OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Physical verification

Physical verification is a process whereby an integrated circuit layout (IC layout) design is verified via EDA software tools to ensure correct electrical and logical functionality and manufacturability. Verification involves design rule check (DRC), layout versus schematic (LVS), XOR (exclusive OR), antenna checks and electrical rule check (ERC).

## Design Rule Check (DRC)

DRC verifies that the layout meets all technology-imposed constraints. DRC also verifies layer density for chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP).

## Layout Versus Schematic (LVS)

LVS verifies the functionality of the design. From the layout, a netlist is derived and compared with the original netlist produced from logic synthesis or circuit design.

## XOR check

This check is typically run after a metal spin, where the original and modified database are compared. This is done to confirm that the desired modifications have been made and no undesired modifications have been made by accident. This step involves comparing the two layout databases/GDS by XOR operation of the layout geometries. This check results a database which has all the mismatching geometries in both the layouts.

## Antenna check

The antenna basically is a metal interconnect, i.e., a conductor like polysilicon or metal, that is not electrically connected to silicon or grounded, during the processing steps of the wafer. During the manufacturing process charge accumulation can occur on the antenna during certain fabrication steps like Plasma etching, which uses highly ionized matter to etch. If the connection to silicon does not exist, charges may build up on the interconnect to the point at which rapid discharge does take place and permanent physical damage results to thin transistor gate oxide. This rapid and destructive phenomenon is known as the antenna effect. Antenna errors can be cured by adding a small antenna diode to safely discharge the node or splitting the antenna by routing up to another metal layer and then down again.
The antenna ratio is defined as the ratio between the physical area of the conductors making up the antenna to the total gate oxide area to which the antenna is electrically connected.

## Electrical Rule Check (ERC)

ERC verifies the correctness of power and ground connections, and that signal transition times (slew), capacitive loads and fanouts are appropriately bounded. This might include checking for
* Well and substrate areas for proper contacts and spacings thereby ensuring correct power and ground connections
* Unconnected inputs or shorted outputs.
Gates should not connect directly to supplies; connection should be through TIE high/low cells only. ERC checks are based upon assumptions about the normal operating conditions of the ASIC, so they may give many false warning on ASICs with multiple or negative supplies. They can also check for structures susceptible to electrostatic discharge (ESD) damage.
# Voroshil Gukasyan

Voroshil Levonovich Gukasyan (1932–1986) was a Soviet linguist, caucasologist and specialist in Udi language and Caucasian Albanian inscriptions. He was born in the village Nij, Azerbaijan and was Udi by ethnicity.
He worked at the Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan SSR. In 1965 he defended his thesis on the phonetic and morphological features of the Udi "Nij" dialect.
His thesis defense was held at the Philological Faculty of Tbilisi State University. The head of the research project was Jeyranishvili (Udi from Zinobiani). In 1973 Gukasyan became a Doctor of Philology, defended at the Institute of Linguistics of the Azerbaijan SSR Academy of Sciences study on "The relationship of Azeri and Udi languages".
Of particular note is his release in 1974 of the Udi-Azerbaijani-Russian Dictionary, which remains today the only large body of vocabulary of both modern Udi languages, Nij and Vartashen dialects. He is also author of many articles on Udi language.
Many of his works are signed "G.Voroshil".
He is buried in the village of Nij, Azerbaijan.
# List of foreign ministers of Prussia

This article lists foreign ministers of Prussia.

## History

After the creation of the German Empire in 1871, the imperial chancellor was normally also foreign minister of Prussia. However, during the chancellorship of Prince Hohenlohe (1894–1900), the position was held by the state secretaries for foreign affairs.

## Foreign ministers (1768–1918)

| Name | Term start | Term end | Notes |
| Ewald Friedrich von Hertzberg | 1768 | 1791 | |
| August Friedrich Ferdinand von der Goltz | 1808 | 1814 | |
| Karl August von Hardenberg | 1814 | 1818 | |
| Christian Günther von Bernstorff | 1818 | 1832 | |
| Friedrich Ancillon | 1832 | 1837 | |
| Heinrich Wilhelm von Werther | 1837 | 1841 | |
| Mortimer von Maltzahn | 1841 | 1842 | |
| Heinrich von Bülow | 1842 | 1845 | |
| Karl Ernst Wilhelm von Canitz und Dallwitz | 1845 | March 1848 | |
| Adolf Heinrich von Arnim-Boitzenburg | 19 March 1848 | 21 March 1848 | Government instability brought on by German revolutions of 1848–1849 |
| Heinrich Alexander von Arnim | 21 March 1848 | 19 June 1848 | |
| Alexander von Schleinitz | 19 June 1848 | 25 June 1848 | First term |
| Rudolf von Auerswald | 25 June 1848 | 21 September 1848 | |
| August Hermann von Dönhoff | 21 September 1848 | 8 November 1848 | |
| Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg | 8 November 1848 | 4 December 1848 | First term |
| Hans Adolf Karl von Bülow (1807-1869) | 4 December 1848 | 24 February 1849 | |
| Heinrich Friedrich von Arnim-Heinrichsdorff-Werbelow | 24 February 1849 | 30 April 1849 | |
| Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg | 30 April 1849 | 21 July 1849 | Second term |
| Alexander von Schleinitz | 21 July 1849 | 1850 | Second term |
| Joseph von Radowitz | 1850 | 1850 | |
| Otto Theodor von Manteuffel | 1850 | 1858 | |
| Alexander von Schleinitz | 1858 | 1861 | Third term |
| Albrecht von Bernstorff | 1861 | 1862 | |
| Otto von Bismarck | 1862 | 1890 | |
| Herbert von Bismarck | 1890 | 1890 | |
| Leo von Caprivi | 1890 | 1894 | |
| Adolf Marschall von Bieberstein | 1894 | 1897 | |
| Bernhard von Bülow | 1897 | 1909 | |
| Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg | 1909 | 1917 | |
| Georg Michaelis | 1917 | 1917 | |
| Georg von Hertling | 1917 | 1918 | |
| Max von Baden | 1918 | 1918 | |
# Fine press

In printing and publishing, the fine press are printers and publishers publishing books and other printed matter of exceptional intrinsic quality and artistic taste, including both commercial and private presses.

## History

As part of the Arts and Crafts movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Englishman William Morris wanted to counter the industrialization of culture through a revival of craft in printing, printmaking, and publishing. One of the books they published was the Kelmscott Chaucer. Soon, fine presses began to spring up in the United States as well; the most prominent was the Roycroft Press. Los Angeles was a center of the fine press movement, particularly centered on the Ward Ritchie press. In the 1920s, San Francisco became known for the elegant publications of John Henry Nash, and likewise became a fine press center on the west coast.

## List of fine presses
### United States

* Alderbrink Press (1897–1928?)
* Arion Press, San Francisco (1974–present)
* Blue Sky Press (1899–1906)
* Clerk's Press (1908–1919)
* Cranbrook Press (1900–1902)
* Elston Press (1900–1904)
* Marion Press (1896–1931)
* The Mosher Press (1891–1923+) Set up by Thomas Bird Mosher in 1891, in Portland, Maine
* Philosopher Press (1896–1904)
* Roycroft Press (1896–1915+) Set up by Elbert Hubbard in 1895
* Trovillion Press at the Sign of the Silver Horse Set up by Hal W. Trovillion in Herrin, Illinois, in 1908
* Hammer Creek Press (1950–1962)
* Thornwillow Press, New York (1985–present)

#### California presses

* Colt Press, San Francisco
* Grabhorn Press, San Francisco
* John Henry Nash, San Francisco
* Plantin Press, Los Angeles. Founded by Saul and Lillian Marks, in 1931
* Saunders Studio Press, Claremont. Founded by Lynne and Ruth Thompson Saunders in 1927
* Ward Ritchie Press
* Arion Press, San Francisco

### United Kingdom

* Ashendene Press (1894–1935)
* Daniel Press Oxford (1874–1903)
* Doves Press (1900–1916) - Founded by T. J. Cobden-Sanderson and Emery Walker
* Eragny Press (1894–1914)
* Essex House Press (1898–1910)
* Fine Press Poetry (founded 2013) by Andrew J Moorhouse
* Folio Society - Founded by Charles Ede in 1947
* Golden Cockerel Press - Founded by Harold Midgley Taylor in 1920
* Gregynog Press (1922-) - Founded by Gwendoline and Margaret Davies
* Kelmscott Press (1891–1898) - Set up by William Morris in 1891
* Kynoch Press (1876–1981) - English-based fine press in Witton, Birmingham, founded as a company press for Kynoch, a British ammunition manufacturer.
* Nonesuch Press - Founded in 1922 by Francis and Vera Meynell, and David Garnett
* The Press of Gaetano Polidori
* Rampant Lions Press (1924–2008)
* Strawberry Hill Press of Horace Walpole
* Vale Press (1896–1905)

### Continental Europe

* Ad insigne pinus (1594–1619) In Augsburg
* AIZ Dosije (1988–Present) In Belgrade

### Australia

* Finlay Press founded and operated by Phil Day (artist) and Ingeborg Hansen in Australia. 1997–2009.
# Charles Cavendish, 7th Baron Chesham

Charles Gray Compton Cavendish, 7th Baron Chesham is the present Baron Chesham, having succeeded to the title on 27 August 2009 on the death of his father, Nicholas Cavendish, 6th Baron Chesham.

## Background

A member of the Cavendish family headed by the Duke of Devonshire, he was the first son of Nicholas Charles Cavendish and Suzanne Adrienne Byrne, his second wife whom he married in 1973. Lord Chesham is in remainder to the dukedom of Devonshire.
The Gray connection in Charles' and his younger brother William's names comes from his mother's ancestor John Gray (15 April 1821 – 6 September 1892). John emigrated to Australia from Lowtherstown, Northern Ireland, on board the Wilson in 1842 with his parents William and Margaret Gray.
Lord Chesham attended The King's School, Parramatta, followed by Durham University and City University, London.

## Marriage

He married Sarah Elizabeth Dawson, daughter of Bruce Dawson, on 15 Jun 2002.
Lord and Lady Chesham have three children.
# Juli (footballer)

Julián Cerdá Vicente (born 9 August 1981), known as Juli, is a Spanish retired footballer who played as an attacking midfielder, currently assistant manager of Alcoyano.
He appeared in 284 Segunda División matches over eight seasons, scoring a total of 39 goals for six clubs.

## Playing career

Born in Alcoy, Province of Alicante, Juli began his career with hometown's CD Alcoyano in the Tercera División. In the following three seasons he played with two clubs in the Segunda División B, achieving promotion in 2005 with CD Castellón. He stayed in that tier nonetheless, representing Benidorm CF and scoring a career-best eight goals in 33 games in 2006–07.
In the 2007–08 campaign, at already 26, Juli made his Segunda División debut, with Polideportivo Ejido. He only missed only one league match out of 42 in his first year and netted on five occasions, but the Andalusians were relegated.
Juli returned to the second tier for 2009–10, helping Elche CF to contend for promotion until the last weeks of competition – eventually ranking sixth – with the player scoring six goals. In the ensuing summer he signed for Rayo Vallecano, starting in eight of the league games he appeared in (totalling 894 minutes) as the Madrid outskirts side finished second and returned to La Liga after eight years.
Juli subsequently represented Asteras Tripolis FC (Super League Greece), AD Alcorcón and Deportivo Alavés. With the latter team, he achieved another promotion to the top flight in 2016, being ever-present with 40 appearances and four goals.
On 28 June 2016, Juli terminated his contract with the Basque club and signed for Córdoba CF the following month. He joined third-division Hércules CF in July 2017, before returning to Alcoyano in September 2019.
On 22 July 2022, Juli moved to amateurs Ontinyent 1931 CF. He retired after helping in the team's first-ever promotion to Tercera Federación and immediately went back to Alcoyano, now as assistant coach.

## Coaching career

Juli was part of Vicente Parras' staff at Alcoyano. On 15 November 2024, he was appointed head coach after the former's dismissal; one month later, however, he returned to his previous role to make way for Vicente Mir.

## Honours

Alavés
* Segunda División: 2015–16
# Marinčev Grič

Marinčev Grič (pronounced) is a small settlement in the hills west of Vrhnika in the Inner Carniola region of Slovenia.

## History

Marinčev Grič was administratively separated from Zaplana in 2002 and made an independent settlement. Further adjustments were made to the boundaries of the settlement in 2016.
# Monstera gracilis

Monstera gracilis is a flowering plant in family Araceae.

## Description

Monstera gracilis is a species of climbing flowering plant native to eastern Colombia. Unlike many other Monstera species, it does not climb to significant heights but instead produces stolons that return to the ground.
This species is distinguished by its thin, membranaceous leaves, deciduous petiole, sheath wings, and relatively slender stems. It has smaller spadices and a more delicate structure compared to related species such as Monstera dissecta and Monstera adansonii. The leaves are pinnatifid, and both the spathe and spadix are smaller than those of its close relatives.

## Distribution

It is native to southern Venezuela and Northern Peru.They can also be found in riparian forests of the llanos
# Keith Strickland

Julian Keith Strickland (born October 26, 1953) is an American singer-songwriter, composer, musician, multi-instrumentalist, and one of the founding members of the B-52s. He was born in Athens, Georgia.
Originally the band's drummer, Strickland switched to guitar after the death of guitarist Ricky Wilson in 1985. Strickland also plays keyboards and bass guitar on many of the B-52s recordings, and has occasionally provided backing vocals. Strickland composes the music for the B-52s. He said of the process: "Ricky and I used to write the music together, but now I write the individual instrument parts and arrange the instrumental compositions myself. I'm trying to convey a feeling when I compose. I think of my instrumentals as soundscapes – the chord progressions, rhythms, harmonics and musical direction are used to evoke various sonic atmospheres or moods."
In 1992, Strickland came out publicly as gay, and in 1996 he married Mark Hayda.
On December 13, 2012, Strickland retired from touring with the B-52s; Fred Schneider said of Strickland's announcement, "We had known about Keith’s decision for a while but we just didn’t want to think about it. Keith will probably still be available for special shows but he wanted to get off the road. Keith will always be able to work with us whenever he wants. He's a best friend." Greg Suran is his current live stand-in.
Strickland continues composing instrumental electronic music.

## Filmography

* One Trick Pony (1980)
* Athens, GA: Inside Out (1987)
* The Flintstones (1994)
* A Life in the Death of Joe Meek (2000)
# Ragne Kytölä

Ragne Kytölä (born 15 March 1965) is a Finnish athlete. She competed in the women's heptathlon at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
# Chiapas (Phantasialand)

Chiapas, DIE Wasserbahn is an Intamin flume ride in Phantasialand, a theme park in Germany, which opened on 1 April 2014. It is located in the park's Mexico area and replaced Stonewash and Wildwash Creek, which were both demolished in 2011. Its 53° drop is the steepest drop on a log flume in the world.
The soundtrack for Chiapas was composed by Andreas and Sebastian Kübler of IMAscore and features the 65-person Budapest Film Music Orchestra.
# Vasily Lytkin

Vasily Ilyich Lytkin (Russian: Васи́лий Ильи́ч Лы́ткин, Komi: Лыткин Илля Вась, Lytkin Illya Vas, also known by the pseudonym Illya Vas) was a Soviet Komi poet, translator, linguist, Finno-Ugrist, Doktor nauk. and member of Finnish Academy of Sciences (1969). He was a laureate of the State Prize of the Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
Lytkin was born in the village of Tentyukovo (Тентюково), near the Komi capital of Ust-Sysolsk (modern-day Syktyvkar; now the village is a microdistrict of Syktyvkar) in December 1895.
Lutkin studied in Helsinki and Budapest, and later published a historical analysis of the Komi language. He was the first Komi to study at St. Petersburg University.
In 1933, he was arrested and sentenced to five years, which he spent in the Dallag [ru] gulag labor camp. In 1956, he was fully rehabilitated. He researched the role of Stephen of Perm and published poetry under the pseudonym Illya Vas.
Lytkin published 11 monographs and over 300 scientific articles.
Starting in 1958, he was a member of the Union of Soviet Writers. He translated the works of Pushkin, Tyutchev, Mayakovsky, Demyan Bedny, Chukovsky into the Komi language.
Lytkin died on August 27, 1981, in Moscow.
# Rock climbing in Wales

Wales is a United Kingdom centre of rock climbing. Occasional harsh winters provide winter climbing.
The main area of focus is the mountains and crags of Snowdonia. Good quality sport climbing on limestone is available at Llandudno and at Pot Hole Quarry, and on slate at the quarries in Llanberis and Dinorwic. There is good quality sea cliff climbing in Pembrokeshire, the Gower Peninsula, Ogmore. Also at South Stack Anglesey.
More limited climbing opportunities exist in South Wales. These are usually to be found in limestone outcrop and quarry areas, such as the Llangattock escarpment or Morlais. The Sandstone quarries of the South Wales valleys underwent sustained development in the early to mid 90s and form a popular local sport climbing destination. There are also opportunities in the Wye Valley on both sides of the Wales / England border.
# Dimitris Tsovolas

Dimitris Tsovolas (Greek: Δημήτριος Τσοβόλας; 4 September 1942 – 25 February 2022) was a Greek politician who served as Minister of Finance from 1985 to 1989.

## Early life and education

Tsovolas was born at Melissourgoi, a village outside Arta, Epirus in 1942. He went on to study law at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. He worked as a lawyer in Arta.

## Political career

Tsovolas later began his career in politics as a member of PASOK. He was first elected member of the Parliament representing Arta in 1977. He was reelected in 1981 and 1985. He was then elected as an MP for northern Athens.
Tsovolas served in the Ministry of Finance in Andreas Papandreou's government from 1981 to 1989, serving as a deputy minister from 1981 to 1985, and as the full Minister of Finance from 1985 to 1989.
As the Koskotas scandal was unraveling, Andreas Papandreou's blatant patronage reached the point of giving in one of his rallies a public command to Tsovolas, who was Minister of Finance, to "give it all [to them]" (Greek: Τσοβόλα δώσ'τα όλα) and "Tsovolas, empty the coffers [of the state]," and the crowd chanted these back. Papandreou later on said that he was only joking, but this moment characterized the era and made Tsovala's name infamous.
In 1989 he was tried for the so-called Koskotas scandal and was sentenced to 2 years in prison and 3 years lack of his political rights.
In October 1995 he left PASOK and on 20 December that year he founded the Democratic Social Movement.

## Personal life and death

Tsovolas was married and had two children. He died on 25 February 2022, at the age of 79.
# Scheldt campaigns of 1339–1340

The Scheldt campaigns of 1339–1340 were a series of manoeuvres by opposing French and Flemish forces during the Hundred Years' War.

## Background

Following a series of disagreements between Philip VI of France (r. 1328–1350) and Edward III of England (r. 1327–1377) regarding the status of English-held lands in south-west France, on 24 May 1337 Philip's Great Council in Paris declared that they were forfeit. This marked the start of the Hundred Years' War, which was to last 116 years. Edward attempted to assemble an alliance of nobles and small states to the north and east of France, including Flanders, which at the time was a province of France. Many of Edward's would-be allies had acknowledged Philip as their liege lord and were reluctant to renege on this. To overcome this, on 26 January 1340 Edward revived a claim to the French throne and had himself crowned king of France.

## Campaign

The French assembled an army, which based itself in the city of Cambrai, on the Scheldt. Several Flemish forces, supplemented by some English troops and leaders, manoeuvred against the French city of Tournai, with little success.

## Citations and sources
### Citations

* ↑ Wagner 2006a, pp. 157–158.
* ↑ Wagner 2006b, p. 163.
* ↑ Sumption 1990, pp. 300–302.
* ↑ Rogers 2014, pp. 187–190.

### Sources

* Rogers, Clifford (2014) [2000]. War Cruel and Sharp: English Strategy under Edward III, 1327–1360. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-0851158044.
* Sumption, Jonathan (1990). Trial by Battle. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-20095-5.
* Wagner, John A. (2006a). "Hundred Years' War, Causes of". Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Greenwood. pp. 157–159. ISBN 978-0313327360.
* Wagner, John A. (2006b). "Hundred Years' War, Phases of". Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Greenwood. pp. 160–164. ISBN 978-0313327360.
* This article on military history is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Chuvisco Falls

Chuvisco Falls is a waterfall in Brazil, located in the Fish River, bordering the municipalities of Santo Antônio do Rio Abaixo and São Sebastião do Rio Preto, in Minas Gerais. It has a very large pool with an average temperature.
19°17′10″S 43°15′25″W﻿ / ﻿19.2861°S 43.2569°W﻿ / -19.2861; -43.2569
* This geographical article relating to Minas Gerais is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Strength in Democracy

Strength in Democracy (French: Forces et Démocratie, French pronunciation:) was a Canadian federal political party founded in 2014 by two Quebec Members of Parliament (MPs). From October 2014 to October 2015, the party was represented in the House of Commons of Canada by its two founding members, Jean-François Fortin and Jean-François Larose. The party was led from its inception by Fortin.
The party failed to win a seat in the 2015 federal election, and both its sitting MPs were defeated. Fortin announced his resignation as leader on January 3, 2016. The party was deregistered by Elections Canada on September 9, 2016.

## History

The Strength in Democracy party was formed on October 21, 2014, by Jean-François Fortin, a member of the Bloc Québécois, and Repentigny MP Jean-François Larose, a member of the New Democratic Party. The two MPs stated that the four major federal parties in Quebec (the Conservatives, New Democratic Party (NDP), Liberals, and Bloc Québécois) were focused on power and politics over representing their constituents.
Fortin, who had run for the leadership of the Bloc Québécois (BQ) in 2011, had left the BQ in August 2014 to sit as an independent MP citing disapproval of new BQ leader Mario Beaulieu.
The party announced that it would run candidates outside of Quebec in the 2015 federal election under the name "Strength in Democracy", and its first candidate, Toban Leckie, was announced in Peterborough—Kawartha. Jennifer McCreath, who ran for the party in Avalon, was the first transgender candidate in a federal election.
Independent MP Manon Perreault, who had been expelled from the New Democratic Party after being convicted for mischief, was announced as the Strength in Democracy candidate in Montcalm on August 12, 2015, where she sought re-election.
# Oliwia Szperkowska

Oliwia Szperkowska (born 27 August 2001) is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Championship club Birmingham City, on loan from Paris Saint-Germain. Szperkowska has previously played for Orzeł Wałcz, UKS SMS Łódź and Czarni Sosnowiec in her native Poland.

## Honours

UKS SMS Łódź
* Ekstraliga: 2021–22
* Polish Cup: 2022–23