OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ridley–Watkins–Hilsum theory

In solid state physics the Ridley–Watkins–Hilsum theory (RWH) explains the mechanism by which differential negative resistance is developed in a bulk solid state semiconductor material when a voltage is applied to the terminals of the sample. It is the theory behind the operation of the Gunn diode as well as several other microwave semiconductor devices, which are used practically in electronic oscillators to produce microwave power. It is named for British physicists Brian Ridley, Tom Watkins and Cyril Hilsum who wrote theoretical papers on the effect in 1961.
Negative resistance oscillations in bulk semiconductors had been observed in the laboratory by J. B. Gunn in 1962, and were thus named the "Gunn effect", but physicist Herbert Kroemer pointed out in 1964 that Gunn's observations could be explained by the RWH theory.
In essence, RWH mechanism is the transfer of conduction electrons in a semiconductor from a high mobility valley to lower-mobility, higher-energy satellite valleys. This phenomenon can only be observed in materials that have such energy band structures.
Normally, in a conductor, increasing electric field causes higher charge carrier (usually electron) speeds and results in higher current consistent with Ohm's law. In a multi-valley semiconductor, though, higher energy may push the carriers into a higher energy state where they actually have higher effective mass and thus slow down. In effect, carrier velocities and current drop as the voltage is increased. While this transfer occurs, the material exhibits a decrease in current – that is, a negative differential resistance. At higher voltages, the normal increase of current with voltage relation resumes once the bulk of the carriers are kicked into the higher energy-mass valley. Therefore the negative resistance only occurs over a limited range of voltages.
Of the type of semiconducting materials satisfying these conditions, gallium arsenide (GaAs) is the most widely understood and used. However RWH mechanisms can also be observed in indium phosphide (InP), cadmium telluride (CdTe), zinc selenide (ZnSe) and indium arsenide (InAs) under hydrostatic or uniaxial pressure.
# Caeau Pen-y-coed

Caeau Pen-y-coed is a Site of Special Scientific Interest in the preserved county of Clwyd, north Wales.
# Call Me a Liar

Call Me a Liar is a 1961 Australian TV play. It was shot in Melbourne in studio with some location work. It was Channel 2's 49th live play.

## Plot

Sammy Moles lives in a world of make believe. For his employer's benefit he invents a wife and child and for his fellow lodgers he lies about his past, background and job. He meets a German girl called Martha.

## Cast

* David Mitchell as Sammy Moles
* Jane Oehr as Martha
* Barbara Brandon as landlady
* Campbell Copelin as man on park bench
* Rose du Clos as lady boarder
* Ken Goodlet as Mr Pheeming
* Joe Jenkins as Dr Bowker
* James Lynch as solitary drinker
* Stewart Weller as street musician
* Ligia Monamis as Indian girl
* Nancy Cato and Peter Oliver as English couple
* Abdul Ghani as an African
* Ron Pinnell as father
* Reginald Newsom as businessman
* Cecile Glass as Finnish girl
* Margherita Kean as bar girl
* Shirley Young as mother

## Production

It was based on a TV play by John Mortimer which had been performed in England in 1958. It was also adapted for Australian radio in 1961. The play was filmed again for British TV in 1963.
William Sterling gave the lead to Jane Oehr, a 19 year old second year university arts student who was relatively inexperienced as an actor. She had been in Macbeth and Night of the Ding Don. David Mitchell has been in both those productions as well, along with Who Killed Kovali?, Shadow of Heroes and The Astronauts.

## Reception

The Sydney Morning Herald TV critic said the production "had the lightness of heart and the deftness of touch so necessary to such a whimsical part-comedy, part-sentimental drama."
# Call Me by My Name

Call Me by My Name is the sixth studio album by British soul singer Ruby Turner, released in October 1998. Turner co-wrote five songs and enlisted the help of rhythm and blues luminaries Bobby Tench, Zoot Money, Stan Webb and Bad Company bassist Boz Burrell.

## Track listing

* "Call Me by My Name" (Ruby Turner, Andrew G. Williams) 4:38
* "Reassure Me" (Bowers) 4:17
* "Suspicious Again" (Milton, Ruby Turner) 4:17
* "Just Say the Word" (Besencon, Michele Vice) 4:35
* "Brand New World" (Ruby Turner, Andrew G. Williams) 5:03
* "Breath I Need" (Milton, Turner) 4:44
* "You Were Never Mine" (Delbert McClinton, Gary Nicholson, Benmont Tench) 3:52
* "My Intuition Tells Me" (Ebanks) 4:54
* "Let Me Show You (My Mistakes)" (Duke, McClinton) 4:47
* "Alone Here Tonight" (Milton, Ruby Turner) 3:14
* "Last on My List (No More)" (Ruby Turner, Andrew G. Williams} 4:14
* "Could You Need Me Too" (Ruby Turner, Andrew G. Williams) 3:59
* "There for You" (Ruby Turner, Andrew G. Williams) 4:47
* "All Shall Be Well" (Ruby Turner, Andrew G. Williams) 4:47

## Personnel
### Musicians

* Ruby Turner – vocals, backing vocals
* Boz Burrell – bass
* Sam Kelly – drums
* Zoot Money – keyboards, backing vocals
* Bobby Tench – electric guitar, vocals
* Stan Webb – guitar
* Andy G. Williams – piano

### Production

* Zoot Money – producer
* Phil Rogers – Design
* Harry Shapiro – Liner Notes
* Del Taylor – Executive Producer
* Adrian Zolotuhin – Engineer
# Call the Time Eternity

Call the Time Eternity is the third album from the band Tweaker.

## Reception

ReGen Magazine said the "bulk of the album consists of atmospheric, instrumental pieces punctuated by several collaborations on which the vocals arrange the somewhat free flowing structures into catchy, conventional songs". 303 Magazine complimented the album, stating, "the 11-track gem floats like an aural reverie–the mystery of whose veneer glows soft as Gaussian blur".

## Personnel

* Chris Vrenna: producer and performer
* Jesse Hall: producer and performer
# Jane Gordon

Jane Gordon may refer to:
* Jane Gordon, Duchess of Gordon (1749–1812), Scottish Tory political hostess
* Jane Gordon, pen-name of author Margaret Graves (1901–1962)
* Jane Gordon (jewelry designer) (born 1957), American jewelry designer
* Jane Gordon, Viscountess Kenmure (died 1675) Scottish patron of ministers
# Rimša

Rimša is the masculine form of a Lithuanian family name. Polish version: Rymsza, Russian/Ukrainian: Rimsha, Belarusian: Rymsha.) Its feminine forms are: Rimšienė (married woman or widow) and Rimšaitė (unmarried woman). Notable people with the surname include:
* Edmundas Rimša (born 1948), Lithuanian historian
* Petras Rimša (1881–1961), Lithuanian sculptor
* Fyodor Rimsha (1891–1942), Russian Olympic football (soccer) player
* Andrey Rymsha (ca. 1550–1599), Belarusian poet of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
* Filip Jan Rymsza (born 1977), Polish-born American filmmaker and writer
* Donata Rimšaitė (born 1988), female Lithuanian modern pentathlete
* Vilma Rimšaitė (born 1983), Lithuanian female Olympic BMX cyclist
# Cafe Funiculi Funicula

Cafe Funiculi Funicula (コーヒーが冷めないうちに, Kohi ga Samenai Uchi ni, "Before the Coffee Gets Cold") is a 2018 Japanese film directed by Ayuko Tsukahara starring Kasumi Arimura. The film is adapted from the novel Before the Coffee Gets Cold by Toshikazu Kawaguchi [ja].

## Cast

* Kasumi Arimura as Kazu Tokita
* Kentarō Itō as Ryosuke Shintani
* Haru as Fumiko Kiyokawa
* Kento Hayashi as Goro Katada
* Motoki Fukami as Nagare Tokita
* Wakana Matsumoto as Kumi Hirai
* Hiroko Yakushimaru as Kayo Takatake
* Yō Yoshida as Yaeko Hirai
* Yutaka Matsushige as Yasunori Fusaki
* Yuriko Ishida as the woman in summer clothes
# Civitaluparella

Civitaluparella (Abruzzese: La Civéte) is a comune and town in the Province of Chieti in the Abruzzo region of Italy
# Class 1

Class 1 may refer to:
* Class I railroad, a term used in North American railroad size classification
* Class 1 Touring Cars, an FIA classification for cars in motor racing
* Class 1 World Powerboat Championship
* Classes of United States senators
* SCORE Class 1, unlimited off-road racing buggies
* The first class in terms of hiking difficulty in the Yosemite Decimal System
* A contribution class in the National Insurance system in the UK
* An IEC protection class in the electrical appliance manufacturing industry
* A class in laser safety
* HAZMAT Class 1 Explosives
# Class 05

Class 05 may refer to:
* British Rail Class 05, a class of 0-6-0 post-war, British diesel-mechanical shunter built by Hunslet Engine Company.
* DRG Class 05, a small class of inter-war, German, standard steam locomotive (Einheitslokomotive) designed for high-speed express services and which broke 2 world speed records.
# Rittmarshausen

Rittmarshausen is a nucleated village in the municipality (Gemeinde) Gleichen in the district Göttingen, Germany. The village of 776 residents (as of December 31, 2005) is primarily agricultural and home of people working in Göttingen. "Ökozentrum Rittmarshausen" is an association dedicated to the development and marketing of regionally produced natural foods, which are marketed under the Leinehöfe label. The community also sports an athletic association, a volunteer fire department, a chorus, a gun club, and an equestrian association.
The village mayor is Volker Heinemann.
The village's coat of arms is a red shield with a bird sitting on the upper of two yellow horizontal bars, each with three short vertical bars (crenellations).

## History

The village was settled by people from the now-abandoned village of Bernsrode due, according to tradition, to flooding at Bernsrode. In 1318 the village was the split property of Dietrich von Kerstlingerode and Ehrenfriede von Berlepsch. The Rittmarshausen "Palace" (Das Rittmarshäuser Schloss) replaced a castle first built in AD 1541 in the early 18th century, being completed in 1716. Extensive underground passages were also built beneath the edifice, though when is not certain. The village church is said to have been built from the stones of the one in abandoned village. The first services weren't held in the church until the early 17th century. Although the village has been predominantly Protestant (Lutheran) since the thirty Years War, a Roman Catholic community exists in the community and has, since 1997, had its own church, serving all twelve Gartetal villages.
The Garte Gericht (regional court) had its seat in the village until 1839.
A brewery was established in the Rittmarshausen Palace in 1852, but production of alcohol was discontinued in the first part of the 20th century.
Toward the end of the 19th century, a narrow-gauge railway linking the Gartetal to Goettingen was built. This, the Gartetalbahn, served the city's population—especially the students—as a convenient excursion vehicle to rural Gaststaetten as well as a means for the residents of Rittmarshausen and the villages along the way to get to market in the city. In 1957, passenger service was discontinued, and a year later the beet service ended and the tracks were torn up. The train station still stands, currently in private ownership.
# Caiuá River

The Caiuá River is a river of Paraná state in southern Brazil.
# Risoba sticticata

Risoba sticticata is a species of moth of the family Nolidae first described by Alice Ellen Prout in 1924. It is found in New Guinea.
# Civic Hospital

Civic Hospital (French: Hôpital Civic) is a neighbourhood in Kitchissippi Ward in central Ottawa, Canada. It is named after the Ottawa Civic Hospital, which is located in the neighbourhood.
Civic Hospital is bounded on the west by Island Park Drive, on the north by the Queensway, on the east by Railway Street and on the south by Carling Avenue. The population as of the Canada 2016 Census was 5,062.

## Community

Civic Hospital is primarily a residential neighbourhood; the Civic Hospital and a small number of office and commercial buildings line Carling Avenue along the area's southern edge. The 1960 Googie-inspired Civic Pharmacy Building sign at the corner of Carling and Holland Avenues is a local landmark. The community is known for its many high-quality "Younghusband" homes, built by David Younghusband between 1939 and 1947. Residents may belong to the Civic Hospital Neighbourhood Association, which organises events and activities to improve the community.

## History

The area first opened to settlement in 1801, and was originally known as Bayswater. It was annexed by Ottawa in 1907. Most of the homes at the time were along Loretta Street and Champagne Avenue, north of Beech Street. It continued to be known as Bayswater after annexation, but the name would fall out of use as the neighbourhood expanded. The Civic Hospital Homeowners Association was established in 1973 and the Civic Hospital Neighbourhood Association was established in 1982.

## Transportation

The main streets within the neighbourhood are Parkdale Avenue, Sherwood Drive, Kenilworth Drive and Holland Avenue. The neighbourhood is served by Carling Station on the O-Train Trillium Line, frequent bus service on Holland and Parkdale Avenues that connected to the Confederation Line at Tunney's Pasture Station in 2018, and crosstown routes on Carling Avenue.

## Education

Civic Hospital schoolchildren may attend one of five elementary schools, St George (Junior Kindergarten - Grade 6), Elmdale Public School (JK - Grade 6), Fisher Park Public/Summit Alternative School (Grades 7-8), Devonshire Public School (JK - Grade 6) and Connaught Public School (JK - Grade 6), all of which are in adjacent neighbourhoods.
# Civic Heart

Civic Heart is a complex of apartment towers in South Perth, Western Australia, constructed between 2021 and 2024 by Finbar. The complex has two towers, the tallest of which is 147.5 metres (484 ft), making Civic Heart the tallest building in South Perth, the tallest building in Perth outside the central business district, and the tallest residential building in Perth. It was estimated to cost A$445 million to construct.

## Description

Civic Heart is surrounded by Mill Point Road, Labouchere Road, and Mends Street, in South Perth, Western Australia. The complex has two towers, 20 and 37 stories tall. The tallest tower is 147.5 metres (484 ft) in height, making Civic Heart the tallest building in South Perth, the tallest building in Perth outside the central business district, and the tallest residential building in Perth. It was estimated to cost A$445 million to construct. The complex has 309 apartments and 26 commercial tenancies. At ground level is the former South Perth police station, which is listed on the State Register of Heritage Places.

## History

The Civic Heart proposal was revived in January 2019.
Civic Heart was rejected by a Joint Development Assessment Panel in October 2019 for not being "exemplary". Finbar said it intended to appeal to the State Administrative Tribunal. The development was approved by Planning Minister Rita Saffioti using call-in powers in February 2020. The decision to approve the development was controversial, with local group Save the South Perth Peninsula describing the decision as "appalling". Finbar managing director Darren Pateman accused the group of being "NIMBYs".
A ground breaking ceremony occurred on 12 January 2021. The building topped out in December 2023, with an official ceremony on 21 December 2023. Civic Heart officially reached completion in June 2024.
# Civic Hall at Union Square

Civic Hall at Union Square, also known as Civic Hall, is a center for Civic Tech in Manhattan, New York City, that provides tech resources to New Yorkers of all ages and backgrounds. The Civic Hall space at the Zero Irving Building (124 East 14th Street) occupies 85,000 square feet across seven floors. Civic Hall was founded in 2014 by entrepreneurs Andrew Rasiej and Micah Sifry.
Opened in November 2023, Civic Hall aims to provide resources to pursue opportunities in the city's technology industry. The Civic Hall space consists of state of the art classroom space, rented at below market rates to organizations and companies who provide workforce development with a focus on technology. Civic Hall tenants are both for- and non-profit organizations, including LaGuardia Community College.
Civic Hall is a subsidiary of The Fedcap Group, a non-profit holding company consisting of 20 subsidiaries in the broad fields of healthcare, education, economic and workforce development.

## History

The original location of Civic Hall was a 18,500-square-foot office at 156 Fifth Avenue.
Andrew Rasiej proposed the building project to the city in 2018. Rasiej led a unanimous Uniform Land Use Review Procedure (ULURP) approval process to up-zone the former location of a P.C. Richard & Son store on East 14th Street. The ULURP received unanimous approval in 2018 and the P.C. Richard & Son building was demolished. In 2023, the 21-story tech hub was completed.
The Zero Irving project was developed by RAL Development with Davis Brody Bond designing the building.
In November 2023, Mayor Eric Adams announced the opening of the Civic Hall space, calling it a "laboratory for the entire country."
# Janez Ožbolt

Janez Ožbolt (born 22 August 1970) is a Slovenian biathlete. He competed at five consecutive Winter Olympics, from 1992 to 2006.
# Caladenia roei

Caladenia roei is a species of orchid endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is also known as the common clown orchid, clown orchid, ant orchid, man orchid and jack-in-the-box. It has a single erect, hairy leaf and up to three greenish-yellow and red flowers with a relatively broad labellum. It is a common orchid throughout the south-west and is especially common on granite outcrops.

## Description

Caladenia roei is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single erect, hairy leaf, 60–150 mm (2–6 in) long and about 5 mm (0.2 in) wide. Up to three greenish-yellow and red flowers 30–40 mm (1–2 in) long, 20–30 mm (0.8–1 in) wide are borne on a stalk 120–300 mm (5–10 in) tall. The sepals have thick, yellowish-brown, club-like glandular ends 3–4 mm (0.1–0.2 in) long. The dorsal sepal is erect, 15–20 mm (0.6–0.8 in) long, about 2 mm (0.08 in) wide and often curves gently forward. The lateral sepals and petals are about the same size as the dorsal sepal and turn obliquely downward and form a crucifix-like shape. The labellum is 8–11 mm (0.3–0.4 in) long, 13–16 mm (0.5–0.6 in) wide and greenish-yellow with a small red tip which curls under. The sides of the labellum are smooth, lacking teeth but there is a dense band of dark reddish-purple, calli up to 1.5 mm (0.06 in) long, in the middle of the labellum. Flowering occurs from August to October.

## Taxonomy and naming

Caladenia roei was first described in 1873 by Alex George and the description was published in Flora Australiensis. The specific epithet (roei) honours John Septimus Roe.

## Distribution and habitat

The clown orchid is found across a wide area of the south-west of Western Australia from as far north as the Murchison River to as far east as Ravensthorpe where it grows in a range of habitats but is especially common on granite outcrops.

## Conservation

Caladenia roei is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
# Calocephalus francisii

Calocephalus francisii, commonly known as fine-leaf beauty-heads, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is a small annual with yellow globular-shape flowers and is endemic to Western Australia.

## Description

Calocephalus francisii is an annual herb with some branches upright to downward, mostly smooth but hairy toward the flower heads. The leaves are arranged alternately, sessile, almost linear, lance-shaped or narrowly elliptic-shaped, 5.25 mm (0.207 in) long, 0.5–3 mm (0.020–0.118 in) wide, occasionally semi-succulent and smooth. The flower heads may vary in shape from globe, narrowly oblong to oval shaped, 5–27 mm (0.20–1.06 in) long and 4–10 mm (0.16–0.39 in) in diameter. The heads consist of 15-60 flowers, yellow or white translucent bracts in rows of 2 or 3, outer 4 or 5 bracts in a single row. The inner 5-9 bracts in one or two rows, corolla has thickened margins, 5 lobes, tube 1.6–2.3 mm (0.063–0.091 in) long and 5 stamens. Flowering occurs from August to October and the fruit is dry, one-seeded, obovoid, 0.28–0.32 mm (0.011–0.013 in) in diameter, pale or pinkish brown.

## Taxonomy and naming

This species was first formally described in 1863 by Ferdinand von Mueller who gave it the name Pachysurus francisii in Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. In 1867 George Bentham changed the name to Calocephalus francisii and the description was published in Flora Australiensis. The specific epithet (francisii) is in honour of George William Francis.

## Distribution and habitat

Fine-leaf beauty-heads grows in sandy situations, outcrops, ridges and salt flats mostly on the west coast of Western Australia.
# Calocephalus citreus

Calocephalus lacteus, commonly known as lemon beauty-heads, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It has yellow cylindrical shaped flowers and grey stems and grows in the eastern states of Australia

## Description

Calocephalus citreus is a perennial herb with upright, slender, light grey, fuzzy, slightly angular stems growing to about 15–60 cm (5.9–23.6 in) high. The leaves are arranged usually opposite, linear to lance-shaped, mostly 10–20 mm (0.39–0.79 in) long, 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) wide and covered with short, matted, dense hairs and prominent veins. The heads are solitary, oblong to globose shaped, about 0.4–2 cm (0.16–0.79 in) long, lemon-coloured in bud, bright yellow in flower. The 8-11 bracts are flat, conduplicate, 1.9–3.4 mm (0.075–0.134 in) long with 2-3 florets per head. Flowering occurs from September to March and the fruit is a cypsela 0.7–0.85 mm (0.028–0.033 in) long, brown, and the upper surface covered in fine, feathery bristles.

## Taxonomy and naming

Calocephalus citreus was first formally described in 1832 by Christian Friedrich Lessing and the description was published in Synopsis Generum Compositarum. The specific epithet (citreus) means "lemon-coloured".

## Distribution and habitat

Lemon beauty-heads grows in low-lying areas in herbfields, dry forest and grassy woodland in eastern states of Australia and the Australian Capital Territory.
# Calocephalus lacteus

Calocephalus lacteus, commonly known as milky beauty-heads, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is an ascending, spreading perennial with silver-grey leaves and cream globular-shaped flower heads. It occurs in eastern Australia.

## Description

Calocephalus lacteus is a perennial, ascending, spreading herb by means of rhizomes, 5–70 cm (2.0–27.6 in) high and forms a dense groundcover. The grey-green leaves are arranged opposite lower on the stem, alternate toward the apex, obovate to lance shaped, or almost linear, 1–5 cm (0.39–1.97 in) long, 1–4.5 mm (0.039–0.177 in) wide, short matted hairs, two lateral veins and midrib veins usually prominent. The globular flower is a dense cluster of 20-200 capitula in each compound head 0.6–1.5 cm (0.24–0.59 in) long, each containing 2-3 yellow florets enclosed by 9-16 white bracts that are flat to conduplicate and 1.5–3.3 mm (0.059–0.130 in) long. The fruit is a cypsela with 6-11 bristles and fine hairs in the upper part. Flowering occurs mostly from November to March.

## Taxonomy and naming

Calocephalus lacteus was first formally described in 1832 by Christian Friedrich Lessing and the description was published in Synopsis Generum Compositarum. The specific epithet (lacteus) means "milky", referring to the white bracts.

## Distribution and habitat

Milky beauty-heads grows in low-lying occasionally wet and grassy situations in New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia.