OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gurdas Singh Badal

Gurdas Singh Badal (6 August 1931 – 15 May 2020) was an Indian politician and parliamentarian. He was born in Abul Khurana, Firozpur district. He was the younger brother of Parkash Singh Badal. He was elected to the seventh Lok Sabha from Fazilka constituency in 1967 as member of Shiromani Akali Dal. He was a member of the Indian National Congress.

## Family

He was the son of late Raghuraj Singh Badal, and the younger brother of former Chief Minister of Punjab, Parkash Singh Badal. His son Manpreet Singh Badal was the Finance Minister of Punjab. His wife Harmandar Kaur died in March 2020.

## Political career

He was member of the Punjab Legislative Assembly from March 1967 – April 1969. He was elected to the 5th Lok Sabha from 15 March 1971 – 18 January 1977 from Fazilka constituency representing the Shiromani Akali Dal.
Later in his life he sported a green turban and supported the Indian National Congress.
He handled Badal’s entire election campaign in the family’s pocket borough of Lambi in Muktsar district. For people of Malwa, the region of Punjab that has traditionally been the Akali stronghold, Gurdas was Akali Dal and Akali Dal was Gurdas. It is often said that he was the man behind the Badal’s rise from village sarpanch to the chief minister of Punjab.
He was known to be the wind under his brother's wings and his election manager. Parkash Singh Badal had reared Gurdas Singh Badal's son to politics and both their children were able to become famous politicians. Even after a schism occurred between the Sukhbir Singh Badal and Manpreet Singh Badal, which the former won, their relationship did not deteriorate and remained.

## Death

He died from cardiac arrest on 15 May 2020 at Fortis Hospital in Mohali. He was cremated with state honors.
# Gintautas Zenkevičius

Brigade general Gintautas Zenkevičius (Lithuanian:; 24 September 1962 – 19 November 2021) was a Lithuanian military officer, holding the rank of brigade general, and a former Chief of the Defence Staff of Lithuania.

## Education

1980–1985, he studied at Kaunas Polytechnic Institute and acquired the specialty of radio equipment constructor technologist.1999–2000, studied at the Joint Forces Command and Staff College. At the same time, he received a Master of Defense Sciences from the Royal College of the University of London.

## Career

* 2004–2005: Assistant Chief of Staff for Planning (Chief of J5) at the Defence Staff in the Ministry of National Defence.
* 2005: Commander of the Lithuania-led Provincial Reconstruction Team in Afghanistan's Ghor province.
* 2007–2008: Director of the LAF Transformation Project, focusing on adopting a capabilities-based approach in defence planning and streamlining command structures.
* 2008–2010: Inspector General of the Ministry of National Defence.
* 2010–2013: Director of Management at NATO's Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE), overseeing working processes, base support infrastructure, and personnel welfare.
* 2013–2014: Director General for Capabilities and Armaments at the Ministry of National Defence, responsible for capability planning, defence transformation, and armament acquisition.
* 2014–2018: Lithuania's Military Representative to the NATO and EU Military Committees, serving as Dean of the latter from July 2017.
* 2018–2019: Commander of the Training and Doctrine Command of the LAF.
* 2019–2020: Chief of the Defence Staff and Deputy Commander of the LAF.
# E (band)

E was a Czech experimental rock group from Brno active between 1984 and 1997. Their music fell into the wider scope of alternative, underground, and post-punk rock genres.

## Background

Josef Ostřanský and Vladimír Václavek were known from the band Dunaj and from their collaboration with singer Iva Bittová. The band's frontman was singer and lyricist Vladimír Kokolia, known primarily as a painter, graphic artist, and cartoonist; he went on to work as the head teacher of graphic studio 2 at the Academy of Fine Arts in Prague.
The band's music was based upon mutually interlocking riffs of both instrumentalists, forming elaborate loops together with simple but sophisticated cross-rhythms. Kokolia's role consisted of very expressive declamations of imaginative and metaphorical existentialist lyrics, often with sarcastic humour.
Onstage, both guitarists were also equipped with a simple drum kit (snare, kick drum, tom, and hi-hat) and played those instruments simultaneously while Kokolia sometimes operated the foot electronic percussion rug. Two recorded albums represent only a part of the band's repertoire.

## Former members

* Vladimír Kokolia – vocals, percussion
* Josef Ostřanský – guitar, percussion
* Vladimír Václavek – bass guitar, guitar, percussion

## Discography

* E (Live, 1990)
* I Adore Nothing (I Believe It Does Not Exist) (1994)
# Pennsylvania Railroad class E2, E3, and E7

The Pennsylvania Railroad's class E2, E3, E7 steam locomotives were of the 4-4-2 "Atlantic" passenger type, frequently called light Atlantics after the introduction of the heavier E6 Atlantics. All were similar in size and boiler capacity but differed in firebox type, valves and valve gear and cylinder diameter. Classes E2 and E3 were built simultaneously.
Starting in 1916 a rebuilding program converted ninety class E2a, b, and c to class E7s by replacing slide valves with piston valves and increasing cylinder diameter from 20.5 to 22.5 inches (520 to 570 mm). Fourteen class E2 were similarly converted to class E7sa. Ninety class E2a,d, E3a,d were converted to class E3sd. These improvements allowed many of the engines to remain in active service into the 1930s.
The sub-classes differed as follows:
| Class | Firebox | Cylinder size | Valves | Valve gear | Number built | Years built |
| E2 | Radial-stay | 20 ½” x 26” | Slide | Stephenson | 88 | 1901-02 |
| E2a | Belpaire | 20 ½” x 26” | Slide | Stephenson | 93 | 1902-05 |
| E2b | Belpaire | 20 ½” x 26” | Piston | Stephenson | 70 | 1903-04 |
| E2c | Belpaire | 20 ½” x 26” | Slide | Stephenson | 22 | 1903 |
| E2d | Belpaire | 20 ½” x 26” | Piston | Walschaerts | 32 | 1906-08 |
| E3 | Radial-stay | 22” x 26” | Slide | Stephenson | 8 | 1901-02 |
| E3a | Belpaire | 22” x 26” | Slide | Stephenson | 114 | 1903-05 |
| E3d | Belpaire | 22” x 26” | Piston | Walschaerts | 56 | 1906-10 |
| E7s | Belpaire | 22 ½” x 26” | Piston | Stephenson | 90 converted from E2a/b/c | 1916-20 |
| E7sa | Radial-stay | 22 ½” x 26” | Piston | Stephenson | 14 converted from E2 | 1916-20 |
In the first decade of the twentieth century classes E2 and E3 handled all of the fast passenger trains of the Pennsylvania Railroad. As train weights increased due to the switch to steel passenger cars and more cars per train, the “light” Atlantics were usually doubleheaded. Eventually, as Pacific class K2 and K3 became available, they were relegated to secondary service

## Engine #7002

This engine was built for the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1902 as Class E2 No. 7002. On the first westward run of the Pennsylvania Special (renamed the Broadway Limited in 1912) in June 1905 the conductor clocked the train over three miles just west of Lima, Ohio in 85 seconds, at a record speed of 127.1 miles per hour (204.5 km/h) (the claim is dubious, as the train averaged about 68 mph (109 km/h) from Crestline to Fort Wayne). No. 7002 was rebuilt to class E7sa in August 1916 and scrapped in 1935.
When the PRR was looking for an E7 class locomotive for preservation, they refurbished No. 8063 (an E2a from the PRR) and substituted No. 7002’s engine number and builder’s plate. No. 8063 is a PRR E2a built in 1905. The engine was donated to Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania in 1979 and put into operating order by Strasburg Rail Road where it ran for until December 20, 1989, sometimes doubleheading with PRR D16 No. 1223.
# L. D. Austin

L.D. Austin (September 17, 1918 – August 25, 1971) was a NASCAR Grand National Series driver. He raced in the 1959 Daytona 500 and the 1960 Daytona 500. He also finished in the top ten in the Grand National Standings from 1957–1959. He never earned a pole position, but did make a front row start. He is also one of the drivers with the most starts without a win.
# 1952 Hong Kong municipal election

The 1952 Hong Kong Urban Council election was held on 30 May 1952 for the two elected seats of the Urban Council of Hong Kong. It was the first Urban Council election since the end of the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the previous election having been held in 1940. Barrister Brook Bernacchi of the Reform Club of Hong Kong and William Louey, chief manager of Kowloon Motor Bus won the two seats.

## Overview

It was the first Urban Council election after the Second World War. Prior to the election, the former Governor Sir Mark Aitchison Young suggested a further constitutional reform by a new elected Municipal body replacing the Urban Council. The Young Plan was strongly opposed by the conservatives and the then Governor Sir Alexander Grantham. At the end, the Governor restored the election for two seats in the Urban Council which had existed before the war after the Young Plan was shelved.
The polling station was held at the Murray Parade Ground. Some 3,368 men cast ballots, about one-third of the 9,700 registered voters, lower than expectations. The China Mail said it could "scarcely be regarded as a convincing sign that the Colony is desperately anxious to enjoy extended franchise." Brook Bernacchi of the Reform Club of Hong Kong and William Louey of the Kowloon Residents' Association, chief manager of Kowloon Motor Bus, were elected out of nine candidates. Pro-Communist barrister Percy Chen, son of former Foreign Minister of the Republic of China Eugene Chen, was on the ballot. He urged voters to treat the election as a referendum to press London for a further constitutional reform promised by Young. He ranked sixth of the nine candidates, getting 461 votes. The other Reform Club candidate Woo Pak-chuen lost the race by only 38 votes.

## Results

Urban Council Election 1952 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Reform | Brook Bernacchi | 1,168 | 17.84 | New |
| | KRA | William Sui-tak Louey | 1,068 | 16.31 | New |
| | Reform | Woo Pak-chuen | 1,031 | 15.75 | |
| | Independent | Tso Tsun-on | 1,017 | 15.53 | |
| | Independent | Peter Henry Sin | 866 | 13.23 | |
| | CRA | Percy Chen | 461 | 7.04 | |
| | Independent | G. S. Kennedy-Skipton | 386 | 5.89 | |
| | Independent | Kong Chi-nai | 307 | 4.69 | |
| | Independent | Daniel Neng-fang Chen | 244 | 3.73 | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 3,368 | 34.72 | |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 9,700 | | |

## Citations

* ↑ "Council Election". China Mail. 31 May 1952.
* ↑ Reform Club of Hong Kong (1949). Memorandum and articles of Association of the Reform Club of Hong Kong : incorporated the 20th day of January, 1949. Ts'o & Hodgson.
* ↑ "Steady Stream Of Voters At Urban Council Election". China Mail. 30 May 1952.
# Predee Daochai

Predee Daochai (born 9 September 1958) is a Thai financial lawyer and executive. He served as Minister of Finance in the second cabinet of Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha.

## Early life and education

Predee graduated with a bachelor's degree in Laws (2nd Class Honors) from Thammasat University, Barrister-at-law of the Thai Bar Association, and Master of Comparative Law from University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.

## Careers

Predee has been appointed a member of the government of Prayut Chan-o-cha in several sets such as members of the Special Economic Development Zone Policy Committee Chairman, The Thai Bankers' Association, the Board of Investment. He was a member of the National Legislative Assembly in 2014.
In September 2020, he resigned as Finance Minister after a reported conflict with his deputy, Santi Promphat, although health reasons were also cited for his resignation.

## Royal decorations

* Knight Grand Cordon (First Class) of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant
* Knight Grand Cordon (2nd Class) of The Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand
# Horsetail Fall (Yosemite)

Horsetail Fall, located in Yosemite National Park in California, is a seasonal waterfall that flows in the winter and early spring. The fall occurs on the east side of El Capitan. If Horsetail Fall is flowing in February and the weather conditions are just right, the setting sun illuminates the waterfall, making it glow orange and red. This natural phenomenon is often referred to as the "Firefall", a name that pays homage to Yosemite Firefall, the manmade event that once took place in Yosemite.

## Descriptions

The waterfall is fed by rain or snowmelt. It descends in two streams side by side, the eastern one being the larger but both quite small. The eastern one drops 1,540 ft (470 m), and the western one 1,570 ft (480 m), the second highest fully airborne waterfall in Yosemite that runs at some point every year (the highest being Ribbon Fall.) The waters then gather and descend another 490 ft (150 m) on steep slabs, so the total height of these waterfalls is 2,030 ft (620 m) to 2,070 ft (630 m). It can be seen and photographed from a small clearing close to the picnic area on the north road leading out of Yosemite Valley east of El Capitan. The fall is sometimes referred to as an ephemeral fall because of its seasonal nature.

## Firefall

For a couple of weeks in mid- to late- February, the fall may be lit up by the setting sun, creating the illusion of a blazing waterfall. This evening spectacle, which lasts around 10 minutes in good viewing conditions, is commonly referred to as the "firefall". The phenomenon requires enough water to create the fall, a clear sky, and the right angle for the sunlight to illuminate the fall. It is not observable every year.
The phenomenon was photographed by Ansel Adams in 1940, but made more widely-known by Galen Rowell who photographed it for the National Geographic in 1973. Viewing of the Firefall increased in popularity due to its images being shared on social media, and optimal dates for its viewing are published. The popularity of the phenomenon to photographers has resulted in large congregations of people, which caused damage to sensitive vegetation, and led to the National Park Service closing two of the three best viewing sites in 2020.
On February 22, 2025, Yosemite employees hung an upside-down U.S. flag next to Horsetail Fall to protest the recent mass firing of National Park Service staff by the Trump administration.
# Chelsea Studios

40°44′48″N 73°59′43″W﻿ / ﻿40.746607°N 73.995205°W﻿ / 40.746607; -73.995205
Chelsea Studios, also known as Chelsea Television Studios, is an American television studio and sound stage located at 221 West 26th Street between Seventh and Eighth Avenues in Chelsea, Manhattan, New York City.

## History

The building was originally an armory which was home to the Ninth Mounted Cavalry, which moved to 14th Street in 1914. Adolph Zukor turned it into a studio for the Famous Players Film Company. Among the films produced there were An American Citizen and That Man from Mexico starring John Barrymore.
In the 1950s, Himan Brown bought the studio and gutted it to create two sound stages known as Production Center Studios. In the 1960s and 70s, Brown leased the facility to CBS for soap opera productions. As of February 2019, it is owned by All Mobile Video.

## Films

* 12 Angry Men (1957)
* BUtterfield 8 (1960)
* Long Day's Journey Into Night (1962)
* The Miracle Worker (1962)
* You're A Big Boy Now (1967)
* The Night They Raided Minsky's (1968)
* The Producers (1968)
* The Boys in the Band (1970)
* The Anderson Tapes (1971)
Source

## Television

* The Phil Silvers Show
* Mama (1956–1957)
* Decoy (1957–1958)
* Show of the Week (CBS)
* The Patty Duke Show
* Inner Sanctum
* As the World Turns (1965–1967)
* Love of Life
* Guiding Light (1968–1988)
* Search for Tomorrow (1976–1977)
* The Jon Stewart Show (1994–1995)
* Ricki Lake (1993–2004)
* Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego (1991)
* Judge Hatchett (2000–2008)
* Judge Karen (2008-2009)
* The Wendy Williams Show (2008, 2012–2022)
* Martha (2005–2012)
* The Tyra Banks Show (2007–2010)
* Stump the Schwab (2003–2005)
* Rachael Ray (2012–2023)
* Skavlan
* Sherri (2022–present)
Source
# Solar-powered aircraft

Solar-powered aircraft are electric aircraft that can be an airplane, blimp, or airship and use either a battery or hydrogen to store the energy produced by the solar cells and use that energy at night when the sun isn't shining.

## Usage

Solar-powered aircraft do not require fuel, so they don't require oxygen, and they are able to operate at altitudes over 20 kilometres (12 mi) to 100 kilometres (62 mi) for months at a time.
Conventional passenger or cargo aircraft usages aren't practical yet with modern technology, but high-altitude platform stations and long-endurance missions over a fixed location with unmanned aircraft or airships are feasible. Thus solar-powered aircraft could be used in telecommunications, video/imagery, flight control by transporting airport surveillance radars, in precipitation detection by transporting weather radars, geopositioning Global Positioning Systems (GPS), and other pseudo satellite applications that transpond the data with ground stations.

## List of solar airplanes

This list is non-exhaustive.
* AstroFlight Sunrise - first uncrewed solar flight in 1974
* Mauro Solar Riser - first crewed solar flight in April 1979
* MacCready Gossamer Penguin - second crewed solar flight in May 1980
* Pathfinder
* Centurion
* Helios
* Facebook Aquila
* Solar Impulse - first manned solar aircraft to circumnavigate the globe. Since reconfigured by Skydweller Aero into an uncrewed autonomous drone.
* Airbus Zephyr
* Kea Atmos Mk1 solar powered stratospheric HAPS
* BAE Systems PHASA-35
* HAPSMobile Hawk30

## Solar airships

Solar Airship One is being developed by Euro Airship and is planning to launch a would tour in 2026 and fly by 25 countries in 20 days as it travels around the world non-stop.
It will be autonomous and use electrolysis to store hydrogen to keep moving at night when the sun isn't shining.
# Hans von Friebeis

Hans von Friebeis (24 July 1855 — 25 October 1923) was a mayor of Vienna.
# Uttama Savanayana

Uttama Savanayana (Thai: อุตตม สาวนายน, born 19 May 1960) is a Thai politician. He served as Minister of Finance in the second cabinet of Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha. He resigned in July 2020. On 19 January 2022, Savanayana formed a new party called Sang Anakot Thai (Building Thailand's Future) along with Sontirat Sontijirawong.

## Early life and education

Uttam Saanayana was born on 19 May 1960 to be the son of Lek and Ya Yee Savanayana. He graduated from primary and secondary school from Chulalongkorn University Demonstration School and bachelor's degree in electrical engineering From Brown University, USA. Then he studied Master of Business Administration (Finance and International Business) at Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University and Ph.D. in Financial Management, Isenberg School of Management, University of Massachusetts Amherst.

## Careers

Uttama is a private financial institution manager. He worked as a teacher in a higher education institution and became Deputy Dean of Academic Department and Lecturer in the Faculty of Finance, National Institute of Development Administration and was appointed rector of Bangkok University in June 2015. He was an advisor to the Minister of Finance, Somkid Jatusripitak and Assistant Minister to the Prime Minister's Office. Later in 2015, he was appointed Minister of Information and Communication Technology in the government of Prayut Chan-o-cha but submitted a resignation letter on 12 September 2016 to have the appointment of the Digital Economy and Society Minister, a ministry to be established. He was appointed an advisor to the Prime Minister on 15 September 2016. In December 2016, he was appointed Minister of Industry and Minister of Finance respectively.

## Royal decorations

* 2017 - Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant
* 2020 - Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of The Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand
# The Night Club (film)

The Night Club is a 1925 American silent comedy film directed by Paul Iribe and Frank Urson and written by Cecil B. DeMille, Keene Thompson, Walter Woods, and William C. deMille. The film stars Raymond Griffith, Vera Reynolds, Wallace Beery, Louise Fazenda, and William Austin. The film was released on April 27, 1925, by Paramount Pictures.

## Plot

A bitter bachelor and founder of a club, The Night Club, a free organization of unrepentant bachelors, Bob White finally decided to get married. But the wedding goes awry, because the bride leaves him alone at the foot of the altar. The bad experience makes him a misogynist and, when he learns that he can inherit a million dollars only if he marries this Grace Henderson, he prefers to give up that mountain of money in order not to get married. Some time later, Bob meets Grace by chance: ignoring who she really is, he falls in love with her. But the woman, having learned of Bob's identity, believing that he wants to marry her only to get hold of the inheritance, rejects him. Bob discovers that if he dies, the inheritance will go to Grace. He then decides to sacrifice himself and tries to kill himself, but his attempts, fortunately, all fail. Grace finally realizes Bob's true feelings and agrees to marry him.

## Cast

* Raymond Griffith as Robert White
* Vera Reynolds as Grace Henderson
* Wallace Beery as Josy
* Louise Fazenda as Carmen
* William Austin as Gerl
uncredited
* Edythe Chapman as Miss Perkins

## Preservation

The Cineteca Del Friulli, Library of Congress, UCLA Film and Television Archive, George Eastman Museum, and Pacific Film Archive all hold prints of this film.
# William Roy Smith

William Roy Smith (1876–1938) was an American academic historian.

## Career

Smith studied first at the University of Texas (A.B. 1897, A.M. 1898), and went on to complete a Ph.D. at Columbia University in 1902, as a student of William Archibald Dunning. He joined the faculty at Bryn Mawr College in 1902, and became professor of history in 1914. He married Marion Parris on 11 June 1912 in Manhattan, New York. He died in Bryn Mawr Hospital in February 1938.
Smith's essay "Negro Suffrage in the South", published in Studies in Southern History and Politics (1914), argued that the disenfranchisement of Black voters had been necessary in the late 19th century, but looked forward to a time when "a steadily increasing number of negroes, who are qualified by intelligence and character, will be readmitted to the voting ranks". Smith's justifications for post-Reconstruction disenfranchisement led W. E. B. Du Bois to list him in Black Reconstruction (1935) among "authors [that] believe the Negro to be sub-human and congenitally unfitted for citizenship and the suffrage".

## Publications

* "The Quarrel between Governor Smith and the Provisional Government of the Republic", Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association 5/4 (1902), pp. 269–346
* South Carolina as a Royal Province, 1710-1776 (Macmillan, 1903)
* "Negro Suffrage in the South", in Studies in Southern History and Politics Inscribed to William Archibald Dunning (Columbia University Press, 1914), pp. 229–256