# Second Conte government

* This article is part of a series about Giuseppe Conte
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The second Conte government was the 66th government of the Italian Republic and the second government led by Giuseppe Conte. The government was sworn in on 5 September 2019 to 13 February 2021.
The government was supported by the anti-establishment Five Star Movement (M5S) and the centre-left Democratic Party (PD), along with the leftist parliamentary group Free and Equal (LeU). On 17 September 2019 the centrist party Italia Viva (IV), which splintered from the PD on that day, announced its support for the coalition, as well.
The government has been referred to as the "yellow-red government" (governo giallorosso), based on the customary colours of the main supporting parties.
The second Conte government had the lowest average age of its members in the history of the Italian Republic.
On 13 January 2021, after weeks of disagreements within the government coalition, the two ministers of IV resigned from their posts. Having lost the full support of one of the parties forming the government, Prime Minister Conte resigned on 26 January 2021.

## Supporting parties
### Beginning of term

At the time of the government formation, its ministers and other members were part of the following three parties.
| Party | Main ideology | Leader |
| Five Star Movement (M5S) | Populism | Luigi Di Maio |
| Democratic Party (PD) | Social democracy | Nicola Zingaretti |
| Free and Equal (LeU) | Democratic socialism | Several leaders |
* ↑ Political alliance between Article One (led by Roberto Speranza) and Italian Left (led by Claudio Grassi).
The government also obtained the support of the Associative Movement Italians Abroad (MAIE), and one of its senators, Ricardo Merlo, was appointed as undersecretary in the government. The government received also the external support of the following minor parties: Popular Civic List (CP), the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), Italia in Comune (IiC), the South Tyrolean People's Party (SVP) and the Trentino Tyrolean Autonomist Party (PATT).

### 2019–2021

From 18 September 2019 to 13 January 2021, the government ministers and other members were from the following four parties.
| Party | Main ideology | Leader |
| Five Star Movement (M5S) | Populism | Vito Crimi (acting) |
| Democratic Party (PD) | Social democracy | Nicola Zingaretti |
| Italia Viva (IV) | Liberalism | Matteo Renzi |
| Free and Equal (LeU) | Democratic socialism | Several leaders |
* ↑ Political alliance between Article One (led by Roberto Speranza) and Italian Left (led by Nicola Fratoianni).
On 17 September 2019 former Prime Minister Matteo Renzi led a breakaway group outside the PD and formed Italia Viva, which confirmed its support to the government.

### End of term

At the time of its resignation, the government ministers and other members were from the following three parties.
| Party | Main ideology | Leader |
| Five Star Movement (M5S) | Populism | Vito Crimi (acting) |
| Democratic Party (PD) | Social democracy | Nicola Zingaretti |
| Free and Equal (LeU) | Democratic socialism | Several leaders |
* ↑ Political alliance between Article One (led by Roberto Speranza) and Italian Left (led by Nicola Fratoianni).
On 13 January 2021 former Prime Minister Matteo Renzi announced the withdrawal of his party’s support to the government.

## History
### Background

After the 2018 general election the Five Star Movement (M5S), which had come first in the election, and the League agreed to form a coalition government led by Giuseppe Conte, the first Conte government.
In August 2019, Matteo Salvini, Deputy Prime Minister and leader of the League, announced a motion of no confidence against the government, after growing tensions within the majority. Salvini's move came right after a vote in the Senate regarding the progress of the Turin–Lyon high-speed railway, in which the League, along with the largest opposition parties, voted against an attempt of the M5S to block the construction works. Many political analysts believe the no confidence motion was an attempt to force early elections to improve his party's standing in Parliament, due to its increasing support in opinion polls, ensuring Salvini could become the next prime minister. On 20 August, following the parliamentary debate in which Conte harshly accused Salvini of being a political opportunist who "had triggered the political crisis only to serve his personal interest", the Prime Minister tendered his resignation to President Sergio Mattarella.

### Government formation

On 21 August, Mattarella started consultations with parliamentary groups. On the same day, the national board of the Democratic Party (PD) officially and unanimously opened to the prospect of a government with the M5S, based on pro-Europeanism, green economy, sustainable development, fight against economic inequality and a new immigration policy. However, the talks resulted in a unclear outcome, the President announced a second round of consultations starting on 27 August.
Negotiations between PD and M5S started, while Free and Equal (LeU), a left-wing parliamentary group, announced its support too. On 28 August, PD's leader Nicola Zingaretti announced at the Quirinal Palace his favourable position on forming a new government with the Five Stars with Conte at its head. On same day, Mattarella summoned Conte to the Quirinal Palace for 29 August to give him the task of forming a new government. On 3 September, M5S members voted through the so-called "Rousseau Platform" in favor of an agreement with the PD, with Conte Prime Minister, with more than 79% of the vote out of nearly 80,000 voters.
On 4 September Conte announced the ministers of this new government, which was sworn in on the following day. At its start, the government was composed of 21 ministers, 14 men and 7 women, a majority of whom were from Southern Italy.

### Investiture votes

On 9 September 2019 the Chamber of Deputies approved the government with 343 votes in favour, 263 against and 3 abstentions. On the following day the Senate followed suit, with 169 in favour, 133 against and 5 abstentions.
9–10 September 2019 Investiture votes for Conte II Cabinet :
| House of Parliament | Vote | Parties | Votes |
| Chamber of Deputies (Present: 609 of 630, Majority: 304) | Y Yes | M5S (208), PD (109), LeU (14), CP–AP–PSI–AC (4), +Eu–CD (3), Others (5) | 343 / 609 |
| Chamber of Deputies (Present: 609 of 630, Majority: 304) | N No | Lega (121), FI (95), FdI (33), NcI–USEI (4), Others (10) | 263 / 609 |
| Chamber of Deputies (Present: 609 of 630, Majority: 304) | Abstention | SVP–PATT (3) | 3 / 609 |
| Senate of the Republic (Present: 307 of 321, Majority: 152) | Y Yes | M5S (104), PD (49), Aut (4), LeU (4), Others (8) | 169 / 307 |
| Senate of the Republic (Present: 307 of 321, Majority: 152) | N No | Lega (57), FI (56), FdI (18), +Eu (1), Others (1) | 133 / 307 |
| Senate of the Republic (Present: 307 of 321, Majority: 152) | Abstention | Aut (3), M5S (1), PD (1) | 5 / 307 |
* ↑ Absent (16): FI (4), Lega (3), M5S (3), PD (2), FdI (1), Others (3) On institutional leave (4): M5S (4)
* ↑ Absent (8): FI (5), M5S (1), Others (2) On institutional leave (5): M5S (1), PD (1), Lega (1), Aut (1), Others (1) President (1)

### Italia Viva and M5S crises

In September 2019 former Prime Minister Matteo Renzi lead a split from the PD, and formed a party called Italia Viva. The new party had two ministers (Teresa Bellanova and Elena Bonetti) and one undersecretary, and kept its support for the Conte II government.
In December 2019 the Minister of Education and Research, Lorenzo Fioramonti, resigned after disagreements with the rest of the cabinet regarding the recently approved 2020 budget bill. Fioramonti considered the share of funds dedicated to education and research to be insufficient. For the designation of the new Minister, Prime Minister Conte decided to split the Ministry of Education, University and Research into two. The Ministry of Public Education went to the former undersecretary Lucia Azzolina (M5S), whereas the Ministry of University and Research went to the dean of the University of Naples Federico II, Gaetano Manfredi (Ind).
In January 2020, the Five Star Movement suffered multiple parliamentary defections and a sizeable decrease in popularity with respect to the 2018 elections. Luigi Di Maio resigned from his position as M5S political leader, retaining his position as foreign minister.

### Coronavirus outbreak

In February 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed to have spread to northern Italian regions. In a few weeks, it spread to the rest of the country, with major concentration of cases in the regions of Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna, Piedmont and Veneto. The government faced the subsequent health crisis by imposing gradually stricter measures of social distancing and quarantine, until a nationwide lockdown was imposed on 9 March, restricting the movement of people except for reasons of necessity, health, or work.

### January 2021 political crisis

On 13 January 2021, after weeks of disagreements between IV and the rest of the government regarding the handling of the Next Generation EU funds, all three cabinet members of IV (Minister of Agriculture Teresa Bellanova, Minister of Family Elena Bonetti and Undersecretary for Economy Ivan Scalfarotto) resigned from their posts.
Having lost the full support of one of the parties forming the government, Prime Minister Conte narrowly won a confidence vote at the Senate with a 156–140 tally, including 16 abstention votes from the IV senators, falling short of the absolute majority of 161 votes.
Due to that, and unable to find enough votes in Parliament to move ahead with the current government, on 26 January 2021 Conte tended his resignations to President Sergio Mattarella, who asked him to stay in office to handle current affairs (as is customary in Italian politics).

## Party breakdown
### Beginning of term
#### Ministers

| Five Star Movement | 9 |
| Democratic Party | 9 |
| Free and Equal | 1 |
| Independents | 3 |

#### Ministers and other members

* Five Star Movement (M5S): 9 ministers, 6 deputy ministers, 16 undersecretaries
* Democratic Party (PD): 9 ministers, 4 deputy ministers, 14 undersecretaries
* Free and Equal (LeU): 1 ministers, 2 undersecretaries
** Article One (Art.1): 1 minister, 1 undersecretary
** Italian Left (SI): 1 undersecretary
* Associative Movement Italians Abroad (MAIE): 1 undersecretary
* Independents: Prime minister, 2 ministers

### 2019–2021
#### Ministers

| Five Star Movement | 9 |
| Democratic Party | 7 |
| Italia Viva | 2 |
| Free and Equal | 1 |
| Independents | 4 |

#### Ministers and other members

* Five Star Movement (M5S): 9 ministers, 6 deputy ministers, 15 undersecretaries
* Democratic Party (PD): 7 ministers, 4 deputy ministers, 13 undersecretaries
* Italia Viva (IV): 2 ministers, 1 undersecretary
* Free and Equal (LeU): 1 ministers, 2 undersecretaries
** Article One (Art.1): 1 minister, 1 undersecretary
** Italian Left (SI): 1 undersecretary
* Associative Movement Italians Abroad (MAIE): 1 undersecretary
* Independents: Prime minister, 3 ministers

### End of term
#### Ministers

| Five Star Movement | 9 |
| Democratic Party | 7 |
| Free and Equal | 1 |
| Independents | 4 |

#### Ministers and other members

* Five Star Movement (M5S): 9 ministers, 6 deputy ministers, 15 undersecretaries
* Democratic Party (PD): 7 ministers, 4 deputy ministers, 13 undersecretaries
* Free and Equal (LeU): 1 minister, 2 undersecretaries
** Article One (Art.1): 1 minister, 1 undersecretary
** Italian Left (SI): 1 undersecretary
* Associative Movement Italians Abroad (MAIE): 1 undersecretary
* Independents: Prime minister, 3 ministers, 1 undersecretary

## Geographical breakdown
### Beginning of term

* Northern Italy: 8 ministers
** Emilia-Romagna: 2 ministers
** Lombardy: 2 ministers
** Piedmont: 2 ministers
** Friuli-Venezia Giulia: 1 minister
** Veneto: 1 minister
* Central Italy: 2 ministers
** Lazio: 2 ministers
* Southern and Insular Italy: 12 ministers (including Conte)
** Campania: 4 ministers
** Apulia: 3 ministers (including Conte)
** Sicily: 3 ministers
** Basilicata: 2 ministers

### 2019–2021

* Northern Italy: 8 ministers
** Emilia-Romagna: 2 ministers
** Lombardy: 2 ministers
** Piedmont: 2 ministers
** Friuli-Venezia Giulia: 1 minister
** Veneto: 1 minister
* Central Italy: 1 minister
** Lazio: 1 minister
* Southern and Insular Italy: 14 ministers (including Conte)
** Campania: 5 ministers
** Sicily: 4 ministers
** Apulia: 3 ministers (including Conte)
** Basilicata: 2 ministers

### End of term

* Northern Italy: 6 ministers
** Piedmont: 2 ministers
** Emilia-Romagna: 1 minister
** Friuli-Venezia Giulia: 1 minister
** Lombardy: 1 minister
** Veneto: 1 minister
* Central Italy: 1 minister
** Lazio: 1 minister
* Southern and Insular Italy: 14 ministers (including Conte)
** Campania: 5 ministers
** Sicily: 4 ministers
** Apulia: 3 ministers (including Conte)
** Basilicata: 2 ministers

## Council of Ministers

The Council of Ministers was composed of the following members:
| Office | Name | Party | Term |
| Prime Minister | Giuseppe Conte | Independent | 2019–2021 |
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | Luigi Di Maio | Five Star Movement | 2019–2021 |
| Minister of the Interior | Luciana Lamorgese | Independent | 2019–2021 |
| Minister of Justice | Alfonso Bonafede | Five Star Movement | 2019–2021 |
| Minister of Defence | Lorenzo Guerini | Democratic Party | 2019–2021 |
| Minister of Economy and Finance | Roberto Gualtieri | Democratic Party | 2019–2021 |
| Minister of Economic Development | Stefano Patuanelli | Five Star Movement | 2019–2021 |
| Minister of Agriculture | Teresa Bellanova | Democratic Party / Italia Viva | 2019–2021 |
| Minister of the Environment | Sergio Costa | Independent | 2019–2021 |
| Minister of Infrastructure and Transport | Paola De Micheli | Democratic Party | 2019–2021 |
| Minister of Labour and Social Policies | Nunzia Catalfo | Five Star Movement | 2019–2021 |
| Minister of Education, University and Research | Lorenzo Fioramonti | Five Star Movement | 2019 |
| Minister of Education, University and Research | Lucia Azzolina (Public Education) | Five Star Movement | 2020–2021 |
| Minister of Education, University and Research | Gaetano Manfredi (University and Research) | Independent | 2020–2021 |
| Minister of Cultural Heritage and Activities | Dario Franceschini | Democratic Party | 2019–2021 |
| Minister of Health | Roberto Speranza | Free and Equal (Art.1) | 2019–2021 |
| Minister for Parliamentary Relations | Federico D'Incà | Five Star Movement | 2019–2021 |
| Minister of Public Administration | Fabiana Dadone | Five Star Movement | 2019–2021 |
| Minister of Regional Affairs | Francesco Boccia | Democratic Party | 2019–2021 |
| Minister for the South | Giuseppe Provenzano | Democratic Party | 2019–2021 |
| Minister for Family and Equal Opportunities | Elena Bonetti | Democratic Party / Italia Viva | 2019–2021 |
| Minister of European Affairs | Vincenzo Amendola | Democratic Party | 2019–2021 |
| Minister for Sport and Youth Policies | Vincenzo Spadafora | Five Star Movement | 2019–2021 |
| Minister for Technological Innovation | Paola Pisano | Five Star Movement | 2019–2021 |
| Secretary of the Council of Ministers | Riccardo Fraccaro | Five Star Movement | 2019–2021 |
* 1 2 Proposed by the Five Star Movement.

## Composition

| Office | Name | Term of office | Party |
| Prime Minister | Giuseppe Conte | 5 September 2019 – 13 February 2021 | Independent |
| Undersecretaries Mario Turco (M5S) – Delegated to Economic Planning and Investment Andrea Martella (PD) – Delegated to Publishing and Information Pietro Benassi (Ind.) – Delegated to Authority for the Security of the Republic (since 22 January 2021) |||||
| Minister of Foreign Affairs | Luigi Di Maio | 5 September 2019 – 13 February 2021 | Five Star Movement |
| Deputy Ministers Emanuela Del Re (M5S) Marina Sereni (PD) Undersecretaries Manlio Di Stefano (M5S) Ivan Scalfarotto (IV) (until 14 January 2021) Ricardo Merlo (MAIE) |||||
| Minister of the Interior | Luciana Lamorgese | 5 September 2019 – 13 February 2021 | Independent |
| Deputy Ministers Vito Crimi (M5S) Matteo Mauri (PD) Undersecretaries Carlo Sibilia (M5S) Achille Variati (PD) |||||
| Minister of Justice | Alfonso Bonafede | 5 September 2019 – 13 February 2021 | Five Star Movement |
| Undersecretaries Vittorio Ferraresi (M5S) Andrea Giorgis (PD) |||||
| Minister of Defence | Lorenzo Guerini | 5 September 2019 – 13 February 2021 | Democratic Party |
| Undersecretaries Angelo Tofalo (M5S) Giulio Calvisi (PD) |||||
| Minister of Economy and Finance | Roberto Gualtieri | 5 September 2019 – 13 February 2021 | Democratic Party |
| Deputy Ministers Laura Castelli (M5S) Antonio Misiani (PD) Undersecretaries Alessio Villarosa (M5S) Pierpaolo Baretta (PD) Maria Cecilia Guerra (LeU/Art.1) |||||
| Minister of Economic Development | Stefano Patuanelli | 5 September 2019 – 13 February 2021 | Five Star Movement |
| Deputy Minister Stefano Buffagni (M5S) Undersecretaries Alessandra Todde (M5S) Mirella Liuzzi (M5S) Gian Paolo Manzella (PD) Alessia Morani (PD) |||||
| Minister of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies | Teresa Bellanova | 5 September 2019 – 14 January 2021 | Italia Viva Before 18 September 2019: Democratic Party |
| Minister of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Policies | Giuseppe Conte (Acting) | 14 January 2021 – 13 February 2021 | Independent |
| Undersecretaries Giuseppe L'Abbate (M5S) |||||
| Minister of the Environment | Sergio Costa | 5 September 2019 – 13 February 2021 | Independent |
| Undersecretaries Roberto Morassut (PD) |||||
| Minister of Infrastructure and Transport | Paola De Micheli | 5 September 2019 – 13 February 2021 | Democratic Party |
| Deputy Minister Giancarlo Cancelleri (M5S) Undersecretaries Roberto Traversi (M5S) Salvatore Margiotta (PD) |||||
| Minister of Labour and Social Policies | Nunzia Catalfo | 5 September 2019 – 13 February 2021 | Five Star Movement |
| Undersecretaries Stanislao Di Piazza (M5S) Francesca Puglisi (PD) |||||
| Minister of Education, University and Research | Lorenzo Fioramonti | 5 September 2019 – 30 December 2019 | Five Star Movement |
| Minister of Education, University and Research | Giuseppe Conte (Acting) | 30 December 2019 – 10 January 2020 | Independent |
| Deputy Minister Anna Ascani (PD) Undersecretaries Lucia Azzolina (M5S) Giuseppe De Cristofaro (LeU/SI) |||||
| Minister of Public Education | Lucia Azzolina | 10 January 2020 – 13 February 2021 | Five Star Movement |
| Deputy Minister Anna Ascani (PD) Undersecretary Giuseppe De Cristofaro (LeU/SI) |||||
| Minister of University and Research | Gaetano Manfredi | 10 January 2020 – 13 February 2021 | Independent |
| Minister of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism | Dario Franceschini | 5 September 2019 – 13 February 2021 | Democratic Party |
| Undersecretaries Anna Laura Orrico (M5S) Lorenza Bonaccorsi (PD) |||||
| Minister of Health | Roberto Speranza | 5 September 2019 – 13 February 2021 | Free and Equal (Art.1) |
| Deputy Minister Pierpaolo Sileri (M5S) Undersecretaries Sandra Zampa (PD) |||||
| Minister for Parliamentary Relations (without portfolio) | Federico D'Incà | 5 September 2019 – 13 February 2021 | Five Star Movement |
| Undersecretaries Gianluca Castaldi (M5S) Simona Malpezzi (PD) |||||
| Minister of Public Administration (without portfolio) | Fabiana Dadone | 5 September 2019 – 13 February 2021 | Five Star Movement |
| Minister of Regional Affairs and Autonomies (without portfolio) | Francesco Boccia | 5 September 2019 – 13 February 2021 | Democratic Party |
| Minister for the South (without portfolio) | Giuseppe Provenzano | 5 September 2019 – 13 February 2021 | Democratic Party |
| Minister for Family and Equal Opportunities (without portfolio) | Elena Bonetti | 5 September 2019 – 14 January 2021 | Italia Viva Before 18 September 2019: Democratic Party |
| Minister for Family and Equal Opportunities (without portfolio) | Giuseppe Conte (Acting) | 14 January 2021 – 13 February 2021 | Independent |
| Minister of European Affairs (without portfolio) | Vincenzo Amendola | 5 September 2019 – 13 February 2021 | Democratic Party |
| Undersecretaries Laura Agea (M5S) |||||
| Minister for Sport and Youth Policies (without portfolio) | Vincenzo Spadafora | 5 September 2019 – 13 February 2021 | Five Star Movement |
| Minister for Technological Innovation (without portfolio) | Paola Pisano | 5 September 2019 – 13 February 2021 | Five Star Movement |
| Secretary of the Council of Ministers | Riccardo Fraccaro | 5 September 2019 – 13 February 2021 | Five Star Movement |
* ↑ Scalfarotto resigned during a press conference in which Matteo Renzi, leader of Italia Viva, withdrew his support to the government.
* ↑ Bellanova resigned during a press conference in which Matteo Renzi, leader of Italia Viva, withdrew his support to the government.
* 1 2 3 On 28 December 2019, after the resignation of former Minister of Education, University and Research, Lorenzo Fioramonti, the prime minister split the Ministry into a Ministry of Public Education and a Ministry of University and Research.
* ↑ Fioramonti resigned after disagreements on the 2020 financial budget bill. According to Fioramonti, the approved bill allocated insufficient funds for education and research.
* ↑ Bonetti resigned during a press conference in which Matteo Renzi, leader of Italia Viva, withdrew his support to the government.