# Nalchik

Nalchik (Russian: Нальчик IPA:; Kabardian: НалщӀэч, Nalṣ̂ăčʼ; Karachay-Balkar: Нальчик) is the capital city of Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia, situated at an altitude of 550 meters (1,800 ft) in the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains; about 100 kilometers (62 mi) northwest of Beslan (Beslan is in the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania). It covers an area of 131 square kilometers (51 sq mi). Population: 247,054 (2021 Census); 240,203 (2010 Census); 274,974 (2002 Census); 234,547 (1989 Soviet census).

## History

The territory of modern-day Nalchik was formerly known as Sloboda. The modern city dates from the early 19th century when the expanding Russian Empire built a fort there in 1818.
In 1838, a Russian military settlement was founded in the city, and after the Russian Revolution of 1917, in the year 1921, Nalchik was given the status of administrative center of Kabardin Autonomous Oblast. During the Russian Empire, the settlement was the administrative capital of the Nalchiksky Okrug of the Terek Oblast.
The word "Nalchik" literally means "small horseshoe" in Kabardian (or Circassian, a Northwest Caucasian language) and Karachay-Balkar (a Turkic language). It is a diminutive of na'l, a common Middle Eastern word (Arabic, Persian, Turkish) for "horseshoe", possibly from the ancient Scythian, 'nalak" (horseshoe). The city of Nalchik was named this way because of how it is shaped as surrounded by the mountains of the land, and the Nalchik River is named after the city it runs across.
During World War II, on 2 November 1942, Nalchik was occupied by Romanian mountain troops (Vânători de munte) under the command of Brigadier General Ioan Dumitrache, its capture earning the Romanian General the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. The city was heavily damaged during the conflict. General Dumitrache went to great length ordering his troops to protect local population during the time Nalchik was occupied by Romanian forces. Professor A. N. Dainaco, the Mayor of Nalchik at that time, thanked General Dumitrache for liberating the city. Although he was accused of war crimes, General Dumitrache was fully exonerated after the war by a joint Soviet and Romanian judicial commission.
In 1990, there was a 6.0 magnitude earthquake in Nalchik.
With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Nalchik and the Kabardino- Balkaria region become a federal republic of Russia.
On October 13, 2005, Nalchik was attacked by a large group of Yarmuk Jamaat militants led by Shamil Basayev and Anzor Astemirov. Buildings associated with the Russian security forces were targeted, killing at least 14 civilians and wounding 115. Thirty-five policemen died in the fighting. Eighty-nine militants, including their leader Ilias Gorchkhanov, were killed, and another fifty-nine arrested.

## Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with four rural localities, incorporated as the city of republic significance of Nalchik—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of republic significance of Nalchik is incorporated as Nalchik Urban Okrug.

## Ethnic groups

The population of the city in 2021 included the following breakdown by ethnicity:
* Kabardians (Circassian) (49.2%)
* Russians (22.8%)
* Balkars (Taulu) (18.2%)
* Cherkess (3.6%)
* Ossetians (1.3%)
* others (13.2%)
2002 census data is as follows:
* Kabardians (47.3%)
* Russians (31.8%)
* Balkars (11.4%)
* Ossetians (1.9%)
* Ukrainians (1.0%)

## Economy and education

Nalchik is a balneological and mountain climatotherapy resort, with several sanatoriums. It also serves as an industrial center of the republic (non-ferrous metallurgy, light industry, construction materials manufacturing, machine building).
Nalchik is home to the following facilities of higher education:
* Kabardino-Balkarian State University
* North Caucasian State Institute of Arts
* Kabardino-Balkarian State Agricultural Academy

## Climate

Nalchik has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfa) with hot summers and no dry season. The warm season lasts from late May to mid-September and the cold season from December to March. Most forms of precipitation are light rain and thunderstorms, as well as light snow and moderate snow. Wind speeds are typically calm to a light breeze through the year.
Climate data for Nalchik (1991-2020) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.8 (28.8) | −1.1 (30.0) | 4.1 (39.4) | 10.3 (50.5) | 15.9 (60.6) | 20.3 (68.5) | 23 (73) | 22.5 (72.5) | 17.5 (63.5) | 11.1 (52.0) | 4.1 (39.4) | −0.3 (31.5) | 10.5 (50.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 21 (0.8) | 22 (0.9) | 39 (1.5) | 58 (2.3) | 94 (3.7) | 107 (4.2) | 69 (2.7) | 58 (2.3) | 63 (2.5) | 45 (1.8) | 34 (1.3) | 27 (1.1) | 637 (25.1) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 6 | 6 | 8 | 8 | 11 | 10 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 91 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 78 | 90 | 107 | 151 | 192 | 226 | 244 | 213 | 176 | 132 | 86 | 73 | 1,768 |
| Source: Гидрометцентр России ||||||||||||||
Climate data for Nalchik (Нальчик) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 0.2 (32.4) | 1.0 (33.8) | 6.6 (43.9) | 16.0 (60.8) | 20.9 (69.6) | 24.7 (76.5) | 27.1 (80.8) | 26.3 (79.3) | 22.0 (71.6) | 14.5 (58.1) | 8.3 (46.9) | 3.1 (37.6) | 14.2 (57.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −7.1 (19.2) | −6.0 (21.2) | −1.3 (29.7) | 5.4 (41.7) | 10.6 (51.1) | 14.1 (57.4) | 16.7 (62.1) | 15.8 (60.4) | 11.7 (53.1) | 5.4 (41.7) | 1.0 (33.8) | −3.7 (25.3) | 5.2 (41.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 22 (0.9) | 23 (0.9) | 38 (1.5) | 63 (2.5) | 99 (3.9) | 100 (3.9) | 72 (2.8) | 61 (2.4) | 55 (2.2) | 43 (1.7) | 29 (1.1) | 26 (1.0) | 631 (24.8) |
| Average precipitation days | 6 | 6 | 8 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 95 |
| Average snowy days | 9.5 | 6.67 | 5.42 | 0.58 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.85 | 3.46 | 7.92 | 34.4 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 69 | 71 | 117 | 141 | 185 | 235 | 222 | 210 | 201 | 153 | 93 | 63 | 1,760 |
| Source 1: Gydrometcenter ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: City Hall of Nalchik, Meteomanz(snowy days 2012-2024) ||||||||||||||

## Sports

PFC Spartak Nalchik is an association football club based in Nalchik, playing in the Russian Premier League. The 2008 World Women's Chess Championship has also been held in Nalchik on August 28–September 18, 2008.

## Notable people

* Khadzhimurat Akkayev, Olympic weightlifter, born 1985
* Astemir Apanasov, Circassian singer, musician, composer, and actor
* Rustam Bakov, former Russian footballer, born 1983
* Viktor Belenko, Soviet pilot who defected with a MiG-25, landing in Hakodate, Japan
* Dima Bilan, singer, born 1981
* Felix Frankl (1905–1961), Austrian and Soviet mathematician, physicist and aerodynamics
* Lyalya Chyornaya, actress
* Andre Geim, Soviet, British and Netherlands physicist; Nobel laureate
* Vladislav Goldin, basketball player born in 2001, currently playing US college basketball at the University of Michigan
* Mark Ifraimov (born 1981), Israeli former member of the Knesset and Deputy Mayor of Sderot
* Muhadin Kishev, Soviet and Spanish artist, born 1938
* Andrei Kolkoutine painter, born 1957
* Alim Kouliev, actor, theater director, born 1959
* Azamat Kuliev, painter, born 1963
* Eldar Kuliev, film director, screenwriter, born 1951
* Katya Lel, singer, born 1974
* Alexander Litvinenko, ex-FSB officer turned anti-Putin activist, born 1962, poisoned with polonium-210 and died 2006.
* Leo Mol (1915–2009), Soviet and Canadian artist and sculptor
* Nikolay Pavlov, professional footballer, born 1987
* Albert Sarkisyan, former Armenian professional footballer
* Yuri Temirkanov, orchestra conductor, born 1938
* Mikhail Zalikhanov, academician of Russian Academy of Sciences, born 1939

## Twin towns and sister cities

* Amman, Jordan
* Kayseri, Turkey
* Vladikavkaz, Russia
* Reno, Nevada, United States