# Low Alemannic German

Low Alemannic German (German: Niederalemannisch) is a branch of Alemannic German, which is part of Upper German. Its varieties are only partly intelligible to non-Alemannic speakers.

## Subdivisions

* Lake Constance Alemannic (de)
** Northern Vorarlberg (de)
** Allgäu dialect (de)
** Baar dialect
** Southern Württemberg
* Upper Rhenish Alemannic (de)
** Basel German
** Baden dialects north of Markgräflerland
** Alsatian, spoken in Alsace, in some villages of the Phalsbourg county in Lorraine and by some Amish in Indiana
** Low Alemannic dialects in the Black Forest
** Colonia Tovar dialect, Venezuela

## Features

The feature that distinguishes Low Alemannic from High Alemannic is the retention of Germanic /k/, for instance kalt 'cold' vs. High Alemannic chalt.
The feature that distinguishes Low Alemannic from Swabian is the retention of the Middle High German monophthongs, for instance Huus 'house' vs. Swabian Hous or Ziit 'time' vs. Swabian Zejt.

## Phonology
### Consonants

Voiced obstruents do not occur, as is typical for Upper German dialects.
| labial | alveolar | postalveolar | palatal | velar | uvular | glottal |
| m | n | | | ŋ | | |
| b̥ (pʰ)³ | d̥ (tʰ)³ | | | g̊ kʰ | | |
| f | s | ʃ | (ç)¹ | x¹ | (ʁ)² | h |
| p͡f | t͡s | | | | | |
| ʋ | r² | | j | | | |
¹/x/ is palatalized as [ç] after front vowels in the northern varieties (like in Standard German) but kept as [x] in southern varieties. Diverging from Standard German /x/ is not palatalized after /r/, a feature shared with other alemannic varieties.
²/r/ is most commonly pronounced as [ʁ].
³ /pʰ/ and /tʰ/ don't occur in autochtonous vocabulary but are used by speakers in differing frequency when using words from Standard German or speaking in more formal registers.

### Vowels

| Middle High German | Low Alemannic | Standard German | English Translation |
| hûs | Huus /hu:s/ or Hüüs /hy:s/ | Haus /haʊs/ | house |
| brûchen | bruuche /b̥ru:xə/, bruche /b̥ruxə/ or brüche /b̥ryxə/ | brauchen /braʊxən/ | to need |
| zît | Ziit /tsi:d̥/ or Zit /tsid̥/ | Zeit /tsaɪt/ | time |
| wîn | Wii /ʋi:/ | Wein /vaɪn/ | wine |
| liute | Liit /li:d̥/ or Lit /lid̥/ | Leute /lɔɪtə/ | people |
| miuse | Miis /mi:s/ | Mäuse /mɔɪzə/ | mice |
| frî | frei /frɛi/ | frei /fraɪ/ | free |
| bûwen | boie /b̥oiə/ or boue /b̥ouə/ | bauen /baʊən/ | to build |
| niu | nei /nɛi/ | neu /nɔɪ/ | new |
| buoch | Buech /b̥uəx/ or Böech /b̥øəx/ | Buch /bu:x/ | book |
| tief | dief /d̥iəf/ | tief /ti:f/ | deep |
| büecher | Biecher /b̥iəxər/ | Bücher /by:çər/ | books |
| gibrâcht | broocht /b̥ro:xd̥/ or bròòcht /brɔ:xd̥/ | gebracht /gəbraxt/ | brought |
| schlâfen | schloofe /ʃlo:fə/ or schlòòfe /ʃlɔ:fə/ | schlafen /ʃla:fən/ | to sleep |
| brôt | Broot /b̥ro:d̥/ | Brot /bro:t/ | bread |
| schnê | Schnee /ʃne:/ | Schnee /ʃne:/ | snow |
| kæse | Kääs /kʰæ:s/ or Kèès /kʰɛ:s/ | Käse /kɛ:zə/ or /ke:zə/ | cheese |
| sunne | Sunne /sunə/ | Sonne /zɔnə/ | sun |
| sun | Sùùn /sʊ:n/ or Suun /su:n/ | Sohn /zo:n/ | son |
| böcke | Begg /b̥eg̊/ | Böcke /bœkə/ | billy goats |
| ast | Aschd /ɑʃd̥/ or /aʃd̥/ | Ast /ast/ | branch |
| züge | Zììg /tsɪːg̊/ | Züge /tsy:gə/ | trains |
| ist | ìsch /ɪʃ/ | ist /ɪst/ | is |
| wetter | Wädder /ʋæd̥ər/ or Wèdder /ʋɛd̥ər/ | Wetter /vɛtər/ | weather |
| boum | Baum /b̥æum/, Baüm /b̥ɔɪm/ | Baum /baʊm/ | tree |
| böume | Baim /b̥æim/ | Bäume /bɔɪmə/ | trees |
| bein | Bai /b̥æi/ | Bein /baɪn/ | leg |

## Orthography

There exists no official orthography and authors use different kinds of orthographies for their work.
(All of the below is specific to the dialects spoken near Freiburg im Breisgau)
Vowels:
| Short | Short | Long | Long |
| Orthography | Pronunciation | Orthography | Pronunciation |
| a | [a] or [ɑ] | aa | [aː] or [ɑ:] |
| ä | [æ] | ää | [æː] |
| è | [ɛ] | èè | [ɛː] |
| e | [e, ə] | ee | [eː] |
| i or y | [i] | ii or yy | [iː] |
| ì or i | [ɪ] | ìì or ii | [ɪ:] |
| o | [o] | oo | [oː] |
| ù | [ʊ] | ùù | [ʊː] |
| u | [u] | uu | [u:] |
| ü | [y] | üü | [y:] |
Consonants:
Are as in Standard German, with the following notes:
* kh is an aspirated [kʰ]
* ng is a velar nasal [ŋ]
* ngg is a velar nasal followed by a velar plosive [ŋɡ]
* ph is an aspirated [pʰ]
* th is an aspirated [tʰ]
* s is always voiceless [s] or [z̥]
* b, d and g are voiceless [b̥], [d̥] and [g̊].

## Articles

Definite Article
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nom/Acc Sg | der Man | d Frau | s Kind |
| Dat Sg | im Man | (in) der Frau | im Kind |
| Nom/Acc Pl | d Mane | d Fraue | d Kinder |
| Dat Pl | (in) der Mane | (in) der Fraue | (in) der Kinder |
Indefinite Article
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nom/Acc Sg | e Man | e Frau | e Kind |
| Dat Sg | im e Man | in ere Frau | im e Kind |

## Substantives

Plurals
* Class I: Plural = Singular (e.g. Ääber → Ääber)
* Class II: Plural = Singular + Umlaut (e.g. Baum → Baim; Vader → Väder)
* Class IIIa: Plural = Singular + -e (e.g. Man → Mane; Ags → Agse)
* Class IIIb: Plural = Singular + -̈e (e.g. Frosch → Fresche)
* Class IVa: Plural = Singular + -er (e.g. Lyyb → Lyyber; Schùg → Schùger)
* Class IVb: Plural = Singular + -̈er (e.g. Wald → Wälder; Blad → Bleder)
* Class V: No Plural (e.g. Chees; Zemänd)
* Class VI: No Singular (Plural Only) (e.g. Bilger; Fèèrine)
Diminutives
* Standard ending is -li (e.g. Aimer → Aimerli)
* If the word ends in -l, then the ending is -eli (e.g. Dääl → Dääleli)
* If the word ends in -el, then the ending is -i (e.g. Degel → Degeli)
* If the word ends in -e, remove the -e and add -li (e.g. Bèère → Bèèrli)
* The rules for this can be quite complex and depend on the region. Sometimes diminutives require umlaut, other times not.

## Adjectives

Weak Declension
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nom/Acc Sg | der groos Man | di göed Frau | s klai Kind |
| Dat Sg | im (e) groose Man | in der / in ere göede Frau | im (e) klaine Kind |
| Nom/Acc Pl | di groose Mane | di göede Fraue | di klaine Kinder |
| Dat Pl | in der groose Mane | in der göede Fraue | in der klaine Kinder |
Strong Declension
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| Nom/Acc Sg | göede Man | göedi Frau | göed Brood |
| Dat Sg | göedem Man | göeder Frau | göedem Brood |
| Nom/Acc Pl | groosi Mane | groosi Fraue | klaini Kinder |
| Dat Pl | in groose Mane | in groose Fraue | in klaine Kinder |
Comparative
* Standard ending -er (e.g. fèin → fèiner)
Superlative
* Standard ending -(e)schd (e.g. fèin → fèinschd)
Irregular
| Positive | Comparative | Superlative |
| vyyl | mee | maischd |
| göed | beser | beschd |

## Pronouns

Personal Pronouns
| English | Hochdeutsch | Alemmanisch Nom | Dative | Accusative |
| I | ich | ich, ii, i | miir, mir, mer | mii, mi |
| you | du | duu, du, de | diir, dir, der | dii, di |
| he | er | äär, är, er | iim, im, em | iin, in, en, e |
| she | sie | sii, si | iire, ire, ere | sii, si |
| it | es | ääs, äs, es, s | iim, im, em | ääs, äs, es, s |
| we | wir | miir, mir, mer | ùns, is | ùns, is |
| you | ihr | iir, ir, er | èich, ich | èich, ich |
| they | sie | sii, si | iine, ine, ene | sii, si |

## Verbs

1. Infinitive
Infinitive ends in -e
* Some monosyllabic verbs do not have this ending (e.g. chùù, döe, goo, gschää, haa, loo, nee, sää, schdoo, schlaa, syy, zie, etc.)
2. Participle
2.1 Prefix
* The prefix for g- or ge-
* Before b, d, g, bf, dsch, and z is merged into the word and not visible (e.g. broochd, glaubd, etc.)
2.2 Suffix
* Strong Verbs end in -e (e.g. gäse, glofe)
* Weak Verbs end in -d or -ed (e.g. bùzd, gchaufd)
2.3 Types
2.3.1 Infinitive and Present Sg y/èi/ai - Participle i
2.3.1.1 y > i (e.g. abwyyse > abgwiise)
2.3.1.2 èi > i (e.g. verzèie > verziie)
2.3.1.3 ai > i (e.g. schaide > gschiide)
2.3.2 Infinitive and Present Sg ie/u/au/èi/i - Participle o/öu/öe
2.3.2.1 ie > o (e.g. biede > bode)
2.3.2.2 u > o (e.g. sufe > gsofe)
2.3.2.3 au > o (e.g. laufe > glofe)
2.3.2.4 èi > öu (e.g. rèie > gröue)
2.3.2.5 ie > öe (e.g. riefe > gröefe)
2.3.2.5 i > o (e.g. wiige > gwooge)
2.3.3 Infinitive and Present Sg i - Participle ù
2.3.3.1 i > u (e.g. binde > bùnde)
2.3.4 Infinitive ä/e - Present i - Participle o/u
2.3.4.1 ä - i - o (e.g. bräche > broche)
2.3.4.2 ä - i - u (e.g. hälfe > ghùlfe)
2.3.4.3 e/è - i - o (e.g. verdèèrbe > verdoorbe)
2.3.4.4 e - i - ù (e.g. schmelze > gschmùlze)
2.3.5 Infinitive ä/i - Present i - Participle ä
2.3.5.1 ä - i - ä (e.g. äse > gäse)
2.3.5.2 i - i - ä (e.g. bide > bäde)
2.3.6 Infinitive Vowel is the same as the Participle
2.3.5.1 (e.g. bache > bache; fale > gfale)
3. Conjugation
3.1 Present Tense 3.1.1 Regular Verb
| Person | Ending | Example |
| 1st Sg | -Ø | ich mach |
| 2nd Sg | -sch | duu machsch |
| 3rd Sg | -d | är machd |
| Plural | -e | mir mache |

## Numbers

| | Cardinal | Ordinal | Multiplicative I | Multiplicative II |
| 1 | ais | èèrschd | aifach | aimool |
| 2 | zwai | zwaid | zwaifach | zwaimool |
| 3 | drèi | drid | drèifach | drèimool |
| 4 | vier | vierd | vierfach | viermool |
| 5 | fimf | fimfd | fimffach | fimfmool |
| 6 | segs | segsd | segsfach | segsmool |
| 7 | siibe | sibd | siibefach | siibemool |
| 8 | aachd | aachd | aachdfach | aachdmool |
| 9 | nyyn | nyynd | nyynfach | nyynmool |
| 10 | zee | zeend | zeefach | zeemool |
| 11 | elf | elfd | elffach | elfmool |
| 12 | zwelf | zwelfd | zwelffach | zwelfmool |
| 13 | dryzee | dryzeend | dryzeefach | dryzeemool |
| 14 | vierzee | vierzeend | vierzeefach | vierzeemool |
| 15 | fùfzee | fùfzeend | fùfzeefach | fùfzeemool |
| 16 | sächzee | sächzeend | sächzeefach | sächzeemool |
| 17 | sibzee | sibzeend | sibzeefach | sibzeemool |
| 18 | aachdzee | aachdzeend | aachdzeefach | aachdzeemool |
| 19 | nyynzee | nyynzeend | nyynzeefach | nyynzeemool |
| 20 | zwanzg | zwanzigschd | zwanzgfach | zwanzgmool |
| 21 | ainezwanzg | ainezwanzigschd | ainezwanzgfach | ainezwanzgmool |