# Abraham Solomonick

Abraham Solomonick, also Avraham Solomonick, Abraham Salomonick (born December 10, 1927, in Haradok, Byelorussian SSR) is an Israeli scientist, philologist, semiotician and philosopher, and is the author of several Hebrew-English and English-Hebrew dictionaries.

## Biography

Abraham Solomonick was born on December 10, 1927, in Haradok, a Belarusian town near Vitebsk. His father, Ben Zion, was a pharmacist, and his mother, Fruma, was a pediatrician. In 1933, the family moved to Leningrad, where Solomonick graduated from secondary school and, in 1949, from the Law Institute, named after Mikhail Kalinin. He was sent to work as a barrister in the Vologda district, and worked there until 1953. During this time, he also studied the teaching of English at the local Pedagogical Institute, receiving a master's degree in the field at the beginning of 1954.
After completing his master's degree, Solomonick moved back to Leningrad to be with his family. In Leningrad, he taught English at secondary schools and at the university, and also continued his graduate studies. In 1966, he successfully defended his Doctoral thesis and received a Doctoral degree in applied linguistics (the teaching of foreign languages to adults). He then joined the Research Institute of Adult Education, a branch of the Russian Pedagogical Academy of Sciences, where he became a senior research fellow in the field of teaching foreign languages (mainly, English) to adults.
In April 1974, Solomonick immigrated to Israel with his wife and two children, taking up residence in Jerusalem. In November of the same year, he began working at the Israeli Ministry of Education as a supervisor of Ulpans (centers for teaching Hebrew to adults from a wide range of countries). In this capacity, he was responsible for formulating the teaching methods and developing the study materials that were used in the Ulpans. Among his most important accomplishments were the composition of new teaching manuals and the setting up of language laboratories with visual and audio devices to help adults learn Hebrew.
In 1993, Solomonick retired, but he continued writing grammars and dictionaries for various categories of learners (see below). During the 1990s, he developed a fascination for semiotics − the science of signs and sign-systems − and wrote ten monographs on the subject (eight in Russian and two in English). His semiotic studies led him to new philosophical generalizations, and he formulated his own theory of cognition, different from the existing views on this problem.

## Works

While working at the Ministry of Education, Solomonick created a broad selection of teaching aids geared to different types of learning communities. Among his works were grammars for Russian and English speakers, phonetic exercises for them and for Ethiopian Jews, and lessons for presentation in radio broadcasts to the former Soviet Union. The pinnacle of his activities during this period was his creation of a manual for Ulpan teachers, "The Principal Concepts in Teaching Additional Languages to Adults", and his compilation of "Comparative Grammars" between Hebrew, on the one hand, and grammatical phenomena in English, French, Spanish, Russian, Georgian, Amharic, and Persian, on the other hand. In his final years at the Ministry of Education, Solomonick began to familiarize the Ulpan teachers with computers, laying the groundwork for the introduction of computer-aided learning as one of the mainstays of the Ulpans' activities.
After his retirement, Solomonick began writing grammars and dictionaries for English and Russian speakers at the Mila Publication Co. Between 1995 and 2003, he wrote, edited, or initiated a score of different dictionaries and grammars. These works were collected into two teaching kits: one for English-speakers and the other for Russian-speakers.
In addition to his linguistic activities, Solomonick is deeply involved in the field of semiotics. He has written a number of books and articles on the topic and spoken at international conferences. He is currently recognized as an expert in the field. Not only has he developed his own concept of general semiotics, he has also tried to apply it to various branches of semiotics, including linguistics, pedagogy, advertising, and cartography. Solomonick views general semiotics as the “trunk” of the “tree” of semiotics; every semiotic branch sprouts from this trunk, and all are united by the common laws and principles represented by the trunk.
His fascination with the philosophy of cognition resulted in some books on the topic published in Petersburg (in Russian) and also at Cambridge University (in English). Meanwhile, one of his books – ″Essay on General Semiotics″ – was translated and published in China. Two other books were translated into Welsh and Japanese.

## Semiotic theory

Solomonick's theory of general semiotics is founded on the classification of sign-systems by their basic signs (taxons). The theory identifies five types of sign-systems: natural, iconic, linguistic, notational, and mathematical; each type includes systems with the same types of basic signs (see illustration).
In Solomonick's general theory, the six types of sign-systems are arranged in a way that reflects both the order in which they appeared in human phylogenetic development (the development of the species as a whole, over time) and the order in which they appear ontogenetically in the understanding of each human being as they grow and develop.
At the inception of the human race, the first signs humans encountered and accepted as such, were natural signs. Every natural phenomenon served them as a sign; smoke was a sign of burning, darkness was a sign of approaching night, etc.
As people grew accustomed to these kinds of natural signs, they began to invent artificial signs as well. First, they invented signs that resembled the things they denoted – images of their prototypes. Then they started to think up signs that were more and more remote from the things they signified. Thus, sign-systems built upon words appeared, followed later by sign-systems built on graphemes (letters), and, finally, sign-systems whose signs are entirely arbitrary – mathematical signs and other symbols.
The theory of general semiotics arranges the types of sign-systems in a hierarchy that reflects this gradual development. Each higher level in the hierarchy represents basic signs of more abstract character – more remote from the things they denote – than the basic signs of the level below it. This hierarchy is illustrated in the diagram above.
In the course of human development, each type of signs could only come into existence with the support of its predecessors. Furthermore, once it came into existence, each type of signs affected the further development of all previous types of signs. The various sign-systems that have developed at each stage in human history, and their interdependence, have shaped the science and culture of every generation since the dawn of mankind. The collection of signs and sign-systems that surround us at any given moment constitute the semiotic reality we use in our everyday life, in our scientific investigations, and in our cultural activities.
In the course of semiotic development, people gradually improved their minds and acquired new qualities. Mastering natural signs helped them to cope with pressing everyday problems. Iconic sign-systems developed the imagination and allowed the arts to be pursued. Languages have provided the ability to logically discuss any problem that arises; notational systems created interpersonal communication and ensured the preservation of the acquired knowledge for posterity; formalized systems formed the basis of scientific developments and progress of sciences and crafts. All this taken together has created a semiotic reality, which, along with the surrounding reality, forms the basis of human existence.
Solomonick holds that his theory of general semiotics is reflected in all spheres of human existence. He has demonstrated manifold practical applications for the theory in his various works and continues to produce new works that further develop this theme. A succinct review of his ideas in English can be found in his paper, that was published in September 2010 in China: (The journal "Chinese Semiotic Studies", School of Foreign Languages and Cultures, Nanjing Normal University) and in his book «A Theory of General Semiotics» published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing in 2015. Many of his other works are available on the Internet, in English or in Russian.

## Philosophy of cognition

In Solomonick's view, while studying the ontological environment, humans develop a new sphere of reality: the semiotic one, which includes all signs and sign-systems, invented and accepted in different civilizations on the Earth. Little-by-little, this sphere becomes independent, obtains its own laws of development and equals in importance with the ontology. This makes it the partner of the ontological reality in all ongoing ventures for new scientific and technological feats. Their partnership cooperates with the human wisdom that introduces its share of human cognition. Acting together, these three forces make new breakthroughs possible and allow the progress of the human race. There are many implications in such an approach – they contain the context of his latest publications.

## Recent Achievements

In recent years, Solomonick has found his second wind. He has published three large monographs: "Semiotics for Schoolchildren" (in Russian) – an anthology on semiotics for schoolchildren of various ages;
"Philosophy of Symmetry", which reflects a completely new vision of symmetry, both in theoretical and practical terms;
"Selected Articles on Philosophy, Semiotics and Pedagogy", written by him over the past three decades.
In addition, he proposed a new classification of sign systems, separating descriptive systems from prescriptive systems. All descriptive sciences are content with approximate results. They are often supplemented and completely change their face, while prescriptive systems remain unchanged in their foundations. Thus, painting systems have replaced the realistic trend in recent centuries with abstract painting, and classical music today gives way to cacophonous works. Jurisprudence strives for maximum thoroughness in the facts presented in court, and yet often makes mistakes. On the contrary, physical formulas or chemical reactions discovered several thousand years ago are only strengthened by additional cases of their practical application. The formula for buoyant force discovered by Archimedes (3rd century BC) has retained its predictive power, although it has significantly expanded the scope of its application. The division of sciences into exact and inexact is based on the opposite essence of these two types of sign systems. To these two types of systems Solomonick adds a third type – an intermediate one, which has both spheres of application. Thus, geography – by its nature a descriptive science – develops along with this the sphere of its exact applications: a coordinate grid for finding any point on the planet and a grid of time zones – for determining local time; again, at any point on Earth. Each science and sphere of practical activity strives to increase the specific weight of exact predictions at the expense of approximate results; and in this Solomonick sees an additional guide in the development of scientific knowledge. Thus, in the most recent times, the geography of the earth's surface has allowed us, on the basis of previously collected and constantly updated data, to receive on the navigator screen a preferred line of movement from one place to any other place of travel. This line does not exist in the real ontology, and it had not existed in the sign reality before the advent of high-speed computers, which not only draw a line, but also instantly change it as we move around the area. This is an absolutely convincing example of science obtaining new, more accurate prescriptive results on the basis of all its previous descriptive achievements.