OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cepstral mean and variance normalization

Cepstral mean and variance normalization (CMVN) is a computationally efficient normalization technique for robust speech recognition. The performance of CMVN is known to degrade for short utterances. This is due to insufficient data for parameter estimation and loss of discriminable information as all utterances are forced to have zero mean and unit variance.
CMVN minimizes distortion by noise contamination for robust feature extraction by linearly transforming the cepstral coefficients to have the same segmental statistics. Cepstral Normalization has been effective in the CMU Sphinx for maintaining a high level of recognition accuracy over a wide variety of acoustical environments.

## Cepstral Normalization Techniques

There are multiple algorithms that achieve Cepstral Normalization in different ways.

### Fixed codeword-dependent cepstral normalization (FCDCN)

FCDCN was developed to provide a form of compensation that provides greater recognition accuracy than SDCN but in a more computationally-efficient manner than the CDCN algorithm. The FCDCN algorithm applies an additive correction that depends on the instantaneous SNR of the input (like SDCN), but that can also vary from codeword to codeword (like CDCN).

### Multiple Fixed Codeword-dependent Cepstral Normalization (MFCDCN)

MFCDCN is a simple extension of FCDCN algorithm that does not need environment specific training. In MFCDCN, compensation vectors are pre-computed in parallel for a set of target environments, using the FCDCN algorithm.

### Incremental Multiple Fixed Codeword-dependent Cepstral Normalization (IMFCDCN)

While environment selection for the compensation vectors of MFCDCN is generally performed on an utterance-by-utterance basis, IMFCFCN improves on it by allowing the classification process to make use of cepstral vectors from previous utterances in a given session.

## Cepstral Noise Subtraction

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) describes the steps of transcribing speech utterances represented as acoustic wave forms to written words. As is, CMVN has been used in different applications as this technique has proven to provide better speech recognitions results in different environments. CMVN has the capabilities to reduce differences between test and training data produced by channel distortions and colorizations . CMVN has also been found to be able to reduce differences in feature representation between speakers can also partly reduce the influence of background noise.
# Ian Mason

Ian Mason may refer to:
* Ian J. Mason, Australian ornithologist and taxonomist
* Ian Mason (cricketer) (1942–2017), New Zealand cricketer
# Ian McFarland

Ian McFarland may refer to:
* Ian A. McFarland, theologian
* Ian McFarland (musician), bassist and director
# Ian McFarlane (literary scholar)

Ian Dalrymple McFarlane, MBE, FBA (7 November 1915 – 17 August 2002) was a British scholar of French literature. He was the Buchanan Professor of French at the University of St Andrews (1961–71) and the Professor of French Literature at the University of Oxford (1971–83).

## Early life and education

The son of a Scottish naval engineer and shipyard manager, McFarlane was born in Newcastle upon Tyne on 7 November 1915. He was largely brought up in France; he attended the Lycée Saint-Charles in Marseille (having also spent time in an English preparatory school in Kent) and, from 1929, Westminster School, where he was a King's Scholar and showed an aptitude for languages. In 1934, he went to study modern languages at the University of St Andrews, spending his summers in Germany. He graduated in 1938 and then went to Paris to continue his studies, but returned to England on the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939.

## Career, research and honours

McFarlane served as an officer in the British Army from 1940 and was captured by the Germans during their invasion of France while he was waiting to be evacuated at Dunkirk. He remained a prisoner of war until 1945. That year, after demobilisation (he ended the war a captain and was appointed an MBE for his service), he was appointed a university lecturer in French at the University of Cambridge. In 1947, he was also elected to the first fellowship in French at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge; his modern languages colleagues were Francis Bennett and Eric Blackall. Meanwhile, he resumed his doctoral studies and was awarded a PhD by the University of Paris in 1950. In 1961, he returned to the University of St Andrews to be the Buchanan Professor of French. He remained there until 1971, when he was appointed the Professor of French Literature at the University of Oxford (which was attached to a fellowship at Wadham College, Oxford); he retired in 1983.
McFarlane's monograph studies included Renaissance France, 1470–1589 for the Literary History of France series (1974) and a biography of George Buchanan entitled simply Buchanan (1981). He also produced an edition of Maurice Scève's Délie (1966), and of Pierre Corneille's plays Cinna ou la clémence d'Auguste (1965) and Horace (1971); he edited The Entry of Henry II into Paris 16 June 1549 (1982) and an anthology Renaissance Latin Poetry (1980), as well as the collection Renaissance Studies: Six Essays (with A. H. Ashe and D. D. R. Owen, 1972), a Festschrift for Harry Barnwell and a collection of essays brought together in memory of Richard Sayce (the latter two in 1982). He was elected a fellow of the British Academy in 1978. He was the president of the International Association of Neo-Latin Studies from 1979 to 1982 and the Zaharoff Lecturer at the University of Oxford in 1984. In 1984, he was presented with a Festschrift, Neo-Latin and the Vernacular in Renaissance France, edited by Grahame Castor and Terence Cave. McFarlane died on 17 August 2002. He was survived by his son; his wife, Marjory, had died the previous year.
# Wagakki Band Daishinnenkai 2016 Nippon Budokan: Akatsuki no Utage

Wagakki Band Daishinnenkai 2016 Nippon Budokan: Akatsuki no Utage (和楽器バンド 大新年会2016日本武道館-暁ノ宴-, Wagakki Band New Year's Party 2016 Nippon Budokan: Feast of Dawn) is the second live video album by Japanese band Wagakki Band, released on March 23, 2016, by Avex Trax in four editions: two-disc DVD, single-disc Blu-ray, and both editions with two-disc Audio CDs. In addition, an Amazon Japan exclusive release includes a bonus video from the band's 2015 Japan tour. The video covers the band's concert at the Nippon Budokan on January 6, 2016. It also features "Senbonzakura" filmed at different angles featuring each member.
The video peaked at No. 7 on Oricon's DVD chart and No. 11 on Oricon's Blu-ray chart.

## Track listing

All tracks are arranged by Wagakki Band.

## Personnel

* Yuko Suzuhana – vocals
* Machiya – guitar, vocals ("Kyōshū no Sora")
* Beni Ninagawa – tsugaru shamisen
* Kiyoshi Ibukuro – koto
* Asa – bass
* Daisuke Kaminaga – shakuhachi
* Wasabi – drums
* Kurona – wadaiko

## Charts

| Chart (2016) | Peak position |
| Japanese DVD Sales (Oricon) | 7 |
| Blu-ray Sales (Oricon) | 11 |
# Ceratophyllus altus

Ceratophyllus altus is a species of flea in the family Ceratophyllidae. It was described by Tipton and Mendez in 1966.
# Ceratophyllus adustus

Ceratophyllus adustus is a species of flea in the family Ceratophyllidae. It was described by Karl Jordan in 1932.
# ISCP

ISCP may refer to:
* International Studio & Curatorial Program
* International State College of the Philippines
* Information System Contingency Plan - plan for re-establishing an information system service after disruption
* Islamic State – Caucasus Province
# Ceylon, Pennsylvania

Ceylon is an unincorporated community in Greene County, in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania.

## History

A post office called Ceylon was established in 1868, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1917. The community was named after the island of Ceylon.
# Cerithiopsilla georgiana

Cerithiopsilla georgiana is a species of very small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Cerithiopsidae. It was described by Pfeffer in 1886.

## Description

The maximum recorded shell length is 5 mm.

## Habitat

Minimum recorded depth is 1 m. Maximum recorded depth is 1 m.
# Ceroptresini

Ceroptresini is a tribe of oak gall wasps in the family Cynipidae, and includes two genera: Ceroptres and Buffingtonella. All but one of the 44 species currently recognized are in Ceroptres. Ceroptresini, containing only Ceroptres, was first proposed as a tribe in 2015, and Buffingtonella was included the tribe in 2019 when the genus was first described. Most known species in this tribe are inquilines in galls induced by other gall wasps, but some have been reared from gall midge galls.
# Waidhofen

Waidhofen may refer to the following places:
* Waidhofen an der Ybbs, a statutory city in Lower Austria, Austria
* Waidhofen an der Thaya, a town in Lower Austria, Austria
* Waidhofen an der Thaya-Land, a municipality in Lower Austria, Austria
* Waidhofen an der Thaya (district), a district in Lower Austria, Austria
* Waidhofen, Bavaria, a municipality in Bavaria, Germany
# Ch'od

Ch'od is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is usually seen in the X-Men series and various spin-offs.

## Publication history

Dave Cockrum created the Starjammers with the intent of having them star in their own series. However, when he submitted the concept for Marvel's two try-out series, Marvel Spotlight and Marvel Premiere, he was repeatedly informed that these series were booked for two years solid. Cockrum showed the Starjammers to X-Men writer Chris Claremont and convinced him to use the characters for this series. He first appeared in X-Men #104 (April 1977).

## Fictional character biography

Ch'od is a Saurid, a lizard-like alien from the planet Timor (Varanus IV) in the Shi'ar Empire and a founding member of the Starjammers. He is often accompanied by Cr'reee, a small furry alien from the planet Lupus.
Ch'od first met the X-Men when the Starjammers came to aid them against D'Ken's Imperial Guard. He helped save Colossus's life in outer space, and engaged in mock combat with Carol Danvers. With the Starjammers, he aided the New Mutants against the Magus.
Ch'od and Hepzibah sought the "map-rod" holding information on the location of the "Phalkon" power source, which was actually the Phoenix. Deathbird's Shi'ar starships attacked the Starhammers. The Starjammers went to Earth and met Excalibur, and aided a rebellion against Deathbird on a Shi'ar border world.
For a time he and his fellow Starjammers were imprisoned and replaced by the Warskrulls, who were attempting to conquer the Shi'ar Empire. The Warskrulls impersonated the Starjammers and key members of the Imperial Guard, until the X-Men helped rescue them.
Ch'od battled Wonder Man and the Vision while escorting the Shi'ar nega-bomb.
Ch'od has suffered the death of his loyal friend Corsair. He also endured Hepzibah's stranding on Earth, although several X-Men have remained with the Starjammers.
While trying to rescue Lilandra Neramani from the Imperial Guard, Ch'od loses his right hand and blames himself for failing to save her. During the mission to rescue their empress, Ch'od and the Starjammers end up rescuing a team from the Guardians of the Galaxy led by Rocket Raccoon, who is an old friend of Ch'od and Corsair. This act however leads to their cover being blown forcing the Starjammers to flee.

## Powers and abilities

As a member of the Saurid race, Ch'od possesses superhuman strength, durability, and endurance, and is amphibious.
He is also an expert marksman (with various forms of Shi'ar weaponry), swordsman, and hand-to-hand combatant, having been trained in various forms of combat known in the Shi'ar Galaxy. He is a highly skilled starship pilot. He has carried Shi'ar-manufactured swords, battleaxes, and energy guns as weapons.

## Reception

* In 2018, Comic Book Resources ranked Ch'od 15th in their "Age Of Apocalypse: The 30 Strongest Characters In Marvel's Coolest Alternate World" list.

## In other media

Ch'od makes non-speaking appearances in X-Men: The Animated Series as a member of the Starjammers.
# Ichinosawa Dam

Ichinosawa Dam is a rockfill dam located in Yamagata Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for irrigation. The catchment area of the dam is km$^2$. The dam impounds about 7 ha of land when full and can store 320 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was completed in 1998.
# Ichinosaka ruins

The Ichinosaka ruins (一ノ坂遺跡, Ichinosaka iseki) is an archaeological site containing the ruins of an early Jōmon period (4000–2500 BCE) settlement located in what is now part of the city of Yonezawa, Yamagata in the Tōhoku region of Japan. The site was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 1997.

## Overview

The ruins are located on a river terrace at the foot of a hill in the southwestern end of the Yonezawa Basin and extend for 90 meters east–west by 80 meters north–south. During excavations in conjunction with land development in 1989, the foundations of the longest pit dwelling thus far found in Japan, with a length of 43.5 meters and width of four meters was discovered. This longhouse-type structure was contemporary with the Sannai-Maruyama Site in Aomori Prefecture to the north. The purpose of such a huge building is uncertain, but from the presence of six furnaces spaced evenly along one wall, and almost two million shards and semi-finished examples for stoneware, especially stone lances and stone harpoons, it was believed to be a production center for stone tools. Further excavations from 1990 to 1994 found the foundations for a further 24 smaller pit dwellings and six earthenware graves.
The site was backfilled after excavation and is now a grassy hill with an explanatory plaque. It is located approximately 17 minutes on foot from Nishi-Yonezawa Station on the JR East Yonesaka Line
# Champagne Eyes

Champagne Eyes is the second EP by English electronic music duo AlunaGeorge. It was released on 5 October 2018. The album includes collaborations with Bryson Tiller, Cautious Clay, and Baauer. The lead single, "Superior Emotion", was released in September 2018, featuring vocals from singer Cautious Clay.

## Background

Francis and Reid have been on hiatus since releasing I Remember (2016). Champagne Eyes is their first independent release, and they were able to have total creative freedom on the EP. Bryson Tiller features on "Cold Blooded Creatures" and Cautious Clay features on "Superior Emotion", which were said to have "sultry, sensual sound that could never be labeled as a single genre" by Billboard. The EP also features elements of R&B, pop and dance, and was compared to the "cool, fearless vibe" of the duo's 2013 debut album Body Music.
# Champotón

Champotón may refer to:
* Champotón River
* Champotón, Campeche
* Champotón Municipality
# Chaetolixophaga

Chaetolixophaga is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

* Chaetolixophaga laspeyresiae Blanchard, 1940

## Distribution

Argentina.
# Change of direction

Change of direction (COD) is any activity that involves a rapid whole-body movement with a pre-planned change of velocity or direction.
In elite sports, the speed at which an athlete can do a change of direction is especially valuable in court and field sports. Strength and conditioning coaches in such sports program various exercises to train their athletes in this regard.
# Chamaesphecia staudingeri

Chamaesphecia staudingeri is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found on Sicily.
# Ika Island

Ika Island is an uninhabited island, under private ownership, located in Skagit Bay, in the United States state of Washington. The island is approximately 1.5 square kilometers (0.58 square miles) in size, measuring 1.2 kilometers (0.75 miles) long and 0.8 kilometers (0.5 miles) wide. Ika Island is part of Skagit County and is situated to the west of the mainland.

## Geography

Ika Island features a mostly forested landscape with a mixture of coniferous and deciduous trees. The island's highest point is approximately 135 meters above sea level. The coastline is characterized by rocky shores and small beaches, providing a variety of habitats for wildlife.

## Ecology

The island is home to numerous species of flora and fauna, some of which are unique to the region. Bird species commonly found on the island include bald eagles, great blue herons, and osprey. The island's diverse ecosystems also support a variety of marine life, such as harbor seals, Dungeness crabs, and salmon.
# Ignaz Feigerle

Ignaz Feigerle (7 April 1795 in Biskupstwo, Mähren – 27 September 1863 in Ochsenburg) was a Catholic theologian and bishop of the Diocese of Sankt Pōlten.

## Life

Feigerle studied at Frintaneum in Vienna. In 1825 he became Professor for Pastoral theology at the Palacký University of Olomouc. In 1829 he moved to the University of Vienna, where he became Rector in 1846. In 1851 he became Bishop of St. Pölten. In 1858 he founded Hippolytus, a scholarly journal, which was edited by Matthäus Binder and Anton Kerschbaumer.
# Chantal Da Silva

Chantal Khan Da Silva is a freelance journalist currently working for NBC News, who is a senior reporter and former chief correspondent to Newsweek. She has appeared on news channels from the BBC and NBC networks. Much of her news content is on immigration topics.

## Personal life

Da Silva grew up in a half Portuguese, half Pakistani household in Toronto, Canada. Both of her parents were immigrants. She is the sister to Danielle Khan Da Silva, founder of Photographers Without Borders. She is currently based out of London.
Da Silva has a B.A. in anthropology from McMaster University and an M.A. in journalism from Western University.

## Career

Da Silva is best known for her news coverage of immigration and human rights. She has been a staff journalist for multiple publications, including The Independent and CBC News. She has also written independently in many other publications, including The Guardian, Forbes, and CNN. Her work has also appeared in the Dhaka Tribune due to their partnership with Newsweek. She once described the struggles of being a freelance journalist, summarizing that it is often hard to get your news stories about migration accepted and placed if you are not a staff journalist and migration is not a hot topic.
Within Newsweek, she was appointed Senior Reporter in 2019, and later served as chief correspondent from 2020. She joined NBC News as an editor in 2021.
In 2019, she travelled to Honduras with UNICEF to investigate the fleeing due to violence.
Her work has also been cited in print publications, such as the book The Political Voices of Generation Z.
Some of her most impactful news stories have been reshared by other publications, notably a story of hers about Joe Rogan's remarks on COVID-19, which was linked from The Washington Post and the News Literacy Project. Her stories have also been linked from websites such as In the Public Interest and POLITICO.
She was one of the journalists who covered the detainment of Evan Gershkovich, as she published a popular story on in for NBC. Another story of hers that received buzz in other outlets was on 'Mini AOC', an 8-year-old who was pictured impersonating Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez.
# Illecebrum

Illecebrum is a monotypic genus in the family Caryophyllaceae. It contains the single species Illecebrum verticillatum, which is a trailing annual plant native to Europe, with whorls of small white flowers borne in the axils of the paired leaves.

## Distribution

Illecebrum verticillatum is native to much of Europe, from the western Iberian Peninsula to Poland; it is rare in Great Britain, and its northernmost station is in Denmark. It has also been introduced species to at least one site in New Zealand and one site in Western Australia.

## Description

Illecebrum verticillatum produces procumbent or decumbent (trailing) stems that may be up to 20 cm (7.9 in) high. It has ovate leaves arranged in opposite pairs along the stem. The small flowers are clustered in the axils of the leaves; their petals are much smaller than the white sepals.

## Taxonomy

Illecebrum verticillatum was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 Species Plantarum. It has sometimes been placed in a family of its own, Illecebraceae, but is usually placed in the family Caryophyllaceae. The genus name Illecebrum derives from the Latin word illecebra, meaning "enticement", although it is unclear how the name came to be applied to a plant such as I. verticillatum. The specific epithet verticillatum means "whorled", in reference to the arrangement of the flowers. The plant is sometimes referred to in published works as whorled knotweed or coral necklace, although it is unclear if these purported common names are actually used in practice.
# Ilia Chavchavadze Avenue

Ilia Chavchavadze Avenue (Georgian: ილია ჭავჭავაძის გამზირი) is one of the main avenues of Tbilisi and is named after the writer Ilia Chavchavadze. The avenue is located on the right bank of the Kura River in the Vake district of Tbilisi and is a continuation of Melikishvili and Rustaveli Avenue. It was originally, from 1935 to 1957 named Niko Marr Street after the orientalist Nicholas Marr.
# Il bacio di Cirano

Il bacio di Cirano is a 1913 silent Italian drama film directed by Carmine Gallone. It was Gallone's debut film as a director.

## Cast

* Umberto Zanuccoli
* Soava Gallone as Grazia
* Romano Calò as Claudio Arcieri
* Tatiana Gorka as Rosetta
* Luciano Molinari
* Renato Piacentini
* Diomede Procaccini
* Ernesto Treves
# Ilybius hypomelas

Ilybius hypomelas is a species of predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae. It is found in North America.
# Wamala

Wamala is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Elly Wamala (1935–2004), Ugandan musician
* Emmanuel Wamala (born 1926), Ugandan Catholic cardinal
* Florence Nambozo Wamala (born 1975), Ugandan politician
* Katumba Wamala (born 1956), Ugandan general
# Illusionism (disambiguation)

Illusionism may refer to
* Illusionism (art)
* Illusionism (philosophy)
* Illusionism (consciousness)
# Walnut, Nebraska

Walnut Village is an unincorporated community in Knox County, Nebraska, United States.

## History

A post office was established at Walnut in 1894, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1956. Walnut was named from a grove of walnut trees near the town site.