# 1950 Nobel Prize in Literature

The 1950 Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded the British philosopher Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought." He is the third philosopher to become a recipient of the prize after the German philosopher Rudolf Christoph Eucken in 1908 and the French analytic-continental philosopher Henri Bergson in 1927, and the fifth British author to be awarded.

## Laureate

Bertrand Russell made his first pioneering contributions within the branch of philosophy that deals with logic and mathematics. But his influence eventually spread across much more ground. His work is known for its lightheartedness and humor, and it has helped a large audience of readers learn about science and philosophy. His writings cover a variety of subjects, including social and moral challenges, and his opinions were frequently divisive. Russell was a fierce champion of the right to free speech and thinking as well as a strong supporter of reason and humanism. His most famous philosophical works include Principia Mathematica (1910–1913), The Problems of Philosophy (1912), Why I Am Not a Christian (1927), Power: A New Social Analysis (1938), and A History of Western Philosophy (1945).

## Deliberations
### Nominations

Russell had not been nominated for the prize before 1950, making it one of the rare occasions when an author have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature the same year they were first nominated. He was only nominated once by nominator Eugen Tigerstedt (1907–1979), professor of Swedish literature at the University of Helsinki.
In total, the Nobel committee received 79 nominations for 54 writers. Pär Lagerkvist (awarded in 1951) received seven nominations and was named a favorite following the publication of his novel Barabbas, while Winston Churchill (awarded in 1953) received six nominations. Twenty of the nominees were nominated first-time such as Simon Vestdijk, Graham Greene, Mika Waltari, Martin Buber, Robert Frost, Karl Jaspers, Alfred Noyes, John Dewey, Hermann Broch, and Robert Graves. Four of the nominees were women namely Karen Blixen, Marie Under, Gertrud von Le Fort, and Henriette Roland Holst. The American author William Faulkner was nominated in 1950 and was awarded for last year.
The authors Edgar Rice Burroughs, Augusto d'Halmar, Albert Ehrenstein, John Gould Fletcher, Nicolai Hartmann, George Cecil Ives, Alfred Korzybski, Sigizmund Krzhizhanovsky, Elisabeth Langgässer, Marcel Mauss, Edna St. Vincent Millay, Emmanuel Mounier, Cesare Pavese, Ernest Poole, Hilda D. Oakeley, George Orwell, Alykul Osmonov, Rafael Sabatini, Agnes Smedley, Olaf Stapledon, Xavier Villaurrutia, and Yi Kwang-su (nominated posthumously in 1970) died in 1950 without having been nominated.
Official list of nominees and their nominators for the prize :
| No. | Nominee | Country | Genre(s) | Nominator(s) |
| 1 | Mark Aldanov (1886–1957) | Soviet Union ( Ukraine) France | biography, novel, essays, literary criticism | Ivan Bunin (1870–1953) |
| 2 | Eugène Baie (1874–1964) | Belgium | law, essays | Paul Saintenoy (1862–1952) |
| 3 | Karen Blixen (1885–1962) | Denmark | novel, short story, memoir | Cai Woel (1895–1963) |
| 4 | Jacobus Cornelis Bloem (1887–1966) | Netherlands | poetry, essays | Victor Emanuel van Vriesland (1892–1974) |
| 5 | Hermann Broch (1886–1951) | Austria | novel, essays | The Austrian PEN-Club |
| 6 | Martin Buber (1878–1965) | Austria Israel | philosophy | Hermann Hesse (1877–1962) |
| 7 | Albert Camus (1913–1960) | France | novel, short story, essays, philosophy, drama | Gustaf Hellström (1882–1953) |
| 8 | Hans Carossa (1878–1956) | West Germany | poetry, autobiography, essays | Axel Lindqvist (1873–1953) |
| 9 | Winston Churchill (1874–1965) | United Kingdom | history, essays, memoir | Wilhelm Keilhau (1888–1954)Heinrich Wolfgang Donner (1904-1980)Ture Johnsson Arne (1879–1965)Harald Hagendahl (1889–1986)Birger Nerman (1888–1971)Axel Romdahl (1880–1951) |
| 10 | Paul Claudel (1868–1955) | France | poetry, drama, essays, memoir | Fernand Gregh (1873–1960)French Centre – PEN InternationalHjalmar Gullberg (1898–1961) |
| 11 | Benedetto Croce (1866–1952) | Italy | history, philosophy, law | Gösta Säflund (1903–2004)Società Italiana degli Autori ed Editori |
| 12 | Júlio Dantas (1876–1962) | Portugal | poetry, drama, novel, essays | Lisbon Academy of Sciences |
| 13 | John Dewey (1859–1952) | United States | philosophy, pedagogy, essays | Henry Steele Commager (1902–1998) |
| 14 | Georges Duhamel (1884–1966) | France | novel, short story, poetry, drama, literary criticism | French Centre – PEN InternationalHjalmar Hammarskjöld (1862–1953) |
| 15 | Johan Falkberget (1879–1967) | Norway | novel, short story, essays | Torstein Høverstad (1880–1959)Richard Beck (1897–1980) |
| 16 | William Faulkner (1897–1962) | United States | novel, short story, screenplay, poetry, essays | Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland (1884–1965) |
| 17 | Robert Frost (1874–1963) | United States | poetry, drama | American Academy of Arts and Letters |
| 18 | Edward Morgan Forster (1879–1970) | United Kingdom | novel, short story, drama, essays, biography, literary criticism | English PEN Centre |
| 19 | Robert Graves (1895–1985) | United Kingdom | history, novel, poetry, literary criticism, essays | Harry Martinson (1904–1978) |
| 20 | Graham Greene (1904–1991) | United Kingdom | novel, short story, autobiography, essays | Gustaf Hellström (1882–1953)Einar Löfstedt (1880–1955) |
| 21 | Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961) | United States | novel, short story, screenplay | Anders Österling (1884–1981) |
| 22 | Taha Hussein (1889–1973) | Egypt | novel, short story, poetry, translation | Bernard Guyon (1904–1975) |
| 23 | Nikos Kazantzakis (1883–1957) | Greece | novel, philosophy, essays, drama, memoir, translation | Hjalmar Gullberg (1898–1961) |
| 24 | Karl Jaspers (1883–1969) | West Germany Switzerland | philosophy | Ernst Levy (1881–1968) |
| 25 | Johannes Jørgensen (1866–1956) | Denmark | novel, poetry, biography | Cai Woel (1895–1963) |
| 26 | Pär Lagerkvist (1891–1974) | Sweden | poetry, novel, short story, drama | Hans Heiberg (1904–1978)Harry Martinson (1904–1978)Hjalmar Gullberg (1898–1961)Martin Lamm (1880–1950)Cai Woel (1895–1963)Gunnar Beskow (1901–1991)Ragnar Ekelund (1892–1960) |
| 27 | Halldór Laxness (1902–1998) | Iceland | novel, short story, drama, poetry | Dag Strömbäck (1900–1978)Halldór Stefánsson (1892–1979)Jón Helgason (1899–1986) |
| 28 | Enrique Larreta (1875–1961) | Argentina | history, essays, drama, novel | José Antonio Oría Mestres (1896–1970)Álvaro Melián Lafinur (1889–1958) |
| 29 | Leonid Leonov (1899–1994) | Soviet Union | drama, novel, short story | Valentin Kiparsky (1904–1983) |
| 30 | Lin Yutang (1895–1976) | China | novel, philosophy, essays, translation | Pearl Buck (1892–1973) |
| 31 | François Mauriac (1885–1970) | France | novel, short story | Fernand Gregh (1873–1960)French Centre – PEN International |
| 32 | Ramón Menéndez Pidal (1869–1968) | Spain | philology, history | Gunnar Tilander (1894–1973) |
| 33 | Martin Andersen Nexø (1869–1954) | Denmark | novel, short story | Kai Friis Møller (1888–1960)Cai Woel (1895–1963) |
| 34 | Alfred Noyes (1880–1958) | United Kingdom | poetry, drama, essays, biography, novel, short story, literary criticism | Frederick Samuel Boas (1862–1957) |
| 35 | Seán O'Casey (1880–1964) | Ireland | drama, memoir | Mary Elizabeth Morton (1876–1957)Oscar Wieselgren (1886–1971) |
| 36 | Arnulf Øverland (1889–1968) | Norway | poetry, essays | Cai Woel (1895–1963) |
| 37 | Boris Pasternak (1890–1960) | Soviet Union | poetry, novel, translation | Martin Lamm (1880–1950) |
| 38 | Edward Plunkett (1878–1957) | Ireland | short story, novel, drama, poetry, essays, history, autobiography | Irish PEN Centre |
| 39 | Thomas Head Raddall (1903–1994) | Canada | novel, short story, history, essays, memoir | Will Richard Bird (1891–1984) |
| 40 | Henriette Roland Holst (1869–1952) | Netherlands | poetry, essays, biography | Victor Emanuel van Vriesland (1892–1974) |
| 41 | Jules Romains (1885–1972) | France | poetry, drama, screenplay | Fernand Gregh (1873–1960)French Centre – PEN International |
| 42 | Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) | United Kingdom | philosophy, essays, history | Eugen Tigerstedt (1907–1979) |
| 43 | Jean Schlumberger (1877–1968) | France | poetry, essays | French Centre – PEN International |
| 44 | Mikhail Sholokhov (1905–1984) | Soviet Union | novel | Valentin Kiparsky (1904–1983) |
| 45 | Angelos Sikelianos (1884–1951) | Greece | poetry, drama | Hjalmar Gullberg (1898–1961)Hellenic Authors' Society |
| 46 | Leopold Staff (1878–1957) | Poland | poetry, translation | Jan Parandowski (1895–1978) |
| 47 | Albert Steffen (1884–1963) | Switzerland | poetry, essays, drama, novel | Kersti Bergroth (1886–1975) |
| 48 | Stijn Streuvels (1871–1969) | Belgium | novel, short story | Franz De Backer (1891–1961) |
| 49 | Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889–1975) | United Kingdom | history, philosophy | Fredrik Böök (1883–1961) |
| 50 | Marie Under (1883–1980) | Soviet Union ( Estonia) | poetry | Johannes Aavik (1880–1973) |
| 51 | Tarjei Vesaas (1897–1970) | Norway | poetry, novel | Olav Midttun (1883–1972) |
| 52 | Simon Vestdijk (1898–1971) | Netherlands | novel, poetry, essays, translation | Victor Emanuel van Vriesland (1892–1974) |
| 53 | Gertrud von Le Fort (1876–1971) | West Germany | novel, short story, essays, poetry | Hermann Hesse (1877–1962) |
| 54 | Mika Waltari (1908–1979) | Finland | short story, novel, poetry, drama, essays, screenplay | Yrjö Soini (1896–1975)Aarne Anttila (1892–1952) |

## Award Ceremony

During the award ceremony held at Stockholm City Hall on 10 December 1950, Anders Österling of the Swedish Academy, said:
   "With his superior intellect, Russell has, throughout half a century, been at the centre of public debate, watchful and always ready for battle, as active as ever to this very day, having behind him a life of writing of most imposing scope. His works in the sciences concerned with human knowledge and mathematical logic are epoch-making and have been compared to Newton's fundamental results in mechanics. Yet it is not these achievements in special branches of science that the Nobel Prize is primarily meant to recognize. What is important, from our point of view, is that Russell has so extensively addressed his books to a public of laymen, and, in doing so, has been so eminently successful in keeping alive the interest in general philosophy."

## Nobel lecture

Russell delivered a Nobel lecture entitled "What Desires Are Politically Important?" at the Swedish Academy on 11 December 1950. The lecture addresses the political ramifications of desires that are considered infinite in their ability to be satisfied but not necessary for immediate human survival. He highly stressed the importance of neutral and socially beneficial venues for the venting of passions and suggests the cultivation of intelligence as the best antidote for social strife.