OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Siva Vaidhyanathan

Siva Vaidhyanathan (born 1966) is an American cultural historian and media scholar, and the Robertson professor of Media Studies at the University of Virginia. Vaidhyanathan is a permanent columnist at The Guardian and Slate; he is also a frequent contributor on media and cultural issues in various periodicals including The Chronicle of Higher Education, New York Times Magazine, The Nation, Slate, and The Baffler. He directs the Center for Media and Citizenship at the University of Virginia, which produces a television show, a radio program, several podcasts, and the Virginia Quarterly Review.

## Biography

Vaidhyanathan is of Indian descent and was born in Buffalo, New York, and attended the University of Texas at Austin, earning a BA in History in 1994 and a Ph.D. in 1999 in American Studies. From 1999 through the summer of 2007 he worked in the Department of Culture and Communication at New York University, the School of Library and Information Studies at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and Columbia University. From 1988 through 1993 he was a professional journalist working for several Texas daily newspapers.
He has appeared in an episode of The Daily Show with Jon Stewart to discuss early social network services. Vaidhyanathan has appeared in several documentary films, including Terms and Conditions May Apply (2013), Inside the Mind of Google (2009), and Freedom of Expression (2007). In 2016 Vaidhyanathan played a prominent role in the higher-education documentary, Starving the Beast. Vaidhyanathan was portrayed as a character on stage at the Public Theater in New York City in a play called Privacy (2016).
Vaidhyanathan is a fellow of the New York Institute for the Humanities and the Institute for the Future of the Book. Vaidhyanathan serves on the board of the Digital Public Library of America.

## Selected books

* Copyrights and Copywrongs: The Rise of Intellectual Property and How It Threatens Creativity, NYU Press, 2001. (ISBN 978-0814788073)
* The Anarchist in the Library: How the Clash Between Freedom and Control Is Hacking the Real World and Crashing the System, Basic Books, 2004. (ISBN 978-0465089857)
* Rewiring the Nation: The Place of Technology in American Studies, co-edited with Carolyn de la Peña, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. (ISBN 978-0801886515)
* Vaidhyanathan speaking at GeorgetownThe Googlization of Everything -- and Why We Should Worry, University of California Press, 2011. (ISBN 978-0520258822). The text was in open development on a blog, launched September 27, 2007 in collaboration with the Institute for the Future of the Book.
* Intellectual Property: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2017. (ISBN 9780195372779)
* Antisocial Media: How Facebook Disconnects Us And Undermines Democracy, Oxford University Press, 2018. (ISBN 978-0190841164)
# Brant Alyea

Garrabrant Ryerson Alyea (December 8, 1940 – February 4, 2024) was an American professional baseball outfielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Washington Senators, Minnesota Twins, Oakland Athletics, and St. Louis Cardinals. In 1965, he became the ninth player to hit a home run on his first MLB pitch.

## Early life

Born in Passaic, New Jersey, Alyea grew up in Rutherford, New Jersey and graduated from Rutherford High School, where he played basketball and quarterbacked the football team, in addition to baseball.

## Career

Originally signed by the Cincinnati Reds, Alyea was drafted a year later by the Washington Senators. Alyea made his major league debut on September 12, 1965. Called to the plate as a pinch hitter, he hit a home run off Los Angeles Angels pitcher Rudy May on the first pitch he saw in the Majors.
His most productive season came in 1970 for the Minnesota Twins, when he posted career numbers in batting average (.291) home runs (16) and runs batted in (61), including seven-RBI games on April 7 (Opening Day) and September 7.
Alyea was sent to the Texas Rangers on December 1, 1972, completing a trade from 33 days prior on October 30 involving the Oakland Athletics acquiring Paul Lindblad for Bill McNulty.
In between, Alyea played winter ball for the Cardenales de Lara, Tiburones de La Guaira and Tigres de Aragua clubs of the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League, leading the circuit in home runs in 1968 (17) and 1971 (12), and for RBI in 1971 (36). In addition, he played with the VPBL champion Tigres in the 1972 Caribbean Series.

## Later life

After his baseball playing days were over, Alyea oversaw the crap tables at the Tropicana Casino & Resort in Atlantic City, New Jersey.
Alyea died on February 4, 2024, at the age of 83.
# Lady Mi

Lady Mi (fl. 190s CE) was a younger sister of warlord Liu Bei's subordinate Mi Zhu who arranged a marriage between her and Liu Bei after Liu Bei's wife or wives and children had been captured by Lü Bu in 196 CE. Though information on her life is scarce, she is mostly remembered for sacrificing her life in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms at the Battle of Changban to ensure the safety of Zhao Yun and the infant Liu Shan from their pursuers.

## Life

Lady Mi was from Qu County (朐縣), Donghai Commandery (東海郡), which is present-day Lianyungang, Jiangsu. She had two brothers: Mi Zhu and Mi Fang from the influential and wealthy Mi clan in the Xu Province (present-day northern Jiangsu), who previously served the warlord Tao Qian. After Tao Qian's death, they supported Liu Bei to be the Governor of Xu Province and joined his side. When Lü Bu led his forces to seize Xiapi (下邳; present-day Pizhou, Jiangsu), the capital of Xu Province from Zhang Fei. Mi Zhu sponsored Liu Bei with all of his family wealth and Lady Mi become Liu Bei's first wife during his family absence. Some domestic complications must have followed, for we are told Liu Bei made peace with Lü Bu soon afterwards and his family was returned to him. Lady Mi is never referred to again.
Liu Bei's family was captured once more by Lü Bu in 198, to be again returned later, and in 200 he was obliged to abandon his dependents to Cao Cao: that group never rejoined him. Had the Lady Mi been involved in those later incidents, one might expect that she would have been mentioned, so she probably died earlier about 197.

## In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, during the Battle of Changban, Lady Mi was lost in the midst of the battle and was injured while carrying Liu Bei's infant son Liu Shan with her. Zhao Yun went to search for them and found them beside a well. Zhao urged her to follow him but she refused, not wishing to burden him. After entrusting Liu Shan to Zhao, Lady Mi committed suicide by throwing herself into the well. Zhao knocked down a wall to cover the well to prevent their pursuers from finding her body.
A poem honored her sacrifice with those lines:
The embattled captain had to have his steed;  On foot he could not save the little prince.  Her death preserved the Liu dynastic line:  For bold decision mark this heroine.
Later on, when Guan Yu met Liu Bei after they escaped with Lady Gan and saw that Lady Mi was absent, he asked his brother why he couldn't see his other sister in law. Liu Bei could only recount her heroic sacrifice to save Liu Shan in Dangyang. Guan Yu sighed and reproached him not going with his advice during Cao Cao's hunting expedition at the capital.

## In popular culture
### Video games

Mei Sanniang from Kessen II is based upon Lady Mi. In the game, she is an old friend of Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. She serves as a political adviser and leads a cavalry unit into battle.
# GMC Athletic Stadium

The GMC Athletic Stadium in Bambolim is the first integrated athletic complex in Goa. It has been constructed according to the IAAF specifications and norms and has hosted the athletic events of 2014 Lusofonia Games. The field has been used as the training ground for the FC Goa developmental squad. It was chosen as one of the three venues to host the 2020–21 of the Indian Super League.

## History

GMC Stadium was opened in 2014 on the occasion of the 2014 Lusofonia Games, a multi-sport event held between athletes from Portuguese-speaking countries and territories. The stadium has been used as an athletic complex by the Sports Authority of Goa, as well as an association football venue for the Goa Professional League matches.
The stadium has also hosted the U-18 Y-League, U-15 Y-League, U-13 Y-League, Santosh Trophy and I-League games previously.

## Indian Super League

The stadium was the official home ground of Kerala Blasters FC, Mumbai City FC, Chennaiyin FC and Odisha FC for the 2020–21 Indian Super League season due to the COVID-19 outbreak in the country. The entire season was played in selected venues in close proximity to minimise any chance of outbreak in the bio-bubble.
# Frosty Leo Nebula

The Frosty Leo Nebula is a protoplanetary nebula (PPN) located roughly at 3000 light-years away from Earth in the direction of the constellation Leo. It is a spectral bipolar nebula. Its central star is of optical spectral type K7II, by itself called Frosty Leo. It is unusual in that it has an extremely deep absorption feature at 3.1 μm and is unusually located at more than 900 pc above the plane of our galaxy.(Bourke et al. 2000) Further, as of 1990, it has the only known PPN circumstellar outflow in which crystalline ice dominates the long-wavelength emission spectrum and the only known PPN with point-reflection-symmetric deviations from axial symmetry.

## Characteristics

The Frosty Leo Nebula has two lobes that are separated by 2″ between which is an almost edge-on dust ring. It also has two relatively faint but prominent compact nebulosities, or ansae, separated by ~23″ along the polar axis of the PPN. The PPN as a whole has an hourglass like shape. It has an inclination angle of 15° relative to the plane of the sky. Its molecular envelope is expanding at a rate of ~25 km/s.

## Observation history

This PPN was observed in 1983 by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) and noticed for its exceptionally cold IRAS color temperatures. It also has a uniquely sharp maximum at 60-μM.

## Point symmetry

It is the first bipolar PPN known to have point reflection symmetry (all others being axially symmetric). Point symmetry is a fairly common trait of planetary nebulae as found in NGC 2022, NGC 2371-2, NGC 6309, Cat's Eye Nebula, NGC 6563, Dumbbell Nebula, Saturn Nebula, A24, and Hb5. Morris & Reipurth 1990 postulate that point symmetry is either due to the bipolar outflow being directed by a precessing disc or a precessing common envelope binary.

## Naming

Forveille et al. 1987 dubbed IRAS 09371+1212 as the "Frosty Leo Nebula" because of their interpretation of the object's extremely unusual far infrared spectrum that water is largely depleted in its gaseous state by ice condensation into grains and for its location in the Leo constellation. Their interpretation was subsequently verified in 1988 by three independent papers. Omont et al. 1990 further observed in the band between 35 and 65 μM that very cold (<50 K) silicate dust grains, abundantly coated with crystalline ice, are responsible for the 60-μM excess.
# Paco (volcano)

Paco is an inactive volcano, 524 metres (1,719 ft) in elevation, located at 9°35.6' North, 125°31.1' East, in the province of Surigao del Norte, region of Caraga, island of Mindanao, the Philippines.
# ISG

ISG may refer to:

## Academics

* Information Security Group, academic information security group in Royal Holloway, University of London
* Indian School, Al-Ghubra, a K-12 school in Muscat, Oman
* International School of Geneva, an international school in Geneva, Switzerland
* International School in Genoa, an international school in Genoa, Italy
* International School Groningen, an international school in Haren, Netherlands
* ISG Business School, a business school in Paris, France

## Organisations

* Idaho State Guard, active during World War II
* Independent Senators Group, a Canadian Senate parliamentary group
* Interactive Support Group, a defunct CD-I development company
* International Steel Group, a steel company headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio
* Interserve Group, a UK construction company
* Iowa State Guard, active during World War II
* ISG Ltd, a UK construction company

## Transportation

* Integrated Starter-Generator, part of an automotive start-stop system
* New Ishigaki Airport (IATA airport code) on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan

## Other uses

* In situ gasification, a process in underground coal gasification (UCG)
* Instruction Stream Generator, also called random test generator
* Interferon-stimulated genes, a varied group of genes that are switched on by interferon to tackle viral infection
* International Socialist Group, a Trotskyist group and British section of the Fourth International between 1987 and 2009
* Iraq Study Group, a 2006 congressionally appointed panel charged with assessing the situation in Iraq, also known as the Baker-Hamilton Commission
* Iraq Survey Group, the 2003–2005 investigative mission in the Iraqi WMD search program that produced the Duelfer Report
* Irish Sign Language (ISO 639 code isg)
* Islamic Solidarity Games, multinational multi-sport event
# Gupta ministry

Gupta ministry may refer to:

## Uttar Pradesh Council of Ministers

* First Chandra Bhanu Gupta ministry, the 8th government of Uttar Pradesh headed by Chandra Bhanu Gupta from 1960 to 1962
* Second Chandra Bhanu Gupta ministry, the 9th government of Uttar Pradesh headed by Chandra Bhanu Gupta from 1962 to 1963
* Third Chandra Bhanu Gupta ministry, the 22nd government of Uttar Pradesh headed by Chandra Bhanu Gupta in 1969 to 1970
* Ram Prakash Gupta ministry, the 30th government of Uttar Pradesh headed by Ram Prakash Gupta from 1999 to 2000
# Shitta-Bey Mosque

Shitta-Bey Mosque is a mosque, religious learning centre and one of the oldest mosques in Nigeria. The mosque is located at Martins Ereko Street, Lagos Island, Lagos, Nigeria. It was established in 1892 and designated as National monument by Nigerian Commission for Museums and Monuments in 2013. The mosque, considered one of the most important historical legacies of Nigeria, Shitta-Bey Mosque was named after its founder Sierra Leonean-born Nigerian, Mohammed Shitta Bey, who was an aristocrat, philanthropist and businessman.

## History

The construction of the mosque started in 1891 and was financed by Mohammed Shitta Bey, a businessman and philanthropist, son of Sierra Leone-born parents of Yoruba descent. A Brazilian architect João Baptista da Costa oversaw the construction which was done with tile-work depicting the Afro-Brazilian architecture. The Shitta-Bey Mosque launched on July 4, 1894, at a ceremony presided over by Governor of Lagos, Sir Gilbert Carter. Others in attendance included Oba Oyekan I, Edward Wilmot Blyden, Abdullah Quilliam (who represented Sultan Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire), and prominent Lagosian Christians such as James Pinson Labulo Davies, John Otunba Payne, and Richard Beale Blaize as well as foreign representatives. Quilliam brought a letter accredited to the Sultan of Turkey asking Lagos Muslims to embrace Western education.
It was at the launch that Mohammed Shitta was honored with the "Bey" title, the Ottoman Order of Medjidie 3rd class (the highest class for a civilian) by Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Thereafter, Mohammed Shitta became known by the compounded name Shitta-Bey.

## Gallery of Shitta-bay Mosque

* File:Shitta-Bey_Mosque.jpg
* File:Shitta_Bey_Mosque.jpg
* File:Shitta_Bey_Mosque,_Lagos_Island,_Lagos.jpg
# Laura Johns

Laura Kate Johns (born 31 August 1994) is an Australian professional soccer player. She currently plays for Adelaide United in the W-League.

## Club career
### Adelaide United
#### 2012–13

Johns joined Adelaide United in 2012 and made her Adelaide United debut in a 4–3 win over the Western Sydney Wanderers in the 2012–13 season.

#### 2017–18

On 26 October 2017, Adelaide United signed Johns for the second time in her career. She made her second season debut coming on as a substitute as a right defender for Georgia Campagnale in a 2–1 loss against Newcastle Jets.
# 28th Street station (IRT Sixth Avenue Line)

The 28th Street station was a station on the demolished IRT Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan, New York City. It had two tracks and two side platforms. It was served by trains from the IRT Sixth Avenue Line. This station opened in 1892. From 1910 to 1937 it also had a connection to the 28th Street (H&M station). It closed on December 4, 1938. The next southbound stop was 23rd Street. The next northbound stop was 33rd Street.
# Smith New Court Securities Ltd v Scrimgeour Vickers (Asset Management) Ltd

Smith New Court Ltd v Scrimgeour Vickers (Asset Management) Ltd [1996] UKHL 3 is an English contract law case concerning misrepresentation. It illustrates the damages available for deceit.

## Facts

An employee of Scrimgeour, Mr Roberts, fraudulently told Smith New Court that there were close rival bids for buying shares in Ferranti IS Inc. Smith bought £23.1m worth of shares. Ferranti then revealed it was a victim of a massive fraud (the ‘Guerin’ fraud, an American businessman had sold them a worthless company) and the share price fell considerably. Smith sold the shares for £11,788,204, a loss of £11,353,220. Smith then brought an action for deceit.

## Judgment
### Court of Appeal

The Court of Appeal awarded £1,196,010 in damages to reflect the difference between what was paid and the market value at the date of purchase.

### House of Lords

Lord Browne-Wilkinson held that Smith New Court was entitled to the full loss of £11.3m. He laid down seven principles as follows:
    (1) the defendant must make reparation from all damage coming directly from the transaction
    (2) foreseeability is irrelevant
    (3) the full price paid can be recovered, minus any benefits he received resulting from the transaction
    (4) a general rule is that benefits include market price as at the date of acquisition, but this is not to be inflexible to prevent full compensation
    (5) that general rule does normally not apply when misrepresentation continues to operate after acquisition, inducing the claimant to retain the asset, or the claimant is locked into holding the property by reason of the fraud
    (6) consequential loss is recoverable...
    (7) ...subject to mitigation once fraud is discovered.
   Smith would only have paid for an acquisition as a market making risk. As such, Smith could not dispose of them on 21 July 1989 otherwise than at a loss. Smith were in a special sense locked into the shares…
Lord Steyn asked,
   whether there is a justification for differentiating between the extent of liability for civil wrongs depending on where in the sliding scale from strict liability to intentional wrongdoing the particular civil wrong fits in. It may be said that logical symmetry and a policy of not punishing intentional wrongdoers by civil remedies favour a uniform rule. On the other hand, it is a rational and defensible strategy to impose wider liability on an intentional wrongdoer… as between the fraudster and the innocent party, moral considerations militate in favour of requiring the fraudster to bear the risk of misfortunes directly caused by his fraud. I make no apology for referring to moral considerations. The law and morality are inextricably interwoven.
Lords Keith, Slynn and Mustill concurred.
# Constitution of Kazakhstan

The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the highest law of Kazakhstan, as stated in Article 4. The Constitution was approved by referendum on 30 August 1995. This date has since been adopted as the "Constitution Day of the Republic of Kazakhstan".
The Kazakh language is the official language of the state, while Article 7, section 2 states that the "Russian language shall be officially used on equal grounds".

## Preamble

The preamble of the constitution emphasizes the importance of "freedom, equality and concord" and Kazakhstan's role in the international community.
"We, the people of Kazakhstan, united by a common historic fate, creating a state on the indigenous Kazakh land, considering ourselves a peace-loving and civil society, dedicated to the ideals of freedom, equality and concord, wishing to take a worthy place in the world community, realizing our high responsibility before the present and future generations, proceeding from our sovereign right, accept this Constitution."

## Section 1, General Provisions
### Article 1

Article 1 establishes the state as a secular democracy that values individual "life, rights and freedoms." It outlines social and "political stability, economic development," patriotism, and democracy as the principles upon which the Government serves. This is the first article in which the Parliament is mentioned.

### Article 2

Article 2 states that Kazakhstan is a unitary state and the government is presidential. The government has jurisdiction over, and is responsible for, all territory in Kazakhstan. Regional, political divisions, including location of the capital, are left open to lower-level legislation. "Republic of Kazakhstan" and "Kazakhstan" are considered one and the same. The Republic of Kazakhstan shall build its relations with all countries on the principles of international law.

### Article 3

The government's power is derived from the people and citizens have the right to vote in referendums and free elections. Article 3 establishes provincial government. Representation of the people is a right reserved to the executive and legislative branches. The government is divided between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Each branch is prevented from abusing its power by a system of checks and balances. This is the first article to mention constitutional limits on the executive branch.

### Article 4

Laws that are in effect include "provisions of the Constitution, the laws corresponding to it, other regulatory legal acts, international treaty and other commitments of the Republic as well as regulatory resolutions of Constitutional Council and the Supreme Court of the Republic." The Constitution is made the highest law. Ratified international treaties supersede national laws and are enforced, except in cases when upon ratification the Parliament recognizes contradictions between treaties and already enacted laws, in which case the treaty will not go into effect until the contradiction has been dealt with through legislation. The government shall publish all laws.