OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Shifting standards model

The shifting standards model proposes that judgments are influenced by relative comparisons. Evaluation and judgment are subjective and may be imposed by onlookers depending on the group being evaluated. Prior experiences with a given group affect future assessments of group members by creating expected norms for behavior.

## Applications
### Previous restrictions

Originally, this model was thought to only harm stereotypical low-status groups. However, recent research by McCabe & Brannon, suggests that the shifting standards model can be used in evaluating people from a higher status group. In a study conducted with undergraduate college students, McCabe and Brannon instructed each participant to read a paragraph with either a stereotypical black or white name, then rate the level of ambition for each individual. The unemployed subtype of the stereotypical high-power White group was rated less ambitious than the unemployed subtype of the stereotypical low-power Black group.

### Competition for limited and unlimited resources

The shifting standards model can also have an effect on making evaluations, depending on the kind of judgment being made. That is, if there are more negative stereotype views toward one group than others, then standards used to evaluate an individual from one of those groups shifts either up or down. Some groups are generally considered to be of high competency, such as white males; and some groups are considered to be of lower competency, such as women or African-Americans. In a competition of limited resources, the high competency group will be awarded the resources, even if they are actually less deserving. However, in cases of unlimited resources, such as performance appraisal, lower competency groups will be given more of the resource, even if they performed relatively more poorly. This is due to lower expectations of negatively stereotyped groups.

### Sex and gender differences

This model can also be applied to sex and gender differences. Fuegen and colleagues presented a study from two different universities where the subjects were instructed to review job applicants and judge their competence level for the job. Each applicant was either male or female, single or married and had no children or two children. Strikingly, both male and female parents were judged as less competent for the job than childless applicants. Also, gender standards were shifted in the evaluation of applicants. Male parents were judged with more leniency than childless males and women with children. This displays the notion that good performance for a male is not equivalent to what constitutes good performance for a female.

### Measuring stereotype accuracy

In measuring stereotype accuracy, researchers often assume that assessments are stable across time and situation. However, research based on the shifting standards model shows just the opposite, that stereotypes are unstable and depend largely on how the participant chooses a reference point for making their assessment.
# Khamzat Gitsba

Khamzat "Rocky" Gitsba was a participant in the 1996 hijacking of the MV Avrazya who was shot dead in 2007 in Gudauta.

## Early life and family

Khamzat Gitsba earned the nickname "Rocky" for his love of boxing, after the film character Rocky Balboa. Gitsba was a geography graduate from Abkhazian State University. He worked for some time in the high school in the village of Duripsh. Gitsba fought in the 1992-1993 war with Georgia under the command of Shamil Basayev. The Russian newspaper Kommersant reported that Gitsba's cousin married Basayev, but this has been denied by the Spiritual Board of the Muslims of Abkhazia.

## Hijacking of the MV Avrazya

Khamzat participated in the January 1996 hijacking of the MV Avrasya. In May 2006, he declared in an interview that it had been an act of desperation, meant to attract world attention and to stop the war in Chechnya, and that they had only used fake explosives and a hunting rifle.

## Return to Abkhazia and murder

After being released from prison, Khamzat Gitsba returned to Abkhazia and became a member of the Spiritual Board of the Muslims of Abkhazia and an informal leader of Muslims in Gudauta. On 17 August 2007, around 13:30, Gitsba was shot in the centre of Gudauta, along with Ufa resident Ruslan Assadulina. Gitsba died on the site of the shooting, aged 37. The masked killer had shot the pair through a lowered back window of a Chrysler stolen a few days earlier, using a machine gun with suppressor. After the attack, the police was unable to follow the perpetrator, about half an hour later it found the burning wreck of the car on the outskirts of town.
# FAD-AMP lyase (cyclizing)

The enzyme FAD-AMP lyase (cyclizing) (EC 4.6.1.15) catalyzes the reaction
    FAD $\rightleftharpoons$ AMP + riboflavin cyclic-4′,5′--phosphate
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the class of phosphorus-oxygen lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is FAD AMP-lyase (riboflavin-cyclic-4′,5′-phosphate-forming). Other names in common use include FMN cyclase and FAD AMP-lyase (cyclic-FMN-forming).
# Corky McMillin

Macey L. "Corky" McMillin Jr. (January 14, 1929 – September 22, 2005) was an American off-road desert racer, philanthropist and land developer.

## Biography

When he was 14, McMillin and his family moved from a small Missouri town to Chula Vista, California. He graduated from Sweetwater High School in nearby National City. He started a small construction company in Bonita, California in 1960, with his wife, Vonnie, who handled accounting duties. While McMillin was busy building houses, his passion was taking his family to the Imperial Sand Dunes on the weekends. As sons Mark and Scott got older, McMillin decided to try his hand at off-road racing.
McMillin's first venture into a competitive event came at the 1976 Baja 1000 with his son, Mark. Although the father-son team did not finish that first race, McMillin kept at it, and his first win came in the 1979 Baja 1000. He went on to win many more races, including the San Felipe 250, Baja 500, Baja 1000, Parker 400, and Fireworks 250, most of them multiple times. Over the years, McMillin won three SCORE Points Championships and on two occasions, won overall titles at both the San Felipe 250 and the Baja 500.
As the McMillin Companies continued to prosper, McMillin expanded into different markets, including Liberty Station, a 361-acre (1.46 km$^2$) conversion project on the site of the former San Diego Naval Training Center. He eventually became one of the largest private developers in the country. The Corky McMillin Companies donated $1.5 million to enhance the real estate program at San Diego State University's College of Business Administration. Through Partners in Education, McMillin contributed to anti-drug programs in the Poway Unified School District.
McMillin died at the age of 76 less than two weeks after he had a heart attack while racing in his final desert race, the SCORE Las Vegas Primm 300. He has eight grandchildren. In 2000, because of his contributions to the community, an elementary school in Chula Vista was named after him. Vonnie McMillin died on August 30, 2016, after an extended battle with Parkinson's disease.
While his sons continue to run the family business — The Corky McMillin Companies — his daughter, Laurie Ann, an interior designer who is also on the board of directors of the family's corporation, decorates the company's model homes.

## Career awards

McMillin is a 2006 inductee in the Off-Road Motorsports Hall of Fame. He was awarded the City of Hope Spirit of Life Award in 1985.
# Roman Catholic Diocese of Aitape

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Aitape is a suffragan diocese of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madang. It was established in 1952.

## Bishops of Aitape

* Ignatius John Doggett, O.F.M. (1952 – 1969)
* William Kevin Rowell, O.F.M. (1969 – 1986)
* Brian James Barnes, O.F.M. (1987 – 1997), appointed Archbishop of Port Moresby
* Austen Robin Crapp, O.F.M. (1999 – 2009)
* Otto Separy (2009 – 2019)
* Siby Mathew Peedikayil, H.G.N. (2021 – present)
# Robert Sibthorpe

Robert Sibthorpe or Sibthorp (died 1662) was an English clergyman who gained notoriety during the reign of King Charles I of England for his outspoken defense of the divine right of kings.

## Biography

Sibthorpe was a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, receiving his M. A. from that institution in 1619. He became vicar of The Holy Sepulchre, Northampton in 1619. He received his D.D. ca. 1626.
Sibthorpe first gained national prominence in 1627, when he gave an assize sermon in which he asserted the doctrine of passive obedience. King Charles I wanted to have Sibthorpe's sermon, along with a similar sermon delivered by Roger Maynwaring, printed. George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury opposed the publication of these sermons, but William Laud, Bishop of Bath and Wells urged George Montaigne, Bishop of London to license the publication and as a result the sermons were published. (Laud was promoted to Bishop of London in 1628 as a result.)
At the 1628 Parliament, John Pym moved in the House of Commons of England to impeach Sibthorpe and Maynwaring. In the House of Lords, the two were accused of subverting the commonwealth. As a result, Sibthorpe and Maywaring were imprisoned and fined; suspended from the ministry, prevented from clerical or secular advancement, and told they could not preach at Court.
The King was furious at Parliament's actions, and instructed Attorney General Robert Heath to draw up papers giving Sibthorpe and Maynwaring a royal pardon. Charles then made Sibthorpe a chaplain in the Chapel Royal, signaling his intention to defend Sibthorpe against future attacks from Parliament.
In 1629, Sibthorpe was appointed rector at Burton Latimer. He later became commissary of the Diocese of Peterborough, and in that capacity he gained a reputation as a zealous oppressor of Puritanism.
With the outbreak of the English Civil War, in 1643 Sibthorpe joined the king at Oxford. His living was sequestrated by the Long Parliament in 1647, but restored in 1660 at the time of the English Restoration.

## Legacy

Sibthorpe and Maynwaring remained hated by defenders of English liberty. Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury and John Locke continued to denounce Sibthorpe's opinions decades after his death. Algernon Sidney also spoke out against Sibthorpe and Maynwaring. In the next century, Jonathan Mayhew was continuing to denounce Sibthorpe and Maynwaring.
# Rufinus the Syrian

Rufinus the Syrian or Rufinus of Syria (fl. c. 400) was a Christian theologian, priest and author, generally identified as a Pelagian.
According to the anti-Pelagian writer Marius Mercator, Rufinus "of the Syrian nation" (natione Syrus) taught at Rome during the episcopate of Anastasius I (399–401) and through this teaching was a bad influence on the theology of Pelagius and his followers. There is disagreement between scholars over the correct reading of the word preceding natione Syrus: it is either quidam ("a nobody of Syrian race") or quondam ("at one time of the nation of Syria"). Walter Dunphy even argues that whole phrase is ultimately a copyist's error and that there was no Rufinus from Syria.
There are a total of seven references to persons named Rufinus from around 400 and scholars are unsure how many individuals lie behind them. There are three other Rufinuses who are often identified with the Mercator's Syrian Rufinus. If "Syrian" was being used in its broad sense (i.e., of Syria Palaestina), then Mercator's Rufinus may be identical to the Rufinus who was a monk in Bethlehem and went on a mission to the West for Jerome in early 399.
The Syrian Rufinus is usually identified with the Rufinus who wrote the Liber de fide (Book of Faith), which survives in a single manuscript, now MS Q. v. 1. 6 in the Saint Petersburg Public Library. The manuscript describes the author as a priest from the province of Palestine. In this work Rufinus attacks Arianism, Origenism and the doctrine of original sin. The work was for a long time ascribed erroneously to Tyrannius Rufinus. The latter, also called Rufinus of Aquileia, was definitely a different person.
The Syrian Rufinus is usually also identified with the "holy priest" mentioned by Caelestius at his trial in Carthage in 411. At that time the priest was already dead.
# Kizhvelur Kediliappar Temple

10°46′03″N 79°44′26″E﻿ / ﻿10.767574°N 79.740495°E﻿ / 10.767574; 79.740495
Keezhvelur Kediliappar Temple (கீழ்வேளூர் கேடிலியப்பர் கோயில்) is a Hindu temple located at Keezhvelur in Nagapattinam district, Tamil Nadu, India. The historical name of the place is Thirukeezhvelur. The temple is dedicated to Shiva, as the moolavar presiding deity, in his manifestation as Kediliappar. His consort, Parvati, is known as Vanamulai Amman.

## Significance

It is one of the shrines of the 275 Paadal Petra Sthalams - Shiva Sthalams glorified in the early medieval Tevaram poems by Tamil Saivite Nayanars Tirugnanasambandar and Tirunavukkarasar.
This temple is believed to be 1000 years or more older, based on the sculptures found in temple and notes from old Hindu literatures.
# Hickory Mountain

Hickory Mountain may refer to the following places in the United States:
* Hickory Mountain (New Jersey), a mountain
* Hickory Mountain, a township in Chatham County, North Carolina
# Eunice Lam

Eunice Lam Yin-nei (Chinese: 林燕妮; 31 January 1943 – 31 May 2018), also known as Lin Yanni, was a Hong Kong novelist, columnist, businesswoman, and socialite, often called the "prodigal daughter" of Hong Kong. She published more than eighty books, many of which have been adapted into films. She also wrote regular columns for the Ming Pao, and Jin Yong, the famous writer who founded the newspaper, praised her as the "best modern woman essayist".
Lam was married to Peter Lee, brother of the kung-fu star Bruce Lee. Her brother Richard Lam was also a well-known Cantopop lyricist. Her lengthy extra-marital relationship with the celebrated songwriter Wong Jim garnered her media attention.

## Early life and education

Lam was born in Hong Kong on 31 January 1943 into an artistic and literary family. She had a younger sister and two younger brothers, including the Cantopop lyricist Richard Lam Chun-keung, a household name in Hong Kong.
At age 17, she was admitted to the University of California, Berkeley in the United States. She returned to Hong Kong after graduating with a bachelor's degree in genetics, and later earned two master's degrees, including one in Chinese literature from the University of Hong Kong.

## Career

Lam worked as one of Hong Kong's first television weather girls. She began her writing career in 1974, and became a prolific writer in the 1980s. She published more than eighty books, including Crazy (癡), Fate (缘), Alliance (盟) and The Burial of Youth (青春之葬). Many of her novels have been adapted into films. She was also a regular columnist for the Chinese-language newspapers Ming Pao and the Hong Kong Daily News, praised by Jin Yong as the "best modern woman essayist".

## Personal life

When she was 21, Lam married Peter Lee Jung-sum, the elder brother of Bruce Lee, and the couple had a son, Lee Kai-ho (李凯豪). The marriage ended in divorce after about five years. Lam found herself in the media spotlight for having maintained a 14-year extra-marital relationship with Wong Jim, the celebrated Hong Kong songwriter, which began in 1976 when they were both working for the broadcaster TVB; the affair caused the break-up of his first marriage. Together, they started the advertising agency Wong & Lam; it was later bought by Saatchi & Saatchi. The couple planned to marry in 1988, but, according to Lam, Wong lost interest, and they broke up after Wong started an affair with his secretary, whom he later married.

## Death

Lam was diagnosed with lung cancer due to her excessive smoking in 2016. On 31 May 2018, she died from the disease at Hong Kong Sanatorium & Hospital, aged 75. Her three siblings, including Richard, had all died of lymphoma. She continued writing throughout her illness; her last column was published in Ming Pao in 6 June 2018.
# Laa

Laa or LAA may refer to:

## Laa

* Laa an der Thaya, Lower Austria
* Laa (Gemeinde Zettling), Styria
* Laa Formation, geologic formation in Austria
* Laa River, Sulawesi, Indonesia
* Laalaa people, an ethnic group in Senegal
* Lehar language, a language spoken by the Laalaa people of Senegal
* Lehar Region also called Laa, located in Senegal
* Laa (TV serial)
* Laa Laa, a character from the children's TV show, Teletubbies

## LAA

* Legal Aid Agency, an agency of the UK's Ministry of Justice
* L'Artibonite in Action, a political party of Haiti
* Lamar Municipal Airport (Colorado), via its IATA airport code and FAA location identifier
* Libyan Airlines, via its ICAO airline designator
* License Assisted Access
* Local area agreement
* Locally Administered Address, a type of MAC address
* Los Angeles Airways, a former helicopter airline
* Los Angeles Angels, a baseball team
* Latrobe Athletic Association, a late 19th-early 20th century American football club
* London Ashford Airport Ltd., the operator of Lydd Airport
* Light Aircraft Association, UK based organisation for recreational flying
* Large Address Awareness, a memory addressing mode in x86-64 processors
* Lebanese Arab Army
# Chanju Samantha Mwale

Chanju Samantha Mwale is a Malawian lawyer and army officer. She was the first female lawyer in the Malawian Defence Force and in 2016 became the first female officer of the Malawian Army to be promoted to the rank of lieutenant-colonel. She was transferred to a research role in 2016, a move she alleged was illegal and took to the Malawi High Court. The court did not hear the case and Mwale chose to retire from the army.

## Career

Chanju Samantha Mwale attended the Kamuzu Academy before graduating with a bachelor of laws degree from Chancellor College (University of Malawi). She worked as a senior resident magistrate before joining the Malawian Defence Force as an assistant legal officer in 2004, the first female lawyer to join the defence force.
Mwale was deployed as a military observer to the Democratic Republic of Congo between 2010 and 2011. She participated in Southern African Development Community military exercises and, as a major, represented Malawi at the March 2012 regional United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research seminar. Mwale was awarded a United Nations fellowship in international law in 2013. She was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in May 2016, the first woman to reach that rank in the army.
Mwale was appointed deputy director of legal services in August 2016. She was transferred to become a staff officer in the directorate of research and development at the Malawi Armed Forces College on 25 May 2017. Mwale contested the change of role as unsuited to her abilities and an illegal action. Choosing not to take the matter to Malawi's Defence Council, as her superior officer sat on the council, she opened proceedings in the Malawi High Court. The case was discharged in September 2017, with the judge ruling it should have first been brought before the Defence Council. Mwale, a single mother, chose to retire from the army during the course of the proceedings.
# Coatesville Veterans Administration Hospital Historic District

The Coatesville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, which is part of the Coatesville Veterans Administration Hospital Historic District, was built in 1929, and is located near Coatesville, Pennsylvania.
Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013, this historic district includes thirty-seven contributing buildings, four contributing structures, one contributing object, and two contributing sites.

## History and architectural features

Built by the Veterans Bureau Construction Division and Veterans Administration Construction Service, structures in this historic district have been classified as examples of the Colonial Revival and Classical Revival periods.
"The original mission of the hospital was to provide neuropsychiatric care to veterans, and the historic district preserves the general characteristics" of the period. It conformed with a 2011 study of veterans hospitals nationwide.
# Rufisque tramway

The Rufisque tramway (French Le Decauville Municipal de Rufisque) was a 14 km (8.7 mi) long, hand-operated light railway with track gauges of 400 mm (15+3⁄4 in) and 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) in Rufisque in Senegal.

## History

Around 1860, at least around 1,500 tonnes (1,653 short tons; 1,476 long tons) and in 1867 around 5,600 tonnes (6,173 short tons; 5,512 long tons) of unpeeled peanuts were shipped in the port of Rufisque, which were brought there by camel.$^{p.405}$ According to more recent estimates, this figure could have been more than 23,000 tonnes (25,353 short tons; 22,637 long tons) by 1880.
In order to simplify transport, the first manually operated Decauville Railway was laid in the city around 1880. Initially, individual peanut trading companies, known as escales, installed the rails for various light railways on their own initiative for their own needs, but later the company's own tram systems were consolidated into a municipal system.
From 1883 there was also a 1,000 mm (3 ft 3+3⁄8 in) metre gauge railway from Rufisque to Dakar.$^{S.413}$
Because of the insufficient water depth in the harbour for ocean-going vessels, small boats transported the sacked peanuts from the quay to the ships anchored outside the city. A 1200-ton ship needed four days in Rufisque to pick up a full load, one day more than in the deep-sea port of Dakar. Around 1905 it was decided to build a 200-metre (660 ft) long pier.
A toll of two francs had to be paid to transport a ton of peanuts on the Decauville inner-city railway. This toll, which was the main source of income for the city budget, amounted to three francs after the construction of the pier, because economic competition with Dakar no longer played a significant role for Rufisque since then.
From 1902 the economic situation in Rufisque worsened because Dakar, 28 km (17 mi) to the northwest, became the capital of French West Africa, after and due to the construction of a deep sea port and the metre gauge railway, which made it more accessible than before. The population of Rufisque nevertheless increased during this period from 4500 in 1866 to 8000 in 1891 and 15,000 in 1914.$^{p.420}$
In 1910, 1660 ships docked at Rufisque, importing 50,000 tonnes (55,116 short tons; 49,210 long tons) and exporting 140,000 tonnes (154,324 short tons; 137,789 long tons). The most important import was coal.

## Old post cards

* Open-air peanuts dump
* Packing into sacks
* Rue Demoby
* Place Gaston Belingard
* Rue Faidherbe
* At right 400-mm-gauge Decauville at station
# Church of St Mark, Reading

The Church of St Mark, Reading, is an Anglican church in Cranbury Road, Reading, Berkshire. It is part of the parish of St. Mark and All Saints, Reading, which includes All Saints' Church.

## Architecture

The present building dates from 1904 to 1905, although the church was founded 15 years previously as a mission. Designed by Reading-based Scottish architect Montague Wheeler, the building is primarily Arts and Crafts but has Gothic references. The brickwork is red brick English bond with some stone and tile dressings, and the roof is slated. The stained glass windows on the western wall were made by Joseph Nuttgens and Reginald Hallward. The eastern face features a larger 1905–6 window by Charles Eamer Kempe. A number of flying buttresses support the building. On the north-west corner is an octagonal stair tower.

## Organ

The church organ was installed by William Hill & Sons in 1912. Its loft is located at the west end of the building, and is painted and panelled.