OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Inverse scattering problem

In mathematics and physics, the inverse scattering problem is the problem of determining characteristics of an object, based on data of how it scatters incoming radiation or particles. It is the inverse problem to the direct scattering problem, which is to determine how radiation or particles are scattered based on the properties of the scatterer.
Soliton equations are a class of partial differential equations which can be studied and solved by a method called the inverse scattering transform, which reduces the nonlinear PDEs to a linear inverse scattering problem. The nonlinear Schrödinger equation, the Korteweg–de Vries equation and the KP equation are examples of soliton equations. In one space dimension the inverse scattering problem is equivalent to a Riemann-Hilbert problem. Inverse scattering has been applied to many problems including radiolocation, echolocation, geophysical survey, nondestructive testing, medical imaging, and quantum field theory.

## Citations

* ↑ Ablowitz & Fokas 2003.
* ↑ Dunajski 2010.
* ↑ Bao 2023.
* ↑ Grinev, Chebakov & Gigolo 2003.
# Rare earth

Rare earth may refer to:
* Rare-earth elements, a group of elements on the periodic table
* Rare-earth mineral, a mineral substantively composed of these elements
* Rare-earth magnet, a type of magnet that employs rare earth elements to increase effectiveness
* Rare Earth hypothesis, the theory that complex life in the universe is exceptionally rare
* as a proper noun:
** Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe, a book by Peter Ward and Donald E. Brownlee
** Rare Earth (band), an American musical group
** Rare Earth Records, a subsidiary of Motown Records which produced rock music
# Rast, Nevesinje

Rast (Serbian Cyrillic: Раст) is a village in the municipality of Nevesinje, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
# Chewacla, Alabama

Chewacla, /tʃuˈwɑːklə/ choo-ahk-lə also known as Yongesborough /jɔːŋɡʊsbɔːrɔː/ yawn-guus-baw-raw, is an unincorporated community in the northeast corner of Lee County, Alabama, United States.

## History

The name Chewacla is derived from the Hitchiti word sawackla, with sawi meaning "racoon" and ukli meaning "town". Chewacla was located on the Central of Georgia Railway. It was once home to the Chewacla Lime Works, which operated a quarry. A specific type of marble, known as Chewacla marble, was mined in this quarry. Chewacla marble was described as "a highly crystalline dolomite, for most part a beautiful pearly white stone". Gneiss was also mined in the quarry and used to make millstones.
Chewacla was the location of one of the first Rosenwald schools in Alabama.
A post office operated under the name Yongesborough from 1859 to 1886 and under the name Chewacla from 1886 to 1907.

## Gallery

Below are photographs taken in Chewacla as part of the Historic American Buildings Survey:
* Convict quarters, Chewacla Lime Works
* Old commissary building, Chewacla Lime Works
* Old mule stable, Chewacla Lime Works
* Remains of old lime kilns
* Old lime pit
# Chewang

Chewang may refer to:

## People

* Chewang Norphel (born 1935), Indian civil engineer
* Chewang Phunsog, Indian civil servant
* Chewang Rinchen (1931–1997), Indian Army officer
* Gomchen Pema Chewang Tamang (1918–1966), Tibetan Buddhist scholar
* Pema Chewang (born 1967/1968), Bhutanese civil servant and politician

## Places

China
* Chewang, Hebei [zh] (车往镇), town in Wei County, Handan
* Chewang, Lanling County (车辋镇), town in Shandong
* Chewang, Sichuan (车辋镇), town in Hejiang County
* Chewang, Wudi County (车王镇), town in Shandong
# British Library, MS Egerton 1782

Egerton MS 1782 is the index title of an early sixteenth-century Irish vellum manuscript housed in the Egerton Collection of the British Library, London.

## Overview

The compilation dates from c. 1517 and is the work of several scribes of the Ó Maolconaire (anglicised: O'Mulconry), a learned family of lawyers and historians, known also for compiling Royal Irish Academy MS 23 N 10 later in the century.
In spite of its relatively late date (compared to, for instance, the Book of Leinster, Lebor na hUidre or the Yellow Book of Lecan), it is one of the most important documents for the study of early Irish literature. Some texts, such as Aislinge Oenguso, are preserved nowhere else.

## The Texts of Egerton MS 1782

Here follow some of the texts found in the manuscript:
* Necrology for Art Buidhe mac Domhnaill Riabhaigh, f. 3-4.
* Amra Choluim Chille (incomplete), f. 9b.
* Baile Bricín. f. 17a
* Forfess Fer Falgae, f. 19r$^{a-b}$.
* Verba Scáthaige, f. 19v$^{a-b}$.
* Echtra Chondla, f. 19v$^b$-20r$^b$
* Seilg Sléibhe na mBan "The Chase of Sliabh na mBan (Slievenaman)", f. 20 b 1.
* Tesmolta Cormaic 7 Aided Finn, f. 24r$^b$-25r$^b$
* Airem muintire Finn, f. 25r$^b$-v$^b$
* Imthechta Tuaithe Luchra ocus Aided Fergusa / Echtra Fhergusa maic Léti, f. 30v$^a$-34v$^a$.
* Aided Diarmata meic Fergusa Cherrbeóil, f. 37r$^a$-40v$^b$
* Miscellaneous prose material, f. 40b$^2$, 41a$^1$, including reference to the battle of Ard Rathain between Néide mac Onchú and Eidhean mac Cléirigh.
* "Trí túatha fuilet i nhÉrinn" (prose), f. 44a.
* "Eol dam aided, erctha gním" (poem), f. 44a$^1$.
* "Cormac and Ciarnat" (prose introduction and poem), f. 44 b.
* Suidigud Tige Midchuarta, f. 45v.
* Fulacht na Morrígna, f. 46a.
* The Colloquy between Fintan and the Hawk of Achill, f. 47a.$^1$-49b$^1$.
* Dúan in chóicat cest, poem, f. 49v-50v.
* Cinaed húa hArtacáin, poem, f. 52a.
* Cinaed húa hArtacáin, poem, f. 53b.
* Eochaid Eolach ua Céirín, Apraid a éolchu Elga, f. 53v$^a$-54r$^b$.
* Two Middle Irish poems, f. 56a.
* Egerton Annals: Mionannala, f. 56-64.
* Cath Cairn Chonaill, f. 59v-61r
* Longes mac n-Uislenn / Longes mac Uisnig, f. 67r-69v.
* Tochmarc Ferbe (including episode 'Togail Duin Geirg'), f. 69v-70r.
* Aislinge Oenguso, f. 70r-71v
* Echtra Nera / Táin Bé Aingen, f. 71v-73v.
* De Chophur in dá Muccida, f. 73v-76v.
* Táin Bó Regamna, f. 76v-77v.
* Compert Chonchobair (version 2), f. 77v-78v.
* Compert Chon Culainn / Feis Tige Becfoltaig (two versions), f. 78v-80r.
* Táin Bó Dartada, f. 80r-81r.
* Táin Bó Regamain, f. 81r-82r.
* Táin Bó Flidais, f. 82r-82v.
* Táin Bó Fraích, f. 82v-87v.
* Do Faillsigud Tána Bó Cúailnge, f. 87v.
* Táin Bó Cúailnge (Recension II), f. 88r-105v, with a gap at f. 98.
* Tochmarc Étaine (middle part, introducing Togail Bruidne Da Derga), f. 106r$^a$-108v$^b$
* Togail Bruidne Dá Derga, f. 108v$^b$-123v$^b$.
* Imram Curraig Maíle Dúin (fragments from the prose text), f. 124r-125v.
* Eachtra an Mhadra Mhaeoil "The Adventures of the Crop-eared Dog."
* Seacht n-Urgarta Rígh Temruch "Seven prohibitions of the king of Tara"
# Rasesa

Rasesa is a village in the Kgatleng District of Botswana. The village is located 10 km west of Mochudi, along the Gaborone–Mahalapye road. The population was 2,461 in the 2001 census.
# Irving Kaplan (government official)

Irving Kaplan was an official of the United States government, accused of involvement in Soviet espionage.

## Career

Kaplan worked with David Weintraub in the Works Progress Administration's National Research Project, later moving to the Department of the Treasury, the War Production Board (WPB), and the Foreign Economic Administration.

## Accusations

In 1945, former NKVD courier Elizabeth Bentley told investigators of the Federal Bureau of Investigation that Kaplan was "a dues-paying Communist Party member" who had formerly been associated with the Perlo group of Soviet spies, later moving to the Silvermaster group. She said she learned from Nathan Gregory Silvermaster that Kaplan was a source of Information in the War Production Board.
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) submitted eighteen adverse reports on Kaplan. He became chief advisor to the Military Government of Germany on financial and economic matters after 1945. He was employed by Weintraub in the United Nations Division of Economic Stability and Development from February 1946 through November 1952.
Kaplan's name appears in the VENONA decrypts.
# Brobury

Brobury is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Brobury with Monnington on Wye, in western Herefordshire, England, located between Hereford and Hay-on-Wye. In 1961 the parish had a population of 20. On 1 April 1987 the parish was abolished and merged with Monnington on Wye to form "Brobury with Monnington on Wye".
It lies across the River Wye from Bredwardine.
# Irena Skwierczyńska

Irena Skwierczyńska (26 April 1897 – 15 May 1984) was a Polish film actress. She appeared in more than 25 films between 1933 and 1971.

## Selected filmography

* His Excellency, The Shop Assistant (1933)
* Prokurator Alicja Horn (1933)
* Wacuś (1935)
* Granny Had No Worries (1935)
* Będzie lepiej (1936)
* 30 karatów szczęścia (1936)
* Niedorajda (1937)
* Rena (1938)
* Paweł i Gaweł (1938)
# Chhayachhetra

Chhayachhetra is a village development committee in Salyan District in the Rapti Zone of western-central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 5152 people living in 888 individual households.
# Ranunculus arvensis

Ranunculus arvensis, the corn buttercup or field buttercup, is a plant species in the family Ranunculaceae. Native to Europe, it can be found on other continents as an introduced species and sometimes a weed, including in North America and Australia. It was formerly a common annual arable weed in Britain, but is now rare there. It is most often found in moist places, such as spring puddles in meadows.
Many local common names refer to the spines on the seed heads or the achenes on the mature fruit:
* devil's claws
* hellweed
* devil-on-both-sides
* devil's coach wheel
* devil's currycombs
* crowclaws (Yorkshire)
* horse-gold (Yorkshire)
* eggs-and-bacon (Cheshire)
* jackweed (Oxfordshire)
# Ranunculus asiaticus

Ranunculus asiaticus, the Persian buttercup, is a species of buttercup (Ranunculus) native to the eastern Mediterranean region, southwestern Asia, southeastern Europe (Crete, Karpathos and Rhodes), and northeastern Africa.
It is a herbaceous perennial plant growing up to 45 cm tall, with simple or branched stems. The basal leaves are three-lobed, with leaves higher on the stems more deeply divided; like the stems, they are downy or hairy. The flowers are 3–5 cm in diameter, variably red to pink, yellow, or white, with one to several flowers on each stem.
It is a protected species in some jurisdictions, including Israel and Palestine.

## Cultivation and uses

Double-flowered forms, which are likely hybrids, are a popular ornamental plant in gardens, and widely used in floristry. Numerous cultivars have been selected, including 'Bloomingdale', 'Picotee', 'Pot Dwarf', and 'Superbissima'. The plants can tolerate light frost, but are not hardy at temperatures below -10°C.
'Tecolote' and 'Bloomingdale' are examples of the double-flowered plants. The single-flowered species form is not commercially cultivated on any significant scale. By contrast, the similar-looking Anemone coronaria is widely available in single-flower 'De Caen' hybrid forms. However, as with Ranunculus asiaticus, the species form, which also has red single flowers, is not commercially cultivated.

## Recognition

On March 1, 2023, Canada Post, Canada's postal administration, issued a postage stamp depicting Ranunculus asiaticus. The stamp was issued in booklets and rolls and as a souvenir sheet.
# Ranunculus anemoneus

Ranunculus anemoneus, commonly known as the anemone buttercup, is an endangered species of buttercup found in alpine Australia.
# King Kobra III

King Kobra III, released in 1988 on New Renaissance Records, was the first and last album by the Edwards, Michael-Phillips, Northrup, Hart and Appice line-up of King Kobra. After the demise of the original line-up, remaining members Carmine Appice and David Michael-Phillips teamed up with Johnny Edwards, Jeff Northrup and Larry Hart, all 3 members of the Sacramento, CA band Northrup at the time.
The album featured a strong selection of 1980s style mainstream metal. However, a lack of album sales resulted in the dissolution of the band. Bassist Johnny Rod, who appeared on the first two albums as bassist, does not play here. However, he does contribute backing vocals.
The model posing on the album cover is Carmine's then wife, Sarah Appice, who also makes a cameo appearance in the "Take It Off" promotional video.

## Track listing

* "Mean Street Machine" (David Michael-Phillips, Carmine Appice, Bryson Jones) - 4:26
* "Take It Off" (Phillips, Mark Free, Appice) - 3:58
* "Walls of Silence" (Jeff Northrup) - 5:23
* "Legends Never Die" (Gene Simmons, Micki Free, Adam Mitchell) - 5:04
* "Redline" (Phillips, Appice, Jones) - 4:07
* "Burning in Her Fire" (Northrup) - 3:33
* "Perfect Crime" (Northrup, Johnny Edwards, Glenn Hicks, Larry Hart) - 3:56
* "It's My Life" (Simmons, Paul Stanley) - 3:40
* "#1" (Phillips, Appice, Jones) - 5:08

## Personnel
### Band members

* Johnny 'Boy' Edwards – vocals
* David Michael-Phillips – lead and rhythm guitars, acoustic and slide guitars, bass, backing vocals, co-producer
* Jeff Northrup – lead and rhythm guitars, backing vocals
* Larry Hart – bass guitar
* Carmine Appice – drums, backing vocals, producer

### Additional musicians

* Johnny Rod, Steve Sacchi, Mark Olsen, Bryson Jones, Peter Criss, Sarah Appice, Bob Spinella, Dave Flynn - backing vocals

### Production

* Alex Woltman - engineer, co-producer
* Elliot Solomon - engineer and co-producer on "Take It Off"
* Mark Paladino, Duane Baron, Rick Clifford, Angelo Arcuri, Bret Newman - additional engineering
# Rat (short story)

"Rat" is a science fiction short story by James Patrick Kelly. It was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Short Story 1987, and the Nebula Award for Best Short Story in 1986. Also nominated for Lucas Poll Award category for best short story and also nominated for SF Chronicle Award for the same category. In 1986 "Rat" was published in Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction

## Plot summary

In this cyberpunk story the protagonist is literally a rat, though clearly not an ordinary one. Rat has been given the mission to smuggle a large amount of drugs, but decides that he wants to cut out the middle man and keep the entire haul for himself. Rat tries to sneak out of sight from the spook that was hired to watch him and the fed who was also put onto his tail. After, Rat is able to finally get away from the two and he makes it to his safe house. Only there he has to fight and claw to be able to move the drug haul and save his life as well.

## Cyberpunk

This story emphasizes the punk half of cyberpunk (for the cyber half, see Candace Jane Dorsey's "(Learning About) Machine Sex"). It takes place in a decaying society in which only scavengers like Rat can prosper. Rat is a criminal, a drug runner and murderer. He is selfish, amoral, vindictive. Yet the reader gets caught up in his plight and begins to empathize with him for two reasons. One is that stories do that to us: putting even a despicable character in the role of protagonist and filtering events through that character's perceptions automatically slants our responses toward that character, even against our moral judgment. The way the story is set up seduces us into rooting for Rat to get home, to outwit his pursuers, to make his score. The other reason is that Rat is not a person but an animal, literally a rat, and everything he does is consistent with rat behavior: stealing, hiding, killing, surviving. Once we get a sense of his appearance-furry, twenty-six inches high—he takes on something of the disarming quality of Mickey Mouse or the animals in The Wind in the Willows.

## Sources, references, external links, quotations

* Rat title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
# Edward Kelaart

Edward Kelaart may refer to:
* Ed Kelaart (1900–1989), Ceylonese cricketer
* Edward Frederick Kelaart (1819–1860), Ceylonese-born physician and naturalist
# Firozpur, Ghazipur

Firozpur Kalan is a village located in Mohammadabad tehsil of Ghazipur district, Uttar Pradesh. It has total 316 families residing. Firozpur has population of 2167 as per Population Census 2011. This village belongs to Varanasi Division . It is located at distance of 13 km towards East from District headquarters Ghazipur, 6 km towards west from Mohammadabad tehsil and at a distance of 357 km towards east from State capital Lucknow.

## History

Firozpur and Gouspur has very close connection with renaming of Ghazipur during the rule of Tughlaq Dynasty. As per historical records 'Chakwa King Mandhata' (one of descendant of Prithviraj Chouhan) had his citadel at 'Kathaut'. However Syed Masud Al-Husaini, one of the general of 'Firoz Shah Tughlaq' defeated Raja Mandhata near Firozpur. After this victory Syed Masud was conferred the title of 'Malik al-Sadat Ghazi' by the Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq and appointed as administrator of the vanquished rebellious king's estate. Some historian says that he founded a new city with the name of Ghazipur but according to some researchers he renamed the old city of 'Gadhipuri' as Ghazipur in 1330 A.D. It was Syed Masud Ghazi who established a settlement as village 'Firozpur' as mark of honour towards Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq and also established a new village 'Gouspur' near Kathaut.

## Administration

Firozpur village is administrated by Pradhan who is elected representative of village as per constitution of India and Panchyati Raaj Act.
| Particulars | Total | Male | Female |
| Total No. of Houses | 316 | | |
| Population | 2167 | 1066 | 1101 |

## Airstrip

During world war-II British government built three airstrips in Ghazipur, one at Andhau, another near Gomti bridge at Varanasi-Ghazipur route and third near this village. However it is known as 'Gouspur Hawai Adda'. This airstrip was strategically built by British-US allied forces as line of defense against advancement of INA and Japanese forces and expected fear of fall of Calcutta and eastern sector. Now this airstrip is abandoned by Government of India.

## Transport

Firozpur Kalan could be reached through road and rail route. This village is situated close to National Highway No. 19. Shahbazkuli and Yusufpur are nearby railway stations.
# Vaněk plays

The Vaněk plays are a set of plays in which the character Ferdinand Vaněk is central. Vaněk first appeared in the play Audience by Václav Havel. He subsequently appeared in three other plays by Havel (Protest, Unveiling, and Dozens of Cousins), as well as plays by his friends and colleagues, including Pavel Landovský and Tom Stoppard.
Today, the Vaněk plays are among Havel's best-known works. In English, they are principally known through the translations of Marketa Goetz-Stankiewicz.

## Origins

Ferdinand Vaněk first appeared in the play Audience in 1975 as a stand-in for Havel. Vaněk, like Havel, was a dissident playwright, forced to work in a brewery because his writing has been banned by the Czechoslovak Communist regime. In the course of the play, it becomes clear that the brewmaster has been asked to spy on him. A long, rambling, comic dialogue proceeds, in the course of which the brewmaster eventually becomes a sympathetic figure, rather than a villain.
Since Havel's work was banned, the play was not performed in any theater. Instead, it was performed in living rooms and distributed as samizdat. However, the work became quite well known in the Czech Republic, in part because of a widely circulated radio production of Audience.
Subsequent to 'Audience', Havel used Vaněk in the plays Unveiling, a comic one-act about a couple who desperately want Vaněk to absolve them for their collaborative relationship with the Communist regime, and Protest, in which Vaněk tries to convince an old colleague to sign a protest letter.

## Further Vaněk plays

Havel's Czech friends Pavel Landovský, Pavel Kohout, and Jiří Dienstbier all wrote subsequent plays starring Vaněk, and the character became a national symbol. Subsequent plays by other authors have also featured Vaněk, such as Tom Stoppard's play Rock 'n' Roll, which addressed the importance of music in Czechoslovakia, and Edward Einhorn's The Velvet Oratorio, which imagined Vaněk during the Velvet Revolution.
Havel himself wrote a short modern sequel to Unveiling entitled Dozens of Cousins in 2010.
# Zona de Promesas

Zona de Promesas: mixes 1984-1993 (Spanish for Zone of Promises) is an album recorded by Argentine rock band Soda Stereo. Their tenth album was released by Sony Music Entertainment in 1993. The album is composed of a series of remixes recorded by Soda Stereo that range between 1984 and 1993 and Zona de promesas, a track left in the cutting room of the band's previous album, Dynamo. This was the last album released through the Sony label.

## Track listing

* "Zona de Promesas" (Cerati) (Zone of Promises)
* "Primavera 0 [Bonzo Mix]"
* "En la Ciudad de la Furia [Dance Mix]"
* "Nada Personal [Rémix]"
* "Luna Roja [Soul Mix]"
* "Cuando Pase el Temblor [Oíd Mortales Mix]"
* "Mundo de Quimeras"
* "No Necesito Verte (Para Saberlo) [Krupa Mix]"
* "Sobredosis de TV [Rémix]"
* "Lo Que Sangra (La Cúpula) [Versión Rémix]"

## Personnel
### Soda Stereo

* Gustavo Cerati: vocals, guitar and programming
* Zeta Bosio: bass and backing vocals
* Charly Alberti: drums and percussion
# Tuek Phos (town)

Tuek Phos is a small town and capital of Tuek Phos District in Kampong Chhnang Province, Cambodia.
* This Cambodian location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Denbigh High School (Jamaica)

Denbigh High School (formerly known as Denbigh Junior Secondary School, Denbigh Secondary School and Denbigh Comprehensive High School) is a high school in Clarendon, Denbigh, Jamaica. founded in 1969, seven years after Jamaican independence.

## Overview

Denbigh High School began in 1969 as Denbigh Secondary School with 810 students, drawn from three feeder schools: York Town, Four Paths and Denbigh Primary. Arthur Garson Bryant and Sylvester Bryan served as Principal and Vice Principal respectively. In 1996, the school broadened its reach by introducing tertiary education.
# Household & Commercial Products Association

The Household & Commercial Products Association (HCPA), formerly known as the Consumer Specialty Products Association (CSPA), is an industry trade association for chemical products companies, based in Washington, D.C.

## History

Source:
The association was founded in 1914 under the name Insecticides Manufacturers Association as a direct response to the enactment of the Federal Insecticide Act of 1910. The group later expanded its membership to include disinfectant manufacturers and renamed it the Insecticides and Disinfectants Manufacturers Association (IDMA).
In 1932, the association established its first permanent office in New York City and later eventually changed the name to Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association, Inc. (CSMA) to more accurately represent the more diverse membership. By 1974, to have a more direct impact on federal legislation, CSMA moved to Washington, D.C. The association was very involved in the industry's responses to the creation and growth of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Risk Retention Act of 1986. By the turn of the century, the association again changed names to the Consumer Specialty Products Association (CSPA) with seven distinct divisions: Aerosol, Air Care, Cleaners, Polishes, Automotive Care, Antimicrobial, and Pest Management.
Today, under the leadership of Steve Caldeira, the former President & CEO of the International Franchise Association, CSPA rebranded to more accurately represent its membership and now is recognized as the Household & Commercial Products Association (HCPA).