# Party for the Animals

The Party for the Animals (Dutch: Partij voor de Dieren, PvdD) is a political party in the Netherlands. Among its main goals are animal rights and animal welfare. The PvdD was founded in 2002 as a single-issue party for animal rights, opposing animal cruelty and the treatment of animals in agriculture. The party then developed into a left-wing, ecological party.
Since 2019, the PvdD's political leader is Esther Ouwehand. With 2.25% of the votes at the 2023 general election, the PvdD holds three of the 150 House of Representatives's seats. In the Senate, it has three of the 75 seats. PvdD holds 26 States-Provincial seats across all provinces. In the European Parliament, it has one of the 31 seats allocated to the Netherlands constituency.

## History
### Founding

The Party for the Animals was founded on 28 October 2002 by Marianne Thieme, among others. It was founded out of dissatisfaction with what the party considered to be animal-unfriendly policies of the First Balkenende cabinet, which rolled back a number of animal welfare laws. The party held the CDA particularly responsible for this but also believed that the most animal-friendly party, GroenLinks, also gave too little priority to animal welfare and animal rights.
Although initially considered a testimonial party, a party which does not seek to gain political power but to testify its beliefs and thereby influence other parties, the party signaled its willingness to enter a coalition government in 2021. The party today is a part of the governing coalitions in the municipalities of Almere, Arnhem and Groningen.
In 2003, the PvdD competed in its first Tweede Kamer election. Founded only three months before the elections, the party competed in 18 of the 19 constituencies, missing ballot access in Overijssel due to a clerical error. The party won 47,665 votes, gaining 75% of the electoral threshold, but missing out on a seat.

### Electoral breakthrough

The electoral breakthrough for the PvdD occurred at the 2004 European elections. The party won 3.22% of the votes (153.432 votes), not enough to win a seat, but a sharp improvement compared to their 2003 result. In 2006 the party won their first seats in the Tweede Kamer, with Marianne Thieme and Esther Ouwehand being elected to parliament. The party gained a lot of attention due to a number of prominent lijstduwers, such as Paul Cliteur, Maarten 't Hart, Kees van Kooten, Rudy Kousbroek, Georgina Verbaan and Jan Wolkers.
The Party won nine seats in eight provinces in the 2007 Dutch provincial elections, securing one seat in the Eerste Kamer. In 2010, the party won representation on the local councils of Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht, Arnhem, Gouda, Vlagtwedde and Pijnacker-Nootdorp; this meant that the PvdD secured representation on every level of government in the Netherlands.
In consequent elections, the electoral support for the PvdD remained relatively stable, winning two seats in the Tweede Kamer in 2010 and 2012. In 2014, the party won representation to the European parliament and joined the European United Left-Nordic Green Left parliamentary group.
In 2017, the party gained its best result to date, winning five seats in the Tweede Kamer. On 16 July 2019 Femke Merel van Kooten split from the PvdD caucus and continued as an independent member of parliament. The reason for the split was that Van Kooten criticized the narrow political focus of the party, which in her opinion focused too much on ecology and animal rights.

### Ouwehand leadership

On 8 October 2019, founder and longtime leader Marianne Thieme retired from the leadership and the Tweede Kamer. Esther Ouwehand succeeded Thieme as parliamentary leader, and Eva van Esch replaced her as a member of parliament. She was previously a city council woman in Utrecht.

## Ideology

Their main aim is to improve the life of animals and nature as a whole. They see the constant emphasis on economic growth as one of the main reasons for the lack of animal rights and is to blame for the state that nature currently is in. They want animal rights to be enshrined in the constitution. It is firmly on the left side of the political spectrum, considered an either a left-wing or a far-left party.
The party has also have widened its scope to more than just animal rights, for example sustainability, healthcare, housing and more. It also strives for a shorter workweek and for a universal basic income. The economical demands of the party include a "radical greening" (Dutch: radicale vergroening) of the economy.
The Party for the Animals opposes capitalism and calls for a different economic system; this is combined with the party's support of degrowth, writing: "growth does not bring the solution but the problems" and "growth is an untenable concept on a globe that does not grow with it." It was also described as socialist. The party fields anti-capitalist candidates, such as the radical economist Ewald Engelen, as well as Wesley Pechler, who calls for "an inclusive, green and anti-capitalist Groningen" on the party's website. Conversely, in its program, the party argues that the neoliberal economic policies are destructive and a "system change" is needed in order to build a more inclusive and equal society.
After joining the party, Engelen promoted the bioregionalist aspect of the party, writing: "the Party for the Animals is the only party that has the nerve to say that Amsterdam should shrink, instead of grow. The Party for the Animals is the only one that courageously resists the massive lobby of the coalition of the municipality, big business, Rai and Schiphol. All the others dance along to that seductive tune of growth, growth, growth." He also remarked: "Instead of fixing these marketing images in stone for eternity, we would do well to preserve what is characteristic of the Netherlands: its beautiful medium-sized provincial cities. Good for the quality of life, good for the air quality, good for animals and good for nature."
Other proposals of the party include:
* lowering the voting age to 16;
* introducing direct democracy through establishment of regular consultative referendums;
* shortened required notification period for protests and citizens' initiative;
* strict ethical and privacy scrutiny to automatized or AI-based systems;
* direction election of water boards instead of being chosen indirectly via municipal councils;
* universal housing program.

## Allied organisations
### PINK!

PINK! is the youth wing of the PvdD. It was established on 12 September 2006, and has slightly over 2,000 members (2021 figure). The name is derived from the Dutch word for a cow that is older than a calf, but not yet fully mature. The current chairperson is Bob Steenmeijer, who succeeded Manuela Rot in 2024.

### Nicolaas G. Pierson Foundation

The Nicolaas G. Pierson Foundation is the research department of the PvdD. Founded in 2007, it is named after Niek Pierson, a Dutch economist and an early political donor of the party.

### Animal Politics EU

Initially founded as Euro Animal 7, Animal Politics EU is an informal grouping of animal rights based political parties within the European Union. Animal Politics EU has member parties in the Netherlands, Belgium, Cyprus, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Sweden and Spain. The group currently has one MEP: Anja Hazekamp of the PvdD. Martin Buschmann for the Tierschutzpartei was formerly an MEP in this group but is no longer as of 2020.

## Electorate

The electorate of the PvdD consists in majority of women (estimated at 70%) living in urban areas. In 2023 the party achieved its best results in Amsterdam (11.5%), Arnhem (8.8%), Bergen (8.3%), Haarlem (9.8%), Nijmegen (9.3%), Schiermonnikoog (9%) and Zutphen (8.7%). The party has lowest support in rural areas with large agricultural industries, such as in the Bible belt. It is supported by many organic farmers, and positions itself as a farmer's party which wants to free farmers from the big agricultural companies and their lobbyists, and help farmers transition to organic farming.
The PvdD has the largest proportion of vegan/vegetarian voters of any political party in the Netherlands, with 17.3% or 27.9% of PvdD voters in saying in two surveys in 2021 that they did not eat meat. The party with the second-highest proportion of vegan/vegetarian voters in both surveys was GroenLinks, for which the share laid at 8.4% or 16.9%.
In 2021, a survey by Katholiek Nieuwsblad found that Catholic voters make up greater share of the PvdD's electorate than those of denominationally Christian parties such as CDA, ChristenUnie and SGP. According to the Nieuwsblad's survey, Catholic voters tend to avoid denominationally Protestant or interconfessional parties and vote for strictly Catholic or secular ones in greater numbers instead. The newspaper also claimed that the voting behaviour of the PvdD and the SP is remarkably often in line with the moral views of the Catholic Church, and that "the social teachings of the Church are more progressive than is often thought". The former leader of the party, Marianne Thieme, often made appeals to Christian voters.

## Electoral results
### House of Representatives

| Election | Lead candidate | List | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Government |
| 2003 | Marianne Thieme | List | 47,754 | 0.49 | 0 / 150 | New | Opposition |
| 2006 | Marianne Thieme | List | 179,988 | 1.83 | 2 / 150 | 2 | Opposition |
| 2010 | Marianne Thieme | List | 122,317 | 1.30 | 2 / 150 | 0 | Opposition |
| 2012 | Marianne Thieme | List | 182,162 | 1.93 | 2 / 150 | 0 | Opposition |
| 2017 | Marianne Thieme | List | 335,214 | 3.19 | 5 / 150 | 3 | Opposition |
| 2021 | Esther Ouwehand | List | 399,750 | 3.84 | 6 / 150 | 1 | Opposition |
| 2023 | Esther Ouwehand | List | 235,148 | 2.25 | 3 / 150 | 3 | Opposition |

### Senate

| Election | List | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
| 2007 | List | 3,366 | 2.06 | 1 / 75 | New |
| 2011 | List | 2,177 | 1.06 | 1 / 75 | |
| 2015 | List | 6,073 | 3.16 | 2 / 75 | 1 |
| 2019 | List | 6,550 | 3.78 | 3 / 75 | 1 |
| 2023 | List | 8,560 | 4.78 | 3 / 75 | 0 |

### European Parliament

| Election | List | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | EP Group |
| 2004 | List | 153,432 | 3.22 | 0 / 27 | New | – |
| 2009 | List | 157,735 | 3.46 | 0 / 25 | 0 | – |
| 2009 | List | 157,735 | 3.46 | 0 / 26 | 0 | – |
| 2014 | List | 200,254 | 4.21 | 1 / 26 | 1 | GUE/NGL |
| 2019 | List | 220,938 | 4.02 | 1 / 26 | | GUE/NGL |
| 2019 | List | 220,938 | 4.02 | 1 / 29 | 0 | GUE/NGL |
| 2024 | List | 281,600 | 4.52 | 1 / 31 | 0 | The Left |

### Provincial

| Election | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
| 2007 | 144,132 | 2.55 | 9 / 564 | |
| 2011 | 131,231 | 1.88 | 7 / 566 | 2 |
| 2015 | 210,113 | 3.46 | 18 / 570 | 11 |
| 2019 | 317,103 | 4.36 | 20 / 570 | 2 |
| 2023 | 359.804 | 4.7 | 26 / 572 | 6 |

### Municipalities

At the 2022 Dutch municipal elections, the PvdD won 63 seats, gaining representation in 29 municipalities. Party-wise, they have the most seats (4) in Leiden, Nijmegen and Groningen.

## Representation
### Members of the European Parliament

The MEPs of the Party for the Animals are part of the European United Left–Nordic Green Left Group in the European parliament.