# Crown (heraldry)

A crown is often an emblem of a sovereign state, usually a monarchy (see The Crown), but also used by some republics.
A specific type of crown is employed in heraldry under strict rules. Indeed, some monarchies never had a physical crown, just a heraldic representation, as in the constitutional kingdom of Belgium.
Crowns are also often used as symbols of religious status or veneration, by divinities (or their representation such as a statue) or by their representatives, e.g. the Black Crown of the Karmapa Lama, sometimes used a model for wider use by devotees.
A crown can be a charge in a coat of arms, or set atop the shield to signify the status of its owner, as with the coat of arms of Norway.

## Physical and heraldic crowns

Sometimes, the crown commonly depicted and used in heraldry differs significantly from any specific physical crown that may be used by a monarchy.
| Photograph of the physical crown of Norway | Representation of the physical crown of Norway | The heraldic crown for the King of Norway (1905 pattern) |

## As a display of rank

If the bearer of a coat of arms has the title of baron or higher (or hereditary knight in some countries), he or she may display a coronet of rank above the shield, usually below the helm in British heraldry, and often above the crest (if any) in Continental heraldry.
In this case, the appearance of the crown or coronet follows a strict set of rules. A royal coat of arms may display a royal crown, such as that of Norway. A princely coat of arms may display a princely crown, and so on.

## Naval, civic, mural and similar crowns

A mural crown is commonly displayed on coats of arms of towns and some republics. Other republics may use a so-called people's crown or omit the use of a crown altogether. The heraldic forms of crowns are often inspired by the physical appearance of the respective country's actual royal or princely crowns.
Ships and other units of some navies have a naval crown, composed of the sails and sterns of ships, above the shield of their coats of arms. Squadrons of some air forces have an astral crown, composed of wings and stars. There is also the Eastern crown, made up of spikes, and when each spike is topped with a star, it becomes a celestial crown.
Whereas most county councils in England use mural crowns, there is a special type of crown that was used by Scottish county councils. It was composed of spikes, was normally shown vert (green) and had golden wheat sheaves between the spikes. Today, most of the Scottish unitary authorities still use this "wheat sheaf crown", but it is now the usual gold.
| Astral crown | Camp crown | Celestial crown |
| Eastern crown | Mural crown | Naval crown |

## Commonwealth usage

In formal English, the word crown is reserved for the crown of a monarch and the Queen consort, whereas the word coronet is used for all other crowns used by members of the British royal family and peers of the realm.
In the British peerage, the design of a coronet shows the rank of its owner, as in German, French and various other heraldic traditions. The coronet of a duke has eight strawberry leaves, that of a marquess has four strawberry leaves and four silver balls (known as "pearls", but not actually pearls), that of an earl has eight strawberry leaves and eight "pearls" raised on stalks, that of a viscount has sixteen "pearls", and that of a peerage baron or (in Scotland) lord of parliament has six "pearls". Between the 1930s and 2004, feudal barons in the baronage of Scotland were granted a chapeau or cap of maintenance as a rank insignia. This is placed between the shield and helmet in the same manner as a peer's coronet. Since a person entitled to heraldic headgear customarily displays it above the shield and below the helm and crest, this can provide a useful clue as to the owner of a given coat of arms.
Members of the British royal family have coronets on their coats of arms, and they may wear physical versions at coronations. They are according to regulations made by King Charles II in 1661, shortly after his return from exile in France (getting a taste for its lavish court style; Louis XIV started monumental work at Versailles that year) and Restoration, and they vary depending upon the holder's relationship to the monarch. Occasionally, additional royal warrants vary the designs for individuals.
In Canadian heraldry, special coronets are used to designate descent from United Empire Loyalists. A military coronet signifies ancestors who served in Loyalist regiments during the American Revolution, while a civil coronet is used by all others. The loyalist coronets are used only in heraldry, never worn. A new royal crown, derived from the shape of the Tudor crown but with distinctly Canadian elements, was unveiled at a ceremony in Ottawa to mark the Coronation of Charles III.
| Monarch: 2024 Tudor Crown | Monarch: 1901 Tudor Crown | Monarch: Crown of Scotland | Monarch: Canadian Royal Crown | Monarch: St Edward's Crown |
| Monarch: Imperial Crown (medieval) | Heir Apparent | Child of a Sovereign (except the Heir Apparent) | Child of Heir Apparent | Grandchild of a Sovereign |
| Child of daughter of a Sovereign, if styled Highness | Duke | Marquess | Earl | Viscount |
| Peerage Baron/Lord of Parliament (Scotland) | Feudal Baron (Scotland) | Loyalist military coronet (Canada) | Loyalist civil coronet (Canada) | King of Arms (College of Arms) |

## Continental usages

Precisely because there are many traditions and more variation within some of these, there is a plethora of continental coronet types. Indeed, there are also some coronets for positions that do not exist, or do not entitle use of a coronet, in the Commonwealth tradition.
Such a case in French heraldry of the Ancien Régime, where coronets of rank did not come into use before the 16th century, is the vidame, whose coronet (illustrated) is a metal circle mounted with three visible crosses. (No physical headgear of this type is known.)
Helmets are often substitutes for coronets, and some coronets are worn only on a helmet.

### Finland

During the Swedish reign, Swedish coronets were used. Crowns were used in the coats of arms of the historical provinces of Finland. For Finland Proper, Satakunta, Tavastia and Karelia, it was a ducal coronet; for others, a comital coronet. In 1917 with independence, the coat of arms of Finland was introduced with a grand ducal crown, but it was soon removed, in 1920. Today, some cities use coronets, e.g. Pori has a mural crown and Vaasa a Crown of Nobility.

## As a charge

In heraldry, a charge is an image occupying the field of a coat of arms. Many coats of arms incorporate crowns as charges. One notable example of this lies in the Three Crowns of the arms of Sweden.
Additionally, many animal charges (frequently lions and eagles) and sometimes human heads also appear crowned. Animal charges gorged (collared) of an open coronet also occur, though more often as supporters than as charges.

## Gallery
### Albania

* Lord of Albania (The Skanderbeg Helmet)

### Andorra

* Co-Princes

### Bulgaria

| Tsar | Tsaritsa | Prince |
| Older Princesses | Younger Princesses |

### Croatia

* Crown of Zvonimir

### France

| Capital | Department | Commune |

#### Ancien Régime

| King | Heir to the throne (Dauphin) | Children and grandchildren of the sovereign (Fils de France) | Prince of the Blood |
| Duke and Peer of France | Duke | Marquis and peer of France | Marquis |
| Count and Peer of France | Count | Count (older) | Viscount |
| Vidame | Baron | Knight's crown | Knight's tortillon |

#### Napoleonic Empire

| Emperor (1st Empire) | Emperor (2nd Empire) | Sovereign Prince |
| Prince | Duke | Count |
| Baron | Knight | Bonnet d`honneur |

#### July Monarchy

* King of the French

### Georgia

* Georgian Royal Crown, also known as the "Iberian Crown"

### German-speaking countries
#### Holy Roman Empire

| Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire | Older Imperial Crown | Newer Imperial Crown | Oldest Crown of the King of the Romans |
| Older Crown of the King of the Romans | Newer Crown of the King of the Romans | Crown of the King of Bohemia | Generic Crown of a King or Grand Duke |
| Archducal hat | Ducal hat of Styria | Oldest Electoral hat | Older Electoral hat |
| New Electoral hat & new Ducal hat | Ducal crown | Crown of an heir to a duchy | Princely hat (also used by Mediatized Counts |
| Princely crown | Crown of a Landgrave | Older crown of a Count | Newer crown of a Count |
| Older crown of a Baron/Freiherr | Newer Crown of a Baron/Freiherr | Older Crown of Nobility | Newer Crown of Nobility |

#### Liechtenstein

* Prince of Liechtenstein

#### Austria

| Mural crown of the coat of arms of Austria | Mural crown of the State of Lower Austria |

##### Austrian Empire

| Crown of the Emperor of Austria | Crown of the King of Bohemia | Archducal hat | Archducal crown |
| Ducal hat of Styria | Ducal hat | Ducal crown | Princely hat |
| Princely crown | Crown of a Count | Crown of a Baron/Freiherr | Crown of Nobility |

#### Germany

| Volkskrone (People's Crown) | Mural crown of the arms of the Berlin boroughs |

##### German Empire

| Crown of the German Emperor | Crown of the German Empress | Crown of the German Crown Prince |
| Crown of the King of Prussia | Crown of the King of Bavaria | Crown of the King of Württemberg |

#### Hanover

* Crown of the King of Hanover

### Greece

| Crown of the King of the Hellenes | The Crown as it appears on the Royal Coat of Arms of Greece |

### Hungary

* Holy Crown of Hungary

### Italy

| Province | City | Municipality |

#### Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)

| King (crown of Savoy) | Heir to the throne (Prince of Piedmont) | Royal prince | Prince of the blood |
| Duke | Marquess | Count | Viscount |
| Baron | Noble | Hereditary Knight | Patrician |

#### Kingdom of Naples, Kingdom of Sicily, Two Sicilies

| King of Naples | Heir to the throne (Duke of Calabria) | Prince and princess |

#### Grand Duchy of Tuscany

| Medici Grand Dukes of Tuscany | Habsburg-Lorraine Grand Dukes of Tuscany |

#### Other Italian states before 1861

| Iron Crown of Lombardy | Crown of San Marino | Crown of Napoleonic Italy |
| Doge of Venice | Doge of Genoa | Duke of Parma |

### Low Countries
#### Netherlands

| Holy Roman Emperor | King | Prince (Members of the Royal House, children of the Monarch) | Prince (Members of the Royal House, grandchildren of the Monarch) |
| Prince (nobility, for titles granted after 1815) | Duke | Marquess | Count |
| Viscount | Baron | Hereditary Knight | Jonkheer |

#### Belgium

The older crowns are often still seen in the heraldry of older families.
| King | Prince of the Royal house | Prince (nobility, for titles granted after 1815) | Prince (nobility, for titles granted during the Ancien Régime) |
| Duke | Marquess | Count | Count (older) |
| Count (oldest) | Viscount | Baron | Baron (older) |
| Hereditary Knight (Chevalier/Erfridder) |

#### Luxembourg

* Grand Duke

### Monaco

* Prince

### Montenegro

| Monarchy 1860-1918 | Republic 2006-Present |

### Poland and Lithuania

| Heraldic Crown of the King | Crown of Bolesław I the Brave of Poland | Grand Duke | Prince |
| Count | Baron | Nobleman |

### Portugal

| Overseas province (1930-1999) | Administrative region (not implemented) | Capital city (Lisbon) |
| City | Town | Civil Parish |

#### Kingdom of Portugal (until 1910)

| King | Heir apparent to the throne (Prince Royal) | Second in the line of succession (Prince of Beira) | Infante | Duke |
| Marquess | Count | Viscount | Baron | Knight / Fidalgo |

### Romania

| Capital | City |
| Town | village |

#### Kingdom of Romania

* King (The Steel Crown of Romania)

### Russia

| Emperor | Empress | Crown of Congress Poland | Crown of the Grand Duchy of Finland |
| Altabas cap | Monomakh's Cap | Kazan cap | Prince |
| Count | Baron | Baron (alternative style) | Crown of Nobility |

### Nordic countries
#### Denmark

| King | Crown Prince | Prince (royal family) | Duke |
| Marquess | Count | Baron | Crown of Nobility |

#### Iceland

* King

#### Finland

| Physical crown design of the King | Generic Grand ducal crown used in late 19th to early 20th c. | Grand ducal crown used in the state coat of arms in 1917–1920. |
| Ducal coronet | Comital coronet | Mural crown |

#### Norway

| Heraldic crown of the King | Physical crown of the King | Physical crown of the Queen | Crown Prince | Prince or Princess |
| Duke | Marquess | Count | Baron | Crown of Nobility |

#### Sweden

| King/Queen | Crown Prince/Crown Princess | Prince/Princess (aka Duke/Duchess) |
| Count/Countess | Baron/Baroness | Untitled Nobility |

### Serbia

| Emperor (medieval) | King (after 1903) |
| Coat of arms design (1882-1918; 2004-2010) | Coat of arms design (after 2010) |

### Spain

| king (National arms design) | king (Monarch's arms design) | king (Aragon, Catalonia, Balearics, Valencia) | Heir to the throne (Prince of Asturias) |
| Heir to the throne (Prince of Girona) (Aragon, Catalonia, Balearics, Valencia) | Infante | Infante (Aragon, Catalonia, Balearics, Valencia) | Grandee of Spain |
| Duke | Marquess | Count | Viscount |
| Baron | Señor/Don (Lord) | Hidalgo (Nobleman) | Knight's burelete |

### Ukraine

Kingdom of Ruthenia
* Crown of Ruthenia

### Non-European usages
#### Bahrain

* King

#### Bhutan

* 'Raven Crown' of the Kingdom of Bhutan

#### Brazil

| | Capital of State of the Federation | city | Town | Village |

##### Empire of Brazil

| Emperor | Heir apparent to the throne (Prince Imperial) | Second in the line of succession (Prince of Grão-Pará) |
| Prince | Duke | Marquess |
| Count | Viscount | Baron |

#### Brunei

* Crown of Brunei Darussalam

#### Cambodia

* Crown of the Kingdom of Cambodia

#### Central African Empire

* Emperor

#### Chile

| Municipal Mural Crown | Royal Crown of Easter Island |

#### China

| Emperor (Ming dynasty) | Emperor (Qing dynasty) |

#### Egypt

| Wali (1854 - 1867) and Khedive (1867–1914) | Sultan (1914–22) | King (1922–53) |
| pharaoh of Upper and Lower Egypt | Hemhem | Atef |
| King of Lower Egypt | King of Upper Egypt | Queen |
| Shuti | Blue Crown | Cap Crown |

#### Ethiopia

* Emperor

#### Fiji

* Crown of Fiji

#### Haiti

* Emperor (2nd Empire)

#### Hawaii

* Crown of Hawaii

#### Iran

| Crown of the Shah of Persia | Crown of the Shah of Iran |

#### Iraq

* Crown of Iraq

#### Jordan

* Crown of Jordan

#### Libya

* Crown of Libya

#### Kyrgyzstan

* Crown of Kara-Kygyz Khanate

#### Malaysia

| sultan of Johor | sultan of Kelantan | sultan of Terengganu |

#### Mexico

| Emperor (1st Empire) | Emperor (2nd Empire) | Prince (1st Empire and 2nd Empire) |

##### Aztec Empire

| Moctezuma's Headdress | Headdress of the Aztec Monarchs |

#### Morocco

* Heraldic Crown of Morocco

#### Nepal

* Crown of Nepal

#### Oman

* Crown of Oman

#### Rwanda

* Crown of the Kingdom of Rwanda

#### Saudi Arabia

* Crown of Saudi Arabia

#### Siam and Thailand

| Great Crown of Victory of the King of Siam and Thailand | Phra Kiao (princely coronet, also the emblem of king Chulalongkorn) | coronet of the Crown prince of Siam/Thailand |

#### Tahiti

* Crown of Tahiti

#### Tonga

* Crown of Tonga

### Other examples

| Twig crown of the Republic of the Congo | College of Arms Foundation of the United States |

### Ecclesiastical Hats
#### Anglican Communion

| Archbishop or Bishop | Archdeacon | Dean | Members of His Majesty's Ecclesiastical Household |
| Canons, Honorary Canons, Canons Emeritus and Prebendaries | Priest | Deacon |

#### Catholic Church

| Pope | Patriarch | Cardinal | Metropolitan Archbishop |
| Archbishop | Eastern Catholic prelate, combining elements of both Eastern and Western ecclesiastical heraldry | Apostolic protonotary (Monsignor) | Honorary Prelate (Monsignor) |
| Chaplain of His Holiness (Monsignor) | Bishop | Abbot | Canon |
| Dean | Priest |