# Capital punishment in Florida

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Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the U.S. state of Florida.
Since 1976, the state has executed 107 convicted murderers, all at Florida State Prison. As of February 15, 2025, 276 offenders are awaiting execution.

## History

Prior to 1923, executions in Florida were carried out by county governments, usually by hanging. In 1923, the Florida Legislature made electrocution the official method of execution. The new electric chair was originally housed at Union Correctional Institution, but moved to Florida State Prison in 1962.
The first electrocution was of Frank Johnson on October 7, 1924. The new electrocution law was challenged by the circuit court of Union County in June 1929 on the grounds that, as he was neither elected or appointed, the prison superintendent could not perform executions; the state supreme court upheld the law, however, in November 1930. Florida performed its last pre-Furman execution on May 12, 1964. After the Supreme Court of the United States struck down all states' death penalty procedures in Furman v. Georgia (1972), essentially ruling the imposition of the death penalty at the same time as a guilty verdict unconstitutional, Florida was the first state to draft a newly written statute on August 12, 1972, and all 96 death row inmates (95 male and 1 female) were commuted to life in prison.
After the Supreme Court permitted the death penalty once more in Gregg v. Georgia (1976), the state electrocuted John Arthur Spenkelink on May 25, 1979, which was the second execution in the U.S. since 1967, after that of Gary Gilmore on January 17, 1977, in Utah.

## Capital crimes

In Florida, murder can be punished by death if it involves one of the following aggravating factors:
* It was committed by a person previously convicted of a felony and under sentence of imprisonment, placed on community control, or on felony probation.
* The defendant was previously convicted of another capital felony or of a felony involving the use or threat of violence to the person.
* The defendant knowingly created a great risk of death to many persons.
* It was committed while the defendant was engaged, or was an accomplice, in the commission of, or an attempt to commit a specified felony (such as aggravated child abuse, arson, kidnapping, placing or discharging of a destructive device or bomb).
* It was committed for the purpose of avoiding or preventing a lawful arrest or effecting an escape from custody.
* It was committed for pecuniary [financial] gain.
* It was committed to disrupt or hinder the lawful exercise of any governmental function or the enforcement of laws.
* It was especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel.
* It was committed in a cold, calculated, and premeditated manner without any pretense of moral or legal justification.
* The victim was a law enforcement officer engaged in the performance of his or her official duties.
* The victim was an elected or appointed public official engaged in the performance of his or her official duties if the motive for the capital felony was related, in whole or in part, to the victim’s official capacity.
* The victim was a person less than 12 years of age.
* The victim was particularly vulnerable due to advanced age or disability, or because the defendant stood in a position of familial or custodial authority over the victim.
* It was committed by a criminal gang member.
* It was committed by a person currently or formerly designated as a sexual predator.
* It was committed by a person subject to a restrictive order or a foreign protection order, and was committed against the person who obtained the injunction or protection order or any spouse, child, sibling, or parent of this person.
* It resulted from the unlawful distribution by a person 18 years of age or older of any substance listed in Fla. Stat. §782.04(1)(a)3., when such substance is proven to have caused, or is proven to have been a substantial factor in causing, the death of the user.
Florida statute 782.04(1)(a)3. specifies that when a person 18 years of age or older unlawfully distributes certain controlled substances, including but not limited to cocaine, opium/opioids, fentanyl, carfentanil, methamphetamine, or analogs thereof, and the use of that substance alone is proven to have caused the death of the user or been a substantial factor in the user's death, regardless of any other substances involved, then the distributor has committed murder in the first degree. First degree murder is a capital felony in Florida, punishable by death or life imprisonment. This statute holds drug dealers strictly liable for deaths resulting from the drugs they illegally provide, and subjects them to the state's harshest penalty if the drugs are proven to be the proximate cause of a user's death.
Florida statute also provides the death penalty for capital drug trafficking and discharging or using a destructive device causing death. A provision for capital sexual battery was found unconstitutional in the 2008 U.S. Supreme Court case Kennedy v. Louisiana. No one is on death row in the United States for drug trafficking.
In May 2023, Governor Ron DeSantis signed a bill that allows the death penalty for defendants convicted of child rape. Since the law contradicts the Kennedy v. Louisiana ruling, it will likely be challenged in the courts. The first attempted use of the law was in the case of accused child molester Joseph Giampa, who ultimately pleaded guilty rather than risk possible execution.

## Legal process
### Trial

In Hurst v. Florida (2014), the United States Supreme Court struck down part of Florida's death penalty law, holding it was not sufficient for a judge to determine the aggravating facts to be used in considering a death sentence. The court ruled that this trial process violated the Sixth Amendment right to jury trial under Ring v. Arizona (2002). The state supreme court later held that this applied only to defendants sentenced by a non-unanimous jury from 2002 to 2014.

### Sentencing

When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the jury must unanimously find that an aggravating factor found by the prosecution exists, making the defendant eligible for a death sentence. Once this eligibility is established, a supermajority of at least 8 jurors must concur that the established aggravating factors outweigh the mitigating factors for a recommendation for a death sentence. Should less than eight jurors find that the aggravating factors do not outweigh the mitigating factors, the jury's recommendation shall be a life sentence which shall be the sentence imposed by the trial judge (there is no retrial). Should the jury make a recommendation for a sentence of death, the trial judge shall have the discretion to determine whether a death or life sentence shall be imposed; the trial judge must justify his or her reasoning in a written order.
Prior to 2014, the judge decided the sentence alone, and the jury gave only a non-binding advice. In March 2014, the Florida Legislature provided a 10-juror supermajority to issue a sentence of death. This was also challenged and in October 2014, the Florida Supreme Court struck down the law, finding that death sentences can only be handed down by a unanimous jury. The court later reversed this finding, allowing Governor Ron DeSantis in 2023 to sign Senate Bill 450 that eliminated the unanimous jury requirement.

### Appeals

On June 14, 2013, Governor Rick Scott signed the Timely Justice Act of 2013. The law is designed to overhaul and speed up the process of capital punishment. It creates tighter time frames for a person sentenced to death to make appeals and post-conviction motions and imposes reporting requirements on case progress.

## Executions

Death sentences are carried out via lethal injection. However, the sentence can be carried out by electrocution if the offender requests it. If lethal injection or electrocution is held unconstitutional, statutes authorize the use of "any constitutional method of execution" instead.
The only execution chamber in Florida is located at Florida State Prison in Starke. When sentenced, male convicts who receive the death penalty are incarcerated at either Florida State Prison itself, or at Union Correctional Institution next door to Florida State Prison, while female convicts who are sentenced to death are incarcerated at Lowell Correctional Institution north of Ocala. Inmates are moved to the death row at Florida State Prison when their death warrant is signed.
Florida used public hanging under a local jurisdiction, overseen and performed by the sheriffs of the counties where the crimes took place. However, in 1923, the Florida Legislature passed a law replacing hanging with the electric chair and stated that all future execution will be performed under state jurisdiction inside prisons. The electric chair became a subject of strong controversy in the 1990s after three executions received considerable media attention and were labeled as "botched" by opponents (Jesse Tafero in 1990, Pedro Medina in 1997, and Allen Lee Davis in 1999). While most states switched to the lethal injection, many politicians in Florida opposed giving up "Old Sparky", seeing it as a "deterrent". Finally, after the Davis execution, lethal injection was enabled as the default method.
During Governor Rick Scott's tenure (2011-2019), Florida executed more inmates (28) than had been executed under any other governor in the state's history.

## Clemency

The Governor of Florida has the right to commute the death penalty, but only with positive recommendation of clemency from a Board, where they sit.
Between 1925 and 1965, 57 commutations were granted out of 268 cases. Since 1972, when the death penalty was re-instituted, only six commutations have been granted, all under the administration of Governor Bob Graham.