans who voted against the Federal Marriage Amendment, a constitutional amendment intended to ban same-sex marriage, on the grounds that it should be left to the states.
The Senate Ethics Committee investigated accusations that Campbell's former chief of staff, Virginia Kontnik, inflated bonuses to an aide in 2002 so he could return the money to her. In subsequent interviews, Kontnik claimed that Campbell had approved the deal, which he denied.
After the prisoner abuse in Iraq by American military personnel and viewing unpublished abuse images alongside Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld's Senate testimony, Campbell admonished the administration and military leadership: "I don't know how the hell these people got into our army."
On March 3, 2004, Campbell announced that he would not seek reelection due to health concerns, having recently been treated for prostate cancer and heartburn. He retired from office in January 2005, later saying of his decision: "Somewhere along the line, I said 'I'm not gonna die in this place. I want to do what I can, but I'm not dying here.'" He is the last Republican to be elected to the Class 3 Senate seat from Colorado.

### Post-congressional work

After his retirement, Campbell was a senior policy advisor at the firm of Holland and Knight, LLP, in Washington, D.C. In 2012, he left that firm to found Ben Nighthorse Consultants, a new lobbying firm. He also continues to design and craft his Ben Nighthorse line of American Indian jewelry.
Completed in 2011, Lake Nighthorse, a 120,000-acre-foot (150,000,000 m$^3$) reservoir in southwestern Colorado, is named in his honor.
Campbell is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One.
In 2008, during the Cherokee freedmen controversy, Campbell authored a piece in The Hill criticizing the efforts of members of Congress attempting to terminate recognition of the Cherokee Nation's government, and condemning the lawmakers' "paternalistic efforts":
   "In the past, interference with tribal affairs, often justified by a paternalistic 'we know best' mindset, has severely damaged the progress of tribes. Often, Congress not only didn't know best, but it based its decision on lies, mistaken assumptions and prejudice...Congress is again rushing to judgment when it thinks it knows better than the tribe and the courts."
Campbell endorsed then-Ohio governor John Kasich in the 2016 Republican presidential primaries.
In July 2016, Campbell spoke to Colorado Public Radio about regretting his support of the Iraq War: "I have some misgivings about the way I voted but we were voting on the best information that we had at the time. I think if there was a weakness early on [it] is that the administration had several people in there really pushing for American involvement...In retrospect after seeing that there [were] no weapons of mass destruction and that we did not have really good intelligence on the ground to give us some guidance on how we should proceed, I now look back and think maybe I shouldn't have voted the way I did."
In late 2018, Campbell joined several former Republican and Democratic senators in signing a letter supporting then-Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigation into alleged Russian collusion in the 2016 election. But he opposed the impeachment of President Donald Trump, defending Trump and calling it "a waste of time". He also questioned why the Democrats would move to impeach knowing they would fail to convict in the Senate, saying, "The cost of this and what it does to the country, it kind of tears the fabric of the nation apart."
In October 2020, Campbell appeared on Indian Country Today to speak on a variety of issues, including his party switch in 1995 and promoting free enterprise for Native Americans. He defended his switch to the Republican Party, and when asked whether its policies were better for Native peoples, he replied: "The head of the Ku Klux Klan was not a Republican, it was a Democrat. It wasn't a Republican who put 350,000 Japanese Americans in prison without any legal authority to do it, that was a Democrat, Roosevelt. And Andrew Jackson drove the Trail of Tears, of the Cherokees, the Chickasaws, the Choctaws, and many other tribes, taking their land by force. That wasn't a Republican that did that. That was a Democrat… so when people say the Democrat Party has been more willing to help Native Americans, I dispute that. That's not true." He went on to say how optimistic he was that more Native people were becoming involved and running for office, expressed support for Trump and his immigration policies, and voiced his concern with the rise of antifa.
In September 2021, Campbell endorsed Olympic athlete and Air Force veteran Eli Bremer in the Colorado Republican primary for the 2022 U.S. Senate race to challenge Democrat Michael Bennet. After Bremer lost the primary, Campbell endorsed Republican nominee Joe O'Dea in June 2022.

## Personal life

In 1966, Campbell married the former Linda Price, a public school teacher who was a native of Colorado. They have two children and four grandchildren.
Linda Campbell was the sponsor of USS Mesa Verde (LPD 19) on January 15, 2005.
Lake Nighthorse in La Plata County, Colorado, is named in Campbell's honor.

## Electoral history

1982
Colorado House of Representatives 59th district Democratic primary, 1982 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Ben Campbell | 2,173 | 100.0 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 2,173 | 100.0 |
Colorado House of Representatives 59th district general election, 1982 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Ben Campbell | 8,441 | 53.91 |
| | Republican | Donald F. Whalen | 7,216 | 46.09 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 15,657 | 100.0 |
| | Democratic gain from Republican | Democratic gain from Republican | Democratic gain from Republican | Democratic gain from Republican |
1984
Colorado House of Representatives 59th district Democratic primary, 1984 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Ben Nighthorse Campbell (incumbent) | 3,059 | 100.0 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 3,059 | 100.0 |
Colorado House of Representatives 59th district general election, 1984 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Ben Nighthorse Campbell (incumbent) | 14,405 | 71.80 |
| | Republican | Patricia "Patsi" Hart | 5,658 | 28.20 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 20,063 | 100.0 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |
1986
Colorado's 3rd congressional district Democratic primary, 1986 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Ben Nighthorse Campbell | 29,422 | 100.0 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 29,422 | 100.0 |
Colorado's 3rd congressional district general election, 1986 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Ben Nighthorse Campbell | 95,353 | 51.86 |
| | Republican | Michael L. "Mike" Strang (incumbent) | 88,508 | 48.14 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 183,861 | 100.0 |
| | Democratic gain from Republican | Democratic gain from Republican | Democratic gain from Republican | Democratic gain from Republican |
1988
Colorado's 3rd congressional district Democratic primary, 1988 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Ben Nighthorse Campbell (incumbent) | 31,828 | 100.0 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 31,828 | 100.0 |
Colorado's 3rd congressional district general election, 1988 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Ben Nighthorse Campbell (incumbent) | 169,284 | 78.04 |
| | Republican | Jim Zartman | 47,625 | 21.96 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 216,909 | 100.0 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |
1990
Colorado's 3rd congressional district Democratic primary, 1990 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Ben Nighthorse Campbell (incumbent) | 36,722 | 100.0 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 36,722 | 100.0 |
Colorado's 3rd congressional district general election, 1990 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Ben Nighthorse Campbell (incumbent) | 124,487 | 70.19 |
| | Republican | Bob Ellis | 49,961 | 28.17 |
| | Colorado Populist Party | Howard E. Fields | 2,915 | 1.64 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 177,363 | 100.0 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |
1992
United States Senate election in Colorado Democratic primary, 1992 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Ben Nighthorse Campbell | 117,634 | 45.48 |
| | Democratic | Richard D. Lamm | 93,599 | 36.19 |
| | Democratic | Josie Heath | 47,418 | 18.33 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 258,651 | 100.0 |
United States Senate election in Colorado, 1992 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Democratic | Ben Nighthorse Campbell | 803,125 | 51.78 |
| | Republican | Terry Considine | 662,893 | 42.70 |
| | Perot's Independents | Richard O. Grimes | 42,455 | 2.73 |
| | Christian Pro-Life | Matt Noah | 22,846 | 1.47 |
| | Independent | Dan Winters | 20,347 | 1.31 |
| | Libertarian | Hue Futch | 23 | 0.00 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 1,552,289 | 100.0 |
| | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold | Democratic hold |
1998
United States Senate election in Colorado Republican primary, 1998 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Ben Nighthorse Campbell (incumbent) | 154,641 | 70.59 |
| | Republican | Bill Eggert | 64,329 | 29.37 |
| | Write-in | Write-in | 101 | 0.05 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 219,065 | 100.0 |
United States Senate election in Colorado, 1998 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Republican | Ben Nighthorse Campbell (incumbent) | 826,966 | 62.47 |
| | Democratic | Dottie Lamm | 463,435 | 35.01 |
| | Libertarian | David Segel | 14,112 | 1.07 |
| | Constitution | Kevin Swanson | 9,868 | 0.75 |
| | Natural Law | Jeffrey Peckham | 3,912 | 0.30 |
| | Concerns of People | John Heckman | 3,230 | 0.24 |
| | US Pacifist Party | Gary Swing | 1,903 | 0.14 |
| | Write-in | Write-in | 357 | 0.03 |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 1,323,783 | 100.0 |
| | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold | Republican hold |

## Honors

* Grand-Officer of the Order of Prince Henry, Portugal (1 June 1998)
2008: Awarded Ellis Island Medal of Freedom
2011: Conferral of the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon by Japanese Emperor Akihito. Sen. Ben Nighthorse Campbell's award is in recognition of his significant contribution in the promotions and mutual understanding between Japan, the United States.
November 2021: Inducted into National Native American Hall of Fame in Oklahoma City, OK.