OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rubidium azide

Rubidium azide is an inorganic compound with the formula RbN$_3$. It is the rubidium salt of the hydrazoic acid HN$_3$. Like most azides, it is explosive.

## Preparation

Rubidium azide can be created by the reaction between rubidium sulfate and barium azide which results in formation of easily separated insoluble barium sulfate:
    Rb$_2$SO$_4$ + Ba(N$_3$)$_2$ → 2 RbN$_3$ + BaSO$_4$
In at least one study, rubidium azide was produced by the reaction between butyl nitrite, hydrazine monohydrate, and rubidium hydroxide in the presence of ethanol:
    C$_4$H$_9$ONO + N$_2$H$_4$·H$_2$O + RbOH → RbN$_3$ + C$_4$H$_9$OH + 3 H$_2$O
This formula is typically used to synthesize potassium azide from caustic potash.

## Uses

Rubidium azide has been investigated for possible use in alkali vapor cells, which are components of atomic clocks, atomic magnetometers and atomic gyroscopes. Azides are desirable starting materials because they decompose into rubidium metal and nitrogen gas when exposed to UV light. According to one publication:
   Among the different techniques used to fill microfabricated alkali vapor cell [sic], UV decomposition of rubidium azide (RbN$_3$) into metallic Rb and nitrogen in Al$_2$O$_3$ coated cells is a very promising approach for low-cost wafer-level fabrication.

## Structure

At room temperature, rubidium azide has the same structure as potassium hydrogen fluoride; a distorted caesium chloride structure. At 315 °C and 1 atm, rubidium azide will transition to the normal caesium chloride structure. The II/I transition temperature of rubidium azide is within 2 °C of its melting point.
Rubidium azide has a high pressure structure transition, which occurs at about 4.8 kilobars of pressure at 0 °C. The transition boundary of the II/III transition can be defined by the relationship $P=4.82+0.0240\,t$, where $P$ is the pressure in kilobars and $t$ is the temperature in degrees Celsius.

## Reactions

As with all azides, it will decompose and release nitrogen gas when heated or severely shocked:
    2 RbN$_3$ → 2 Rb + 3 N$_2$
Discharge rubidium azide in nitrogen gas will produce rubidium nitride.

## Hazards

At 4.1 kilobars of pressure and about 460 °C, rubidium azide will explosively decompose. Under normal circumstances, it explodes at 395 °C. It also decomposes upon exposure to ultraviolet light.
Rubidium azide is very sensitive to mechanical shock, with an impact sensitivity comparable to that of TNT.
Like all azides, rubidium azide is toxic.
# Ccarhuayo District

The Ccarhuayo District is one of the twelve districts in the Quispicanchi Province in Peru. Created by Law No. 13476 on November 25, 1960, its seat is Ccarhuayo.

## Geography

One of the highest peaks of the district is Qullqi P'unqu at 5,522 m (18,117 ft). Other mountains are listed below:
* Inti Qhawana
* Inti Qhawarina
* Kuntur Sinqa
* Minasniyuq
* Misa Pata
* Pinchimuru
* Pukara
* Qullpa Tira
* Q'inqu Punta
* Saywa Urqu
* Sinaqara
* Takina Urqu
* T'uquyuq
* Uturunku
* Wiksayuq
* Wisk'achani

## Ethnic groups

The people in the district are mainly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Quechua is the language which the majority of the population (96.69%) learnt to speak in childhood, 3.20% of the residents started speaking using the Spanish language (2007 Peru Census).
# Ilybius lineellus

Ilybius lineellus is a species of predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae. It is found in North America.
# Julian Yan

Julian Yan (born July 24, 1965) is a Dominican former professional baseball player who spent 22 years playing professionally. Not including winter league totals, he hit 402 home runs. He played in the United States, Canada, Taiwan, Dominican Republic, Mexico and South Korea.

## Career

He was born in La Romana, La Romana Dominican Republic. He played in the Toronto Blue Jays minor league system from 1986 to 1994, reaching Triple-A with the Syracuse Chiefs in 1993 and 1994. His home runs totals were, in order: 15, 17, 16, 24, 15, 16 and 16. His 15 home runs in 1986 led the New York–Penn League and his 24 homers in 1989 led the Florida State League. Yan moved to the Montreal Expos system for 1995 and 1996, playing for the Triple-A Ottawa Lynx both seasons. He had 22 home runs in 1995 but only 4 in 1996.
He played in the Mexican League from 1997 to 2000, with stops elsewhere as well. In 1997, he was with the Aguascalientes Rieleros and in 1998, he played for the Reynosa Broncos. He spent 28 games with the independent Atlantic City Surf in 1999, to go along with time spent with the Córdoba Cafeteros and the Chinatrust Whales of the Chinese Professional Baseball League. He posted a .332/.407/.647 slash line for Córdoba in 2000, hitting 38 home runs and leading the league with 129 RBI. He also played 30 games with Atlantic City; between the two clubs, he hit 47 home runs and had 159 RBI. Yan moved to the Korea Baseball Organization in 2001, playing for the Lotte Giants. He hit .270 with 17 home runs.
He spent most of the rest of his career in the Mexican League, hitting 24 home runs for Córdoba in 2002 and 18 home runs for the Puebla Pericos in 2003. He played for the Tabasco Olmecas in 2004. In 2005, he hit 32 home runs for Tabasco, but finished the summer with Atlantic City. Between the clubs, he hit 41 home runs. In 2006, he returned to Tabasco for 18 games. In 2007, his final season, he hit .290 with 30 home runs and 90 RBI at 41 years old for Aguascalientes.
He also spent many seasons playing for the Azucareros del Este of the Dominican Winter League. He managed Córdoba for part of 2002, replacing Julio Cesar Paula. He began 2005 as the Tabasco manager, but was replaced by Mario Mendoza.

## Personal life

Yan is of Haitian descent.
# Chi Nyok Wang

Chi Nyok Wang (王季玉) (1885–1967), also known as Wang Jiyu, was a Chinese educator, principal of the Tsunghua School for Girls (振華女學校) in Suzhou from 1926 to 1958. She was one of the first two Chinese students at Mount Holyoke College.

## Early life and education

Wang was born in Suzhou, China, one of the five daughters of a government official father, Wang Songwie, and a social reformer mother, Wangxie Changda [zh](王謝長達). Her sister, Chi Che Wang, attended Wellesley College and stayed in the United States to make a career as a biochemist.
Wang attended Mount Holyoke College, as one of the school's first two Chinese students, alongside her classmate Yau Tsit Law. Law and Wang were officers of the school's small Chinese Students' Club. She completed a bachelor's degree in 1916.
In 1917, she earned a master's degree in botany at the University of Illinois, with a thesis titled "Revegetation and Plant Succession along Salt Fork Creek". Her thesis advisor was plant ecologist Walter Byron McDougall.

## Career

From 1926 to 1958, Wang was principal of the Tsunghua School for Girls in Suzhou, a Christian school founded by her mother in 1906, though she was offered teaching and administrative positions at other prestigious Chinese institutions. Her sisters Wang Jizhao and Wang Jichang also worked at the school. Boys sometimes attended the school, including anthropologist and sociologist Fei Xiaotong.
In 1925 Wang attended the Conference on American Relations with China, held in Baltimore. She was a member of the Institute of Pacific Relations when it met in Honolulu in 1925. In 1949 she was again in the United States, to study at Teachers College, Columbia University and the University of Chicago.

## Personal life

Wang died in 1967, in her eighties. Her school is now known as Suzhou No.10 Middle School.
# CBET

CBET may refer to:
* CBET-DT, a CBC Television owned-and-operated station located in Windsor, Ontario
* Canada Bangladesh Education Trust
* Center for Bioscience Education & Technology of the Rochester Institute of Technology
* Central Bio Equipment Trading Company Limited (CBET), based in Myanmar
* Central Bureau Electronic Telegram, a circular issued by the IAU's Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams (CBAT)
* Certified Biomedical Equipment Technician
* Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport systems, a division of the National Science Foundation's Directorate for Engineering
* Community-Based English Tutoring program of California
* Competency-Based Education and Training
* Conrad Business, Entrepreneurship and Technology centre of the University of Waterloo
# Filfla

Filfla is a mostly barren, uninhabited islet 4.5 kilometres (2.8 miles) south of Malta, and is the most southerly point of the Maltese Archipelago. Filflu (or Filfluu), a rocky islet some 101 metres (331 feet) southwest of Filfla, has the southernmost point of Malta. The name is believed to come from felfel, the Arabic for a peppercorn.

## Environment

Filfla has an area of 3.7282 hectares (9.213 acres) with a 988-metre (3,241 ft) long coastline. It is a crumbling flat-topped limestone plateau surrounded by 60-metre (200 ft) high cliffs. Three species of seabirds breed on the islet: the European storm petrel (with an estimated 5000 – 8000 pairs), Cory's shearwater (c. 200 pairs) and yellow-legged gull (c. 130 pairs). The island has been identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International, principally because of the storm petrel colony. A type of wall lizard (Podarcis filfolensis ssp. filfolensis) and door snail (Lampedusa imitatrix gattoi) are endemic to Filfla. A large wild leek, growing up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high, also occurs. Access to Filfla is only possible for educational or scientific purposes, subject to prior permission from the Environment and Resources Authority.

## History

Lone Island, also called the island of Filfla, was possibly sacred to the Neolithic inhabitants of Malta, who built the temples of Ħaġar Qim and Mnajdra on the Maltese coast opposite the islet.
The only known permanent structure on the island was a chapel built inside a cave in 1343, which was destroyed by an earthquake in 1856 that also sank part of the island. A map of Malta dating back to 1798 shows a fort, a lighthouse and a monastery with a chapel on Filfla.
Until 1971 the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force used the island for target practice, and spent cartridges from these bombardments can still be found on Filfla today. It became a bird reserve in 1980. The Filfla Natural Reserve Act, enacted in 1988, provided for further restrictions on access and use, including a prohibition on fishing within one nautical mile (1.9 km) around the island due to the possibility of encountering unexploded ordnance.
Maltese Government notice 173 of 1990 once again permitted fishing within the one-mile zone.
Filfla was invoked in a territorial dispute over the continental shelf between Libya and Malta. The case was adjudicated by the International Court of Justice in 1985 essentially by ignoring the islet from the calculations.

## Legends

The creation story of Filfla is linked to the legends surrounding the formation of Il-Maqluba. Maltese legend recounts that the area that now forms Il-Maqluba was inhabited by people who lived such dissolute lives that a neighbour warned them against their sinful ways, without them taking notice. God therefore wished to punish the sinners by engulfing the hamlet, saving only the wise neighbour. Angels are then said to have thrown a fragment of the hamlet into the sea, creating the isle of Filfla.

## In films

Filfla served as the location of Scab Island in the 1980 film Popeye.
# Ivan Elagin

Ivan Elagin may refer to:
* Ivan Elagin (poet) (1918–1987), Russian émigré poet
* Ivan Yelagin (1725–1794), Russian historian, amateur poet and translator
# Hirmuse

Hirmuse is a village in Lüganuse Parish, Ida-Viru County in northeastern Estonia.
# W. F. Johnson

W. F. Johnson may refer to:
* Willis Fletcher Johnson (1857–1931), American writer for The New York Tribune
* William Frederick Johnson (1852–1934), Irish naturalist
# Justice Burch

Justice Burch may refer to:
* Allen Banks Burch (1894–1948), associate justice of the Kansas Supreme Court
* Newton D. Burch (1871–1931), associate justice of the South Dakota Supreme Court
* Rousseau Angelus Burch (1862–1944), associate justice of the Kansas Supreme Court
# Irish bank strikes (1966–1976)

The Irish bank strikes between 1966 and 1976 were three strikes of about a year's total duration which closed down all the clearing banks in the Republic of Ireland. The strikes provided economists with a unique opportunity to study the functioning of a modern economy without access to bank deposits.
The strikes affected all the associated banks: the Bank of Ireland, the Allied Irish Banks, the Northern Bank and the Ulster Bank. The strikes lasted from:
* May 7 – July 30, 1966
* May 1 – November 17, 1970
* June 28 – September 6, 1976
The longest strike was of six months in 1970. The Central Bank made limited facilities available to non-associated banks to issue cash. It was not only financial transactions that were affected; many property deals were also affected, because the documents were kept in the banks. The effect on the Irish economy was surprisingly small, as Irish citizens traded cheques among themselves based on mutual trust, effectively substituting them for cash.
The country came through reasonably well in business terms, despite the bank strike. A large firm (Palgrave Murphy) failed when the strike ended, and settlements were made, but its failure was perhaps inevitable anyway. The strike had little effect on the main economic concerns, which were unemployment and industrial unrest caused by inflation.
# Herbst Glacier

Herbst Glacier is located in the US state of Montana in Glacier National Park. The glacier is northeast of Mount Custer and lies above Lake Nooney at an elevation between 7,000 ft (2,100 m) and 8,000 ft (2,400 m) above sea level. Immediately east of the Continental Divide, the glacier covers an area of approximately 13 acres (5.3 ha) and does not meet the threshold of 25 acres (10 ha) often cited as being the minimum size to qualify as an active glacier. Between 1966 and 2005, the glacier lost almost 70 percent of its acreage.
# Valentino Grant

Valentino Grant (born 21 April 1964, Rome) is an Italian politician who was elected as a member of the European Parliament in 2019.
He is the President Board of Directors of Banca di Credito Cooperativo Terra di Lavoro San Vincenzo dè Paoli.
# Buckridge Ranch House

The Buckridge Ranch House, near Point Arena, California, was built in 1869. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
It is located on the Garcia River near Buckridge Road, about 5 miles (8.0 km) from Point Arena.
It is an I-house, apparently two rooms wide and one room deep.
Its significance is stated in the National Register nomination:
   The Buckridge Ranch House is an excellent example of a building form that first arrived in the United States with English settlers in the seventeenth century and continued to be built in one guise or another for over 2OO years. This kind of building, called an I—house, has a rectangular form, two stories with two rooms on each, and a symmetrical facade. A side—facing gable roof is usually present. In the Virginia and the Carolinas a full—width front porch became a common feature. I—houses, like other early vernacular building types, used design principles that were of proven utility and were passed from builder to builder by word of mouth. The builder of the Buckridge Ranch House was probably not trying to design a house similar to those popular in the American Southeast. That was an unintended result of an effort to construct a simple, functional residence. The building displays all the characteristics of a Tidewater I-house (form, height, fenestration, roof, and porch) in an unusually pure example. The board-and-batten siding is typical of the early settlement of California, while the log porch supports add a rustic note. It is the only unadorned I—house in the Point Arena area.
# Catherine Exley

Catherine Exley (1779–1857) was an English diarist. She was the wife of a soldier who accompanied her husband when he served in Portugal, Spain, and Ireland during the Napoleonic Wars. Exley is best known as the author of a diary that gives an account of military life in that era from the viewpoint of the wife of a common soldier.

## Background

Catherine Whitaker was born at Leeds in 1779 and married Joshua Exley there in 1806. Between 1805 and 1815, Joshua served in the Second Battalion of the 34th Regiment of Foot, initially as a private and then for a little over two years, as a corporal. Exley accompanied her husband for a substantial portion of this time and in due course wrote an account that is probably unique in that it records and reflects on life in the British Army from the perspective of the wife of a soldier who did not reach the rank of an officer.

## The diary

Catherine's diary was first published as a booklet issued shortly after her death. A single copy of the booklet is known to exist, it was also reprinted in The Dewsbury Reporter during August 1923. The text of the diary is included in full in a more recently issued book, edited by Professor Rebecca Probert, along with essays on its military and religious context, the treatment of prisoners of war and the role of women in the British, French and Spanish armed forces during the Peninsular War.
The diary unfolds the hardships that both Catherine and her husband suffered during his military service, including one period when they both wrongly thought that the other had died. There are detailed accounts of the births and deaths of children, the cold, hunger and filthy conditions of military life and the horror of the aftermaths of battles. Details of the author's religious experiences which led her to membership of the Methodist church also appear. Exley wrote the diary during the last 20 years before her death, which took place in 1857 at Batley, Yorkshire.
# Canadian Ombudsperson for Responsible Enterprise

The Canadian Ombudsperson for Responsible Enterprise (CORE) is a Canadian ombudsman that investigates ethical violations.

## Activities and history

CORE was established in April 2019, with the appointment of lawyer Sheri Meyerhoffer to the office. The office investigates suspected corporate ethics and human rights violations. CORE was the successor to Canada's corporate social responsibility counsellor. It has an annual budget of $4.9 million.
By May 2023, the ombudsman was criticised for having submitted zero reports to the International Trade Minister. At the time CORE was looking into fifteen matters, all of which were in the "initial assessment" phase of investigation.
In July 2023, CORE launched its first investigation into Nike Canada and Dynasty Gold Corp., accusing both of exploiting Uyghur forced labour in Xinjiang. In August the same year, CORE started investigating Ralph Lauren for using a supply chain that included the use of Uyghur forced labour and stated that it was looking into accusations that mining company GobiMin did the same.
# Cecilia af Forselles

Maria Cecilia Margit af Forselles (born 1954, Helsinki, Finland) is the Director of the National Library of Finland.
Cecilia af Forselles, Professor and National Librarian, took over the management of the National Library of Finland at the beginning of 2019. One of her first tasks was to lead the preparation of a new ten-year strategy for the Finnish National Library. The new strategy has now been launched and from the beginning of 2021 will direct planning of the development of the National Library until 2030. The strategy underlines the importance of equal and open information services as well as sustainable development. It aims to strengthen the knowledge base in society. It is also a strong statement in favor of widely preserving published cultural heritage with different origins, as well as of promoting open science and publishing, development of digital environments and new data services.

## Career

Before her appointment to the position of National Librarian, af Forselles worked as the Head Librarian at the Finnish Literature Society (SKS) from 2005 to 2018. Prior to that, she held various positions at the University of Helsinki and the National Library of Finland. During her career, Director Cecilia af Forselles has edited and published scientific publications and articles in scientific collections and other publications in the fields of the history of science and learning, book and cultural history and the history of cartography. Af Forselles defended her doctoral thesis in history at the University of Helsinki in 2001.

## Research

Studies by af Forselles relate to literary culture as well as to the history of learning and ideas, the cultural history of Kalevala translations into English, the transformation of reading culture and scientific orientations, and the emergence of oral culture and natural sciences in academic discussion in the 18th century. Her recent studies relate to natural history and the history of ideas about the natural world.

## Positions of trust

Af Forselles has been a member of the organizing committees of several international conferences. She is also Chair of the Finnish Society for the History of Science and Learning and a Member of the Board of the Federation of Finnish Learned Societies (TSV) (Vice Chair 2015–). She has held various positions of trust in scientific societies, foundations, cultural institutes, museums etc. For several years, she served as a Member of the Board of the National Library of Finland, the Council for the Special Libraries, the Board of the Seurasaari Foundation, and the organizing committee of Science Forum 2017. She has delivered talks at Science Forum 2017 and Science Forum 2021.
In 1997, af Forselles received the award of the Swedish-Finnish Cultural Foundation.

## Publications

* The Emergence of Finnish Reading and Book Culture in the 1700s'. Ed. Cecilia af Forselles & Tuija Laine, Studia Fennica Litteraria, Helsinki 2017.
* National Bibliography of Finland: A.E. Nordenskiöld.
* The A. E. Nordenskiöld Collection. Annotated Catalogue of Maps made up to 1800. Vol. 5:1. & 5:2 (1995).
# Justice Elliott

Justice Elliott may refer to:
* Byron Elliott (1835–1913), associate justice of the Indiana Supreme Court
* Charles B. Elliott (1861–1935), associate justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court
* Jehu Elliott (1813–1876), associate justice of the Indiana Supreme Court
* Victor A. Elliott (1839–1899), associate justice of the Colorado Supreme Court
# Zdeněk Troška

Zdeněk Troška (born 18 May 1953) is a Czech film director and screenwriter. He mainly directs comedies and fairy-tale films.

## Personal life

Troška is deeply connected with the South Bohemian Region. He was born in the hospital in Strakonice, but he grew up in Hoštice, where he still lives and where he filmed several of his films (mostly notably the Slunce, seno... trilogy). He studied directing at Film and TV School of the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague and also at Lycée Carnot in Dijon, France. Troška came out as gay.

## Work

Troška ranks among contradictory and sometimes controversial directors. Although he is educated and receives offers to direct classical operas and film dramas like Andělská tvář (2002), he is most famous for cheap comedies and fairy tales intended for an undemanding audience. His films are usually highly criticized by film critics, but they are successful and profitable in cinemas.
Troška made several fairy tale films, often following patterns where a young man ventures from a rural area to find love and defeat corrupt enemies. Films in this vein include Princess Jasnenka and the Flying Shoemaker, Princess from the Mill and its sequel, Helluva Good Luck and its sequel, and The Loveliest Riddle.
Among the comedies he has directed are Slunce, seno, jahody (1983), Slunce, seno a pár facek (1989), Slunce, seno, erotika (1991) and Doktor od jezera hrochů (2010).
# Zarrina Mihaylova

Zarrina Mihaylova (née Ganieva, born 29 November 1982 in Bekabad) is an Uzbekistani rower.