OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chartaprops v Silberman

Chartaprops 16 (Pty) Ltd and Another v Silberman is an important case in the South African law of agency. It was heard in the Supreme Court of Appeal by Scott JA, Nugent JA, Ponnan JA, Maya JA and Leach AJA on May 14, 2008. They delivered judgment on September 25. The case was an appeal from a decision in the Witwatersrand Local Division by Boruchowitz J.

## Facts

The respondent sued the appellants out of the High Court for her damages suffered as a result of injuries sustained when she slipped and fell in a shopping mall owned by the first appellant and cleaned by the second appellant. The respondent alleged that the second appellant was negligent in failing to detect and remove the spillage in the passage, and that the first appellant was vicariously liable for the negligence of the second appellant. At the conclusion of the trial, the High Court held that the appellants were jointly and severally liable to the respondent. The appellants appealed against that decision to the Supreme Court of Appeal.

## Judgment

The SCA held that the general rule was that a principal was not liable for the wrongs committed by an independent contractor or its employees. The courts have, however, been extending the principal's liability for the acts of independent contractors: a tendency which, if unchecked, would result in the creation of vicarious responsibility for every act of negligence performed by an independent contractor in the course of doing the work, thus effacing the distinction between principal and independent contractor.
The court held, further, that the concept of a non-delegable or "personal" duty had been designed to enable a plaintiff to outflank the general rule as stated above. The problem was that the classification in any particular circumstances of a duty as non-delegable amounted to an assertion without rational backing. The correct approach to the liability of a principal for the negligence of an independent contractor was to apply the fundamental rule that obliged everyone to exercise that degree of care that the circumstances demanded. That meant that, given that the first appellant's duty was to take care that the premises were safe, it was obliged to take no more than reasonable steps to guard against foreseeable harm to the public.
The court found that, by engaging a competent contractor, the first appellant took the care which was incumbent on it to make the premises reasonably safe. There was no way for the first appellant to have known that the second appellant's work would be defective. The first appellant had therefore not been negligent, and the damage complained of was caused solely by the negligent act or omission of the second appellant.
The SCA held, accordingly, that the court a quo had erred in holding the first appellant liable. Its finding in relation to the second appellant could, however, not be faulted. The appeal was thus upheld in part and dismissed in part.
# Colonial (PRR train)

The Colonial, also known as the Colonial Express, was a service of the Pennsylvania Railroad and New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad between Washington Union Station in Washington, D.C. and South Station in Boston, Massachusetts. It was operated until 1973 by Amtrak.

## History

The Colonial began on January 18, 1892, as a daytime express service between Boston and Washington, D.C.. From Boston, the train traveled west over the New York, New Haven & Hartford's Shore Line and then the New Rochelle branch to the Harlem River, where passengers boarded the passenger steamer Maryland, which carried them to Jersey City, New Jersey. At the time, the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) had no station in Manhattan, so passengers heading for New York City traveled to Jersey City, then transferred to Manhattan-bound ferries. Passengers continuing south on the Colonial boarded a new train in Jersey City, which used the Pennsylvania main line to reach Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Baltimore, Maryland and Washington. The train was renamed Federal Express in 1894.
In the early 1910s the waterborne segment was dropped; instead, the Boston train ran into Grand Central Terminal, while the Washington train terminated at Penn Station, which had opened in 1910. Passengers used ground transport to move between the two stations, which were a little over a mile apart. In 1917 the opening of the Hell Gate Bridge, which linked the Bronx and Queens and linked the PRR and the New Haven, allowed trains to run directly through Penn Station.
The PRR merged into Penn Central Transportation in 1968, which absorbed the NYNH&H in 1969. When Amtrak began operations on May 1, 1971, it took over the Federal, which ran as trains 170 and 171 (changed to 173 and 174 in the November 14 timetable). Its last trip was made on April 28, 1973.
Amtrak reused the name in 1976 for a new Boston–Newport News train, the Colonial, which replaced the Newport News section of the James Whitcomb Riley.
# Christian August Friedrich Garcke

Christian August Friedrich Garcke (25 October 1819 – 10 January 1904) was a German botanist who was a native of Bräunrode, Saxony-Anhalt.
He studied theology in Halle, obtaining his doctorate at the University of Jena in 1844. Afterwards he was a private scholar of botanical studies in Halle, relocating to Berlin in 1851, where he worked with botanist Alexander Braun (1805-1877). In 1865 he was appointed curator at the "Königlichen Herbarium" (later "Königlich botanisches Museum") in Berlin, and in 1871 became an associate professor specializing in pharmacognosy.
He was author of the popular Flora von Nord- und Mitteldeutschland (Flora of North and Central Germany), a book that was published over numerous editions (first edition, 1849). Another significant work was the two-volume Flora von Halle (1848, 1856). From 1867 to 1882 he was editor of the journal Linnæa.
A number of botanical species bear his name; as an example, Thespesia garckeana.
# Carol Walker

Carol Lee Walker (born 1935) is a retired American mathematician and mathematics textbook author. Walker's early mathematical research, in the 1960s and 1970s, concerned the theory of abelian groups. In the 1990s, her interests shifted to fuzzy logic and fuzzy control systems.

## Education and career

Walker was born in Martinez, California on August 19, 1935, and went to high school in Montrose, Colorado. She studied music education at the University of Colorado Boulder, with a year off to work as a primary-school music teacher in Colorado, and graduated in 1957. Next, she went to the University of Denver for graduate study in mathematics, but after one year transferred to New Mexico State University, where she earned a master's degree in 1961 and completed her PhD in 1963. Her dissertation, On $p^{\alpha }$-pure sequences of abelian groups, was supervised by David Kent Harrison.
After postdoctoral research at the Institute for Advanced Study, she returned to Mexico State University as an assistant professor in 1964, and quickly earned tenure as an associate professor in 1966. She was promoted to full professor in 1972. She chaired the Department of Mathematical Sciences from 1979 to 1993, and served as associate dean of arts and sciences from 1993 until her retirement in 1996.

## Books

Walker is the coauthor of books including:
* Mathematics for the Liberal Arts Student (with Fred Richman and Robert J. Wisner, Brooks-Cole, 1967; 2nd ed., 1973; 3rd ed., with James Brewer, Prentice-Hall, 2000; 4th ed., 2003)
* Doing Mathematics with Scientific WorkPlace (with Darel Hardy, Brooks-Cole, 1995; multiple editions)
* A First Course in Fuzzy and Neural Control (with Hung T. Nguyen, Radipuram Prasad, and Elbert Walker, CRC Press, 2003)
* Applied Algebra: Codes, Ciphers, and Discrete Algorithms (with Darel Hardy, Prentice-Hall, 2003)
* Calculus: Understanding Its Concepts and Methods (with Darel Hardy, Fred Richman, and Robert J. Wisner, MacKichan Software, 2006)

## Recognition

The New Mexico State University alumni gave Walker their Distinguished Alumni Award in 2001.

## Personal life

Walker was married to Elbert Walker (1930–2018), another mathematician who joined the New Mexico State University faculty in 1957.
# Farzana Faruk

Farzana Faruk Jhumu (born 1998, Bangladesh) is a climate activist from Fridays for Future, Bangladesh. She is a youth currently living in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

## Early life and education

Farzana lived her early years in the Lakshmipur district. She is a computer science and engineering graduate. Her thesis project on her undergraduate degree was about a mental health issue, suicidal ideation detection.
She is a co-founder of Kaathpencil, an organization for teaching the unprivileged children of her area. They work on blood donation, children’s education, and climate education. Currently Poribesher Proti Projonmo (Generation for Environment) is an ongoing campaign with several organizations to educate children and young people about climate change and how to fight them.
Farzana's journey against the climate crisis started in 2017 with cleaning plastic from the neighborhood. She joined Fridays for Future, Bangladesh, in 2019. As Bangladesh is a severely affected country and Dhaka is one of the densely polluted cities, she started to engage with climate activism. Since early 2020, she has been organizing, handling social media, and communicating for Fridays for Future Bangladesh. In 2021 she was also being in part of Fridays for Future MAPA.
She joined COP26 as an observer. She was on the sailing ship of Greenpeace called “Rainbow Warrior” with other activists from MAPA. She is also working with the Fossil fuel Non-proliferation treaty to advocate the just transition from fossil fuel. She is working on the demand for reparation. She joined COP27, SB58 and COP28 to demand an equitable fossil fuel phase-out.

## Works

Farzana workes with 350.org to promote Green New Deal in Bangladesh. She is the youth advocate for UNICEF Bangladesh.
* Thunberg, Greta; Calderón, Adriana; Jhumu, Farzana Faruk; Njuguna, Eric (2021-08-19). "Opinion | This Is the World Being Left to Us by Adults". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-05-16.
# Skipton House

Skipton House is a high specification office building in Elephant and Castle, Central London.
It was built for a Japanese bank and then sold on to accommodate staff of the Department of Health who were moved out of Alexander Fleming House. The project architect was Paul Cayford. Its address is 80 London Road SE1 6LH, next to the Bakerloo line entrance to Elephant & Castle tube station. It was opened by Virginia Bottomley, who was then Secretary of State for Health, on 15 February 1993. Its floor area is 250,000 sq ft (23,000 m$^2$).
From outside, the two outstanding characteristics are the dark brown marble cladding and the impressive entranceway. Inside, there is a large glass-topped central atrium, with the second to sixth floors having balconies.
When the Information Centre for Health and Social Care was created on April 1, 2005, its London office was in Skipton House. It has since moved to Leeds, West Yorkshire. Furthermore, during 2005 substantial numbers of Department of Health staff were moved in from nearby Eileen House and Hannibal House where those leases had expired. In 2011 a further tranche of Department of Health staff were moved in from nearby New Kings Beam House. It is the headquarters of the NHS Counter Fraud Authority.

## Redevelopment plans

Plans were approved in 2016 to demolish Skipton House as well as the adjacent hostel and London South Bank University Perry Library to make way for a mixed-use development designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill containing high-end flats, offices and restaurants. The plans were subsequently withdrawn due to a lack of agreement between the landowners and in 2019 a new planning application was submitted to re-clad and add six more storeys to the existing building. The application was referred back to Southwark London Borough Council by the Greater London Authority on the basis that it "does not comply with the London Plan and the draft London Plan". The GLA suggested possible remedies including contributing towards the cost of a new Elephant and Castle Northern line London Underground station, the developer submitted an updated plan to Southwark London Borough Council which approved it in November 2020 and the plans now await approval by the Mayor of London.
# Cooperation (disambiguation)

Cooperation:
* Cooperation - as used in the social sciences.
* Co-operation (evolution) - co-operative behaviors in biology
* Cooperative - economic model
* Microbial cooperation – cooperation between microorganisms
# Áed Uaridnach

Áed Uaridnach ("Áed the Warlike", or Áed mac Domnaill, "Áed son of Domnall") (died 612) was an Irish king who was High King of Ireland. He is sometimes also known as Áed Allán, a name most commonly used for the 8th-century king of the same name, this Áed's great-great-grandson.
Áed was the son of Domnall Ilchelgach (died 566) and brother of Eochaid mac Domnaill (died 572), considered to have been High Kings by some sources. He belonged to the northern Cenél nEógain kindred of the Uí Néill. He was King of Ailech from 604 to 612.
Áed, it was said, was preceded as High King by the joint rule of Áed Sláine and Colmán Rímid and ruled from 604 to 612. Áed is mentioned in the earliest Irish King list contained in the Baile Chuind (The Ecstasy of Conn), a late 7th-century Irish poem. In 605 Áed won a victory over the King of Leinster, Brandub mac Echach (died 605) at the Battle of Slabra. Leinster was often a target of the Uí Néill for inaugural raids and the levy of a cattle-tribute. The Annals of Tigernach place the beginning of his reign after this event.
The cause of Áed's death is unknown, but his obituary presents it as a non-violent death. According to one recension of The Book of Invasions he "died of plague in Tara". The Cenél Feradach, led by the descendants of Suibne Menn, overshadowed Áed's branch of the Cenél nEógain—the Cenél maic Ercae—and it was not until the time of his great-grandson Fergal mac Máele Dúin that the Cenél maic Ercae again provided a High King of Ireland. Áed's son Máel Fithrich mac Áedo (died 630) was a king of Ailech.
# John Sterne (bishop of Colchester)

John Sterne was appointed Bishop of Colchester to deputise within the Diocese of Ely under the provisions of the Suffragan Bishops Act 1534 in 1592 and held the post until his death in 1607. Educated at Trinity College, Cambridge and ordained in 1554 he was Rector of Stevenage at St Nicholas' Church, then Rickmansworth before his Consecration at All Saints Church, Fulham.
# Charles Till Davis

Charles Till Davis (14 April 1929 – 10 April 1998) was an American medieval historian of Tulane University who was an authority on Dante Alighieri.

## Career

Charles Davis attended Davidson College before earning a Rhodes Scholarship to Oxford University, where he studied under the Italian historian Alessandro Passerin d’Entréves. Davis's doctoral dissertation, Dante and the Idea of Rome, was published by Clarendon Press in 1957. He taught history at Tulane University for over forty years and served as President of the Dante Society of America from 1991-1997. Davis was a vocal critic of the university's decision to name a hall in honor of segregationist F. Edward Hebert. He was elected fellow of the Medieval Academy of America and was a member of the American Philosophical Society. A prize is awarded annually at the university in his honor.

## Selected publications

* Dante and the idea of Rome. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1957.
* Ptolemy of Lucca and the Roman Republic. Lancaster Press, 1974.
* Dante's Italy and other essays. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984. ISBN 978-0812278835
# Colonia del Sol, Baja California Sur

Colonia del Sol (when translated to English is "Colony of the Sun") is a northern suburb of Cabo San Lucas, in Baja California Sur, Mexico. It is the third-largest locality in Los Cabos Municipality. It had a 2015 census population of 64,055 inhabitants and lies at an elevation of 62 m (203 ft.).
# Cabilao Island

Cabilao is a Philippine island in the Cebu Strait, part of Bohol Province. It is home to the only natural lake in the province: Cabilao Island Lake, also called Lake Danao or Lanao.
The island, part of the Municipality of Loon, has five barangays (Cabacongan, Cambaquiz, Looc, Pantudlan, and Talisay), and has a total population of 4,636 people, who primarily depend on fishing and agriculture, as well as tourism.
Notable indigenous products are handcrafted mats and bayongs, weaved from romblon (pandanus) leaves by a cooperation of weavers using a shared service facility in Pantudlan.
The entire island was proclaimed as a Mangrove Swamp Forest Reserve under Proclamation No. 2152 in 1981, and confirmed by the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act of 1992 (Republic Act No. 7586). But since only a small area around Cabilao Island Lake actually has any mangroves worthy of being protected, House Bill No. 5108 of February 2017 removed the island's protection under the NIPAS Act. Proclamation No. 1801, signed in November 1978, declared the entire island a tourist zone and marine reserve under the administration and control of the Philippine Tourism Authority (PTA).
The island is accessible by outrigger canoe ferries that connect Mocpoc on the western end of Sandingan Island to the pier on the eastern side of Cabilao Island. There are no cars on the island, and local transportation consists of motorcycles and a few tricycles.

## Attractions

The main tourist attraction of Cabilao Island is scuba diving and snorkeling. There are several diving locations with undisturbed coral reefs, that are home to barracudas, jackfish, ghostpipe fish, dragon fish, crabs, seahorses, damsel fish, fusiliers, parrot fish, and occasionally hammerhead and white-tipped sharks. Other attractions include a few sandy beaches, and bird watching. Since bird hunting is prohibited, there are more bird species on Cabilao Island than any other place in Bohol.
On the north-west corner of the island, known as Punta Baluarte, are a small museum, an old abandoned lighthouse and modern lighthouse. The museum is housed in the former ruins of the Spanish-era lighthouse building with 1-metre-thick coral stone walls, that was restored in 2011. Nearby are the ruins of a Spanish-era stone watchtower of which only the foundations remain.
# Zhelezino

Zhelezino is a village in the municipality of Ivaylovgrad, in Haskovo Province, in southern Bulgaria. The postal code is 6995, and 6965. The country calling code is +359. The latitude is 41.48333 and the longitude is 25.95.
# Carol W. Hunstein

Carol Wyckoff Hunstein (born August 16, 1944) is an American lawyer and judge from Georgia. She is a former Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia. She served on the Court as an associate justice from 1992 to 2009 and 2013 to 2018 and as Chief Justice from 2009 to 2013.

## Early life and education

Hunstein was born in Miami, Florida, on August 16, 1944, to John C. and Mary Reynolds Wyckoff. By age 23, she was a divorced, single mother who had lost her left leg to cancer. However, she overcame this adversity receiving an Associate's degree from Miami-Dade Community College in 1970, and shortly thereafter a Bachelor of Science degree from Florida Atlantic University (FAU) in 1972. Upon graduation from FAU, Hunstein enrolled in the Stetson University College of Law. In 1976, she received her Juris Doctor, was admitted to the Georgia Bar Association, and subsequently went into private practice.

## Career

Hunstein moved from Florida to Atlanta, Georgia, in 1976. Having established herself in the legal community by 1984, she ran against four men for election to the Superior Court in DeKalb County and made it into the runoff. During the three-week runoff, for the first time Hunstein began using the slogan “This time, this woman,’’ and upon election became the first female superior court judge in the county.
In November 1992, Hunstein was nominated to the Supreme Court of Georgia by Governor Zell Miller. She was the second female Associate Justice in Georgia history. Hunstein was re-elected by voters four times, most recently in November 2012. In June 2009, Hunstein was unanimously elected to replace the retiring Leah Ward Sears as chief justice. Hunstein served from July 2009 until August 2013, taking a hiatus from May to July 2012 to allow presiding judge George Carley to serve as Chief Justice before he retired. Presiding judge Hugh P. Thompson was elected to replace Hunstein at the end of her term. Hunstein then resumed her role as Associate Justice, serving until her retirement at the end of 2018. She was replaced by Georgia Court of Appeals judge John Ellington.
Hunstein also served as an adjunct professor at the Emory University School of Law.

## Personal life

Carol married Ralph J. Hunstein in 1976. They have two daughters (Krista and Gabrielle) and a son from her previous marriage (John Abate).
# Curator: The Museum Journal

Curator: The Museum Journal is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell.
The journal was established in 1958. Its editor-in-chief is Zahava D. Doering (Smithsonian Institution). The journal covers museum administration, research, exhibition development, visitor studies, conservation, museum education, collection management, and other subjects of current concern to museum professionals. It is abstracted and indexed in CSA ARTbibliographies Modern.
# Sirius Calling

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings | |
Sirius Calling is an album by the Art Ensemble of Chicago recorded in April, 2003 in Madison, Wisconsin and released in 2004 on the Pi Recordings label. It features performances by Joseph Jarman, Roscoe Mitchell and Don Moye with Malachi Favors Maghostut on what would be the final album before his death. It was recorded on April 24–26, 2003 in Madison, WI.

## Reception

The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow states that "The music is as adventurous as ever ... the interplay between the four musicians, the mood variation (which ranges from jubilant to introspective sound explorations) and the wide range of tonal colors (Mitchell and Jarman play many different instruments) usually keep the concise music continually intriguing".

## Track listing

* "Sirius Calling" (Art Ensemble Of Chicago) – 3:27
* "Come on Y'all" (Art Ensemble Of Chicago) – 4:10
* "Two-Twenty" (Jarman, Moye) – 2:23
* "He Took a Cab to Neptune" (Art Ensemble Of Chicago) – 6:24
* "Everyday's a Perfect Day" (Jarman, Moye) – 2:48
* "Til Autumn" (Mitchell) – 6:07
* "Dance of Circles" (Art Ensemble Of Chicago) – 5:39
* "Cruising with JJ" (Art Ensemble Of Chicago) – 4:33
* "You Can't Get Away" (Art Ensemble Of Chicago) – 3:48
* "Taiko" (Art Ensemble Of Chicago) – 8:48
* "There's a Message for You" (Art Ensemble Of Chicago) – 4:21
* "Slow Tenor and Bass" (Mitchell) – 5:22
* "Voyage" (Favors, Mitchell) – 3:32
* "The Council" (Art Ensemble Of Chicago) – 3:30

## Personnel

* Roscoe Mitchell: soprano saxophone, alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, baritone saxophone, clarinet, flute, percussion
* Joseph Jarman: soprano saxophone, alto saxophone, tenor saxophone, clarinet, flute, percussion
* Famoudou Don Moye: drums, percussion
* Malachi Favors Maghostut: bass, percussion instruments
# Can't Fake the Feeling

"Can't Fake the Feeling" is 1980 disco single written by Geraldine Hunt and Kathleen Dyson It was performed by Geraldine Hunt and is a track from her album, No Way.

## Chart performance

The single hit number one on the dance chart in the United States for seven weeks and peaked at number 58 on the soul singles chart. In the UK Singles Chart, "Can't Fake the Feeling" peaked at number 44.