OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Siege of Pondicherry (1760)

The siege of Pondicherry (1760–1761) was a conflict in the Third Carnatic War, as part of the global Seven Years' War. Lasting from 4 September 1760 to 15 January 1761, British land and naval forces besieged and eventually compelled the French garrison defending the French colonial outpost of Pondicherry to surrender. The city was running low on supplies and ammunitions when French commander Lally surrendered. It was the third British victory in the region that was under the command of Robert Clive.
# French ship Vengeur (1765)

Vengeur was a 64-gun ship of the line of the French Navy designed by Antoine Groignard. She saw action with Bailli de Suffren during the American War of Independence.

## Career

Vengeur was originally built as an East Indiaman for the French East India Company, by Antoine Groignard. Her plans, however, followed military specification, as she was supposed to be able to integrate a naval squadron if necessary. She cruised as a merchantman from 1757 to 1765, when she was sold to the Navy. After a refit in Brest, she was brought into service under Captain Christy de La Pallière.
In October 1778, along with the frigate Belle Poule, she captured the privateer St Peters.
She took part in the Battle of Rhode Island on 29 August 1778, the Battle of Grenada on 6 July 1779, and the Siege of Savannah in September and October 1779, under Captain Croiset de Retz. She then took part in the Battle of Martinique on 18 December 1779 under Fournoue, when she, along with Annibal and Réfléchi, saved a convoy from the British off Fort Royal, and in the Battle of Martinique on 17 April 1780.
Incorporated into Suffren's squadron, she was present at the Battle of Porto Praya under Comte de Forbin, although she did not take part in the action. She was similarly present at the Battle of Negapatam, there as well failed to take part in the action. In July 1782, in the wake of the Battle of Negapatam, Suffren appointed Cuverville to Vengeur in replacement of Forbin (Lieutenant Périer de Salvert replaced Cuverville on his old ship, Flamand).
At the Battle of Trincomalee, between 25 August and 3 September 1782, Vengeur caught fire, causing alarm to the ships around her. She left the French line of battle, which contributed to disorganizing it. She took part in the Battle of Cuddalore on 20 June 1783 under Captain de Cuverville.

## Fate

Vengeur was sold to commerce in April 1784, and wrecked off La Réunion in March 1785.

## Citations

* 1 2 3 4 5 Roche (2005), p. 458.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 FCDI Vengeur
* ↑ Binet (1911). "La construction du vaisseau de 100 canons "La Bretagne"". Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest. 27–2: 218. Retrieved 12 April 2020.
* ↑ Contenson (1934), p. 180.
* ↑ Contenson (1934), p. 167.
* ↑ Moulin (1922), p. 81.
* ↑ Troude (1867), p. 71.
* ↑ Cunat (1852), p. 180.
* ↑ Hennequin (1835), p. 316.
* ↑ Levot (1866), p. 468—469.
* ↑ Cunat (1852), p. 301-302.
# John Knight (seafarer)

John Knight (c. 1585 - disappeared 26 June 1606) was a British explorer of Greenland and Labrador. He is known for two expeditions: he was a member of a Danish exploration of the coast of Greenland, and he led an expedition to discover the Northwest Passage, during which he was lost.

## Greenland

In 1605, Knight took part in a Danish expedition to Greenland, led by John Cunningham with James Hall as pilot. Knight captained the pinnace Katten. They sailed from Copenhagen on 2 May. On 30 May, at latitude 59° 50′, they sighted high land, which they called Cape Christian, but the ice prevented them from reaching it. On 12 June, they sighted high land on the west coast of Greenland, and named Cape Anna after Anne of Denmark, wife of James I, Cape Sophia after her mother, King Christian's Fjord, and Cunningham Fjord, in latitude 67° 10′. Some small islands off Cape Sophia were named Knight's Islands. This is apparently the extent of their voyage, of which few particulars have been preserved. They returned to Copenhagen in August.

## Labrador

In England in the following year he was employed on a joint venture of the Russia and East India Companies to find the Northwest Passage. In the Hopewell of forty tons he sailed from Gravesend, Kent, on 18 April 1606, and, leaving the Orkney Islands on 12 May, fell in with a large ice field, and after a long passage made the coast of Labrador, in about lat. 57°, on 19 June. Knight intended to explore the coast during the summer, and to winter ashore.
The ice was still very troublesome, and after pushing through it for a couple of days the Hopewell anchored. In a violent gale on 23 and 24 June, probably near Nain, the cables parted and the ship drove ashore. She got afloat again, but her rudder was torn off, and she was making a great deal of water. Gorrell, the mate, was sent on shore to look for a place where she could be beached for repairs; he was unsuccessful, so on the next day, 26 June, Knight went himself with Gorrell and four men.
Leaving two men in the boat, Knight and his three companions went inland over a hill and were never seen again. It was concluded that they were killed by local people. The survivors on board repaired the ship as they best could, with some opposition from local people, and so reached Newfoundland, from where they sailed on 22 August, and arrived at Dartmouth, Devon on 24 September.
# Truck bypass

A truck bypass is a roadway that provides physical separation of trucks from passenger vehicles at a freeway interchange in order to eliminate weaving between passenger cars traveling at higher speeds and trucks traveling at lower speeds. Typically a truck bypass exits the main freeway some distance before the interchange it is intended to bypass; trucks are usually required to use the bypass, while passenger cars may choose between the bypass and the main traffic lanes. A truck bypass may take the form of a dedicated roadway or a collector/distributor road. The bypass allows vehicles traveling on it to exit the interchange in the same possible directions as the main line of traffic, and then merges with the respective freeway at some point past the interchange.
Truck bypass should not be confused with truck lane; a truck lane is a lane dedicated for trucks on steep inclines that is not physically separated from the main highway.

## Notable examples
### United States
#### California

* Interstate 5 with four locations
** Southern terminus of Interstate 405 (El Toro Y interchange) in Irvine
** Northern terminus of Interstate 405 near San Fernando
** A truck route from the western terminus of I-210 to the southern terminus of SR 14 at the Newhall Pass Interchange. Trucks traveling on I-5 are separated from passenger cars onto a dedicated roadway to the east– the original U.S. Route 99 over which I-5 was built.
** Southern terminus of SR 99 (southbound only) at the Wheeler Ridge Interchange near Wheeler Ridge
* Interstate 15 at the northern terminus of I-215 near San Bernardino
* Interstate 215 (southbound only) at the south end of its overlap with SR 60 in Riverside
* Interstate 580 (westbound only) at the western terminus of I-205 near Livermore

#### Georgia

Commercial Vehicle Lane Project on Interstate 75 from I-475 north of Macon to SR 20 near McDonough (construction to begin in 2024 with a 2028 completion date)

#### New Jersey

* New Jersey Turnpike, a toll road with a continuous car and truck split.

#### Oregon

* Interstate 5 (northbound only) after exit #294 to Barbur Boulevard (northern terminus of OR 99W) in Portland
# Ishaara Nair

Ishaara Nair is an Indian actress who has worked in the Tamil and Telugu film industries.

## Career

Ishaara Nair made her debut through the drama film, Venmegam (2014) and before the film's release, she had secured four more film offers. Though her debut film went unnoticed, she won critical acclaim for her role as an innocent saleswoman in Vinoth's con-comedy Sathuranga Vettai (2014). A critic from Sify.com noted Ishara "suits the character to a T and makes a smashing debut", while she won a nomination for Best Debut Actress at the 4th South Indian International Movie Awards. She starred in the unreleased film Papparapaam. Also she dons the role of a college girl in Adhi Medhavigal with VJ Suresh and in one of the lead roles in the horror film, Selfie. Her next signing was Engada Iruthinga Ivvalavu Naala (2021), written and directed by Kevin.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Role |
| 2014 | Venmegam | Raji |
| 2014 | Pappali | Subbalakshmi |
| 2014 | Sathuranga Vettai | Bhanu |
| 2017 | Ivan Yarendru Therikiratha | Priya |
| 2021 | Engada Iruthinga Ivvalavu Naala | |
# Goulgountou mosque attack

On January 11, 2023, unknown jihadists killed nine civilians at a mosque in Goulgountou, Burkina Faso.

## Background

Sahel Region, where Goulgountou is located, has been the heart of the jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso that began in 2015 and intensified in 2019. The two main jihadist groups in the region are Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM) and Ansarul Islam. Around the time of the attacks in Goulgountou, JNIM kidnapped dozens of women and children in Arbinda.

## Attacks

In the afternoon of January 11, jihadists attacked Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland troops stationed at mines in Debere and Korizena, near Goulgountou, killing at least two. The attackers then went towards Goulgountou, arriving on eight motorcycles, and proceeding to intimidate worshippers inside a mosque in the neighborhood of Ticknawell. The jihadists pressured the worshippers to convert to the jihadists' sect of Islam. When the local imam argued back, the jihadists threatened to slit his throat. The imam stated he would only die standing, so he was shot. Eight other worshippers were killed in similar ways.

## Aftermath

Following the attack, Goulgountou residents fled the town. The Burkinabe announced counter-terrorism operations in the area shortly following the attack.
# Musical Moments from Chopin

Musical Moments from Chopin (also known as Chopin's Musical Moments) is a Musical Miniatures cartoon, co-starring Andy Panda and Woody Woodpecker. It was directed by Dick Lundy and released on February 25, 1946.
It was nominated for an Academy Award for best short subject in 1946, losing to MGM's Tom and Jerry cartoon The Cat Concerto, which also featured a piano concert setting.

## Plot

This short starts with Andy Panda performing a Chopin polonaise on stage. As he does so, Woody Woodpecker wanders out and starts polishing the piano, and seems impressed by Andy's playing. Woody then plays along with Andy on the following pieces, either on the same or another grand piano, with increasing cut-aways to the animal audience and their own antics. At some point, an intoxicated horse up in the rafters who was trying to light his cigar tries to use a ceiling lamp to light it, but accidentally causes it to fall and spread a fire onto the stage. Andy manages to finish his piano performance while Woody extinguishes the flames.

## Analysis

The short would be the first Musical Miniatures cartoon produced by the studio, and is the only entry to receive an Academy Award nomination for best short subject. This was Lantz's eighth Academy Award nomination.
Dick Lundy previously tested the concept in the 1946 Andy Panda cartoon, The Poet & Peasant. It was proven to be a success as it was also nominated for an Academy Award. Lundy would direct all of the remaining Musical Miniatures cartoons until the studios brief closure.
The short features music by Frédéric Chopin played by Woody and Andy, which includes:
* Polonaise in A major, Op. 40, No. 1 (played in the opening theme)
* Polonaise in A-flat major, Op. 53
* Fantaisie-Impromptu in C-sharp minor, Op. 66
* Ecossaise in D major, Op.72/3
* Mazurka in B-flat major, Op. 7/1
* Scherzo No. 2 in B-flat minor, Op. 31
In 1958, the television show The Woody Woodpecker Show premiered, and continued on the air in various forms for the next four decades. Episode 18 of its first season included Musical Moments from Chopin along with other Lantz cartoons, and a making-of involving Lantz and storyboarding.
# Dańczów

Dańczów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lewin Kłodzki, within Kłodzko County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 2 km (1 mi) east of Lewin Kłodzki, 26 km (16 mi) west of Kłodzko, and 95 km (59 mi) south-west of the regional capital Wrocław.
# Edward III's chevauchée of 1355

Edward III's chevauchée of 1355 took place when King Edward III of England led an army into Picardy in the hope of provoking the French into a battle. Edward's son The Black Prince had begun a chevauchée on 5 October with an Anglo-Gascon force from Bordeaux heading towards Narbonne.

## Campaign

On 2 November 1355 King Edward III of England led an army of 9,000–10,000 men from the English enclave of Calais into French-held Picardy. He hoped to draw the larger French army, under the French king, John II, into a battle. John declined, ordering a scorched earth policy and harassing the English communications. After reaching Hesdin Edward returned to Calais on 11 November.

## Citations and sources
### Citations

* 1 2 Rogers 2014, p. 297.
* ↑ Rogers 2014, pp. 295 n. 44.
* ↑ Rogers 2014, pp. 297, 299.
* ↑ Sumption 1999, pp. 172–173.
* ↑ Sumption 1999, p. 173.

### Sources

* Rogers, Clifford (2014) [2000]. War Cruel and Sharp: English Strategy under Edward III, 1327–1360. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0851158044.
* Sumption, Jonathan (1999). Trial by Fire. The Hundred Years' War. Vol. II. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0571138968.
* This article on military history is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
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# If Winter Comes (1923 film)

If Winter Comes is a 1923 American silent drama film directed by Harry Millarde and starring, in a breakout role, Percy Marmont. It was produced and distributed the Fox Film Corporation. It is based on a 1921 novel later turned into a play by A. S. M. Hutchinson and Basil Macdonald Hastings.

## Cast

* Percy Marmont as Mark Sabre
* Arthur Metcalfe as Hapgood
* Sidney Herbert as Twyning
* Wallace Kolb as Harold Twyning
* Riley Hatch as Reverend Sebastian Fortune
* Raymond Bloomer as Lord Tybar
* Leslie King as Humpo
* George Pelzer as Old Bright
* Jim Tenbrooke as The Coroner
* Ann Forrest as Nona, Lady Tybar
* Margaret Fielding as Mabel
* Gladys Leslie as Effie Bright
* Dorothy Allen as High Jinks
* Eleanor Daniels as Low Jinks
* Virginia Lee as Miss Winifred
* Eugenie Woodward as Mrs. Perch
* Russell Sedgwick as Young Perch

## Preservation

With no prints of If Winter Comes located in any film archives, it is a lost film.
# John Letts (publisher)

John Campbell Bonner Letts (18 November 1929 – 25 March 2006) was an English publisher, who founded the British Empire and Commonwealth Museum, was first chairman of National Heritage, and was instrumental in setting up the short-lived Earth Centre, Doncaster.
Letts was educated at Oakley Hall preparatory school, of which his father, Major C. F. C. Letts, was headmaster, then at Haileybury and Jesus College, Cambridge, having won a scholarship for English, taking an M.A. in 1953.
Having started out as a copywriter at S. H. Benson, from 1959, Letts worked for Penguin Books as publicity manager, until returning to advertising in the early 1960s for J. Walter Thompson. In 1964, he went to The Sunday Times as general manager, then in 1966 to Book Club Associates, retiring from new book publishing in 1971 after two years as marketing manager for Hutchinson. That year, Letts became co-chairman of the Folio Society, and founder chairman of National Heritage; he retired from the former in 1987, having doubled membership, and was made Life President of National Heritage in 1999. He was appointed O.B.E. in 1980.
Letts was also the prime mover behind the Trollope Society which celebrates the work of the Victorian novelist Anthony Trollope. The Society published the first complete edition of Trollope's 47 novels.
His wife, cookery writer Sarah Helen, was daughter of the architect and interior designer Brian O'Rorke and his wife Juliet Mabel Olga (1903-1988), elder daughter of solicitor Ernest Edward Wigan, M.A., of Oakley Lodge, Weybridge, Surrey, and his wife Mabel Helen, daughter of Robert Watson Willis of Hinxton House, East Sheen, Surrey. Letts and his wife had three sons and a daughter. His nephew is the journalist Quentin Letts.
# High Desert Corridor

The High Desert Corridor is a proposed multimodal corridor in northern Los Angeles and San Bernardino Counties in the U.S. state of California. The project, which will travel between Palmdale and Apple Valley through the High Desert region, would mainly consist of a high-speed rail line connecting the California High-Speed Rail system at its proposed Palmdale station with the Brightline West route at its proposed Victor Valley station.

## Current status

As of August 2024, the project has been in an early planning phase. Regulatory approval according to federal environmental legislation NEPA as well as funding for construction was still outstanding.
The project is managed by the High Desert Corridor Joint Powers Agency (HDC JPA), an entity owned by LA County, LA Metro, and surrounding cities. Project development has been funded mainly with contribution from the state of California and LA Metro. Federal funding has been limited to a $500,000 grant from the Corridor ID program administered by the FRA, which provides seed funding for early planning and prioritizes the project for further federal funding, but does not guarantee it.

## Project history

The first public meetings for the project were held in 2011 when the project was mainly a road project: The proposed freeway between Palmdale and Victorville would include a sufficient median as an option for any future high-speed rail or Metrolink connection. The first 50 out of 63 miles were estimated to cost $3 billion and were planned to be funded via a public-private partnership. At the time, the California High-Speed Rail project had received its initial federal funding only two years prior and had not yet begun construction, whereas the planned high-speed link between Las Vegas and Southern California now being undertaken by Brightline West was a private project still under development under the name "DesertXpress".
In 2016, final documents of the environmental impact review led by Caltrans were published, clearing a requirement for planning approval set by Californian state law CEQA. The documents stated the intention to acquire enough right-of-way to sustain space for up to five freeway lanes in each direction and a high-speed rail line.
As of February 2018, the freeway project cost was estimated at $8 billion and land acquisition was planned to commence in June that year, funded by $274 million in Measure M funds. The environmental advocacy group Climate Resolve filed a lawsuit challenging the validity of the environmental impact review.
In September 2019, Caltrans settled the lawsuit put forth by Climate Resolve in 2016, which included the provision that the freeway portion of the project could not proceed absent a Supplemental Environmental Review (SEIR). However, the freeway was reportedly put on hold before the settlement due to a lack of necessity and funding. The rail and bike lane portion of the project were not affected.
In June 2022, San Bernardino County withdrew from the then joint powers authority (JPA). The current JPA is a successor entity set up by its continuing members.
# Makronisos

Makronisos (Greek: Μακρόνησος, lit. Long Island), or Makronisi, is an island in the Aegean Sea, in Greece, notorious as the site of a political prison from the 1920s to the 1970s. It is located close to the coast of Attica, facing the port of Lavrio. The island has an elongated shape, 13 km (8 mi) north to south and 2.5 km (1.6 mi) east to west at its widest point, and its terrain is arid and rocky. It is the largest uninhabited Greek island.
It is part of the Kea-Kythnos regional unit and in the municipality of Kea.

## History

In ancient times the island was called Helen (Ancient Greek: Ἑλένη). It protected the ancient harbours of Thorikos and Sounion. It was also called Macris (Μάκρις), from its length. Strabo describes it as 60 stadia (9.4 km) in length; but its real length is seven geographical miles (12 km). It was uninhabited in antiquity, as it is at the present day; and it was probably only used then for the pasture of cattle. Both Strabo and Pausanias derive its name from Helen of Troy, the wife of Menelaus: the latter writer supposes that it was so called because Helen landed here after the capture of Troy; but Strabo identifies it with the Homeric Cranae, to which Paris fled with Helen, and supposes that its name was hence changed into Helena. There cannot, however, be any doubt that the Homeric Cranaë was opposite Gythium in Laconia.
The Kea Channel between Makronisos and neighbouring Kea was the site of the sinking, in 1916, of HMHS Britannic, sister ship of the RMS Titanic.
After the Burning of Smyrna in 1922 and the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, Greek refugees from the Ottoman Empire were transferred to Makronisos, where a quarantine station (to minimize the spread of smallpox and typhus infection) was established. Between 1922 and 1923, 12,295 refugees, mostly women, children, and the elderly, passed through Makronisos.

### Prison camp

Makronisos was used as a military prison island and concentration camp from the time of the Greek Civil War until the restoration of democracy, following the collapse of the Regime of the Colonels in 1974. Torture methods were used among others. Because of its history, it is considered a monument of the civil war era; therefore the island and the original structures on it are protected from alteration.
Among the prisoners of Makronisos were Apostolos Santas, Nikos Koundouros, Mikis Theodorakis, Leonidas Kyrkos and Thanasis Vengos.

## Films

* Le Nouveau Parthénon (1975) by Kostas Chronopoulos and Giogos Chrysovitsianos.
* Happy Day (1976) by Pantelis Voulgaris.
* Makronissos (2008), by Ilias Giannakakis and Evi Karabatsou.
* Like Stone lions at the gateway into night (2012), by Olivier Zuchuat
# Luciano Luci

Luciano Luci (born August 2, 1949 in Campiglia Marittima). He is a retired football referee from Italy. He has refereed in the Serie A since 1985. His first match was played between A.C. Milan and S.S. Lazio on 12 May. Since then, he has refereed 105 matches in the Serie A (and 107 in Serie B). As an assistant referee he joined UEFA in the later 1980s in 25 international matches. He has also refereed one Coppa Italia final.