OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# South Ossetian State University

The South Ossetian State University, also known as Alexander Tibilov State University (in Ossetian: Хуссар Ирыстоны паддзахадон университет, in Georgian: სამხრეთ ოსეთის პედაგოგიური ინსტიტუტი; Russian: Юго-Осетинский государственный университет) is a private university located in the city of Tskhinvali, the capital of the breakaway region of South Ossetia, in Georgia. The university was heavily damaged in the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, but has since been rebuilt.

## History

Its history begins in 1932 when, on the basis of a decision of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, a decision was made to open a pedagogical institute in what was then Stalinir, in the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast of the Soviet Union. Classes began on October of the same year under the name Stalinirsky Agricultural Institute. Between 1937 and 1938 there were 133 students, and a year later 255 people joined.
On December 30, 1961, the institute was renamed to the South Ossetian State Pedagogical Institute, a name that remained until 1989, where it was renamed after Alexander Arsenievich Tibilov, which in turn remained until the institute was transformed into a university in October 1993 on the initiative of then rector and head of the Supreme Council of South Ossetia, Ludwig Chivirov, creating its current name.
On 2008, the university was heavily damaged as a result of the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, where the original buildings were damaged by artillery and caught on fire. However, it has been rebuilt and updated since, and today, the 12 faculties of the university house approximately 3,000 students.
Since reopening, the university has established international relations with several faculties in Russia, and equally unrecognized territories, such as Shevchenko Transnistria State University, Donetsk National University, and the University of Luhansk.
In 2020, the South Ossetian State University established the Great Caucasus format together with the Abkhazian State University, the Russian North-Caucasus Federal University and the Armenian National University of Architecture and Construction of Armenia. The four universities will work more together and spread the use of the Russian language.
# HMS Centurion

Eight ships and a shore establishment of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Centurion, after the centurions of ancient Rome. A ninth ship was planned but never built.

## Ships

* English ship Centurion (1650) was a 34-gun ship launched in 1650 and wrecked in 1689.
* HMS Centurion (1691) was a 48-gun fourth-rate launched in 1691 and broken up in 1728.
* HMS Centurion (1732) was a 60-gun fourth-rate launched in 1732 and broken up 1769 after George Anson's voyage around the world
* HMS Centurion (1774) was a 50-gun fourth-rate launched in 1774. She was reduced to harbour service in 1809, sank at her moorings in 1824, and was raised and broken up in 1825.
* HMS Centurion was a 74-gun third-rate launched in 1812 as HMS Clarence. She was renamed HMS Centurion in 1826 and was broken up in 1828.
* HMS Centurion (1844) was an 80-gun third-rate launched in 1844. She was converted to screw propulsion in 1855, and sold in 1870.
* HMS Centurion (1892) was a Centurion-class battleship launched in 1892 and sold in 1910.
* HMS Centurion (1911) was a King George V-class battleship launched in 1911. She was converted to a target ship in 1926, rated as an escort ship in 1940, and was sunk off Arromanches as a breakwater in 1944.
* HMS Centurion was to have been a 9,000 ton cruiser, planned in 1945, but cancelled in 1946.

## Shore establishment

* HMS Centurion (shore establishment) was the central drafting depot established at Haslemere in 1956, commissioned in 1957 and named in 1964. The base moved to Gosport, becoming a drafting depot and a pay and accounting centre, in 1970. It was paid off in 1994, becoming Centurion building, a tender to HMS Sultan, mainly responsible for personnel and Human Resources functions.

## Battle honours

Ships named Centurion have earned the following battle honours:
* Armada, 1588
* Cadiz, 1596
* Dover, 1652
* Portland, 1653
* Gabbard, 1653
* Scheveningen, 1653
* Santa Cruz, 1657
* Lowestoft, 1665
* Four Days' Battle, 1666
* Orfordness, 1666
* Barfleur, 1692
* Velez Malaga, 1704
* Marbella, 1705
* Nuestra Senora de Covadonga, 1743
* Finisterre, 1747
* Louisbourg, 1758
* Quebec, 1759
* Havana, 1762
* St. Lucia, 1778
* China, 1900
* Jutland, 1916
* Normandy, 1944
# Jan Adamski

Jan Adamski (born 11 November 1943) is a Polish chess player who won the Polish Chess Championship in 1982. He received the FIDE title of International Master (IM) in 1976.

## Chess career

In 1963, Adamski was fourth in World U-20 Championship in Vrnjačka Banja. In the Polish Chess Championship, Adamski has won gold (1982), five silver (1968, 1969, 1970, 1975, 1985) and two bronze medals (1973, 1974). He twice won the Polish Rapid Chess Championship (1975, 1983). In Polish Team Chess Championship, Adamski nine times won the team event. He was awarded the International Master title in 1976.
Adamski played for Poland in Chess Olympiads:
* In 1968, at reserve board in the 18th Chess Olympiad in Lugano (+5, =3, -4),
* In 1970, at third board in the 19th Chess Olympiad in Siegen (+7, =3, -2),
* In 1974, at reserve board in the 21st Chess Olympiad in Nice (+4, =4, -3),
* In 1978, at fourth board in the 23rd Chess Olympiad in Buenos Aires (+4, =6, -3),
* In 1982, at fourth board in the 25th Chess Olympiad in Lucerne (+1, =2, -1),
* In 1984, at fourth board in the 26th Chess Olympiad in Thessaloniki (+1, =3, -2).
Adamski played for Poland in European Team Chess Championship:
* In 1973, at sixth board in the 5th European Team Chess Championship in Bath (+0, =3, -2).
Adamski is well known chess coach and teacher of many famous chess players. He was a trainer of Woman Grandmaster (WGM) Agnieszka Brustman.
# Ras el hanout

Ras el hanout or rass el hanout (Arabic: رأس الحانوت raʾs al-ḥānūt, Arabic pronunciation:) is a spice mix found in varying forms in Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco. The name means "head of the shop" in Arabic and implies a mixture of the best spices the seller has to offer. Ras el hanout is used in many savoury dishes, sometimes rubbed on meat or fish, or stirred into couscous, pasta or rice.
No definitive composition of spices makes up ras el hanout. Each shop, company, or family may have their own blend. The mixture usually consists of over a dozen spices in different proportions. Common ingredients include cardamom, cumin, clove, cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, allspice, dry ginger, chili peppers, coriander seed, peppercorn, sweet and hot paprika, fenugreek, and dry turmeric. Some spices may be particular to the region, such as mountain ash berries, chufa, grains of paradise, orris root, monk's pepper, cubebs, dried rosebud, fennel seed or aniseed, galangal, long pepper. Ingredients may be toasted before being ground or pounded in a mortar and mixed. Some preparations include salt or sugar, but that is generally not the accepted practice. Garlic, saffron, nuts or dry herbs are generally not included, as they are usually added to dishes individually, but some commercial preparations, particularly in Europe and North America, may contain them.
Certain supposed aphrodisiacs, including the notoriously dangerous "green metallic beetles", cantharides, have appeared in many Moroccan ras el hanout formulations, but these seem to be irrelevant for flavouring purposes.
# Ramesh Pokhriyal

Ramesh Pokhriyal "Nishank" (born 15 July 1959), is an Indian politician from Bhartiya Janta Party. He served as the Human Resource Development Minister in the Union Government of India starting from 31 May 2019. The name of his ministry was changed to Education Ministry in July 2020, following the ministry's name change, his title was changed to Minister of Education.
He represented the Haridwar Parliamentary constituency of Uttarakhand in the 17th Lok Sabha. BJP did not make him the candidate for 2024 General Elections.
He was the 5th Chief Minister of Uttarakhand from 2009 to 2011, due to corruption allegations he was asked to resign from his post by the BJP Central Leadership.

## Personal life

Pokhriyal was born in Pinani village, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand to Paramanand Pokhriyal and Vishambhari Devi. He received an M.A. degree from Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University.
Pokhriyal married Kusum Kanta Pokhriyal on 7 May 1985, with whom he has three daughters. One of their daughters, Aarushi Nishank is a classical dancer, actress, producer and model. His wife died on 11 November 2012 in Dehradun at the age of 50.

## Political career

Pokhriyal started his career as a teacher in Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh-affiliated Saraswati Shishu Mandir. He was first elected to public office in the erstwhile undivided Uttar Pradesh as a member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly from Karnaprayag constituency in 1991, defeating a five-time Congress MLA. He was re-elected in 1993 and 1996 from the same constituency. In 1997 he was appointed to the position of Uttaranchal development minister. He contested 2002 election from Thalisain and lost, but in 2007 election won the seat. He was also Uttarakhand's chief minister (from 2009 to 2011). In 2012 election he changed his seat to Doiwala and Won. In 2014 and 2019 election he won and represented as Haridwar MP and the chairman of the Assurance Committee. He was the member of the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh for three consecutive terms from 1991 to 2002 and member of the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand from 2007 to 2014 for two consecutive terms. On 30 May 2019, he was sworn in as Minister of Human Resource Development in the 2nd Modi Government. Following the ministry's name change to the Ministry of Education (India) in July 2020, he served under the title of Minister of Education.

## Literary career

Pokhriyal has written novels, stories and poems. He has authored more than 100 books in Hindi, some of which have been translated to English as well as other Indian languages. Most of his books were published by two private publishers – Vani Prakashan and Diamond Books, and many were published between 2009 and 2011, when he was chief minister of Uttarakhand.
One of his works was adapted into the Garhwali film Major Nirala, which was produced by his daughter Aarushi Nishank and released in 2018.
He is honoured by Hindi Writers Guild, Canada in 2021 and was conferred with the "Sahitya Gaurav Samman".
# Hannah Bell

Hannah Bell (born 9 August 1969) is a Canadian politician who served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 13 December 2017 to 6 March 2023. She represented the electoral district of Charlottetown-Belvedere as a member of the Green Party of Prince Edward Island.

## Career

Prior to entering provincial politics, she was the executive director of the PEI Business Women's Association (founded in 1994) for five years. Previously, she had been an employee of Veterans Affairs Canada.

## Electoral record

2019 Prince Edward Island general election: Charlottetown-Belvedere :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Green | Hannah Bell | 1,286 | 40.40 | +5.20 |
| | Progressive Conservative | Ronnie Carragher | 998 | 31.30 | +4.38 |
| | Liberal | Roxanne Carter-Thompson | 846 | 26.60 | -1.90 |
| | New Democratic | Trevor Leclerc | 55 | 1.7 | -7.98 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 3,185 | 100.00 |
| | Green hold | Green hold | Swing | Swing | +4.79 |
Prince Edward Island provincial by-election, 27 November 2017: Charlottetown-Parkdale Resignation of Doug Currie :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Green | Hannah Bell | 768 | 35.44 | +16.29 |
| | Liberal | Bob Doiron | 611 | 28.20 | -15.50 |
| | Progressive Conservative | Melissa Hilton | 586 | 27.04 | +0.84 |
| | New Democratic | Michael Redmond | 202 | 9.34 | -1.60 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 2,167 | 100 |
| | Green gain from Liberal | Green gain from Liberal | Swing | Swing | +15.90 |
# Hakim rifle

The Hakim rifle is a gas-operated semi-automatic rifle. It was originally designed by Sweden and produced as the Ag m/42 for the Swedish Army. The tooling and design were later sold to Egypt, and the Hakim was produced there during the 1950s and early 1960s. It was replaced in the mid-1960s by the Maadi AK-47 (a licensed copy of the Soviet rifle) but was stored in military reserve arsenals. In more recent years, it has been observed in use by some Egyptian police units. Around 70,000 were made.
A shortened carbine version of this rifle called the Rasheed was manufactured in limited numbers in Egypt using the smaller 7.62x39mm cartridge.
Due to its age, the Hakim is designated as a curio and relic firearm by the United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives.

## History

"The Hakim," an Arabic term signifying "judge, ruler, or governor," refers to an enhanced Egyptian iteration of the Swedish Automatgevär m/42. After the 1952 Egyptian revolution, General Gamal Abdul Nasser initiated a campaign to modernize the Egyptian military. This involved procuring manufacturing equipment and initial technical support from Sweden to construct an Egyptian variant of the Ag m/42. This marked the inception of Egypt's domestic small-arms industry.
A total of around 70,000 rifles would be produced.

## Design

Egypt introduced an adjustable gas operated system, whereas the Ag m/42 had been non-adjustable. The Hakim system is adjustable by use of a special tool and is a simple, direct impingement type whereby the flow of gas impacts directly on the front face of the bolt carrier, propelling it to the rear, which unlocks and moves the bolt as it does so. The Hakim features a Tokarev-pattern tipping bolt system as used in the FN-49, SKS and MAS-49 rifles.
While the Ag m/42 fired the 6.5×55mm cartridge, Egypt owned large stockpiles of 8×57mm Mauser ammunition, much of it left behind from World War II. To take advantage of the large stockpile, the Hakim was further re-engineered to accept the larger cartridge, which also necessitated the addition of a permanent, non removable muzzle brake to help reduce the concurrent greater recoil. Some internet sites have incorrectly referred to this as a flash suppressor; the two are distinctly different features that serve entirely different functions: a muzzle brake is designed to reduce recoil (thereby reducing stress on the operator, as well as wear on the rifle itself), whereas a flash suppressor is designed to reduce the bright muzzle flash so that it does not blind the operator when firing in dark conditions.
The Hakim features a 10-round detachable magazine intended to be loaded from the top breech with 5-round stripper clips. Though it is possible to modify magazines designed for the MG13 to fit and be used in the Hakim, bringing its capacity to 25.

## Users

* Egypt:
* Togo: Hakim rifles were officially adopted by Togolese Armed Forces and were used at least until 1990
# Ádahooníłígíí

Ádahooníłígíí (Athapascan pronunciation: Navajo: "occurrences in the area/current events") was a Navajo-language monthly newspaper that was published in the Southwestern United States from 1943 to 1957. After the Cherokee Phoenix, operating from 1828 to 1834, it was the second regularly circulating newspaper in the United States that was written in a Native American language. It was the first newspaper to be published in Navajo and the only one to have been written entirely in Navajo. In April 2019, roughly 100 issues of the newspaper were digitized as a part of the University of Arizona Library's National Digital Newspaper Program and they are currently available online.

## History

Ádahooníłígíí was published by the Navajo Agency of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Window Rock, Arizona, from 1943 to 1957 and contributed to the standardization of Navajo orthography as it was widely distributed. Until that time, the only widely available texts intended for a Navajo audience had been religious publications and parts of Diyin God Bizaad (a Navajo translation of the Bible). Its first issue was published in August 1943. The paper was edited by Robert W. Young and William Morgan, Sr. (Navajo), who had collaborated on The Navajo Language, the standard dictionary used until the present day.
The newspaper was originally printed on a single folded sheet of newsprint; it was distributed through the chapter houses. From 1943 to 1947, it was written entirely in Navajo. After that, articles were published bilingually or with an English summary of its contents. In its early years, the paper's main editorial function was to convey the opinions of "Wááshindoon" regarding World War II to the Navajo people. In addition, it provided a connection between those Navajos who served in the United States military (including code talkers) and those who had remained at home.
As the effects of the federal government's Indian termination policy reached the Navajo Nation in the 1950s, the paper's funding was withdrawn by the BIA. Ádahooníłígíí ceased publication in 1957. Shortly thereafter, the Navajo Times – written in English – began publication. It continues as the Navajo Nation's main print-medium to this day.
# Jimmy James (musician)

James A. Fyke (born June 27, 1959), better known as Jimmy James, is an American musician. He is a multi instrumentalist and a singer-songwriter.

## Early life, family and education

James is from Colonia, New Jersey. He received a bachelor of Music degree from University of Tampa in 1981. In college, he was president of honorary music fraternity Kappa Kappa Psi.

## Career

James originally played the bass in the rock band Tommy Tutone, later switching to guitar and drums and performing the role of band leader.
He has played bass with Animotion, keyboards with Mike Tramp (White Lion), and guitar with Bad Company featuring Brian Howe. James has written rock music shows for theme parks such as Busch Gardens, Opryland, Fiesta Texas and for Disney. He has performed with acts that include Fabian, The Coasters, The Marvellettes, and Lou Christie. He has performed solo acoustic guitar throughout Europe, supporting acts such as Kip Winger and Eric Martin (Mr. Big). Additionally, James has had a solo singer-songwriter career.

## Product endorsements

James has product endorsements with Orange Amplifiers, Marshall Amplifiers, Ampeg Amplifiers, Gibson Guitars, Kubicki basses, Hammond organs, Rick Turner guitars and Clayton guitar picks.

## Personal life

Jimmy James resides in Tampa, Florida.

## Solo albums

* All Talk / No Action (1999)
* Solace in the Sun (2015)
* 80's Remaster (2021)

## Collaborations

* 80's Hits Stripped (2005)
* Santa I Got Your Number Tommy Tutone (2010)
# Rouran language

Rouran (Chinese: 柔然), also called Ruanruan, Ruan-ruan or Juan-juan (Chinese: 蠕蠕), is an unclassified extinct language of Mongolia and northern China, spoken in the Rouran Khaganate from the 4th to the 6th centuries AD, considered a likely early precursor to Mongolic.
Peter A. Boodberg claimed in 1935 that the Rouran language was Mongolic by analysing Chinese transcriptions of Rouran names. Atwood (2013) notes that Rourans calqued the Sogdian word pūr "son" into their language as *kʻobun (Chinese transliteration: 去汾 MC *kʰɨʌ$^H$-bɨun > Mandarin qùfén); which, according to Atwood, is cognate with Middle Mongol kö'ün "son". Alexander Vovin noted that Old Turkic had borrowed some words from an unknown language not part of the Altaic sprachbund that might have been Rouran, arguing that if so, the language would be non-Altaic, and possibly a language isolate, though evidence was scant. In 2019, with the emergence of new evidence through the analysis of the Brāhmī Bugut and Khüis Tolgoi, Vovin changed his view, suggesting Rouran was, in fact, a Mongolic language, close but not identical to Middle Mongolian.

## Phonology

Features of Rouran included:
* no mid vowels
* presence of initial l-
* final consonantal cluster -nd unusual for any "Altaic" languages

## Morphology

Rouran had the feminine gender suffix -tu-.

## Lexicon

Rouran vocabulary included:
* and – 'oath' < Old Turkic: 𐰦, romanized: ant 'oath'
* aq – 'dung'
* beg – 'elder'
* bitig – 'inscription' < Old Turkic: 𐰋𐰃𐱅𐰏, romanized: bitig 'inscription, book'
* bod – 'people' < Old Turkic: 𐰉𐰆𐰑, romanized: bod 'clan, tribe, kin'
* drö – 'law'
* küǰü – 'strength' < Old Turkic: 𐰚𐰇𐰲, romanized: küč 'strength, power'
* küskü – 'rat'
* laɣzïn – 'pig'
* luu – 'dragon' < Middle Chinese luŋ – 'dragon'
* ordu – 'camp'
* qaɣan – 'emperor'
* qaɣatun – 'empress'
* qan – 'khan'
* qatun – 'khan's wife'
* tal- – 'to plunder'
* törö – 'to be born'
* türǖg – 'Turk'
* ud – 'ox'
* yund – 'horse' < Old Turkic: 𐰖𐰆𐰣𐱃, romanized: yunt - 'horse'
# Virginia's 43rd House of Delegates district

Virginia's 43rd House of Delegates district elects one of 100 seats in the Virginia House of Delegates, the lower house of the state's bicameral legislature. District 43 represents part of Fairfax County, Virginia. The seat is currently held by Democrat Mark Sickles.
# Trial of Lunatics Act 1883

The Trial of Lunatics Act 1883 (46 & 47 Vict. c. 38) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, allowing the jury to return a verdict that the defendant was guilty, but insane at the time, and should be kept in custody as a "criminal lunatic". This act was passed at the request of Queen Victoria, who, the target of frequent attacks by mentally ill individuals, demanded that the verdict be changed from "not guilty" so as to act as a deterrent to other lunatics; the phrasing of "guilty of the act or omission charged, but insane so as not to be responsible, according to law, for his actions" remained in use until the Criminal Procedure (Insanity) Act 1964.
It was cited in 1991 in the case of R v Burgess regarding the automatism defence.
The form of special verdict provided for by this act was commonly known as guilty but insane. This expression was not an accurate description of that verdict.
# Menetus

Menetus is a North American genus of freshwater snails, aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Planorbidae, the ramshorn snails.

## Species

Species within this genus include:
subgenus Micromenetus F. C. Baker, 1945
* Menetus dilatatus (Gould, 1841) - the type species
subgenus ?
* Menetus alabamensis
* Menetus brogniartianus
* Menetus floridensis
* Menetus opercularis
* Menetus portlandensis
* Menetus sampsoni
# Pedestrian Bridge (Reed College)

The Pedestrian Bridge, nicknamed the "Amber Bridge" and "Bouncy Bridge", and certified by the city as the "Pedestrian Bridge and Troll Habitat", is a footbridge on the Reed College campus in southeast Portland, Oregon, in the United States. The bridge was designed by ZGF Architects and opened in 2008.

## Description

The bridge was designed by ZGF Architects and features lighting on the bridge deck and railings. The handrails have solid state LED lighting. According to the lighting design company Luma, the bridge's amber color was selected to differentiate it from the nearby Blue Bridge.

## History

In 2016, writers for the student-run creative magazine The Grail said, "Commissioned in 2008, this bridge was put in place with the Grove to provide easier passage to the new dorms and to discourage students from trudging off-trail through the canyon to get to the Northwest corner of campus. The bouncy bridge was built with environmental protections in mind." Hoffman Construction was the contractor.
The bridge has been part of the course for the Reed 5K Odyssey, a race to benefit local elementary schools. In March 2013, during spring break, the bridge and other Reed College sites served as filming locations for the television series Grimm. It was closed temporarily in October 2014 after a tree fell on it because of strong winds and rain. The Pedestrian Bridge helped influence the design of Washington County's Augusta Lane Bicycle and Pedestrian Bridge. In 2024, an art installation with 1,261 weathergrams bearing the names of people in Reed's Eliot Society estate planning program were temporarily attached to the bridge.