OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Diffa Region

Diffa is one of the seven regions of Niger, and is located in the southeast of the country. The capital of the region is Diffa.

## Geography

Diffa Region is situated in the extreme southeast of Niger between 10° 30’ and 15° 35’ longitude East and 13° 04’ and 18° 00’ latitude North. It covers 156 906 km², and it borders Agadez Region to the north, Chad to the east, Nigeria to the south, and Zinder Region to the west. The landscape is primarily Sahelian in the south, merging into the Sahara desert in the north of the region. In the far southeast can be found Niger's portion of Lake Chad; formerly extending as far west as N'guigmi, the lake has shrunk drastically in recent decades. In the southeast, the Komadougou Yobe river forms part of the border with Nigeria.

### Settlements

Diffa is the regional capital; other major settlements include Bosso, Chetimari, Dungass, Gueskerou, Goudoumaria, Kablewa, Mainé-Soroa, N'Gourti, N'Guelbély, N'guigmi and Toumour.

## Administrative subdivisions

Diffa Region is divided into six Departments:
* Bosso Department
* Diffa Department
* Goudoumaria Department
* Maine-soroa Department
* N'Gourti Department
* N'guigmi Department
The Region also includes three Urban Communes, a number of Rural Communes, four Cantons, and over twenty Groupments (administrative councils of nomadic communities). The Urban Communes are Diffa, Maïné-Soroa, N'guigmi; while the Rural Communes include Bosso, Chétimari, Goudoumaria, N'Gourti, Kabléwa, Nguel beyli, and Gueskérou.

## Demographics

The main ethnolinguistic groups in the region are Arabs, Fula, Hausa, Kanuri, Buduma, and Toubou.

### Refugees

Refugees from Nigeria fleeing violence from Boko Haram are living with local populations in the Diffa Region. As of 11 June 11, 2014, the International Rescue Committee (IRC) estimated that as many as 1,000 refugees a week were crossing the border into Diffa region; four out of five were women and girls. By October 2015 the number of Nigerian refugees in the region had risen to at least 150,000. After a lull in the fighting in 2017-18, violence increased in 2019, further worsening an already fragile security situation.

## Economy

The economy of Diffa Region is primarily agricultural, based upon pastoralism and farming. The major crop, grown both for subsistence and sale, is millet, especially the drought-tolerant varieties. One third of arable land is devoted to farming: almost 105,000 hectares farmed of the 299,500 hectares of arable land. Areas of the east and south also grow rice and maize. Irrigation in the valleys around Maïné-Soroa make this possible, as does the edge of Lake Chad (3,000 km² in the far east) and the seasonal Komadougou Yobe river valley in the south, which forms around 150 km of the border with Nigeria. Despite this, the Diffa Region is among the most unproductive agricultural areas in Niger, and all of West Africa, making it especially vulnerable to drought and famine.
# Work college

Work colleges are colleges in the United States that require students to work and integrate that work into the college learning experience. A work college is a public or private non-profit, four-year degree-granting institution with a commitment to community service. To qualify for Federal designation as a work college, at least half of the full-time students, including all students who reside on campus, must participate in a "comprehensive work-learning-service" program as an essential and core component of their educational programs, regardless of their academic program or their financial need.
Students typically work 6 to 15 hours per week while enrolled. Their compensation helps offset the cost of tuition, and student labor can lower operational costs. Work colleges differ from need-based forms of financial support such as Federal Work Study, because students cannot "buy" their way out of the work requirement; participation is part of the educational experience. Students are regularly assessed on their work performance, and can be dismissed from the institution for non-performance. Students typically work on campus, though some work colleges allow students to work at off-campus jobs.
There are nine federally recognized work colleges in the Work College Consortium, meeting the requirements for operation as overseen by the U.S. Department of Education.
* Alice Lloyd College in Pippa Passes, Kentucky
* Berea College in Berea, Kentucky
* Blackburn College in Carlinville, Illinois
* College of the Ozarks in Point Lookout, Missouri
* Kuyper College in Grand Rapids, Michigan
* Paul Quinn College in Dallas, Texas
* Sterling College in Craftsbury Common, Vermont
* Warren Wilson College in Asheville, North Carolina
There is also one two-year work college:

## Predecessors

A predecessor of the work college is the manual labor college movement of the 1820s up to about 1860. It also combined work, usually agricultural or mechanical, with preparatory or college study, often preparation for the ministry. Although it helped students financially, equally if not more important were the work's perceived healthful effects on the bodies and minds of the students.
# Pleasance Theatre Trust

The Pleasance Theatre Trust (often simply called The Pleasance) is a venue operator and producer of live events, known internationally for being one of the major, so-called "Big Four", operators at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, the world's largest arts festival. The trust is named after The Pleasance, the students' union venue complex which it runs in Edinburgh during the Fringe, although the organisation's operations have expanded from that original base to include other venues, including the Potterrow Student Centre (branded as Pleasance Dome) during the Fringe, Pleasance @ EICC, and a year-round base in London, Pleasance Islington.
Fringe events were first held under "The Pleasance" banner in 1985, although the trust itself was only founded in 1994, before the Pleasance Islington was established in 1995.

## Gallery

* The 'Pleasance Dome' at Potterrow during the 2018 festival
* The Pleasance courtyard beer garden in 2010
* The Pleasance during the 2013 Edinburgh Fringe Festival
# Governor of Perm Krai

The governor of Perm Krai (Russian: Губернатор Пермского края) is the highest official of Perm Krai, a federal subject of Russia. The governor heads the executive branch in the region.

## History of office

On 7 December 2003, a referendum was held, at which the residents of Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug supported the unification of these two regions. The united Perm Krai was established on 1 December 2005. On the same day acting governor of Perm Oblast Oleg Chirkunov took office as governor of Perm Krai.

## List of officeholders

| No. | Governor | Tenure | Party | Election |
| Perm Oblast |||||||
| 1 | Boris Kuznetsov (1935–2013) | 24 December 1991 — 6 January 1996 | Independent | |
| 2 | Gennady Igumnov (1936–2021) | 12 January 1996 — 28 December 2000 | Independent | 1996 |
| 3 | Yury Trutnev (born 1956) | 28 December 2000 — 12 March 2004 | United Russia | 2000 |
| — | Oleg Chirkunov (born 1958) | 25 March 2004 — 1 December 2005 | Independent | |
| Governors of Perm Krai |||||||
| 4 | Oleg Chirkunov (born 1958) | 1 December 2005 — 28 April 2012 | Independent | 2005 2010 |
| — | Viktor Basargin (born 1957) | 28 April 2012 — 5 May 2012 | Independent | 2012 |
| 5 | Viktor Basargin (born 1957) | 5 May 2012 — 6 February 2017 | Independent | 2012 |
| — | Maxim Reshetnikov (born 1979) | 6 February 2017 — 18 September 2017 | United Russia | 2017 |
| 6 | Maxim Reshetnikov (born 1979) | 18 September 2017 — 21 January 2020 | United Russia | 2017 |
| — | Olga Antipina (born 1963) | 21 January — 6 February 2020 | Independent | |
| — | Dmitry Makhonin (born 1982) | 6 February 2020 — 7 October 2020 | Independent | 2020 |
| 7 | Dmitry Makhonin (born 1982) | since 7 October 2020 | Independent | 2020 |

## Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug

In 1992, Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug was proclaimed separate subject of the federation, at the same time continuing to be part of Perm Oblast, being in contractual relations with it. For 14 years of Komi-Permyakia's semi-independent existence two persons were holding the office of Head of Administration.
| No. | Image | Governor | Tenure | Party | Party | Election |
| 1 | | Nikolay Poluyanov (born 1952) | 14 December 1991 — December 2000 | | Independent | 1996 |
| 2 | | Gennady Savelyev (born 1945) | December 2000 — 1 December 2005 | | Independent | 2000 |
After 2005 unification, the former autonomy was continued by Komi-Permyak Okrug, a special territory within Perm Krai. Its head is ranked as Minister for Komi-Permyak Okrug Affairs and is appointed by the governor.
# 1937 Glasgow Springburn by-election

The 1937 Glasgow Springburn by-election occurred in Glasgow Springburn on 7 September 1937, which (unusually for a UK election) was a Tuesday.
It was caused by the death of George Hardie of Labour. It was won by his widow Agnes Hardie for Labour.

## Campaign

The main issue of discussion related not to local concerns, but national concerns of rearmament. There had been much debate within the Labour Movement, including the Labour Party and the Trades Union Congress, about the National Government's reaction to the emerging situation in Europe. This led eventually to a commitment not to reverse the rearmament program until the international situation had changed. The Conservative candidate, Colonel McInnes Shaw, was unable to speak at all for eight days during the campaign due to a throat illness and Mrs. Hardie gave only a brief address (with no questions) at an eve-of-poll address.

## Result

Glasgow Springburn by-election, 1937 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | Agnes Hardie | 14,859 | 62.6 | −0.5 |
| | Conservative | McInnes Shaw | 8,881 | 37.4 | +0.5 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 5,978 | 25.2 | −1.0 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 23,740 | 50.9 | −20.2 |
| | Labour hold | Labour hold | Swing | -0.5 | |
# Snoot

A snoot is a tube or similar object that fits over a light used in theatrical lighting or photography, to control the direction and radius of the light beam. Snoots can be cylindrical or truncated conical in shape, different lengths and diameters, and made of various materials.
In photography, a snoot is attached to a studio light or portable flash, and may be conical, cylindrical, or rectangular in shape. Snoots can isolate a subject when using a flash. They help by stopping "light spill", or when lighting falls in a larger footprint than intended.
# Walter Gwenigale

Walter T. Gwenigale (c. 1935 – April 22, 2022) was a Liberian politician who became Minister of Health and Social Welfare in the Cabinet of Liberia in 2006. Gwenigale was born in the Central Province, which later became known as Bong County. He completed a BA in Chemistry from the Interamerican University of Puerto Rico in 1963, and a Doctor of Medicine from the University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine.
Gwenigale died on April 22, 2022, at the John F. Kennedy Medical Center.
# Northrop High School

Northrop High School is a Fort Wayne Community Schools high school located in the northern suburbs of Fort Wayne, Allen County, Indiana, United States. Northrop is classified as 5A by the IHSAA. Northrop High School has had a sister school, the Goethe Gymnasium, in Fort Wayne's sister city, Gera, Germany, since 1994.

## Demographics

The demographic breakdown of the 2180 students enrolled in 2021–2022 was:
* Male - 49.4%
* Female - 50.6%
* Native American/Alaskan - 0.5%
* Asian - 5.7%
* Black - 4.8%
* Hispanic - 17.7%
* Native Hawaiian/Pacific islander - 0.2%
* White - 48.6%
* Multiracial - 8.2%

## Arts

Northrop's Mixed show choir, Charisma competes in competitions and festivals throughout the Midwest. Allure is Northrop's all female show choir. Allure competes similar to Charisma all around the Midwest. The Big Orange Pride or BOP is Northrop High School's Marching Band. They compete as an ISSMA Class A Open school, but switched to Class A Scholastic under the direction of Rob F. Wilson in 2016. They were 1983 ISSMA Class A State Champion.

## Athletics

The Bruins are members of the Summit Athletic Conference. The school's team name is the Bruins and their colors are burnt orange, brown and teal. Many sports are offered at Northrop. Here is a listing, along with the state team championships won.
* Baseball (boys)
** State champ - 1983
* Basketball (boys & girls)
** Boys state champ - 1974
** Girls state champ - 1986
* Cross country (boys & girls)
* Football (boys)
* Golf (boys & girls)
** Boys state champ - 1984
* Gymnastics (girls)
* Soccer (boys & girls)
* Softball (girls)
* Swimming (boys & girls)
* Tennis (boys & girls)
* Track (boys & girls)
** Boys state champ - 1997, 2004
** Girls state champ - 1981, 1991, 2000–2005, 2011, and 2013
* Wrestling (boys)

## Notable alumni

* Dan Butler, American television, film, and stage actor.
* Heather Headley, Broadway and R&B singer.
* Jon Schaffer, guitarist in the power/thrash metal band Iced Earth.
* Eric Wedge, NCAA Baseball manager for Wichita State University, formerly and MLB manager for the Cleveland Indians and the Seattle Mariners.
* Josh Gaines, Arena Football League player.
* Matt Land, Trine University football coach.
* Walter Jordan, NBA basketball small forward.
* Angie Hicks, co-founder of and Chief Customer Officer for Angi.
# Chemical genetics

Chemical genetics is the investigation of the function of proteins and signal transduction pathways in cells by the screening of chemical libraries of small molecules. Chemical genetics is analogous to classical genetic screen where random mutations are introduced in organisms, the phenotype of these mutants is observed, and finally the specific gene mutation (genotype) that produced that phenotype is identified. In chemical genetics, the phenotype is disturbed not by introduction of mutations, but by exposure to small molecule tool compounds. Phenotypic screening of chemical libraries is used to identify drug targets (forward genetics or chemoproteomics) or to validate those targets in experimental models of disease (reverse genetics). Allelic Scanning (forward genetics) is also used to map loci of interest by determining if the specific loci is responsible for the phenotypic appearance. Recent applications of this topic have been implicated in signal transduction, which may play a role in discovering new cancer treatments. Chemical genetics can serve as a unifying study between chemistry and biology. The approach was first proposed by Tim Mitchison in 1994 in an opinion piece in the journal Chemistry & Biology entitled "Towards a pharmacological genetics".

## Method

Chemical genetic screens are performed using libraries of small molecules that have known activities or simply diverse chemical structures. These screens can be done in a high-throughput mode, using 96 well-plates, where each well contains cells treated with a unique compound. In addition to cells, Xenopus or zebrafish embryos can also be screened in 96 well format where compounds are dissolved in the media in which embryos grow. Embryos are developed until the stage of interest and then the phenotype can be analyzed. Several concentrations can be tested in order to determine the toxic and the optimal concentrations.

## Applications

Adding compounds to developing embryos allow comprehension of mechanism of action of drugs, their toxicity and developmental processes involving their targets. Chemical screens have been mostly performed on either wild type or transgenic Xenopus and zebrafish organisms as they produce a large amount of synchronized, fast-to-develop and transparent eggs easy to visually score. The use of chemicals in developmental biology offers two main advantages. Firstly, it is easy to perform high-throughput screen using wide spectrum or specific target compounds and reveal important genes or pathways involved in developmental processes. Secondly, it allows narrowing the time of action of a particular gene. It can also be used as a tool in drug development to test toxicity in whole organism. Procedures such as FETAX (Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay – Xenopus) are being developed to implement chemical screenings to test toxicity. Zebrafish and Xenopus embryos have also been used to identify new drugs targeting a particular gene of interest.
# Whitehaven A.F.C.

Whitehaven Amateur Football Club is a football club in Whitehaven, Cumbria. The club are currently members of the West Lancashire League Premier Division and play at the County Ground.

## Ground

A new ground for the club has been in the planning stages for some time, however it has been beset with problems. It was envisaged that a £6 million sports stadium (sharing with Whitehaven R.L.F.C.) would be designed with an 8,000-capacity, though it is believed the final price tag could be higher. This is now mothballed, and upgraded individual facilities will instead be installed, including new clubhouse.
The new facility, was hoped to be part of a sports village for the site, and was hoped that it would become a centrepiece of the £20 million Pow Beck regeneration, in which Copeland Council and West Lakes Renaissance are the most significant players.

## Honours

* Wearside League
** Champions 2005–06
** Runners-up 2006–07
* Wearside League Division Two
** Champions 1995–96

## Records

* FA Cup
** Preliminary Round 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2013–14
* FA Vase
** Second Qualifying Round 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12
# Brad Rowswell

Brad Rowswell (born 1986) is an Australian politician and the Shadow Treasurer of Victoria, Australia. He has been a Liberal Party member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly since November 2018, representing the seat of Sandringham.
He was for a time the Shadow Assistant Minister to the Leader of the Opposition and Secretary to the Shadow Cabinet; he was removed from this role on Matthew Guy's return to the Liberal Party leadership in September 2021.
Rowswell was Shadow Treasurer from December 2022 to January 2025 and was appointed Shadow Environment Minister.

## Early life and career

Rowswell was born at the Sandringham Hospital and grew up in the suburb of Beaumaris. He was educated at St Bede's College in Mentone. Rowswell once studied to be a Catholic priest.
Prior to his election to parliament, Rowswell worked as a political advisor and a communications manager for the defense contractor Raytheon.

## Political career and controversies

Rowswell was preselected as the Liberal candidate for the seat of Sandringham in 2018 over former councillor Felicity Frederico. There was a 9.5% swing against him, and he won the election by slightly over 500 votes. While campaigning in 2017, a fundraiser for his campaign included former tennis player and apartheid supporter and anti-LGBT campaigner Margaret Court.
Rowswell was appointed Shadow Minister for Energy in March 2021 by Michael O'Brien. When O'Brien was subject to a leadership spill and replaced by Matthew Guy in September 2021 Rowswell was removed from the shadow cabinet.
Rowswell was re-elected at the 2022 Victorian state election. After the election he ran in the 2022 Victorian Liberal Party deputy leadership election, losing to David Southwick, and was subsequently appointed Shadow Treasurer. Rowswell voted to expel Moira Deeming from the parliamentary Liberal Party in May 2023 because she attended a women's rights rally which was gatecrashed by neo nazi members. Rowswell is considered a conservative MP, who in his time working as a federal political adviser was close to Tony Abbott. Rowswell admitted to taking cannabis. He was accused of mocking transgender people.
Rowswell voted against Moira Deeming being reinstated to the Victorian Parliamentary Liberal Party. Rowswell lost his position as Shadow Treasurer to James Newbury following John Pessuto's removal as Liberal leader Rowswell went to England to examine freeports.
# Srđan Ostojić

Srđan Ostojić (Serbian Cyrillic: Срђан Остојић; born 10 January 1983) is a Serbian former football goalkeeper.

## Honours

Gomel
* Belarusian Cup: 2011
* Belarusian Super Cup: 2012
# Rajendra Prasad Singh (linguist)

Rajendra Prasad Singh (born 5 November 1965) is a historian, linguist, professor, author and activist known for his critical analysis of Indian history and culture. He has been a professor at Shanti Prasad Jain College since 1996 and was promoted to be the Head of Department of Hindi in February 2024. His writings has been published in Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad.

## Early life

Dr. Singh was born on November 5, 1965, to Budh Ram Singh. He completed his schooling in his hometown. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in Hindi and later completed his Master of Arts. In 1994, he received his doctorate in Hindi language from Banaras Hindu University.
He began his career as a lecturer at Veer Kunwar Singh University and, over time, advanced to the position of editor. Eventually, he became a Professor at Shanti Prasad Jain Mahavidyalaya. He was honored with the Dr. George Grierson Award by the Bihar government for his significant contributions to the field of language studies.

## Literature

He has written plenty of books on language, literature & history from an Indian subaltern lens. His first and following many works/books on linguistics were published by Rajkamal Prakashan.
Singh's books include:

### Linguistic and literature

* Bhasha Ka Samaj Shastra (2003)
* Bharat Mein Naag Parivar Ki Bhashayen
* Hindi Ki Lambi Kavitaon Ka Aalochana Paksh
* Kavyatara
* Kavyarasnidhi
* Bhramargeet
* Hindi Sahitya Ka Subaltern Itihaas
* Hindi Sahitya Prasangvash
* Aadhunik Bhojpuri Ke Dalit Kavi Aur Kavya
* Bhojpuri Ke Aadhunik Bhasha Shastra
* Kahani Ke Sau Saal
* Sahitya Mein Loktantra Ki Awaaz
* OBC Sahitya Vimarsh
* Hindi Ka Asmitamoolak Sahitya
* Dalit Sahitya Ka Itihaas Bhugol
* Bhasha, Sahitya Aur Itihaas Ka Punarpadh
* Bhojpuri-Hindi-English Lok Shabdkosh
* Pachanve Bhashaon Ka Samekit Paryay Shabdkosh
* Bhojpuri Bhasha, Vyakaran Aur Rachna
* Bhojpuri Vyakaran, Shabdkosh Aur Anuvaad Ke Samay
* Bhojpuri Ke Bhasha Shastra
* OBC Sahitya Ke Vividh Aayaam

### Books on history

* Itihas Ka Muayana
* Buddh Sabhyata Ki Khoj
* Buddh Itihas Ki Jhalak
* Samrat Asoka Ka Sahi Itihas
* Chhipaye Raidas Bahar Aaye
# Iván Maldonado

Iván Maldonado Oquendo (born June 7, 1980) is a Puerto Rican-American baseball pitcher who is free agent.

## Career

Maldonado was drafted by the New York Mets in the 18th round of the 2002 MLB draft.
Maldonado was signed by the Long Island Ducks, an independent team on April 9, 2010.
After the 2020 season, he played for Criollos de Caguas of the Liga de Béisbol Profesional Roberto Clemente(LBPRC). He has also played for Puerto Rico in the 2021 Caribbean Series.

## International career

He also was a member of the Puerto Rico team in the 2006 World Baseball Classic, 2009 World Baseball Classic, 2018 Central American and Caribbean Games and 2019 Pan American Games.
# Roon

Roon may refer to:

## People

* Albrecht von Roon (1803–1879), Prussian soldier and politician

## Ships

* SMS Roon, a German armored cruiser of World War I
* SS Roon, a German passenger steamship launched in 1902 operated by Norddeutscher Lloyd
* Roon-class cruiser, German ship class
* Roon-class aircraft carrier, a proposed German ship class based on the conversion of SMS Roon

## Other

* Roon, a fictional planet in the Star Wars franchise
* Roon, an online digital media player that can run off computers, media servers, and network attached storage (NAS)
* Roon language, an Austronesian language of Indonesia
* Roon Labs, an audio company producing Roon music app and Roon Nucleus - a streaming audio device