# Midway (1976 film)

Midway, released in the United Kingdom as Battle of Midway, is a 1976 American war film that chronicles the Battle of Midway, a turning point in the Pacific Theater of Operations of World War II. Directed by Jack Smight and produced by Walter Mirisch from a screenplay by Donald S. Sanford, the film starred Charlton Heston and Henry Fonda, supported by a large international cast of guest stars including James Coburn, Glenn Ford, Ed Nelson, Hal Holbrook, Robert Webber, Toshiro Mifune, Robert Mitchum, Cliff Robertson, Robert Wagner, Pat Morita, Dabney Coleman, Erik Estrada and Tom Selleck.
The film was made using Technicolor, and its soundtrack used Sensurround to augment the physical sensation of engine noise, explosions, crashes and gunfire. Despite mixed reviews, particularly involving the use of stock footage and an unnecessary romance subplot, the music score by John Williams and the cinematography by Harry Stradling Jr. were highly regarded; as evidenced when Midway became the tenth most popular movie at the box office in 1976.

## Plot

On April 18, 1942, a squadron of B-25 bombers from the USS Hornet launches a raid on Tokyo. The strike stuns the Imperial Japanese Navy and its commander Admiral Yamamoto. With hard evidence of the threat posed to the Japanese home islands by the carriers of the American Pacific Fleet, Yamamoto is permitted to use his plan to invade Midway Island. At Pearl Harbor, Captain Matt Garth is tasked with gauging the progress of decryption efforts at Station HYPO, headed by Commander Joseph Rochefort, which has partially cracked the Japanese Navy's JN-25 code, revealing a location the Japanese refer to as "AF". Garth is asked by his son, naval aviator Ensign Tom Garth, to help free his girlfriend Haruko Sakura, an American-born daughter of Japanese immigrants, who has been interned with her parents, by calling in favors to have the charges against the family dropped. Yamamoto and his staff present their plans for Midway to the commanders who have been chosen to lead the attack, Admirals Nagumo and Yamaguchi of the Japanese carrier force and Admiral Kondo of the invasion force.
After the inconclusive Battle of the Coral Sea, Rochefort uses a simple ruse to confirm that "AF" is Midway. Knowing the location of the attack, Admiral Nimitz and his staff send the carriers USS Enterprise and USS Hornet, augmented by USS Yorktown, hastily-repaired after being damaged at Coral Sea, to a point north of Midway and lie in wait for the Japanese fleet. Meanwhile, Matt has been unsuccessful in freeing the Sakuras, infuriating Tom.
On June 4, the Japanese fleet is spotted by scouts; the American carriers launch their planes in response. Nagumo's carrier force launches its air attack on Midway Island. The American base is damaged but the airstrip remains usable, meaning Midway can still launch aircraft. Nagumo learns of a sighting by a scout plane of the Yorktown, disrupting his plans for a second strike on Midway; he orders that his planes be rapidly re-armed with torpedoes for an attack on the American carrier. Torpedo bombers find the Japanese fleet and attack without fighter protection and are destroyed by the Japanese Combat Air Patrol, leaving only a single survivor, George H. Gay Jr.. When American escort fighters cover another wave of torpedo bombers, Tom is wounded and severely burned. The Japanese fighters are drawn down to wave-top altitude by the low-flying torpedo planes, leaving them out of position when dive-bombers from Enterprise and Yorktown arrive. As the Japanese prepare to launch their second wave, the American bombers attack and reduce three of the Japanese carriers – Kaga, Sōryū and Akagi– to burning wrecks. Nagumo, having received a concussion, is told to transfer his flag to cruiser Nagara.
The remaining Japanese carrier Hiryū launches aircraft. Following the returning American bombers, the Japanese find Yorktown and inflict severe damage. The crew manage to bring the fires under control as a scout plane reports that Hiryū has been spotted. Below decks, Matt meets Tom and reconciles with him. Due to a shortage of pilots, Matt joins the counterattack against Hiryū just before its second wave of aircraft strikes. Yorktown is crippled and the order is given to abandon ship. Hiryū is reduced to a burning wreck, and Yamamoto, during a general withdrawal, takes responsibility of apologising for the failure to the Emperor. Returning to Enterprise, Matt, his plane badly damaged, is killed when the plane crashes. As Enterprise docks at Pearl Harbor, the injured younger Garth is carried off the ship, seen by Haruko, as Nimitz and Rochefort reflect on the battle. Nimitz suggests that Matt would have noted that Yamamoto "had everything going for him", and asked "were we better than the Japanese, or just luckier?"

## Cast
### Allies

| Actor | Role | Notes |
| Charlton Heston | Captain Matthew Garth | Matt Garth is a composite character largely absorbing the historical roles of Nimitiz's staff officer Lieutenant Commander Edwin Layton as well as the less well known CAG of USS Yorktown Lieutenant Commander Oscar Pederson. |
| Henry Fonda | Admiral Chester W. Nimitz | Henry Fonda was one of the narrators of the 1942 John Ford documentary The Battle of Midway, some footage from which was used in the 1976 film and had played an unnamed admiral (based on Admiral Nimitz) in the 1965 film In Harm's Way. |
| James Coburn | Captain Vinton Maddox | |
| Glenn Ford | Rear Admiral Raymond A. Spruance | |
| Hal Holbrook | Commander Joseph Rochefort | |
| Robert Mitchum | Vice Admiral William F. "Bull" Halsey Jr. | |
| Cliff Robertson | Commander Carl Jessop | |
| Robert Wagner | Lieutenant Commander Ernest L. Blake | |
| Robert Webber | Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher | |
| Ed Nelson | Rear Admiral Harry Pearson | |
| Monte Markham | Commander Max Leslie | |
| Biff McGuire | Captain Miles Browning | |
| Christopher George | Lieutenant Commander C. Wade McClusky | |
| Kevin Dobson | Ensign George H. Gay Jr. | |
| Glenn Corbett | Lieutenant Commander John C. Waldron | |
| Gregory Walcott | Captain Elliott Buckmaster | |
| Edward Albert | Lieutenant Thomas Garth | |
| Dabney Coleman | Captain Murray Arnold | |
| Erik Estrada | Ensign Ramos "Chili Bean" | |
| Larry Pennell | Captain Cyril Simard | |
| Phillip R. Allen | Lieutenant Commander John S. "Jimmy" Thach | |
| Tom Selleck | Aide to Capt. Cyril Simard | |
| Kurt Grayson | Major Floyd "Red" Parks | |
| Steve Kanaly | Lieutenant Commander Lance E. Massey | |

### Japanese

| Actor | Role | Notes |
| Toshiro Mifune | Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto | (voiced by uncredited actor Paul Frees) |
| Dale Ishimoto | Vice Admiral Boshirō Hosogaya | |
| Conrad Yama | Vice Admiral Nobutake Kondō | |
| James Shigeta | Vice Admiral Chūichi Nagumo | |
| Pat Morita | Rear Admiral Ryūnosuke Kusaka | |
| John Fujioka | Rear Admiral Tamon Yamaguchi | |
| Lloyd Kino | Captain Takijirō Aoki | |
| Yuki Shimoda | Captain Tomeo Kaku | |
| Seth Sakai | Captain Kameto Kuroshima | |
| Robert Ito | Commander Minoru Genda | |
| Clyde Kusatsu | Commander Yasuji Watanabe | |
| Richard Narita | Lieutenant Hashimoto | (uncredited) |
| Sab Shimono | Lieutenant Jōichi Tomonaga | |

### Civilians

| Actor | Role | Notes |
| Christina Kokubo | Haruko Sakura | |

## Production
### Development

John Guillermin was reportedly hired to direct but was replaced by Jack Smight before filming began. Naval aviator Lieutenant Richard "Dick" Best and Joseph Rochefort served as consultants; George Gay, the only survivor of Torpedo Squadron 8, visited during filming. Toshiro Mifune sent his script to Minoru Genda and to Yamamoto’s son, so that they could attest to its historical accuracy. Reportedly, Mifune had been scheduled to play Yamamoto in Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970), but withdrew when director Akira Kurosawa left the project. The filmmakers wanted to portray the Japanese in a fair light and to portray them and the Americans as equals. Principal photography was scheduled to end around 20 July 1975. Filming at sea took three weeks, which included shooting on the U.S.S. Lexington, the last World War II ship in service. Robert Mitchum settled on filming his scenes in bed. Modern crew members of the U.S.S. Lexington were persuaded to have their hair cut and to shave to conform to World War II Navy regulations after watching the filming. Fonda was astonished to learn that Yamamoto and Nimitz were missing fingers from accidents. Fonda consciously folded back his finger throughout his performance and Mifune had his uniforms and gloves made to be accurate as possible. In the original script, Garth survived.

### Filming

Midway was shot at the Terminal Island Naval Base, Los Angeles, California, the U.S. Naval Station, Long Beach, California, Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida and San Diego, California. The on-board scenes were filmed in the Gulf of Mexico aboard USS Lexington. Lexington, an Essex-class aircraft carrier, was the last World War II-era carrier left in service at that point, although the ship was completed after the battle. She is now a museum ship at Corpus Christi, Texas. Scenes depicting Midway Island were filmed at Point Mugu, California. "Point Mugu has sand dunes, just like Midway. We built an airstrip, a tower, some barricades, things like that," said Jack Smight. "We did a lot of strafing and bombing there." A Consolidated PBY-6A Catalina BuNo 63998, N16KL, of the Commemorative Air Force, was used in depicting all the search and rescue mission scenes.

### Sound

The film was the second of only four films released with a Sensurround sound mix which required special speakers to be installed in movie theatres. The other Sensurround films were Earthquake (1974), Rollercoaster (1977), and Battlestar Galactica (1978). The regular soundtrack (dialog, background and music) was monaural; a second optical track was devoted to low frequency rumble added to battle scenes and when characters were near unmuffled military engines.

### Action

Many of the action sequences used footage from earlier films: most sequences of the Japanese air raids on Midway are stock shots from 20th Century Fox's Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970). Some scenes are from the Japanese Toho film Hawai Middouei daikaikusen: Taiheiyo no arashi (1960) (which also stars Mifune). Several action scenes, including the one where a Mitsubishi A6M Zero slams into Yorktown's bridge, were taken from Away All Boats (1956); scenes of Doolittle's Tokyo raid at the beginning of the film are from Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo (1944). In addition, most dogfight sequences come from wartime gun camera footage or from the film Battle of Britain (1969).
The US Navy Essex-class aircraft carrier USS Lexington played the part of both American and Japanese flattops for shipboard scenes.

### Television version

Shortly after its successful theatrical debut, additional material was assembled and shot in standard 4:3 ratio for a TV version of the film, which aired on NBC. The TV version was 45 minutes longer than the theatrical film and aired over two nights. In the TV version of the film, Susan Sullivan played Ann, the girlfriend of Captain Garth, to add depth to his reason for previously divorcing Ensign Garth's mother, and restored a cut scene from the theatrical release that clarifies that Garth suffered a hand injury in the Pearl Harbor attack that has kept him out of flying, to bring further emotional impact to the fate of Captain Garth. Ann is seen in the final scene as Hornet docks at Pearl Harbor.
The TV version also added Coral Sea battle scenes to help the plot build up to the decisive engagement at Midway. Mitchell Ryan played Rear Admiral Aubrey W. Fitch aboard the USS Lexington and Jim Ishida played Takeo Koda, a Japanese pilot and old friend of Nagumo. After the raid on Tokyo, Koda meets Nagumo to express his doubts that Japan might be able to win the war. Koda is killed in the Coral Sea battle, and Yamaguchi informs Nagumo about the defeat at Coral Sea. Prior to the Midway battle, the cautious Nagumo ruminates on Koda to Genda.
Jack Smight directed the additional scenes. The end credits of the TV version use the song, "The Men of the Yorktown March" (which is more prominent in the film's underscore), instead of the "Midway March".
In June 1992, a re-edit of the extended version, shortened to fill a three-hour time slot, aired on the CBS network to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Midway battle. This version brought in successful ratings.
Later video versions dropped Sullivan to emphasize the essentially all-male cast and wartime action. The additional footage with Sullivan became available as a bonus feature on the Universal Pictures Home Entertainment DVD of Midway. The full version was given a dual-format release by Powerhouse Films in 2021.

## Reception
### Box office

Midway proved extremely popular with movie audiences, and opened at number one at the US box office with an opening weekend gross of $4,356,666 from 311 theatres. It went on to gross over $43 million at the US box office, becoming the tenth most popular movie of 1976 with theatrical rentals of $20,300,000. Internationally, it grossed $57 million for a worldwide gross of $100 million.

### Critical response

Critical response was unenthusiastic.
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote, "The movie can be experienced as pure spectacle, I suppose, if we give up all hopes of making sense of it. Bombs explode and planes crash and the theater shakes with the magic of Sensurround. But there's no real directorial intelligence at hand to weave the special effects into the story, to clarify the outlines of the battle and to convincingly account for the unexpected American victory." Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote that "the movie blows up harmlessly in a confusion of familiar old newsreel footage, idiotic fiction war movie clichés, and a series of wooden-faced performances by almost a dozen male stars, some of whom appear so briefly that it's like taking a World War II aircraft-identification test." Arthur D. Murphy of Variety thought that the film "emerges more as a passingly exciting theme-park extravaganza than a quality motion picture action-adventure story ... Donald S. Sanford's cluttered script, while striving for the long-ago personal element, gets overwhelmed by its action effects." Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote that "[t]he battle scenes run hot and cold." He praised Henry Fonda as "absolutely convincing" but stated that Sanford "deserves a year in the brig for inserting amid the battle scenes a stupid subplot involving a young American sailor in love with a Japanese-American girl." Gary Arnold of The Washington Post called it a "tired combat epic" and wrote, "Hollywood may mean well, or imagine it does, but it's a little appalling to think that authentic acts of bravery and sacrifice have become the pretext for such feeble, inadequate dramatization. There is no serious attempt in 'Midway' to characterize the young men who fought on either side of this pivotal battle." Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times was mixed, describing it as "a disaster film whose disaster is war," with its principal strength being that it "keeps the lines of battle both straight and suspenseful in the viewer's mind." He too faulted the romance subplot as "hokey even beyond the demands of the form." Janet Maslin panned the film in Newsweek, stating that it "never quite decides whether war is hell, good clean fun, or merely another existential dilemma. This drab extravaganza toys with so many conflicting attitudes that it winds up reducing the pivotal World War II battle in the Pacific to utter nonsense."
Robert Niemi, author of History in the Media: Film and Television, stated that Midway's "clichéd dialogue" and an overuse of stock footage led the film to have a "shopworn quality that signalled the end of the heroic era of American-made World War II epics." He described the film as a "final, anachronistic attempt to recapture World War II glories in a radically altered geopolitical era, when the old good-versus-evil dichotomies no longer made sense."
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 41% score based on 17 reviews, with an average rating of 5.9/10.

## Historical accuracy

More flag officers took part at the decision making and planning before the battle, not just Nimitz, Fletcher and Spruance. All the same, commanding officers' staffs were generally bigger than the one or two men portrayed in the movie. Admiral Ernest King, commander-in-chief of the navy, approved the Midway battle plan propounded by Nimitz. They were regularly in contact, so there was no need of sending fictional Capt. Vinton Maddox to consult Nimitz. The failure of Midway-based aircraft's attacks on approaching Japanese fleets convinced Japanese commanders of their own invincibility and the incompetence of the US military.
During the American torpedo attacks, Admiral Nagumo remarks, "They sacrifice themselves like samurai, these Americans." Similar to Isoroku Yamamoto's sleeping giant quote from the 1970 film Tora! Tora! Tora!, there is no evidence that Nagumo made this statement. When the Akagi is bombed, Nagumo suffers a concussion, and is tended to by Genda. In reality, according to witnesses, Nagumo stood near the ship's compass looking out at the destruction.
The film omits that the Japanese destroyer Arashi that inadvertently guided US dive bombers to the carriers had attacked U.S. submarine Nautilus, which had tried to attack the battleship Kirishima.
Later studies by Japanese and American military historians call into question key scenes, such as the dive-bombing attack that crippled the first three Japanese carriers. In the movie, American pilots jubilantly report that there are no fighters and the carrier decks are loaded with ammunition. As Jonathan Parshall and Anthony Tully write in Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway (2005), aerial photography from the battle showed nearly empty decks. Japanese carriers loaded armament onto planes below the flight deck, unlike American carriers (as depicted earlier in the film). The fact that a closed hangar full of armaments was hit by bombs made damage to Akagi more devastating than if planes, torpedoes and bombs were on an open deck. During the attack on the Japanese carriers, an American pilot reports, "Scratch one flat top!" This is a famous radio transmission but it was made a month earlier during the Battle of the Coral Sea by Lieutenant Commander Robert E. Dixon after his dive bomber squadron sank the Japanese aircraft carrier Shōhō.
While most characters are based on real people, some are fictional though inspired by actual people. Captain Matt Garth and his son, Ensign Thomas Garth, are fictional. Garth's contribution to planning the battle is based loosely on actual work of Lieutenant-Commander Edwin Layton. Layton served as Pacific fleet intelligence officer, spoke Japanese and was key to transposing raw outputs of cryptography analysis into meaningful intelligence for Nimitz and his staff. Layton was an old friend of Joseph Rochefort. Matt Garth's further exploits were pure fiction and resembled deeds of at least two more figures: first, an intelligence officer on Fletcher's Task Force 17 staff, and then the leader of the last attack made by dive bombers from USS Yorktown, by the VB-3 dive bomber squadron led by LCDR Maxwell Leslie.
There are numerous inaccuracies both in the use of historical combat footage and recreations. Most of the original footage portrays later and/or different events, and thus planes and ships that either were not operational during the battle or did not take part. Among the first aircraft shown taking off to defend Midway are two Army P-40 Warhawks: only Marine F4F Wildcats and F2A-3 Buffalos had been stationed there. In the second air attack on Yorktown, the movie shows two Japanese "kamikazes" crashing into the aircraft carrier; there were no plane crashes into ships in this battle. In addition, Yorktown was damaged and sunk by torpedoes fired from a Japanese submarine which had penetrated the destroyer screen, rather than survived the air attack seen in the film. A nearby destroyer, USS Hammann, also was attacked, sending more than 100 men into the sea and sinking in just four minutes. One of the most flagrant misrepresentations is Garth's collision at the very end of the movie, which is followed by footage of a Grumman F9F Panther jet plane crash which actually occurred on USS Midway in 1951.
Like the USS Lexington used in filming, USS Midway is also preserved as a museum.