OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Iron(III) citrate

Ferric citrate or iron(III) citrate describes any of several complexes formed upon binding any of the several conjugate bases derived from citric acid with ferric ions. Most of these complexes are orange or red-brown. They contain two or more Fe(III) centers.
Ferric citrates contribute to the metabolism of iron by some organisms. Citrates, which are released by plant roots and by some microorganisms, can solubilize iron compounds in the soil. For example ferric hydroxide reacts with citrates to give form soluble complexes. This solubilization provides a pathway for the absorption of the ferric ions by various organisms.
Ferric citrate is used in medicine to regulate the blood levels of iron in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis. It acts by forming an insoluble compound with phosphate present in the diet and thus minimizing its uptake by the digestive system.

## Structure

Citrate forms a variety of coordination complexes with ferric ions. Some might be oligomers, and polymers. Thus, ferric citrate is not a single well-defined compound, but a family of compounds, many with similar formulas. These various forms can coexist in equilibrium. At physiological pH, ferric citrate forms an insoluble red polymer. In other conditions, it forms anionic complexes like [FeC $_6$H $_4$O $_7$]$_2$(H $_2$O)$_2$]$^{2−}$. In the presence of excess citrate anions, the iron forms negatively charged complexes like [Fe(C $_6$H $_4$O $_7$)$_2$]$^{5−}$ and [Fe $_9$O(C $_6$H $_4$O $_7$)$_8$(H $_2$O)$_3$]$^{7−}$.

## Photoreduction

The Fe$^{3+}$ ion in ferric citrate (as in many iron(III) carboxylates) is reduced by exposure to light, especially blue and ultraviolet, to Fe$^{2+}$ (ferrous) ion with concomitant oxidation of the carboxyl group adjacent to the hydroxyl, yielding carbon dioxide and acetonedicarboxylate:
    2Fe$^{3+}$ + R$_2$-C(OH)-CO$^−$ $_2$ → 2Fe$^{2+}$ + R$_2$-C=O + H$^+$ + CO $_2$
where -R represents the group -CH $_2$CO$^−$ $_2$. This reaction plays an important role in plant metabolism: iron is carried up from the roots as ferric citrate dissolved in the sap, and photoreduced in the leaves to iron(II) that can be transported into the cells.

## Additional reading

Abrahamson, Harmon B.; Rezvani, Ahmad B.; Brushmiller, J.George (1994). "Photochemical and Spectroscopic Studies of Complexes, of Iron(III) with Citric Acid and Other Carboxylic Acids". Inorganica Chimica Acta. 226 (1–2): 117–127. doi:10.1016/0020-1693(94)04077-X.
# Al-Hurqah

Hind bint al-Nuʿmān (Arabic: هند بنت النعمان), also known as al-Ḥurqah, was a pre-Islamic Arab poet. There is some historiographical debate, going back to the Middle Ages, over precisely what her names were, with corresponding debates over whether some of the bearers of these names were different people or not. An example of a poet-princess, she has been read as a key figure in pre-Islamic poetry.

## Biography

Hind was the daughter of al-Nu'man III ibn al-Mundhir, the last Lakhmid king of al-Hira (r. 582 – c. 602) and an Eastern Christian Arab mother. According to the Ḥarb Banī Shaybān maʻa Kisrà Ānūshirwān, whose historical reliability is questionable, Khosrow II, emperor of the Sasanian Empire (r. 590–628) and her father's overlord, demanded Hind in marriage. Thinking better of the arrangement, al-Nuʿmān sent Hind to seek refuge among the Arabs, and was subsequently attacked and imprisoned by Khosrow. After failing to find sanctuary with the Ghassanids and other Arab tribes, Hind was granted sanctuary among the Banu Shayban through the intercession of their princess al-Ḥujayjah. It was supposedly for this reason that the Banu Shayban had to fight the Battle of Dhi Qar in c. 609. She was then sent to marry al-Nu'man ibn al-Rayyan, "her only cousin to survive the Persian attack on the Kingdom of al-Ḥirah", after which Khosrow granted him the throne of al-Hirah.
Another source of dubious reliability, Ali ibn Nasr al-Katib's Encyclopedia of Pleasure, tells that Hind loved a woman named Hind bint al-Khuss al-Zarqāʾ. When al-Zarqāʾ died, her faithful lover "cropped her hair, wore black clothes, rejected worldly pleasures, vowed to God that she would lead an ascetic life until she passed away". Hind bint al-Nuʿmān even built a monastery to commemorate her love for al-Zarqāʾ. This source figures the two characters as the first lesbians in Arab culture.

## Works

Some poetry is attributed to Hind, making her (if the attributions are correct) a relatively rare example of a pre-Islamic female poet whose work survives.

## Other sources

Hind is the main figure in the One Thousand and One Nights-Story ‘Adî ibn Zayd and the Princess Hind.

## Literature

* Sindawi, Khalid (2022). Pre-Islamic Arab Christian Poetesses: The Biography and Poetry of Hind bint al-Nuʿmān (The Nun of Grief, and the Princess of al-Ḥuraqa). AL-Majma, (17), 63–112.
# Walter Zanger

Walter Zanger (Hebrew: וולטר זנגר; 1935–2015), was an American-born Israeli author, tour guide and television personality. He was a contributor to newspapers, encyclopedias and magazines, and served as a member of the editorial board of the Jewish Bible Society.

## Biography

Walter Zanger was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1935. He moved with his family to Jerusalem, Israel in 1966 and resided in the city's Ein Karem neighborhood until his death in 2015.

## Education

Zanger graduated from Amherst College with a Bachelor of Arts cum laude in 1956.
He then studied at the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion in New York, graduating with a Bachelor of Hebrew Letters in 1958. Zanger was also a student at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He received a Masters of Arts from the Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion and was ordained as a Reform rabbi in 1962.

## Rabbinical career

Zanger served as the rabbi of the Harford County Jewish Center in Aberdeen, Maryland from 1959 to 1961 and as the rabbi of Temple Sinai in Massapequa, New York from 1961 to 1962. Afterwards, he served as a chaplain (with the rank of captain) in the U.S. Air Force in Southeast Asia from 1962 to 1964.
In 2000 he officiated the second bar mitzvah of Rabbi Morrison David Bial. Rabbi Bial had officiated Zanger's own bar mitzvah 52 years earlier.

## Publications

Zanger was an assistant to the publisher and contributor to the Encyclopaedia Judaica from 1966 to 1972 and wrote for the Biblical Archaeology Society and the Jewish Bible Quarterly He authored several books, including Jerusalem: Holy City to the World's Religions (Great Cities Library) Zanger wrote FROM JERUSALEM, a personal, non-partisan newsletter addressing current events in Israel.
Zanger lectured at the University of South Florida, Amherst College, and at the Jewish Bible Association's Dr. Louis Katzoff Memorial Lecture.

## Tour guide

Zanger was a licensed Israeli Master Guide. He was an expert at taking Christians and Jews to their sacred places. His expertise as a tour guide led him to become a television personality. He was featured on 11 episodes (1994-1996) of A&E's Mysteries of the Bible as one of Israel's leading guides.

## Awards and recognition

Zanger was a recipient of the Ministry of Tourism "Distinguished Tourism Employee" award. He received an honorary doctor of divinity from the Hebrew Union College—Jewish Institute of Religion in Jerusalem in 2007. He served in an anti-aircraft battalion in the Israel Defense Forces, and, after his discharge was an active volunteer in the Tourism Unit of the Israel Police.

## Legacy

At his Amherst College 50th class reunion Zanger wrote "I always just did whatever seemed the right thing at the time, and it always worked out. My life has been -- by far! -- more luck than brains, and I feel fine about that." Walter Zanger died on August 28, 2015.
# Domaszów

Domaszów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Łagiewniki, within Dzierżoniów County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately 20 km (12 mi) north-east of Dzierżoniów, and 40 km (25 mi) south-west of the regional capital Wrocław.
# Antarctica Weather Danger Classification

The weather in Antarctica can be highly variable, and weather conditions will oftentimes change dramatically in a short period of time. Weather conditions on the continent are classified in a number of ways, and restrictions placed upon workers and other staffs vary both by stations and by nations.

## McMurdo Station (USA)

Below is the classification for weather conditions at McMurdo Station:
| Condition | Criteria |
| Condition 3 / Normal Condition 3 | Must meet all of the following criteria: Visibility is either greater than 1⁄4 mile (400 m), or it falls to 1⁄4 mile or less for less than one minute at a time Windspeed is either below 48 knots (89 km/h; 55 mph), or it reaches 48 knots or above for less than one minute at a time Air temperature and wind chill are either above −75 °F (−59 °C), or falls to −75 °F or below for less than one minute at a time |
| Condition 2 / Severe Condition 2 | Must meet all of the following criteria: Visibility is either greater than or equal to 100 feet (30 m), or it falls below 100 feet for less than one minute at a time Windspeed is either less than or equal to 55 knots (102 km/h; 63 mph), or it exceeds 55 knots for less than one minute at a time Air temperature and wind chill are either −100 °F (−73 °C) or above, or falls below −100 °F for less than one minute at a time And also must meet one or more of the following criteria: Visibility is less than or equal to 1⁄4 mile (400 m), sustained for one minute or longer Windspeed greater than 48 knots (89 km/h; 55 mph), sustained for one minute or longer Air temperature and/or wind chill of −75 °F (−59 °C) or below, sustained for one minute or longer |
| Condition 1 / Severe Condition 1 | Must meet one or more of the following criteria: Visibility less than 100 feet (30 m), sustained for one minute or longer Windspeed over 55 knots (102 km/h; 63 mph), sustained for one minute or longer Air temperature and/or wind chill below −100 °F (−73 °C), sustained for one minute or longer |

## Scott Base (New Zealand)

Below is the classification for weather conditions at Scott Base:
| Condition | Criteria |
| Weather Condition 3 | Must meet all of the following criteria: Severe weather is possible within 24 to 48 hours Visibility is greater than 300 metres (980 ft) Wind less than or equal to 45 knots (83 km/h; 52 mph) Air temperature and wind chill are above −60 °C (−76 °F) |
| Weather Condition 2 | Must meet all of the following criteria: Visibility is greater than 30 metres (98 ft) Windspeed is no greater than 55 knots (102 km/h; 63 mph) Air temperature and wind chill are no colder than −73 °C (−99 °F) And also must meet one or more of the following criteria: Visibility less than 300 metres (980 ft) Windspeed is greater than or equal to 48 knots (89 km/h; 55 mph) Air temperature and/or wind chill of −60 °C (−76 °F) or below |
| Weather Condition 1 | Must meet one or more of the following criteria: Visibility less than 30 metres (98 ft) Windspeed over 55 knots (102 km/h; 63 mph) Air temperature and/or wind chill are below −73 °C (−99 °F) |
# UMANG

Unified Mobile Application for New-age Governance (UMANG) is a mobile app, a Digital India initiative of Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (in short form MeitY), by the Government of India for access to central and state government services. The app supports 23 Indian languages and is available for Android and iOS.
The app is aimed at all citizens of India and offers hundreds of services including payment, registration, information search and application forms. It is a component of the Digital India initiative, intending to make government services available to the general public online and around the clock.
The app was developed by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology with the National e-Governance Division and launched in November 2017 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the Global Conference on Cyberspace in New Delhi. At launch the app offered 162 services from 33 state and central government departments and four states.
# Harbour Island (Tampa)

Harbour Island is an island neighborhood within the city limits of Tampa, Florida and the sub-district within Downtown Tampa. The ZIP Code serving the area is 33602.

## Geography

Harbour Island is situated adjacent to Downtown across the Garrison Channel. Other nearby areas include Davis Islands and Channelside. The Tampa Convention Center is located directly across the Harbour Island Bridge and Channelside is just across Beneficial Drive, both walking distance.

## History

Harbour Island was originally known as Seddon Island, which was named after W. L. Seddon, chief engineer for the Seaboard Air Line Railway. In 1906, a public hearing was held to plan a new port for the city. Seddon's plans were adopted and soon his company dredged a channel and established a port facility on what was then called Grassy Island. The Seaboard Coast Line later sold the 177 acres (72 ha) island to the Beneficial Land Corporation in 1979 for residential, office and retail development purposes. The first phase of development did not begin until 1985. Up to that point, the island still housed a phosphate terminal and had freight rail access. Beneficial's chief executive, Finn M. W. Caspersen (1941-2009) envisioned transforming the island into a bustling waterfront with offices, shops and restaurants, much like Baltimore's Inner Harbor. Between 1985 and January 1999, Harbour Island was linked to Downtown Tampa by the Harbour Island People Mover, an automated rubber tired tram manufactured by Otis Transportation Systems that ran on an elevated concrete guideway connecting the Knights Point shopping center on Harbour Island, to the Ft Brooke Parking Garage half of a mile to the north, adjacent to the downtown core on the mainland.

## Today

Today, the island consists of mostly private residential areas, including high-rise condos, apartments, row houses, single-family homes and large houses, as well as a yacht club. The island has a Westin hotel, Jackson's Bistro Bar & Sushi restaurant spanning 20,000 square feet boasting special event space, Sunday Brunch, waterfront dining, and a Friday and Saturday nightclub; as well as a Pizza and Sushi Shop that delivers. Located in the center of the island there are small shops; a Coffee Shop that specializes in fresh ingredients for breakfast & lunch, and local hotspot Cafe Dufrain focusing on seasonal cuisine & seafood with waterfront dining. The TECO Line Streetcar "in-town" trolley connects the island to downtown and Channelside. NEVs also connect the island to other core neighborhoods such as Hyde Park.
# Stanislav Igolinsky

Stanislav Grigoryevich Igolinsky (Russian: Иголинский, Станислав Григорьевич, born 1954, in Saratov) is a Russian pianist.
He is a Honored Artist of Russia.
Record of piano prizes :
| Year | Competition | Prize | Ex-aequo with... | 1st prize winner |
| 1972 | All-Union Competition, Minsk'72 | 1st prize | | |
| 1974 | V P. I. Tchaikovsky, Moscow | 2nd prize | Myung-Whun Chung | Andrey Gavrilov |
| 1975 | VIII Queen Elisabeth, Brussels | 2nd prize | | Mikhail Faerman |
# Pankaj Upadhyay

Pankaj Upadhyay (born 1981) is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh, India. He is an MLA of Indian National Congress from Joura Assembly constituency. He won the 2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election. He received a total of 89,253 votes and won with the margin of 30,281 votes.

## Legal affairs

In 2020, an FIR was registered against Pankaj Upadhyay in Murena for violation of the code of conduct and COVID rules. This FIR was filed against gathering crowds at the election rally of former Chief Minister Kamal Nath held on October 22 and not making arrangements to protect that crowd from Corona virus.
# Small office/home office

Small office/home office (or single office/home office; sometimes short SOHO) refers to the category of business or cottage industry that involves from 1 to 1000 workers. In New Zealand, the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE) defines a small office as 6–19 employees and a micro office as 1–5.

## History

Before the 19th century, and the spread of the Industrial Revolution around the globe, nearly all offices were small offices and/or home offices, with only a few exceptions. Most businesses were small, and the paperwork that accompanied them was limited. The industrial revolution aggregated workers in factories, to mass-produce goods. In most circumstances, the white collar counterpart—office work—was aggregated as well in large buildings, usually in cities or densely populated suburban areas.
Beginning in the mid-1980s, the advent of the personal computer and fax machine, plus breakthroughs in telecommunications, created opportunities for office workers to decentralize. Decentralization was also perceived as benefiting employers in terms of lower overheads and potentially greater productivity.

## Professions

Many consultants and the members of such professions like lawyers, real estate agents, and surveyors in small and medium-sized towns operate from home offices.
Several ranges of products, such as the armoire desk, all-in-one printer, virtual assistants, home servers and network-attached storage are designed specifically for the SOHO market. A number of books and magazines have been published and marketed specifically at this type of office. These range from general advice texts to specific guidebooks on such challenges as setting up a small PBX for the office telephones.
Technology has also created a demand for larger businesses to employ individuals who work from home. Sometimes these people remain as independent businesspersons, and sometimes they become employees of a larger company.
The small office home office has undergone a transformation since its advent as the Internet has enabled anyone working from a home office to compete globally. Technology has made this possible through email, the World-Wide Web, e-commerce, videoconferencing, remote desktop software, VPN, VLAN, webinar systems, and telephone connections by VOIP. Due to the increase in small and home offices, web services and standard business software have been created to directly assist smaller businesses in standard business practice
In many countries, a home office can be claimed as a tax deduction only if office space and supplies are not provided by a corporate office.
# Cypronia

Cypronia (formerly Cypron Studios, originally Ablaze Entertainment) is a Slovak indie video game developer based in Michalovce. Cypronia is largely a Microsoft Windows, Nintendo DS, Nintendo DSi, Nintendo 3DS, Wii U, Nintendo Switch, Xbox One and PlayStation 4 developer.

## History

Cypronia began in 1997 under the name Ablaze Entertainment, releasing two games for Amiga. In 2001, they changed their name to Cypron Studios, along with changing their focus to Microsoft Windows development. After releasing several games, mostly in the real-time strategy genre, they once again switched platforms to the Nintendo DS, bringing with them the new name of Cypronia.
Cypronia gained popularity when they released Cube Life: Island Survival, a sandbox video game for the Wii U. The game reached #1 in the Europe, #2 in the American and #3 in the Japanese Nintendo eShop charts.

## Released games

Release year and platform each refer to the original (first released) version. Later releases on other platforms are therefore not taken into account in this list.
* The Strangers (1997, Amiga, real-time strategy game)
* Napalm: Crimson Crisis (1999, Amiga, real-time strategy game)
* State of War (2001, Microsoft Windows, real-time strategy game)
* State of War: Warmonger (2003, Microsoft Windows, real-time strategy game, a sequel to State of War)
* Gods: Lands of Infinity (2006, Microsoft Windows, turn-based RPG)
* Logitech's Golf (2006, Microsoft Windows)
* Gods: Lands of Infinity: Special Edition (2007, Microsoft Windows, rehaul of Gods: Lands of Infinity)
* State of War 2: Arcon (2007, Microsoft Windows, multiplayer-focused real-time strategy game)
* Command and Destroy (2008, Nintendo DS, real-time strategy game)
* 1 vs. 100 (2008, Nintendo DS, quiz game based on popular TV show 1 vs. 100 by Endemol)
* Jagged Alliance (2008, Nintendo DS, DS adaptation of Jagged Alliance PC franchise)
* Cube Life: Island Survival (2015, Wii U, sandbox survival game)
* Cube Life: Pixel Action Heroes (2017, Wii U, sandbox first person shooter game)
* Pixel Action Heroes (2018, Nintendo Switch, remake of Cube Life: Pixel Action Heroes)
* Cube Life: Island Survival HD (2018, Microsoft Windows, remake of Cube Life: Island Survival)
* State of War: Warmonger (2018, Microsoft Windows, port for newer computer systems, contains State of War and State of War: Warmonger)
* Angry Bunnies: Colossal Carrot Crusade (2019)
* Medieval (2022, Microsoft Windows)
# Hystrix velunensis

Hystrix velunensis is an extinct species of Old World porcupine that lived during the Pliocene.

## Distribution

Hystrix velunensis is known from the site of Węże 1 in Poland.
# Joseph Graham (North Carolina soldier)

Joseph Graham (October 15, 1759 – November 12, 1836) was a Revolutionary War militia officer, politician, and wealthy ironmonger from Mecklenburg County, North Carolina.

## Life story

He was born on October 13, 1759, in Chester County, Pennsylvania, to James Graham and Mary McConnell Barber Graham (2nd wife). His parents were both Scots-Irish. His father died before 1763 when he moved with his mother and siblings to Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. He became a farmer and ironmonger. In 1814 he was a Councilor of State for North Carolina. Later in life, he was on the board of trustees of the University of North Carolina.

### Military service

Joseph served as a Patriot in the American Revolution:
* Captain, NC State Legion (1781-1782)
* Major, Lincoln County Regiment (1782-1783), commission on October 7, 1781, commissioned by Brig. Gen. Griffith Rutherford to serve under Col. Robert Smith. On July 25, 1782, he was under Col. Joseph Dickson (Lincoln County Regiment).
Severely wounded at the Battle of Charlotte on September 26, 1780. Graham was in many battles and skirmishes during the American Revolution including the actions at Stono, Charlotte, Cowan's Ford, Pyle's Defeat, Clapp's Mill, Raft Swamp, Moore's Plantation, Brick House, Seven Creeks and the Evacuation of Wilmington.
During the War of 1812, he was selected as a brigadier general to lead a brigade of North Carolina and South Carolina militia. As part of his service, Graham directed the construction of Fort Bainbridge located on the Federal Road in the Mississippi Territory (modern day Alabama).
After the wars, he assisted Archibald D. Murphey in preparation of a book on the history of North Carolina. Although the book was never completed, his manuscripts were included in the North Carolina archives and were compiled into a book by William A. Graham in 1904. This book includes a sketch of Joseph. A copy of a portrait of Joseph was made in the early 1800s.

## Death

He died on November 12, 1836, at his home, Vesuvius Furnace, in Catawba Springs, Lincoln County, North Carolina. He was buried at the Machpelah Presbyterian Church Cemetery in Lincolnton, Lincoln County, North Carolina.