OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Augustus Lowell

Augustus Lowell (January 15, 1830 – June 22, 1900) was a wealthy Massachusetts industrialist, philanthropist, horticulturist, and civic leader. A member of the Brahmin Lowell family, he was born in Boston to John Amory Lowell and his second wife Elizabeth Cabot Putnam. His great-grandfather, John Lowell, was among the first Judges for the newly created federal courts, appointed by Presidents George Washington and John Adams. Augustus' elder brother, Judge John Lowell, would be appointed to hold the same seats held by their great-grandfather, by Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Rutherford Hayes.

## Family

Lowell was amongst the fifth generation in his family to graduate from Harvard College, class of 1850. On June 1, 1854, he married Katherine Bigelow Lawrence (February 21, 1832 - April 1, 1895), the daughter of Hon. Abbott Lawrence. Both Augustus and Katherine were able to trace their ancestry back through the earliest colonial settlers and founders of New England, in the mid-17th century, and even further back to notable English families of the 12th and 13th centuries.
Augustus and Katherine Lowell had seven children and thus named their 10-acre (40,000 m$^2$), Brookline, Massachusetts, estate, Sevenels. The Lowells lost two of their children during infancy but their surviving children went on to great public prominence. Eldest son Percival Lowell wrote several books on the Far East and on the planet Mars, and founded the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. Their second son, Abbott Lawrence Lowell, succeeded Augustus as Trustee at the Lowell Institute in 1900, and became President of Harvard College in 1909, serving in that capacity until 1933. One of their daughters, Katharine Lowell, married (1) James Alfred Roosevelt, of the Long Island clan, and (2) T. James Bowlker, a Boston cotton mill owner. Another daughter, Elizabeth Lowell Putnam, was a prominent activist for prenatal care. And their youngest daughter, Amy Lowell, 20 years younger than her brothers, would become the second celebrated poet in the Lowell family.

## Career

Augustus was Treasurer of the Merrimack Manufacturing Company, a textile mill in Lowell, Massachusetts, for much of his early career. In 1875, he became Treasurer of the Boott Cotton Mills, also in Lowell. And in 1883, he was Director of The Winnipiseogee Lake Cotton and Woolen Manufacturing Company. All were positions his father, John Amory, had once held within the same companies. He was also, as of 1878, a director of the Pacific Mills in Lawrence, Massachusetts, the largest textile combine of its time.
Lowell was also a member of the Corporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Vice President of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1881, Augustus was appointed as the sole Trustee of the Lowell Institute, upon his father's death (Lowell 1899, pp 118–119), a position he would hold for the last 20 years of his life.
# Kappa Normae

Kappa Normae, Latinized from κ Normae, is a solitary, yellow hued star in the southern constellation of Norma. Its apparent magnitude is 4.94, which is bright enough to be faintly visible to the naked eye. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 7.44 mas as seen from Earth, the system is located about 440 light years from the Sun. It is drifting closer with a radial velocity of 13.5 km/s.
This is an evolved giant star with a stellar classification of G8III that has swollen and cooled off the main sequence. At present it has 22 times the radius of the Sun. It shines with a luminosity approximately 226 times that of the Sun and has an effective temperature of 4,787 K.
# Valter Thomé

Valter Thomé (5 August 1874 – 1 February 1918) was a Finnish architect who worked in the National Romantic or Art nouveau style.

## Life and career

Born in Pudasjärvi and raised in Alajärvi, Thomé studied architecture at the Helsinki Polytechnic Institute, graduating in 1898. As a trainee, he worked in the offices of, among others, Lars Sonck, the firm of Grahn, Hedman & Wasastjerna, and Onni Törnqvist (later known as Onni Tarjanne). Like Sonck, he was an early proponent of the syncretic National Romantic style. After opening his first architectural practice in Tampere with August Krook, he later partnered in Helsinki with Karl Lindahl (1900–05), the Udd brothers (1909–12) and finally with his own brother Ivar (born 1882); the two of them were among the most successful architects in Finland in the early 20th century, designing numerous public buildings, business and industrial buildings and private villas. In addition, Valter Thomé collaborated with Bertel Jung and Sonck on what became an influential plan for the Töölö-Hietaniemi section of Helsinki; he later drew up city plans for Kotka, Savonlinna, Lappeenranta, Kristinestad, Naantali and Jyväskylä. In 1916, he was one of the highest-taxed individuals in Helsinki.
Valter Thomé and his brother won the architecture competition for Stockmann, Helsinki centre in 1916. The building was built in 1930, and the task was then given to Sigurd Frosterus who had been on the second place in the original competition.
Valter Thomé, his brother Ivar and a third brother, William, founder of the Thomesto Oy timber company, were shot by Reds in Vihti during the Finnish Civil War while trying to cross to the White side of the line. They were buried together in the New Cemetery in Helsinki. A fourth brother, the artist Verner Thomé, was not with them and survived.

## Selected works

* (with Karl Lindahl) Oulu Market Hall (1901)
* Church, Perho
* (with Walter Thomé) Polytechnic Students' Union, also called the Sampo Building, Lönnrotinkatu 29, Helsinki (1903)
* (with Karl Lindahl) Headquarters of Otava publishing company, Uudenmaankatu 10, Helsinki (1905)
* Pallas Building, Kirkkokatu 8, Oulu (1907)
* Hovinsaari folk school, Kotka (1908)
* (with Udd Brothers) Flats, Annankatu 2, Helsinki (1911)
* (with Karl Lindahl) Headquarters of Suomi insurance company, Eteläesplanadi 2, Helsinki (1912), now headquarters of UPM
* (with Ivar Thomé) Varkaus town centre scheme (1913, revised 1917)
* (with Ivar Thomé), classical-style building with tile façade, Iso Roobertinkatu 25, Helsinki (1914)
* (with Ivar Thomé) Former Hotel Finlandia, Punkaharju (1914)
* Customs House, Kemi, now Kemi Gemstone Gallery
* Approximately 25 banks for Suomen Yhdyspankki (Föreningsbanken i Finland), including in Turku, Oulu, Raahe and Lappeenranta.

### Gallery

* Market hall, Oulu (1901)
* Vanha Poli, Polytechnic Students' Union building in Helsinki, 1903
* Otava publishing company headquarters, Helsinki (1905)
* Pallas Building [fi] in Oulu (1907)
* Hovinsaari school, Kotka (1908)
* Former bank, Oulu (1910)
* Suomi insurance company headquarters, Helsinki (1912)
* Customs House, Kemi (1912)
# Zyxomma atlanticum

Zyxomma atlanticum is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is endemic to Uganda. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and shrub-dominated wetlands.
# Congruent melting

Congruent melting occurs during melting of a compound when the composition of the liquid that forms is the same as the composition of the solid. It can be contrasted with incongruent melting. This generally happens in two-component systems. To take a general case, let A and B be the two components and AB a stable solid compound formed by their chemical combination. If we draw a phase diagram for the system, we notice that there are three solid phases, namely A, B and compound AB. Accordingly, there will be three fusion or freezing point curves AC, BE and CDE for the three solid phases. In the phase diagram, we can notice that the top point D of the phase diagram is the congruent melting point of the compound AB because the solid and liquid phases now have the same composition. Evidently, at this temperature, the two-component system has become a one-component system because both solid and liquid phases contains only the compound AB.
Congruent melting point represents a definite temperature just like the melting points of pure components. In some phase diagrams, the congruent melting point of a compound AB may lie above the melting points of pure components A and B. But it is not always necessarily the case. There are different types of systems known in which the congruent melting point is observed below the melting points of the pure components. This happens for inter-metallic compounds, for example, for MgSi $_2$.
# Cape Vestkapp

Cape Vestkapp (72°40′S 19°0′W﻿ / ﻿72.667°S 19.000°W﻿ / -72.667; -19.000) is a prominent westward projection of the ice front of the Antarctic continent's Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf, located midway along the ice front and about 60 nautical miles (110 km) west of the Kraul Mountains, in the region of Queen Maud Land. It was first photographed from the air by Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (NBSAE) in 1951-52 and mapped from these photos. It was named Vestkapp (meaning "west cape" in Norwegian).
This article incorporates public domain material from "Cape Vestkapp". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
* This Princess Martha Coast location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Cawthra

Cawthra is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* John Cawthra (1789–1851), merchant, distiller and political figure in Upper Canada
* Joseph Cawthra (1759–1842), Canadian merchant and politician
* Joseph Hermon Cawthra (1886–1957), British sculptor
* John Philip Cawthra, birth name of Gypie Mayo (1951–2013), British musician
* Mark Cawthra (born 1961), British musician
* William Cawthra (1801–1880), the eldest son of Joseph Cawthra, patriarch of the Cawthra family in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
# Central State Hospital Chapel

Central State Hospital Chapel is a historic chapel located on the grounds of Central State Hospital near Petersburg, Dinwiddie County, Virginia. It was built in 1904, and is a simple, 1 1/2-story brick structure measuring 80 by 50 feet, with a front gable roof and Late Gothic Revival details. The building features lancet window openings.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010, and was removed from the National Register in 2017.
# Raymond Araiji

Raymond "Rony" Araiji (in Arabic ريمون "روني" عريجي) (born in Zgharta, Lebanon on 31 July 1965) is a Lebanese politician, lawyer and government minister.

## Education and career

He received a bachelor's degree in law from the Saint Joseph University (USJ), Beirut in 1988 and a post graduate studies diploma in private law in 1989 from the same university.
In 1990, he joined the Beirut Bar Association as a lawyer, and then continued to practice his legal profession at his private office.
He is a founding member of the Marada Movement and previously a consultant to Suleiman Tony Frangieh. He was foreign relations coordinator for the Marada Movement political bureau.
On 15 February 2014, he was named as the minister of culture in the cabinet of Lebanese Prime Minister Tammam Salam. His tenure ended in 2016.

## Private life

He is married to Wadad Abdullah and has two daughters.
# 1995 Sparkassen Cup

The 1995 Sparkassen Cup, also known by its fll name Sparkassen Cup International Damen Grand Prix Leipzig, was a women's tennis tournament played on indoor carpet courts in Leipzig in Germany that was part of the Tier II category of the 1995 WTA Tour. It was the sixth edition of the tournament and was held from 25 September through 1 October 1995. Fourth-seeded Anke Huber won the singles title and earned $79,000 first-prize money.

## Finals
### Singles

Anke Huber defeated Magdalena Maleeva walkover
* It was Huber's 1st singles title of the year and the 7th of her career.

### Doubles

Meredith McGrath / Larisa Neiland defeated Brenda Schultz-McCarthy / Caroline Vis 6–4, 6–4
* It was Neiland's 5th doubles title of the year and the 52nd of her career. It was McGrath's 5th doubles title of the year and the 21st of her career.
# Kampung Sungai Bedaun

Kampung Sungai Bedaun is a village in Federal Territory of Labuan, Malaysia.
# Zyx (cartoonist)

Jacques Hurtubise (November 1950 – 11 December 2015) was a Canadian cartoonist and publisher. He was one of the founders of Croc magazine and is considered one of the most prominent figures in Quebec comics of the 1970s and 1980s.
He was born in Ottawa. Hurtubise's earliest work appeared in his first attempt at a comics magazine was L'Hydrocéphale Illustré in November 1971, in collaboration with Gilles Desjardins and Françoise Barrette. It was not a success. Following it, he founded a group of young Canadian artists called the Coopérative des Petits Dessins. Throughout the 1970s he produced over 200 comic strips for the newspaper Le Jour. In these strips appeared the characters le Sombre Vilain and his sidekick Bill, the gluttonous boa constrictor who loved to eat pizza delivery men. These adventures continued in the humorous magazine Croc, which he founded in 1979 with Hélène Fleury and Roch Côté.
Hurtubise is one of only two Québécois cartoonists, with Albert Chartier, to appear in Le Dictionnaire mondial de la Bande Dessinée and The World Encyclopedia of Comics. In 2007 he won the Joe Shuster Award, an award for Canadian cartoonists. His works and letters are kept in the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec.
Hurtubise was also the Rhinoceros Party candidate in 1979 for the Papineau riding. On 11 December 2015, he died in Montreal at the age of 65.
# Rozoy-sur-Serre

Rozoy-sur-Serre (French pronunciation:, literally Rozoy on Serre) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
# Çelik Gülersoy

Çelik Gülersoy (September 23, 1930 in Hakkâri – July 6, 2003 in Istanbul) was a Turkish lawyer, historical preservationist, writer and poet. He is best remembered for the heritage conservation works he carried out on historical sites during his long-time tenure as director general of the Touring and Automobile Club of Turkey (TTOK).
He was born in Hakkâri, Turkey's most southeasterly city, where his father was working as a gendarmerie officer but the family moved to Istanbul in 1933. After completing his education in Istanbul, Gülersoy attended Istanbul University and graduated from its Law School. Following his military service in 1959–1960, he started work as a legal consultant to the TTOK in 1961, having already held several posts there since 1947.
In 1966, Gülersoy became director general of the TTOK, a position he held for 38 years until his death. During this time he reorganised the TTOK to bring in new and much-needed services. He published numerous books on historic sites, mainly in Istanbul, and contributed greatly to the redevelopment of such touristically important areas as Söğükçeşme Sokağı in Sultanahmet and the historic parks such as Emirgan and Yıldız.
Çelik Gülersoy died of pancreatic cancer on July 6, 2003 during a classical music concert at the Fabiato Köşkü (Mansion) on Büyükada. He was buried next to his mother's grave in Demirciköy Cemetery in Sarıyer following a funeral service in Teşvikiye Mosque. He left all his assets to the Çelik Gülersoy Foundation which still operates a library on Söğükçeşme Sokağı, behind Ayasofya.

## Notable historical preservations

* Chora Church environs (1977)
* Çamlıca Hill (1980)
* Malta and Çadır pavilions, Yıldız Park (1982)
* Yellow, Pink and White pavilions, Emirgan Park (1979-1983)
* Hotel Yeşil Ev, Sultanahmet (1984)
* Khedive Palace, Çubuklu (1984)
* Soğukçeşme Street, Sultanahmet (1985-1986)
* Kameriye, Feneryolu (1989)
* Fenerbahçe Park, Fenerbahçe (1990)
# Rubber (Gilby Clarke album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |
Rubber is the third solo album by former Guns N' Roses guitarist Gilby Clarke, released in 1998.

## Track listing

All music and lyrics are written by Gilby Clarke, except where noted
* "Kilroy Was Here" – 2:55
* "The Haunting" – 2:57
* "Something's Wrong With You" – 3:38
* "Sorry I Can't Write A Song About You" – (Words by Clarke, Jonathan Daniel) – 3:38
* "Mercedes Benz" (Janis Joplin, Michael McClure, Bobby Neuwirth) – 3:41
* "The Hell's Angels" – 2:41
* "Saturday Disaster" (Words by Clarke, Daniel) – 2:59
* "Trash" (Sylvain Sylvain, David Johansen) – 2:48
* "Technicolour Stars" – 3:17
* "Superstar" – 1:48
* "Bourbon Street Blues" (Music by Clarke, Jo Almeida) – 2:33
* "Frankie's Planet" – 3:04

## Personnel

* Gilby Clarke – vocals, guitars, bass (tracks 4, 6), dobro (track 11), producer, engineering, mixing
* Bobby Schneck – guitars (track 5)
* Michael Brooks – guitars, vocals (track 8)
* Keith Jackson – guitars, vocals (track 8)
* Ryan Roxie – guitars (tracks 9, 12)
* James LoMenzo – bass (tracks 1, 2), art direction
* Will Effertz – bass (tracks 3, 9, 12), background vocals (track 6)
* Phil Soussan – bass (tracks 5, 7, 10)
* Eric Stevens - bass (track 8)
* Johnny Griparic – bass (track 11)
* Teddy Andreadis – Mellotron (tracks 1, 2), piano (tracks 2, 5, 11), Hammond organ (tracks 4, 5), accordion (track 5)
* Brian Tichy – drums (tracks 1-3, 6), vocals (track 2), tambourine (tracks 5, 11), percussion (track 7)
* Mike Fasano – drums (track 4)
* Eric Singer – drums (tracks 5, 7, 10), background vocals (tracks 2, 7)
* Eric Skodis - drums (track 8)
* Winston Watson III – drums (tracks 9 12)
* Brian Irving - drums (track 11)
* Brian Smith – tambourine (track 4), background vocals (track 8)
* Roberta Freeman – background vocals (track 5)
# Certificate of Achievement

Certificate of Achievement may refer to:
* Entry Level Certificate, a qualification in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, formerly known as the Certificate of Achievement
* National Certificate of Educational Achievement, a qualification in New Zealand
* Segrave Certificate of Achievement, a subsidiary award of the Segrave Trophy
# Wang Yijun

Wang Yijun was a leader of the Taiping rebels in 19th-century China. He was killed in an unsuccessful attempt to retake Zhoushan Island from its Qing garrison on 13 February 1862.
# Kopren

Kopren (Bulgarian and Serbian Cyrillic: Копрен) is a summit in the western Balkan Mountains, on the border ridge between Bulgaria and Serbia. Kopren is 1,965 m (6,447 ft) high and belongs to the Chiprovtsi Mountain, one of the highest parts of the Balkan Mountains.
The western slopes of Kopren towards Serbia are a subalpine plateau. Towards Bulgaria, the eastern face of Kopren is steep and rocky as it descends to Kopilovtsi. The stone ruins of an abandoned border post stand at 1,840 m (6,040 ft) below Kopren on the Bulgarian side. The summit boasts panoramic views of the entire Chiprovtsi Mountain and the Berkovitsa Mountain with Kom Peak, as well as of Montana and the Ogosta Reservoir in the lowlands.
Both the Bulgarian and the Serbian foothills of Kopren abound in waterfalls. The Kopren Waterfall is one of the highest in Serbia. On the Bulgarian side, the Kopren Waterfalls marked circuit trail offers access to numerous smaller waterfalls, including Durshin Skok, Grafski Skok and Vodni Skok; Lanzhin Skok is away from the trail, on one of the routes towards the summit.
Several marked trails (all of them notably steep) lead from the trailhead at Kopren Hut (950 m (3,120 ft)) above Kopilovtsi towards Kopren.
# Centaurea atropurpurea

Centaurea atropurpurea is a species of Centaurea found in Romania and the Balkan Peninsula.
# Ken Mandelbaum

Ken Mandelbaum is an American columnist, critic, and author whose primary field of expertise is musical theatre.
Born and raised in Brooklyn, New York, Mandelbaum was introduced to Broadway musical theatre by his parents and grandparents at an early age. He initially pursued an acting career, studying with Stella Adler and performing at the Circle in the Square Theatre and the Provincetown Playhouse.
In 1986, he began writing for Show Music magazine and the New York Native, and the following year he joined the staff of TheaterWeek. He was a frequent contributor to Playbill and wrote a regular column for Broadway.com until 2006. Before his career as a theatre writer, he was a teacher in New York public schools.
He is the author of A Chorus Line and the Musicals of Michael Bennett (St. Martin's Press, 1989, ISBN 978-0-312-03061-2) and Not Since Carrie: Forty Years of Broadway Musical Flops (St. Martin's Press, 1992, ISBN 1466843276).
The New York Times called Not Since Carrie a "must read", saying, "Mr. Mandelbaum hits all the highlights, everything from Breakfast at Tiffany's,' starring Mary Tyler Moore as Holly Golightly, to last season's Shogun: The Musical. Mr. Mandelbaum also takes a good swipe at Annie 2: Miss Hannigan's Revenge."
# Jin Su

Jin Su (金俗; fl. 150s – 140s BCE), also known as Lady of Xiucheng (修成君), was a Chinese noble woman during the Han dynasty. She was a half-sister of Emperor Wu. Jin Su was the long-lost daughter of Empress Wang Zhi and her first husband, Jin Wangsun.

## Background

Jin Su was the daughter of Wang Zhi and Jin Wangsun. Wang Zhi was a daughter of Zang Er, who was a granddaughter of Zang Tu, the one-time King of Yan appointed by Xiang Yu until the fifth year of Emperor Gaozu. Zang Tu rebelled against the Emperor and was defeated. He and his entire family was massacred. Lady Jin did not follow Wang Zhi when she joined Crown Prince Liu Qi's harem. Lady Wang was pregnant with her eldest son Liu Che when Liu Qi ascended the throne as Emperor Jing of Han, after Emperor Wen's death in July 157 BC.

## As Lady of Xiucheng

After Liu Che ascended to the throne as Emperor Wu in March 141 BC, he found out from his mother that he had a half-sister. Jin Su was tracked down and personally visited by Emperor Wu, and he created her the Lady of Xiucheng (修成君), an honorable title. She was awarded 300 servants, 100 acres of land, and a grand mansion. She even had the right to freely enter and leave the palace and meet the royal family, and sat at the table with the emperor and empress dowager. She was also granted the title of County Jun [zh] (xianjun). Jin Su's daughter E (娥) was married Liu Qian [zh], the heir of Prince of Huainan Liu An (刘安).
# Certificate in Teaching in the Lifelong Learning Sector

The Qualifications and Credit Framework (QCF) Level 3/4 Certificate in Teaching in the Lifelong Learning Sector (CTLLS) is an initial teacher training qualification, that was studied at QCF Level 3 or 4, for teaching in Further Education (FE) and the lifelong learning sector of education in the United Kingdom.
The CTLLS was the second highest of the teaching qualifications specifically for this sector of education, the others being the Diploma in Teaching in the Lifelong Learning Sector (DTLLS) and the Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector (PTLLS) qualifications. All of these were introduced in 2007 and later updated in 2011.
The QCF Level 4 Certificate in Teaching in the Lifelong Learning Sector qualification (CTLLS) was replaced with the Level 4 Certificate in Education and Training qualification. There are also some practical requirements for both CTLLS and DTLLS courses.
# El Empalme Canton

El Empalme Canton is a canton of Ecuador, located in the Guayas Province. Its capital is the town of El Empalme. Its population at the 2001 census was 64,789.

## Demographics

Ethnic groups as of the Ecuadorian census of 2010:
* Mestizo 61.3%
* Montubio 26.1%
* Afro-Ecuadorian 7.4%
* White 4.7%
* Indigenous 0.1%
* Other 0.3%
# Cachantún Cup

The Cachantún Cup is a women's tennis tournament that was held at the Centro de Tenis Las Salinas, at the Club Naval de Campo Las Salinas in Viña del Mar, Chile. The tournament was competed once, in 2008, from February 11 to February 17.

## Past finals
### Singles

| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Score |
| 2008 | Flavia Pennetta | Klára Zakopalová | 6–4, 5–4 ret. |

### Doubles

| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Score |
| 2008 | Līga Dekmeijere Alicja Rosolska | Mariya Koryttseva Julia Schruff | 7–5, 6–3 |