# New York Central Niagara

The New York Central Railroad's Niagara was a class of 27 4-8-4 steam locomotives built by the American Locomotive Company for the New York Central Railroad. Like many railroads that adopted different names for their 4-8-4s rather than “Northerns”, the New York Central named them “Niagaras”, after the Niagara River and Falls. It is considered as one of the most efficient 4-8-4 locomotives ever built.
The first Niagara was ordered in 1931: No. 800, an experimental locomotive that had its boiler divided into three sections of different pressure. This was another failed experiment in high pressure steam locomotives.
By the 1940s, loads being hauled on the New York Central main line from New York to Chicago were as much as the famous J-class NYC Hudson 4-6-4's could handle. The Chief of Motive Power for the railroad, Paul W. Kiefer, decided to order some 4-8-4's which could sustain 6,000 horsepower (4,500 kW) on the run between the two cities, day after day without respite.
The American Locomotive Company (ALCO) proposed these locomotives, and although the design owes something to the Union Pacific 4-8-4's, of which Union Pacific 844 is the best-known, the design was actually quite new. Some steam experts have claimed the Niagara to be the ultimate locomotive, as it had the speed of an FEF (the Union Pacific's nickname for their 'four eight fours' was FEF) and the power of Northerns with smaller driver wheels.

## Locomotive details

The first Niagara was Class S-1a No. 6000, delivered in March, 1945; the S-1b's (6001-6025) were delivered in 1945 and 1946. All S-1's were equipped with Baker valve gear, but S-1a No. 6000 was built with 75 in. driving wheels. It later received 79 in. wheels like the S-1b's were built with, as well as an increased boiler pressure of 290 psi. This was to maintain the S-1a's initially higher tractive effort and compare boiler efficiencies with the S-1b. The last Niagara, also delivered in 1946 as the New York Central's last steam locomotive, was Class S-2a No. 5500, dubbed the "Super Niagara." The locomotive was mechanically identical to the S-1b's, but instead of Baker gear and piston valves, it had Franklin oscillating-cam poppet valves. This application of the "Franklin System of Steam Distribution" was very similar to the existing Type A, but a different valve layout lead to the official designation of FSSD or Franklin Type A1. The Niagaras did not have steam domes, as did most steam locomotives, which resulted in a smooth contour along the top of the boiler. A perforated pipe collected steam instead. This was necessary because of the lower loading gauge (height clearance restrictions) of the New York Central (15 ft 2 in versus 16 ft 2 in (4.93 m) for other American railroads), particularly east of Buffalo.
These locomotives had a small water capacity (18,000 US gallons; 68,000 liters) in the tender, because the New York Central was one of the few railroads in North America which used track pans. This allowed a larger coal capacity—46 tons—so the Harmon, New York to Chicago run (928.1 miles) could be done with one stop for coal. The stop was at Wayneport, New York: 14 miles east of Rochester, which left 602.2 miles to Chicago via the Cleveland lakefront. This worked with the 46-ton coal capacity of the PT tenders, though coal was fairly low in the tenders by the time La Salle Station was reached, with an approximate mileage of 15 miles per ton of coal for such a high-horsepower steam locomotive. To fit within the existing turntables, the tender had an overhang of over 9 feet beyond the last pair of wheels.
On test these locomotives reached 6,600 hp (4,900 kW) in the cylinders, and ran 26,000 miles per month.
* Cylinders:
* Bore and stroke: 25½×32 inches (648×813 mm)
* Driving wheel diameter: 79 inches (2.0 m)
* Boiler pressure: 275 lbf/in² (1.90 MPa)
* Tractive effort: 61,570 pounds-force (273.9 kN)
* Axle load: 32 long tons (32.5 t)
* Valve gear: Baker valve gear
* Total length: 115 feet 5+1⁄2 inches (35.192 m)
* Total weight: 405 long tons (411 t)
All bearings were either roller bearings or needle rollers.

## Maintenance

The six days per week running schedule of these locomotives meant that all of the maintenance work normally done over the course of that week would have to be done on one day. This meant a specialized system was developed, where men in "hot suits" (asbestos heat-resistant coveralls) entered the firebox while the locomotive was still in steam and cleared all of the tubes, repaired the brick arch, etc. As the temperature inside the firebox itself would have been well over 212 °F (100 °C) and the working area was the still-hot firebars of the grate, all references describe these workers as 'heroic'.
This type of intensive maintenance was studied by steam locomotive designers such as Andre Chapelon, Livio Dante Porta and David Wardale. These designers based their modern steam locomotives on the experience gained with these Niagara-class locomotives: reliability and a close attention to details, leading to a reduction in maintenance costs.
All 27 locomotives received weekly maintenance at Harmon, while overhauls were carried out at Beech Grove in Indiana. Despite the size limitations imposed on the design, the Niagaras were the largest locomotives on the New York Central, and Beech Grove was the only shop on the railroad that could accommodate them. Their high utilization resulted in somewhat frequent overhauls. 1950 and 1951 each saw 15 Niagaras overhauled, but the total number of overhauls undertaken in the former year was 16 due to S-1b No. 6006 receiving Class 3 repairs twice during that year. The last general overhauls were completed by Beech Grove in 1953, the year steam was displaced from Harmon and the Eastern Lines of the system.

## The 1946 steam-versus-diesel trials

Six of these locomotives were chosen by their designer, Paul W. Kiefer, for the famous 1946 Steam Versus Diesel road trials, where the 6,000 hp (4,500 kW) Niagaras were put up against some 4,000 hp (3,000 kW) diesels (E7's). The locomotives were run along the 928.1 miles (1,493.6 km) from New York (Harmon) to Chicago, via Albany, Syracuse, Rochester, Buffalo, Cleveland, Toledo and Elkhart, and return. The results were close:
Cost comparison Steam versus diesel, 1946 NYC road trials Running from New York (Harmon) to Chicago (928.1 miles or 1,493.6 km) and return Note: dollar figures quoted in 1946 US dollars. To get 2019 US dollar figures, multiply by 13.17 :
| | Steam S-1 'Niagara' (six locomotives) | Steam S-1 'Niagara' (six locomotives) | Diesel E7 4,000 bhp two unit (six locomotives) | Diesel E7 4,000 bhp two unit (six locomotives) | Diesel E7 6,000 bhp Three Unit (estimated by New York Central) | Diesel E7 6,000 bhp Three Unit (estimated by New York Central) |
| Approximate relative first costs (as at December, 1946) | 100% | 100% | 147% | 147% | 214% | 214% |
| Total drawbar horsepower | 5,000 hp | 5,000 hp | 3,320 dbhp | 3,320 dbhp | 4,980 dbhp | 4,980 dbhp |
| Relative first cost, in dollars per horsepower | 100% | 100% | 265% | 265% | 258% | 258% |
| Total annual mileage per locomotive | 288,000 (310 trips per annum) | 288,000 (310 trips per annum) | 324,000 (349 trips per annum) | 324,000 (349 trips per annum) | 324,000 (349 trips per annum) | 324,000 (349 trips per annum) |
| COST PER LOCOMOTIVE | Actual | As percentage of total | Actual | As percentage of total | Estimated (by New York Central) | As percentage of total |
| Repairs | $102,528 | 31.48% | $114,048 | 35.6% | $162,000 | 38.4% |
| Fuel | $118,080 | 36.26% | $90,720 | 28.3% | $136,080 | 32.3% |
| Water | $8,928 | 2.74% | $1,296 | 0.4% | $1,620 | 0.4% |
| Lubrication | $3,168 | 0.97% | $9,720 | 3.0% | $14,580 | 3.5% |
| Other Supplies | $1,440 | 0.44% | $648 | 0.2% | $648 | 0.2% |
| Enginehouse Expense | $28,800 | 8.84% | $32,400 | 10.1% | $32,400 | 7.7% |
| Crew Wages (Two men) | $55,987 | 17.19% | $64,120 | 20.0% | $66,290 | 15.7% |
| Vacation Allowance (3%) | $1,670 | 0.51% | $1,912 | 0.6% | $1,976 | 0.5% |
| Social Security & Unemployment Tax (8.75%) | $5,040 | 1.55% | $5,767 | 1.8% | $5,962 | 1.4% |
| Total Cost Per Mile (Operating) | $1.1307 | | $0.9896 | | $1.3011 | |
| Total Annual Operating Cost | $325,642 | | $320,630 | | $421,556 | |
| Fixed Charges (Interest, depreciation, insurance) | $24,453 | | $38,841 | | $56,640 | |
| Total Annual Cost Per Locomotive | $350,095 | | $359,471 | | $478,196 | |
| Total Annual Cost Per Mile Per Locomotive | $1.22 | | $1.11 | | $1.48 | |
| Total Annual Cost Per Locomotive Drawbar Horsepower | $58.35 | | $108.27 | | $96.02 | |
(Note that Kiefer only claimed 5050 drawbar horsepower from a 79-inch 4-8-4, and the last line (dollars/power) has been added)
The results were much closer than the diesel salesmen were comfortable with, but these steam locomotives were hampered by several factors: a series of coal miners' strikes; aggressive dieselization sales efforts; and a failure of the highly-expensive firebox-wrapper metallurgy to withstand the conditions of actual operation.

## Planned duplex drive variant

A 4-4-4-4 duplex drive steam locomotive based on the Niagara was planned as a true competitor to the Pennsylvania Railroad’s T1, called the C-1a, which was never built. The C-1a would have had a larger coal capacity, increased from 46 to 64 tons, an overall length of 123 ft 1+1⁄4 in (37.52 m), an overall wheelbase of 104 ft 2+1⁄2 in (31.76 m), an overall weight of 970,400 lb (440.17 t), a slightly-longer PT-class centipede tender with a required extra axle, the same amount of weight on drivers, four 20 in × 26 in (508 mm × 660 mm) cylinders, boiler pressure of 290 lbf/in$^2$ (2.00 MPa) and a tractive effort rating of 64,901 lbf (288.7 kN).

## Disposition

The entire series was retired and scrapped between late 1955 and July, 1956, with #6015 the last withdrawn (S2a #5500 was retired earlier, in 1951, and served as a spare-parts supply for the other Niagaras until 1956). The reason that no NYC Niagara locomotives were preserved was due to the total pro-scrapping mentality of then-NYC President Alfred E. Perlman, who similarly ordered that every NYC Hudson be scrapped, as he disliked historic preservation (two New York Central Mohawks, L2d #2933 and L3a #3001, managed to survive by chance). As the NYC gained less than $15,000 in scrap value from Luria Brothers for each Niagara, which cost about $248,000 each in 1945, their early retirement was a net loss overall.

## Replicas

* Completed in 1998 after 25 years construction, an accurate live steam replica 1/5 scale 10+1⁄4 in (260 mm) gauge model of 6019 is the largest known example of this extinct class in the world and works alongside a 1/5 scale NKP Berkshire at the private Stapleford Miniature Railway in the UK.