OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Core (optical fiber)

The core of a conventional optical fiber is the part of the fiber that guides the light. It is a cylinder of glass or plastic that runs along the fiber's length. The core is surrounded by a medium with a lower index of refraction, typically a cladding of a different glass, or plastic. Light travelling in the core reflects from the core-cladding boundary due to total internal reflection, as long as the angle between the light and the boundary is greater than the critical angle. As a result, the fiber transmits all rays that enter the fiber with a sufficiently small angle to the fiber's axis. The limiting angle is called the acceptance angle, and the rays that are confined by the core/cladding boundary are called guided rays.
The core is characterized by its diameter or cross-sectional area. In most cases the core's cross-section should be circular, but the diameter is more rigorously defined as the average of the diameters of the smallest circle that can be circumscribed about the core-cladding boundary, and the largest circle that can be inscribed within the core-cladding boundary. This allows for deviations from circularity due to manufacturing variation.
Another commonly quoted statistic for core size is the mode field diameter. This is the diameter at which the intensity of light in the fiber falls to some specified fraction of maximum (usually 1/e$^2$ ≈ 13.5%). For single-mode fiber, the mode field diameter is larger than the physical diameter of the core, because the light penetrates slightly into the cladding as an evanescent wave.
The three most common core sizes are:
* 9 μm diameter (single-mode)
* 50 μm diameter (multi-mode)
* 62.5 μm diameter (multi-mode)
# Splint (laboratory equipment)

A splint (or spill or splinter) is a simple piece of equipment used in scientific laboratories. Splints are typically long, thin strips of wood, about 6 inches (15 cm) long and ¼ inch (6 mm) wide, and are consumable but inexpensive. They are typically used for tasks such as lighting bunsen burners, as the length of the splint allows a flame to be lit without risk to the user's hand, should the burner flare back. Another use for splints are chemical identification of various gases, and splints are also used to teach simple chemical principles in schools and homes.

## Use in chemical identification

Some gases are hard to distinguish by sight or smell alone. For example, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen are all colourless and odourless. Several laboratory experiments are capable of producing relatively pure gas as an end product, and it may be useful to demonstrate the chemical identity of that gas. Burning splints or glowing splints can be used to identify whether a gas is flammable, whether it is oxidising, or whether it is chemically inert.
These tests are not safe for completely unidentified gases, as the energy of their explosion could be beyond the safe confinement of a fragile glass tube. This means that they are really only useful as a demonstration of a gas that is already strongly suspected, and so is known to be safe. In a high school chemistry class, a typical use would be to show the presence of hydrogen (after electrolysis of water, or by reacting a metal with an acid).

### Burning (or lighted) splint test

A splint is lit and held near the opening of the tube, then the stopper is removed to expose the splint to the gas.
If the gas is flammable, the mixture ignites. This test is most commonly used to identify hydrogen, which results with a distinctive 'squeaky pop' sound. Hydrogen is easily ignited and used to definitively conclude what the gas actually is. Further analytical chemistry techniques can clarify the identity of the gas in question.

### Glowing splint test

The glowing splint test is a test for an oxidising gas, such as oxygen. In this test, a splint is lit, allowed to burn for a few seconds, then blown out by mouth or by shaking. Whilst the ember at the tip is still glowing hot, the splint is introduced to the gas sample that has been trapped in a vessel.
Upon exposure to concentrated oxygen gas, the glowing ember flares, and re-ignites to produce a sustained flame. The more concentrated the oxygen, the faster the wood burns, and the more intense the flame. This test is not specific for oxygen, but will react similarly for any oxidising gas (such as nitrous oxide) that supports the combustion of the splint.
# Clarias pseudonieuhofii

Clarias pseudonieuhofii is a species of clariid catfish from Borneo. It has been currently described from the upper basin of the Kapuas River in West Kalimantan, in a geographic area bordering Sentarum Lake. It has been differed from C. nieuhofii by comparing the holotypes and paratypes from specimens of C. nieuhofii from Sumatra.

## Habitat and distribution

It can be found in bodies of water in the Kapuas Hulu Regency, including in Lake Sentarum National Park.

## Characteristics

Described in 2004, the holotype for this specimen was noted to be of a length of 311 mm (31.1 cm) from skull to caudal fin, with 10 paratypes recorded to range from 230 to 316 mm (23-31.6 cm). This species is distinguishable from most other Southeast Asian forest Clarias species (except C. nieuhofii) by the combination of the following characters:
* an anguilliform body with a short and narrow head
* small laterally-placed eyes.
* occipital process more or less angular and very short
* maxillary barbels reaching level of dorsal fin origin
* possessing pelvic fins as well as pectoral fins and spine relatively short compared to other Asian Clarias species
* above lateral line with 12-15 transverse rows of small white spots, sometimes difficult to observe.
Clarias pseudonieuhofii differs from C. nieuhofii by a shorter anal fin, a longer pelvic fin, and a shorter occipital process, all in somewhat slight measurements.
In living specimens, the skin has been noted to be of dark brown to black, with deeper colors on the dorsal surface of the body and the paired fins. The ventral surface is light brown. Overall, coloration is also somewhat similar to C. nieuhofii, hence the name.
# Cannakill

Cannakill is an abandoned village located in County Offaly, Ireland.

## Location

Cannakill is located to the west of Croghan Hill, south of the Yellow River and about 1 km northwest of Croghan village.

## History and archaeology

Cannakill was one of many villages built by Ireland's Norman conquerors after the Norman invasion of Ireland (late 12th century). When the Gaelic Irish lords (the Ua Conchobhair Failghe — O'Connor Faly) regained control of the area after the Battle of Tochar Cruachain-Bri-Ele (1385), the village was abandoned.
The village remnants are composed of the wall footings of four houses. Quarrying led to the discovery of pottery and animal bones to the south of the village during the 1940s.
# Jorge Rigau

Jorge Rigau (born 1953 in Arecibo, Puerto Rico) is a Puerto Rican architect, historian, author and pedagogue. He is the founder (1995) and first dean of the New School of Architecture of the Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico (1995–2006). Rigau is a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects (FAIA).

## Projects

* New School of Arquitechture at Politechnic University of Puerto Rico, Hato Rey, Puerto Rico (Addition and Rehabilitation 2011-2013)
* Gazebo and Commemorative Fountain at Main Plaza, Vieques, Puerto Rico (Built 2008)
* Spivak-Velilla Residence, Bayamón, Puerto Rico (Built 2007)
* Infill Housing, Vega Baja, Puerto Rico (Built 2006)
* Billoch-Vázquez Residence, San Juan, Puerto Rico (Remodeled 2006)
* Historic Preservation of Old Train Station, Vega Baja, Puerto Rico (Built 2005)
* New Entrance for the Old Cemetery, Vega Baja, Puerto Rico (Built 2005)
* Nassar-Yumet Residence, Humacao, Puerto Rico (Built 2002)
* Casillas-Márquez Residence, Humacao, Puerto Rico (Built 2001)

## Publications

Rigau is the author of a number of books, including Puerto Rico 1900: Turn of the Century Architecture in the Hispanic Caribbean 1890-1930 (1992), Havana (with Nancy Stout) (1994) and most recently, "Puerto Rico then and now", published by Thunder Bay Press in 2009.
# Caroline Fritze

Caroline Fritze (born 4 June 2000) is a German judoka. She is the silver medalist in the ‍–‍57 kg at the 2021 Judo Grand Slam Paris
# Kukelle

Kele (Kukelle) is an Upper Cross River language of Nigeria. This language is mostly spoken in Yala Local Government area of Cross River State. Ukelle have North and South Ukelle with slight differences between their intonation.
# John Kirby

John Kirby may refer to:

## Arts and entertainment

* Joshua Kirby (1716–1774), often mistakenly called John Joshua Kirby, British landscape painter, engraver, and writer
* John Kirby (artist) (born 1949), British painter
* John Kirby (musician) (1908–1952), American jazz musician
* John Carroll Kirby, American pianist, record producer and composer

## Politics

* John Kirby (Canadian politician) (1772–1846), Canadian businessman & politician
* John Kirby (admiral), retired United States Navy admiral, and spokesperson
* John Kirby (MP), member of parliament for Hertfordshire

## Sports

* John Kirby (baseball) (1865–1931), baseball player
* John Kirby (American football) (born 1942), American football player
* John Kirby (cricketer) (born 1936), English cricketer
* Jon Luke Kirby (born 1998), rugby league footballer

## Other people

* John Kirby (topographer) (1690–1753), English mapmaker and illustrator
* John Kirby (surgeon) (1781–1853), president of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
* John Henry Kirby (1860–1940), American businessman
* John Kirby (bishop) (born 1938), Irish bishop
* John Kirby (attorney) (1939–2019), American lawyer and namesake of Nintendo character Kirby
# Darrell Austin

Kenneth Darrell Austin (born November 16, 1951) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the 16th round (404th overall) in the 1974 NFL draft. He played six seasons for the New York Jets and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.
# Sphenodesme pierrei

Sphenodesme pierrei is the accepted name of a species of small liana in the genus Sphenodesme (family Lamiaceae). This species is found in southern Vietnam, where it may be called bội tinh Pierre.
# Willie Whitehill

William Kenneth Whitehill (born 13 June 1934) is a former Welsh cricketer. Whitehill was a right-handed batsman who played primarily as a wicketkeeper. He was born at Newport, Monmouthshire.
In 1960, Whitehill played his first first-class match for Glamorgan against Worcestershire at the County Championship. During the 1960 season, he played 7 first-class matches, the last of which for Glamorgan came against Lancashire at Cardiff Arms Park.
Between 1959 and 1964, he also represented the Glamorgan Second XI in the Second XI Championship 12 times.
# Ekblad

Ekblad is a Swedish language surname.

## Geographical distribution

As of 2014, 59.8% of all known bearers of the surname Ekblad were residents of Sweden (frequency 1:7,028), 25.2% of the United States (1:612,290), 10.6% of Finland (1:22,164), 1.6% of Norway (1:135,325) and 1.2% of Canada (1:1,268,897).
In Sweden, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:7,028) in the following counties:
* 1. Skåne County (1:3,183)
* 2. Örebro County (1:3,521)
* 3. Jönköping County (1:3,698)
* 4. Kalmar County (1:4,075)
* 5. Kronoberg County (1:4,557)
* 6. Västra Götaland County (1:6,561)
In Finland, the frequency of the surname was higher than national average (1:22,164) in the following regions:
* 1. Ostrobothnia (1:3,778)
* 2. Southwest Finland (1:7,089)
* 3. Åland (1:10,764)
* 4. Central Finland (1:11,158)
* 5. Uusimaa (1:16,668)

## People

* Aaron Ekblad (born 1996), Canadian ice hockey player
* Nils-Eric Ekblad (1904–1978), Swedish diplomat
* Stina Ekblad (born 1954), Finnish actress
# Clive Marshall

Clive L. Marshall (born 1 January 1939) is a British rower. He competed in the men's coxless pair event at the 1960 Summer Olympics.
In 1960, Marshall finished runner-up in the Silver Goblets & Nickalls' Challenge Cup (the premier coxless pair event) at the Henley Royal Regatta, rowing for Nottingham Britannia.
# Vincent Tong

Vincent Tong may refer to:
* Vincent Tong (politician), Kiribati politician
* Vincent Tong (voice actor) (born 1980), Canadian voice actor
# Kukeli

Kukeli may refer to:
* Burim Kukeli (b. 1984), Kosovan - Albanian footballer
* Kukeli, Iran
# John Kaplan (photographer)

John Kaplan is an American photographer who won the 1992 Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography "for his photographs depicting the diverse lifestyles of seven 21-year-olds across the United States".
Kaplan attended Mount Pleasant High School in Wilmington, Delaware, graduating in 1977. Kaplan graduated with a bachelor's degree in journalism from E. W. Scripps School of Journalism at Ohio University in 1982 and later graduated with a master's degree in journalism from the school in 1998. In 1999 he became a faculty member at the University of Florida's College of Journalism and Communications.
In April 2008 Kaplan was named a Fulbright Scholar. The same year, Kaplan was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a condition which is in remission as of 2011 after treatment. Kaplan has reported his experience with cancer in an award-winning documentary film entitled Not As I Pictured.

## References and notes

* ↑ "1992 Winners and Finalists". The Pulitzer Prizes. Columbia University. Retrieved 2 April 2011.
* 1 2 3 Soulsman, Gary (1 April 2011), "Life jolted into focus: For photojournalist, chronicling cancer was the best way to cope", DelawareOnline, Gannett, OCLC 38962480, retrieved 2 April 2011
* 1 2 "Kaplan named Fulbright Scholar for 2009", University of Florida News, University of Florida, 25 April 2008, archived from the original on 12 May 2008, retrieved 2 April 2011
* This article about an American photographer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Râul Mic (Cibin)

The Râul Mic (in its upper course also: Valea Comenzii) is a left tributary of the river Cibin in Romania. Its source is in the Cindrel Mountains. It discharges into the Gura Râului Reservoir, which is drained by the Cibin. Its length is 13 km (8.1 mi) and its basin size is 48 km$^2$ (19 sq mi).
# Fletcher, West Virginia

Fletcher is an unincorporated community in Jackson County, West Virginia, United States.
The community was named after one Mr. Fletcher, an early settler.
# Will Houston (rugby union)

Will Houston (born 25 May 1988) is an Australian professional rugby union referee. He was appointed to the referees panel for Super Rugby in 2016.
Houston took up rugby refereeing as a high school student at Shore in Sydney, and continued refereeing at senior club level while studying law at the University of New South Wales. After graduating in 2011, he was a first grade referee in the Shute Shield competition, including an appointment as an assistant referee for the 2012 grand final. Houston officiated in Super Rugby as an assistant referee in 2012.
In 2013, he went to the Sanix World Youth Tournament in Japan, where he refereed the final between Saint Kentigern and Hartpury College. Houston also officiated at the Darwin Hottest Sevens tournament. He refereed the final of the inaugural World Club 10s in Singapore in 2014, where the Auckland Blues defeated the ACT Brumbies after double extra time to win the title.
For Australia's National Rugby Championship, Houston was appointed to semi-final matches in 2014, 2015 and 2016 and was appointed to the final in 2017. He refereed the final of the 2015 World Rugby U20s and later that year refereed in New Zealand's ITM Cup. He was in charge of the Shute Shield grand finals in 2015 and 2016. Houston joined the Super Rugby referees panel in 2016. His debut match was on 19 March 2016 in Christchurch, with the Crusaders playing the Southern Kings.
# Elaphropus reticulatus

Elaphropus reticulatus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Andrewes in 1925.
# Capture of the galleon San Joaquin

The capture of the galleon San Joaquin or the battle of Cartagena was a naval engagement that took place off the coast near Cartagena (present day Colombia). It involved five British ships of the line against the Spanish galleon San Joaquin and a smaller ship. After an action lasting barely an hour the Spanish ship surrendered. The galleon had fought in the previous encounter during Wager's Action nearly three years earlier but had just barely escaped capture.

## Background

In late May 1711, the warships under the command of Jean du Casse arrived, and so on 3 August 1711 they sailed from Cartagena which now composed of the Treasure Fleet which was to return to Spain. The units of escort composed of the following: San Joaquin of 64 guns under Admiral Miguel Agustin Villanueva, Saint-Michel of 70 guns under Jean du Casse, Hercule of 60 guns under Captain Proglie and the frigate Griffon of 44 guns under Captain Turroble.
Meanwhile, Commodore James Littleton arrived with a number of ships which had sailed from Port Royal in Jamaica on 26 July: a fleet which consisted of HMS Salisbury of 50 guns under Captain Francis Hosier and Littleton's flagship, Salisbury Prize of 50 guns under Captain Sir Robert Harland, HMS Jersey of 60 guns under Captain Edward Vernon, HMS Newcastle of 50 guns under Captain Sampson Bourne, HMS Weymouth 50 guns, under Captain Richard Lestock, HMS Anglesea 50 under Captain Thomas Legge, frigate Fowey of 40 guns under Captain Robert Chadwick.

## Capture

Du Casse had left the frigate Gallarde in Cartagena for its defense and so on the day of leaving, the fleet were soon spotted by Littleton's fleet but a storm prevented any action, and both fleets dispersed. Most of the fleet, including du Casse, returned to Cartagena without giving any advice to Admiral Villanueva. On 7 August the galleon San Joaquin was separated along with a smaller vessel and a squadron was sighted. Villaneuva thought the vessels were that of du Casse, but it was the English squadron of Littleton.
When Villanueva realized his error, it was too late to flee, and he decided to take on Littleton's squadron. The ensuing engagement lasted less than 20 minutes. San Joaquin was dismasted and suffered many casualties. Villaneuva, surrounded by the overwhelming British squadron, was mortally wounded when hit by a musket shot and soon struck his flag. Littleton, went on board from Salisbury and took the surrender. Vernon in Jersey captured the smaller vessel, which was attempting to escape.

## Aftermath

The galleon's prize money was shared amongst the captains and the British sailed back to Port Royal. By order of King Philip V, the treasure was transferred to the French ships. Three days after the battle, du Casse, knowing that San Joaquin was lost, left Cartagena and sent his forces first towards Martinique, then to Pensacola, and finally to Spain where they reached safely.
# 1982 Dutch Open (tennis)

The 1982 Dutch Open was a Grand Prix tennis tournament staged in Hilversum, Netherlands. The tournament was played on outdoor clay courts and was held from 19 July until 25 July 1982. It was the 25th edition of the tournament. Balázs Taróczy won his fifth consecutive title at the event and his sixth in total.

## Finals
### Singles

Balázs Taróczy defeated Buster Mottram 7–6, 6–7, 6–3, 7–6

### Doubles

Jan Kodeš / Tomáš Šmíd defeated Heinz Günthardt / Balázs Taróczy 7–6, 6–4
# Viridiflorol

Viridiflorol is a chemical compound, classified as a sesquiterpenoid, that has been isolated from the essential oils of a variety of plants including Melaleuca quinquenervia (broad-leaved paperbark), Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree), and Allophylus edulis.
Viridiflorol has shown moderate antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, in an in vitro assay. It is also produced by the endophytic root fungus Serendipita indica and exhibits antifungal activity against Colletotrichum truncatum
# Richard (disambiguation)

Richard is a given name.
Richard may also refer to:

## People

* Richard (surname)

## Places

* Richard, Saskatchewan, Canada
* Richard, Iowa, United States
* Richard, West Virginia, United States
* Richard I and II, underground factories at Leitmeritz concentration camp

## Other uses

* Hurricane Richard, in 2010
* Richard (film), a 1972 lampoon of U.S. President Richard Nixon
# Johann Nepomuk Huber

Johann Nepomuk Huber (18 August 1830 – 20 March 1879), was a German philosophical and theological writer, and a leader of the "Old Catholic Church".

## Life

He was born at Munich. Originally destined for the priesthood, he studied theology from childhood. The writings of Spinoza and Lorenz Oken attracted him to philosophy, and it was in philosophy that he "habilitated" (1854) in the university of his native place, where he ultimately became professor (extraordinarius, 1859; ordinarius, 1864). With Döllinger and others he attracted a large amount of public attention. Firstly in 1869 by the challenge to the Ultramontane promoters of the First Vatican Council in the treatise Der Papst und das Koncil, which appeared under the pseudonym of "Janus,". Secondly in 1870 by a series of letters (Römische Briefe, a redaction of secret reports sent from Rome during the sitting of the council), which were published over the pseudonym Quirinus in the Allgemeine Zeitung. He died suddenly of heart disease at Munich.

## Works

* The treatise Über die Willensfreiheit (1858), followed in 1859 by Die Philosophie der Kirchenväter, which was promptly placed upon the Index, and led to the prohibition of all Catholic students from attending his lectures.
* Johannes Scotus Erigena (1861)
* Die Idee der Unsterblichkeit (1864)
* Studien (1867)
* Der Proletarier
* Zur Orientirung in der sozialen Frage (1865)
* Der Jesuitenorden nach seiner Verfassung und Doctrin, Wirksamkeit und Geschichte (1873), also placed upon the Index
* Der Pessimismus (1876)
* Die Forschung nach der Materie (1877)
* Zur Philosophie der Astronomie (1878)
* Das Gedächtnis (1878).
Huber also published adverse criticisms of Charles Darwin, David Strauss, Hartmann and Hackel; pamphlets on Des Papsttum und der Staat (1870), and Die Freiheiten der französischen Kirche (1871); and a volume of Kleine Schriften (1871).
He is mentioned in the Monty Python song Decomposing Composers.