# List of military and civilian missions of the European Union

The European Union (EU) has undertaken a number of overseas missions and operations, drawing on civilian and military capabilities, in several countries across three continents (Europe, Africa and Asia), as part of its Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The operation or mission in question will work in agreement and coordination with the EU delegations, until 2009 known as the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP).

## Organisation
### Deployment procedure

The decision to deploy – together with any subsequent management of – the mission or operation in question, will ultimately be taken by the EU member states in the Foreign Affairs Council (FAC).
Military operations may be launched after four planning phases, through which the Operation Commander (Op. Cdr.), Military Staff (EUMS), Military Committee (EUMC), Political and Security Committee (PSC) and Council have different roles.

### Command and control structure

The EU command and control (C2) structure is directed by political bodies composed of member states' representatives, and generally requires unanimous decisions. As of April 2019:
    Liaison: Advice and recommendations Support and monitoring Preparatory work vte
Political strategic level: :
| Political strategic level: | Political strategic level: | Political strategic level: | Political strategic level: | Political strategic level: | Political strategic level: | ISS | ISS | ISS | ISS | | | | | EUCO Pres. (EUCO) | | | | Chain of command |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Coordination/support | Coordination/support | Coordination/support | Coordination/support | Coordination/support | Coordination/support |
| SatCen | SatCen | SatCen | SatCen | SatCen | SatCen | CIVCOM | CIVCOM | CIVCOM | CIVCOM | CIVCOM | CIVCOM | HR/VP (FAC) | HR/VP (FAC) | HR/VP (FAC) | HR/VP (FAC) | HR/VP (FAC) | HR/VP (FAC) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | INTCEN | INTCEN | INTCEN | INTCEN | INTCEN | INTCEN | | | HR/VP (PMG) | HR/VP (PMG) | HR/VP (PMG) | HR/VP (PMG) | HR/VP (PMG) | HR/VP (PMG) | HR/VP (PSC) | HR/VP (PSC) | HR/VP (PSC) | HR/VP (PSC) | HR/VP (PSC) | HR/VP (PSC) | CEUMC (EUMC) | CEUMC (EUMC) | CEUMC (EUMC) | CEUMC (EUMC) | CEUMC (EUMC) | CEUMC (EUMC) |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | CMPD | CMPD | CMPD | CMPD | CMPD | CMPD | | | | | | | | | | | | | DGEUMS (EUMS) | DGEUMS (EUMS) | DGEUMS (EUMS) | DGEUMS (EUMS) | DGEUMS (EUMS) | DGEUMS (EUMS) |
| Military/civilian strategic level: | Military/civilian strategic level: | Military/civilian strategic level: | Military/civilian strategic level: | Military/civilian strategic level: | Military/civilian strategic level: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | Dir MPCC (MPCC) | Dir MPCC (MPCC) | Dir MPCC (MPCC) | Dir MPCC (MPCC) | Dir MPCC (MPCC) | Dir MPCC (MPCC) | JSCC | JSCC | JSCC | JSCC | JSCC | JSCC | | | Civ OpCdr CPCC | Civ OpCdr CPCC | Civ OpCdr CPCC | Civ OpCdr CPCC | Civ OpCdr CPCC | Civ OpCdr CPCC |
| Operational level: | Operational level: | Operational level: | Operational level: | Operational level: | Operational level: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Operational level: | Operational level: | Operational level: | Operational level: | Operational level: | Operational level: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | MFCdr (MFHQ) | MFCdr (MFHQ) | MFCdr (MFHQ) | MFCdr (MFHQ) | MFCdr (MFHQ) | MFCdr (MFHQ) | | | | | | | HoM | HoM | HoM | HoM | HoM | HoM |
| Tactical level: | Tactical level: | | | | |
| CC Land | CC Land | CC Land | CC Land | CC Land | CC Land | CC Air | CC Air | CC Air | CC Air | CC Air | CC Air | CC Mar | CC Mar | CC Mar | CC Mar | CC Mar | CC Mar | | | Other CCs | Other CCs | Other CCs | Other CCs | Other CCs | Other CCs |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Forces | Forces | Forces | Forces | Forces | Forces | Forces | Forces | Forces | Forces | Forces | Forces | Forces | Forces | Forces | Forces | Forces | Forces | Forces | Forces | Forces | Forces | Forces | Forces |
    $^1$ In the event of a CSDP Civilian Mission also being in the field, the relations with the Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability (CPCC) and its Civilian Operation Commander (Civ OpCdr), as well as the subordinate Head of Mission (HoM), are coordinated as shown.
    $^2$ Other Component Commanders (CCs) and service branches which may be established.
    $^3$ The MPCC is part of the EUMS and Dir MPCC is double-hatted as DGEUMS. Unless the MPCC is used as Operation Headquarters (OHQ), either a national OHQ offered by member states or the NATO Command Structure (NCS) would serve this purpose. In the latter instance, Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe (DSACEUR), rather than Dir MPCC, would serve as Operation Commander (OpCdr).
    $^4$ Unless the MPCC is used as Operation Headquarters (OHQ), the MFCdr would be known as a Force Commander (FCdr), and direct a Force Headquarters (FHQ) rather than a MFHQ. Whereas the MFHQ would act both on the operational and tactical level, the FHQ would act purely on the operational level.
    $^5$ The political strategic level is not part of the C2 structure per se, but represents the political bodies, with associated support facilities, that determine the missions' general direction. The Council determines the role of the High Representative (HR/VP), who serves as Vice-President of the European Commission, attends European Council meetings, chairs the Foreign Affairs Council (FAC) and may chair the Political and Security Committee (PSC) in times of crisis. The HR/VP proposes and implements CSDP decisions.
    $^6$ Same composition as Committee of Permanent Representatives (COREPER) II, which also prepares for the CSDP-related work of the FAC.

### Classification

In the EU terminology, civilian CSDP interventions are called 'missions', regardless of whether they have an executive mandate such as EULEX Kosovo or a non-executive mandate (all others). Military interventions, however, can either have an executive mandate such as for example Operation Atalanta in which case they are referred to as 'operations' and are commanded at two-star level; or non-executive mandate (e.g. EUTM Somalia) in which case they are called 'missions' and are commanded at one-star level.
Prefixes
All CSDP missions and operations are given a prefix depending on the nature of the mission, which is either military or civilian.
Civilian missions:
* Capacity building mission (EUCAP)
* Military advisory mission (EUMAM)
* Aviation security mission (EUAVSEC)
* Rule of law mission (EULEX)
* Mission in support of the security sector reform (EUSSR)
* Integrated rule of law mission (EUJUST)
* Mission to provide advice and assistance for security sector reform (EUSEC)
* Monitoring mission (EUMM)
* Advisory mission (EUAM)
* Police mission (EUPOL, EUPM)
* Border assistance mission (EUBAM)
* Police advisory team (EUPAT)
Military operations:
* Terrestrial force (EUFOR)
* Naval force (EU NAVFOR)
* Training mission (EUTM)/Military Assistance Mission (EUMAM)
The operations are named as if the multinational force conducting it is established specifically for the unique operation, which is often the case. The force may however also consist of permanent multinational forces such as the European Corps.

## List

| Beginning | End | Name | Abbreviation | Alternative name | Personnel | OHQ |
| July 1991 | 31 December 2007 | European Union Monitoring Mission in the former Yugoslavia | ECMM / EUMM | N/A | ? | ? |
| December 2002 | — | Police Assistance Mission of the European Community to Albania | PAMECA | N/A | ? | ? |
| 1 January 2003 | 30 June 2012 | European Union Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina | EUPM BiH | N/A | 774 | ? |
| 31 March 2003 | 15 December 2003 | European Union Military Operation in the Republic of Macedonia | EUFOR Concordia | Operation Concordia | 400 | ACO |
| 12 June 2003 | 1 September 2003 | European Union Military Operation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo | EUFOR Artemis | Operation Artemis | 1800 | Paris |
| 15 December 2003 | 14 December 2005 | European Union Police Mission in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia | EUPOL FYROM | EUPOL Proxima | 200 | ? |
| 16 July 2004 | 14 July 2005 | European Union Rule of Law Mission in Georgia | EUJUST Georgia | EUJUST Themis | 27 | ? |
| 2 December 2004 | — | European Union Military Operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina | EUFOR BiH | Operation Althea | 600 | ACO |
| 12 April 2005 | 30 June 2007 | European Union Police Mission in Kinshasa | EUPOL Kinshasa | N/A | ? | ? |
| 8 June 2005 | 2016 | European Union Security Sector Reform Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo | EUSEC RD Congo | N/A | ? | ? |
| 1 July 2005 | 31 December 2013 | European Union Integrated Rule of Law Mission in Iraq | EUJUST LEX Iraq | N/A | ? | ? |
| 18 July 2005 | 31 December 2007 | European Union Support to African Union Mission in Sudan | AMIS EU Supporting Action | N/A | ? | ? |
| 15 September 2005 | 15 December 2006 | European Union Monitoring Mission in Aceh | AMM | N/A | ? | ? |
| 25 November 2005 | — | European Union Border Assistance Mission to Rafah | EUBAM Rafah | N/A | ? | CPCC |
| 1 December 2005 | — | European Union Border Assistance Mission to Moldova and Ukraine | EUBAM Moldova and Ukraine | N/A | ? | CPCC |
| 15 December 2005 | 14 June 2006 | European Union Police Advisory Team in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia | EUPAT | N/A | ? | ? |
| 1 January 2006 | — | European Union Police Mission for the Palestinian Territories | EUPOL COPPS | N/A | ? | CPCC |
| 12 June 2006 | 30 November 2006 | European Union Military Operation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2006) | EUFOR RD Congo | N/A | 2300 | ? |
| 15 June 2007 | 31 December 2016 | European Union Police Mission in Afghanistan | EUPOL Afghanistan | N/A | ? | ? |
| 1 July 2007 | 30 September 2014 | European Union Police Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo | EUPOL RD Congo | N/A | ? | ? |
| 12 February 2008 | 30 September 2010 | European Union Mission in Support of Security Sector Reform in Guinea-Bissau | EUSSR Guinea-Bissau | N/A | ? | ? |
| 17 March 2008 | 15 March 2009 | European Union Military Operation in Chad and the Central African Republic | EUFOR Tchad/RCA | N/A | 3700 | ? |
| 1 October 2008 | — | European Union Monitoring Mission in Georgia | EUMM Georgia | N/A | ? | CPCC |
| 5 November 2008 | — | European Union Naval Force Somalia | EU NAVFOR Somalia | Operation Atalanta | 1200 | ES OHQ |
| 9 December 2008 | — | European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo | EULEX Kosovo | N/A | ? | CPCC |
| 10 April 2010 | — | European Union Training Mission in Somalia | EUTM Somalia | N/A | 100 | MPCC |
| July 2012 | 30 June 2024 | European Union Capacity Building Mission in Niger | EUCAP Sahel Niger | N/A | ? | CPCC |
| 16 July 2012 | — | European Union Capacity Building Mission in Somalia | EUCAP Somalia | EUCAP Nestor | ? | CPCC |
| February 2013 | January 2014 | European Union Aviation Security Mission in South Sudan | EUAVSEC South Sudan | N/A | ? | ? |
| 18 February 2013 | 17 May 2024 | European Union Training Mission in Mali | EUTM Mali | N/A | 500 | MPCC |
| May 2013 | — | European Union Integrated Border Assistance Mission in Libya | EUBAM Libya | N/A | ? | CPCC |
| 10 February 2014 | 23 March 2015 | European Union Military Operation in the Central African Republic | EUFOR RCA | N/A | 600 | ? |
| April 2014 | — | European Union Capacity Building Mission in Mali | EUCAP Sahel Mali | N/A | ? | CPCC |
| December 2014 | — | European Union Advisory Mission in Ukraine | EUAM Ukraine | N/A | 350+ | CPCC |
| 23 March 2015 | 16 July 2016 | European Union Military Advisory Mission in the Central African Republic | EUMAM RCA | N/A | ? | ? |
| 22 June 2015 | 31 March 2020 | European Union Naval Force Mediterranean | EUNAVFOR Med | Operation Sophia | ? | ITA-JFHQ |
| 16 July 2016 | — | European Union Training Mission in the Central African Republic | EUTM RCA | N/A | ? | MPCC |
| 22 November 2017 | — | European Union Advisory Mission in Iraq | EUAM Iraq | N/A | ? | CPCC |
| 31 March 2020 | — | European Union Naval Force Mediterranean | EUNAVFOR Med Irini | Operation Irini | ? | ITA-JFHQ |
| 20 October 2022 | 19 December 2022 | European Union Monitoring Capacity to Armenia | EUMCAP | N/A | 40 | ? |
| 17 October 2022 | — | European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine | EUMAM Ukraine | N/A | N/A | MPCC |
| 20 December 2022 | 23 January 2023 | European Union Planning Assistance Team in Armenia | EUPAT Armenia | N/A | ? | ? |
| 23 January 2023 | — | European Union Mission in Armenia | EUMA | N/A | 100 | ? |
| 20 February 2023 | 30 June 2024 | European Union Military Partnership Mission in Niger | EUMPM Niger | N/A | ? | ? |
| 24 April 2023 | — | European Union Partnership Mission in the Republic of Moldova | EUPM Moldova | N/A | ? | ? |
| 19 February 2024 | Ongoing | EUNAVFOR Aspides | EUNAVFOR Aspides | Operation Aspides | ? | ? |

## Proposed mission
### Historical proposal

* 1 April 2011: European Union Military Operation in Libya (EUFOR Libya) – Proposed as a complement to NATO's international military intervention and no-fly zone in the Libyan Civil War.