# Garmisch-Partenkirchen

Garmisch-Partenkirchen (German pronunciation: ; Bavarian: Garmasch-Partakurch) is an Alpine ski town in Bavaria, southern Germany. It is the seat of government of the district of Garmisch-Partenkirchen (abbreviated GAP), in the Oberbayern region, which borders Austria. Nearby is Germany's highest mountain, Zugspitze, at 2,962 metres (9,718 ft) above sea level.
The town is known as the site of the 1936 Winter Olympic Games, the first to include alpine skiing, and hosts a variety of winter sports competitions.

## History

Garmisch (in the west) and Partenkirchen (in the east) were separate towns for many centuries, and still maintain quite separate identities.
Partenkirchen originated as the Roman town of Partanum on the trade route from Venice to Augsburg and is first mentioned in the year A.D. 15. Its main street, Ludwigsstrasse, follows the original Roman road.
Garmisch was first mentioned some 800 years later as Germaneskau ("German District"), suggesting that at some point a Teutonic tribe took up settlement in the western end of the valley.
During the late 13th century, the valley, as part of the County of Werdenfels, came under the rule of the prince-bishops of Freising and was to remain so until the mediatization of 1803. The area was governed by a prince-bishop's representative known as a Pfleger (caretaker or warden) from Werdenfels Castle situated on a crag north of Garmisch.
The Europeans' arrival to America at the turn of the 16th century led to a boom in shipping and a sharp decline in overland trade, which plunged the region into a centuries-long economic depression. The valley floor was swampy and difficult to farm. Bears, wolves and lynxes were a constant threat to livestock. The population suffered from periodic epidemics, including several serious outbreaks of bubonic plague. Adverse fortunes from disease and crop failure occasionally led to a witch hunt. Most notable of these were the trials and executions of 1589–1596, in which 63 people — more than 10 per cent of the population at the time — were burned at the stake or garroted.
Werdenfels Castle, where the accused were held, tried and executed, became an object of superstitious terror and was abandoned in the 17th century. It was largely torn down in the 1750s and its stones were used to build the baroque Neue Kirche (New Church) on Marienplatz, which was completed in 1752. It replaced the nearby Gothic Alte Kirche (Old Church), parts of which predated Christianity and might have originally been a pagan temple. Used as a storehouse, armory and haybarn for many years, it has since been re-consecrated. Some of its medieval frescoes are still visible.
Garmisch and Partenkirchen remained separate until their respective mayors were forced by Adolf Hitler to combine the two market towns on 1 January 1935 in anticipation of the 1936 Winter Olympic Games. Today, the united town is casually (but incorrectly) referred to as Garmisch, much to the dismay of Partenkirchen's residents. Most visitors will notice the slightly more modern feel of Garmisch while the fresco-filled, cobblestoned streets of Partenkirchen have a generally more historic appearance. Early mornings and late afternoons in pleasant weather often find local traffic stopped while the dairy cows are herded to and from the nearby mountain meadows.
During World War II, Garmisch-Partenkirchen was a major hospital centre for the German military.

## Climate

Garmisch-Partenkirchen leans towards an oceanic climate, and its winters are colder than the rest of Bavaria. Due to its higher elevation, it is very close to the winters associated with continental climates; it has a relatively wet and snowy climate, with high precipitation year-round. As of 2013 the regions in the west and east of the town were cited as having highest numbers of thunderstorm days in Europe.
Climate data for Garmisch-Partenkirchen (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1936–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 19.0 (66.2) | 21.4 (70.5) | 25.3 (77.5) | 29.2 (84.6) | 31.7 (89.1) | 35.1 (95.2) | 36.4 (97.5) | 35.7 (96.3) | 32.0 (89.6) | 27.8 (82.0) | 23.7 (74.7) | 18.6 (65.5) | 36.4 (97.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.2 (37.8) | 5.7 (42.3) | 10.0 (50.0) | 14.5 (58.1) | 18.4 (65.1) | 21.5 (70.7) | 23.4 (74.1) | 23.1 (73.6) | 18.7 (65.7) | 14.5 (58.1) | 8.2 (46.8) | 3.3 (37.9) | 13.7 (56.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.1 (28.2) | −0.5 (31.1) | 3.5 (38.3) | 7.8 (46.0) | 12.1 (53.8) | 15.5 (59.9) | 17.1 (62.8) | 16.6 (61.9) | 12.5 (54.5) | 8.2 (46.8) | 2.7 (36.9) | −1.4 (29.5) | 7.7 (45.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.8 (21.6) | −5.0 (23.0) | −1.7 (28.9) | 1.7 (35.1) | 5.9 (42.6) | 9.6 (49.3) | 11.2 (52.2) | 11.1 (52.0) | 7.5 (45.5) | 3.6 (38.5) | −1.1 (30.0) | −4.6 (23.7) | 2.8 (37.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −25.8 (−14.4) | −29.3 (−20.7) | −21.2 (−6.2) | −12.6 (9.3) | −4.6 (23.7) | −0.2 (31.6) | 3.5 (38.3) | 1.8 (35.2) | −2.3 (27.9) | −8.2 (17.2) | −17.3 (0.9) | −24.4 (−11.9) | −29.3 (−20.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 77.3 (3.04) | 65.5 (2.58) | 90.3 (3.56) | 87.2 (3.43) | 143.4 (5.65) | 179.7 (7.07) | 172.6 (6.80) | 191.9 (7.56) | 115.4 (4.54) | 91.0 (3.58) | 80.8 (3.18) | 77.8 (3.06) | 1,379.3 (54.30) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 14.6 | 13.6 | 15.9 | 15.5 | 18.6 | 19.8 | 19.0 | 18.0 | 16.2 | 13.9 | 14.0 | 15.4 | 195.4 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) | 27.4 | 23.6 | 14.9 | 2.5 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.8 | 8.9 | 21.1 | 99.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 86.2 | 80.9 | 76.2 | 72.2 | 74.1 | 75.8 | 76.4 | 79.3 | 82.6 | 83.5 | 87.0 | 89.3 | 80.3 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 74.6 | 106.1 | 148.6 | 168.8 | 172.1 | 176.2 | 201.1 | 199.5 | 163.7 | 135.3 | 80.2 | 55.7 | 1,665.9 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: DWD (extremes) ||||||||||||||

## Transport

The town is served by the B 2 as a continuation of the A 95 motorway, which ends at Eschenlohe 16 km north of the town.
Garmisch-Partenkirchen station is on the Munich–Garmisch-Partenkirchen line and the Mittenwald Railway (Garmisch–Mittenwald–Innsbruck). Regional services run every hour to Munich Central Station (München Hauptbahnhof) and Mittenwald and every two hours to Innsbruck Central Station (Innsbruck Hauptbahnhof) and Reutte. In addition there are special seasonal long-distance services, including ICEs, to Berlin, Hamburg, Dortmund, Bremen and Innsbruck.
It is the terminus of the Außerfern Railway to Reutte in Tirol / Kempten im Allgäu and the Bavarian Zugspitze Railway (with sections of rack railway) to the Zugspitze, the highest mountain in Germany.
There are several accessible high and low-level hiking trails from the town that have especially good views.

## Sports

Garmisch-Partenkirchen is a favoured holiday spot for skiing, snowboarding, and hiking, having some of the best skiing areas (Garmisch Classic and Zugspitze) in Germany.
It was the site of the 1936 Winter Olympics, the first to feature alpine skiing. It later replaced Sapporo, Japan as the host of the 1940 Winter Olympics, but were cancelled due to World War II. Including the two cancelled cities in 1940, it is the only host city chosen during the World Wars that did not host a subsequent Olympics.
A variety of Nordic and alpine World Cup ski races are held here, usually on the Kandahar Track outside town. Traditionally, a ski jumping contest is held in Garmisch-Partenkirchen on New Year's Day, as a part of the Four Hills Tournament (Vierschanzen-Tournee). The World Alpine Ski Championships were held in Garmisch in 1978 and 2011.
Garmisch-Partenkirchen was a partner in the city of Munich's bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics but the IOC vote held on 6 July 2011 awarded the Games to Pyeongchang. The Winter Olympics were last held in the German-speaking Alps in 1976 in nearby Innsbruck, Austria.
In team sports, the professional former 10-time German champion ice hockey team SC Riessersee play at the Garmisch Olympia Stadium.
The local association football team is 1.FC Garmisch-Partenkirchen.

## Event highlights

* January – New Year's Ski Jump
** 6 January – "Hornschlittenrennen"
* January / February – FIS Alpine Ski World Cup
* February – Historic bob-race on the olympic track at Riessersee
* 30.04. – "Georgimarkt" Partenkirchen
* May–October – "Musik im Park"
* June – Zugspitz Ultratrail trail running around the Zugspitze.
** Richard-Strauss-Festival
* July The first weekend– BMW Motorbike Days
** 15.07. - White night
* July / August "Festwoche" Festival in Garmisch and Partenkirchen
* August – "Alpentestival"
* August/September – Straßen.Kunst.Festival (Streetart-Festival)
* November– "Martinimarkt" Garmisch

## Public institutions

The George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies is also located in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. The Marshall Center is an internationally funded and mostly U.S.-staffed learning and conference centre for governments from around the world, but primarily from the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries. It was established in June 1993, replacing the U.S. Army Russian Institute. Near the Marshall Center is the American Armed Forces Recreation Centers (Edelweiss Lodge and Resort) in Garmisch that serves U.S. and NATO military and their families. A number of U.S. troops and civilians are stationed in the town to provide logistical support to the Marshall Center and Edelweiss Recreation Center. The German Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Rheumatology, the largest specialized centre for the treatment of children and adolescents with rheumatic diseases in Europe, has been active in Garmisch-Partenkirchen since 1952.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Garmisch-Partenkirchen is twinned with:
* Aspen, United States
* Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, France
* Lahti, Finland

## Notable people

* Hermann Levi (1839–1900), Jewish orchestral conductor
* Richard Strauss (1864–1949), leading German composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras.
* Ludwig Thoma (1867–1921), author, publisher and editor, who gained popularity through his partially exaggerated description of everyday Bavarian life
* Alfred Gerstenberg (1893–1959), Luftwaffe general
* Sir Karl Popper CH FBA FRS (1902–1994), Austrian-British philosopher and professor, regarded as one of the greatest philosophers of science of the 20th century
* Franz Klarwein (1914–1991), operatic tenor, husband of Sári Barabás
* Christoph Hermann Probst (1918–1943), student of medicine and member of the White Rose (Weiße Rose) resistance group
* Michael Ende (1929–1995), writer of fantasy and children's fiction, best known for The Neverending Story
* Hank Smith (1934–2002), Canadian country music singer
* Wolfgang Seiler (born 1940), biogeochemist and climatologist; after he retired, he was environmental officer (voluntary) for the town
* Ulla Mitzdorf (1944–2013), scientist, substantially contributed to diverse areas including physics, chemistry, psychology, physiology, medicine and gender studies
* Robert Rosner (born 1947), astrophysicist and founding director of the Energy Policy Institute at the University of Chicago
* Hans Peter Blochwitz (born 1949), lyric tenor, sings parts in Mozart operas
* Michaela Steiger (born 1964), actress for theatre, film, television
* Marina Anna Eich (born 1976), film actress and producer

### Notable people in sports

* Thaddäus Robl (1877–1910), cyclist
* Hanns Kilian (1905–1981), bobsledder
* Matthias Wörndle (1909–1942), cross-country skier
* Roman Wörndle (1913–1942), alpine skier
* Käthe Grasegger (1917–2001), alpine skier
* Michael Pössinger (1919–2003), bobsledder
* Pepi Bader (born 1941), bobsledder
* Stefan Gaisreiter (born 1947), bobsledder
* Reinhard E. Ketterer (born 1948), figure skater
* Christian Neureuther (born 1949), alpine ski racer
* Rosi Mittermaier (1950–2023), alpine ski racer, double Olympic gold medalist
* Hans-Joachim Stuck (born 1951), racing driver
* Armin Bittner (born 1964), alpine skier
* Andrea Schöpp (born 1965), curler
* Monika Wagner (born 1965), curler
* Martina Beck (née Glagow) (born 1979), biathlete
* Maria Höfl-Riesch (born 1984), alpine skier
* Felix Neureuther (born 1984), alpine skier
* Susanne Riesch (born 1987), alpine skier
* Magdalena Neuner (born 1987), six-time biathlon world champion, Olympic champion, Biathlon World Cup winner
* Miriam Gössner (born 1990), biathlete
* Laura Dahlmeier (born 1993), biathlete, double Olympic gold medalist

## Points of interest

South of Partenkirchen is the Partnach Gorge, where the Partnach river surges spectacularly through a narrow, 2-kilometre-long (1 mi) gap between high limestone cliffs. The Zugspitze (local name "Zugspitz") is south of Garmisch near the village of Grainau. The highest mountain in Germany, it actually straddles the border with Austria. Also overlooking Garmisch-Partenkirchen is Germany's fourth-highest mountain, the Leutasch Dreitorspitze ("Three-Gate Peak", a name derived from its triple summit).
The King's House on Schachen, a small castle built for Ludwig II of Bavaria, is also located in the mountains south of Garmisch-Partenkirchen. Its grounds contain the Alpengarten auf dem Schachen, an alpine botanical garden.