# Khakassia

Khakassia (/xəˈkæsiə, kə-/), officially the Republic of Khakassia, is a republic of Russia located in southern Siberia. It is situated between Krasnoyarsk Krai to the north and the Altai Republic to the south.
The capital city of Khakassia is Abakan, and the region covers an area of about 61,900 square kilometres (23,900 sq mi). The population of Khakassia is approximately 537,000 people, with the majority of the population living in urban areas.
The region is known for its natural beauty, with numerous rivers, lakes, and mountains. The Khakassky Nature Reserve is located in the region, and it is home to a wide variety of wildlife, including brown bears, wolves, and sable. The region is also known for its traditional crafts, such as woodworking and embroidery, and for its traditional festivals and celebrations.

## Geography

The republic is located in the southwestern part of Eastern Siberia and borders Krasnoyarsk Krai in the north and east, the Tuva Republic in the southeast and south, the Altai Republic in the south and southwest, and Kemerovo Oblast in the west and northwest. It stretches for 460 kilometers (290 mi) from north to south and for 200 kilometers (120 mi) from east to west. Mountains (eastern slopes of Kuznetsk Alatau and the Abakan Range) cover two-thirds of the republic's territory and serve as the natural boundaries of the republic. The highest point is Kyzlasov Peak. The remaining territory is flat, with the Minusinsk Hollow being the most prominent feature. The Yenisei is the largest river in the republic. Other significant rivers include the Abakan, Tom’, Bely Iyus, Black Iyus, and the Chulym (between the Yenisei and the eastern mountains), with all except the Abakan part of the Ob river basin. There are over three hundred lakes in the republic, both salt- and fresh-water. The climate is continental, with the average annual temperature of 0 °C (32 °F). Natural resources are abundant and include iron, gold, silver, coal, oil, and natural gas. Molybdenum deposits are the largest in Russia. Forests cover the south and the west of the republic.

## History

The territory of modern Khakassia formed the core of the Yenisei Kirghiz state from the 6th century AD In the 13th century, following defeat by the Mongols, the majority of the Kyrgyz people migrated southwest to Central Asia to the area of present-day Kyrgyzstan. Modern Khakas people regard themselves as the descendants of those Kyrgyz who remained in Siberia. Khakassia was incorporated into the Russian state under Peter the Great (r. 1682–1725). This incorporation was confirmed in a treaty—the Treaty of Burya [ru]—between Russia and China in 1729. As it was common to deport convicted criminals from European Russia to Siberia, forts were quickly constructed in Khakassia (1707 and 1718). Many prisoners remained even after release. Many of the indigenous Khakas people converted to the Russian Orthodox faith and gradually abandoned their nomadic way of life.
By the time of the 1917 Russian Revolution, Russians made up approximately half of the population. Under Soviet rule, autonomy was granted on 20 October 1930, when the Khakas Autonomous Oblast was established. The borders of the autonomous oblast are the same as the borders of the modern Khakas Republic.
During the 1920s and 1930s, the Soviet authorities resettled an estimated quarter of a million Russians in the region. These were followed by 10,000 Volga Germans deported during World War II. By the time of the 1959 Census, ethnic Khakas people represented little more than 10% of the population of the Khakas oblast.
Until 1991, the Khakas Autonomous Oblast was administratively subordinated to Krasnoyarsk Krai. In July 1991, it was elevated in status to that of a Soviet socialist republic within the Russian Federation, and in February 1992 it became the Republic of Khakassia.

## Politics

The highest legal act of the region is the Constitution of the Republic of Khakassia. It was adopted on 25 May 1995 by the Supreme Council of the Republic.
The highest official of the republic, heading the executive power in the region, is the head of the Republic of Khakassia - the chairman of the government of the Republic of Khakassia. The term of office is 5 years. Since 15 November 2018, this post has been occupied by Valentin Konovalov (Communist Party of the Russian Federation).
Legislative power in Khakassia is exercised by the unicameral Supreme Council of the Republic of Khakassia, consisting of 50 deputies elected by a mixed electoral system: 25 by party lists and 25 by single-member districts. The United Russia faction makes up an absolute majority in the region's parliament (35 seats, 70%). The Chairman of the Supreme Council of the current VII convocation, elected in 2018, is Vladimir Shtygashev.
In the Federation Council, the region is represented by a member of the CPRF, Senator Valery Usatyuk, from the executive branch (since November 2018) and a member of United Russia, Senator Alexander Zhukov, from the legislative branch (since March 2019).
The deputy of the State Duma of the VIII convocation from Khakassia is Sergey Sokol (United Russia).

## Demographics

Population: 532,403 (2010 Census); 546,072 (2002 Census); 568,605 (1989 Soviet census).

### Vital statistics

    Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service
| | Average population (x 1000) | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Fertility rates |
| 1970 | 448 | 7,347 | 3,749 | 3,598 | 16.4 | 8.4 | 8.0 |
| 1975 | 476 | 9,106 | 4,485 | 4,621 | 19.1 | 9.4 | 9.7 |
| 1980 | 508 | 9,994 | 5,345 | 4,649 | 19.7 | 10.5 | 9.2 |
| 1985 | 541 | 10,382 | 5,546 | 4,836 | 19.2 | 10.3 | 8.9 |
| 1990 | 572 | 8,724 | 6,060 | 2,664 | 15.3 | 10.6 | 4.7 | 2,27 |
| 1991 | 573 | 8,114 | 6,195 | 1,919 | 14.2 | 10.8 | 3.3 | 2,14 |
| 1992 | 574 | 6,917 | 6,843 | 74 | 12.0 | 11.9 | 0.1 | 1,81 |
| 1993 | 574 | 6,152 | 8,387 | - 2,235 | 10.7 | 14.6 | - 3.9 | 1,58 |
| 1994 | 572 | 6,219 | 9,426 | - 3,207 | 10.9 | 16.5 | - 5.6 | 1,57 |
| 1995 | 571 | 5,807 | 8,186 | - 2,379 | 10.2 | 14.3 | - 4.2 | 1,44 |
| 1996 | 569 | 5,727 | 8,093 | - 2,366 | 10.1 | 14.2 | - 4.2 | 1,40 |
| 1997 | 566 | 5,309 | 7,766 | - 2,457 | 9.4 | 13.7 | - 4.3 | 1,28 |
| 1998 | 563 | 5,602 | 7,821 | - 2,219 | 10.0 | 13.9 | - 3.9 | 1,34 |
| 1999 | 559 | 5,312 | 8,304 | - 2,992 | 9.5 | 14.8 | - 5.3 | 1,25 |
| 2000 | 556 | 5,634 | 8,104 | - 2,470 | 10.1 | 14.6 | - 4.4 | 1,32 |
| 2001 | 552 | 5,576 | 8,561 | - 2,985 | 10.1 | 15.5 | - 5.4 | 1,28 |
| 2002 | 547 | 6,118 | 9,280 | - 3,162 | 11.2 | 17.0 | - 5.8 | 1,39 |
| 2003 | 542 | 6,417 | 9,660 | - 3,243 | 11.8 | 17.8 | - 6.0 | 1,44 |
| 2004 | 539 | 6,453 | 8,763 | - 2,310 | 12.0 | 16.3 | - 4.3 | 1,43 |
| 2005 | 536 | 6,198 | 9,411 | - 3,213 | 11.6 | 17.6 | - 6.0 | 1,35 |
| 2006 | 533 | 6,465 | 7,927 | - 1,462 | 12.1 | 14.9 | - 2.7 | 1,40 |
| 2007 | 531 | 7,384 | 7,324 | 60 | 13.9 | 13.8 | 0.1 | 1,60 |
| 2008 | 531 | 7,935 | 7,427 | 508 | 14.9 | 14.0 | 1.0 | 1,72 |
| 2009 | 531 | 8,062 | 7,255 | 807 | 15.2 | 13.7 | 1.5 | 1,81 |
| 2010 | 532 | 8,010 | 7,373 | 637 | 15.0 | 13.8 | 1.2 | 1,80 |
| 2011 | 532 | 8,013 | 7,154 | 859 | 15.1 | 13.4 | 1.7 | 1,83 |
| 2012 | 533 | 8,534 | 7,137 | 1,397 | 16.0 | 13.4 | 2.6 | 2,00 |
| 2013 | 534 | 8,362 | 6,987 | 1,375 | 15.7 | 13.1 | 2.6 | 2,01 |
| 2014 | 535 | 8,145 | 6,999 | 1,146 | 15.2 | 13.1 | 2.1 | 2,01 |
| 2015 | 536 | 7,911 | 7,216 | 695 | 14.8 | 13.5 | 1.3 | 1,99 |
| 2016 | 537 | 7,592 | 6,869 | 723 | 14.1 | 12.8 | 1.3 | 1,97 |
| 2017 | 537 | 6,662 | 6,752 | -90 | 12.4 | 12.5 | -0.1 | 1,78 |
In 2007, the republic recorded a positive natural increase of population for the first time in many years (Although very small, less than +0.01% per year), being one of the 20 Russian regions to have a positive natural population growth rate.

### Ethnic groups

According to the 2021 Russian Census, ethnic Russians make up 82.1% of the republic's population, while the ethnic Khakas are only 12.7%. Other groups include ethnic Germans (0.7%), Tuvans (0.5%), Ukrainians (0.4%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.
| Ethnic group | 1926 census | 1926 census | 1939 census | 1939 census | 1959 census | 1959 census | 1970 census | 1970 census | 1979 census | 1979 census | 1989 census | 1989 census | 2002 census | 2002 census | 2010 census | 2010 census | 2021 census$^1$ | 2021 census$^1$ |
| Ethnic group | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % |
| Khakas | 44,219 | 49.8% | 45,799 | 16.8% | 48,512 | 11.8% | 54,750 | 12.3% | 57,281 | 11.5% | 62,859 | 11.1% | 65,421 | 12.0% | 63,643 | 12.1% | 55,144 | 12.7% |
| Russians | 41,390 | 46.6% | 205,254 | 75.3% | 314,455 | 76.5% | 349,362 | 78.4% | 395,953 | 79.4% | 450,430 | 79.5% | 438,395 | 80.3% | 427,647 | 81.7% | 356,325 | 82.1% |
| Germans | 46 | 0.1% | 333 | 0.1% | 10,512 | 2.6% | 10,547 | 2.4% | 11,130 | 2.2% | 11,250 | 2.0% | 9,161 | 1.7% | 5,976 | 1.1% | 2,831 | 0.7% |
| Tuvans | | | 21 | 0.0% | 97 | 0.0% | 188 | 0.0% | 271 | 0.1% | 521 | 0.1% | 494 | 0.1% | 936 | 0.2% | 2,051 | 0.5% |
| Ukrainians | 836 | 0.9% | 7,788 | 2.9% | 14,630 | 3.6% | 9,480 | 2.1% | 10,398 | 2.1% | 13,223 | 2.3% | 8,360 | 1.5% | 5,039 | 1.0% | 1,800 | 0.4% |
| Others | 2,381 | 2.7% | 13,535 | 5.0% | 22,841 | 5.6% | 21,497 | 4.9% | 23,351 | 4.7% | 28,578 | 5.3% | 24,241 | 4.54 | 20,473 | 3.9% | 15,630 | 3.6% |
| $^1$ 8,689 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group. |||||||||||||||||||

### Religion

Religion in Khakassia as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas) :
| Russian Orthodoxy | Russian Orthodoxy | 31.6% | 31.6% |
| Other Orthodox | Other Orthodox | 1.4% | 1.4% |
| Protestantism | Protestantism | 0.8% | 0.8% |
| Other Christians | Other Christians | 6% | 6% |
| Islam | Islam | 0.6% | 0.6% |
| Rodnovery and other native faiths | Rodnovery and other native faiths | 2% | 2% |
| Spiritual but not religious | Spiritual but not religious | 37.6% | 37.6% |
| Atheism and irreligion | Atheism and irreligion | 15.8% | 15.8% |
| Other and undeclared | Other and undeclared | 4.2% | 4.2% |
According to a 2012 survey, 31.6% of the population of Khakassia adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 6% are unaffiliated Christians, 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or are members of other (non-Russian) Orthodox churches. 2% of the population adheres to Slavic native faith (Rodnovery) or Khakas Tengrism and folk religion, 1% to Islam, 1% to forms of Protestantism, 0.4% to forms of Hinduism (Vedism, Krishnaism or Tantrism) and another 0.4% to Tibetan Buddhism. In addition, 38% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 16% is atheist, and 2.6% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.

## Economy

The main industries in the republic are coal mining, ore mining, and timber.

## Transport

The road network is most developed around the major cities of the centre, west, and southwest. Federal highway R-257 runs through Khakassia. Other major highways include the regional highway A161 south from R-257 in Abakan along the Abakan valley to Abaza and across the mountains to Ak-Dovurak (Tuva). The most developed sections of roads are Abakan - Sayanogorsk, Abakan - Beya, Abakan - Abaza, Abakan - Sorsk, Bograd - Shira - Kopyevo, and Kopyevo - Priiskovy. Roads to other smaller settlements are mainly dirt roads, although they are currently being replaced with a hard surface.
663 km of railways, electrified from Abakan to Kaltas. Other non-electrified sections are Tigey - Kopievo, Askiz - Abaza, Biskamzha - Toya.
The section of the Tigey-Kopyёvo railway and further to Uzhur, Achinsk connects two railway arteries: the Trans-Siberian Railway and Yuzhsib (South-Siberian: Taishet - Abakan - Novokuznetsk - Artyshta - Barnaul - Kulunda - Pavlodar - Astana - Tobol - Kartaly - Magnitogorsk). In addition to Abakan, the central station is Biskamzha. The city of Sayanogorsk is connected to the railway network through the station Kamyshta.
Airports: Abakan International Airport has regular flights to Moscow, Norilsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, and Krasnoyarsk.

## Sports

Sayany-Khakassia has been playing in the highest division of Russian bandy, the Russian Bandy Super League, for a long time, but was relegated after the 2012–13 season. Now they play in the 2nd highest division.
* A megalith
* The Sunduki Highlands
* Lake Belyo (the largest in Khakassia)
* The Bely Iyus river
* Autumn