# Chemical elements in East Asian languages

The names for chemical elements in East Asian languages, along with those for some chemical compounds (mostly organic), are among the newest words to enter the local vocabularies. Except for those metals well-known since antiquity, the names of most elements were created after modern chemistry was introduced to East Asia in the 18th and 19th centuries, with more translations being coined for those elements discovered later.
While most East Asian languages use—or have used—the Chinese script, only the Chinese language uses logograms as the predominant way of naming elements. Native phonetic writing systems are primarily used for element names in Japanese (Katakana), Korean (Hangul) and Vietnamese (chữ Quốc ngữ).

## Chinese

In Chinese, characters for the elements are the last officially created and recognized characters in the Chinese writing system. Unlike characters for unofficial varieties of Chinese (e.g., written Cantonese) or other now-defunct ad hoc characters (e.g., those by the Empress Wu), the names for the elements are official, consistent, and taught (with Mandarin pronunciation) to every Chinese and Taiwanese student who has attended public schools (usually by the first year of middle school). New names and symbols are decided upon by the China National Committee for Terminology in Science and Technology.

### Native characters

Some metallic elements were already familiar to the Chinese, as their ores were already excavated and used extensively in China for construction, alchemy, and medicine. These include the long-established group of "Five Metals" (五金) — gold (金), silver (銀/银), copper (銅/铜), iron (鐵/铁), and tin (錫/锡) — as well as lead (鉛/铅) and mercury (汞).
Some non-metals were already named in Chinese as well, because their minerals were in widespread use. For example,
* boron (硼) as part of borax
* carbon (碳) in the form of charcoal
* sulfur (硫) had been used to make gunpowder since at least the 10th century in China.

### Characters based on European pronunciations

However, the Chinese did not know about most of the elements until they were isolated during the Industrial Age. These new elements therefore required new characters, which were invented using the phono-semantic principle. Each character consists of two parts, one to signify the meaning and the other to hint at the sound:
The semantic (meaning) part is also the radical of the character. It refers to the element's usual state at room temperature and standard pressure. Only four radicals are used for elements: 釒/钅 (jīn "gold; metal") for solid metals, 石 (shí "stone, rock") for solid non-metals, 水/氵 (shuǐ "water") for liquids, and 气 (qì "air, steam") for gases.
The phonetic (sound) part represents the character's pronunciation and is a partial transliteration of the element's name. For each element character, this is a unique phonetic component. Since 118 elements have been discovered, over 100 phonetic components are used in naming the elements. Because many characters in modern Chinese are homophones, including for tone, two different phonetic components can be pronounced the same. Current practice dictates that new names should avoid being homophonous with previous element names or with organic functional groups. However, this rule was not rigorously followed in the past, and confusingly, the names of tin (锡) and selenium (硒) both have the pronunciation xī with the same tone. The alternative pronunciation xí for tin is recommended by the National Committee for Approval of Terms in Science and Technology (全国科学技术名词审定委员会).
锡 (tin) and 硒 (selenium) are not homophones in Nanjing Mandarin, which was the prestige dialect of Chinese when most elements were named, which was until the late 19th century. The phonetic component of 锡, 易 (yì), was accurate when the character was invented around 3000 years ago, but not now because of sound change. In Middle Chinese 锡 was an entering tone character, a closed syllable ending in -p/-t/-k (or -ʔ in some modern dialects). But 硒 was constructed in the late 19th century using the (still accurate) phonetic 西 (xī), which in Middle Chinese was a level tone character, an open syllable with a vowel ending. In Beijing Mandarin, the variety on which Standard Modern Chinese is based, stop consonant endings of syllables were dropped, and the entering tone was merged into the other tones in a complex and irregular manner by the 16th–17th centuries, and 锡 and 西 both became Tone 1 (high tone) characters. In dialects that preserve the entering tone, like Nanjing Mandarin and Shanghainese and Cantonese, 锡 retains a -k or -ʔ ending and 锡 and 西 (硒) are pronounced differently.
This sometimes causes difficulty in verbal communication, as Sn and Se can both be divalent and tetravalent. Thus, SnO$_2$ 二氧化锡 and SeO$_2$ 二氧化硒 would be pronounced identically, as èryǎnghuàxī, if not for the variant xí for 锡. To avoid further confusion, P.R.C. authorities avoided using the name 矽 xī (or any tonal variants) for silicon. (In Taiwan 矽 is pronounced xì.)
Examples of characters derived from European pronunciations :
| Semantic | Phonetic | Element | Source |
| 釒/钅 + | 里 lǐ | = 鋰/锂 (lǐ) | lithium |
| 釒/钅 + | 甲 jiǎ | = 鉀/钾 (jiǎ) | kalium, Latin name for potassium |
| 釒/钅 + | 內/内 nèi or nà $^†$ | = 鈉/钠 (nà) | natrium, Latin name for sodium |
| 釒/钅 + | 弟 dì or tì $^†$ | = 銻/锑 (Taiwan tì / Mainland tī*) | stibium, Latin name for antimony |
| 釒/钅 + | 臬 niè | = 鎳/镍 (niè) | nickel |
| 釒/钅 + | 鬲 gé | = 鎘/镉 (gé) | cadmium |
| 釒/钅 + | 烏/乌 wū | = 鎢/钨 (wū) | wolframium, Latin name for tungsten |
| 釒/钅 + | 必 bì | = 鉍/铋 (bì) | bismuth |
| 釒/钅 + | 由 yóu | = 鈾/铀 (Taiwan yòu* / Mainland yóu) | uranium |
| 釒/钅 + | 呂/吕 lǚ | = 鋁/铝 (lǚ) | aluminium |
| 石 + | 典 diǎn | = 碘 (diǎn) | iodine |
| 气 + | 亥 hài | = 氦 (hài) | helium |
| 气 + | 弗 fú | = 氟 (fú) | fluorine |
| 气 + | 乃 nǎi | = 氖 (nǎi) | neon |
| 石 + | 夕 xī | = 矽 (Taiwan xì* / Mainland xī) | silicon. Mainly used in R.O.C. (Taiwan), Hong Kong, and Macau |
| 石 + | 圭 guī | = 硅 (guī) | silicon. Derived from Japanese transliteration '珪' (kei, けい) of archaic Dutch keiaarde. Mostly used in P.R.C. |
    † 內/内 is primarily pronounced as nèi, but less commonly as nà, the source of 納/纳. Likewise, the primary pronunciation of 弟 is dì, but the alternate reading of tì gave rise to 銻/锑.
    * The derived pronunciation differs (in tone or in sound) from the pronunciation of the element.
The "water" radical (水) is not used much here, as only two elements (bromine and mercury) are truly liquid at standard room temperature and pressure. Their characters are not based on the European pronunciation of the elements' names. Bromine (溴), the only liquid nonmetal at room temperature, is explained in the following section. Mercury (汞), now grouped with the heavy metals, was long classified as a kind of fluid in ancient China.

### Meaning-based characters

A few characters, though, are not created using the above "phono-semantic" design, but are "semantic-semantic", that is, both of its parts indicate meanings. One part refers to the element's usual state (like the semanto-phonetic characters), while the other part indicates some additional property or function of the element. In addition, the second part also indicates the pronunciation of the element. Such elements are:
| Semantic | Semantic | Element | English | Note |
| 釒/钅 + | 白 bái (white) | = 鉑/铂 bó | platinum | The character is repurposed. |
| 氵 + | 臭 chòu (stinky) | = 溴 xiù | bromine | odorous (Greek βρῶμος brómos also means "stench") |
| 气 + | 羊 yáng, short for 養/养 yǎng (to nourish/foster) | = 氧 yǎng | oxygen | A continuous supply of oxygenated air nourishes almost all animals |
| 气 + | 巠/𢀖 jīng, short for 輕/轻 qīng (light-weight) | = 氫/氢 qīng | hydrogen | the lightest of all elements |
| 气 + | 彔/录 lù, short for 綠/绿 lǜ (green) | = 氯/氯 lǜ | chlorine | greenish yellow in color |
| 气 + | 炎 yán, short for 淡 dàn (diluted) | = 氮 dàn | nitrogen | dilutes breathable air |
| 石 + | 粦 lín, short for 燐 lín (glow) | = 磷 lín | phosphorus | emits a faint glow in the dark |
* 1 2 The pronunciation of these characters come from the second semantic characters' nearly obsolete pronunciations. Nowadays 白 (white) is normally pronounced bái in the standard Mandarin dialect, although traditionally bó was preferred. Similarly, 臭 (stinky) is almost always pronounced chòu, as opposed to xiù, now an archaic reading.
* ↑ The original meaning of 鉑/铂 is "thin sheet of gold" (now obsolete). The character was not associated with platinum until modern time, since platinum was known in the Old World only after the Age of Discovery.
* 1 2 3 4 The apparent mismatch in pronunciation with the phonetic component is because the pronunciation is inherited from another character that provides the meaning. For example, the ultimate source of the pronunciation of 氧 yǎng (oxygen) is not 羊 yáng (sheep), but 養/养 yǎng (to nourish/foster).

### Usage in the nomenclature for simple inorganic compounds

Simple covalent binary inorganic compounds E$_m$X$_n$ are named as
    n X 化 (huà) m E (with n and m written as Chinese numerals),
where X is more electronegative than E, using the IUPAC formal electronegativity order. 化 as a full noun or verb means 'change; transform(ation)'. As a noun suffix, it is equivalent to the English suffixes -ized/-ated/-ified. It is the root of the word 化学 (huàxué) 'chemistry'.
For example, P$_4$S$_{10}$ is called 十硫化四磷 (shíliúhuàsìlín) (literally: 'ten sulfur of four phosphorus', 'decasulfide of tetraphosphorus'). As in English nomenclature, if m = 1, the numerical prefix of E is usually dropped in covalent compounds. For example, CO is called 一氧化碳 (yīyǎnghuàtàn) (literally: 'one oxygen of carbon', 'monoxide of carbon').
However, for compounds named as salts, numerical prefixes are dropped altogether, as in English. Thus, calcium chloride, CaCl$_2$, is named 氯化钙 (literally: 'chloride of calcium'). The Chinese name for FeCl$_3$, 氯化铁, literally means 'chlorinated iron' and is akin to the archaic English names 'muriated iron' or 'muriate of iron'. In this example, 氯 is 'chlorine' and 铁 is 'iron'.
There is a Chinese analog of the -ic/-ous nomenclature for higher/lower oxidation states: -ous is translated as 亚 (yà, 'minor; secondary'): for example, FeCl$_2$ is 氯化亚铁 and FeCl$_3$ is 氯化铁. In a four-way contrast, hypo- is translated as 次 (cì, 'inferior; following') and per- is translated as 高 (gāo, 'high, upper'). For example, the acid HClO is 次氯酸 "inferior chlorine acid", HClO$_2$ is 亚氯酸, HClO$_3$ is 氯酸, and HClO$_4$ is 高氯酸. In this example, the character 酸 (suān, 'sour') means (organic or inorganic) acid. The more modern Stock nomenclature in which oxidation state is explicitly specified can also be used: thus, tin(IV) oxide (SnO$_2$) is simply 氧化锡(IV).

### Recently discovered elements

In 2015, IUPAC recognised the discovery of four new elements. In November 2016, IUPAC published their formal names and symbols: nihonium ($_{113}$Nh), moscovium ($_{115}$Mc), tennessine ($_{117}$Ts), and oganesson ($_{118}$Og).
Subsequently, in January 2017, the China National Committee for Terms in Sciences and Technologies published four naming characters for these elements. The National Academy for Educational Research under the Ministry of Education of the Republic of China on Taiwan published an almost identical list (the only differences being the use of the traditional Chinese metal radical '釒' in place of the simplified Chinese form '钅' for nihonium and moscovium) in April 2017.
For traditional Chinese, nihonium and moscovium were then existing characters; while in simplified Chinese, only moscovium already existed in the Unicode Standard. The missing characters were added to Unicode version 11.0 as urgently-needed characters in June 2018.
The Chinese characters for these symbols are:
    Nihonium: Traditional: U+9268 鉨 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9268 Simplified: U+9FED 鿭 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FED (nǐ)
    Moscovium: Traditional: U+93CC 鏌 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-93CC Simplified: U+9546 镆 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9546 (mò)
    Tennessine: Both Traditional and Simplified: U+9FEC 鿬 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FEC (tián)
    Oganesson: Both Traditional and Simplified: U+9FEB 鿫 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9FEB (ào)

### In the periodic table

Pronunciations for some elements differ between mainland China and Taiwan, as described in the article. Simplified characters and mainland Chinese pronunciations are shown above. Some of the characters for the superheavy elements may not be visible depending on fonts.