# Roland William Fleming

Roland William Fleming, FRSB (born 1978 in Oxford, UK) is a British and German interdisciplinary researcher specializing in the visual perception of objects and materials. He is the Kurt Koffka Professor of Experimental Psychology at Justus Liebig University of Giessen. and the Executive Director of the Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior of the Universities of Marburg and Giessen. He is also co-Spokesperson for the Research Cluster “The Adaptive Mind”.

## Biography

Fleming was educated at New College School and Magdalen College School in Oxford. Thereafter, he was a student at New College, University of Oxford, where he studied for a Bachelor's degree in Psychology, Philosophy and Physiology. He graduated with First Class Honours in 1999. He then studied for a Doctorate at the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at MIT, graduating in 2004. His doctoral thesis “Human Visual Perception under Real-World Illumination” was supervised by Edward H. Adelson.
In 2003, he took up a post-doctoral research position at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, working in the department of Heinrich H. Bülthoff. From 2009–2013 he served as co-Editor-In-Chief of the journal ACM Transactions on Applied Perception. In 2010, moved to the Justus Liebig University of Giessen to become the Kurt Koffka Junior Professor of Experimental Psychology. From 2013–2016, Fleming coordinated the Marie Curie Initial Training Network “PRISM: Perceptual Representation of Illumination, Shape and Material”. From 2016–2022 he ran the ERC Consolidator Grant “SHAPE: On the Perception of Growth, Form and Process”. He received tenure in 2016 and was promoted to Full Professor in 2020. In 2021 he became the Executive Director of the Centre for Mind, Brain and Behavior at the Universities of Marburg and Giessen. In 2022 he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology. Fleming has served on the Expert Review Group and the Interview Panel for the Wellcome Trust. In 2023 he was awarded the ERC Advanced Grant “STUFF: Perceiving Materials and their Properties”.

## Honors and awards

In 2012, Fleming was awarded the Faculty Research Prize of the Justus Liebig University of Giessen (“Preis der Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen”) for his work on the visual estimation of 3D shape from image orientations. In 2013, he was awarded the Elsevier/Vision Sciences Society Young Investigator Award. In 2016 he was awarded an ERC Consolidator Grant “SHAPE: On the Perception of Growth, Form and Process” and in 2023 an ERC Advanced Grant “STUFF: Perceiving Materials and their Properties”. In 2021, he delivered the Vision Sciences Society annual Public Lecture. In 2022 he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology.

## Research

Fleming specializes in the human visual perception of materials and objects, and their physical properties. He is particularly known for his contributions to establishing material perception as a field of study in vision science. He uses a combination of research methods from experimental psychology, computational neuroscience, computer graphics and machine learning.

### Material Perception

Fleming’s early works focused on the visual perception of the optical properties of surfaces and materials, such as gloss, translucency and transparency. He helped determine the role of visual cues such as motion and binocular stereopsis in the perception of surface reflectance, especially gloss. A recurring theme within this work was the concept that specular reflections behave unlike surface markings—such as pigmentation patterns or scratches—leading to specific visual cues for identifying specular reflections and therefore glossy surfaces. He also investigated how multi-component patterns of specular reflection lead to hazy glossy appearances. His more recent studies on surface appearance have tested whether artificial neural networks can reproduce the patterns of errors and successes that human observers make when judging material properties.
In addition to studying how the visual system estimates optical properties of materials, he has also investigated the relationship between other material properties and material categories, and how these are affected by the viewing distance, as in the so-called ‘material-scale ambiguity’.
Fleming also led a number of studies on how the visual system infers the mechanical properties of materials, such as compliance, elasticity, and viscosity
from optical, shape and motion cues. Most of these studies used finite elements computer simulations of liquids or deformable solids interacting with their surroundings. A recurring theme within this body of work is the idea that the visual system represents stimuli in a multi-dimensional space of midlevel visual features, which statistically characterize how shape, motion and appearance evolve over time. He and his colleagues have claimed that such representations facilitate disentangling intrinsic material properties from other factors that also contribute to the proximal stimulus such as a flowing liquid’s speed, or the force deforming a compliant solid.
Early in his career, Fleming argued that the visual system infers material properties through heuristics, using simple image statistics that correlate with surface properties under typical viewing conditions. Later however, he proposed that the visual system uses richer internal models of the appearance of objects and materials under typical viewing conditions—an idea he calls ‘Statistical Appearance Models'. Specifically, he has suggested that the visual system acquires the ability to infer material properties (or other distal stimulus properties) by learning generative models of proximal stimuli through unsupervised learning objectives, such as compressing or predictive coding of image content. A proof-of-concept of this theory was demonstrated by training an unsupervised artificial neural network model on a dataset of computer rendered images of bumpy, glossy surfaces. Fleming and his colleagues found that the model spontaneously learned to disentangle scene variables—such as lighting and surface reflectance—even though it was given no explicit information about the true values of these variables. Moreover, the model correctly predicted both successes and failures (i.e., illusions) of human gloss perception.

### Shape Perception

Fleming’s early works focused on the visual estimation of three-dimensional (3D) shape from specular reflections, shading and texture. He is particularly known as a proponent of the role of ‘orientation fields’ in shape perception. Orientation fields refer to spatially varying patterns of the dominant local orientation across the image of a surface, as measured by populations of orientation-selective neurons at each image location. Fleming and his colleagues have shown that local image orientation signals tend to vary smoothly across curved surfaces in ways that are systematically related to 3D shape properties. For textured surfaces, local image orientation is related to first-order shape properties, especially surface slant and tilt. For shading patterns and specular reflections, local image orientation structure is related to second-order shape properties, especially the direction of minimum second derivative of surface depths, and the ratio of minimum and maximum second derivative magnitudes. He has argued that orientation fields provide a fundamental source of information about shape, and that their use by the visual system predicts specific illusions of perceived shape, such as when illumination changes.
In addition to the visual estimation of 3D shape, Fleming has also investigated the perceptual organization of shape and the use of shape to make additional inferences about objects and their properties,—a process he calls ‘Shape Understanding’. Fleming led a number of studies on how the visual system makes inferences about the processes and transformations that have formed objects or altered their shape. A recurring theme within this body of work is that an object’s ‘causal history’ leaves traces in its shape, which can be used to identify which of its features are the result of shape-altering transformations. Such transformations include simple spatial distortions and more complex biological growth processes. By analogy to the visual system’s ability to separate images depicting transparent surfaces into multiple distinct causes, Fleming and his colleagues refer to the separation of shape into distinct causes as ‘Shape Scission’. An example of this is the ability to distinguish the causes of different shape features that occur when a face or object is fully covered with a cloth veil. Some of the visible features of the surface of the cloth are caused by the textile draping of its own accord, while others are due to the protrusion of the underlying object. Observers can distinguish these causes, even when the hidden object is of unknown shape.
Fleming has also investigated the role of shape in object categorization, especially in one-shot learning of novel object categories from a single (or small number of) exemplars. In this context, Fleming and colleagues developed a computational model for predicting the perceived similarity between pairs of two-dimensional (2D) shapes, called ‘ShapeComp’. The model combines a large number of shape features to capture different aspects of shape. He and his colleagues have also studied how shape cues contribute to the visual perception of animacy, and conversely how semantics alter the perceptual organization of shape. Fleming and colleagues have argued that human visual one-shot categorization involves inferring a generative model from the exemplar object. They have proposed that this involves segmenting the object into parts, and representing their relations in a way that can be modified to synthesize novel variants belonging to the same category as the exemplar. They claim that this idea is supported by experiments in which participants are presented with a single exemplar and are asked to draw novel variants.

### Computer Graphics

Fleming’s work in computer graphics has mainly focused on perceptually-based approaches to representing and modifying photographic imagery. He contributed to the development of image-based algorithms for altering the material appearance and shape of objects in photographs. His work on orientation fields led to methods for synthesizing images of objects with particular 3D shape and material appearance based on purely 2D image operations. He also contributed to work investigating perceptually-based methods for converting between and presenting conventional (low-dynamic range) and high-dynamic range images. He co-authored a text book entitled “Visual Perception from a Computer Graphics Perspective”

### Grasping and interacting with objects and materials

Fleming’s work on motor control has focused primarily on the effects of 3D shape and material properties—including mass, friction and rigidity—on grasping. He and his colleagues have investigated various illusions related to grasping, including the ‘material-weight illusion, a variant of the size-weight illusion, in which the expected weight of an object is manipulated through its surface material (instead of its volume as in the size-weight illusion). He and his colleagues developed a computational model for predicting human precision grip (thumb and forefinger) grasp locations on objects with varying 3D shape and materials properties. The model combines multiple cost functions related to the properties of the object and the actor’s hand. The model predicted average human grasp locations approximately as well as different individuals’ grasps predict one another. His research group has developed methods for measuring the contact regions between hands and objects to capture unconstrained, whole-hand grasping behavior.