# Infosys

Infosys Limited is an Indian multinational technology company that offers business consulting, information technology, and outsourcing services. Founded in 1981, the company is headquartered in Bengaluru.
On 24 August 2021, Infosys became the fourth Indian company to achieve a market capitalization of US$100 billion. As of 2024, Infosys is the second-largest Indian Big Tech company by revenue and market capitalization.
Infosys has also attracted controversies due to allegations of visa and tax fraud in the United States and for creating malfunctioning government websites.

## History

Infosys was founded by seven engineers in Pune, with an initial capital of $250. It was registered as Infosys Consultants Private Limited on 2 July 1981. In 1983, it relocated to Bangalore.
The company changed its name to Infosys Technologies Private Limited in April 1992 and became Infosys Technologies Limited when it became a public limited company in June 1992.
In February 1993, Infosys launched its initial public offering (IPO) with an offer price of ₹95 per share, compared to a book value of ₹20 per share. The IPO was initially undersubscribed but was "bailed out" by US investment bank Morgan Stanley, which acquired a 13% equity stake at the offer price. When trading began in June 1993, the share price opened at ₹145 per share.
Infosys shares were listed on the Nasdaq stock exchange in 1999 as American depositary receipts (ADRs), making it the first Indian company to be listed on Nasdaq. The share price rose to ₹8,100 by 1999, making it the most expensive share on the market at the time. Infosys was then among the top 20 companies by market capitalization on the Nasdaq. The ADR listing was later transferred from Nasdaq to NYSE Euronext to provide European investors with better access to the company's shares.
In July 2010, then-British Prime Minister David Cameron visited Infosys headquarters in Bangalore and addressed the company's employees. In June 2011, the company was renamed Infosys Limited.
In 2012, Infosys announced the opening of a new office in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to serve Harley-Davidson. In 2011, Infosys hired 1,200 U.S. employees, and by 2012, it had expanded its workforce by an additional 2,000 employees.
In July 2014, Infosys launched a product subsidiary named EdgeVerve Systems, focusing on enterprise software products for business operations, customer service, procurement, and commerce network domains. In August 2015, Infosys transferred assets of Finacle to EdgeVerve Systems.
Infosys surpassed US$10 million in annual revenue in FY 1995, US$100 million in FY 1999, US$1 billion in FY 2004, and US$10 billion in FY 2017. In FY 2023, its revenue stood at US$18 billion.
Infosys announced the launch of Aster in June 2024, an AI-powered platform designed to improve marketing efficiency through the use of artificial intelligence.

## Services and products

Infosys offers software development, maintenance, and independent validation services across industries such as finance, insurance, manufacturing, among others. Through its subsidiary Infosys Consulting, it provides consulting services in digital experience, cloud, data analytics, artificial intelligence, engineering, and sustainability. Its subsidiary Infosys BPM provides outsourcing services for business processes such as finance, procurement, customer service, and HR.
Infosys offers digital products and platforms for digital transformation, including Finacle, Panaya, Infosys Equinox, Infosys Meridian, EdgeVerve and Infosys Cortex. Finacle is a banking solution that supports financial institutions in improving their customer service capabilities. Panaya is a platform that assists organizations in accelerating application delivery and innovation. Infosys Equinox is a digital commerce platform designed for facilitating user-friendly and personalized shopping experiences. Infosys Meridian is a workplace platform for increased productivity in remote and hybrid work environments.

## Acquisitions

| Name | Based in | Acquisition cost | Acquisition date | Business |
| Expert Information Services | Australia | $23 million | Dec 2003 | IT services |
| Gen-i Software | New Zealand | Undisclosed | Jun 2011 | Software consulting |
| Lodestone Holding | Switzerland | $345 million | Sep 2012 | Management consultancy |
| Panaya | Israel | $200 million | Mar 2015 | Automation technology |
| Skava (Kallidus) | United States | $120 million | Apr 2015 | Digital experience solutions |
| Noah Consulting | United States | $70 million | Nov 2015 | Information management consulting services |
| Skytree | United States | Undisclosed | Apr 2017 | Machine learning |
| Brilliant Basics | United Kingdom | £7.5 million | Aug 2017 | Product design and customer experience |
| Fluido Oy | Finland | €65 million | Oct 2018 | Salesforce advisor and consulting partner |
| WongDoody | United States | $75 million | Jan 2019 | Advertising and creative strategy services |
| Stater N.V. | Netherlands | €127.5 million | Apr 2019 | Mortgage services |
| Simplus | United States | $250 million | Feb 2020 | Salesforce consulting |
| Kaleidoscope | United States | $42 million | Sep 2020 | Product design and development |
| GuideVision | Czech Republic | €30 million | Sep 2020 | ServiceNow partner |
| Blue Acorn iCi | United States | $125 million | Oct 2020 | Digital transformation |
| Carter Digital | Australia | Undisclosed | Jan 2021 | Design agency |
| Oddity | Germany | €50 million | Mar 2022 | Digital marketing |
| BASE life science | Denmark | €110 million | Jul 2022 | Life science consulting and technology |
| InSemi | India | ₹280 crore | Jan 2024 | Semiconductor design services |
| in-tech | Germany | €450 million | Apr 2024 | Engineering R&D services |

## Listing and shareholding pattern

In India, Infosys shares are listed on the BSE, where it is a part of the BSE SENSEX, and on the NSE, where it is included in the NIFTY 50 index. Infosys also trades its shares through American depositary receipts (ADRs) on the New York Stock Exchange.
Over the years, the shareholding of Infosys's promoters has steadily decreased. This trend began in June 1993, when Infosys first listed its shares. The promoter holdings further declined when Infosys became the first Indian-registered company to list Employee Stock Options Schemes and ADRs on NASDAQ on 11 March 1999.
Infosys shareholding and stakeholders pattern (as of 31 March 2024) :
| Shareholders | Shareholding |
| Promoters group | 014.61% |
| Foreign institutional investors (FII) | 032.74% |
| Domestic institutional investors (DII) | 037.59% |
| Public | 014.81% |
| Others | 0 0.25% |
| Total | 100.00% |

## Operations
### Geographical presence

As of 31 March 2024, Infosys operates 94 sales and marketing offices and 139 development centers globally. The company's operations are spread across key regions, including India, the United States, Canada, China, Australia, Japan, the Middle East, and Europe.
In the fiscal year 2023-2024, Infosys generated approximately 61% of its revenue from North America, 25% from Europe, 3% from India, and 11% from other regions, including the Middle East, Australia, and Japan.
Infosys faced scrutiny following the invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022. The company clarified that it had no active relationships with Russian firms. By November 2022, only administrative staff remained, handling the transfer of contracts to other contractors.

### Employees

As of 31 March 2024, Infosys employed a total of 343,234 people, commonly referred to as "Infoscions," with 40.1% of them being women. Of this workforce, 302,850 are software professionals, while the remaining 40,384 are engaged in support and sales roles. In 2023, 85% of Infosys' employees were located in India.

### Training centre in Mysore

As the world's largest corporate university, the Infosys Global Education Centre, located on a 337-acre campus, features 400 instructors and over 200 classrooms, adhering to international benchmarks. Established in 2002, it had trained approximately 125,000 engineering graduates by June 2015. The centre can accommodate and train up to 14,000 employees at any given time across various technologies.
The Infosys Leadership Institute (ILI), located in Mysore, features 196 rooms and trains approximately 4,000 trainees annually. Its primary objective is to cultivate and develop senior leaders within Infosys, preparing them for both current and future executive roles.
Additionally, the Infosys Training Centre in Mysore offers a range of extracurricular facilities, including tennis courts, badminton and basketball courts, a swimming pool, a gym, and a bowling alley. The campus also features an international-standard cricket ground, approved by the BCCI.

### CEOs

From its establishment in 1981 until 2014, Infosys' CEOs were its founders, with N. R. Narayana Murthy leading the company for the initial 21 years. Dr. Vishal Sikka was the first external CEO, serving for approximately three years. Sikka resigned in August 2017. Following his departure, UB Pravin Rao was appointed as Interim CEO and Managing Director of the company. Infosys appointed Salil Parekh as Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Managing Director (MD), effective from 2 January 2018.

#### List of CEOs

| Name | Period |
| N. R. Narayana Murthy | 1981 to March 2002 |
| Nandan Nilekani | March 2002 to April 2007 |
| Kris Gopalakrishnan | April 2007 to August 2011 |
| S. D. Shibulal | August 2011 to July 2014 |
| Vishal Sikka | August 2014 to August 2017 |
| U. B. Pravin Rao (interim) | August 2017 to December 2017 |
| Salil Parekh | January 2018 onwards |

## Controversies
### Settlement of tax fraud in the US

In December 2019, Infosys reached an $800,000 settlement with the State of California in a visa and tax fraud case. Between 2006 and 2017, nearly 500 Infosys employees were found to be working in the state on Infosys-sponsored B-1 visas instead of the required H-1B visas, enabling the company to avoid paying California payroll taxes, including unemployment insurance, disability insurance, and employment training taxes.

### Accusation of visa fraud in the US

In 2011, Infosys was accused of visa fraud for using B-1 (visitor) visas for work that required H-1B (work) visas. The allegations originated from an internal complaint by an American employee of Infosys, who subsequently filed a lawsuit against the company, claiming harassment and marginalization after raising the issue. Although the lawsuit was dismissed, along with another similar case, these allegations were brought to the attention of U.S. authorities, leading to investigations by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and a federal grand jury.
In October 2013, Infosys agreed to settle the civil suit with U.S. authorities by paying $34 million. While the company did not admit guilt, it stated that it settled to avoid the complications of "prolonged litigation". Infosys asserted that, "As reflected in the settlement, Infosys denies and disputes any claims of systemic visa fraud, misuse of visas for competitive advantage, or immigration abuse. Those claims are untrue and are assertions that remain unproven."

### Malfunctioning government portals

In 2013, technical issues emerged after Infosys took over the MCA21 portal from Tata Consultancy Services. Similar problems arose in 2016 after a system migration and version update.
In 2020, the finance ministry identified glitches in the GSTN portal, leading to a summons for Infosys executives. In 2022, chartered accountants and tax professionals raised concerns over technical issues with the GSTN portal.
In 2021, the newly launched Income Tax portal, developed by Infosys, encountered multiple glitches. Despite a summons for Infosys CEO Salil Parekh, the issues remained unresolved for months, forcing an extension of the tax filing deadline. In 2022, users continued to report malfunctions and issues on the first anniversary of the portal's launch.