# Ford GAA engine

The Ford GAA engine is an American all-aluminum 32-valve DOHC 60-degree gasoline-fueled liquid-cooled V8 internal combustion engine with a flat-plane crank. It was designed and produced by the Ford Motor Company before and during World War II. It features twin Stromberg NA-Y5-G carburetors, dual magnetos and twin spark plugs making up a full dual ignition system, and crossflow induction. It displaces 1,100 cu in (18 L) and puts out well over 1,000 pound-feet (1,400 N⋅m) of torque from idle to 2,200 rpm. The factory-rated net output was 500 hp (370 kW) at 2,600 rpm.
The GAA powered several models and derivatives of the M4A3 Sherman medium tank.

## Development

After the start of World War II, the UK was looking to manufacture complicated parts — notably the crankshafts — of the Rolls-Royce Merlin aircraft engine in the United States, but negotiations with Packard stalled because the company insisted on making complete engines. In June 1940 production drawings arrived in North America and were seized by the United States Department of the Treasury, providing an opportunity for Ford engineers to copy them and soon derive a version simplified for mass-production at Ford's factories.
It was a 60 degree V-12 of 1,650 cubic inch displacement, with the cylinder bore and stroke matching the Merlin, using an aluminum block and head; dual overhead camshafts, and four valves per cylinder. The intention of this design was to help Ford break into the anticipated large market for aircraft engines. This engine was built to typical aircraft standards: it was light, high performance, and highly reliable. Everything was safety-wired or staked, with close attention to detail on every part. Available information suggests this design performed well.
However, it never went into production as an aircraft engine due to the United States Navy's decision to only use radial engines for its aircraft and the Army's contractual commitments to existing manufacturers.
With the approach of war, increasing orders for M4 Sherman tanks were causing supply issues with the 9-cylinder radial Wright R-975 Whirlwind engine used. The U.S. Army decided it needed to establish additional engine suppliers, choosing a version of the Ford GAA cut down from twelve cylinders to eight for various vehicle applications.
In 1942 after the British Tank Mission visit to America in April, there was some pressure from British car and commercial vehicle manufacturers to use the new Ford V8 tank engine designed by Larry Sheldrick in British tanks, rather than the Meteor then under development by Rolls-Royce from the Merlin aero engine, as they believed that an adapted aero engine "would not be suitable as a rugged tank engine". The Ford engine prototype had a few hundred hours test-bed running by that time. It was a liquid-cooled Vee similar to the Meteor, but two-thirds the size and Rolls-Royce executive W. A. Robotham doubted its reliability at 600 bhp. The 600 bhp Meteor was designed to fit in the same space in the Crusader tank as the Nuffield Liberty L-12 engine of 340 bhp output. The Ford V8 developed only 500 bhp, and had problems that were not overcome until after the Normandy landings in 1944.

## Production

* The GAA was used in the M4A3 (1,690), M4A3(75)W (3,071), M4A3(76)W (1,400), M4A3 (105) (500), M4A3E2 (254), M4A3(76)W HVSS (3,142), M4A3(105) HVSS (2,539), M10A1 (1,413), and M7B1 (826).
* The GAF powered the M26 (2,222), M26A1, T28/T95 (2), and M45 (185).
* The GAN powered the T23 (248) and M4A3E2 (254).
* In order to meet the need for a larger engine, Ford resurrected the V-12 version as the GAC, which produced 770 hp (570 kW) and powered the T29, and T32 (6).
* A number of M74 armored recovery vehicles were rebuilt from M4A3s, which used the GAA.