OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sainte Marie Coal Mine

The Sainte Marie Coal Mine is one of the major Ronchamp coal mines, located in Bourlémont (Ronchamp, Haute-Saône), in eastern France. It was worked intermittently between 1866 and 1958, then finally closed. The concrete headframe was reinforced in 1924 by Charles Tournay. This Liège engineer and architect specialized in constructing concrete headframes. On 29 March 2001, the headframe was listed as a French national monument historique.

## Background

In 1830, a survey was conducted atop Bourlémont Hill, near the eventual site of the Sainte Marie Coal Mine, but no trace of coal was discovered. By the 1860s, the Stéphanien coal basin had been found, and the Saint-Charles, Saint-Joseph, Sainte-Pauline, and Sainte-Barbe mines were opened. Also ongoing at that time was the unsuccessful digging of the Saint-Georges pit.

## Mining

In 1863, it was decided that the Saint-Charles mine should be replaced by a new mineshaft to be dug to its west. The limits of the Ronchamp basin were not yet known, and the new mine was located 1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi) to the west, at the foot of Bourlémont. Digging of the 3.5-meter-diameter (11-foot) mineshaft was begun on 23 April 1864 and proceeded with the help of six horses and a steam winch. Workers completed the digging in two years, having found the coalfield at a depth of 239 metres (784 ft). The walls of the pit were constructed of Portland cement.
At a depth of 305 m (1,001 ft), workers discovered another, 60-centimetre layer of coal. When the digging eventually ceased, it had reached a depth of 359 m (1,178 ft).
The mine was dug in rough soil, but there was little water infiltration, unlike at most of the mines in the Ronchamp basin. The excavation cost a total of ₣172,157.93. Despite its small output, the site was developed with security systems and cages to carry the coal.

## Incidents

The first steam-powered hoist caused problems because as it saw use beyond the initial digging, which was its only intended purpose. The hoist broke on 13 November 1866, trapping five miners underground; they were rescued using a winch the following day. Two years later, the hoist was replaced with a machine taken from the Notre-Dame mine, which had a steam break, gears, and a spool shaft.
In January 1868 an extraction cage detached and damaged the guide ropes, which led to a two-week layoff for the miners. On 24 January 1868, the mine suffered a firedamp explosion that left eight dead and damaged 250 metres (820 ft) of its structural timbers.
After its closure the mine was filled with shale and topped with a concrete slab by Cotta. It had been planned that the headframe should be demolished, but because of strong community attachment to it as part of their heritage, it was saved in 1972 by Dr. Marcel Maulini, who went on to establish a museum of mining in Ronchamp.

## Pictures

* Mineshaft slab.
* Shaft indicator.
* Old hoist building.
* Remains of the fan.
* Remains of the control.
* 1864 boiler house.
# Rain check

Rain check may refer to:

## General

* Rain check (baseball), a ticket issued in case a baseball game is started but canceled due to rain prior to reaching the point of becoming official
* Rain check (idiom), by analogy, a way to request rescheduling an invitation or an agreement for a merchant to provide to a customer an out-of-stock sale item at a later date

## Entertainment
### Literature

* Rain Check (1946), a science-fiction novel by Lewis Padgett
* Rain-Check (1956), a poem by Raymond Souster

### Music

* "Rain check", a song composed by Billy Strayhorn from the 1967 album ...And His Mother Called Him Bill, released by jazz legend Duke Ellington
** "Rain Check" (1978), included on the jazz album Toshiko Plays Billy Strayhorn
** "Rain Check" (1990), included on the three-CD album The Blanton–Webster Band
* "Rain Check" (1997), a song from the re-released album The Polyfuze Method Revisited by Kid Rock
* "Rain Check" (2004), a song from the album Educated Guess by singer-songwriter Ani DiFranco
* "Raincheck" (1971), backing side of a vinyl single by Trousers released by HappySad Records
* "Raincheck" (1972), from the LP record Twice Upon a Rhyme by Paul Levinson
* "Raincheck" (1995), from the album Days Like This by Irish singer-songwriter Van Morrison
* "Rain Check" (2015), a single by Swedish rapper Bladee
# Haplogroup O (mtDNA)

Haplogroup O mtDNA is a haplogroup derived from haplogroup N and found in Oceania. Specifically, it is found among Aboriginal Australians. Its defining mutations are G6755A, C9140T, and G16213A.
It is one of the rarest haplogroups. As of 2022, FamilyTreeDNA reports that only 4 people in their customer base who have tested their complete mitochondrial sequences are members of the haplogroup. YFull reports 9 known members, 8 of whom are stated to be from Australia, and that the haplogroup is at least 20,000 years old.
The following table lists relevant GenBank samples:
| Phylotree Haplogroup | YFull Haplogroup | GenBank ID | Alternate ID | State/Region |
| O | O-a1 | KY595606 | AUS41 | Queensland |
| O | O-a1a | AY289059 | Aus23 | Northern Territory |
| O | O-a1a | KY595554 | AUS39 | Queensland |
| O | O-a1a | KY595619 | AUS40 | Queensland |
| O1 | O-a2 | KY595668 | AUS38 | Queensland |
| O1 | O1 | DQ404447 | AUD38 | Northern Territory desert |
| O1a | O1a | AY289056 | Aus20 | Northern Territory |
| O1a | O1a | AY289058 | Aus22 | Northern Territory |

## Subclades
### Tree

* O
** O-a1
*** O-a1a
** O1
*** O-a2
** O1
*** O1a
# Ochieng

Ochieng is an African (Luo tribe) Male name. The name means "born during sunshine hours" it comes after "Omondi" which means morning and will go on until "Odhiambo" which means Evening. Luo tribe base their names on day to day occurrences, important times in history and occasionally on prominent figures. Some of the most prominent Los include the Former US President Barack Obama - Among Others. People with this name include:
* Bernard Ochieng, Kenyan footballer
* Collins Ochieng (born 1987), Kenyan footballer
* Daudi Ochieng (1925–1966), Ugandan politician
* David Ochieng (born 1992), Kenyan footballer
* Duncan Ochieng (born 1978), Kenyan footballer
* Edgar Ochieng (born 1977), Kenyan footballer
* Enosh Ochieng (born 1991), Kenyan footballer
* Eric Ochieng, Kenyan footballer
* Erick Ochieng(born 1987), British boxer
* Eugene Ochieng (born 1993), Kenyan cricketer
* Felix 'Toti' Ochieng, Kenyan rugby coach
* Frazier Ochieng (born 1975), Kenyan footballer
* Francis Ochieng (born 1982), Kenyan footballer
* Henry Ochieng (born 1998), Kenyan footballer
* Kennedy Ochieng (born 1971), Kenyan sprinter
* Kevin Ochieng (born 1985), Kenyan footballer
* Mark Ochieng, Australian soccer player
* Ovella Ochieng (born 1999), Kenyan footballer
* Pascal Ochieng (born 1986), Kenyan footballer
* Pius Ochieng (born 1960), Kenyan weightlifter
* Raymond Ochieng (born 1977), Kenyan boxer
* Tony Harvard Ochieng (born 2002),Kenyan academic
* Victor Ochieng (born 1991), Kenyan footballer
* Washington Yotto Ochieng, Kenyan academic
* Willis Ochieng (born 1981), Kenyan footballer
# Malhun Hatun

Kameriye Malhun Hatun ("moon" and "wealth"; also called Mal Hatun or Mala Hatun; died after 1326) was the second legal wife of Osman I, the leader of the Ottoman Turks and the founder of the dynasty that established and ruled the Ottoman Empire. She was the mother of Sultan Orhan.

## Biography

According to some historians, she was the daughter of the Anatolian Turkish Bey, Ömer Bey. In the past there have been many speculations that she was the daughter of Sheikh Edebali, as most of the historians during the Ottoman period accept that she was indeed his daughter, although her name has been a subject of conflict to this date, but now it is known that Edebali's daughter was Rabia Bala. Other sources say that she was the daughter of Ömer Abdülaziz Bey, Seljuk Vizier of Anatolia.
The 1324 endowment deed for a Dervish Monastery built by Sultan Orhan suggests that his mother was not, as popular historical tradition maintains, Edebali's daughter but rather Mal Hatun, the daughter of one "Umar Bey or Ömer Bey". The title "Bey", used by the princely dynasties of Anatolia, suggests that Mal Hatun's father was a person of some status and authority. One possibility is that he was the eponymous ruler of an "Amouri" (Umeri) Principality, which was located northeast of the emerging Ottoman State and disappeared in the late 13th or the early 14th century.
The Amouri are described by the 13th century Byzantine historian George Pachymeres, who says that a son of Umar fought with Osman in one of his first raids against local Byzantine lords (the victory of Baphaion). The Ottomans, according to Pachymeres, went on to assume the role played by Amouri until their demise as the principal aggressor against the Byzantines in the northwest Anatolia. If Pachymeres's report is correct, the timing and the political context are appropriate for a marriage between Osman and Umar Bey's daughter.

## In popular culture

* In the Turkish historical dramma series Kuruluş Osman, Malhun Hatun is portrayed by the Turkish actress Yıldız Çağrı Atiksoy.
# Calvin D. Venable

Calvin Davenport Venable (c. 1815 – December 27, 1862) was a Confederate field officer. Born in 1815 in Kentucky, he served as the clerk of a Henry County, Tennessee, court. He was appointed the adjutant of the 5th Tennessee Infantry Regiment on May 20, 1861, and lieutenant colonel on August 8 of that year. He was wounded in action at the Battle of Perryville on October 8, 1862, and relieved of his duties later that year. Venable died in Versailles, Tennessee, on December 27, 1862, of his wounds received at Perryville and of congestive fever.
# 116th Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line)

The 116th Street station was an express station on the demolished IRT Ninth Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had three tracks and two island platforms. It opened on September 17, 1879, and closed on June 11, 1940. The next southbound local stop was 104th Street station until June 3, 1903, and then 110th Street. The next southbound express stop was 66th Street. The next northbound stop was 125th Street for all trains. The express run from this stop to 66th Street was the longest express segment out of all New York City elevated lines, bypassing seven local stations.
# 130th Street station

The 130th Street station was a local station on the demolished IRT Ninth Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had two levels. The lower level was built first and had two tracks and two side platforms and served local trains. The upper level was built as part of the Dual Contracts and had one track that served express trains that bypassed this station. It opened on September 17, 1879, and closed on June 11, 1940. The next southbound stop was 125th Street. The next northbound stop was 135th Street.
# 145th Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line)

The 145th Street station was an express station on the demolished IRT Ninth Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had 2 levels. The lower level was built first and had 2 tracks and 2 side platforms and served local trains. The upper level was built as part of the Dual Contracts and had 1 track and 2 side platforms over the local tracks that served express trains. The station opened on December 1, 1879 and closed on June 11, 1940. The next southbound local stop was 140th Street. The next southbound express stop was 125th Street. The next northbound local stop was 151st Street. The next northbound express stop was 155th Street.
# 34th Street station (IRT Ninth Avenue Line)

The 34th Street station was an express station on the demolished IRT Ninth Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It was originally built on July 30, 1873 by the New York Elevated Railroad Company, and had two levels. The lower level was built first and had two tracks and two side platforms. The upper level was built as part of the Dual Contracts and had one track and two side platforms over the lower level local tracks. It closed on June 11, 1940. This station also serviced Penn Station and was west of the IRT and IND subway stations at Penn Station.

## History

In April 1930, a new stairway at the station was opened to the northeast corner of Ninth Avenue and 34th Street.
# Gina Johnsen

Gina Johnsen is an American politician from Michigan who has represented the 78th district in the Michigan House of Representatives since the 2022 election. She was reelected in 2024.
Johnsen is a business professional in the healthcare industry.
# 38th Street station (IRT Sixth Avenue Line)

The 38th Street station was a station on the demolished IRT Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had two tracks and two side platforms. It opened in late 1913, as an infill station and closed on December 4, 1938. The next southbound stop was 33rd Street. The next northbound stop was 42nd Street (the Sixth Avenue line was the only one of the elevated lines which had a station between 33rd/34th Street and 42nd Street — and none of the subway lines that replaced the els have such a station), although a now-closed passage under Sixth Avenue running between the 42nd Street–Bryant Park and 34th Street–Herald Square stations had exits to 38th Street. High crime along the passage's five-block stretch was widely cited as the reason for its closure in 1991.
# Foreign aid to China

Foreign aid to China since 1949 has taken the form of both bilateral and multilateral official development assistance and official aid to individual recipients.
In 1978, China and Japan normalized their diplomatic relations. Deng Xiaoping had visited Japan to sign a treaty and to look at its development. As a result, China decided to borrow US$220 million in soft loans from Japan when the amount of foreign currency preparation was US$167 million. China poured that money into social infrastructure.
In 2001 China received US$1.4 billion in foreign aid, or about US$1.10 per capita. This total was down from the 1999 figure of US$2.4 billion, or US$1.90 per capita. In 2003 China received US$1.3 billion in aid, or about US$1 per capita. Like other countries in recent years, the United States has rapidly reduced its aid to China, reaching about $12 million from USAID for 2011. The aid goes to Tibetan communities, rule of law initiatives, and climate change policy. In 2011, an aid package amounting to $3.95 million and designated for climate change was the subject of a critical Congressional panel hearing titled "Feeding the Dragon: Reevaluating U.S. Development Assistance to China".
Some of this aid comes in the form of socioeconomic development assistance through the United Nations (UN). The PRC received US$112 million in UN assistance annually in 2001 and 2002, the largest portion coming from the UN Development Programme (UNDP).
# Afroditi Kosma

Afroditi Kosma (Αφροδίτη Κοσμά, born 6 June 1983), is a Greek professional basketball player who plays for Olympiacos and Greece women's national basketball team. She has represented national team in several Eurobasket Women.
# Stanton, New Jersey

Stanton is an unincorporated community located within Readington Township in Hunterdon County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. The community dates back to the 17th century and was settled by Dutch immigrants.

## History

The community was originally called Housel's after Johannes Housel, who had a farmstead along Dreahook Road in the mid-18th century. After the death of William Housel (who started a school in the community), the last owner of the Housel farmstead, it then carried the name of Waggoner's Hill after landowner William Waggoner. The community took the descriptive name of Mount Pleasant in the early 20th century and would finally become known as Stanton to distinguish it from another Mount Pleasant. The name "Stanton" was taken from James Logan's Pennsylvania estate: Stenton, which in turn is named for the Scottish village where his father was born. Logan was a proprietor of West Jersey, a mayor of Philadelphia, and a Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. Logan Way in Readington is named after him, as well as Logan Circle and the Logan neighborhood in Philadelphia and Logan Township in Clinton County, Pennsylvania.
Most of the community is part of the Stanton Historic Rural District. The 334-acre (135 ha) historic district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 10, 1990, for its significance in architecture, and exploration/settlement. The district includes 63 contributing buildings. The Stanton Reformed Church was built in 1963, to replace the original church of 1834. The parsonage was built in the 1850s and features Greek Revival style. The General Store was built in the 1840s and now includes a restaurant. The P. Berkow House was built in the 1840s. The Dr. William Creveling House was built in the 1850s and features Victorian architecture.
* Stanton Reformed Church parsonage
* The P. Berkow House and the Dr. William Creveling House The W. Wagoner house. Contributing property #22 of the Stanton Historic Rural District.

## Notable people

People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Stanton include:
* Emma Bell (born 1986), actress.
* J. C. Furnas (1906–2001), freelance writer and social historian.
* Howard Lindsey (1889–1968), theatrical producer, playwright, librettist, director and actor.
* William Marchant (1923–1995), playwright and screenwriter, known for writing the play that was remade into the 1957 movie, The Desk Set.
* Dorothy Stickney (1896–1998), Broadway actress.

## Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Stanton has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.
# Angel Fire Resort

Angel Fire Resort is an alpine ski resort in Angel Fire, New Mexico, United States. The resort opened in 1966 and offers both winter and summer activities.

## History

The resort was originally used for cattle grazing. In 1966, the LeBus family converted it into a resort.
Angel Fire is a village in Colfax County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 1,216 at the 2010 census. It is a popular ski resort destination, with over 500 acres (2.0 km$^2$) of slopes. Angel Fire and nearby communities experience cold winter temperatures and mild temperatures in the summer.
To the north, off U.S. Route 64, is the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, begun by the family of fallen United States Marine David Westphall, who was killed in the Vietnam War on May 22, 1968. Angel Fire is on the Enchanted Circle Scenic Byway.
In 1984 the resort was bought by Dan R. Lasater for $19 million, who owned it through 1987. Lasater, a friend of Bill Clinton, was subsequently a minor figure in the Whitewater controversy. This led to an inquiry into Angel Fire's finances by investigators working for special counsel Robert B. Fiske and both the House banking committee and the Senate banking committee.
In 1994 Angel Fire Resort filed for bankruptcy and by 1995 a plan was being assembled to sell it to a group of Texan businessmen for $12 million. The sale was completed in November 1995.

## Amenities and activities

It has a golf course and over 70 runs, one of which was, in the 1990s, the "second-biggest lift-serviced vertical drop" in New Mexico, at 2050 feet. Mountain biking has also become a prominent draw, and the resort has hosted multiple events. A majority of the resort's customers are Texan, explaining the annual "Big Ol' Texas Weekend," a celebration of Texan culture.
# Merigolix

Merigolix (INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name; developmental code names HS-10518, NCE-403, SKI-2670, TU-2670) is a gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist which is under development for the treatment of endometriosis and uterine fibroids. It is taken by mouth. The drug is being developed by TiumBio, Daewon Pharmaceutical, and Jiangsu Hansoh Pharmaceutical. As of October 2024, it is in phase 2 clinical trials for both endometriosis and uterine fibroids.
# Bhupal Singh

Shri Maharana Sir Bhupal Singh Bahadur KCIE (1884 – 4 July 1955), also spelt Bhopal Singh, was the ruler of the Indian princely state of Udaipur (or Mewar) from 1930 and also Rajpramukh of Rajasthan from 1948 until his death on 4 July 1955.

## Biography

Singh was born in 1884, a year before the accession of his father Fateh Singh to the throne of Mewar and Udaipur as Maharana. He became paralyzed at the age of 5. On 28 July 1921, following some social unrest in Mewar, his father was formally deposed, while being allowed to retain his titular title, and effective power in the state fell into the hands of Bhupal as his son and heir. He became ruler of the state in name as well as in fact in 1930. After the independence and partition of British India in 1947, Singh was one of the first of the Indian princes to sign an Instrument of Accession to the new Dominion of India, and on 18 April 1948 he became Rajpramukh of Rajasthan, succeeding Sir Bhim Singh, Maharaja of Kotah. With effect from 1 April 1949 his title was raised to Maha Rajpramukh. Also he was held titles of Honorary Major-General, Indian Army 15 October 1946 (earlier Honorary Lt.-Col. 4 August 1939), Honorary Colonel, Indian Grenadiers, 1 June 1954.
Bhagwat Singh succeeded him as the titular ruler of the state.
One of Bhupal Singh's palaces was Jag Niwas, on an island in Lake Pichola, for which he undertook major repairs and restorations. The palace is now operated as a luxury hotel.
# Herman Laroche

Herman Augustovich Laroche (Russian: Герман Августович Ларош, romanized: German Avgustovich Larosh; also German Avgustovič Laroš; 25 May 1845 in Saint Petersburg – 18 October 1904) was a Russian classical music critic and composer who was renowned throughout Moscow.

## Life

Herman Laroche was born in St. Petersburg in 1845 in the family of a French teacher. Laroche studied piano with Alexandre Dubuque at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory. After graduating from the Conservatory in 1866, he worked as a professor of music history and theory at the Moscow Conservatory (1867–1870, 1883–1886) and the Saint Petersburg Conservatory (1872–1875 and 1879).
Around 1875, Laroche left the St. Petersburg Conservatory; later he again taught at the St. Petersburg and Moscow conservatories. He gave public lectures on the history of music in St. Petersburg with great success; wrote in the "Musical List", "Yearbook of the Imperial Theaters", "News", etc.
From 1898 to 1901, Herman's family lived in house number 9 on Pushkinskaya Street.

## Career

In 1867, his extensive article appeared in the Russkiy Vestnik: "Glinka and his significance in music", published as a separate book in Moscow in 1868. Having moved to St. Petersburg in 1871, where he received a position as a professor of theory, and then of the history of music at the St. Petersburg Conservatory, Laroche became a regular contributor to the Golos newspaper, placing musical and literary feuilletons in it .
Under the editorship of Laroche, a Russian translation by M. I. Tchaikovsky of A. D. Ulybyshev ’s New Biography of Mozart (written in French) was published. Of the musical works of Laroche, the overture to the opera Karmozina and the symphonic allegro stand out. Both works were performed in the symphony collections of the Imperial Russian Musical Society.
# Rushland station

Rushland is a defunct station on the Reading Company's New Hope Branch, originally known as Rush Valley. The station is currently on the line used by the New Hope Railroad. The station was built in 1891 and closed in 1952. The station still stands, though as of 2018 is vacant.