OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William Fielding Ogburn

William Fielding Ogburn (June 29, 1886 – April 27, 1959) was an American sociologist who was born in Butler, Georgia and died in Tallahassee, Florida. He was also a statistician and an educator. Ogburn received his B.A. degree from Mercer University and his M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Columbia University. He was a professor of sociology at Columbia from 1919 until 1927, when he became chair of the Sociology Department at the University of Chicago.
He served as the president of the American Sociological Society in 1929. He was the editor of the Journal of the American Statistical Association from 1920 to 1926. In 1931, he was elected as the president of the American Statistical Association, which also elected him as a Fellow in 1920. He was also known for his idea of "Cultural lag" in society's adjustment to technological and other changes. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1932. He played a pivotal role in producing the groundbreaking Recent Social Trends during his research directorship of President Herbert Hoover's Committee on Social Trends from 1930 to 1933. He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1940.
He was one of the most prolific sociologists of his time, with 175 articles under his name.

## Social change

Perhaps Ogburn's most enduring intellectual legacy is the theory of social change he offered in 1922. He suggested that technology is the primary engine of progress, but tempered by social responses to it. Thus, his theory is often considered a case of Technological determinism, but is really more than that. Ogburn posited four stages of technical development: invention, accumulation, diffusion and adjustment.
Invention is the process by which new forms of technology are created. Inventions are collective contributions to an existing cultural base that cannot occur unless the society has already gained a certain level of knowledge and expertise in the particular area. Accumulation is the growth of technology because new things are invented more rapidly than old ones are forgotten, and some inventions (such as writing) promote this accumulation process. Diffusion is the spread of an idea from one cultural group to another, or from one field of activity to another, and as diffusion brings inventions together, they combine to form new inventions. Adjustment is the process by which the non-technical aspects of a culture respond to invention, and any retardation of this adjustment process causes cultural lag.
# Wynford Rees

(John) Wynford (Joshua) Rees (1924–2005) was a Welsh Anglican priest.
Rees was born in 1924 and educated at the University of Wales. He was ordained deacon in 1953, and priest in 1954. He was the incumbent at Llanyre from 1960. He was Archdeacon of Brecon from 1987 until 1994.
# Cindy Brooks (rower)

Cindy Brooks (born January 9, 1965) is an American rower. In the 1995 World Rowing Championships, she won a gold medal in the women's coxless four event.
# Château du Fou

The Château du Fou is a castle in the commune of Vouneuil-sur-Vienne in the Vienne département of France.

## History

The Château du Fou was constructed by Yves du Fou, Sénéchal of Poitou at the end of the 15th century.
In 1539, François I met Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, there.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, the lordship of Fou was held by the family (Tiercelin) of Appelvoisin, marquess of La Roche du Maine, in Prinçay.
In 1795, Charlotte Félicité Elisabeth (Tiercelin) d'Appelvoisin de La Roche du Maine married François-Gabriel-Thibault de La Brousse, marquis de Verteillac, baron de la Tour-Blanche, bringing to him the Château du Fou, where he died on 26 October 1854
In 1855, the castle was sold. In the late nineteenth and twentieth century, it belonged to the family of La Borie de Campagne.
During the Second World War, the castle suffered bombardment on 2 August 1944, particularly damaging the south and north wings, British bombers had attempted to flush out a German general, who had been occupying the castle as if a lord among his staff. German soldiers were buried under the castle, some dead or wounded, but the general escaped by plane the next morning. The damage has since been restored.
The postern, the moat, the towers, the turret, the staircase and the vault were classified as historical monuments by a decree of 6 February 1953. The rest of the castle, including the parts not built on, were registered with the Supplementary Inventory of Historical Monuments by a decree of 9 November 2010.

## Architecture

The castle remains are the moat, the remains of the entrance postern with its two towers and the turret staircase with its vault.
# XHGV-FM

XHGV-FM is a radio station on 106.5 FM in Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico. The station is owned by Grupo ACIR and carries a pop format known as 106.5 Mix.

## History

XHGV began as XEGV-AM 1120, awarded to Juana María Infante Dardon on July 14, 1977. It was initially based in the town of El Pueblito in Villa Corregidora Municipality and broadcast as a 500-watt daytimer.
In 1994, the station was sold to Radio XEGV de Querétaro, S.A. By this time the station had upgraded to 1,000 watts day and 500 watts night. In 2000, the concession was brought under the fold of Radio Integral, the concessionaire for Grupo ACIR.
In October 2011, XEGV received approval to migrate to FM on 106.5 MHz. At some point after, the Mix format moved from XHQTO-FM 97.9 to this station.
# XHGYM-FM

XHGYM-FM is a noncommercial radio station on 103.7 FM in Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico. It is one of two social stations owned by concessionaire Organiden, A.C.

## History

Organiden applied for the permit for XHGYM in 2013. It was not awarded until December 14, 2016, and it took the station another year to come to air, signing on in January 2018. It operated as Voz Sonora, a noncommercial station under Radiovisa management, for slightly over a year.
In February 2019, XHGYM went silent. It returned on August 2, 2019, as grupera station La Más Chingona, operated by Grupo Larsa Comunicaciones. Larsa controlled no commercial radio stations in Guaymas. On November 10, 2019, XHGYM and XHHER-FM in Hermosillo changed from La Más Chingona to Toño, the company's adult hits format.
XHGYM went silent in October 2021, by which time it was just one of three stations programmed by Larsa.
# XHOH-FM

XHOH-FM is a radio station in Durango, Durango, Mexico. Broadcasting on 99.7 FM, XHOH is owned by Grupo Radiorama and carries its @FM (Arroba FM) contemporary hit radio format.

## History

XHOH received its concession on August 25, 1993. It was originally owned by Radio Social, S.A., a subsidiary of Radiorama, and broadcast on 107.7 MHz.
XHOH moved to 99.7 on June 2, 2020. The move, like that of sister XHDRD-FM two years prior, was required as a condition of its concession renewal, to clear the 106–108 MHz sub-band for community and indigenous stations.
# Circus peanut

Circus peanuts are American peanut-shaped marshmallow candy. They date to the 19th century, when they were one of a large variety of unwrapped "penny candy" sold in such retail outlets as five-and-dime stores.
As of the 2010s, the most familiar variety of mass-produced circus peanuts is orange-colored and flavored with an artificial banana flavor. These are typically made from sugar, corn syrup, gelatin, pectin, soy protein, food coloring and artificial flavor. Confectioners originally distributed an orange-flavored variety that was only available seasonally due to a lack of packaging capable of preserving the candy. In the spring, five-and-dimes sold circus peanuts as penny candy. In the 1940s, circus peanuts became one of the many candies to become available year-round owing to the industrial proliferation of cellophane packaging.
Over the years, confectioners have also offered circus peanuts colored yellow, pink, and white, including a variety of flavors, though orange is still the most predominant color and banana the most common flavor. The leading producers of circus peanuts are Melster Candies, Spangler Candy Company and Brach's, although the products are essentially identical. The Publix supermarket chain at one time sold generic circus peanuts under its own label, manufactured by Farley and Sathers.
Circus peanuts led to the creation of Lucky Charms in 1964 when a General Mills employee chopped pieces of the candy into a bowl of Cheerios.
# William Frankland

William Frankland may refer to:
* William Frankland (died 1640), of Thirkleby, MP for Thirsk during the reign of Charles I
* Sir William Frankland, 1st Baronet (c. 1640–1697), of Thirkleby, English politician, MP for Thirsk
* William Frankland (died 1714), FRS, son of Sir Thomas Frankland, 2nd Baronet
* William Frankland (1720–1805), East India Company merchant and MP for Thirsk
* William Frankland (1761–1816), English politician and Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty
* William Howard Frankland (1901–1980), American businessman
* William Frankland (allergist) (1912–2020), British allergist and immunologist
# William Frankland (died 1640)

William Frankland (c. 1573 – 10 December 1640) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1628 to 1629 and in 1640.
Frankland was the son of Ralph Frankland of Carlton, near Thirsk, and his wife Margaret and educated at Barnard's Inn and Gray's Inn (1596). He inherited the manor of Great Thirkleby from his uncle Hugh Frankland in 1606.
Frankland was appointed High Sheriff of Hertfordshire for 1613–14. Between 1619 and 1623 he sold his properties in Hertfordshire and built a house on the Great Thirkleby estate he had inherited. In 1628 he was elected Member of Parliament for Thirsk and sat until 1629 when King Charles decided to rule without parliament for eleven years. In April 1640, he was re-elected MP for Thirsk in the Short Parliament.
Frankland died in 1640. He had married Lucy Boteler, daughter of Sir Henry Boteler, of Hatfield-Woodhall, Hertfordshire, by whom he had seven sons. He was succeeded by his son Henry, who was the father of Sir William Frankland, 1st Baronet.
# William Franklin (Ireland)

Sir William Franklin was an Irish politician and soldier of the seventeenth century.
A landowning Protestant with property in and around Carrickfergus, Franklin was a leading opponent of the Catholic King James II and his Irish deputy the Earl Tyrconnell. When Protestants in Ulster began organising resistance against James following the 1688 Glorious Revolution Franklin joined the Council of the North, which assumed control of the resistance movement. As the growing rebellion developed into the War of the Two Kings, the Council raised regiments of Protestant volunteers who formed the Army of the North. Franklin was chosen to lead an infantry regiment. Although Franklin had planned to go to England, he stayed to assume his military duties. He was one of the leaders of a failed attempt to seize Carrickfergus from its Irish Army garrison in February 1689
After the heavy defeat suffered by the Army of the North at the Break of Dromore, Franklin went to London where he appealed to Parliament for support for the Irish Protestants. However he testified that the Army of the North was much stronger than it actually was. During the summer the Protestants were besieged in Derry with the Enniskillen garrison the only other to hold out. The same year a relief force under General Percy Kirke came to the aid of both Derry and Enniskillen. Shortly afterwards an expeditionary force under Marshal Schomberg was able to capture Carrickfergus. The remains of the Army of North was incorporated into the Williamite army, although Franklin appears to have received no position in it.
His house in Carrickfergus was chosen as William of Orange's residence in 1690 when the King landed at the town before beginning the campaign that led to his victory at the Battle of Boyne. It is believed he later settled in the Limerick/Clare area due to mentions of his support for a more avid Protestant ascendancy in the south of Ireland.
# Bethany Independent-Presbyterian Church Singapore

Bethany Independent-Presbyterian Church (IPC) is an independent church located between the Paya Lebar and Serangoon areas of central Singapore. It is the mother church of the IPC Family, which spans Singapore, India, Australia and Myanmar.
The church's teachings and practices are based on a belief in the inerrancy of the Bible and its final authority in faith and life.
The church maintains a Bible study resource on its website as well as audio and video recordings of weekly messages.

## History

Bethany IPC grew out of a Sunday School outreach to the Seletar Hills estate by Bible Presbyterian Church of Singapore. It was founded as a house church in 1973 with 25 members and moved to its current location at 301 Upper Paya Lebar Road, Singapore 534934 in 1993.

## Sunday Worship Services

* Morning Worship 10.30am
* Teens’ Worship 10.30am
* Children's Worship 10.30am
* Evening Worship 4pm
* Bilingual Worship 4pm

## Ministries
### Sunday School

The Sunday School Ministry caters to children and adults. It aims to instruct every Christian in the Word of God and equip each one for effective service.

### Weekday Meetings

* Bible Studies
* Prayer Meetings

### Fellowship groups

* Young People's Group
* Young Adults’ Group
* Adults’ Ministry and Discipleship groups

### Camps & seminars

* Family Camp (March school holidays)
* Young Adults’ Group Seminar (2-3 times/ year)
* Youth Conference (December school holidays)
* Junior Camp (June school holidays)

### Music ministry

* Choirs (One Voice, Youth, Evergreens, Crossroads, Remnant)
* Handbells & Chimes
# United Pentecostal Church in India

United Pentecostal Church is a major Christian denomination in India belonging to the United Pentecostal Church International. It was established in the mid-20th century.
# Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy

The Australian Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy is a former department of the Government of Australia that was charged with the responsibility to help develop a vibrant, sustainable and internationally competitive broadband, broadcasting and communications sector and, through this, promote the digital economy for the benefit of all Australians.
The department was formed in 2007 and dissolved in 2013. Its functions were assumed by the newly created Department of Communications.

## Operational functions

In the Administrative Arrangements Order of 3 December 2007, the functions of the department were broadly classified into the following matters:
* Broadband policy and programs
* Postal and telecommunications policies and programs
* Spectrum policy management
* Broadcasting policy
* National policy issues relating to the digital economy
* Content policy relating to the information economy

## Department programs

* The Higher Bandwidth Incentive Scheme (HiBIS) was a strategy which ran from 2004 to 2007 to provide registered Internet service providers with incentive payments to supply higher bandwidth services in regional, rural and remote areas at prices comparable to those available in metropolitan areas.
* The Australia Connected package was announced on 18 June 2007. Up to $958 million ($600 million from Broadband Connect Infrastructure Program funding and an additional $358 million in funding) was allocated towards a new national wholesale network which was stated to deliver high speed broadband to rural and regional Australia by June 2009.
# FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2021 – Nations team event

The Nations team event competition at the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2021 was held on 17 February 2021.

## FIS Overall Nations Cup standings

The participating nations were seeded according to the overall nations cup standings prior to the World Championships.
Teams marked in green participate.
| Rank | Country | Points |
| 1 | Switzerland | 7408 |
| 2 | Austria | 6659 |
| 3 | Italy | 4453 |
| 4 | Norway | 3547 |
| 5 | France | 3543 |
| 6 | United States | 2298 |
| 7 | Germany | 1769 |
| 8 | Slovakia | 1079 |
| 9 | Slovenia | 1038 |
| 10 | Canada | 787 |
| 11 | Croatia | 566 |
| 12 | Czech Republic | 538 |
| 13 | Sweden | 519 |
| 14 | Great Britain | 224 |
| 15 | Russia | 207 |
| 16 | Poland | 141 |
| 17 | New Zealand | 120 |
| 18 | Bulgaria | 83 |
| 19 | Netherlands | 77 |
| 20 | Japan | 46 |
| 21 | Belgium | 32 |
| 22 | Greece | 24 |
| 23 | Finland | 8 |

## Bracket

| Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final |
| | | Switzerland | 2 | | |
| | | Canada | 2 | | |
| Canada | 4 | Canada | 2 | | |
| Czech Republic | 0 | | | | |
| Czech Republic | 0 | | | Switzerland | 2 |
| | | | | Norway | 2 |
| United States | 2 | | | Norway | 2 |
| Russian Ski Federation | 2 | | | | |
| Russian Ski Federation | 2 | United States | 2 | | |
| | | Norway | 2 | | |
| Norway | 4 | Norway | 2 | | |
| Japan | 0 | | | | | | |
| Japan | 0 | | | | | Norway | 3 |
| | | | | | | Sweden | 1 |
| Italy | 2 | | | | | Sweden | 1 |
| Finland | 2 | | | | | | |
| Finland | 2 | Italy | 1 | | | | |
| | | Germany | 3 | | | | |
| Germany | 3 | Germany | 3 | | | | |
| Great Britain | 1 | | | | | | |
| Great Britain | 1 | | | Germany | 2 | | |
| | | | | Sweden | 2 | Third place | Third place |
| Slovenia | 1 | | | Sweden | 2 | Third place | Third place |
| Sweden | 3 | | | | | | |
| Sweden | 3 | Sweden | 2 | | | Switzerland | 2 |
| | | Austria | 2 | | | Germany | 2 |
| Austria | 4 | Austria | 2 | | | Germany | 2 |
| Belgium | 0 | | | | | | |
# Fabryka Samochodów Małolitrażowych

The Fabryka Samochodów Małolitrażowych (transl Small Car Factory), commonly known as FSM, was a Polish automobile factory born from an agreement between the FSO and Fiat in the 1970s for the construction of a new model, the Polski Fiat 126p, Polish version of Fiat 126. For the project a new manufacturing plant was opened in Tychy. The factory also produced until the beginning of the 1980s the FSO Syrena. The FSM brand was active between 1971 and 1992, when it was privatised and Fiat Group took control of it.
After the factory was renamed Fiat Auto Poland it produced Fiat Cinquecento and its successor Fiat Seicento. The last Polski Fiat 126p was made in 2000. All Cinquecentos, Seicentos and new Pandas were/are made in Poland. Fiat Auto Poland also produces the new Fiat 500.
Fiat Auto Poland's other plant at Bielsko-Biała, destined mainly to the construction of the mechanics, from 2002 has become center of the joint venture between Fiat Group and General Motors for the construction of the small 1.3-litre Multijet diesel engine.

## Former production

Models that were produced at the Bielsko-Biała and Tychy factories (FSM and Fiat Auto Poland):
* FSM Syrena 105/105L (1972–1983, Bielsko-Biała), 344,077 units produced
* Polski Fiat 126p (1973–2000, Bielsko-Biała and Tychy), 3,318,674 units produced
* Polski Fiat 126 BIS (1987–1991, Bielsko-Biała), a dual trunk hatchback version of the 126p - 190,361 units produced
* FSM Cinquecento (1991-1992), Fiat Cinquecento (1991–1998, Tychy), 1,103,684 units produced
* Fiat Uno (1994–2002, Bielsko-Biała and Tychy), 173,382 units produced
* Fiat Seicento (1998–2010, Tychy), 1,328,973 units produced
* Fiat Siena (1997–2001, Bielsko-Biała and Tychy)
* Fiat Palio Weekend (1998–2004, Bielsko-Biała and Tychy).
* Fiat Nuova Panda (2003–2012), 2,168,491 units produced
* Ford Ka II (2008–2016)

## Gallery

* FSM Syrena 105
* FSM Syrena Bosto
* Polski Fiat 126p
* Fiat 126 BIS (Polski Fiat 126 BIS)
* FSM Cinquecento
* FSM Beskid (prototype)
# Derwenlas

Derwenlas is a hamlet in northern Powys, Wales. It is part of the community of Cadfarch.
Part of the historic county of Montgomeryshire (Sir Drefaldwyn) from 1536 to 1974, it lies on the River Dyfi and was once a port serving the market town of Machynlleth. Derwenlas lies on the A487 trunk road from Machynlleth to Aberystwyth.

## History

Between 1797 and 1812 a road was built from Machynlleth to Garreg near Glandyfi, passing through Derwenlas. This new transportation route enabled Derwenlas to develop as a port as it was the highest point on the Dyfi that was navigable by coastal ships - boats of up to 70 tons could reach there at high tide. A wide variety of goods were shipped into and out of the port. Incoming goods included gunpowder to be stored in Morben Quarry, lime and coal for the limekilns at Pentre Cilyn, rye, wheat and hides. Outgoing goods included slate and lead from local mines, timber, bark and corn.
From 1830, traffic at the port increased substantially. With ever increasing demand for water transport, shipbuilding began at Derwenlas, with three separate builders established by the quays.
In 1859, the narrow-gauge Corris, Machynlleth & River Dovey Tramroad was opened to bring slate from the quarries around Corris and Aberllefenni to the riverside quays at Derwenlas and Morben. The principal quays at Derwenlas were Cei Ellis and Cei Tafarn Isa, where the slate was loaded onto coastal ships and taken to Aberdyfi where it was reloaded into larger vessels for distribution around Great Britain and Ireland.
In 1863, the Aberystwith and Welsh Coast Railway extended the standard-gauge rails west of Machynlleth and, on reaching Derwenlas, built the new line across the bend of the river by filling in the channel and creating a new course for the Dyfi, in the process cutting off Derwenlas' quays from the river channel and killing off the port.
The tramroad continued to Cei Ward at Morben where further quays gave access to the river. The last of these was abandoned in 1869 when Braich Goch quarry moved to its newly built wharf at Machynlleth station. The tramroad between Machynlleth Town station and Cei Ward was then abandoned and the track was lifted.
# Eğitim Bilişim Ağı

Eğitim Bilişim Ağı or EBA is an educational content network in Turkey, founded by the Ministry of National Education. The site is designed and run by the Innovation and Educational Technologies General Directorate, which is affiliated with the Ministry. The purpose of the network is the integration of technology to education when required, and the network gives online access to course materials to teachers and students under the FATİH project. Parents and teachers can also access EBA.
Educational material is uploaded to eba.gov.tr categorically, the contents of which have expanded throughout the years. Starting from the second term of the 2019-2020 academic year, it has started offering university exam preparation for 11 and 12th grades. In 20 March 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic started in Turkey, TRT EBA TV was founded as a collaboration between TRT and EBA for primary, secondary and high schools on three different TV channels to provide students education from home.