# Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994

The Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 (c. 39) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that created the current local government structure of 32 unitary authorities covering the whole of Scotland.
It abolished the two-tier structure of regions and districts created by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 which had previously covered Scotland except for the islands council areas.
The Act came into effect on 1 April 1996, beginning with the 1995 Scottish local elections.

## Initial proposals

The Secretary of State for Scotland, Ian Lang outlined proposed areas in a statement to the Commons on 8 July 1993. This outlined 25 unitary authorities (apart from the 3 Island Areas), as follows
* City of Aberdeen: existing Aberdeen District plus Westhill area of Gordon District
* Aberdeenshire: Banff and Buchan District, Gordon District less Westhill area, Kincardine and Deeside District less southern part of former County of Kincardineshire
* Angus and Mearns: Angus District, the Monifieth and Sidlaw areas of Dundee District and the southern part of former County of Kincardineshire from Kincardine and Deeside District less
* Argyll and Bute: Argyll and Bute District, western part of Dumbarton District (including Helensburgh)
* Berwickshire and East Lothian: Berwickshire District, East Lothian District less Musselburgh/Fisherrow, Preston/Levenhall areas
* The Borders: Tweeddale District, Ettrick and Lauderdale District, Roxburgh District
* Clackmannan and Falkirk: Clackmannan District, Falkirk District, Kincardine Bridge area of Dunfermline District
* Dumbarton and Clydebank: Clydebank District, Dumbarton District (less Helensburgh area)
* Dumfries and Galloway: Dumfries and Galloway Region
* City of Dundee: Dundee District less Monifieth and Sidlaw areas
* City of Edinburgh: Edinburgh District
* East Dunbartonshire: Bearsden and Milngavie District, Strathkelvin District less area around Chryston formerly in the county of Lanarkshire
* East Renfrewshire: Eastwood District, and the Barrhead area and Paisley suburbs in East Renfrewshire constituency from Renfrew District
* Fife: Fife Region
* City of Glasgow: Glasgow District less Toryglen/King's Park, Rutherglen/Fernhill and Cambuslang/Halfway areas
* Highland: Highland Region
* The Lothians: Midlothian District, West Lothian District, the Musselburgh/Fisherrow, Preston/Levenhall areas of East Lothian District
* Moray: Moray District
* North Ayrshire: Cunninghame District, Cumnock and Doon Valley District, Kilmarnock and Loudoun District
* North Lanarkshire: Cumbernauld and Kilsyth District, Monklands District, Motherwell District, the area around Chryston formerly in the county of Lanarkshire from Strathkelvin District
* Perthshire and Kinross: Perth and Kinross District
* South Ayrshire: Kyle and Carrick District
* South Lanarkshire: Clydesdale District, Hamilton District, East Kilbride District, the Toryglen/King's Park, Rutherglen/Fernhill and Cambuslang/Halfway areas from Glasgow District
* Stirling: Stirling District
* West Renfrewshire: Inverclyde District, Renfrew District less the Barrhead area and Paisley suburbs in East Renfrewshire constituency

## New local government areas

Schedule I of the Act defined the new local government areas in terms of the existing districts and regions. Islands council areas had been unitary council areas since implementation of the 1973 Act, and Section 3 of the 1994 Act provided that the existing islands areas were to continue to be local government areas.
Areas established by the Act (Names for some of the council areas have changed since the Act was passed.) :
| Region or islands council area | New unitary council area or areas | District or districts incorporated or partly incorporated |
| Borders | Borders Became Scottish Borders | Berwickshire, Ettrick and Lauderdale, Roxburgh and Tweeddale |
| Central | Clackmannan Became Clackmannanshire | Clackmannan |
| Central | Falkirk | Falkirk |
| Central | Stirling | Stirling |
| Dumfries and Galloway | Dumfries and Galloway | Annandale and Eskdale, Nithsdale, Stewartry and Wigtown |
| Fife | Fife | Dunfermline, Kirkcaldy and North East Fife |
| Grampian | Aberdeenshire | Banff and Buchan, Gordon and Kincardine and Deeside |
| Grampian | City of Aberdeen Became Aberdeen City | City of Aberdeen |
| Grampian | Moray | Moray |
| Highland | Highland | Badenoch and Strathspey, Caithness, Inverness, Lochaber, Nairn, Ross and Cromarty, Skye and Lochalsh and Sutherland |
| Lothian | East Lothian | East Lothian |
| Lothian | City of Edinburgh | City of Edinburgh |
| Lothian | Midlothian | Midlothian |
| Lothian | West Lothian | West Lothian |
| Orkney | Orkney Islands | Not applicable |
| Shetland | Shetland Islands | Not applicable |
| Strathclyde | Argyll and Bute | Argyll and Bute and part of Dumbarton (Helensburgh (7) regional electoral division and part of Vale of Leven (8) regional electoral division) |
| Strathclyde | Dumbarton and Clydebank Became West Dunbartonshire | Clydebank and part of Dumbarton (Dumbarton (6) regional electoral division and part of Vale of Leven (8) regional electoral division) |
| Strathclyde | East Ayrshire | Kilmarnock and Loudoun and Cumnock and Doon Valley |
| Strathclyde | East Dunbartonshire | Bearsden and Milngavie and part of Strathkelvin (Kirkintilloch (43), Strathkelvin North (44) and Bishopbriggs (45) regional electoral divisions and South Lenzie/Waterside district ward) |
| Strathclyde | East Renfrewshire | Eastwood and part of Renfrew (Barrhead (79) regional electoral division) |
| Strathclyde | City of Glasgow Became Glasgow City | Part of City of Glasgow (all except Rutherglen/Fernhill (37) and Cambuslang/Halfway (38) regional electoral divisions, and part of King's Park/Toryglen (35) regional electoral division) |
| Strathclyde | Inverclyde | Inverclyde |
| Strathclyde | North Ayrshire | Cunninghame |
| Strathclyde | North Lanarkshire | Cumbernauld and Kilsyth, Monklands, Motherwell and part of Strathkelvin (part of Chryston (46) regional electoral division (all except South Lenzie/Waterside district ward)) |
| Strathclyde | Renfrewshire | Part of Renfrew (all except Barrhead (79) regional electoral division) |
| Strathclyde | South Ayrshire | Kyle and Carrick |
| Strathclyde | South Lanarkshire | Clydesdale, East Kilbride, Hamilton and part of City of Glasgow (Rutherglen/Fernhill (37) and Cambuslang/Halfway (38) regional electoral divisions, and part of King's Park/Toryglen (35) regional electoral division) |
| Tayside | Angus | Angus and part of City of Dundee (Monifieth (30) regional electoral division and part of Sidlaw (31) regional electoral division) |
| Tayside | City of Dundee Became Dundee City | Part of City of Dundee (all except Monifieth (30) regional electoral division and part of Sidlaw (31) regional electoral division) |
| Tayside | Perth and Kinross | Perth and Kinross and part of City of Dundee (part of Sidlaw (31) regional electoral division) |
| Western Isles | Western Isles Became Na h-Eileanan Siar | Not applicable |

## Area councils

Each area established by the Act was to be governed by an elected council. The council's title was simply the name of the area followed by the word "Council": Argyll and Bute Council, Aberdeen City Council and so on. Each area was divided into wards with each ward returning a single councillor. The councillors were required to elect a convener, and could choose to elect a deputy convener. In the four city areas (Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh and Glasgow) the convener's title was to be Lord Provost. In the other council areas the convener was to be "known by such title as the council may determine", other than Lord Provost. In 1998 sixteen councils were using the title "provost", the remaining twelve having conveners.
Area councils were obliged to make a draft decentralisation scheme by 1 April 1997. The scheme could provide for:
* The holding of meetings of the council (or any committee or sub-committee) at particular places within the council area
* The establishment of committees for particular areas and the delegation to them of specified functions
* The location of council offices within the area
* The provision of facilities for accessing advice on council services at particular places within the council area
The plan was to include dates at which the various proposals were to be carried out. Having made the draft plan there was to be an eight-week period in which the area council was to consult with the relevant community councils and invite the public to make observations. The decentralisation scheme could then be adopted in original or modified form.

## Community councils

Community councils established by district councils under the 1973 Act were to continue to exist. The area councils took on the powers of the abolished districts to make or amend schemes for the establishment of communities.

## Water supply and sewerage

Part II of the Act reorganised water supply and sewerage services, previously the responsibility of regional councils. Three water authorities were established, each with a defined water area and sewerage area (which were not necessarily identical). The water and sewerage areas were defined in schedule 8, as follows:
Water and sewerage areas established by the Act :
| Water Authority | Water Area | Constituent areas | Sewerage Area | Constituent areas |
| East of Scotland | Eastern | Lothian Region, Borders Region, Fife Region, Central Region, The former county of Kinross, that part of the former counties of Stirling and Dunbarton which lay within both Strathclyde Region and the region of the former Mid-Scotland Water Board, Craigmaddie Loch (which had been transferred from Stirling District and Central Region to Strathkelvin District and Strathclyde Region on 1 April 1977) | Eastern | Lothian Region, Borders Region, Fife Region, Central Region, the former county of Kinross |
| North of Scotland | Northern | Highland Region, Grampian Region, Tayside Region except the former county of Kinross, the Islands Areas | Northern | Highland Region, Grampian Region, Tayside Region except the former county of Kinross, the Islands Areas |
| West of Scotland | Western | Strathclyde Region except the parts included in the Eastern Water Area, Dumfries and Galloway Region | Western | Strathclyde Region, Dumfries and Galloway Region |
The Act also established a Scottish Water and Sewerage Customers Council. The three water authorities were merged in 2002 to form Scottish Water.

## Other functions

The reorganisation of local government areas also led to changes in policing, fire services, public transport and tourism promotion. These had been organised in 1975 to correspond to one or more regions.
* The Police (Scotland) Act 1967 was amended to allow for the reconstitution of police areas and appointment of joint authorities.
* Similarly fire services and authorities were reconstituted.
* The Secretary of State for Scotland was to designate an area and constitution for the Strathclyde Passenger Transport Authority.
* Area Tourist Boards were to be established by the Secretary of State.
* Civic Licensing – the Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982 introduced a codified framework of regulation of activities such as taxis, street traders, public entertainment and so on. After the introduction of the 1994 Act, the "licensing authority" became the new unitary council for each area.