OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# How to Pay for the War

How to Pay for the War: A Radical Plan for the Chancellor of the Exchequer is a book by John Maynard Keynes, published in 1940 by Macmillan and Co., Ltd. It is an application of Keynesian thinking and principles to a practical economic problem and a relatively late text. The author Keynes died in 1946.

## Summary

In How to Pay for the War, John Maynard Keynes describes a macroeconomic strategy of how Britain, a nation with a population at the time of 40 million people, could conduct a long war against Germany, a nation of 80 million. At the time How to Pay for the War was written, neither the United States nor the Soviet Union were at war with either Germany or Japan. As a result, the first step for Britain to effectively conduct a war against Germany was to mobilize all its resources for production. Thus, the first two chapters of How to Pay for the War, are an argument for the need for full employment and chapter 3, Our Output Capacity and The National Income, is a manual to achieve full employment.
Keynes maintained, however, that the resources of Britain, even at full employment, would not suffice to conduct a war against Germany. Internally, Britain would need to increase production while reducing consumption and diverting resources to the war effort. Externally, Britain would have to be able to count on more resources than internally available, running as large a deficit as its allies were willing to allow. Chapters IV (4) to X (10) and appendices II (2) to IV (4) are dedicated to measures for allocating resources to the war effort, while controlling prices and reducing wartime consumption.
Keynes outlined a plan for Deferred Pay that would, in part, be legislated in the Budget of Sir Kingsley Wood, Chancellor of the Exchequer. The deferred pay became a system of post-war credits which were progressively repaid after the war, albeit at a reduced value.
Keynes devotes much attention to price controls, proposing a number of measures to control (but not planning to eliminate) inflation, measures including deferred pay and forced savings. Most of the book, Chapters IV to X, is dedicated to the problems of resource allocation and price control.
The book is an exercise in Keynesian macroeconomics and is a prime example of Keynesian analysis and technique, by John Maynard Keynes himself.
# Vincenzo Maria Altieri

Vincenzo Maria Altieri (1724–1800) was an Italian Roman Catholic cardinal from 1777 to 1800. He belonged to the Altieri family, one of the noble families of Rome.

## Biography

Vincenzo Maria Altieri was born in Rome on 27 November 1724, the son of Girolamo Altieri, prince of Oriolo, and Maria Maddalena Borromeo. Two of his father's brothers, Lorenzo Altieri and Giambattista Altieri were cardinals, while two of his nephews, Alessandro Mattei and Lorenzo Girolamo Mattei would also later become cardinals.
Altieri was made a protonotary apostolic on 3 October 1743, taking possession of that office on 24 August 1747, the same day he became a Referendary of the Apostolic Signatura. He served as prelate of the Sacred Congregation of the Council before being appointed vice-legate to Urbino in December 1755. On 11 November 1756, he was appointed vice-legate in Romagna, and in January 1758 became governor of Ancona. He was appointed to the Apostolic Camera in June 1764, returning to Rome and taking possession of that office in January 1765. He became president of Carceri at this time, then served as president of the Zecca from October 1765 to 1766. He was then president of Ripe from January 1767 through 1775. In April 1775, he returned to the Apostolic Camera in Rome. In May 1776, he became prefect of the papal household.
Pope Pius VI made Altieri a cardinal in pectore in the consistory of 23 June 1777. This was published in the consistory of 11 December 1780. Altieri received the red hat on 14 December 1780, and was awarded the deaconry of San Giorgio in Velabro. He was appointed to the Sacred Congregations of Bishops and Regulars, Council, Acque and Good Government. In January 1783, he became cardinal protector of the Clerics Regular Minor. On 23 April 1787, he opted for the deaconry of Sant'Angelo in Pescheria; then, on 10 March 1788, for the deaconry of Sant'Eustachio; then, on 12 September 1794, for the deaconry of Santa Maria in Via Lata. At this point, he became the cardinal protodeacon. On 29 January 1798, he became Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals.
In February 1798, Rome was invaded by troops of the French First Republic, who created the Roman Republic. Cardinal Altieri, who was by then gravely ill, was faced with the possibility of being imprisoned along with the other cardinals then in Rome. Rather than face the possibility of prison, Altieri resigned his cardinalate on 12 March 1798; Pope Pius VI reluctantly accepted his resignation on 7 September 1798.
Altieri died in Rome on 10 February 1800. He is buried in the Altieri family chapel in Santa Maria sopra Minerva.
# Carlos Echevarría

Carlos Echevarría is an Argentine film and television actor, producer, and writer.
He works in the cinema of Argentina.

## Filmography

* Olympic Garage (1999)
* Vamos ganando (2001)
* Sons and Daughters (2001)
* Los Inquilinos del infierno (2004)
* Vacaciones día uno (2004)
* Ciudad para vivir (2005)
* Como un avión estrellado (2005)
* A Year Without Love (2005)
* Stephanie (2005)
* Otros besos brujos (2006)
* Un Grito de Corazón (2006)
* Celo (2006)
* Impunidad (2007)
* Lo siniestro (2008)
* Desbordar (2009)
* Hoy la turbulencia del ayer (2009)
* Absent (Ausente) (2010)
* Armonias del Caos (2011)
* Absence (2011)
* Solo (2013)
* The Third One (2014)

## Television

* Archivo negro (1997) (mini TV Series)
* 1000 millones (2002) TV Series a.k.a. Love Heritage
* Juego de opuestos: Las reglas de la conquista (2003) (mini TV Series)
# How Can It Be

How Can It Be may refer to:
* How Can It Be (album), Lauren Daigle's first studio album, or the title track
* How Can It Be (EP), Lauren Daigle's first extended play
* "How Can It Be", a song by Reks from the album Grey Hairs
# Hu Houxuan

Hu Houxuan (Chinese: 胡厚宣, 1911–1995) was a Chinese historian, chief editor and a contributor of the Jiaguwen Heji Shiwen (甲骨文合集释文), the modern Chinese transcriptions of the most comprehensive collection of the oracle bone inscriptions. For 26 years, since 1956, he led the editorial team of the Jiaguwen Heji, a monumental collection of over 40,000 pieces of inscribed oracle bones and a milestone in the history of the oracle bone studies. Hu Houxuan was the mentor of Professor Qiu Xigui of Fudan University in China and a leading historian of the Institute of History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
# House of Leyen

The House of Leyen-Hohengeroldseck is an ancient German noble family of princely and historically sovereign rank. As a former ruling and mediatized family, it belongs to the Hochadel (high nobility).

## History

The origin can be traced to the middle of the 10th century, which had estates on the Moselle. Originally the family was named de Petra or by its castle in Gondorf (Cunthereve). Since the 14th century it has called itself von der Leyen. Its members had the hereditary office of sénéchal in the Electorate of Trier. They also had Adendorf near Bonn, Leiningen on the Hunsrück, the Lordship of Arenfels and St. Ingbert.
Prior to 1660, Hugo Ernst (line Leyen-Adendorf) became Lord of Blieskastel and, in 1657, was created Reichsfreiherr (Imperial baron) von der Leyen. In addition to its scattered territories the family acquired the lordships of Burresheim and Blieskastel before 1660, where it built a residence around 1760. In 1697 Freiherr Karl Caspar received the county of Hohengeroldseck as a fiefdom from Austria. In 1711 he was created Imperial count (Reichsgraf) von der Leyen und zu Hohengeroldseck. With most of the count's territories lost to Napoleon France, Reichsgraf Philipp Franz still retained the county Geroldseck. Upon joining the Rheinbund in 1806, he was created Fürst (prince) von der Leyen. His mother's brother was Karl Theodor Anton Maria von Dalberg, who later became Prince-Primate of the Confederation of the Rhine and Grand Duke of Frankfurt. In 1819 the principality's holdings were mediatized under Baden, although the title is still being nominally held by House von der Leyen.
Two members of the family became Archbishop of Trier:
* 1556–1567 Prince Elector Johann von der Leyen
* 1652–1676 Prince Elector Karl Kaspar von der Leyen-Hohengeroldseck
and one Archbishop of Mainz:
* 1675–1678 Prince Elector and Archchancellor of the Holy Roman Empire Damian Hartard von der Leyen-Hohengeroldseck
Erwein Otto Philipp Prince von der Leyen (1894–1970), died without male issue, but left his title and property to his grandson, Philipp-Erwein IV von Freyberg zu Eisenberg (born 1967), 7th Prince von der Leyen und zu Hohengeroldseck. He will be succeeded by Wolfram, Hereditary Prince of Leyen and zu Hohengeroldseck (b.1990). Prince Philipp-Erwein IV the current head of the family is descended, amongst others, from Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Vsevolod I of Kyiv, Hugh Capet, Eric the Victorious, Harold Godwinson, Pope Julius II and Pope Paul III.
The members of the House of Leyen are entitled a formal style of Address using the predicate Serene Highness. Although German law no longer acknowledges or recognizes a status for noble houses or their titles per se, the government does allow for titles to be used in lieu of a surname.
# Carol House

Carol C. House is a retired American statistician who worked for many years in the National Agricultural Statistics Service.

## Education and career

House studied mathematics as a graduate student at the University of Maryland, College Park. She worked for 34 years in the National Agricultural Statistics Service, beginning in the late 1970s, and becoming chair of its Agricultural Statistics Board and deputy administrator for programs and products. She retired in 2010. After retiring, she came to work part time in the Committee on National Statistics of the National Academy of Sciences. There, she became a senior program officer, and study director for studies including Measuring What We Spend: Toward a New Consumer Expenditure Survey (2013) and Estimating the Incidence of Rape and Sexual Assault (2014).

## Recognition

House was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association in 2003. She is also an elected member of the International Statistical Institute.
# How Hill House

How Hill House is a large Edwardian house in How Hill, an area of Ludham parish, Norfolk, England. The house overlooks the River Ant and is within the Broads National Park. The house was designed in the vernacular revival style by the English architect Edward Thomas Boardman in 1903 who intended it to be his family's country retreat. The Boardman family owned the house until 1966 before its sale to Norfolk County Council. Years later it was sold to Norwich Union who eventually gifted the house to the How Hill Trust, an environmental education charity. The house is a Grade II listed building.

## History

The architect Edward Thomas Boardman (the son of the better-known architect Edward Boardman) decided to build a family retreat within the area known locally as How Hill. He purchased the land, designed the house, and built it over three years, completing it in 1903. Edward Thomas was later Mayor of Norwich in 1905–1906.
The Boardman family made the house their permanent residence in 1918, after some major expansion. The house became the property of Edward's son, Christopher, who was notable for winning gold in sailing at the 1936 Summer Olympics. The house remained in the Boardman family until 1966 when it was sold to Norfolk County Council for £37,000. It then became a residential education centre before closing in 1983, and was sold to the insurance company Norwich Union who leased then gifted it to the How Hill Trust, an educational charity which operates it as a children's study centre. In 1987 the house was designated as a Grade II listed building by English Heritage.

### Architecture

The house was designed in the vernacular, Jacobean style using roughcast brick. It is laid out in 2-and-a-half storeys. The roof is supported by gables with moulded timber bargeboards; it is covered in thatching. The interior remains original and includes a panelled hall, staircase and sitting room. A sun parlour was added to the west of the house in 1910 but was moved six years later. A third, matching chimney stack was added the same year.

### Grounds and Olympic Oak

Just prior to the alteration period in 1910, Edward Boardman had 70,000 trees planted on the estate and set out the formal gardens to the south and the west of the property. His son, Christopher, was given an oak sapling by Adolf Hitler for winning a gold medal at the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games. He planted it in the grounds but it sustained damage during a storm in 1987. In an attempt to save the oak it was pollarded in 2013, but it succumbed to Honey Fungi infestation. A memorial carving of Christopher's achievements in the 1936 Olympic Games was made out of the stump. The tree was one of four remaining Olympic oaks in the United Kingdom that were donated by Hitler prior to the Second World War.
# How Hitler Lost the War

How Hitler Lost the War is a 1989 World War II documentary created and produced by David Hoffman and Robert Denny, and narrated by Norman Rose.

## Overview

The documentary explores Hitler's upbringing and efforts during World War II and includes footage from this time period. It also contains interviews and statements from military historians and veterans, and looks into what mistakes Hitler made during the war and what he could have potentially done differently in order to win.

## Cast

* Norman Rose, Narrator
* Adolf Galland, German veteran
* Hans Adolf Jakobson, German historian
* Johannes Steinhoff, German veteran
* Johann von Kielmansegg, German veteran
* Jeffrey Page, American historian
* Christopher Foxley Norris, American historian
* Reginald Victor Jones, American historian
* Trevor Dupree, French historian
* Charles W. Sydnor Junior, German-American historian

## Reception

Critical reception for How Hitler Lost the War was mostly positive. Entertainment Weekly gave the movie a B− but commented that the film's thesis was "dubious". The Chicago Sun-Times praised the documentary and called it "a fascinating re-examination of the misdirection of one of the greatest war machines the world has ever known". In contrast, the New York Times stated that the film was "sporadically interesting but far from persuasive" and noted that it lacked a contrary analysis of the material. The Los Angeles Times criticized How Hitler Lost the War for containing several pieces of misinformation and for also never fully realizing its potential, as they felt that the final portion of the documentary was a "superficial rehash of how German designers made a jet plane and other advances toward the end of the war--not exactly hot news to anyone who's read the war's history."

## Re-Release

It has since been re-released onto DVD in 2012 (Region 1, NTSC), by Varied Directions.
# How Hill Track

How Hill Track is a 3.1-hectare (7.7-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest east of Mildenhall in Suffolk. It is in the Breckland Special Protection Area under the European Union Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds.
This is described by Natural England as a grassland site which provides suitable conditions for seven rare plants, including perennial knawel, small alison, purple-stem cat's tail and sickle medick.
There is access to this site, which is now mainly woodland, from a footpath which runs along its southern edge.
# Carpophilus marginatus

Carpophilus marginatus is a species of sap-feeding beetle in the family Nitidulidae. It is found in North America.
# Huddesford

Huddesford is a surname, and may refer to:
* George Huddesford (1749–1809), cleric, painter and satirical poet in Oxford
* George Huddesford (academic) (c.1699–1776), academic administrator and museum keeper at the University of Oxford
* William Huddesford (1732—1772), curator of the Ashmolean Museum from 1755 to 1772
# Huanghou

Huanghou may refer to:
* Empress of China
* Huanghou Township, Nanzhao County, Henan, China
# Carson Cottage

Carson Cottage, built in 1890, is a historic building in Bluffton, South Carolina.
The first owner of Carson Cottage was J.J. Carson, a soldier in the Confederate Army who distinguished himself at the Battle of Chancellorsville during the American Civil War. In 1900, Carson organized the First Baptist Church of Bluffton and held services in the house until a church building was completed.
Carson Cottage is a one-story house on short piers with a front porch. The structure was recently moved forward and renovated.
32°14′06″N 80°51′45″W﻿ / ﻿32.2351°N 80.8626°W﻿ / 32.2351; -80.8626
# Carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance and resolution using priorities

In computer networking, carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance and resolution using priorities (CSMA/CARP) is a channel access method. CSMA/CARP is similar in nature to the carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) channel access method used in Ethernet networks, but CSMA/CARP provides no detection of network collisions. Instead of detecting network collisions, CSMA/CARP attempts to avoid collisions by using a system of transmission priorities.
When a station wants to transmit on a CSMA/CARP network it first listens for network traffic and if the medium is clear instead of immediately transmitting as a station would in CSMA/CD it waits a predefined amount of time. This waiting period is called the interframe spacing (IFS) and it varies by the type of data being transmitted. High priority data will transmit almost immediately whereas lower priority data such as polling will have a longer IFS. This system allows CSMA/CARP to avoid many collisions that would occur if it was not used. In addition to having a different IFS per priority, a station in a CSMA/CARP network will add a "random backoff" to its waiting period, to reduce the collision probability between stations that have to transmit packets in the same priority.

## Applications

* The IEEE 802.11 standard uses CSMA/CARP
* The ITU-T G.hn standard, which provides high-speed local area networking over existing home wiring (power lines, phone lines and coaxial cables) includes support for CSMA/CARP, although only during certain periods of time called "Shared Transmission Opportunities" (STXOP). During the rest of the time, G.hn uses a time-division multiple access channel access method to ensure quality of service.
* This computer networking article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Vilafamés

Vilafamés is a municipality located in the province of Castellón, Valencian Community, Spain.

## Notable people

* Marc Trilles, footballer
# Al Gharith

Al Ghareef is a village in Makkah Province, in western Saudi Arabia. The official language is Arabic. It consider as one of wider villages in Makkah Province.
# Huff-Daland TA-2

The Huff-Daland TA-2 was an American biplane trainer designed by the Huff-Daland Aero Corporation in the early 1920s for the United States Army Air Service.

## Design and development

The TA-2 was a development of the Huff-Daland HD.4 Bridget with a 140 hp (100 kW) ABC Wasp radial engine. Three prototypes (one for static tests and two fliers) were ordered for evaluation at McCook Field. The two flying examples were later rebuilt with a re-designed fuselage, balanced rudder, smaller wings and a 90 hp (67 kW) Curtiss OX-5 engine. One aircraft was later re-engined with a Lawrance J-1 radial engine.
The TA-2 was re-designed with a 200 hp (150 kW) Lawrance J-1 engine and re-designated the Huff-Daland AT-6, one prototype only was built.

## Operators
### United States

* United States Army Air Service

## Specifications (TA-2)

Data from American airplanes: Huff-Daland
General characteristics
* Crew: 2
* Length: 24 ft 2 in (7.37 m)
* Wingspan: 30 ft 10 in (9.40 m)
* Gross weight: 1,765 lb (801 kg)
* Powerplant: 1 × ABC Wasp 7-cyl. air-cooled radial piston engine, 170 hp (130 kW)
# Carolina On My Mind

"Carolina On My Mind" may refer to:
* "South Carolina on My Mind", a song about the U.S. state of South Carolina
* "Carolina in My Mind", a song by James Taylor about his North Carolina childhood
* "Carolina in My Mind", an episode from the thirteenth season of the television series What Would You Do?
# Hongshanornithidae

Hongshanornithidae is an extinct group of early ornithuromorph birds from the early Cretaceous period of China. It includes the genera Hongshanornis (the type genus) and Tianyuornis from the Yixian Formation of Inner Mongolia, Longicrusavis from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, Parahongshanornis from the Jiufotang Formation of Liaoning Province, and Archaeornithura, the oldest known member, from the Huajiying Formation of Hebei Province.

## Description

Hongshanornithids were small, approximately the size of modern phoebes. Their legs are proportionally long in comparison to the wings, suggesting that they were aquatic wading birds. They most likely lacked beaks and had teeth in their jaws.

## Classification

Hongshanornithidae was defined as a node-based clade including the last common ancestor of Hongshanornis longicresta and Longicrusavis houi plus all its descendants.
Beginning in 2012, several studies began to find that the hongshanornithids were more closely related to songlingornithids (yanornithiformes) than to other early birds, making them part of the same clade.
# Delbert and Ora Chipman House

The Delbert and Ora Chipman House on E. Main St. in American Fork, Utah was built c.1870s but was extensively renovated and enlarged during approximately 1930–1934. The renovation and expansion added Tudor Revival or English Cottage architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. The listing included two contributing buildings: the house and a c.1920s sheep barn which has a clerestory roof.
# Ignaz Franz

Ignaz Franz (born 12 October 1719 in Protzan near Frankenstein; died 19 August 1790 in Breslau) was a German Catholic priest, theologian and composer of church hymns.

## Life

Franz studied philosophy and theology at the University of Breslau. In 1742, after finishing his studies and finishing the compulsory preparatory period, he was ordained as a priest by Prince-Bishop Philipp Ludwig von Sinzendorf. Shortly thereafter he was delegated vicar of Glogau in Silesia.
In 1753, Franz was appointed archpriest in Schlawa, Silesia. In 1766 Count Philipp Gotthard von Schaffgotsch called him back to Breslau and appointed him to be the head of the episcopal seminary von Breslau. Franz also functioned as the “Assessor for Theological Affairs” at the Apostolic Vicariate.
Franz passed away in Breslau on 19 August 1790 and is buried there.

## Works

Franz was an editor of catechisms and books of hymns during the period of the Enlightenment. He is the composer of the hymn Holy God, We Praise Thy Name Großer Gott, wir loben dich (GL 1975 257, GL 2013 380, EG 331. This is a German version of the Te Deum, the beginning of the Ambrosian Hymn of Praise. Holy God, We Praise Your Name was composed around 1770. The later melody was printed for the first time in the Katholisches Gesangbuch (Vienna 1776).

## Literature

* Constantin von Wurzbach: Franz, Ignaz. In: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich. 28. Theil. Kaiserlich-königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Wien 1874, S. 338 (Digitalisat).
* Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz (1990). "Franz, Ignaz". In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 2. Hamm: Bautz. col. 112. ISBN 3-88309-032-8.