# Difang and Igay Duana

Difang Duana (March 20, 1921 – March 29, 2002) and Igay Duana (August 9, 1922 – May 16, 2002), also known by the names Kuo Ying-nan (郭英男) and Kuo Hsiu-chu (郭秀珠), were Amis husband and wife farmers from Taiwan who became known as a folk music duo who specialized in traditional Amis chants. Their most recognized work is a performance of a traditional Amis Palang song, alternately called "Weeding and Paddyfield Song No. 1", "Elders' Drinking Song" and "Jubilant Drinking Song", or Sapiliepah a Radiw in the Amis language. The song was recorded by a French government project and EMI, and was subsequently sampled by the musical project Enigma for their international hit single "Return to Innocence". Accusations of unintentional usage without permission were settled out of court.

## Early life

Kuo Ying-nan was born in 1921 in the Taitung Falangaw Tribe, a member of the "Revival" groups (latihmok) in the Amis age hierarchy. He was a highly respected elder known for his gifted, sonorous vocal and lead singing techniques, often listed by ethnomusicologists as an important informant. In 1988, the Maison des cultures du monde [fr] in Paris hosted the "Asia-Pacific Indigenous Dance and Music Festival", in which the Paiwan tribe from Sandimen of Pingtung County, the Bunun tribe from Wulushan of Yanping Township of Taitung County, and Kuo Ying-nan with his wife participated, under the arrangements of Hsu Tsang-Houei, Tsai Li-hua and Hsu Ying-chou. The performances of the festival were recorded in the album Polyphonies vocales des aborigènes de Taïwan produced by the Maison des cultures du monde in Paris.

## Musical career

In 1988, Difang and Igay traveled to France to sing on tour organized by ethnomusicologist Hsu Tsang-Houei, during which they and around 30 other aboriginal Taiwanese artists were paid $15 a day. Their performances were recorded by the Maison des Cultures du Monde ("Institute for World Cultures"), part of the French Ministère de L'éducation Nationale ("National Education Ministry"), and put onto an "anonymous" compilation of "Taiwanese aboriginal songs" to be used for educational purposes. Six years later, Michael Cretu, the creative mind behind the Ibiza-based Romanian/German musical project Enigma, believing the recording to be in the public domain, sampled the recording on his song "Return to Innocence". After Taiwanese press agencies identified the Duanas' performance, the couple were offered a contract with Magic Stone, a subsidiary of the Taiwanese indie label, Rock Records; their music achieved little exposure outside of Taiwan.
In 1998, the Duanas filed suit against Cretu and EMI for violation of copyright. The suit was settled out of court in July 1999 for an undisclosed amount. The couple reportedly used some of the money to set up a scholarship fund for Amis children. Magic Stone's attorney also won a suit against the French government, but the government insisted on giving the money to a folk art foundation in trust, and not to the Duanas. In response to the lawsuits, Robin Lee, director of Taiwan's Association of Recording Copyright Owners, claimed that since performers of traditional folk music are not authors, they have no copyright. Lee was wrong because the standard practice is to list the music as traditional (no copyright), but the arrangement of it as copyrighted. The Duanas have been credited on all subsequent releases of the song.
In 1993, the German band Enigma sampled a portion of a song called "Song of Joy" (palafang) recorded by Kuo Ying-nan in France, and mixed it into their song "Return to Innocence", which was then selected as the theme song for the 1996 Summer Olympic Games. However, Kuo Ying-nan had not authorized them to sample his song; and with the event underway, a controversy surrounding indigenous culture and copyright soon emerged. Ethnomusicologist Ming Li- Kuo also pointed out the conflict between the copyright system and oral tradition culture and even the inheritance of culture, as well as the potential impact on cultural development. Afterward, Enigma and Kuo Ying-nan reached a settlement through mediation by the Magic Stone Record Company. In addition, Enigma's music manager at Virgin Music Germany stated that Enigma's founder, Michael Cretu, had no intention of violating anyone's copyright. Kuo Ying-nan commented that as long as people knew that this song was from the Amis of Taiwan and was sung by his wife and himself, then the two of them would accept it in good part.
In 1998, Kuo recorded his debut album Circle of Life in Taiwan with the assistance of Belgian music producer Dan Lacksman. It included his best-known song "Song of Joy" (palafang). The album sold well in Taiwan, and ranked 15th place in the IFPI. At the end of 1999, Kuo released his second album, Across the Yellow Earth, which the next year won him the Best Ethnic Music Album at the 11th Golden Melody Awards, and Kuo was also nominated for Best Male Singer.
The media attention garnered by the Duanas' legal case piqued public interest in their music. Dan Lacksman of Deep Forest, in collaboration with Magic Stone Records and the Duanas, produced the ethnic electronica album, Circle of Life. The album was released in 1998 under the artist name Difang, though both Difang and Igay perform on the record. A second album, Across the Yellow Earth, was released in 2001.

## Death

Difang died on March 29, 2002, from sepsis. He had struggled with diabetes for many years, and his health deteriorated significantly after he was bitten by a centipede in October of the previous year. Igay died shortly thereafter, on May 16, 2002, after a lengthy battle with breast cancer. She had been initially diagnosed on July 8, 1996.

## Discography

* Uncredited ("anonymous") recording in Polyphonies vocales des aborigènes de Taïwan, Ministère de l'éducation nationale, 1988
* "Return to Innocence", EMI Records, 1993
* Circle of Life, Magic Stone Records, 1998 (reached No. 1 in Japan and Taiwan)
* Across the Yellow Earth, Magic Stone Records, 2001