OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ufuk Esin

Ufuk Esin (11 October 1933 – 19 January 2008) was a Turkish archaeologist known for pioneering archaeological science in Turkey and for her excavations at Aşıklı Höyük. She was a professor at Istanbul University from 1966 until her retirement in 2000 and was instrumental in founding the Turkish Academy of Sciences.

## Education and career

Esin was born in İzmir on 11 October 1933, but spent most of her life in Istanbul. She attended the Boğaziçi Lisesinde and St. George's Austrian High School. She enrolled at Istanbul University in 1952, initially taking the examinations to study literature, but was inspired to transfer to the newly-founded Department of Prehistory after hearing lectures by Kurt Bittel. One of only two students to enrol that year, she became the university's first graduate in prehistory in 1956. She then joined the department as Bittel's assistant whilst beginning her doctoral studies.
Bittel sent Esin to the University of Stuttgart to study archaeometallurgy with S. Junghans. There she developed an expertise in the spectral analysis of ancient metals, as well as a general passion for archaeological science that would continue throughout her career. She went on to complete a thesis on prehistoric copper and bronze mining in Anatolia and was awarded a doctorate in 1960. She was appointed an associate professor (Turkish: doçent) at Istanbul in 1966, and later rose to become a full professor (1976); head of the department of prehistory (1984–2000); and head of the department of archaeology and art history (1998–2000).

## Awards and honours

* Fulbright Scholarship, 1961
* Alexander von Humboldt Scholarship, 1973
# NARS Cosmetics

NARS Cosmetics is a French cosmetics and skin care company founded by make-up artist and photographer François Nars in 1994. The cosmetics line began with twelve lipsticks sold at Barneys New York. Since then, NARS has created various multi-use beauty products and is now a subsidiary of Shiseido. It mainly sells in department stores in about 30 countries including the Americas, Europe, Japan and Southeast Asia.

## Founder

François Nars was born in Tarbes in the south of France, and grew up influenced by his mother Claudette and her collection of designer clothes. She also helped him acquire his first job as an assistant to some of Paris' top makeup artists. After graduating from Carita Makeup school in Paris, Nars moved to New York in 1984, and became known for his love of color and modern style. He also worked with photographer Steven Meisel and hairstylist Oribe Canales. In the eighties and nineties, they produced magazine editorials in American Vogue, Vogue Italia, and Elle.
In 1994, Nars launched NARS Cosmetics. Although the company was sold to Shiseido in 2000, Nars remains as artistic director, in-house photographer, and copywriter for his brand.

## Products

NARS' minimalist matte black, rubber packaging was created by Fabien Baron, who Nars met on a shoot in 1989.
NARS has an "Orgasm Collection" which includes powder blush, liquid blush, loose powder, lip gloss, lip stick, lip balm, multiple use cream sticks, illuminators, full vinyl lip lacquer, and nail polish.

## Controversy
### Animal testing

NARS is no longer a cruelty-free brand. In 2017, NARS announced that, despite being against animal testing, it was a requirement for selling products in the China market. In a public statement the company said: "We have decided to make NARS available in China because we feel it is important to bring our vision of beauty and artistry to fans in the region. NARS does not test on animals or ask others to do so on our behalf, except where required by law." The statement elicited a number of critical responses, some suggesting a boycott of its products.
# Dimitrios Pandermalis

Dimitrios Pandermalis (Greek: Δημήτριος Παντερμαλής; 1940 – 14 September 2022) was a Greek archaeologist. He was professor of archaeology at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, supervisor of the Archaeological site of Dion, Pieria and curator of the new Acropolis Museum.
His death was announced on 14 September 2022, at the age of 82.
# Michael Avi-Yonah

Michael Avi-Yonah (Hebrew: מיכאל אבי-יונה; September 26, 1904 – March 26, 1974) was an Israeli archaeologist and historian. During his career he was a Professor of Archaeology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and served as secretary of Israel's Department of Antiquities.

## Biography

Born in Lemberg, Austria-Hungary (today Lviv, Ukraine), Avi-Yonah moved to Mandatory Palestine with his parents in 1919 during the Third Aliyah. He first studied at Gymnasia Rehavia in Jerusalem, then he went to England and studied history and archeology at the University of London. After returning to Jerusalem, he studied at the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem. His first archaeological excavations were at Tel el-Ajjul near Gaza, and the Jerusalem Ophel. At the end of his studies, he joined the Department of Antiquities of the British government of Palestine. He worked as a librarian and archivist. After the independence of the state of Israel, he became secretary of the Department of Antiquities.
In 1949, he conducted excavations at Givat Ram in Jerusalem during the construction of the International Convention Center, where he was the first to discover a brick factory of the Legio X Fretensis. He participated in the first survey that preceded the Masada excavations, and conducted a limited excavation north of Caesarea Maritima where he discovered an ancient synagogue.
He was awarded the Bialik Prize in 1955 for his book Antiquities of our land.
Avi-Yonah died in Jerusalem in 1974.

## Selected bibliography

* Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land
* Jerusalem the Holy
* The Art of Mosaics (cowritten with Richard L. Currier)
* Holy Land
* Ancient Scrolls
* History of Israel and the Holy Land
* Views of the Biblical World. Jerusalem: International Publishing Company J-m Ltd, 1959.
* Avi-Yonah, M. (1976). Gazetteer of Roman Palestine. Qedem 5. Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
* Macmillan Bible Atlas with Yohanan Aharoni (1993)
* Understanding the Bible: Understanding the Maccabean Revolt, 167 to 63 BCE: An Introductory Atlas. Co-author: Shmuel Safrai. Carta Jerusalem. 2019
# List of extreme points of Iceland

This is a list of the extreme points of Iceland, the points that are farther north, south, east or west than any other location.
Download coordinates as:
* KML
* GPX (all coordinates)
* GPX (primary coordinates)
* GPX (secondary coordinates)

## Iceland (country)

* Northernmost point — Kolbeinsey, Eyjafjörður (67°08′09″N 18°41′03″W﻿ / ﻿67.13583°N 18.68417°W﻿ / 67.13583; -18.68417﻿ (Kolbeinsey (North)))
* Northernmost settlement — Grímsey, Eyjafjörður (66°33′N 18°01′W﻿ / ﻿66.550°N 18.017°W﻿ / 66.550; -18.017﻿ (Grímsey (northernmost settlement)))
* Southernmost point — Surtsey, Vestmannaeyjar (63°17′N 20°35′W﻿ / ﻿63.283°N 20.583°W﻿ / 63.283; -20.583﻿ (Surtsey (South)))
* Southernmost settlement (farm) — Garðar, Vestur-Skaftafellssýsla (63°24'N, 019°03'W)
* Southernmost settlement (town) — Vík, Vestur-Skaftafellssýsla (63°25'N, 019°01'W)
* Westernmost point — Bjargtangar, Vestur-Barðastrandarsýsla (65°30′N 24°32′W﻿ / ﻿65.500°N 24.533°W﻿ / 65.500; -24.533﻿ (Bjargtangar (West)))
* Westernmost settlement (farm) — Hvallátur, Vestur-Barðastrandarsýsla (65°32'N, 024°28'W)
* Westernmost settlement (town) — Patreksfjörður, Vestur-Barðastrandarsýsla (65°35'N, 23°59'W)
* Easternmost point — Hvalbakur, Suður-Múlasýsla (64°35′N 13°14′W﻿ / ﻿64.583°N 13.233°W﻿ / 64.583; -13.233﻿ (Hvalbakur (East)))
* Easternmost settlement (farm) — Sandvík, Suður-Múlasýsla (65°06'N, 013°33'W)
* Easternmost settlement (town) — Neskaupstaður (65°09'N, 13°43'W)

## Iceland (mainland Iceland)

* Northernmost point — Rifstangi, Norður-Þingeyjarsýsla (66°32'N, 016°12'W)
* Northernmost settlement (farm) — Rif, Norður-Þingeyjarsýsla (66°32'N, 016°12'W)
* Northernmost settlement (town) — Raufarhöfn, Norður-Þingeyjarsýsla (66°27'N, 015°57'W)
* Southernmost point — Kötlutangi, Vestur-Skaftafellssýsla (63°23'N, 018°45'W)
* Southernmost settlement (farm) — Garðar, Vestur-Skaftafellssýsla (63°24'N, 019°03'W)
* Southernmost settlement (town) — Vík, Vestur-Skaftafellssýsla (63°25'N, 019°01'W)
* Westernmost point — Bjargtangar, Vestur-Barðastrandarsýsla (65°30'N, 024°32'W)
* Westernmost settlement (farm) — Hvallátur, Vestur-Barðastrandarsýsla (65°32'N, 024°28'W)
* Westernmost settlement (town) — Patreksfjörður, Vestur-Barðastrandarsýsla (65°35'N, 023°59'W)
* Easternmost point — Gerpir, Suður-Múlasýsla (65°04'N, 013°29'W)
* Easternmost settlement (farm) — Sandvík, Suður-Múlasýsla (65°06'N, 013°33'W)
* Easternmost settlement (town) — Neskaupstaður (65°09'N, 013°43'W)

## Altitude

* Highest point — Hvannadalshnúkur, 2,110 metres (6,923 ft)(64°00′N 16°39′W﻿ / ﻿64.000°N 16.650°W﻿ / 64.000; -16.650﻿ (Hvannadalshnúkur (mountain)))
* Lowest point — Atlantic Ocean, 0 metres (0 ft)
* Highest village — Möðrudalur, 469 metres (1,539 ft)
# Sodomite

Sodomite may refer to:
* A person who practices sodomy
* A resident of Sodom
* Sodomites (film), a 1998 short film by Gaspar Noé
* The former name of Adult Film Database
# Maryland v. Wilson

Maryland v. Wilson, 519 U.S. 408 (1997), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The Court held that officers could order passengers out a car during a traffic stop, extending Pennsylvania v. Mimms.

## Background

Maryland State Trooper David Hughes observed a car speeding at 64 miles per hour in a 55 mile per hour zone. Instead of a license plate, the car had a torn piece of paper from Enterprise Rent-a-Car hanging from the rear. The car did not stop for Hughes' lights and sirens for 1.5 miles.
Hughes observed two passengers turning to look at him, ducking down, and reappearing. As he approached the car, the driver got out and gave him a valid Connecticut driver's license. Hughes noticed Wilson, the front seat passenger, acting nervous and sweating. He then ordered Wilson out of the car while the driver was looking for the car's rental papers. As Wilson got out, a quantity of crack cocaine dropped on the ground. Hughes finally arrested Wilson for cocaine possession.
During Wilson's trial, the Circuit Court of Baltimore County suppressed the crack cocaine as fruit of the poisonous tree. The appellate courts upheld the suppression, ruling that Mimms does not apply to passengers.

## Decision

Chief Justice William Rehnquist delivered the majority opinion. The Court ruled that Mimms applies to passengers due to similar public safety concerns. Although it was acknowledged that passengers present less risk in terms of traffic accidents, more people in a vehicle increases risk to the officer in the event of violence. Furthermore, even though there appears to be less probable cause behind ordering a passenger out than a driver, the only major change in circumstances is the person being outside the car.

### Dissent

Justice John P. Stevens wrote a dissent that Justice Kennedy joined. He argued that the majority decision relied on scant evidence and misleading statistics to justify the intrusion of a potentially innocent person's liberty. Additionally, the spirit of Mimms itself rested on the probable cause to detain a driver. Finally, Stevens believes that as long as there is no reasonable suspicion against them, a passenger should be able to decide whether to stay in a vehicle instead of having to risk exposure to bad weather or prying eyes.
Justice Anthony Kennedy complemented Steven's dissent by opining under the American justice system, an officer needs to relay a satisfactory explanation under rational judgement of the circumstances during a seizure (even in situations where officer safety is at risk). He also postulates that a seizure of a passenger during a traffic stop is not a trivial matter as the average traffic stop can take upward of at least half an hour.
# Frank Butler (water polo)

Frank Butler (4 July 1932 – 30 June 2015) was a South African water polo player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Summer Olympics.
# Eternal Summers

Eternal Summers are an American indie rock band from Roanoke, Virginia, United States. Singer/guitarist Nicole Yun and drummer Daniel Cundiff started Eternal Summers in 2009 as a duo after being introduced by their eventual bassist, Jonathan Woods. Eternal Summers released their debut album, Silver, on Kanine Records in 2010. They enlisted bassist Jonathan Woods in 2012 before releasing their second album, Correct Behavior, also on Kanine Records. On March 4, 2014, they released their third album, The Drop Beneath, which was produced by Doug Gillard.
Their fifth album, Every Day It Feels Like I'm Dying..., was released in May 2018.

## Discography
### Studio albums

* Silver (2010)
* Correct Behavior (2012)
* The Drop Beneath (2014)
* Gold and Stone (2015)
* Every Day It Feels Like I'm Dying... (2018)
# C. W. M. Hart

Charles William Merton Hart (1905–1976) was a social anthropologist and sociologist best known for his study of the Tiwi people of the Bathurst and Melville Islands (or Tiwi Islands) in north Australia during the 1920s. He has been described as a "legendary ethnographer".

## Education and career

Hart studied anthropology at the University of Sydney. His first teaching position was at the University of Toronto, from 1932. From 1947 to 1959 he was at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and from 1959 to 1969 at Istanbul University. In 1969 he retired to North America, taking a visiting position at Wichita State University in 1971 which he held until his death.

## Research and publications

Together with Arnold R. Pilling, Hart authored The Tiwi of North Australia (New York, 1960), a classic work of ethnography based in part on his fieldwork among the Tiwi in 1928–1929. At the heart of the study was the manner in which older men maintained authority over younger men and over women through their power to provide brides. This was one of the first participant-observation studies of a population of Australian Aborigines still functioning as a hunter-gatherer society. The third edition (1988) was revised by Jane Goodale.
In 1947 and 1948 Hart conducted sociological research into industrial relations in Windsor, Ontario on behalf of the Institute of Industrial Relations of the University of Toronto.

## Criticism

Hart is now sometimes noted for his failure to take proper account of the role of grandmothers in hunter-gatherer society, dismissing elderly women as "a terrible nuisance" and "physically quite revolting".
# The Fighting Parson

The Fighting Parson may refer to:

## People

* James Caldwell, American Presbyterian minister and supporter of the American Revolution
* John M. Chivington, American Methodist pastor who served as colonel in the United States Volunteers during the Colorado War and the New Mexico Campaigns of the American Civil War
* Fountain E. Pitts, American Methodist pastor, Confederate chaplain and colonel in the American Civil War
* Joseph Roby, American Congregationalist minister and supporter of the American Revolution
* Pleasant Tackitt, American politician, pioneer Methodist minister, stockman, teacher, farmer, Indian fighter and Confederate Officer
* Frederick Wedge, American boxer and clergyman

## Films

* The Fighting Parson, a 1930 film starring Harry Langdon
* The Fighting Parson, a 1933 film starring Hoot Gibson

## Theater

* The Fighting Parson, a play by Marty Gervais based on the life of Leslie Spracklin

## Sports teams

* A former nicknamed used by University of Denver athletic teams
# Defense Distributed v. United States Department of State

Defense Distributed v. U.S. Dept. of State is a set of court cases brought by Defense Distributed challenging the federal export control of 3D gun files on the Internet.

## History

The case was brought in 2015, two years after Cody Wilson and Defense Distributed were banned from sharing the files for the first 3D printed gun, Liberator, on the Internet. In May 2013, Wilson had been a law student at the University of Texas, and had published the Liberator plans on his organization's website when the Obama administration asserted export control of the files under the ITAR and directed Wilson and Defense Distributed to remove them from public availability.
Making First, Second, and Fifth Amendment claims, Defense Distributed was represented by attorney Alan Gura, and had local counsel and other assistance from attorneys Josh Blackman, Matthew Goldstein, and the law firm Fish & Richardson, P.C. In August 2015, the District Court for the Western District of Texas denied Defense Distributed's preliminary injunction request. In September 2016, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit similarly ruled against the motion and subsequently denied a request for rehearing en banc. Defense Distributed appealed this ruling to the Supreme Court in August 2017, who declined to hear the case on January 8, 2018.
On remand to the district court, and on the eve of changes to the federal export regulations, the U.S. State Department offered to settle the case, and on July 27, 2018, Defense Distributed accepted a license to publish its files along with a sum of almost $40,000.

## Reception

When later asked to justify the settlement in a press conference, State Department spokesperson Heather Nauert defended the agency's decision, saying:
   We were informed that we would have lost this case in court, or would have likely lost this case in court, based on First Amendment grounds … The Department of Justice suggested that the State Department and the U.S. government settle this case, and so that is what was done.
Over its life, the case drew frequent comparisons to Bernstein v. United States, a successful First Amendment challenge to the ITAR from 1996 where the Ninth Circuit held source code to be protected speech.

## Aftermath

The announcement of the settlement, which involved a temporary modification of the ITAR, came as a surprise to many in the gun control movement and was immediately challenged by over 20 state attorneys general in various federal venues. Cases prompted as a reaction to Defense Distributed I include:
* State of Washington v. U.S. Dept. of State
* Gurbir Grewal v. Defense Distributed
* Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Defense Distributed
* Defense Distributed v. Gurbir Grewal
* Defense Distributed v. Bruck
# Ballastowell Halt

Ballastowell Halt (Manx: Stadd Valley Stowell) is the final request stop on the Manx Electric Railway on the Isle of Man.

## Location

Catering almost exclusively for local traffic, this halt typifies the inter-urban nature of the final stretch of the line. Due to the nature of the tramway's construction, the cars can stop and drop off almost anywhere and will do so within reason. For this reason a great number of localised stopping places have built up since the line was completed, many at the intersection of smaller crossings like this one.

## Naming

Halts such as this usually take the name of the farm or place name as is the case here, but these unofficial halts never appear in timetable materials or have nameboards fitted to show their names. Many do however now carry bus stop-type signs attached to traction poles, and these were fitted in line with then-management policy in 1999.

## Route

| Preceding station | Manx Electric Railway | Manx Electric Railway | Manx Electric Railway | Following station |
| Queens Drivetowards Derby Castle | | Douglas–Ramsey | | Ramsey Plazatowards Ramsey Station |

## Also

Manx Electric Railway Stations
# Mārtiņš Grundmanis

Mārtiņš Grundmanis (18 November 1913 – 30 November 1944) was a Latvian basketball player. Grundmanis won a gold medal at the 1935 EuroBasket competition, becoming the first European champion. He also participated at the 1936 Summer Olympics and at the 1937 EuroBasket.

## Career

In the first half of the 1930s Grundmanis played for the JKS (Latvian Christian Youth) team. He was also a member of the Latvian Christian Youth Society, and graduated from a four-year physical education program at the University of Tartu. In late 1930s Grundmanis played for the military team Rīgas ASK, and became a two time Latvian champion (1939-1940).
Overall Grundmanis played 20 games for the Latvian national basketball team. During Nazi occupation of Latvia during World War II, Grundmanis was conscripted into Latvian Legion. He was taken prisoner of war by Soviet Red Army in 1944. He committed suicide on 30 November 1944 at the German POW camp in Sarkandaugava, Riga.
# Melanie Cobb

Melanie Cobb is an American biochemist, currently the Jane and Bill Browning Jr. Chair in Medical Science at University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.
# Chong Hwa Independent High School, Kuala Lumpur

Chong Hwa Independent High School, Kuala Lumpur (Chinese: 吉隆坡中华独立中学, Malay: Sekolah Menengah Persendirian Chong Hwa Kuala Lumpur, often abbreviated as CHKL) is one of Malaysia's oldest co-educational high schools.
Established in 1919 in Setapak, Kuala Lumpur, the school was a primary school. It became a high school when the school board purchased a piece of land of 24,000 square metres along Jalan Ipoh and decided to build the high school there. It has remained there ever since.

## Notable alumni

* Lee Kim Sai (1937–2019): Malaysia's former Health Minister
* C.N. Liew: Malaysian contemporary artist
* Nigel Ng (Uncle Roger): Malaysian stand-up comedian and YouTuber
# St. Martinus, Hattersheim

St. Martinus is a Catholic church and parish in Hattersheim am Main, Main-Taunus-Kreis, Hesse, Germany. It belongs to the Diocese of Limburg. The present church was built by Ludwig Becker in Romanesque revival style with allusions to Jugendstil, completed in 1915. He incorporated features from the earlier Baroque building.

## History

The present church is in the centre of Hattersheim, prominently at its highest point at 100 metres (330 ft). A medieval chapel was the first house of worship at the location in the former village, documented in 1313 when Hattersheim became an independent parish. In 1747, a Baroque church was built, with a ridge turret. It was dedicated to Martin of Tours. A statue of Mary from the 15th century and a pulpit from around 1800 were kept, when the church was mostly demolished to make room for a larger building.
The present building in Romanesque revival style with elements of Jugendstil was designed by Ludwig Becker. He used part of the previous church as a transept in the back of the new building, now serving as a chapel for baptisms. He also retained the windows and the entrance in the west, and the turret. Building was completed in 1915.
The choir of the new church faces west, with a high tower on the side, covered with a double-arched elongated cupola. The interior is covered with coffered barrel vaults. All vaults are decorated with painting. The glass windows are by August Martin from Wiesbaden, notably of the chancel windows with the Seven Sacraments behind the pulpit. The church contains three altars: the Virgin Mary Altar from 1915, and the High Altar and the Sacred Heart Altar, added in 1930, all created in Hans Steinlein's Eltville workshop.
The pipe organ, with 36 stops, three manuals and pedal, was built in 1936 by Eduard Wagenbach. It is suitable for music of the Romantic era. The church is a venue of the Rheingau Musik Festival; the vocal ensemble Voces8 appeared on 14 July 2022 with a program named Stardust, of music from William Byrd to Nat King Cole. It was recorded to be aired in the ARD Radio Festival of the German public broadcasters.
The parish is part of the Diocese of Limburg. Other churches within the parish St. Martinus are Christ König in Okriftel and St. Martin in Eddersheim.
# 1915 Salvadoran presidential election

Presidential elections were held in El Salvador on 12 January 1915. Carlos Meléndez was the only candidate and was elected unopposed.

## Results

| Candidate | Candidate | Party | % |
| | Carlos Meléndez Ramirez | Liberal | 100 |
| Total | Total | Total | |
| Source: Perez |||||