OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Segonzac, Charente

Segonzac (French pronunciation:) is a commune within the Charente department of southwestern France, in the Cognac area. It is the heart of the "Grande Champagne" grape-cultivating region of the cognaçais, which produces the finest cognac and Pineau des Charentes. There's also a large church and local fitness facilities such as a public swimming-pool, a track and a football pitch. The Château de Saint-Martial is situated nearby.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 2,550 | — |
| 1800 | 2,549 | −0.01% |
| 1806 | 2,453 | −0.64% |
| 1821 | 2,500 | +0.13% |
| 1831 | 2,602 | +0.40% |
| 1841 | 2,620 | +0.07% |
| 1846 | 2,670 | +0.38% |
| 1851 | 2,600 | −0.53% |
| 1856 | 2,784 | +1.38% |
| 1861 | 2,965 | +1.27% |
| 1866 | 2,977 | +0.08% |
| 1872 | 2,880 | −0.55% |
| 1876 | 2,809 | −0.62% |
| 1881 | 2,570 | −1.76% |
| 1886 | 2,384 | −1.49% |
| 1891 | 2,165 | −1.91% |
| 1896 | 2,124 | −0.38% |
| 1901 | 2,122 | −0.02% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1906 | 2,273 | +1.38% |
| 1911 | 2,286 | +0.11% |
| 1921 | 2,028 | −1.19% |
| 1926 | 2,056 | +0.27% |
| 1931 | 2,099 | +0.41% |
| 1936 | 2,090 | −0.09% |
| 1946 | 2,003 | −0.42% |
| 1954 | 2,130 | +0.77% |
| 1962 | 2,253 | +0.70% |
| 1968 | 2,182 | −0.53% |
| 1975 | 2,230 | +0.31% |
| 1982 | 2,212 | −0.12% |
| 1990 | 2,176 | −0.20% |
| 1999 | 2,297 | +0.60% |
| 2007 | 2,166 | −0.73% |
| 2012 | 2,128 | −0.35% |
| 2017 | 2,089 | −0.37% |
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) :
# Segond fracture

The Segond fracture is a type of avulsion fracture (soft tissue structures pulling off fragments of their bony attachment) from the lateral tibial plateau of the knee, immediately below the articular surface of the tibia (see photo).

## Clinical significance

Because of the high rate of associated ligamentous and meniscal injury, the presence of a Segond or reverse Segond fracture requires that these other pathologies must be specifically ruled out. Or more pragmatically, the orthopaedic team assume that the presence of Segond fracture equals ACL rupture, as the correlation is close to 100%. Increasingly, reconstruction of the ACL is combined with reconstruction of the anterolateral ligament when this associated pathology is present. The long-term benefit of an associated Anterolateral Ligament (ALL) reconstruction at the time of ACL surgery is not known. Attention and research is also being paid to a Lateral extra-articular Tenodesis (LET) instead of ALL.

## Diagnosis

Segond and reverse Segond fractures are characterized by a small avulsion, or "chip", fragment of characteristic size that is best seen on plain radiography in the anterior-posterior plane. The avulsed fragment of bone may be very difficult to see on the plain x-ray exam, and may be better seen on computed tomography. MRI may be useful for visualization of the associated bone marrow edema of the underlying tibial plateau on fat-saturated T2W and STIR images, as well as the associated findings of ligamentous and/or meniscal injury.

## History

Originally described by Dr. Paul Segond in 1879 after a series of cadaveric experiments, the Segond fracture occurs in association with tears of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) (75–100%) and injury to the medial meniscus (66–75%), lateral capsular ligament (now known as the Anterolateral ligament, or ALL), as well as injury to the structures behind the knee.
A rare, mirror image of the Segond fracture has also been described. The so-called "reverse Segond fracture" can occur after an avulsion fracture of the tibial component of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) in association with posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and medial meniscal tears.
Segond fracture is typically the result of abnormal varus, or "bowing", stress to the knee, combined with internal rotation of the tibia. Reverse Segond fracture, as its name suggests, is caused by abnormal valgus, or "knock-knee", stress and external rotation.
Originally thought to be a result of avulsion of the medial third of the lateral collateral ligament, the Segond fracture has been shown by more recent research to relate also to the insertion of the iliotibial tract (ITT) and the anterior oblique band (AOB), a ligamentous attachment of the fibular collateral ligament (FCL), to the midportion of the lateral tibia and to be associated with avulsion by the anterolateral ligament (ALL).
# Erliansaurus

Erliansaurus (meaning "Erlian lizard") is a genus of therizinosaur theropod dinosaur that lived in Asia during the Cenomanian stage of the Late Cretaceous period in what is now Nei Mongol, Iren Dabasu Formation.

## Discovery and naming

The remains of Erliansaurus were found near Sanhangobi in Inner Mongolia in 1999. The type species, Erliansaurus bellamanus, was described by Xu Xing, Zhang Xiaohong, Paul Sereno, Zhao Xijin, Kuang Xuewen, Han Jun and Tan Lin in 2002. The generic name refers to the town of Erlian and the specific name is derived from Latin bellus, "beautiful", and manus, "hand", in reference to the exquisite preservation of the forelimb.
The holotype, LH V0002, was uncovered in the Iren Dabasu Formation dating from the Cenomanian stage. It consists of a partial skeleton belonging to a subadult individual. It includes two cervical, one dorsal and two caudal vertebrae; a right scapula; a left forelimb only lacking the carpus; a partial right ilium and a fragmented ischium and pubis; the right femur; both tibiae, a right fibula and partial metatarsals. No skull traces were found.

## Description

The holotype specimen represents a not fully-grown individual based on one unfused caudal vertebra, and therefore its adult size may be larger than the contemporary Neimongosaurus. It was a small to medium-sized therizinosaur with an estimated length from 2.6 to 4 m (8.5 to 13.1 ft) and a weight of 91 to 400 kg (201 to 882 lb).
Erliansaurus was a bipedal herbivore. For a therizinosauroid, its cervicals were rather short. The preserved femur was very straight and had a very rounded femoral head; it measures 41.2 cm (412 mm). The tibia was relatively elongated, measuring 37.3 cm (373 mm) long. Its fibula had an uncommon form, with a very high front edge and a concave top. The left arm is exceptionally preserved with almost every element intact, its hands bore enormous, strongly recurved and pointed claws of which the thumb claw was the largest, however, the carpal bones are missing.

## Classification

Erliansaurus was by the describers assigned to the Therizinosauroidea, in a basal position and likely not a therizinosaurid. The cladistic analysis performed by the revision of Zanno in 2010 recovered it as a therizinosauroid. Some early cladistic analyses however, have recovered it as a basal member of the Therizinosauridae. The cladogram below is the result of the recently performed phylogenetic analysis of the Therizinosauridae by Hartman et al. 2019.
# Erika Bók

Erika Bók is a Hungarian actress who has appeared exclusively in the films of Béla Tarr.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role |
| 1994 | Sátántangó (Satan's Tango) | Estike |
| 2007 | A Londoni ferfi (The Man from London) | Henriette |
| 2011 | The Turin Horse | Ohlsdorfer's daughter |
# David Buchsbaum

David Alvin Buchsbaum (November 6, 1929 – January 8, 2021) was a mathematician at Brandeis University who worked on commutative algebra, homological algebra, and representation theory. He proved the Auslander–Buchsbaum formula and the Auslander–Buchsbaum theorem.

## Career

Buchsbaum earned his Ph.D. under Samuel Eilenberg in 1954 from Columbia University with thesis Exact Categories and Duality. Among his doctoral students are Peter J. Freyd and Hema Srinivasan. In 1995, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2012, he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
# David Buckingham (judge)

David Buckingham is a former Justice of the Kentucky Supreme Court.

## Education

Buckingham graduated from Murray State University in 1974 and received his Juris Doctor from the University of Louisville School of Law in 1977.

## State judicial career

He began his 29-year judicial career in 1982 as a district judge for the 42nd Judicial District. Following that role, Judge Buckingham served as a circuit judge for the 42nd Judicial Circuit from 1986 to 1996. Judge Buckingham served as a Kentucky Court of Appeals judge from 1996 to 2006 and as the senior judge on the Kentucky Court of Appeals from 2006 to 2010.

## Appointment to Kentucky Supreme Court

Buckingham was one of three candidates to put forth his name for consideration. On March 27, 2019, Governor Matt Bevin appointed Buckingham to the Supreme Court, to the seat vacated by the retirement of Bill Cunningham. Buckingham remained on the court until December 11, 2019, when former Kentucky Court of Appeals judge Christopher S. Nickell, who had won a special election in November 2019, was sworn in.
# Errion Charles

Errion Donaldson Charles (born 7 December 1965) is a sportsman from the Turks and Caicos Islands who has represented his nation at international level at both association football and cricket, despite being born on the neighbouring island of Saint Vincent.

## Cricket career

In cricket, Charles first played for the Turks and Caicos Islands in the 2003/04 Americas Affiliates Championship against the Bahamas. He later played a single Twenty20 match for the Turks and Caicos Islands against Montserrat in the 2008 Stanford 20/20 at the Stanford Cricket Ground, a match in which he captained the team. He was dismissed for 4 runs in this match by Trevor Semper, with the Turks and Caicos Islands making just 67 runs in their twenty overs. Montserrat went on to win the match by 9 wickets.

## Football career

Charles made his debut for Turks and Caicos in the country's first official international game, a February 1999 Copa Caribe match against the Bahamas and earned a total of 7 caps, scoring no goals. He represented his country in 4 World Cup qualification games.
# Ernst Hairer

Ernst Hairer (born 19 June 1949) is a professor of mathematics at the University of Geneva known for his work in numerical analysis.
His PhD was completed at the University of Innsbruck.
He is the father of the mathematician Martin Hairer, who won the Fields medal in 2014.
Hairer is a member of the editorial boards for the journals Mathematics of Computation and Journal of Scientific Computing.
He wrote, with others, Solving Ordinary Differential Equations (Hairer, Nørsett, Wanner) and L'analyse au fil de l'histoire (Hairer, Wanner).

## Awards and honors

Hairer holds a doctor honoris causa from the University of Lund.
In 2003 he was awarded, jointly with Gerhard Wanner, the Peter Henrici Prize by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.
In 2009 a conference on scientific computing and differential equations was held in honor of his 60th birthday, at the University of Geneva, and in the same year the 7th International Conference in Numerical Analysis and Applied Mathematics in Crete was dedicated in his honor.
In 2009–2010 he was John-von-Neumann guest professor at the Technical University of Munich.
# Ernst Haider

Ernst Haider (* 16 November 1890 in Munich; † 27 January 1988 in Starnberg) was a German painter and graphic artist.

## Life

Ernst Haider was the son of Bavarian landscape artist and art professor Karl Michael Haider and his second wife Ernestine Schwarz. He enrolled at the Academy of Fine Arts Munich and studied drawing in Angelo Jank's class together with Walther Kerschensteiner. 1947 he was elected for the board of the Kunstverein München. His oevre has been on display in various locations amongst others in the elementary school Gräfelfing in a group display of the literary association Gräfelfin in April 1953. Until his death he lived in the artists' colony in Stockdorf. After his death his paintings had been displayed in a retrospective in Gauting.

## Selected works

* 1924: Verschneites Hochtal
* 1926: Oberbayerische Landschaften. Mappe mit 6 Radierungen. München: Selbstverlag Ernst Haider
* 1927: Blick auf St. Moritzer See
* 1935: Sommerliche Weidelandschaft
* 1942: Blick auf Bettwar im Taubertal
* 1954: Akt bei der Morgentoilette
* 1961: Weiblicher Akt mit Kopftuch

## Literature

* Ernst Haider: Karl Haider (1846–1912), Gedächtnis-Ausstellung, Glaspalast, 17. Mai bis 21. Juni 1925 / Münchener Neue Sezession. München: Wolf & Sohn, 1925.
* Ernst Haider: Karl Haider. Leben und Werk eines Süddeutschen Malers. Augsburg: Filser, 1926.
* Ernst Haider: Zu meinen Bildern, 1937.
# David Cunningham

David Cunningham may refer to:
* David Cunningham (bishop) (c. 1540–1600), Bishop of Aberdeen
* David Cunningham Snr (born 1943), Scottish accordionist, teacher, composer and band leader
* David Cunningham (American football), American football coach
* David Cunningham (ice hockey) (1928–2020), Australian ice hockey player
* David Cunningham (musician) (born 1954), Irish musician and artist
* David Cunningham (politician) (born 1936), Australian politician
* David Cunningham (sociologist), American sociologist, scholar, and professor
* David Cunningham (sport shooter) (born 1962), Australian sport shooter
* David Douglas Cunningham (1843–1914), Scottish doctor
* David Frederick Cunningham (1900–1979), American Prelate of the Roman Catholic Church
* David L. Cunningham (born 1971), American film director and producer
* David S. Cunningham Jr. (1935–2017), American politician and Los Angeles City Council member
* David S. Cunningham III, lawyer and public servant in Los Angeles
* Sir David Cunningham of Robertland, Scottish courtier and architect
* Sir David Cunningham of Auchenharvie (d. 1659), Scottish courtier and architect
# David McKinney (publisher)

David McKinney was a prominent Presbyterian pastor, theologian, and publisher in Pennsylvania.
He graduated from Jefferson College (now Washington & Jefferson College) in 1821. In addition to his pastoral and professorial duties, he founded The Presbyterian Banner in 1852 in Philadelphia. He merged that publication with the Pittsburgh-based Presbyterian Advocate before selling the publication in 1864. By 1906, it was considered the oldest religious magazine in the country.
# David A. Jaeger

David Allen Jaeger is a professor of economics at the University of St Andrews, a Research Fellow at IZA Institute of Labor Economics, and a Research Fellow at the Centre for Economic Policy Research. He was previously a professor of economics at the CUNY Graduate Center and a Research Fellow in the National Bureau of Economic Research. He is the author of numerous papers in labor economics, the economics of conflict, and econometrics, including a widely cited paper on the consequences of using weak instruments in instrumental variable estimation. He completed his B.A. in economics at Williams College in 1986 and his Ph.D. in economics at the University of Michigan in 1995. He also holds an M.A. in statistics from the University of Michigan. Since 2021 he is the Editor of the Scottish Journal of Political Economy.
In 1995 he was the first winner of the W.E. Upjohn Institute Dissertation Award. In 2003-2004 he was the recipient of a fellowship from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.
David Jaeger is married to the medieval historian Alison Beach.
# David Hall (Irish politician)

David Hall was an Irish Labour Party politician. He was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Labour Teachta Dála (TD) for the Meath constituency at the 1923 general election, and was re-elected at the June 1927 general election. He did not contest the September 1927 general election.
# Erinnyis pallida

Erinnyis pallida, the pallid sphinx, is a moth of the family Sphingidae. The species was first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1865. It is known to be common in Cuba.
The wingspan is 56–65 mm. Adults are probably on wing year round and possibly feed on the nectar of various flowers, including Saponaria officinalis and Asystasia gangetica.
# Tyler Johnstone

Tyler Johnstone (born September 29, 1992) is an American former professional football offensive lineman. He played for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football for the Oregon Ducks.

## Professional career
### San Diego Chargers

After going undrafted in the 2016 NFL draft, Johnstone signed as a free agent with the San Diego Chargers of the National Football League on April 30, 2016. He spent the season on the injured reserve and was released in April 2017.

### Montreal Alouettes

After obtaining dual Canadian-U.S. citizenship, Johnstone was drafted by the Alouettes on July 2, 2018 in the 2018 Supplemental CFL Draft, meaning that the Alouettes forfeited a first-round selection in the 2019 CFL Draft to obtain his playing rights. He signed with the Alouettes on July 17, 2018. He played and started in his first game on July 21, 2018, his only game played in 2018. He became a free agent upon the expiry of his contract on February 9, 2021.
# Ernassa sanguinolenta

Ernassa sanguinolenta is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Pieter Cramer in 1779. It is found in French Guiana, Amazonas, Peru, Suriname and possibly Ecuador and Bolivia.
# Errol White

Errol Ivor White CBE FRS FLS FGS (30 June 1901 – 11 January 1985) was a British geologist who was president of the Ray Society from 1956 to 1959 and president of the Linnean Society of London from 1964 to 1967.
White was educated at Highgate School and King's College London (Tennant Prizeman).
White was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1956. He was awarded the Murchison Medal in 1962 and the Linnean Gold Medal in 1970.

## Legacy

A genus of Devonian arthrodire placoderm fish, Errolosteus, a genus of Carboniferous actinopterygian fish, Whiteichthys, a genus of Triassic ray-finned fish, Errolichthys, a genus of Triassic actinistian fish, Whiteia, and two Eocene genera of teleost fish, Whitapodus and Whitephippus, are named in his honour.
# Eschata conspurcata

Eschata conspurcata is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Frederic Moore in 1888. It is found in Darjeeling and Sikkim in India.
# Tyśmienica (Wieprz)

Tyśmienica is a river in east central Poland, a tributary of the river Wieprz. Tyśmienica flows through Lublin Voivodeship, at the length of 75 kilometres (47 mi). It begins in an unnamed lake near Dratów and empties into Wieprz around Wola Skromowska village. It has a drainage basin of 2,700 square kilometres (1,000 sq mi).
# TzNIC

TzNIC, or the Tanzania Network Information Center is a non-profit organization and a Public Private Partnership (PPP) established by the Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority (TCRA) and Tanzania Internet Service Providers Association (TISPA) to manage and control the operations of the ccTLD for Tanzania, .tz. It is also responsible for managing the second-level domains that come under .tz. The Tanzania Network Information Center was established on 16 November 2006 with the certificate of incorporation No. 58303. The center was established as company limited by guarantee and not by having a share capital as per the Laws of Tanzania (Chapter 212).

## History

In June 1993, three Tanzanians, Prof. Beda Mutagahwa, Bill Sangiwa, and Kitalima Mabula, with the help of Internet Pioneer Randy Bush, began the registration process to set up the .tz ccTLD. In accordance with ISO-3166 standards, the ccTLD was registered through IANA and ICANN. The registration was successful, and with the assistance of the government of United Republic of Tanzania, work for the development of country's Internet began with the Prof. Beda as the Director of the University Computing Center and Randy Bush as the technical contact for the ccTLD. .tz became operational in August 1994. In mid-2005, a committee was set up for the establishing TzNIC as the ccTLD operator. On 30 April 2010, ICANN approved the re-delegation of .tz to TzNIC.

## Functions of TzNIC

The important functions performed by TzNIC include the following:
* Proper regulation and management of the .tz domain name space.
* To meet international standards for the ccTLD management and all the second level domain names related to it.
* To register domain names by providing correct guidelines to consumers, and working with associated registries and registrars for the appropriate regulation and management of the registration of the domain names.
* Issue regular guidelines about the management and registration of the .tz domain name space.
* Issue information and create awareness about the various standard procedures and requirements essential for the domain name registration.
* Issue important notices for any alterations or changes to any guidelines, policies, or rules related to the registration of the .tz domain name space.

## Structure

The TzNIC members are at the top of the hierarchy, constituting the main portion of the body, followed by the Policy Advisory Committee (PAC) and then the Manager. The Manager coordinates the Legal, Financial and Technical Officers and the Office Management Secretary. An Accounts Assistant assists the Financial Officer and a Systems Engineer assists the Technical Officer.
# David Siteman Garland

David Siteman Garland is an American author and host of the popular online business show "The Rise to the Top."

## Career

In 2008, Garland founded The Rise To The Top. Since its inception, the show has featured over 300 business and marketing experts and specialists, including Tim Ferriss, Patti Stanger, Seth Godin, and Robert Greene. Within two years the show attracted over 100,000 viewers and currently broadcasts to over 250,000 people.
He is also the author of the 2010 marketing book Smarter, Faster, Cheaper published by Wiley Publishing. The book emphasizes using online communities and online content to improve marketing efforts. Seth Godin, Brian Solis, and Zappos' founder Tony Hsieh wrote the blurbs for the book.
# David Somerville (bishop)

Thomas David Somerville (November 11, 1915 – July 25, 2011) was the sixth Bishop of New Westminster and eighth Metropolitan of British Columbia.
Somerville was born in Ashcroft, British Columbia and educated at the King George Secondary School and the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. Ordained in 1939, he had incumbencies in Princeton, Sardis and Vancouver. He was Dean of Residence at the Anglican Theological College of British Columbia then Coadjutor Bishop of New Westminster and then its diocesan and Metropolitan of British Columbia from 1975, retiring from both positions in 1980.
# Ernst von Klipstein

Ernst von Klipstein (3 February 1908 – 22 November 1993) was a German film and television actor. von Klipstein became a prominent actor during the Nazi era, appearing in a large number of action films.

## Partial filmography

* Uproar in Damascus (1939) - Gefreiter von Elmendonck
* The Governor (1939) - Leutnant Robert Runeberg
* Escape in the Dark (1939) - Chemiker Dr. Paul Gildemeister
* The Merciful Lie (1939) - Dr.Thomas Clausen
* Midsummer Night's Fire (1939) - Georg
* Legion Condor (1939)
* The Three Codonas (1940) - Lalo Codona
* Blutsbrüderschaft (1941) - Fliegerleutnant Jochen Wendler
* Unser kleiner Junge (1941) - Janke
* Stukas (1941) - Oberleutnant "Patzer" von Bomberg
* Alarmstufe V (1941) - Richard Haller
* Wedding in Barenhof (1942) - Ulanenoffizier Lothar von Pütz
* Stimme des Herzens (1942) - Paul Ohlsen
* 5 June (1942) - Oberleutnant Lebsten
* The Second Shot (1943) - Franz von Gerlach
* The Crew of the Dora (1943) - Hauptmann Kurt Gillhausen
* Das schwarze Schaf (1944)
* Summer Nights (1944) - Kuno
* Aufruhr der Herzen (1944)
* Schicksal am Strom (1944) - Jürg Petersen, Steuermann
* Das alte Lied (1945) - Graf Erwin Haldem
* Heidesommer (1945) - Bernhard
* Thank You, I'm Fine (1948) - Tierarzt Dokter Höflin
* Trouble Backstairs (1949) - Assessor Dr. Erich Horn
* Die drei Dorfheiligen (1949) - Lehrer
* Erzieherin gesucht (1950) - Achim Terbrügge
* Ripening Youth (1955) - Studienrat Baumbauer
* The Barrings (1955) - Dr. Bremer
* Two Blue Eyes (1955) - Feigl, Ingenieur
* In Hamburg When the Nights Are Long (1956)
* Skandal um Dr. Vlimmen (1956) - Dr. Treeborg
* Nothing But Blondes (1957) - Doctor
* Madeleine und der Legionär (1958)
* Stalingrad: Dogs, Do You Want to Live Forever? (1959) - Ein General
* The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of (1972) - Thomas Hem