# Destinus

Destinus is a private European aerospace company specialising in aerospace, defence and energy founded in 2021 in Payerne, Switzerland. The company focuses on supersonic and hypersonic aviation, hydrogen, dual-use technologies, and power generation.

## History
### Founder

The company was founded in 2021 by Mikhail Kokorich, a physicist, inventor, and serial entrepreneur. In 2011, Kokorich founded Russia's first private space company, Dauria.
In 2012, Kokorich immigrated to the US. In California, he founded the space companies Astro Digital and Momentus. Astro Digital analyzes and distributes satellite data; its main customer was the US Department of Defense. Momentus has satellite shuttles to move them between different orbits, with a revolutionary propulsion system based solely on water and sunlight. Momentus raised more than $100 million in venture capital, and the company was valued at $4 billion. However, tensions with Russia escalated under the Trump administration.
Kokorich, as founder, CEO, and majority shareholder of companies important to national security, came under pressure from authorities. Permission to launch was denied. SEC securities regulator took legal action, and he eventually had to sell his shares at a token price.
In early 2021, Kokorich relocated to Europe and founded Destinus.

### The company

Destinus’ first prototype, Jungfrau, conducted its maiden flight in November 2021 at an airport near Munich. The test flight was a success in verifying a hypersonic aero shape based on the waverider concept at low speeds.
In early 2022, the company raised 26.8 million Swiss francs (approximately US$29 million) for the development of hypersonic hydrogen flights and associated technologies. Throughout the year, Destinus planned and achieved many key milestones, including the successful maiden flight of their Eiger prototype and the testing of their hydrogen-powered afterburner technology
In June 2022 Destinus and Spanish engine manufacturer ITP Aero agreed to jointly develop a hydrogen engine test bed and demonstrate their hydrogen combustion research with the direct support and cooperation of Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA). The program agency of the Spanish Ministry of Science, Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico e Industrial (Centre for the Development of Industrial Technology), chose this project as a strategic initiative under its Plan de Tecnologías Aeronáuticas (PTA). The grant funds the construction of a test site near Madrid for air-breathing hydrogen engines, which Destinus will help design and carry out further tests. The second grant funds research into aspects of liquid hydrogen engines to test innovative propulsion solutions for future hydrogen-powered supersonic aircraft. The total investment in the second grant project is €15 million.
In November 2022, Michel Friedling, the first French Air Force general to head the French Space Command, joined the Destinus strategic committee as an advisor because he "cannot remain a spectator in front of the challenge of decarbonised hypersonic aviation".
In January 2023, Oleksandr Danylyuk, former Minister of Finance of Ukraine, joined Destinus as Senior Vice President of Defense. His extensive expertise in finance and strong background in managing government affairs bring a new dimension to the company's leadership.
In February 2023, Destinus was awarded grants for two projects worth about €27 million from the Spanish government to expand hydrogen propulsion capabilities. The projects involve multiple companies, technology centres, and Spanish universities and are part of Spain's plan to make the country a world leader in producing renewable hydrogen and developing hydrogen-based mobility solutions.
Agreements and partnerships were established between Destinus and the Commune of Payerne in 2023, aligning with the company's plans to build a hydrogen test site. The intention is to further support the development of their next-generation propulsion, combining jet engines with afterburners fuelled by hydrogen.
Its first two subsonic prototypes made successful test flights in 2022. The company states that the third prototype, Destinus 3, is on track to make the hydrogen-powered flight by early 2024.
At the Paris Air Show in June 2023, Destinus unveiled its third demonstrator, the Destinus 3. If successfully flown, the model would be the world's first liquid hydrogen-powered supersonic unmanned vehicle, aiming to achieve a speed of Mach 1.3. The 10-meter, 2-tonne prototype is equipped with Destinus's hydrogen afterburner and an autopilot system. Destinus 3 is scheduled to make its first subsonic flight in early 2024, with supersonic campaigns to follow in late 2024.
In October 2023, Destinus announced the construction of the "Destinus H2 Park" in partnership with the Swiss Aeropole technology park in Payerne and Innovaud, the innovation agency of the canton of Vaud. This marks the first private testing site for hydrogen-powered propulsion systems in Switzerland and the third of its kind in Europe.
Destinus began developing and producing drones to the Ukrainian forces during the Russian invasion of Ukraine with the drone components manufactured outside of Switzerland due to Swiss regulations over military production which are then assembled in Ukraine.

### Headquarter move

In November 2024, the decision was made to move the headquarter and part of the operation to the Netherlands. The activity of the group shifted towards military applications, becoming its priority. Therefore, the Swiss export restrictions on weapons started to become a problem.
The Swiss team in Payerne will continue to develop the engines, the electronic and the software.

## Financial context

As of November 2024, the market cap reached CHF650 millions, and the start-up is working towards a new funding round, with the intent to reach a CHF1 billion market cap.
In 2024, the turnover is estimated to reach CHF120 millions. For 2024, this value is estimated to reach CHF250 to CHF300 millions.

## Projects
### Flight demonstrators
#### Jungfrau ("Destinus-1", subsonic)

    A 4 m (13 ft) vehicle designed to verify the flight capabilities of a hypersonic aero shape based on a waverider concept at low speeds. The demonstrator was designed, built, and flight tested in 4 months with the first flight in November 2021. Multiple successful test flight campaigns were conducted in 2021 and 2022. Destinus’ first flight with hydrogen is scheduled to take place during Q2 of 2023; a new propulsion system designed by Destinus combining turbojets and afterburners was integrated into Destinus-1.

#### Eiger ("Destinus-2", subsonic)

    A 10 m (33 ft) vehicle designed to advance the hypersonic aero shape studies of Destinus-1. The demonstrator was designed, built, and tested in 6 months with the first flight campaign in April 2022. Destinus-2 underwent additional upgrades and analysis months following. Its second flight campaign took place in October 2022.

#### Destinus-3 (supersonic)

    A 10 m (33 ft)-long vehicle with a 3.5 m (11 ft) wingspan designed to reach supersonic velocities with hydrogen afterburner technology and a novel autopilot system developed by Destinus. The demonstrator was designed between 2022–2023 and will conduct several flight campaigns between 2023–2024.

### Military drones
#### Destinus LORD

    A very low cost multi-mission UAV that can be produced with off-the-shelf parts.It is capable to performe missions such as intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, monitoring, mapping, cargo, SIGINT/ELINT, UAV pilot training, jamming and be used as loitering munition

#### Destinus RUTA

    It is a low cost and fast UAV. It takes off with a booster, is propulsed by a jet engine, and can land with parachutes and airbags. It has a configuration comparable to a MdCN. Its intended uses are intelligence, fast-response surveillance, fast-response disaster relief, emergency cargo supply, target training, and strike.

#### Destinus HORNET

    Three variants of the Hornet UAV exist:
   * Hunter
   * Stalker
   * Plotter
    It is designed to be modular, with payloads that can be changed on the field. The system is designed to let it evolve. Destinus claims that it is an autonomous UAV, that it requires low maintenance, and that it is a cheaper air-defence solution against drones than traditional solutions. It has a configuration comparable to the IAI Harop.
    The intended uses include surveillance, intelligence, 3D mapping, training, data relay and drone interception.

#### Destinus D

    The Destinus-D is a UAV planned to reach a hypersonic speed. It is designed to be powered by a TBCC engine ( turbine engine combined with a ramjet and scramjet) with liquid hydrogen.Its planned mission would be to intercept airborne targets.
   * Speed: Mach 5
   * MTOW of 1.8 t (4,000 lb)
   * Length: 20 m (66 ft)
   * Wingspan: 6.5 m (21 ft)

#### Destinus E

    The Destinus-E is a UAV with MTOW of 3 t (6,600 lb) and a payload of 0.5 t (1,100 lb) on its hardpoints and in the internal bay.
    It will be powered by the Destinus T1300 Prometheus turbojet engine, It is again a low-cost solution. The proposed piloting solutions include a remote pilot or an artificial intelligence.
    Destinus intends to make it fly in 2025 and hopes that the first deliveries will start in 2026.

#### Destinus G

    This UAV is much larger with a MTOW of 5.5 t (12,000 lb). It is designed to be supersonic with a planned speed superior to Mach 2 (2,470 km/h). It is designed to be piloted by an AI or by a pilot remotely. Its intended mission is to intercept enemy aircraft and missiles, or to be used as a wingman.

### Civilian passenger aircraft concept
#### Destinus S

    The Destinus S is a not-yet-built concept for an aircraft with four high-performance engines converted to run on liquid hydrogen. The company claims the aircraft will have a cruise speed of Mach 5 with a capacity of 25 passengers.

#### Destinus L

    A not-yet-built concept for an aircraft capable of transporting up to 400 passengers to any destination in the world within two to three hours, according to the company's claims. This aircraft will have a cruise speed of Mach 6.

### Energy

OP16 Gas Turbine: The Netherlands-based company OPRA was acquired by Destinus SA in April 2023, becoming Destinus Energy. The company continues to produce the OPRA OP16 gas turbine, designed to allow high fuel flexibility, a small footprint, long operating hours between major overhauls and high exhaust heat temperatures.

### Other

* Hydrogen Propulsion System: Destinus designed in-house a hydrogen afterburner. The propulsion approach was to develop a hybrid engine, combining conventional jet turbines using Jet A fuel and afterburners using hydrogen fuel. An afterburner is an additional combustion component used for generating more thrust. The intention is to conduct the world's first post combustion flight.

## Partnerships and other
### Memberships

* Destinus Spain
** PAE
** AZEA

### Grants

* Destinus Spain
** PTA 2022 – partners: ITP Aero, Auto Juntas, Aerotecnic Metallic
** PERTE H2 2022 – partners: CiTD