# Macro-Chibchan languages

Macro-Chibchan is a proposed grouping of the languages of the Lencan, Misumalpan, and Chibchan families into a single large phylum (macrofamily).

## History

The Lencan and Misumalpan languages were once included in the Chibchan family proper, but were excluded pending further evidence as that family became well established. Kaufman (1990) finds the Chibchan–Misumalpan connection convincing, if as yet unsubstantiated, though Campbell (1997) finds it doubtful. The Xincan family was once included in Macro-Chibchan, but this is now doubtful.
Constenla (2005) calls this proposed phylum Lenmichí (Lencan–Misumalpan–Chibchan) and provides 85 cognate sets which exhibit regular sound correspondences among the three families. He suggests that Chocoan may be related as well.
Greenberg proposed a broader conception of Macro-Chibchan, one dismissed by linguists working on the families in question. It included Yanomam, Purépecha, and Cuitlatec in addition to Chibchan–Misumalpan–Xinca–Lenca. Greenberg (1987) included Paezan languages in a Chibchan-Paezan stock with Barbacoan, Chibchan, Chocoan, Jirajaran, and the isolates Betoi, Kamsá (Sibundoy), Yaruro, Esmeraldeño, Mochica, Cunza, Itonama, Timucua and Yurumanguí.
An automated computational analysis (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013) also found lexical similarities between Chibchan and Misumalpan. However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the grouping could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing or genetic inheritance.

## Reconstruction

Constenla (2005) reconstructed five vowels and eleven consonants for Proto-Lenmichian, with the following reflexes:

### Vowels

| Proto-Lenmichian | *a | *e | *i | *o | *u |
| Proto-Chibchan | *a | *e | *i | *o | *u |
| Proto-Lencan | *a *e | *e | *i | *o *u | *u |
| Proto-Misumalpan | *a | *i | *i | *u | *u |
There are also a series of nasal vowels.

### Consonants

| Proto-Lenmichian | *b | *d | *t | *k | *ʔ | *ts | *s | *h | *l | *ɾ | *w |
| Proto-Chibchan | *b | *d | *t | *k | *ʔ | *ts | *s | *h | *ɾ | *ɾ | ∅ |
| Proto-Lencan | *p *m | *l *n | *t | *k | ∅ | *ts' | *ts' | ∅ | *l | *l | *w |
| Proto-Misumalpan | *b *p *m | *d *n | *t | *k | ∅ | *s | *s | ∅ | *l | *ɾ | *w |

## Vocabulary

Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items.
    glossXinca (Guazacapán)Lenca (Chilanga)Proto-LencanProto-MisumalpanProto-Chibchan head húš̱ioso hair mútialah*asak*ʦa eye hurayísap*uᵐba ear mánkatokoro*tupal nose narínepkuru*nep*nam*ⁿdii(k) tooth rajáj (Chiquimulilla)neh*nek*ⁿduʔ tongue elahánepal*tu*kuʔ(-Ba) mouth š̱aháiɴ-ts’ats’a*in*ta*kah-ka hand pukoʃaka*kuuʔ; *haⁿd- ~ *hat- foot wapilíwaʃaka*kihʦa ~ *kihsa breast šékets’ukiɴ 'nipple'*kãʔ; *ʦuʔ meat uwíwaʃa*ᵑgaʔⁿda ~ *ᵑgaʔta; *sih blood kámaala*a*hapi ~ *apiʔ bone hararíʃila-ts’e*ts’ek*kãⁿd-, *ⁿdaⁿdi ~ *ⁿdaiⁿd- / *saⁿdi ~ *saiⁿd- person šurúmu, hurákɨiʃko*ᵐbaⁿdi ~ *ᵐbaiⁿd name š̱a*haka ~ *akaʔ dog čúčo (Chiquimulilla)ʃuʃu*su*tau fish sémaʃok’ín*ᵑgwa ~ *uᵑg louse tɨmáƚitem*tem*kũʔ tree hútusuɴ*ban*ˈkàr; *kaˈri (C) leaf píyaaw*ka flower túƚuʃila*sula water uy*was*li*ⁿdiʔ fire uráyik’aɴ*juk’a*ᵑgi 'firewood' stone híš̱ike*ke*walpa*hak ~ *kaʔ earth náruomoɴ*taB(a) salt tíʔlats’epe*ⁿdaᵑg road táƚmak’iɴ*k’in*hi eat rúkarom-*kuⁿdi ~ *kuiⁿd die teróʃil- I ninunani*unani*jam*ⁿdaH(ⁿd) you nákamanani*amanani*man*ᵐbaʔ