OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Toronto Metropolitan Students' Union

The Toronto Metropolitan Students' Union (TMSU) formerly known as the Ryerson Students' Union (RSU) is the current students' union that represents full-time undergraduate students at Toronto Metropolitan University, (known until 2022 as Ryerson University). All full-time students are required to be members and pay a levy. The money is used to fund student groups, events for students and campaigning.

## Board

The board of directors set the direction and the executive manage the day-to-day operations of the corporation. Students elect 2 to 5 members from each faculty, depending on the size of the faculty, to the board, in addition to having ex-officio student representatives from the university's senate, student groups, course unions and residence.

## Equity Service Centres

The TMSU has eight Equity Service Centres: The Centre for Women & Trans People, The Good Food Centre, BIPOC Students' Collective, Access TMU, The Queer Space, Centre for Safer Sex & Sexual Violence Support, SHIFT Centre and the Trans Collective. These centres serve as a space for students from different marginalized backgrounds to come together and organize equity and social justice initiatives, events, and campaigns.
In 2010, the board of directors voted to change the name from "Community Service Groups" to "Equity Service Centres".

## Controversy

The RSU has been extensively criticized for its equity centre policies and for banning a men's issues student group on campus. In 2015, former RSU vice-president education Jesse Root was accused of deleting emails in violation of Ontario's privacy laws.

## Ram Ganesh misuse of funds controversy

On January 24, 2019, photos of credit card statements belonging to RSU President Ramganesh Ragupathy (Ram Ganesh) were obtained and published on Facebook by university political group Rhinoceros Party. The statements alleged frivolous spending by Ganesh of over $250,000, including transactions for alcohol, a casino, various bars and nightclubs, hotel rooms, and at a sporting goods store.
In response to ongoing turmoil at the union involving both the above scandal and an inability to renegotiate a new operating agreement, Toronto Metropolitan University terminated its 1986 operating agreement with the union and declared that it would no longer recognize the union as the official student government for full-time undergraduate and graduate students on campus. The courts ordered an injunction preventing the university from severing the agreement.
# Ratnik za ljubav

Ratnik Za Ljubav is the fifteenth studio album by Mile Kitić. This album was supposedly his big breakthrough and the first of all albums leading up to 2005 that sold over 500,000 copies. This album sold under 1 million copies but spawned one of the greatest folk songs of ex-yu music, "Kraljica Trotoara".

## Track listing

* Ratnik Za Ljubav
* Tuđe, Slađe
* Indija
* Bosioče
* Srušila Mi Dom
* Zoro
* Kraljica Trotoara
* Svi Pevaju A Ja Tugujem
* Marija
* This world music album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# William Bialek

William Samuel Bialek (born 14 August 1960) is a theoretical biophysicist and a professor at Princeton University and The Graduate Center, CUNY. Much of his work, which has ranged over a wide variety of theoretical problems at the interface of physics and biology, centers around whether various functions of living beings are optimal, and (if so) whether a precise quantification of their performance approaches limits set by basic physical principles. Best known among these is an influential series of studies applying the principles of information theory to the analysis of the neural encoding of information in the nervous system, showing that aspects of brain function can be described as essentially optimal strategies for adapting to the complex dynamics of the world, making the most of the available signals in the face of fundamental physical constraints and limitations.
Bialek received his AB (1979) and PhD (1983) degrees in Biophysics from the University of California, Berkeley. After postdoctoral appointments at the Rijksuniversiteit Groningen in the Netherlands and at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics in Santa Barbara, he returned to Berkeley to join the faculty in 1986. In late 1990 he moved to the newly formed NEC Research Institute (now the NEC Laboratories) in Princeton. He is currently the John Archibald Wheeler/Battelle Professor in Physics at Princeton University, and a member of the multidisciplinary Lewis–Sigler Institute. In addition, he serves as Visiting Presidential Professor of Physics at CUNY Graduate Center.
Bialek has made contributions to shaping the education of the next generation of scientists, such as organizing the Princeton Lectures on Biophysics, a series of workshops that provided many young physicists with an introduction to the challenges and opportunities at the interface with biology. The textbook he coauthored, Spikes: Exploring the neural code has also been similarly used by many young physics students as an introduction to neuroscience. He is currently involved in a major educational experiment at Princeton to create a truly integrated and mathematically sophisticated introduction to the natural sciences for first year college students. Most recently, he published Biophysics: Searching for Principles, a textbook based on his course for PhD students.

## Honors

Bialek received the 2013 Swartz Prize for Theoretical and Computational Neuroscience from the Society for Neuroscience. A member of the National Academy of Sciences (US), he has also been honored for his teaching with the Phi Beta Kappa Prize and the President's Award for Distinguished Teaching at Princeton. In 2017, he won the Max Delbruck Prize, which is given by the Biological Division of the American Physical Society.
# Iroquois China Company

Iroquois China Company was founded in 1905 in Solvay, New York, located on the western border of Syracuse near the southern shores of Onondaga Lake. It operated in Syracuse until closing. Although some references indicate that the company closed in 1969, certain designs (e.g., "Informal", "Museum White") were advertised and sold until the early-mid 1970s.
Russel Wright and Ben Seibel were among the main mid-century modernist designers at Iroquois. Wright introduced Casual around 1950, and Seibel designed a line called Impromptu that stayed in the line for the rest of the company's history.
Among the firm's designs were Bridal White, Frolic, Vision, Jardinieres, Pins and Beads, and in 1956, new geometric patterns like Parasols and Pyramids. Other abstract patterns included Aztec, Fjord, Tiara, Pompon, Tiara, Pompon Garland and El Camino. Grapes and Beige Rose were other later additions to the company's lines. Like nearby competitor Syracuse China, Iroquois phased out production for residential use in the late 1960s.

## Back stamps

| Iroquois China Company back stamp - Russel Wright - Syracuse, New York - c. 1950 | Iroquois China Company back stamp - Syracuse, New York - c.1955 | Iroquois China Company back stamp Interplay by Russell Wright - Syracuse, New York - c.1955 | Iroquois China Company back stamp Carrara Modern White - Syracuse, New York - c.1955 |
| Iroquois China Company back stamp - Syracuse, New York - c.1965 | Iroquois China Company back stamp - Informal designed by Ben Seibel and manufactured between 1969 and 1973 - "Informal / True China / Iroquois / Ben Seibel Design / Flameproof for Cooking / Made in USA." |

## Advertisements

* Iroquois China Company business customer of the Syracuse Trust Company - Syracuse Post-Standard, 1919
# Phuthi people

The Phuthi people, (ebaPhuthi or BaPhuthi) are a Bantu-speaking ethnic group that form part of the Basotho Kingdom. It is ethnic group who live primarily the southern parts of Lesotho and the northern parts of the Eastern Cape.

## Language

SiPhuthi is not yet recognized, but an amendment to the Constitution of Lesotho is currently awaiting approval. If passed, siPhuthi would be together with English, Sesotho, and isiXhosa one of the four official languages of the Kingdom. In South Africa, siPhuthi is not among the eleven official languages but benefits from being protected under the Bill of Rights as one of the languages spoken by South African citizens. In Lesotho, the ebaPhuthi remain culturally, politically, and socio-economically dominated by the Basotho majority and with no Phuthi paramount chiefs, they still lack political recognition. By contrast, the ebaPhuthi in South Africa has officially recognized chiefs, and the current Murena Kutloano Letuka, with his praise name Vutshemalagabi (“burning flames”), is the 5th chief in succession.

## History

Phuthi people are the descendants of Swazi, Sotho, eastern San and Xhosa people who lived in the areas where these ethnicities met in the southern regions of modern day Lesotho and the Eastern Cape and they speak their own language called SiPhuthi, which is a Nguni language based on Swazi but heavily influenced by Xhosa and Sotho.
# John Henry and the Inky-Poo

John Henry and the Inky-Poo is a 1946 American stop-motion animated film written and directed by George Pal using Pal's Puppetoons stop-motion style. The film is based on African American folk hero John Henry.
John Henry and the Inky-Poo was nominated for an Oscar for Best Animated Short for the 19th Academy Awards. In 2015, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
It was also included in the 1987 compilation film The Puppetoon Movie.

## Reception

* The Film Daily (Aug 14, 1946): "In a departure from the fables dreamed up for the familiar scarecrow and the little pickaninny (Jasper) character, usually featured in this series. George Pal has produced an engaging Puppetoon version of the legendary figure, John Henry, drawn from the annals of American Folklore, who pitted his brawn and brains against the steam engine known as the Inky Poo to dispel the fear of his railroad coworkers that machines would eventually put them out of work. The Technicolor, Rex Ingram's narration, and the folk song delivered by the Luvenia Nash singers are all standouts".
* Boxoffice (Dec 9, 1946): "Excellent musical background is furnished by the Luvenia Nash Choral group in this take off on American folk story".
# Paul Killiam

Paul Killiam (September 12, 1916 – November 12, 1998) was an entertainer, film historian, and film collector who provided comedic narration at showings of silent films, including as host on his own television show. He was a pioneer in film preservation and the reintroduction of old films to the viewing public during the television era. He amassed a large and valuable collection of films. It was sold to various buyers after his death.
Killiam was host of Hometown TV, which debuted on WOR-TV on November 17, 1952. From off-camera he narrated old films and other material. He performed on The Steve Allen Show delivering a comedic monologue about his film company and then delivering contemporary narration over silent film footage from a film about cave dweller era relations. He hosted the Paul Killiam Show which featured a similar format of comedic introduction followed by ridiculous narration of old films including from the Thomas Alva Edison's Edison Studio.
An orchestra purchased some of the films in his collection.
He hosted the show Hour of Silents.
His film company lost a suit over the film rights to The Son of the Sheik.
In 1983, the New York Times reported on his activities.
# Valentin Tsvetanov

Valentin Tsvetanov (Bulgarian: Валентин Цветанов; born 8 April 2002) is a Bulgarian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Sevlievo.

## Career

Tsvetanov completed his league debut for Ludogorets Razgrad on 26 May 2021 in a match against CSKA 1948.
# Keanakakoi eruption

The Keanakakoi eruption was a VEI-4 eruption that occurred from the summit caldera of Kīlauea volcano in or around November 1790. It has been described as the deadliest volcanic eruption in what is now the United States, with more than 400 people having been killed in the event. The eruption deposited the Keanakakoi Ash which surrounds the Kīlauea Caldera.
Three eruptive phases define the Keanakakoi eruption, all of which were separated by quiescent spells. The first phase was phreatomagmatic, and involved the deposition of fine-grained, well-bedded volcanic ash. A Strombolian-style scoria fall deposit and phreatomagmatic ash similar to that of the first phase were deposited during the second phase. The third and final phase was phreatic and produced interbedded pyroclastic fallout and surge deposits.
# Kate Krēsliņa

Kate Karlīna Vilka (née Krēsliņa, born 14 April 1996) is a Latvian basketball player for Fordham Rams and the Latvian national team.
She participated at the EuroBasket Women 2017.
# Kostrza, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

Kostrza is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Strzegom, within Świdnica County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 7 km (4 mi) north-west of Strzegom, 20 km (12 mi) north-west of Świdnica, and 57 km (35 mi) west of the regional capital Wrocław.

## History

The village was founded by Slavic Lechitic tribes in the Early Middle Ages, and there is an archaeological site from that period in Kostrza. The territory became part of the emerging Polish state in the 10th century. The oldest known written mention of the village comes from a medieval document of Duke Bolko I the Strict from 1290, when it passed from the Duchy of Wrocław to the Duchy of Świdnica and Jawor within fragmented Piast-ruled Poland. It developed as a linear settlement. It is possible that Duke Bernard of Świdnica granted the village to the knight Tyczko in 1318. A church in the village was mentioned in the 1370s. The church contains Renaissance and Baroque furnishings. There was a medieval tower castle, which was rebuilt into a Renaissance water castle in the 16th century, later rebuilt in Baroque style.
During World War II, in 1940, a forced labour subcamp of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp was established by Nazi Germany at a granite quarry north of the village, which in the following year was converted into the Gross-Rosen concentration camp. Its prisoners were mostly Jews, Poles and Soviet citizens. It is now a museum. There was also a forced labour subcamp of the Stalag VIII-A prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs in Kostrza.

## Economy

Kostrza, along with the nearby town of Strzegom and several other villages, is an important center for granite mining and stonemasonry in Poland, with several quarries in Kostrza itself.

## Sports

There is a local association football club Sokół Kostrza, which plays in the lower divisions.
# Ballybunion Greyhound Stadium

Ballybunion Greyhound Stadium was a greyhound racing stadium off Sandhill Road, in Killehenny, Ballybunion, County Kerry.
The west coast seaside town of Ballybunion in County Kerry had previously hosted greyhound racing from 1933-1939.

## History

In 1958 the president of the Irish Coursing Club, Matt O'Sullivan applied for a licence as the proprietor of a new Ballybunion track but the Bord na gCon headed by Seamus Flanagan refused the licence due to objections lodged by the nearby Tralee track. At the time any track within the same area could object to another hoping to become licensed. The licence was refused again in 1964.
In January 1965, O'Sullivan (the owner of the Central Hotel in the town) finally won the right to host greyhound racing after taking the Bord na gCon to court. The court ruled that he should be granted a licence.
The re-opening was on 18 May 1966 when the Ballybunion Greyhound Racing Club Ltd ran the venue until 1973. It hosted a valuable Smirnoff Gold Collar race from 1966-1970 worth a record £1,340 in 1967. The event was sponsored by Gilbeys of Ireland and saw two new track records set, first by Coolowen Pride in 29.66 followed by Sandy Lee in 29.52. Racing was held on Monday & Wednesday evenings at 8.30pm.
The winners of the Gold Collar were - 1966 Dogstown Star, 1967 Seneca, 1968 Pools Punter and 1969 West Park Una.

## Location

The site of the track was where the Green Valley caravan park is situated today.

## Track records

| Yards | Greyhound | Time | Date | Notes |
| 300 | Lucky Blunder | 16.80 | 1970 | |
| 300 | Tranquillity Sea | 16.75 | 24.05.1971 | |
| 525 | Coolowen Pride | 29.66 | 1967 | Gold Collar |
| 525 | Sandy Lee | 29.52 | 1967 | Gold Collar |
| 525 | Gortkelly Hope | 29.41 | 1970 | |
| 525 | Tranquillity Sea | 29.40 | 21.07.1971 | |
| 550 | Pools Punter | 30.99 | 1970 | |
| 550 | Barony Pride | 30.88 | 22.07.1970 | |
| 725 | Tomophas | 41.65 | 24.07.1968 | |
| 525 H | Charlestown | 30.54 | 23.08.1967 | |

## Ballybunion Gold Collar

| Year | Winner |
| 1966 | Dogstown Star |
| 1967 | Seneca |
| 1968 | Pools Punter |
| 1969 | West Park Una |
# Liu Qi (cyclist)

Liu Qi (born 29 November 2000) is a Chinese cyclist. He competed in the men's sprint, men's team sprint, and men's keirin events at the 2024 Summer Olympics.
# Johnny Sandon

Johnny Sandon (originally named William "Billy" Francis Beck, 27 May 1941 – 23 December 1996) was a British musician, best known for being an early rock and roll singer who was part of the Merseybeat phenomenon in the early 1960s.
Sandon started singing at age twelve and in 1958 appeared on Opportunity Knocks. The mothers of Sandon and John McNally both worked at the same bakery, and it was McNally's mother suggested to John to add him into the group. Sandon's first gig as the Searchers frontman was at St Luke's Hall in Crosby. His stagename, Johnny Sandon, was recommended by John based of The Sandon, a pub near Anfield stadium. Sandon led the Searchers from 1960 to February 1962, playing his last gig at the Cavern club on 28 February 1962. He then joined The Remo Four for one year, before leaving to pursue a solo career. He appeared on ITV talent show New Faces on 6 November 1976.

## Death

Sandon suffered from depression, and committed suicide on 23 December 1996, aged 55. He was discovered hanging from his ceiling by his daughter at his home. At the time of his death, he was a taxi driver and was living at 31 St Paul's Close in Birkenhead.

## Discography

Studio Vinyl Singles
* Yes / Magic Potion – Johnny Sandon And The Remo Four (Single),1963
* Lies – Johnny Sandon And The Remo Four (Single) Pye Records, 1963
* The Blizzard (Single) Pye Records, 1964
* Sixteen Tons / The Blizzard (Single)
* Donna Means Heartbreak / Some Kinda Wonderful (Single) Pye Records, 1964
* Studio Albums
* Compilations, Tommy Quickly, Johnny Sandon, Gregoly Philips
# Everything I Touch Falls to Pieces

Everything I Touch Falls To Pieces is the debut full-length album from influential Chicago-based metalcore band Dead to Fall. The band shows a style in the vein of Swedish-influenced melodic death metal. The album's general theme deals with personal struggle and conflict with a loved one, often due to betrayal. The album is said to resemble the music of "At The Gates, The Haunted, with a touch of Killswitch Engage and Shadows Fall being added to the mix".

## Members

* Jonathan Hunt - vocals
* Bryan Lear - lead guitar
* Seth Nichols - rhythm guitar
* Justin Jakimiak - bass
* Dan Craig - drums

## Reception

* Allmusic
* Punknews.org

## Miscellanea

* The song Tu Se Morta is a translated cover of a song from L'Orpheo by Claudio Monteverdi.
* The song Eternal Gates of Hell is actually about a moment the band had at a toll booth where the attendant actually said "...and then I saw the blood coming." The "Carnage" and "Demise" parts were added because they thought it sounded cool.
* Parts of the song Doraematu are an altered form of the Anonymous Spanish classical guitar work Romanza
# Sharovary

Sharovary (Ukrainian: шаровари) are a kind of loose traditional Ukrainian men's pants. The trousers are fitted at the waist and ankles, and loose at the hips and legs. They may be accompanied by a wide silk belt.
Similar pants in other cultures are sirwal, salwar, shalwar kameez, etc., and these are often translated as sharovary or shalvary in Russian and Ukrainian.
Sharovary are part of the stereotypical national clothes of Zaporozhian Cossacks.
The presence of sharovary in the dress of the Zaporozhian Cossacks is noted by German ambassador Erich Lassota in the 16th century. A comprehensive description of Cossack dress is included in the 1651 book "Description d'Ukranie…" (Description of Ukraine...) by Polish-enlisted French-born cartographer and military engineer Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan. Its translation mentions "sharovary", but narrow linen pants (d'un caleçó) were specified in the original instead.
Today sharovary is an important element of the Ukrainian culture. At the same time the word "sharovary" gave rise to the derogatory term "sharovarshchyna" for the pseudo-folk, kitsch steoretyping of the Ukrainian culture.
# Juan Bautista Alfonseca

Colonel Juan Bautista Alfonseca Baris (June 23, 1810 – August 9, 1875) was a Dominican officer and composer in the Dominican War of Independence, known for his role in the development of merengue music. Though the music written by Alfonseca was not, at the time, specifically labeled as "merengue", its incorporation of Dominican folk motifs into Latin formal music such as the danza paved the way for that genre, causing many to label him "the father of merengue".
In addition to his proto-merengue, Alfonseca served as a chapelmaster in Santo Domingo, writing two masses. Alfonseca also wrote patriotic music; following the proclamation of independence of the First Dominican Republic on February 27, 1844, he produced the nation's first proposed national anthem, though it was not adopted.
During the Spanish regime, he managed to use his military rank to form part of the Reserves. During the Dominican Restoration War, despite his limited participation, he, like many of his fellow countrymen, did not believe in the triumph of the revolution, and waited for the Spanish to abandon the territory in order to feel Dominican again.
# Birkbeck

Birkbeck may refer to:
* Birkbeck (surname)
* Birkbeck, University of London, a college of the University of London
* Birkbeck Students' Union, a Student Union in London
* Birkbeck station, a railway station and tram stop in south London
* Birkbeck Stratford, the name for a project to expand the provision of part-time Higher Education in east London.
* Birkbeck Court, the oldest and largest student residence at the University of Strathclyde, Scotland.
* Birkbeck, Illinois, an unincorporated community in DeWitt County, Illinois, United States.
# Fraxinus anomala

Fraxinus anomala is a species of ash tree known by the common name single-leaf ash. It is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, where it grows in a number of habitats including desert scrub and chaparral. It is unusual in the genus in that some (though not all) specimens have simple leaves instead of the pinnate leaves more characteristic of the group.

## Description

Fraxinus anomala is a deciduous shrub or small tree approaching maximum heights of five to six meters. The leaf may be simple or it may be compound, composed of up to five leaflets which look like individual leaves. Each leaflet is oval-shaped to round and may have teeth along the edges. The undistinguished brownish flowers lack petals. The fruit is a flat samara up to two centimeters long and one wide, green when young and tan to brown when mature. The samaras hang in bunches.

## Distribution

In Arizona, singleleaf ash is found along the Arizona transition zone of the Mogollon Rim. In northern Arizona's Grand Canyon, the range extends down the main canyons from southern and southeastern Utah, its major range area, where the Canyon Lands also show the range entering upper reaches of river basins flowing from western Colorado – Colorado and Dolores Rivers; also the shorter Yellowjacket and McElmo Rivers in Colorado's extreme southwest. In the Mojave Desert of California, it is found in the sky island chaparral and woodland habitats. Minor locales also occur in southern Nevada and southern Wyoming.