OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Étienne-Joseph de Saint-Germain d'Apchon

Étienne-Joseph de Saint-Germain d'Apchon (1724 — ) was a French Navy officer. He served in the War of American Independence, and became a member of the Society of the Cincinnati.

## Biography

Apchon was born to a family from Forez.
He joined the Navy as a Garde-Marine in 1740, and was promoted to Lieutenant in 1756.
He captained the 24-gun frigate Gracieuse in the squadron under Du Chaffault for the Larache expedition in 1765. the year after, he transferred on the 32-gun frigate Pléïade.
In 1770, Apchon was promoted to Captain. The year after, he was in command of the 40-gun frigate Atalante, which he sailed to Toulon, Tunis and Malta. In 1773, he captained the 80-gun Languedoc.
In 1778, he was captain of the 74-gun Protecteur, part of the squadron under Vice-amiral d'Estaing. He took part in the Battle of St. Lucia on 15 December 1778.
In 1780, he took part in the joint French-Spanish fleet under Córdova. Later that year, he was appointed governor of Fort Lupin, a position he held until 1783. In 1783, Apchon was part in the inquiry into the events of the Battle of the Saintes.

## Sources and references

Notes
* ↑ Sometimes written "Dapchon".
References
* ↑ Archives nationales (2011), p. 148.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Contenson (1934), pp. 131–132.
* ↑ Archives nationales (2011), p. 171.
* ↑ Archives nationales (2011), p. 203.
* ↑ Archives nationales (2011), p. 174.
* ↑ Archives nationales (2011), p. 185.
* ↑ Archives nationales (2011), p. 192.
* ↑ Archives nationales (2011), p. 254.
* ↑ Troude (1867), p. 19.
* ↑ Berbouche (2010), p. 156.
Bibliography
* Berbouche, Alain (2010). Marine et justice : la justice criminelle de la Marine française sous l'Ancien Régime. Collection Histoire (in French). Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes. ISBN 9782753510944. OCLC 643008989.
* Contenson, Ludovic (1934). La Société des Cincinnati de France et la guerre d'Amérique (1778-1783). Paris: éditions Auguste Picard. OCLC 7842336.
* Lacour-Gayet, Georges (1905). La marine militaire de la France sous le règne de Louis XVI. Paris: Honoré Champion. OCLC 763372623.
* Troude, Onésime-Joachim (1867). Batailles navales de la France (in French). Vol. 2. Challamel ainé. OCLC 836362484.
# Zygaena exulans

Zygaena exulans, the mountain burnet or Scotch burnet, is a moth of the family Zygaenidae.

## Subspecies

Subspecies include:
* Zygaena exulans exulans (European Alps)
* Zygaena exulans abruzzina Burgeff, 1926
* Zygaena exulans apfelbecki Rebel, 1910
* Zygaena exulans pyrenaica Burgeff, 1926
* Zygaena exulans subochracea White, 1872
* Zygaena exulans vanadis Dalman, 1816

## Distribution and habitat

This species exist in mountainous areas in southern Europe (Alps, Pyrenees, Apennines, Balkans), at an elevation of 1,800–3,000 metres (5,900–9,800 ft) above sea level. It is also present in Scotland, in Scandinavia and in northern Russia. These moths inhabit mountain lawns and northern moors.

## Description

Zygaena exulans has a wingspan of 25–33 millimetres (0.98–1.30 in). The body is densely haired. The forewings are black-gray in males, matt gray in the females, almost translucent and with a metallic sheen. They have four distinct red dots and a red basal elongated stain. The spot on the wing root is wedge-shaped, the others are oval or round. The hindwings are red with a gray outer edge and black fringes. The antennae are club-shaped.
These moths have an aposemantic coloration. In the event of an attack by predators such as birds and lizards they emit a liquid containing cyanide.
This species is rather similar to Zygaena lonicerae, Zygaena loti and Zygaena purpuralis.
The eggs are pale yellow, relatively large and oval. The caterpillars can reach a length of about 20 millimetres (0.79 in). They are velvety black, with yellowish markings on each segment and short white hair. The pupa is brown-black and lies in a gray-white, thin cocoon.

## Biology

Adults usually fly in sunshine from late May to September, depending on the location. Larvae feed on crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) in northern Europe. Elsewhere they are polyphagous, mainly feeding on Helianthemum nummularium, Anthyllis vulneraria, Dryas octopetala, Silene acaulis, Astragalus alpinus, Carex, Polygonum viviparum, Salix, Thymus, Vaccinium uliginosum, Chamorchis alpina, Betula nana, Viscaria alpina, Thalictrum alpinum, Cassiope tetragona, Bartsia alpina and Saxifraga aizoides. This species hibernates in the form of a larva.

## Gallery

* Caterpillar
* Caterpillar and pupa
* Moth
* Mounted specimen
# Renault Primaquatre

The Renault Primaquatre is an automobile produced from 1931 to 1941 by Renault. It was the last car built before Louis Renault's death in 1944.

## First Generation

The Primaquatre was first exhibited on 29 December 1930 as the Type KZ6, being a development from to the KZ series. Its 4-cylinder engine was of 2120 cc providing a published maximum output of 35 horsepower (26 kW) at 2900 rpm. The claimed maximum speed was 100 km/h (62 mph). The rear wheels were driven via an unsynchronised 3-speed manual transmission.
* In 1932 arrived the new model Type KZ8 more width to difference of the Renault Monaquatre.
* In 1933 appeared the Type KZ10 larger from 3,700 mm (145.7 in) to 3,900 mm (153.5 in), with an engine more powerful.
* In 1933 the KZ11 appeared, was a taxis G7 company, a special series of 2400 vehicles with new adaptations.
* In 1934 arrived the Type KZ18 larger than 4,000 mm (157.5 in).
* In 1935 arrived the Type KZ24 with 4,150 mm (163.4 in) of large and 1,600 mm (63.0 in) of width.

## Second generation

In January 1936 the New Primaquatre (Type ACL1) appeared, featuring with a new 2383 cc (14CV) engine providing up to 48 PS (35 kW; 47 hp) at 3200 rpm.
In following years the types ACL2, BDF1, BDF2 and BDS1 were introduced, and were produced until the early summer of 1940 when the unexpected speed of the German invasion put an end to most passenger car production in France. Two changes towards the end of 1937 were the introduction of Renault's newly developed mechanical brake servo, as well as the removal of one of the two access points for the fuel tank which from now on had to be filled using a single fuel filler on the right hand side of the rear panel.
The last Primaquatre was the Primaquatre Sport (Type BDS2) with the 2.4-litre engine, but with 56 PS (41 kW; 55 hp), type BDF2 receive the engine too of 62 PS (46 kW; 61 hp). One final technical enhancement came in 1940 when Lockheed hydraulic brakes replaced the cable brakes specified for the original design.

## Types

First generation:
* KZ6
* KZ8
* KZ10
* KZ11
* KZ18
* KZ24
Second generation:
* ACL1
* ACL2
* BDF1
* BDF2
* BDS1
* BDS2

## Characteristics

* Speed: 120 km/h (75 mph)
* Power: 35 hp (26 kW), 48 hp (36 kW), 56 hp (42 kW), 62 hp (46 kW)
* Brakes: with cables on drums AV and AR
* Battery: 6 V

## Sources

* ↑ "Automobilia". Toutes les voitures françaises 1938 (salon 1937). 6. Paris: Histoire & collections: Page 72–73 & 76. 1998.
* ↑ Odin, L.C. World in Motion 1939 - The whole of the year's automobile production. Belvedere Publishing, 2015. ASIN: B00ZLN91ZG.
vteRenault passenger cars timeline 1920s–1950s — next » :
Type
1920s
1930s
1940s
1950s
0123456789
0123456789
0123456789
0123456789
4-cylinder engine
4CV
KJ
NN
Juvaquatre
Juvaquatre
MT
Celtaquatre
(Juv.) Break / Dauphinoise
Monaquatre
Novaquatre
Dauphine
Primaquatre
Colorale
10HP (GS/IG/)
KZ
Vivaquatre
Frégate
12HP 2812cc
15HP 3178cc
18HP 4535cc
6-cylinder engine
Monasix
Monastella
Primastella
18HP 4218cc
Vivastella
Vivasix
Vivasport
22HP 4767cc
Vivastella Grand Sport
CG,ES,JP 9120cc
8-cylinder engine
Nervastella
Reinastella
Suprastella
Nervasport
Grand Sport :
# Remington & Co

Remington & Co was a UK-based publishing company founded in the 19th century and characterised by a number of books published about life in Australia.
At one point the company was known as Eden, Remington & Co. It was headquartered at a number of London addresses including, 134, New Bond St., London & Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, London.
* This article about a publishing company in the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Remington (personal care brand)

Remington Products, commonly known as simply Remington, is an American personal care brand which manufactures hair clippers, electric shavers, epilators, and haircare products. It is a subsidiary of Spectrum Brands and Oak Hill Capital.

## History

The origins of the "Remington" name date back to the formation of E. Remington and Sons, a firearms maker founded in 1816. E. Remington & Sons made occasional forays into products other than firearms, such as sewing machines and farm implements—but its most significant side venture was when inventor Christopher Sholes persuaded the firearms company to help him develop the typewriter with the QWERTY keyboard, which is still the standard today. In 1886, E. Remington & Sons sold the typewriter company, which became Remington Typewriter Company. This, in turn, merged with the Rand Kardex Corporation in 1927 to become Remington Rand. Remington Rand branched out into making adding machines, filing cabinets, punched card tabulating machines, and other office equipment to become a leading office equipment company.
The origin of Remington personal care products dates back to 1937 when Remington Rand began to branch out to electric shavers, starting with the Remington Model E.
In 1950, Remington Rand bought the pioneering Eckert–Mauchly Computer Company. In 1955, it merged with Sperry Corporation, developer of the automatic pilot, amongst other devices. The combined company became the Sperry Rand Corporation and continued to market shavers under the Remington brand. In 1979, Sperry Rand sold off a number of its divisions, including the consumer products. Victor Kiam bought the electric shaver company in a leveraged buyout.
Victor Kiam's Remington Products Company became very profitable, branching out into other personal care small appliances, buying Clairol's personal care appliance business in 1994. Kiam sold his controlling interest in Remington to Ike Perlmutter prior to the Clairol acquisition that same year. Remington changed hands again in June 1996 when Perlmutter and Kiam sold their controlling interest in the company to Vestar Capital Partners. Victor Kiam died in 2001. In 2003, the Kiam family and Vestar sold Remington to the battery company Rayovac. Rayovac changed its name to Spectrum Brands and markets Remington brand men's and women's electric shavers, hair clippers, beard and moustache trimmers, nose and ear hair trimmers, foot massagers, make-up mirrors, heated hair rollers, blow dryers, and curling irons. Remington also sells flat irons.

## Products

Air Plates, ProLuxe, Rose Pearl, Keratin Radiance, Wet2Straight, Shine therapy, Colour protect, Ceramic 210, Ceramic Slim 230, Pro ceramic Extra, Protect, Sleek and Smooth
Remington Products' product line includes Lady Remington, electric shavers for women.

## TV commercials

The president of Remington shavers in 1978: "When my wife bought me a Remington shaver, I was so impressed I bought the company". Victor Kiam would often appear in television advertisements for Remington shavers and say: "Shaves as close as a blade, or your money back!"
# By Moonlight

By Moonlight is a book written by Peter Churchill, DSO, Croix de Guerre, published in 1958. It is a fictional book based on the true story of the RAF supplying arms and supplies to the Maquis des Glières, who were the first French resistance group to fight a pitched battle against the Germans in World War II. Churchill worked with the Maquis des Glières during his wartime activities in the French section of the Special Operations Executive.

## Synopsis

By Moonlight is a fictional book based on the true story of the RAF supplying arms and supplies to the Maquis des Glières, who were the first French resistance group to fight a pitched battle against the Germans. Their leader, Tom Morel, whittled down his numbers to 450 picked men of whom 50 were Spaniards, and made them all take an oath "Vivre libre ou mourir" (live free or die) to fight for their freedom. His motto is carved on the stone monument inside the Morette Cemetery on the Annecy-Thones road where 112 men, including their commanding officer, lie as a constant reminder of their epic battle in March 1944. Surrounded by 10,000 soldiers of a German Mountain Division armed with 88-millimetre guns and three-inch mortars, and battered in advance by two squadrons of Stuka Dive Bombers, this handful of men fought against 22 times their number. With the loss of only 12 men they killed 300 Germans before escaping over a snowbound pass. The other 100 graves in the cemetery are fighters were betrayed by the French Militia who recognised them later in the valley, and all were tortured before being executed.
# By My Side (Jadakiss song)

"By My Side" is the first single from rapper Jadakiss's third studio album, The Last Kiss. The song was produced by Eric Hudson and features R&B singer Ne-Yo. It samples Teena Marie's "I Need Your Lovin'".

## Music video

A music video was released on November 13, 2008. It was directed by Ray Kay.

## Charts

| Chart (2008) | Peak position |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) | 53 |
| US Hot Rap Songs (Billboard) | 16 |
# Édouard Béliard

Edmond-Joseph Béliard, known as Édouard (24 November 1832, Paris – 28 November 1912, Étampes) was a French Impressionist painter.

## Life and work

He was born in Paris as the son of an architect, and began his professional career as a legal assistant and secretary to Alphonse Esquiros. Later, he took painting lessons with Léon Cogniet and Ernest Hébert, where he came under the influence of Jean-Baptiste Corot. After spending some time in Rome, he had his first exhibit at the Salon in 1867, and lived in London from 1870 to 1872.
After his return to Paris, he became associated with the group of young Impressionists who gathered around Edgar Degas and became a close friend of Camille Pissarro, who he met at the Café Guerbois. It was there that he made the acquaintance of Émile Zola and may have provided some inspiration for one of Zola's recurring characters; the painter Gagnière.
In 1874, he helped prepare for the first major Impressionist exhibition, where he held a retrospective of his works. He also participated in their second exhibition, focusing on landscapes but, as the years progressed, he turned away from pure Impressionism and introduced more elements of Realism into his work.
He spent his last years in the commune of Étampes, where he served as mayor from 1892 to 1900. A street there is named after him.
# Kota–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Weekly Express

The Kota–Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra Weekly Express is an Express train belonging to West Central Railway zone that runs between Kota Junction and Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra in India. It is currently being operated with 19803/19804 train numbers on a weekly basis.

## Service

The 19803/Kota–Katra Weekly Express has an average speed of 46 km/h and covers 1136 km in 24h 50m. The 19804/Katra–Kota Weekly Express has an average speed of 44 km/h and covers 1881 km in 25h 50m.

## Route and halts

The important halts of the train are :
* Kota Junction
* Sawai Madhopur Junction
* Bharatpur Junction
* Mathura Junction
* Faridabad
* Hazrat Nizamuddin
* New Delhi
* Rohtak Junction
* Jind Junction
* Narwana Junction
* Jakhal Junction
* Sangrur
* Ludhiana Junction
* Ludhiana Junction
* Jalandhar Cantonment Junction
* Pathankot Cantonment
* Kathua
* Jammu Tawi
* Udhampur
* Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra

## Coach composition

The train has standard LHB rakes with a maximum speed of 110 km/h. The train consists of 19 coaches:
* 1 AC II Tier
* 3 AC III Tier
* 6 Sleeper coaches
* 6 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake
* 1 High Capacity Parcel Van

## Traction

Both trains are hauled by an Electric Loco Shed, Tuglakabad based WAP-7 throughout the entire journey.

## Rake sharing

The train shares its rake with 19805/19806 Kota–Udhampur Weekly Express.
# Chrysozephyrus smaragdinus

Chrysozephyrus smaragdinus is a small butterfly found in the East Palearctic that belongs to the lycaenids or blues family.

## Subspecies

* C. s. smaragdinus Ussuri, China (Shaanxi, Sichuan)
* C. s. abaensis Dantchenko , 2000 China
* C. s. doerriesi Dantchenko , 2000 Sakhalin
* C. s. odakae (Watari, 1929) Japan (Honshu)
* C. s. amoenus (Murayama, 1954) Japan (Honshu)
* C. s. esakii (Umeno, 1937) Japan
* C. s. luxurians (Murayama, 1953) Japan (Honshu)
* C. s. sikongensis (Murayama, 1955) China
* C. s. yunnanensis (Howarth, 1957) West China (N.Yunnan)

## Description from Seitz

Z. Smaragdina Brem. As said above, hardly different from brillantina on the upperside, at least no reliable differences have ever been mentioned. Therefore a figure of the upper surface would have been the same as that of brillantina, whose golden gloss does not nearly come up to that of the actual specimens. But the pale, more dust-grey, underside distinguishes it from the preceding species, as also does a transverse line on the hindwing which is placed far proximally from the usual band. However, the main difference lies in the larva , which is yellow instead of brown , with distinctly contrasting black stigma-dots on segments 1 and 4 to 11; on cherry, according to Graeser also on Quercus mongolica, very plentiful in certain years, but a large proportion (90%) infested by Tachina. The butterflies are consequently much rarer than the caterpillars; they fly in July and August and settle on twigs of shrubs at road-sides. — With certainty only known from Amurland and North China; the records from other countries are doubtful, as the insect may possibly have been confounded with other green species.

## Biology

The larva feeds on Cerasus glandulosa, Cerasus spp., Prunus spp.( P. sargentii. P. matsumurana, P. verecunda, P. padus, P. jamasakura, P. buergeriana, P. donarium, P. yedoensis, P. subhirtella), Quercus mongolica , Carpinus laxiflora, Celtis sinensis
# Jacob Baxter

Jacob Baxter (June 6, 1832 – July 23, 1912) was speaker of the Legislature of Ontario in 1887-1890 and served as Liberal MLA for Haldimand from 1867 to 1898.
He was born in Bertie Township in Welland County, Upper Canada in 1832, the son of Jacob Baxter, former reeve of Bertie. He studied medicine, received the degree of M.D. from the University of New York and the Bellevue Hospital Medical College and set up a medical practice in Cayuga in partnership with his younger brother Benjamin. He also served as justice of the peace and as surgeon for the local militia unit - 37th Haldimand Rifles. In 1860, he married Rose Griffith. He was defeated by John Senn in the 1894 general election but Senn's election was appealed and Baxter won the subsequent by-election. After retiring from politics, Baxter served as registrar for Haldimand County. He is buried in the Riverside Cemetery, Cayuga, Ontario.

## Electoral history

vte1867 Ontario general election: Haldimand :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Liberal | Jacob Baxter | 1,377 | 56.43 |
| | Conservative | Mr. Hurssell | 1,063 | 43.57 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 2,440 | 78.36 |
| Eligible voters | Eligible voters | Eligible voters | 3,114 |
| | Liberal pickup new district. | Liberal pickup new district. | Liberal pickup new district. | Liberal pickup new district. | Liberal pickup new district. | Liberal pickup new district. | Liberal pickup new district. |
| Source: Elections Ontario |||||||
vte1871 Ontario general election: Haldimand :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | Jacob Baxter | 1,212 | 60.78 | +4.35 |
| | Conservative | Mr. Amsden | 782 | 39.22 | −4.35 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,994 | 59.90 | −18.46 |
| Eligible voters | Eligible voters | Eligible voters | 3,329 |
| | Liberal hold | Liberal hold | Swing | Swing | +4.35 |
| Source: Elections Ontario |||||||
vte1875 Ontario general election: Haldimand :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | Jacob Baxter | 1,476 | 53.87 | −6.91 |
| | Conservative | R. Waldbrook | 1,264 | 46.13 | +6.91 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 2,740 | 75.84 | +15.94 |
| Eligible voters | Eligible voters | Eligible voters | 3,613 |
| | Liberal hold | Liberal hold | Swing | Swing | −6.91 |
| Source: Elections Ontario |||||||
vte1879 Ontario general election: Haldimand :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | Jacob Baxter | 1,612 | 51.01 | −2.86 |
| | Conservative | Mr. Thompson | 1,548 | 48.99 | +2.86 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 3,160 | 76.44 | +0.60 |
| Eligible voters | Eligible voters | Eligible voters | 4,134 |
| | Liberal hold | Liberal hold | Swing | Swing | −2.86 |
| Source: Elections Ontario |||||||
# Étienne Bazeries

Étienne Bazeries (21 August 1846, in Port Vendres – 7 November 1931, in Noyon) was a French military cryptanalyst active between 1890 and the First World War. He is best known for developing the "Bazeries Cylinder", an improved version of Thomas Jefferson's cipher cylinder. It was later refined into the US Army M-94 cipher device. Historian David Kahn describes him as "the great pragmatist of cryptology. His theoretical contributions are negligible, but he was one of the greatest natural cryptanalysts the science has seen." (Kahn 1996, p244)
Bazeries was born in Port-Vendres, France, the son of a mounted policeman. In 1863 he enlisted in the army, and fought in the Franco-Prussian War, where he was taken prisoner, although he later managed to escape disguised as a bricklayer. In 1874 he was promoted to lieutenant, and sent to Algeria in 1875. He returned to France the following year and married Marie-Louise-Elodie Berthon, with whom he would father three daughters: Césarine, Fernande and Paule.
He apparently became interested in cryptography through solving cryptograms in newspapers' personal columns, and soon applied his cryptanalytic skills in a military context when, in 1890, he solved messages enciphered with the official French military transposition system, causing the War Ministry to change to a new scheme. In an effort to prompt reform within the government and enhance national security, Bazeries further exposed weaknesses in French cipher systems. In 1891, news of his talent had spread, and he began work for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' Bureau du Chiffre. Bazeries continued his cryptanalytic work there even after he retired from the Army in 1899, assisting in solving German military ciphers during World War I. However, many of Bazeries recommendations to the government for improvements in official cipher systems met severe bureaucracy and rebuffs, which became a constant source of frustration for him in an otherwise illustrious career. He retired in 1924, aged 78.
In the 1890s he broke a famous nomenclator system called the "Great Cipher", created by the Rossignols in the 17th century. One of the messages referred to the famous Man in the Iron Mask and provided a possible solution to the mystery. His influential 1901 text Les Chiffres secrets dévoilés ("Secret ciphers unveiled") is considered a landmark in cryptographic literature.