# Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
Part of the LGBTQ rights series :
Legal status of same-sex unions :
Marriage
Andorra
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Denmark
Ecuador
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Iceland
Ireland
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Malta
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Portugal
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Thailand
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Recognized
Israel
United States:
 • American Samoa :
Civil unions or registered partnerships but not marriage
Bolivia
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Hungary
Italy
Latvia
Monaco
Montenegro
San Marino
United Kingdom:
 • Bermuda
 • Cayman Islands :
Minimal recognition
Bulgaria
Cambodia
China
 • Hong Kong
India
Japan
Lithuania
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands:
 • Sint Maarten
Poland
Romania
Slovakia :
See also
Same-sex union legislation
Same-sex union court cases
Timeline of same-sex marriage
Recognition of same-sex unions in Africa
Recognition of same-sex unions in Asia
Recognition of same-sex unions in Europe
Recognition of same-sex unions in the Americas
Recognition of same-sex unions in Oceania
Marriage privatization
Divorce of same-sex couples
Domestic partnership
Military policy
Adoption
Listings by country
LGBTQ rights by country or territory :
Notes
1 2 Performed in the Netherlands proper (including the Caribbean Netherlands), as well as in Aruba and Curaçao. May be registered in Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
↑ Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
↑ Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
1 2 Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations of the US. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
↑ Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights in Israel. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
1 2 3 4 5 The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling.
↑ A "declaration of family relationship" is available in several of Cambodia's communes which may be useful in matters such as housing, but is not legally binding.
↑ Guardianship agreements confer some limited legal benefits in China, including decisions about medical and personal care.
↑ Hong Kong provides inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
↑ Indian courts have recognised guru–shishya, nata pratha or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
↑ Most Japanese cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
↑ Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse provide residency rights in Namibia.
↑ Romania provides hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status. :
LGBTQ portal :
vte :
Debate has occurred throughout Europe over proposals to legalise same-sex marriage as well as same-sex civil unions. Currently 33 of the 50 countries and the 8 dependent territories in Europe recognise some type of same-sex union, among them most members of the European Union (24/27). Nearly 43% of the European population lives in jurisdictions where same-sex marriage is legal.
As of January 2025, 22 European countries legally recognise and perform same-sex marriages: Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. An additional nine European countries legally recognise some form of civil union, namely Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Monaco, Montenegro, and San Marino.
Poland and Slovakia recognise private contractual cohabitation of two persons (regardless of sexual orientation or relationship type - including non-sexual non-intimate relationships) for limited purposes. Although they do not recognise same-sex unions themselves, Bulgaria, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia are bound by a ruling by the European Court of Justice to recognise same-sex marriages performed within the EU and including an EU citizen for the purposes of granting legal residence, though this ruling is not always respected in practice, as in the case of Romania which has not implemented the ruling. In December 2023, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that by failing to legalise same-sex unions, Poland had violated the right to respect for private and family life.
Of the countries that perform same-sex marriages, some still allow civil unions, e.g. the Benelux nations, France and the United Kingdom, whereas Andorra, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Slovenia, Sweden and Switzerland have ended their pre-marriage civil union legislation so that existing unions remain but new ones are not possible.
Several European countries do not recognise any same-sex unions. Marriage is defined as a union solely between a man and a woman in the constitutions of Armenia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine. Of these, however, Croatia, Hungary, Latvia and Montenegro allow civil unions for same-sex couples.

## Current situation
### International level
#### European Court of Human Rights

Over the years, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has handled cases that challenged the lack of legal recognition of same-sex couples in certain member states. The Court has held that the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) requires member states to provide legal recognition, but does not require marriage to be opened to same-sex couples.
In Schalk and Kopf v Austria (24 June 2010), the European Court of Human Rights decided that the European Convention on Human Rights does not oblige member states to legislate for or legally recognise same-sex marriages. However, the Court, for the first time, accepted same-sex relationships as a form of "family life".
In Vallianatos and Others v Greece (7 November 2013), the Court held that exclusion of same-sex couples from registering a civil union, a legal form of partnership available to opposite-sex couples, violates the convention. Greece had enacted a law in 2008 that established civil unions for opposite-sex couples only. A 2015 law extended partnership rights to same-sex couples.
Oliari and Others v Italy (21 July 2015) went further and established a positive obligation upon member states to provide legal recognition for same-sex couples. Italy thus breached the convention; it eventually implemented civil unions in 2016. The decision set a precedent for potential future cases regarding the 23 member states, certain British and Dutch territories, and the states with limited recognition (excluding Kosovo), that currently do not recognise same-sex couples' right to family life.
Chapin and Charpentier v France (9 June 2016) largely confirmed Schalk and Kopf v. Austria, holding that denying a same-sex couple access to marriage does not violate the convention. At the time of the judgment, France did allow same-sex marriage, however, the case originated from 2004 (regarding the validity of a same-sex marriage officiated by Noël Mamère), when only pacte civil de solidarité (PACS) was available to same-sex couples in France.
Fedotova and Others v. Russia (17 January 2023) ruled that states are obliged to recognize same-sex unions or civil unions. Other similar cases from other countries, including Poland, are awaiting the Tribunal. The ECHR informed the Polish government that it had accepted complaints about the lack of access for same-sex couples to marriage or civil partnerships in Poland (2020).
In a judgment issued on 12 December 2023 in the case of Przybyszewska and Others v. Poland (applications nos. 11454/17 and 9 others), the European Court of Human Rights ruled that by failing to legalise same-sex unions, Poland had violated the right to respect for private and family life (Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights). The Court found that the Polish State had failed to ensure a legal framework providing for the recognition and protection of their same-sex unions, preventing the applicants from formalising fundamental aspects of their lives, which amounted to a breach of their right to respect for their private and family life.

#### European Union

Some debate occurred within the European Union about how to require member states to recognise same-sex marriages conducted in other member states, as well as any European citizens' civil unions or registered partnerships, so as to ensure the right of freedom of movement for citizens' family members.
In 2010, Romanian LGBT activist Adrian Coman and his American partner, Robert Claibourn Hamilton, married in Belgium, and subsequently attempted to relocate to Romania. Romanian authorities refused to recognise their marriage and the case progressed to the European Court of Justice. On 11 January 2018, the ECJ's advocate general, Melchior Wathelet, issued an official legal opinion stating that an EU member country cannot refuse residency rights to the same-sex spouse of an EU citizen on the grounds that it does not recognise same-sex marriage.
On 5 June 2018, the ECJ ruled in Coman's favour, stating the term "spouse" was gender-neutral, and member states are therefore obliged to recognise EU residency rights for partners of EU citizens. However, the court confirmed that it will still be up to member states whether to authorise same-sex marriage.
According to research from the European Parliament, some EU states still do not in practice grant residency to same-sex spouses, as required by Coman v. Romania. As of September 2021, Hamilton himself has not been granted residency by the Romanian government, despite the ruling. In September 2021, the European Parliament passed a resolution condemning some states failure to implement the ruling, and calling on the European Commission to ensure rights of same-sex spouses are upheld.

### National level

| Status | Country | Since | Country population (Last Census count) |
| Marriage (22 countries) * In ten countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available too. | Andorra* | 2023 | 82,732 |
| Marriage (22 countries) * In ten countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available too. | Austria* | 2019 | 9,236,626 |
| Marriage (22 countries) * In ten countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available too. | Belgium* | 2003 | 11,827,513 |
| Marriage (22 countries) * In ten countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available too. | Denmark | 2012 | 6,021,229 |
| Marriage (22 countries) * In ten countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available too. | Estonia* | 2024 | 1,395,016 |
| Marriage (22 countries) * In ten countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available too. | Finland | 2017 | 5,652,583 |
| Marriage (22 countries) * In ten countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available too. | France* | 2013 | 66,697,901 |
| Marriage (22 countries) * In ten countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available too. | Germany | 2017 | 85,292,723 |
| Marriage (22 countries) * In ten countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available too. | Greece* | 2024 | 9,977,318 |
| Marriage (22 countries) * In ten countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available too. | Iceland* | 2010 | 399,366 |
| Marriage (22 countries) * In ten countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available too. | Ireland | 2015 | 5,338,276 |
| Marriage (22 countries) * In ten countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available too. | Liechtenstein | 2025 | 40,052 |
| Marriage (22 countries) * In ten countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available too. | Luxembourg* | 2015 | 684,398 |
| Marriage (22 countries) * In ten countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available too. | Malta* | 2017 | 540,668 |
| Marriage (22 countries) * In ten countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available too. | Netherlands* | 2001 | 18,397,608 |
| Marriage (22 countries) * In ten countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available too. | Norway | 2009 | 5,618,791 |
| Marriage (22 countries) * In ten countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available too. | Portugal | 2010 | 10,452,639 |
| Marriage (22 countries) * In ten countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available too. | Slovenia | 2022 | 2,123,475 |
| Marriage (22 countries) * In ten countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available too. | Spain* | 2005 | 48,044,995 |
| Marriage (22 countries) * In ten countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available too. | Sweden | 2009 | 10,654,961 |
| Marriage (22 countries) * In ten countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available too. | Switzerland | 2022 | 8,997,423 |
| Marriage (22 countries) * In ten countries that have passed marriage, other types of partnerships are available too. | United Kingdom* | 2020 | 69,496,547 |
| Subtotal | — | — | 369,149,934 (42.6% of the European population) |
| Civil unions (9 countries) * In three of the countries that have passed civil unions, another type of partnership is available too. | Croatia | 2014 | 3,878,481 |
| Civil unions (9 countries) * In three of the countries that have passed civil unions, another type of partnership is available too. | Cyprus | 2015 | 951,730 |
| Civil unions (9 countries) * In three of the countries that have passed civil unions, another type of partnership is available too. | Czech Republic* | 2006 | 11,031,761 |
| Civil unions (9 countries) * In three of the countries that have passed civil unions, another type of partnership is available too. | Hungary* | 2009 | 9,257,939 |
| Civil unions (9 countries) * In three of the countries that have passed civil unions, another type of partnership is available too. | Italy* | 2016 | 59,308,493 |
| Civil unions (9 countries) * In three of the countries that have passed civil unions, another type of partnership is available too. | Latvia | 2024 | 1,884,531 |
| Civil unions (9 countries) * In three of the countries that have passed civil unions, another type of partnership is available too. | Monaco | 2020 | 38,996 |
| Civil unions (9 countries) * In three of the countries that have passed civil unions, another type of partnership is available too. | Montenegro | 2021 | 665,015 |
| Civil unions (9 countries) * In three of the countries that have passed civil unions, another type of partnership is available too. | San Marino | 2019 | 33,170 |
| Subtotal | — | — | 85,954,565 (10.0% of the European population) |
| Unregistered cohabitation (2 countries) | Poland | 2012 | 39,373,933 |
| Unregistered cohabitation (2 countries) | Slovakia | 2018 | 5,590,594 |
| Subtotal | — | — | 47,632,011 (5.5% of the European population) |
| Total - Countries with some form of recognition of same-sex unions | — | — | 502,747,040 (58.1% of the European population) |
| No recognition (8 countries) † As part of the European Union, is legally bound to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. | Albania | — | 2,786,317 |
| No recognition (8 countries) † As part of the European Union, is legally bound to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. | Azerbaijan | — | 10,354,958 |
| No recognition (8 countries) † As part of the European Union, is legally bound to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. | Bosnia and Herzegovina | — | 3,153,759 |
| No recognition (8 countries) † As part of the European Union, is legally bound to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. | Kazakhstan | — | 20,811,988 |
| No recognition (8 countries) † As part of the European Union, is legally bound to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. | North Macedonia | — | 1,818,393 |
| No recognition (8 countries) † As part of the European Union, is legally bound to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. | Romania † | — | 19,041,463 |
| No recognition (8 countries) † As part of the European Union, is legally bound to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. | Turkey | — | 87,610,820 |
| No recognition (8 countries) † As part of the European Union, is legally bound to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. | Vatican City | — | 825 |
| Subtotal | — | — | 144,420,748 (16.7% of the European population) |
| Constitutional ban on marriage (14 countries) † As part of the European Union, is legally bound to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. * Other types of partnerships are available. | Armenia | 2015 | 3,046,258 |
| Constitutional ban on marriage (14 countries) † As part of the European Union, is legally bound to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. * Other types of partnerships are available. | Belarus | 1994 | 9,024,339 |
| Constitutional ban on marriage (14 countries) † As part of the European Union, is legally bound to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. * Other types of partnerships are available. | Bulgaria † | 1991 | 6,747,981 |
| Constitutional ban on marriage (14 countries) † As part of the European Union, is legally bound to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. * Other types of partnerships are available. | Croatia †* | 2013 | 3,878,481 |
| Constitutional ban on marriage (14 countries) † As part of the European Union, is legally bound to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. * Other types of partnerships are available. | Georgia | 2018 | 3,827,913 |
| Constitutional ban on marriage (14 countries) † As part of the European Union, is legally bound to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. * Other types of partnerships are available. | Hungary †* | 2012 | 9,257,939 |
| Constitutional ban on marriage (14 countries) † As part of the European Union, is legally bound to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. * Other types of partnerships are available. | Latvia †* | 2006 | 1,884,531 |
| Constitutional ban on marriage (14 countries) † As part of the European Union, is legally bound to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. * Other types of partnerships are available. | Lithuania † | 1992 | 2,914,610 |
| Constitutional ban on marriage (14 countries) † As part of the European Union, is legally bound to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. * Other types of partnerships are available. | Moldova | 1994 | 3,110,909 |
| Constitutional ban on marriage (14 countries) † As part of the European Union, is legally bound to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. * Other types of partnerships are available. | Montenegro * | 2007 | 665,015 |
| Constitutional ban on marriage (14 countries) † As part of the European Union, is legally bound to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. * Other types of partnerships are available. | Russia | 2020 | 145,217,739 |
| Constitutional ban on marriage (14 countries) † As part of the European Union, is legally bound to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. * Other types of partnerships are available. | Serbia | 2006 | 6,744,481 |
| Constitutional ban on marriage (14 countries) † As part of the European Union, is legally bound to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. * Other types of partnerships are available. | Slovakia * | 2014 | 5,590,594 |
| Constitutional ban on marriage (14 countries) † As part of the European Union, is legally bound to provide residency rights to foreign same-sex spouses of EU citizens in compliance with case C-673/16 of the European Court of Justice. * Other types of partnerships are available. | Ukraine | 1996 | 32,975,425 |
| Subtotal | — | — | 242,620,086 (28.0% of the European population) |
| Total - Countries with no recognition of same-sex unions | — | — | 359,727,469 (41.5% of the European population) |

### Partially-recognised and unrecognised states

| Status | Country | Since | State population (Last estimate count) |
| No recognition (5 states) | Abkhazia | — | 243,564 |
| No recognition (5 states) | Kosovo | — | 1,907,592 |
| No recognition (5 states) | Northern Cyprus | — | 313,626 |
| No recognition (5 states) | South Ossetia | — | 51,547 |
| No recognition (5 states) | Transnistria | — | 475,665 |
| Total | | | 2,991,994 (0.3% of the European population) |

### Sub-national level

| Status | Country | Jurisdiction | Legal since | Jurisdiction population (Last Census count) |
| Marriage (8 jurisdictions) * Other types of partnerships are available too. | Denmark | Faroe Islands | 2017 | 49,198 |
| Marriage (8 jurisdictions) * Other types of partnerships are available too. | Denmark | Greenland | 2016 | 56,081 |
| Marriage (8 jurisdictions) * Other types of partnerships are available too. | United Kingdom | Akrotiri and Dhekelia | 2014 | 15,700 |
| Marriage (8 jurisdictions) * Other types of partnerships are available too. | United Kingdom | Alderney | 2018 | 2,020 |
| Marriage (8 jurisdictions) * Other types of partnerships are available too. | United Kingdom | Gibraltar* | 2016 | 32,194 |
| Marriage (8 jurisdictions) * Other types of partnerships are available too. | United Kingdom | Guernsey | 2017 | 62,948 |
| Marriage (8 jurisdictions) * Other types of partnerships are available too. | United Kingdom | Isle of Man* | 2016 | 84,497 |
| Marriage (8 jurisdictions) * Other types of partnerships are available too. | United Kingdom | Jersey* | 2018 | 100,080 |
| Marriage (8 jurisdictions) * Other types of partnerships are available too. | United Kingdom | Sark | 2020 | 600 |
| Total | | | | 403,318 (0.0% of the European population) |
| Total for all European jurisdictions | | | | 865,880,853 (100% of the European population) |

## Future legislation
### Marriage
#### Opposition proposals or proposals without a parliamentary majority

Italy: Since October 2022, several bills to legalise same-sex marriage and adoption have been tabled by all major opposition parties (PD, M5S, Azione - Italia Viva and Alleanza Verdi e Sinistra).

### Non-marital partnership
#### Government proposals or proposals with a parliamentary majority

Kosovo: On 25 April 2024, Prime Minister Albin Kurti announced his government's intention to legalize same-sex unions.
Lithuania: In May 2022, a group of MPs drafted a civil union bill which would provide limited protections for registered same-sex couples. The proposal is a compromise after a more expansive civil partnership bill was defeated in 2021. On 26 May 2022 the bill passed its first reading in the Seimas with 70 votes in favour, 49 votes against and 6 abstentions. It passed a second reading on 23 May 2023, by a vote of 60–52. In the last few days of the legislative session in July 2024, the parties came to an agreement on the bill and placed it on the agenda for a final reading on the last day of the session. The Social Democrats announced they would boycott the final reading, meaning the bill would be unable to pass without their votes. On 25 July, the government voluntarily pulled the bill from the schedule rather than allowing it to fail, which will allow the bill to be brought back by a new parliament following the October parliamentary election, rather than starting the process over again.
Poland: On 27 December 2023, Poland's new Prime Minister, Donald Tusk, announced that a bill to legalise same-sex unions would be introduced and debated in the Sejm in 2024. On 9 July 2024, a bill allowing both opposite-sex and same-sex couples to form legally registered partnerships (thereby introducing same-sex civil partnerships) was added to the Polish government's agenda.
Ukraine: On 12 July 2022, a petition on same-sex marriage reached 28,000 signatures (above the 25,000 signatures needed to trigger a debate in parliament). President Volodymyr Zelenskyy stated on 2 August 2022 that while a change of the constitution, which defines marriage as union of a man and a woman, is not allowed as long as martial law is in place, he endorses the introduction of civil unions and asked his government to evaluate legal options. As of 26 May 2023, the Ukrainian Parliamentary Judicial Committee is considering Bill № 9103, which would introduce civil partnerships in Ukraine. In August 2024, the Committee on National Health, Medical Assistance and Medical Insurance recommended the bill for adoption in its first reading.

#### Legal rulings

Romania: In May 2023, the European Court of Human Rights ordered the government to legalize same-sex civil partnerships, in order to protect the rights of same-sex couples to a family life, as protected under the Charter. The government had three months to appeal.

## Public opinion

According to a Eurobarometer poll in 2023, public support for same-sex marriage in EU member states was highest in Sweden (94%), the Netherlands (94%), Denmark (93%), Spain (88%), Ireland (86%), Luxembourg (84%), Germany (84%), Portugal (81%), Belgium (79%), and France (79%).
According to a Eurobarometer poll in 2015, public support for same-sex marriage in EU member states was highest in the Netherlands (91%), Sweden (90%), Denmark (87%), Spain (84%), Ireland (80%), Belgium (77%), Luxembourg (75%), the United Kingdom (71%) and France (71%). Between 2006 and 2015, support rose most significantly in Malta, from 18% to 65%, and in Ireland, from 41% to 80%.
After the approval of same-sex marriage in Portugal in January 2010, 52% of the Portuguese population stated that they were in favor of the legislation. In 2008, 58% of the Norwegian voters supported same-sex marriage, which was introduced in the same year, and 31 percent were against it. In January 2013, 54.1% of Italians respondents supported same-sex marriage. In a late January 2013 survey, 77.2% of Italians respondents supported the recognition of same-sex unions. According to an Ipsos poll published in 2021, 83% of Italians were in favour of legal recognition for same-sex couples, 10% stated they were against and 7% did not have a specific position on the issue. 59% of surveyed Italians stated they were in favour of same-sex couples jointly adopting children, while 36% were opposed.
In Greece, support more than tripled between 2006 and 2017. In 2006, 15% of Greeks said that they agreed with same-sex marriage being allowed throughout Europe, rising to 50.04% by 2017. A survey in 2020 indicated that 56% of the Greek population accept same-sex marriage.
In Ireland, a 2008 survey revealed 84% of people supported civil unions for same-sex couples (and 58% for same-sex marriage), while a 2010 survey showed 67% supported same-sex marriage by 2012 this figure had risen to 73% in support. On 22 May 2015, 62.1% of the electorate voted to enshrine same-sex marriage in the Irish constitution as equal to heterosexual marriage.
In Croatia, a poll conducted in November 2013 revealed that 59% of Croats think that marriage should be constitutionally defined as a union between a man and a woman, while 31% do not agree with the idea. In Poland, support for same sex marriages has increased from 17% in 2006 to 45% in 2019, according to Eurobarometer; other polls show a majority supporting registered partnerships.
In the European Union, support tends to be the lowest in Bulgaria, Latvia, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, and Lithuania. The average percentage of support for same-sex marriage in the European Union as of 2006 when it had 25 members was 44%, which had descended from a previous percentage of 53%. The change was caused by more socially conservative nations joining the EU. In 2015, with 28 members, average support was at 61%.

### Opinion polls

| Country | Pollster | Year | For | Against | Neither | Margin of error |
| Albania | IPSOS | 2023 | 26% | 73% (74%) | 1% | |
| Andorra | Institut d'Estudis Andorrans | 2013 | 70% (79%) | 19% (21%) | 11% | |
| Armenia | Pew Research Center | 2015 | 3% (3%) | 96% (97%) | 1% | ±3% |
| Austria | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 65% | 30% | 5% | |
| Belarus | Pew Research Center | 2015 | 16% (16%) | 81% (84%) | 3% | ±4% |
| Belgium | Ipsos | 2024 | 69% | 19% [9% support some rights] | 12% not sure | ±5% |
| Belgium | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 79% | 19% | 2% not sure | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | IPSOS | 2023 | 26% (27%) | 71% (73%) | 3% | |
| Bulgaria | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 17% | 75% | 8% | |
| Croatia | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 42% | 51% | 7% | |
| Cyprus | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 50% | 44% | 6% | |
| Czech Republic | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 60% | 34% | 6% | |
| Denmark | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 93% | 5% | 2% | |
| Estonia | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 41% | 51% | 8% | |
| Finland | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 76% | 18% | 6% | |
| France | Ipsos | 2024 | 62% | 26% [16% support some rights] | 12% not sure | ±3.5% |
| France | Pew Research Center | 2023 | 82% | 14% | 4% | ±3.6% |
| France | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 79% | 14 | 7% | |
| Georgia | Women's Initiatives Supporting Group | 2021 | 10% (12%) | 75% (88%) | 15% | |
| Germany | Ipsos | 2024 | 73% | 18% [10% support some rights] | 12% not sure | ±3.5% |
| Germany | Pew Research Center | 2023 | 80% | 19% | 1% | ±3.6% |
| Germany | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 84% | 13% | 3% | |
| Greece | Pew Research Center | 2023 | 48% (49%) | 49% (51%) | 3% | ±3.6% |
| Greece | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 57% (59%) | 40% (41%) | 3% | |
| Hungary | Ipsos | 2024 | 44% | 35% [18% support some rights] | 21% not sure | ±5% |
| Hungary | Pew Research Center | 2023 | 31% (33%) | 64% (67%) | 5% | ±3.6% |
| Hungary | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 42% | 52% | 6% | |
| Iceland | Gallup | 2006 | 89% | 11% | – | |
| Ireland | Ipsos | 2024 | 68% | 21% [8% support some rights] | 10% | ±5% |
| Ireland | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 86% | 9% | 5% | |
| Italy | Ipsos | 2024 | 58% | 29% [19% support some rights] | 12% not sure | ±3.5% |
| Italy | Pew Research Center | 2023 | 73% (75%) | 25% | 2% | ±3.6% |
| Italy | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 69% | 27% | 4% | |
| Kazakhstan | Pew Research Center | 2016 | 7% (7%) | 89% (93%) | 4% | |
| Kosovo | IPSOS | 2023 | 20% (21%) | 77% (79%) | 3% | |
| Latvia | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 36% | 59% | 5% | |
| Liechtenstein | Liechtenstein Institut | 2021 | 72% | 28% | 0% | |
| Lithuania | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 39% | 55% | 6% | |
| Luxembourg | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 84% | 13% | 3% | |
| Malta | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 74% | 24% | 2% | |
| Moldova | Europa Liberă Moldova | 2022 | 14% | 86% | | |
| Montenegro | IPSOS | 2023 | 36% (37%) | 61% (63%) | 3% | |
| Netherlands | Ipsos | 2024 | 77% | 15% [8% support some rights] | 8% not sure | ±5% |
| Netherlands | Pew Research Center | 2023 | 89% (90%) | 10% | 1% | ±3.6% |
| Netherlands | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 94% | 5% | 2% | |
| North Macedonia | IPSOS | 2023 | 20% (21%) | 78% (80%) | 2% | |
| Norway | Pew Research Center | 2017 | 72% (79%) | 19% (21%) | 9% | |
| Poland | Ipsos | 2024 | 39% | 48% [28% support some rights] | 13% | ±5% |
| Poland | Pew Research Center | 2023 | 41% (43%) | 54% (57%) | 5% | ±3.6% |
| Poland | United Surveys by IBRiS | 2024 | 50% (55%) | 41% (45%) | 9% | |
| Poland | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 50% | 45% | 5% | |
| Portugal | Ipsos | 2023 | 80% (84%) | 15% [11% support some rights] (16%) | 5% | |
| Portugal | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 81% | 14% | 5% | |
| Romania | Ipsos | 2023 | 25% (30%) | 59% [26% support some rights] (70%) | 17% | ±3.5% |
| Romania | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 25% | 69% | 6% | |
| Russia | Ipsos | 2021 | 17% (21%) | 64% [12% support some rights] (79%) | 20% not sure | ±4.8% |
| Russia | FOM | 2019 | 7% (8%) | 85% (92%) | 8% | ±3.6% |
| Serbia | IPSOS | 2023 | 24% (25%) | 73% (75%) | 3% | |
| Slovakia | Focus | 2024 | 36% (38%) | 60% (62%) | 4% | |
| Slovakia | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 37% | 56% | 7% | |
| Slovenia | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 62% (64%) | 37% (36%) | 2% | |
| Spain | Ipsos | 2024 | 73% | 19% [13% support some rights] | 9% not sure | ±3.5% |
| Spain | Pew Research Center | 2023 | 87% (90%) | 10% | 3% | ±3.6% |
| Spain | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 88% | 9% | 3% | |
| Sweden | Ipsos | 2024 | 78% | 15% [8% support some rights] | 7% not sure | ±5% |
| Sweden | Pew Research Center | 2023 | 92% (94%) | 6% | 2% | ±3.6% |
| Sweden | Eurobarometer | 2023 | 94% | 5% | 1% | |
| Switzerland | Ipsos | 2023 | 54% (61%) | 34% [16% support some rights] (39%) | 13% not sure | ±3.5% |
| Turkey | Ipsos | 2024 | 18% | 52% [19% support some rights] | 30% not sure | ±5% |
| Ukraine | Rating | 2023 | 37% (47%) | 42% (53%) | 22% | ±1.5% |
| United Kingdom | YouGov | 2023 | 77% (84%) | 15% (16%) | 8% | |
| United Kingdom | Ipsos | 2024 | 66% | 24% [11% support some rights] | 10% not sure | ±3.5% |
| United Kingdom | Pew Research Center | 2023 | 74% (77%) | 22% (23%) | 4% | ±3.6% |
Opinion polls for same-sex marriage by dependent territory :
| Country | Pollster | Year | For | Against | Neutral |
| Faroe Islands | Spyr.fo | 2019 | 71.1% | 12.6% | 16.7% |
| Gibraltar | Inter-Ministerial Committee Consultation | 2015 | 63% | 37% | 0% |
| Northern Ireland | YouGov | 2019 | 55% | - | - |