# Russian State Fire Service

Russian State Fire Service (Russian: Государственная противопожарная служба, Gosudarstvennaya protivopozharnaya sluzhba) is the highest fire service body of Russian Federation. A part of the Ministry of Emergency Situations since 2001, the State Fire Service is divided into the Federal Fire Service and the Fire Service of the Federal subjects of Russia.
The State Fire Service's 220,000 personnel operate out of 13,600 buildings and structures, including 4000 plus fire stations containing 18,634 fire apparatus and 49 fireboats.
State Fire Service divisions participate in over two million operations a year, rescue over 90,000 lives, save property evaluated as high as 120 billion rubles.
The Institute for Fire Defense and Scientific Research and 70 special laboratories are responsible for the SFS scientific support, new technologies and methods of work.

## History

The first fire service in Russia was established by Czar Alexey Mikhailovich under signed decree named "Direction on Municipal rescue", which signed on April 30, 1649, in Moscow.
Six months after the October Revolution, on April 17, 1918, Vladimir Lenin signed a decree on organisation of activities for firefighting, which was considered the birth date for the Soviet State Fire service. Up to 2001 the Fire Service was part of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.
By 1927, the heterogeneity in uniforms and insignia in the republics practically disappeared and the uniform of firefighters of the RSFSR came to be used as a model for introduction for a long time. Fire protection was provided by both professional and voluntary fire brigades (1927–1932), subordinate to the NKVD of the RSFSR.
In 1930, the militarization of the transport fire department was carried out, on the basis of which the militarized fire department of the People's Commissariat of Communication Routes of the Soviet Union of the USSR was created. The service life of paramilitary personnel was at least two years. At the end of 1930, the Main Directorate of Public Utilities and the Police Department were separated from the NKVD and transferred to the direct subordination of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. On March 4, 1931, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR issues a document on the centralization of the republic's fire service. The departmental ones remained: the fire protection of the NKPS, the Navy and the People's Commissariat of Water Transport.
July 20, 1931, by resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, fire protection was transferred to the People's Commissariat of Public Utilities (NKKH). The Central Fire Department (TsPO) of the NKVD was transformed into the Central Fire Department (TsUPO) of the NKKH.
Between 1934 and 1946 the fire services were under the Main Directorate of Fire Security (Russian: главное управление пожарной охраны (ГУПО)) of the NKVD. Simultaneously with the transfer of the fire department to the jurisdiction of the NKKH, a militarized fire department is being organized under the OGPU to protect strategic facilities.
In 1934, the Main Fire Department was formed as part of the NKVD of the USSR. The City Fire Department was responsible for ensuring fire safety in populated areas, while the departmental fire department was responsible for enterprises and transport. To protect fire-hazardous and especially important industrial facilities and large administrative centers, the militarized Fire Protection Service of the NKVD was created.
In 1957, the Faculty of Fire Safety and Safety Engineers was opened at the Higher School of the Soviet Ministry of Internal Affairs. Fire testing stations were established in large cities.
Since 1958 the fire services became a member of the International Technical Committee for the Prevention and Extinction of Fire.
Since 1966, the management of fire protection was carried out by the General Directorate of Fire Protection (Russian: Главное управление пожарной охраны) in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, which included the State Fire Supervision, which carried out work on the prevention of fires in buildings and structures under construction and in operation, as well as units of paramilitary fire protection and professional fire protection, which extinguished fires in cities, industrial and other objects of the national economy. Some ministries and departments such as the Ministry of Railways of the Soviet Union, the Ministry of Forestry and Glavneftesnab company had their own departmental fire protection.
Militarized fire protection was organized in cities that were the most important administrative centers of the USSR, as well as at industrial and other facilities of particular importance or increased fire and explosion hazard. Professional fire protection was created in cities, urban-type settlements, regional centers, as well as at national economic facilities.
Since 1965, units and divisions of the Moscow paramilitary fire department began to be staffed by persons called up for active military service.
In 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the firefighting service became part of the successor to the Soviet MVD, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.
On December 21, 1994, the Federal Law "On Fire Safety" was adopted, which laid the foundations for a unified fire safety system.
On 17 April 1918 the decree "On the organization of state measures to combat fire" was issued and that date was considered as the unofficial professional holiday. In 1999 a presidential decree set the date on 30 April.
On April 30, 1999, Russian president Boris Yeltsin signed a directive that declared April 30 as the celebratory date for Fire Services in Russia, 350 years after their creation.
From 1 January 2002 in accordance with a presidential decree issued on 9 November 2001, the Fire Service was transferred from the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the Ministry of Emergencies with all 278,000 firefighters transferred after 84 years under the MVD.

## Forms of fire services in Russia

In Russia, there are 5 forms of Fire Services, established by Federal Law of the Russian Federation "About fire safety".
* State Fire Service
** Federal Fire Service
** Fire Service of the Federal subjects of Russia.
* Municipal Fire service
* Departmental Fire Service
* Private Fire Service
* Voluntary Fire Service

## Divisions of State Fire Service
### Federal Fire Service

The Federal Fire Service (Russian: Федеральная противопожарная служба, Federalnaya protivopozharnaya sluzhba), is an integral part of the State Fire Service and is part of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters (Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations).
Its basic functions are:
* Conducts prevention, fire fighting and rescue work -
** at facilities that are critical to the national security of the country, other important fire facilities, the most valuable objects of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation, for the activities at the federal level with the massive concentration of people;
** in closed administrative-territorial formations, as well as in important organizations and regime;
** Supervises the implementation of the federal executive bodies, executive bodies of subjects of the Russian Federation, local self-government organizations and federal laws, technical regulations and other legal acts in the field of fire safety;
** Exercises operational control of other types of fire protection forces and means involved to extinguish fires at facilities that are critical to the national security of the country, other important fire facilities, the most valuable objects of cultural heritage of the peoples of the Russian Federation, as well as for the activities of the federal level with the massive concentration of people;
** Conducts monitoring of the state of fire safety in the Russian Federation is preparing proposals for government agencies and local governments to implement measures in the field of fire safety;
** Conducts fire information and education of the public on fire safety measures;
** Organizes and conducts official statistical records and state statistical reports on fires and their consequences on the territory of the Russian Federation, the performance of operational activities and resources of the Federal Fire Service, Fire Service of the Russian Federation and other types of fire protection;
** Preparing draft legislation Russian Emergencies Ministry in the field of fire safety and organization of the Federal Fire Service
The treaty units of the Federal Fire Service are maintained by the protected objects. Buildings, structures, facilities, fire and other machinery, and equipment, gear and equipment transferred to the use of contractual unit FPS, are the property of the organization and remain on its balance sheet.

### Fire Service of the Russian Federation

Financial support of the Fire Service of the Russian Federation is carried out by means of:
* the budget of the Russian Federation;
* funds allocated for the financing of regional programs in the field of fire safety;
* funds received in accordance with the existing agreements, including the provision of permitted fee-based services;
* contributions, donations and other sources not prohibited by law.

## Ranks

In Russia, the decals are applied symmetrically on both sides of the helmet (front and rear). The location of the decals on the special clothing and SCBA is established for each fire department of the same type within the territorial entity.
| Rank | Helmet colour/markings |
| Firefighter | The all color helmet with the applied number, indicating the fire station |
| Head of fire brigade | The all color helmet with the applied number, indicating the fire station, underlined by line 50 mm wide and 5 mm thick |
| Head of duty shift fire station | The all color helmet with the applied a circle, inside which the applied number is indicating the fire station |
| Deputy Head of the fire station | The all color helmet with the applied a triangle, inside which the applied number is indicating the fire station |
| Head of the fire station | The all color helmet with the applied a square, inside which the applied number is indicating the fire station |
| Commanding staff of the fire department | The all color helmet with the applied a circle, inside which the applied a rhombus |

## Appliances

Russian State Fire Vehicles are painted in accordance with GOST R 50574-2002 (ГОСТ Р 50574-2002 г) which requires an overall flame-red (in practice red-orange) with contrasting white doors, white bumpers, white front and rear vertical stripes and white horizontal side stripes. Undercarriages are painted black. Auxiliary vehicles lack the white doors. Any writing or numbers are of the opposite color of the color it is on.
A unique feature is the mounting of canisters for suction hoses and ladders on top of the appliance.
The Russian Fire Service uses a number of different models of appliances which range greatly in age and technical abilities.
Firefighting vehicles are classified under the following categories:
* basic fire fighting vehicles (основные пожарные автомобили):
** basic fire fighting vehicles of general application (основные пожарные автомобили общего применения),
** basic fire fighting vehicles intended use (основные пожарные автомобили целевого применения);
* Special fire fighting vehicles (специальные пожарные автомобили);
* auxiliary vehicles (вспомогательные автомобили).
| Model | Origin | Notes |
| Fire Trucks ||||
| Fire truck ATs 1,5-40/2 | Soviet Union Russia | |
| Fire truck ATs-8-40 | Russia | |
| Fire truck ATs 2,0-40 | Russia | Most common fire truck. |
| Fire Truck ATs 2,0-20-2 | Soviet Union Russia | ZIL-4331A5 chassis. |
| Fire Truck ATs 2,5-40 (131Н) | Soviet Union | ZIL-131 chassis. |
| Fire Truck ATs 6,0-40 | Russia | Ural NEXT chassis. |
| Fire Truck ATs-40/4 | Russia | MAZ-631708 chassis. |
| Fire truck on Mercedes-Benz Atego 1529 AF chassis | Russia | |
| Utility Vehicles ||||
| Rescue vehicle APP-0,2-30/70 | Russia | |
| ASh-5 Utility van | Russia | |
| Emergency vehicle PSA-MM | Russia | MB Sprinter 515CDI chassis |
| Fire patrol vehicle LPA-3 | Russia | UAZ-31519 base. |
| Firefighting vehicle ATs 1,6-40 | Russia | |
| VIS-294601 Utility car | Soviet Union | Few remain in service |
| Special Vehicles ||||
| Volkswagen Transporter (Command Vehicle) | Russia | |
| Forest Firefighting Truck CCF | Russia France | Renault MIDLUM 240.12 CCF-4x4 chassis |
| Iveco Eurocargo (Mobile Air Compressor) | Russia | |
| Mobile airheater UMP Gorinich | Russia | KAMAZ-4326 chassis |
| Volkswagen LT (Command Vehicle) | Russia | |
| Liebherr Crane | Russia Switzerland | |
| Rosenbauer Panther 6x6 CA5 | Austria | |
| KS-Fjord 620 | Russia | |
| Wheeled armored fire fighting shield BLS2-40.2K | Soviet Union | |
| Ladder Trucks ||||
| Aerial ladder platform AKP-54 | Russia | |
| Fire fighting vehicle AKP-32 | Russia | |
| Fire fighting vehicle AL-30 | Russia | |
| Aerial ladder platform AL-50 | Russia | KAMAZ-65115 chassis |
| Fire fighting vehicle ATsL-30-40/4-24 | Russia | |
| Equipment Trucks ||||
| Iveco Eurocargo (Technical Rescue Truck) | Russia | |
| Tankers ||||
| KAMAZ-43502 (Firefighting Tanker) | Russia | |
| Firefighting pump station PNS-110 | Russia | |

### Operational categories

Russian Fire appliances are operationally categorized as follows:
* Tankers (AC) (Автоцистерны (АЦ): A fire apparatus equipped with a pump, tanks for storing liquid extinguishing agents and means of their delivery, intended for delivery of personnel and equipment to the site of fire and carrying out fire extinguishing and rescue operations.
* Auto First Aid (APP) (Автомобили первой помощи (АПП)): A fire apparatus on a light chassis equipped with a pumping unit, tanks for liquid extinguishing agents, and intended for delivery of personnel, equipment to the site of a fire (accident), firefighting operations at initial stage and rescue operations.
* High-pressure Pump apparatus(AVD) (Пожарный автомобиль с насосом высокого давления (АВД)): A fire apparatus equipped with a high-pressure pump, tanks for liquid extinguishing agents, a set of equipment, intended to carry out fire extinguishing activities in high-rise buildings and structures.
* Hose and hose-pumper cars (AR, ANR) (Рукавные и насоcно-рукавные (AP, APH)
** Hose Carrier - Only carries hose
** Hose Tanker - Carries hose and water and pump
* Fire ladders (AL) (Пожарные автолестницы (АЛ))
* Boom lifts (ACP) (Коленчатые подъёмники (АКП))
* Staff cars (ASH) (Штабные автомобили (АШ))
* Cars Gas Rescue (AH, ABG) (Газодымозащитная служба (ГДЗС))
* Cars specialized fire (AGT AGVT, ACT, AP) (Автомобили специализированного тушения (АГТ, АГВТ, АКТ, АП))
* Cars Command and communications (ASO) (Автомобили связи и оcвещения (АСО))
* Rescue vehicles (ASA) (Спасательные автомобили (АСА))
* Cars Airfield Fire (Пожарный аэродромный автомобиль (AA)