OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cranberry glass

Cranberry glass or 'Gold Ruby' glass is a red glass made by adding gold salts or colloidal gold to molten glass. Tin, in the form of stannous chloride, is sometimes added in tiny amounts as a reducing agent. The glass is used primarily in expensive decorations.

## Production

Cranberry glass is made in craft production rather than in large quantities, due to the high cost of the gold. The gold chloride is made by dissolving gold in a solution of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid (aqua regia). The glass is typically hand blown or molded. The finished, hardened glass is a type of colloid, a solid phase (gold) dispersed inside another solid phase (glass).

## History

The origins of cranberry glass making are unknown, but many historians believe a form of this glass was first made in the late Roman Empire. This is evidenced by the British Museum's collection Lycurgus Cup, a 4th-century Roman glass cage cup made of a dichroic glass, which shows a different colour depending on whether light is passing through it or reflecting from it; red (gold salts) when lit from behind and green (silver salts) when lit from in front. Kitab al-Asrar, an Arabic work attributed to Abu Bakr al-Razi contains one of the earliest modern descriptions of the preparation of gold ruby glass.
The craft was then lost and rediscovered in the 17th century Bohemian period by either Johann Kunckel in Potsdam or by the Florentine glassmaker Antonio Neri. Neither of them knew the mechanism which yielded the colour, however. Chemist and winner of the 1925 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Richard Adolf Zsigmondy was able to understand and explain that small colloids of gold were responsible for the red colour.
The most famous period of cranberry glass production was in 19th century Britain during the Victorian Era.
Legend holds that cranberry glass was first discovered when a noble tossed a gold coin into a mixture of molten glass. This legend is almost certainly not true, as the gold must be dissolved in aqua regia before being added to the molten glass.
Cranberry glass creations were most popular as a table display, often holding candy or flowers.
Cranberry glass was also frequently used for wine glasses, decanters, and finger bowls. Cranberry glass was also well known for its use in "Mary Gregory" glass. This glass had a white enamel fired onto the glass in a design, usually with a romantic theme.
# Cowboy Spring Formation

The Cowboy Spring Formation is a geologic formation in southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona. It preserves fossils dating back to the late Cretaceous period.

## Description

The formation is primarily limestone cobble conglomerate. The massive conglomerate beds are separated by thinner beds of sandstone, shale, claystone, and tuff. The clasts in the conglomerate are of Cretaceous age and contain the foraminiferan Orbitolina and other common Cretaceous fossils. These are embedded in a red arkosic matrix. The sandstones are also mostly red and arkosic and the shale is mostly bright red. The formation interfingers with the underlying Mojado Formation, is overlain with angular unconformity by the Timberlake Formation, and has a total thickness of at least 1,000 feet (300 m).
A single latite tuff bed some 20 feet (6.1 m) is exposed in the formation.
The formation was deposited in the Little Hat Top basin, which was produced by Laramide deformation on the southwest flank of the Hidalgo uplift.

## History of investigation

The formation was first named by Zeller and Alper in 1965 for a single outcrop in the Animas Mountains. By 1970, it had been traced into southeastern Arizona Elston and Erb recommended merging the formation with the overlying Timberlake Formation due to lack of a clear lithological distinction, but this has not been universally accepted.

## Footnotes

* 1 2 3 4 Zeller & Alper 1965.
* 1 2 Hayes 1970.
* ↑ Seager 2004, p. 188.
* ↑ Elston & Erb 1977.
* ↑ Seager 2004.
# Creeping snowberry

Creeping snowberry is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
* Gaultheria hispidula
* Symphoricarpos hesperius
* Symphoricarpos mollis
# Creeping phlox

Creeping phlox is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
* Phlox stolonifera
* Phlox subulata
# Crabby Joe's

Crabby Joe's Bar ● Grill is a Canadian restaurant chain operating in 15 locations in Ontario in 2022. The restaurants are characterized by a "casual relaxed" theme, with natural brick, hardwoods, earth tone colour schemes, plasma TVs, classic art reproductions and a mix of booths and tables.

## History

Crabby Joe's Bar ● Grill opened its first location in Ingersoll, Ontario, Canada, in 1996.
The chain is managed by Obsidian Group.
The identity of Crabby Joe was created by React Communication of London, Ontario.

## Franchise

There are 16 store locations in southern Ontario and plans to expand into Angus. Each franchise owner completes eight weeks of pre-opening training. Support personnel visit the owner's restaurant for three to four weeks after the restaurant opens. Following this, the owner has continuing visits from the district managers.
The cost of a franchise is $35,000 which is paid once the franchise agreement is signed. The royalty fee is 5% of the total sales which is characterized under the franchise agreement and is paid on a weekly basis to the Obsidian Group Inc. The marketing fee is 2% of total sales which is defined in the franchise agreement and is paid weekly to Obsidian. These fees are kept in a "Crabby Joe's Marketing Account" and are used for system advertising and promotion of the Crabby Joe's system as established by the franchisor. The franchise regulations prevent Obsidian from disclosing return of investment made. What can be made is totally based on various variables including: sales mix, competition in the area, operational costs, time of year and more.

## Locations

Crabby Joe's Bar ● Grill has locations in Beamsville, Cambridge, Brantford, Kitchener, Waterloo, Woodstock, Listowel, Stratford, London, Strathroy, Petrolia, Sarnia, Essex and Exeter, Ontario.
# Crabeater

A crabeater is an animal species that feeds on crabs. It may refer to:
* Cobia, a species of fish which also is commonly called crabeater
* Crabeater seal, a species of seal
* Crabeater gull, also known as Olrog's gull
* Crab-eating fox, a canid species
* Crab-eating raccoon, a raccoon species
* Crab-eating mongoose, a mongoose species
* Crab-plover, a shorebird species
* Crab-eating frog, a frog species
* Fordonia leucobalia, also known as crab-eating water snake
* Crab-eating macaque, a simian species
# Torrens (surname)

Torrens is the surname of:
* Alba Torrens (born 1989), Spanish basketball player
* Albert Torrens (born 1976), Australian rugby league footballer
* Attwood Torrens (1874–1916), English cricketer and soldier
* Cristina Torrens Valero (born 1974), professional female tennis player from Spain
* Henry Torrens (British Army officer, born 1833) (1823–1889), British lieutenant general and colonial governor
* Henry Torrens (British Army officer, born 1779) (1779–1828), British major general and Adjutant-General to the Forces
* Hugh Torrens, British historian of geology and paleontology
* Jackie Torrens, Canadian writer, actor, documentary-maker and journalist
* James H. Torrens (1874–1952), American congressman and influential Tammany Hall figure
* Jonathan Torrens (born 1972), Canadian actor and television personality, brother of Jackie Torrens
* Luis Torrens (born 1996), Venezuelan baseball player
* Philip Torrens (born 1960), British actor (a.k.a. Pip Torrens)
* Robert Richard Torrens (1812–1884), third Premier of colonial South Australia
* Robert Torrens (economist) (1780–1864), Chairman of the South Australian Colonisation Commissioners, and father of the above
* Robert Torrens (judge) (1775–1856), Irish judge and brother of Major-General Henry Torrens
* Roy Torrens (born 1948), Northern Irish cricketer
* William McCullagh Torrens (1813–1894), Irish Liberal politician and member of the House of Commons for various English constituencies
# Torrens

Torrens may refer to:

## Places
### South Australia

* Electoral district of Torrens, a state electoral district
* Lake Torrens, a salt lake north of Adelaide
* River Torrens, which runs through the heart of Adelaide
* City of West Torrens, a local government area in Adelaide
* Torrens Building, a heritage-listed government office building in the Adelaide city centre
* Torrens Island, places associated with Torrens Island northwest of the Adelaide city centre
* Torrens Linear Park, from the hills to the coast along the course of the River Torrens
* Torrens Road, Adelaide
* Torrens (biogeographic subregion), see Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia

### Australia Capital Territory

* Torrens, Australian Capital Territory, a suburb of Canberra

### Other places

* Torréns Bridge, a bridge over the Rosario River in Hormigueros municipality, Puerto Rico

## People

* Torrens (surname), a list of people
* Torrens Knight (born 1969), Ulster loyalist and alleged police informer

## Other uses

* HMAS Torrens, two ships and a shore base of the Royal Australian Navy
* Torrens (clipper ship) (1875–1910)
* MS Torrens (1939), a Norwegian general cargo ship
* Torrens Transit, a bus company providing public transport in Adelaide, South Australia
* Torrens Connect, an Australian company that is owned by the above company
* Torrens University Australia, a for-profit university in South Australia
# Total analysis system

The term total analysis system (TAS) describes a device that combines and automates all necessary steps for the chemical analysis of a sample (e.g., sampling, sample transport, filtration, dilution, chemical reactions, separation, and detection). Most current total analysis systems are "micro" total analysis systems which utilize the principles of microfluidics.
Total analysis systems are designed to shrink the processes carried out in a laboratory to a chip-sized lab-on-a-chip. Due to this, it can be more cost-effective to carry out complex tests when considering chip technologies, sample sizes, and analysis time. Total analysis systems can also reduce the exposure of toxic chemicals for lab personnel. This technology can also be used in point-of-care testing or point-of-use diagnostics, which do not require skilled technicians.
# Eduard Nižňanský

Eduard Nižňanský (born 21 July 1955 in Martin) is a Slovak historian who specializes in the study of the Slovak State and the Holocaust in Slovakia. Since 2002, he has worked for the Faculty of Arts, Comenius University in Bratislava.

## Works

* Nižňanský, Eduard (1999). Židovská komunita na Slovensku medzi československou parlamentnou demokraciou a slovenským štátom v stredoeurópskom kontexte [The Jewish Community in Slovakia between Czechoslovak Parliamentary Democracy and the Slovak State in the Central European Context] (in Slovak). Prešov: Universum. ISBN 978-80-967753-3-0.
* Nižňanský, Eduard (2005). Holokaust na Slovensku: vzťah slovenskej majority a židovskej minority : náčrt problému. Vol. 2, 7. Bratislava: Nadacia Milana Simecku. ISBN 978-80-969242-4-0.
* Hlavinka, Ján; Nižňanský, Eduard (2010). Pracovný a koncentračný tábor v Seredi 1941-1945 (in Slovak). Bratislava: DSH, Dokumentačné Stredisko Holokaustu. ISBN 978-80-969857-3-9.
* Nižňanský, Eduard (2010). Nacizmus, holokaust, slovenský štát [Nazism, Holocaust, Slovak State] (in Slovak). Kalligram. ISBN 978-80-8101-396-6.
* Kaiserova, Kristina; Nižňanský, Eduard; Schulze Wessel, Martin (2015). Religion und Nation Tschechen, Deutsche und Slowaken im 20. Jahrhundert (in German). Klartext. ISBN 978-3-8375-1286-1.
* Nižnanský, Eduard (2016). Obraz nepriatel'a v propagande počas II. svetovej vojny na Slovensku (in Slovak). Banská Bystrica: Múzeum Slovenského národného povstania. ISBN 978-80-89514-41-0.
* Nižňanský, Eduard (2016). Politika antisemitizmu a holokaust na Slovensku v rokoch 1938-1945 (in Slovak). Múzeum Slovenského Národného Povstania. ISBN 978-80-89514-40-3.
# Edith Stanton

Edith P. Foulke Stanton (1875–1962) was a teacher, writer at newspapers and magazines, and an author of books. She lived in Ormond Beach, Florida and is listed as a Great Floridian. Her son shared her interest in history.
# Edith Spicer Jay

Edith Katherine Spicer Jay publishing as "E. Livingston Prescott" (6 March 1847 – 3 December 1901) was a British writer and philanthropist.

## Life

Jay was born in London in 1847. Her parents were Elizabeth Maria Jane (born Spicer) and Samuel Jay. Her father was a barrister, but her antecedents were known particularly for careers in the military. She had notable heroes on her fathers and her mothers family tree.
Jay wrote eighteen novels involving flawed heroes set in the military. She chose a name that was ambiguous in regard to her gender and most people assumed that she was a man. The name she chose was E. Livingstone Prescott and this was built from the notable men in her family tree. Her great uncle was Major Alexander Livingston who had won medals in the Peninsular Wars. On her mother's side her grandfather was Colonel Spicer who was a lieutenant-colonel in the Queen's Bays, but the name "Prescott" came from the Prescott baronets as she was related to Sir George Prescott.
Her novels included "The Measure of a Man", "A Soldier's Story Or The Rip's Redemption", "Red Coat Romances" and "The Apotheosis Of Mr. Tyrawley". It was noted that the books tended to frequently include descriptions of the flogging and punishment of military prisoners.
Jay used some of the money from her writing to support charities. One was the Home for Incurables in Streatham Common which is now known as the "British Home". She was also the unpaid Superindendant of the London Soldiers' Home and the Guards' Home while her health allowed.
Jay died in Sandgate in 1901 after a decade at her home with rheumatoid arthritis. She was held in high regard and despite it not being usually permitted she was buried with full military honours at Shorncliffe camp. She had been friendly with the soldiers at the camp. Two of them were her executors and they supervised several charitable donations on her behalf.

## Note

It has been assumed that another of her nom-de-plumes was "L. Parry Hargreaves". But this was the assumed name of Abbie Hargrave (1871–1936).
# Tortosa railway station

Tortosa railway station is the central railway station of Tortosa, Spain. The station is part of Adif and it accommodates RENFE Avant high-speed and Rodalies de Catalunya medium-distance trains.
# Cressy

Cressy can refer to:

## Places

* Cressy, Tasmania, Australia, a town
** Electoral district of Cressy, a former electoral district of the Tasmanian House of Assembly
* Cressy, Victoria, Australia, a town
* Cressy, Seine-Maritime, a commune in France
* Cressy, Switzerland, a village in the municipality of Bernex, Switzerland
* Cressy, California, former name of Cressey, California, United States, a census-designated place

## Ships

* HMS Cressy, the name of four Royal Navy ships
* Cressy class cruiser, a class of Royal Navy armoured cruisers
* Cressy (ship), a passenger ship to New Zealand in 1850
* Cressy, a narrowboat belonging to L. T. C. Rolt, credited with starting the restoration movement for English canals with the publication of Narrow Boat (1944)

## People

* Cressy (surname)

## Events

* Battle of Cressy, alternative rendering of the Battle of Crécy, one of the most significant battles of the Hundred Years' War
# Edna Township

Edna Township may refer to:
* Edna Township, Cass County, Iowa
* Edna Township, Otter Tail County, Minnesota
* Edna Township, Barnes County, North Dakota
# Trachylepis perrotetii

Trachylepis perrotetii, also known commonly as the African red-sided skink, the red-sided skink, and the Teita mabuya, is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to Africa.

## Etymology

The specific name, perrotetii, is in honor of French naturalist George Samuel Perrottet.

## Geographic range

T. perrotetii is found in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, and Uganda.

## Reproduction

T. perrotetii is oviparous.
# Edward Bradby (cricketer)

Edward Hugh Falkwin Bradby (8 November 1866 – 7 November 1947) was an English first-class cricketer and solicitor.
The son of Edward Bradby senior, he was born at Harrow in November 1866. He was educated at Rugby School, before going up to Oriel College, Oxford. While studying at Oxford, he made a single appearance in first-class cricket for Oxford University against the Marylebone Cricket Club at Oxford in 1886. Batting twice in the match, he was dismissed for 4 runs in the Oxford first-innings by W. G. Grace, while in their second-innings he was dismissed without scoring by the same bowler. After graduating from Oxford, he became a solicitor in 1891. Bradby died at Kensington in November 1947. His siblings included the historian Barbara Hammond, the poet and cricketer Henry Bradby, and the author Godfrey Bradby. His brother-in-law, Arthur Chitty, was also a first-class cricketer.
# Torretta (surname)

Torretta is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Gaspare Torretta (1883–1910), Italian athlete
* Gino Torretta (born 1970), American football player
* Margherita Torretta (born 1986), Italian concert pianist
* Pietro Torretta (c. 1912– 975), member of the Sicilian Mafia
# Edward Causton

Edward Postle Gwyn Causton OBE (27 November 1876 — 18 April 1957) was an English first-class cricketer, physician, and an officer in both the Royal Navy and British Army.
The son of the physician William Henry Causton, he was born at Hammersmith in November 1876. Causton studied medicine at Emmanuel College, Cambridge and completed his medical training at St Mary's Hospital, London. He was appointed to the Royal Navy as a surgeon in November 1903, and was based on board HMS Cumberland. He was promoted to staff surgeon in November 1911, before withdrawing from his naval service in September 1913. Causton returned to military service in the First World War with the Royal Army Medical Corps, during which he was appointed a temporary captain in August 1915 and a temporary major in September 1917; he was mentioned in dispatches during his war service.
Following the war, he was made an OBE in the 1919 Birthday Honours. Causton played first-class cricket for Hampshire against Essex at Leyton in the 1919 County Championship. Batting once in the match, he was dismissed for 21 runs by George Louden. He was later a house surgeon and anaesthetist at the Royal Berkshire Hospital in Reading, Berkshire. Causton died at St. John of God Nursing Home in Torquay in April 1957.
# Toru Honda

Toru Honda (誉田 徹, Honda Tōru, born 5 July 1941) is a Japanese sprinter. He competed in the men's 4 × 400 metres relay at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
# Crestwood (Valdosta, Georgia)

Crestwood is a historic home in Valdosta, Georgia. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 12, 1984. It is located at 502 Eager Road. The home was designed by William G. Eager and built in 1915. The home includes five bedrooms and four bathrooms on 2.51 acres. It was for sale in 2013. The columns and some other materials were salvaged from partially burned home at 701 North Patterson Street. Crestwood's west wing was added in 1928. It includes a library, two bedrooms upstairs, a bathroom, and closets. The home was renovated and the kitchen updated in 1982 according to designs by Richard Hill of Valdosta. The home was part of a pecan plantation. It includes a two-story columned portico and a porte-cochere on the east side. The library has a large limestone fireplace.
William Eager designed a sawed-off shotgun used in trench warfare during World War I.
Its front yard remained a pecan grove in 1983.
# Edward Ezell

Edward Clinton Ezell (7 Nov 1939, Indianapolis, Indiana – 23 Dec 1993, Northern Virginia) was an American author and professor who served as National Firearms Collection curator at the National Museum of American History, administered by the Smithsonian Institution. He was also founding Director of the Institute for Research on Small Arms in International Security.

## Background

Ezell received an A.B. from Butler University in 1961 and M.A. from the University of Delaware two years later, where he was a Hagley Fellow. In 1969, he received his Ph.D. in the history of science and technology from Case Institute of Technology.
He taught at North Carolina State University and Sangamon State University, Springfield, Illinois.

### Publications

Ezell created the first oral histories on a pair of respected assault rifle designers — Mikhail Kalashnikov and Eugene Stoner of the AK47 and M16 respectively. Prior to his stint with the Smithsonian Institution, Ezell was employed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, beginning in 1974, to write about space projects. Publications include The Partnership: a history of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. The co-author, Linda Neuman Ezell, was also involved in writing On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet.
Other publications include:
* Small Arms of the World
* Personal Firepower
* Combat Handguns (co-authored with George C. Nonte)
* The Black Rifle: M16 Rifle Retrospective
* The AK47 Story: Evolution of the Kalashnikov Weapons
* The Great Rifle Controversy: Search for the Ultimate Infantry Rifle from World War II to Vietnam and Beyond
* Small Arms Today
* Handguns of the World
* Reflections on the Wall: The Vietnam Veterans Memorial
* The Partnership: A History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
His book Small Arms of the World is considered a standard reference on military pistols, rifles, submachineguns, and light machineguns.
# Tournament Players Championship (United Kingdom)

The Tournament Players Championship was a professional golf tournament on the European Tour from 1977 to 1984. It was founded as a direct replacement to the Piccadilly Medal tournament. Except in the first two years the official name took the form "[Sponsor's name] TPC". It was played in either England or Scotland. Having started as one of the richest events on the tour, it had below average prize money in later years.
Winners of the Tournament Players Championship included two major champions, Nick Faldo of England and Bernhard Langer of Germany.
Since the demise of the Tournament Players Championship, the TPC moniker has also been applied to the Lawrence Batley International T.P.C. in 1986, the Portuguese Open TPC in 1989 and 1990, and the Deutsche Bank Open TPC of Europe in Germany from 1995 to 2007. "Tournament Players Championship" was also the original name of the PGA Tour's Players Championship, which is the richest event on that tour

## Winners

| Year | Winner | Score | To par | Margin of victory | Runner(s)-up | Winner's share (£) | Venue |
| St. Mellion Timeshare TPC ||||||||
| 1984 | Jaime Gonzalez | 265 | −15 | Playoff | Mark James | 16,660 | St. Mellion |
| 1983 | Bernhard Langer | 269 | −11 | 2 strokes | Paul Way | 13,330 | St. Mellion |
| Haig Whisky TPC ||||||||
| 1982 | Nick Faldo | 270 | −18 | 3 strokes | Manuel Calero | 11,660 | Notts |
| 1981 | Brian Barnes | 276 | −8 | Playoff | Brian Waites | 10,000 | Dalmahoy |
| 1980 | Bernard Gallacher | 268 | −8 | 3 strokes | Nick Faldo Bernhard Langer | 9,000 | Moortown |
| SOS Talisman TPC ||||||||
| 1979 | Michael King | 281 | −7 | 1 stroke | Brian Waites | 8,330 | Moor Park |
| Tournament Players Championship ||||||||
| 1978 | Brian Waites | 286 | −6 | 1 stroke | Neil Coles | 8,000 | Foxhills |
| 1977 | Neil Coles | 288 | −4 | 1 stroke | Peter Dawson | 8,000 | Foxhills |