OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hungarian People's Union

The Hungarian People's Union (Hungarian: Magyar Népi Szövetség, MNSZ; Romanian: Uniunea Populară Maghiară, UPM) was a left-wing political party active in Romania between 1934 and 1953 that claimed to represent the Hungarian community. Until 1944, it was called the Union of Hungarian Workers of Romania (Hungarian: Magyar Dolgozók Országos Szövetsége or Romanian: Uniunea Oamenilor Muncii Maghiari din România, generally known under its Hungarian-language acronym MADOSZ).

## Establishment

In September 1932, a faction of the Magyar Party created a dissident movement around the weekly Cluj publication Falvak Népe ("Lumea satelor" or "The World of the Villages"). In June 1933, this movement coalesced into the Magyar Opposition (Opoziţia Maghiară), whose leadership included members of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR). The Opposition's local committees and the initiative committees of the Hungarian populace, organised around the Cluj magazine Népakarat ("Voinţa poporului" or "The Will of the People") starting in September 1933, turned into committees of the new, legal organisation MADOSZ.
MADOSZ was formally established on August 20, 1934 at Târgu Mureş. The party programme called for defending the peasantry from higher taxes, an end to abuses against grape-growers and loggers, a joint struggle with ethnic Romanian workers for the granting of specific demands, and respect for democratic rights and freedoms. Sándor Szepesi was its president from 1934 to 1937, while Gyárfás Kurkó held the post from 1937 to 1938. Other notable members included Imre Gál, Lajos Mezei, Ion Vincze and László Bányai. From April to November 1934, its official publication was Székelyföldi Néplap ("Gazeta populară din Ținutul Secuiesc" or "Popular Gazette of Székely Land").
MADOSZ found itself under the influence of the PCR. In the fall of 1934, it created action committees to train in rebellion the entire population of the Ghimeş Valley (peasants as well as loggers), an action targeting the Romanian state. It collaborated with organisations supported by the communists, declaring itself against fascism and Miklós Horthy-style revisionism. Like all other political parties extant in Romania, MADOSZ was dissolved on March 30, 1938.

## Post-coup history

After the King Michael's Coup of August 23, 1944, numerous followers of Horthy entered MADOSZ. Under the protective shield of democracy, they undertook many destabilising actions, particularly in Transylvania. On October 16, 1944, the Braşov Conference decided to transform MADOSZ into the Hungarian People's Union, which recognised the leading role of the PCR. It obtained 29 seats at the 1946 election. The party supported the governments that held power from March 6, 1945 onwards, focusing on the creation of a privileged situation for the Hungarian minority. It dissolved itself in 1953.

## Electoral history
### Legislative elections

| Election | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Position |
| 1946 | 568,862 | 8.3 | 29 / 414 | 29 | 3rd |
| 1948 | 881,304 | 12.88 | 30 / 414 | 1 | 4th |
| 1952 | Part of the FDP | Part of the FDP | | | |
# Midland Railway 1823 Class

The Midland Railway 1823 Class was a class of twenty 0-4-4T steam locomotives. They had the power classification 1P.

## History

They were built in two batches of 10 each at Derby in 1889 and 1892. They were a development of the 1532 Class. The 1833 Class followed, and confusingly is sometimes grouped into this class.
Table of orders and numbers :
| Original No. | 1907 (& LMS) No. | Manufacturer | Works Nos. | Qty | Year | Notes |
| 1823–1832 | 1331–1340 | Derby Works | (order No. 763) | 10 | 1889 | |
| 1322–1326, 202, 1428–1430, 1697 | 1341–1350 | Derby Works | (order no. 981) | 10 | 1892 | |
Under the Midland Railway 1907 renumbering scheme, they were given the numbers 1331–1350. The London, Midland and Scottish Railway numbers were the same. Seven, numbers 1337/40–42/44/48/50 were inherited by British Railways in 1948. In March 1948 they were allocated the numbers 58052–58058 to create space in the ex-LMS numbering series for Ivatt Class 2 tank locomotives, but only five received their new number. All were withdrawn and scrapped.
Table of withdrawals :
| Year | Quantity in service at start of year | Quantity withdrawn | Locomotive numbers |
| 1925 | 20 | 1 | 1335 |
| 1931 | 19 | 7 | 1331–1333, 1336, 1339, 1345, 1349 |
| 1934 | 12 | 1 | 1347 |
| 1937 | 11 | 1 | 1343 |
| 1946 | 10 | 1 | 1334 |
| 1947 | 9 | 2 | 1338, 1346 |
| 1948 | 7 | 1 | 1342 |
| 1949 | 6 | 1 | 1348 |
| 1951 | 5 | 1 | 58052 |
| 1952 | 4 | 1 | 58058 |
| 1953 | 3 | 1 | 58053 |
| 1955 | 2 | 1 | 58054 |
| 1959 | 1 | 1 | 58056 |
# Ben Hobbs

Ben Hobbs (born 16 September 2003) is a professional Australian rules footballer playing for the Essendon Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He was drafted by Essendon with their first pick in the 2021 AFL draft, number 13 overall.

## Early life

Hobbs grew up in the Victorian country town of Horsham and played local football for Horsham Demons. He won a senior premiership in the Wimmera Football League at just 15 years old. He attended Ballarat Clarendon College as a boarder.

## AFL career

At the 2021 AFL draft, Essendon selected Hobbs with their first pick, no. 13 overall. Hobbs made his debut for the Bombers in round 5 of the 2022 AFL season, and was later nominated for the 2022 AFL Rising Star in round 14.

## Statistics

Updated to the end of 2024.
| Season | Team | No. | Games | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) |
| Season | Team | No. | Games | G | B | K | H | D | M | T | G | B | K | H | D | M | T |
| 2022 | Essendon | 8 | 17 | 8 | 12 | 121 | 124 | 245 | 60 | 43 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 14.4 | 3.5 | 2.5 |
| 2023 | Essendon | 8 | 18 | 6 | 4 | 195 | 159 | 354 | 72 | 73 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 10.8 | 8.8 | 19.7 | 4.0 | 4.1 |
| 2024 | Essendon | 8 | 12 | 2 | 2 | 77 | 73 | 150 | 25 | 35 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 6.4 | 6.1 | 12.5 | 2.1 | 2.9 |
| Career | Career | Career | 47 | 16 | 18 | 393 | 356 | 749 | 157 | 151 | 0.30 | 0.4 | 8.4 | 7.6 | 15.9 | 3.3 | 3.2] |
# Ethan Batt

Ethan Batt (born 20 August 1998) is a New Zealand professional racing cyclist, who currently rides for UCI Continental team FNIX–SCOM–Hengxiang Cycling Team.

## Career

Ethan Batt started cycling in 2009.
In 2018 he rode for the SoCalCycling.com team taking wins in the Redlands Downtown Criterium and Victorville Stage Race. Later Batt rode for UCI Continental team Mobius–BridgeLane where he rode in the Australian national road series. In 2018 he finished seventh overall in the Tour of Southland also winning the mountain and young rider classifications.
In 2019 Batt won the opening race in the Calder Cycling Stewart Series [fr].

## Major results

Sources:

### 2016

    1st Overall Junior Tour of Southland
       1st Mountains classification
       1st Stages 1 & 6
    1st Overall Victorville Stage Race
       1st Stages 1, 2 & 3
    1st LA Circuit race

### 2018

    2nd Michelob ULTRA Sequoia Cycling Classic
    7th Overall Tour of Southland
       1st Mountains classification
       1st Young rider classification

### 2019

    1st Stage 1 Calder Cycling Stewart Series [fr]
    1st Stage 2 Tour de Vysočina [fr]
    1st Prologue (TTT) Tour of Southland
    2nd Criterium, National Road Championships

### 2020

    2nd Time trial, National Under-23 Road Championships
    2nd Stage 5 Tour of Southland

### 2023

    7th Road race, National Road Championships
# Gajówka, Lower Silesian Voivodeship

Gajówka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Mirsk, within Lwówek Śląski County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland, close to the Czech border. It lies approximately 6 km (4 mi) east of Mirsk, 19 km (12 mi) south-west of Lwówek Śląski, and 113 km (70 mi) west of the regional capital Wrocław.
# Chiosura

The Chiosura (French: Ruisseau de Chiosura) is a small coastal stream in the department of Haute-Corse, Corsica, France. It enters the Tyrrhenian Sea from the east of the island.

## Course

The Chiosura is 12.16 kilometres (7.56 mi) long and flows through the commune of Linguizzetta. It rises to the south of the 1,093 metres (3,586 ft) Pointe de Campana and to the north of the 1,012 metres (3,320 ft) Pointe de Mufuncello. It flows southeast past the village of Linguizzetta, passes under the T10 coastal highway, then turns north and flows through wet meadows (Marais de Chiosura) behind the beach before cutting across the beach to the sea.

## Wetland

The land around the lower part of the Chiosura, known as the Marais de Giustignana, has been classified as a Zone naturelle d'intérêt écologique, faunistique et floristique (ZNIEFF). It extends along the river on both sides of the T10 coastal highway, and along its Campo Vecchio and Bottari tributaries. The wetland occupies a depression in the coastal plain. It is mostly wooded with black alders 15 to 20 metres (49 to 66 ft) high rising among marsh irises, loosestrife, hops, willowherb and sedges. There are a few wet meadows to the east of the coastal road. The Chiosura drains the marsh, then runs for about 500 metres (1,600 ft) through a reed bed along a degraded sandy lido (coastal dunes) before entering the sea.

## Tributaries

The following streams (ruisseaux) are tributaries of the Chiosura (ordered by length) and sub-tributaries:
* Campo Vecchio: 6 km (3.7 mi)
** Bottari: 3 km (1.9 mi)
* Farinaccio: 5 km (3.1 mi)
* Sculimerda: 2 km (1.2 mi)
# Niclas Düring

Niclas Felix Düring (born 6 April 1990) is a Swedish sailor. He competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the 49er class. He currently pursues a M.Sc in Industrial Engineering and Management at Chalmers University of Technology in Gothenburg.
Düring was born in Sundbyberg, Sweden on 6 April 1990.
# Chiostro del Bramante

The Chiostro del Bramante (Cloisters of Bramante) is an Italian Renaissance building in Rome, commissioned by Cardinal Oliviero Carafa in around 1500, and designed by the architect Donato Bramante.
Today the building serves as a space for exhibitions, meetings and concerts. A cafe and bookshop are housed within the building. A fresco painting by Raphael, The Sibyls in the next-door church of Santa Maria della Pace, is visible from the first floor.
# Clare E. Connors

Clare Elizabeth Connors (born May 1974) is an American lawyer who served as the United States Attorney for the District of Hawaii from 2022 to 2025. She served as the 16th attorney general of Hawaii from January 3, 2019, to December 10, 2021. She was also a former nominee for United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii.

## Early life and education

Connors was born in New York and raised in Hawaii and graduated from Punahou School. She subsequently received a Bachelor of Arts degree, cum laude, in 1996 from Yale College and a Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 2002.

## Career

After graduating from Yale, Conners worked for the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. She began her legal career as a law clerk for Judge David Alan Ezra of the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii, from 2002 to 2003. From 2003 to 2004, she served as a trial attorney in the Tax Division of the United States Department of Justice and also served on detail as a special assistant United States attorney in the Eastern District of Virginia. From 2004 to 2011, she served as an assistant United States attorney in the Criminal Division of the United States Attorney's Office for the District of Hawaii. From 2011 to 2019, she was an attorney at the law firm of Davis Levin Livingston in Honolulu, Hawaii, where her practice focused on civil litigation.

### Expired nomination to federal district court

On September 8, 2015, President Obama nominated Connors to serve as a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Hawaii, to the seat vacated by Judge Susan Oki Mollway, who assumed senior status on November 6, 2015. She received a hearing on her nomination on January 27, 2016. On April 14, 2016 her nomination was reported out of committee by voice vote. Her nomination expired on January 3, 2017, with the end of the 114th Congress.

### Appointment as attorney general of Hawaii

Connors was appointed attorney general of Hawaii by Governor David Ige on January 3, 2019. On April 22, 2019, Connors was confirmed by the Hawaii State Senate.

### U.S. attorney for the District of Hawaii

On September 28, 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Connors to be the United States attorney for the District of Hawaii. On November 4, 2021, her nomination was reported out of committee by voice vote, senators Lee, Hawley and Blackburn voted "no". On December 7, 2021, Connors was confirmed in the Senate by voice vote. She was sworn into office on January 3, 2022. On January 6, 2025, she resigned from the post, effective January 20.
# Decommodification

In political economy, decommodification is the strength of social entitlements and citizens' degree of immunization from market dependency.
In regards to the labor force, decommodification describes a "degree to which individual, or families, can uphold a socially acceptable standard of living independently of market participation."
While commodification is the transformation of goods, services, ideas and people into commodities or objects of trade, decommodification would be the "extent that workers can leave the labor market through choice."

## Contemporary research
### Gender inequality

The idea of decommodification as an egalitarian concept as set forth by Esping Andersen sparked contemporary research efforts focusing on perceived inequities. In 2008, a research journal pointed out a feminist critique that "the absolute focus on the welfare of individuals who are already working" leaves a central bias in the pursuit of decommodification. Rather, the objective of women is often to be commodified in the first place so that they can enter the labor market.

### Environmental impact

Decommodification has been identified by ecological economists as a strategy for sustainable consumption that acts one level up on the institutional context of consumption in Western societies as compared to strategies such as eco-efficiency and eco-sufficiency. Thus, while the eco-efficiency strategy targets the product and the eco-sufficiency strategy targets the person (the consumer as decision-maker), the decommodification strategy targets the institutional context in which consumption takes place. It aims to decrease the influence of commodities and to limit the effect of commercialization.

### Social democracy paradox

Esping-Andersen's fundamental study of decommodification sparked contemporary academic research efforts hoping to resolve "paradoxes" in this application. Exiting the labor market with little or no loss of income clashed with the idea that social democracy has the goal of high labor force participation. Research efforts to resolve this paradox showed that "employment impeding policies" came out of Christian democracy institutions, not social democracy institutions. This research suggests that decommodification in the social democratic model is viable.

## Example

Scandinavian countries are the closest to decommodification according to the scale created by Esping Andersen's research which places Sweden as the most decommodified country in the 1980s. Sweden's level of pensions, sickness entitlements and unemployment insurance are the highest among many other leading industrial countries. Sweden's social welfare programs are mandated by the government which also offers a de facto guarantee to the wages of citizens' rather than taking averages and creating regulations through a means-based test on citizens' wages, level of education and their past history with the law.
# Self Care (novel)

Self Care is a 2020 American satire by author Leigh Stein. Set in the wake of the 2016 United States presidential election, the novel follows Maren and Devin, co-founders of social media platform Richual as they try to balance their personal politics and dedication to well-being against their need to succeed on a platform that depends on advertiser content.

## Summary

Maren Gelb, originally from Wisconsin, is the overworked co-founder of the lifestyle platform Richual which aggressively caters to women's wellness goals. While Maren struggles to enact the self-care she espouses on the website, her co-founder Devin Avery, who struggles with an eating disorder and is already well-off thanks to a large inheritance from her deceased father, is the face of the site.
In 2017 Maren releases an angry tweet criticizing Ivanka Trump. The tweet goes viral, much to the distress of Devin who thinks that Maren's behaviour goes against the Richual credo to believe and support women. She suggests that Maren take some time off and asks board member Evan Wiley, a former Bachelorette contestant and minor feminist celebrity, to loan his family's country estate to Maren. While Maren is there she accidentally stumbles across Evan's personal sex room which contains sexualized photos of women who appear to be sleeping.
Later on a story drops in which several women accuse Evan of sexual misconduct and reveal his personal fetish for having sex with women who either appear to be or are asleep. Devin, who is in a consensual relationship with Evan and knows of his fetish, passionately defends him and wants to attack the women as liars while Maren wants to publicly support them. Instead the Richual team decides on a statement in which they celebrate Women's History Month while barely mentioning Evan at all.
At a conference for female entrepreneurs Devin is attacked for her support of Evan. After she flees Maren comes to believe that Devin is another one of Evan's victims which Devin denies. Maren later steals Devin's phone and posts to Richual telling the world Devin was a victim. The post garners widespread support for both Devin and Richual.
Maren tries to use the next board meeting to oust Evan but is surprised to be ousted herself by Devin who buys her out by undervaluing her shares knowing Maren does not have the ability to fight her.

## Reception

The novel received praise for its timeliness. On Book Marks, from seven critics: seven "positive".
The L.A. Times called the novel "a frightfully true portrayal of days gone by". The A.V. Club called it "a timely beach read".
# Demand letter

A demand letter, letter of demand, (of payment), or letter before claim, is a letter stating a legal claim (usually drafted by a lawyer) which makes a demand for restitution or performance of some obligation, owing to the recipients' alleged breach of contract, or for a legal wrong. Although demand letters are not legally required they are frequently used, especially in contract law, tort law, and commercial law cases. In some cases, evidence of attempts to settle are required before a court case will be accepted by the court, and demand letters are commonly used to fulfill this requirement. For example, if one anticipates a breach, it is advantageous to send a demand letter asserting that the other side appears to be in breach and requesting assurances of performances. Demand letters that are not responded to may constitute admissions by silence. Also, a demand letter will often generate a denial letter stating the basis for rejecting claim (such as when the incorrect entity is sued), and is sometimes a good indication of what defenses will be raised if a suit is brought later.
Demand letters are sometimes used as a form of harassment and/or intimidation.

## Insurance claims

In personal injury claims, the settlement negotiation process begins by the victim submitting a demand letter to the insurance companies. The purpose of the demand letter is to present facts about the accident in order to persuade the insurance companies to provide adequate compensation. A typical demand letter is structured in the following manner:
* Description of the Accident
* Discussion of Accident Liability
* Description of Personal injuries
* Description of Medical treatments
* List of Medical Bills/Lost Income Statements
* Injury Settlement Demand
The personal injury demand letter is then sent to the insurance companies with supplemental documents that are referenced in the letter. This may include copies of accident reports, photographs of the accident/injuries, medical bills, doctor's statements etc.
The insurance company will then analyze the arguments made in the demand letter and respond with a counter settlement offer.

## Debt collection

In the United States, demand letters from a debt collector relating to a consumer debt must comply with the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act.
In certain types of legal proceedings in Quebec, a demand letter is mandatory; without it, a person could lose their case.
# Castle Mountains National Monument

Castle Mountains National Monument is a U.S. National Monument located in the eastern Mojave Desert and northeastern San Bernardino County, in the state of California.
The park protects 20,920 acres, located between the interstates I−15 and I−40, and northwest of the Colorado River.

## Geography

The national monument protects a section of the Castle Mountains, a range located in San Bernardino County and Clark County, Nevada. The range lies south and east of the New York Mountains, southwest of Searchlight and west of Cal-Nev-Ari, Nevada. The range lies at the northeastern end of Lanfair Valley and reaches 5,543 feet (1,690 m) in elevation at the summit of Hart Peak and 5580 ft at Linder Peak. The mountains lie in a southwest-northeasterly direction. The Piute Range lies to the southeast.
Castle Mountains National Monument is surrounded on three sides by the Mojave National Preserve, managed by the National Park Service.
It surrounds the Castle Mountain Mine Area, an open pit gold mine in the southern Castle Mountains owned by Canadian NewCastle Gold Ltd., who can excavate nearly 10 million tons of ore through 2025, though due to low gold prices mining has been suspended since 2001. The national monument proclamation states that after any such mining and reclamation are completed, or after 10 years if no mining occurs, the Federal land in the 8,340 acre Castle Mountain Mine Area is to be transferred to the National Park Service.

## Designation and management

It was designated by President Obama on February 12, 2016, along with Mojave Trails National Monument and Sand to Snow National Monument also in Southern California. Of the three it is the only one to be managed by the National Park Service, with the other two being placed under the control of the Bureau of Land Management and/or the United States Forest Service.
# Revenge of the Red Baron

Revenge of the Red Baron is a 1994 American comedy horror film starring Mickey Rooney, Tobey Maguire, Laraine Newman, Cliff De Young, produced by Roger Corman and directed by Robert Gordon.

## Premise

The Red Baron returns in a toy plane to kill the former World War I flying ace that shot him down.

## Reception

In 2005, Dread Central writer Jon Condit, as part of the site's column highlighting obscure films, panned the film and questioned the intention of producer Roger Corman, noting that it contained elements of horror, comedy and family films, but it does not consistently mix any of its genre elements:
   The plot sounds straight out of a horror film, but the way it plays out – despite how nearly every joke falls flat with a resounding “thud” – is clearly meant to be humorous, and yet it’s often cartoonish nature brings to mind a direct-to-video family film, albeit one with more electrocutions, (bloodless) shooting deaths, and gratuitous obscenities than that genre is used to.