OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# David Pietersz. de Vries

David Pieterszoon de Vries (c. 1593 – 13 September 1655) was a Dutch navigator from the city of Hoorn.

## Biography

In 1617, de Vries went on a whaling voyage to Jan Mayen. In 1620, he sailed to Newfoundland, and sold the dried fish in Italy. In Toulon he joined Charles, Duke of Guise. In 1624 he went to Canada again, still in French service. After returning to the Netherlands, the Dutch West India Company put an embargo on his ship. De Vries sold his ship and left for Bayonne.
In 1627, he sailed from Hoorn to Batavia. On board was Jan Pietersz Coen, only recognized during the trip. From the Dutch Indies he sailed to Masulipatnam. In 1629, twenty-eight colonists sailed to North America and planted the Swanendael Colony in Lewes, Delaware, organized for the Dutch West India Company by five merchants from New Amsterdam, who hoped to become patroons of the colony: Kiliaen de Rensselaer, Samuel Godijn, Samuel Blommaert, Albert Burgh, Joannes de Laet and de Vries. Upon visiting the colony in 1632, however, de Vries found that the settlers had been massacred, and their fort burned to the ground.
He returned to North America twice, eventually establishing a settlement on Staten Island (1639), and another, north of Pavonia, known as Vriessendael (1640). In 1636, de Vries built a blockhouse at Signal Hill on Staten Island, the first signal house erected by European settlers in North America and the future site of Fort Tompkins.
De Vries often acted as a mediatory go-between trying to keep the peace between the Lenape and New Netherlands Director-General William Kieft. De Vries famously tried to prevent Kieft from launching the Pavonia Massacre and Massacre at Corlears Hook, which set off the two-year-long Kieft's War. After the massacres, de Vries was influential in bringing the Hackensack Indians sachem Oratam and also the Canarsee sachem Penhawitz to negotiate a truce, which did not hold in the face of Kieft's aggressive policies. De Vries became a leading figure in the popular uprising against Kieft in the Dutch colony which ultimately led to the Director-General's dismissal and recall for trial. Disenchanted by the New Netherlanders' treatment of the indigenous population, he left his farm at Vriessendael in October 1643 in the wake of the Pavonia Massacre, and returned to Holland.

## Work

* De Vries, David Pietersen de. Voyages from Holland to America, A.D. 1632 to 1644.
# North Dakota District of the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod

The North Dakota District is one of the 35 districts of the Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod (LCMS), and consists of congregations throughout the state of North Dakota. The North Dakota District includes approximately 76 congregations, subdivided into 6 circuits, as well as 2 preschools and 2 elementary schools. Baptized membership in district congregations is approximately 22,000.
The North Dakota District was formed in 1945 when the North Dakota and Montana District was divided, also creating the Montana District. The district office are located in Fargo, North Dakota. Delegates from each congregation meet in convention every three years to elect the district president, vice presidents, circuit visitors, a board of directors, and other officers. Rev. Mark Chepulis was elected district president in 2025.

## Presidents

* Rev. Arnold Henry Grumm, 1945–1950
* Rev. Walter Henry Theodore Cordts, 1950–1954
* Rev. Bernhard G. Mueller, 1954–1957
* Rev. Lothar Karl Meyer, 1957–1961
* Rev. Harold V. Huber, 1961–1965
* Rev. John D. Fritz, 1965–1967
* Rev. Alwin M. Reimnitz, 1967–1991
* Rev. Norman C. Sincebaugh, 1991–2000
* Rev. Larry S. Harvala, 2000–2008
* Rev. Patrick O'Brien, 2008–2009
* Rev. James Baneck, 2009–2016
* Rev. Arie Bertsch, 2017–2024
* Rev. Mark Chepulis, 2025-Present
# Iranian high-aspect-ratio twin-hull vessels

A high-aspect-ratio twin-hull vessel (acronymed HARTH) refers to a certain design of catamaran vessels with small waterplane area. These vessels are built and used by the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) of Iran. Such design is considered relatively rare in military usage.

## Design

The design of vessels is being described as looking "almost like a pond skater" because of the superstructure sitting above tall legs. Due to the large length of the hulls in the water (also known as pontoons) and also the high height of the deck above the surface, it has a high length-to-width ratio (and is thus called high-aspect-ratio). This design enables small speedboats to move under the ship, which can technically make certain tactical scenarios possible. In comparison to a conventional catamaran, HARTH design allows decreasing the drag forces of the hull and thus breaking the seawater during sailing more easily, as well as more transverse stability in harsh sea states as a result of low heave, pitch and roll motion.
The structure is made of aluminum.

## Types

* Shahid Nazeri-class (also known as 'HARTH 55' by the U.S. Navy), unveiled in 2016
* Shahid Soleimani-class, at least three were confirmed to be under construction through commercial satellite imagery as of April 2021, one under construction at the Shahid Mahallati Shipyard in Bushehr, one in Qeshm Island and the other at small boatyard near Bandar Abbas. It is 65 m (213 ft 3 in) long, and its design has been compared to the Chinese Type 22 missile boat and the Taiwanese Tuo Chiang class. The first ship entered service in September 2022. It is equipped with 16 Nayyab short range air defense missiles and 6 Sayyad mid range air defense missiles as well as with four types of cruise missiles having ranges of 90, 140, 300 and 750 kilometers.
# Jack Milburn (footballer)

John Milburn (18 March 1908 – 21 August 1979) was an English footballer who played 408 games for Leeds United. He was also a football manager.

## Biography

Born in Ashington, Northumberland, England, Milburn was a member of the famous Milburn footballing family. His cousin Jackie, known as Wor Jackie, played for Newcastle United. Other members of the Milburn family included brothers George (Leeds United and Chesterfield), Jimmy (Leeds United and Bradford) and Stan (Chesterfield, Leicester City and Rochdale), as well as his nephews Bobby and Jack Charlton.

## Playing career

Jack Milburn was a left back who played a total of 423 league and cup games in a career that was interrupted for seven years by World War II. All but 15 of those were for Leeds United. In 2000, he was voted the 83rd greatest Leeds player by the club.
He finished his career at Bradford City where he played 14 league games.

## Managerial career

Milburn had moved to Bradford City in October 1946, in the twilight of his playing career as player-coach to Jack Barker. Barker resigned in January 1947 after just eight months in charge leaving Milburn as the natural replacement becoming the club's first ever player-manager.
Milburn led the club to fifth in Division Three (North) in his first six months in charge. The following season the club came just 14th and during the summer Milburn handed over to David Steele although he remained at the club as Steele's assistant.
# Deacon King Kong

Deacon King Kong is a novel by James McBride. It notably won the Andrew Carnegie Medals for Excellence for Fiction, Anisfield-Wolf Book Award for Fiction, and Thurber Prize for American Humor.

## Narrative

The story unfolds in September 1969 Brooklyn and centers around volatile Cuffy Lambkin, nicknamed "Sportcoat". Sportcoat, a heavy drinker and church deacon, shocks his community by publicly shooting a young drug dealer, Deems Clemens, in broad daylight at the Cause Houses housing project. The incident sets off a chain of events involving the church community, local gangsters, the police, and residents of the housing complex. As secrets about Sportcoat, Deems, and others come to light, the novel explores their interconnected lives during a period of social and personal upheaval.

## Release

It was published in the United States on March 3, 2020.

## Critical reception

The novel was by and large praised by critics. According to Book Marks, the book received a "rave" consensus, based on thirty-two critics: twenty-four "rave", seven "positive", and one "mixed". In the May/June 2020 issue of Bookmarks, the book was scored four out of five. The magazine's critical summary reads: "But, with its hilarious, digressive energy masking its serious undertones, Deacon King Kong is a work of both chaos and beauty".

## Awards

| Year | Award | Category | Result |
| 2020 | Booklist Editors' Choice | Adult Audio | Won |
| 2020 | Goodreads Choice Awards | Historical Fiction | Nominated–14th |
| 2020 | Kirkus Prize | Fiction | Shortlisted |
| 2020 | New York City Book Award | — | Won |
| 2021 | Andrew Carnegie Medals for Excellence | Fiction | Won |
| 2021 | Anisfield-Wolf Book Award | Fiction | Won |
| 2021 | Audie Award | Literary Fiction & Classics | Shortlisted |
| 2021 | Dayton Literary Peace Prize | Fiction | Shortlisted |
| 2021 | Mark Twain American Voice in Literature Award | — | Shortlisted |
| 2021 | Thurber Prize for American Humor | — | Won |
# Henry C. Goldmark

Henry C. Goldmark (June 15 1857 – January 15 1941) was an American engineer who designed and installed the Panama Canal locks.

## Biography

Henry Goldmark was born in New York City on June 15, 1857. He was an 1874 graduate of the New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering. He earned a bachelor's degree at Harvard, and graduated from the Royal Polytechnic University at Hanover, German Empire in 1880.
He married Mary Carter Tomkins on June 8, 1899, and they had two children.
He died in Nyack, New York on January 15, 1941, after being struck by an automobile the previous night.
# The Nights of Lucretia Borgia

The Nights of Lucretia Borgia is a 1959 Italian historical drama film. It was also known as Le notti di Lucrezia Borgia and Nights of Temptation. It was one of a series of sexually aggressive characters Belinda Lee played in European movies.

## Plot

Diana d'Alva is part of a family who are leading a conspiracy against the Borgias in medieval Italy. She is rescued from being attacked by Federico, a virtuous nobleman from an impoverished family.
Federico goes to serve Cesare Borgia. Cesare's sister Lucrezia Borgia desires Federico, but he is in love with Diana. Lucrezia's former lover, Astorre, is jealous of Frederico.
Frederico rescues Diana from the Borgias and kills Atorre in a duel.

## Cast

* Belinda Lee as Lucretia Borgia
* Jacques Sernas as Frederico
* Arnoldo Foà as Astorre
* Michèle Mercier as Diana d'Alva
* Franco Fabrizi as Cesare Borgia
* Marco Tulli as Jacopo
* Lilli Scaringi as Serafina
* Germano Longo as Ufficiale
* Nando Tamberlani as Duca d'Alva
* Raf Baldassarre as Ruggero

## Production

It was Belinda Lee's first movie after her contract with Rank ended. Filming ended by February 1959.
Jacques Sernas later made The Loves of Salammbo for the same director

## Reception

The Monthly Film Bulletin said the film had "sumptuous sets and costumes, an almost unbroken flow of sword and bodour play and the somewhat mechanical athleticism of its Fairbanks hero (Jacques Seras) all fail to lend this period confection the right kind of robust self-assertion. Since the scenes of eroticism and flagellation constituting the film's actual basic appeal have all been pared away, little remain to divert the undemanding but some memorably inappropriate dubbing and Belinda Lee's uninhibited resolve to come to grips with Lucrezia's villainy."
The film was released in the US in 1960. The Los Angeles Times said "Miss Belinda Lee proves that no really bad girl is Lucretia Borgia - just look out, though, for what she pourgia."
The New York Times said "Miss Lee, in a Veronica Lake hairdo, studiously imitates Mae West, but her elementary activities in the field of orgies will disappoint any former serviceman who caught Martine Carol's uncensored Lucretia overseas in one of the most popular tourist attractions ever filmed in France."
The San Francisco Examiner called it "a sort of solo Musketeer show. The more surprising thing about it is the grandiose score."
# Gomphiocephalus

Gomphiocephalus is a genus of springtail native to Antarctica. Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni is the only member of the genus.
The Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni was first collected from Granite Harbour, southern Victoria Land, Eastern Antarctica in 1902 by the British National Antarctic Expedition.
# South African Petroleum Industry Association

South African Petroleum Industry Association (SAPIA) was formed in July 1994 by six of South Africa's leading petroleum refining and marketing companies namely:
* BP
* Caltex
* Engen Petroleum
* Shell
* Sasol
* Total
* Zenex Oil (no longer a member)
The stated goal of the organisation is to represent the interests of the petroleum refining and marketing industry in South Africa. The organisation's aim is to ensure that all interested parties clearly understand the contribution that this industry makes to the economic and social development of South Africa. Zenex Oil has subsequently become part of Engen Petroleum. Sasol and Tepco Petroleum joined the organisation in 2000. Mossgas was replaced by PetroSA in 2002.
SAPIA is managed by a board with representation from each of the member companies. The organisation's headquarters is situated in Johannesburg.
The organisation's website provides information as to how fuel prices in South Africa are determined (many liquid fuels in South Africa are subject to price controls). The site also has information on the demand for liquid fuel in South Africa.
SAPIA was in the news early in 1995 during the arguments about the protection that Sasol (then not yet a member) received from government. In protest, SAPIA withdrew from the National Economic Development & Labour Council (NEDLAC) initiative's liquid fuels task team and was strongly criticized for this move, especially by Cosatu.
# Hyperfinite set

In nonstandard analysis, a branch of mathematics, a hyperfinite set or *-finite set is a type of internal set. An internal set H of internal cardinality g ∈ *N (the hypernaturals) is hyperfinite if and only if there exists an internal bijection between G = {1,2,3,...,g} and H. Hyperfinite sets share the properties of finite sets: A hyperfinite set has minimal and maximal elements, and a hyperfinite union of a hyperfinite collection of hyperfinite sets may be derived. The sum of the elements of any hyperfinite subset of *R always exists, leading to the possibility of well-defined integration.
Hyperfinite sets can be used to approximate other sets. If a hyperfinite set approximates an interval, it is called a near interval with respect to that interval. Consider a hyperfinite set $K=\{k_{1},k_{2},\dots ,k_{n}\}$ with a hypernatural n. K is a near interval for [a,b] if k$_1$ = a and k$_n$ = b, and if the difference between successive elements of K is infinitesimal. Phrased otherwise, the requirement is that for every r ∈ [a,b] there is a k$_i$ ∈ K such that k$_i$ ≈ r. This, for example, allows for an approximation to the unit circle, considered as the set $e^{i\theta }$ for θ in the interval [0,2π].
In general, subsets of hyperfinite sets are not hyperfinite, often because they do not contain the extreme elements of the parent set.

## Ultrapower construction

In terms of the ultrapower construction, the hyperreal line *R is defined as the collection of equivalence classes of sequences $\langle u_{n},n=1,2,\ldots \rangle$ of real numbers u$_n$. Namely, the equivalence class defines a hyperreal, denoted $[u_{n}]$ in Goldblatt's notation. Similarly, an arbitrary hyperfinite set in *R is of the form $[A_{n}]$, and is defined by a sequence $\langle A_{n}\rangle$ of finite sets $A_{n}\subseteq \mathbb {R} ,n=1,2,\ldots$
# Philosophy of computer science

The philosophy of computer science is concerned with the philosophical questions that arise within the study of computer science. There is still no common understanding of the content, aims, focus, or topics of the philosophy of computer science, despite some attempts to develop a philosophy of computer science like the philosophy of physics or the philosophy of mathematics. Due to the abstract nature of computer programs and the technological ambitions of computer science, many of the conceptual questions of the philosophy of computer science are also comparable to the philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, and the philosophy of technology.

## Overview

Many of the central philosophical questions of computer science are centered on the logical, ethical, methodological, ontological and epistemological issues that concern it. Some of these questions may include:
* What is computation?
* Does the Church–Turing thesis capture the mathematical notion of an effective method in logic and mathematics?
* What are the philosophical consequences of the P vs NP problem?
* What is information?

## Church–Turing thesis

The Church–Turing thesis and its variations are central to the theory of computation. Since, as an informal notion, the concept of effective calculability does not have a formal definition, the thesis, although it has near-universal acceptance, cannot be formally proven. The implications of this thesis is also of philosophical concern. Philosophers have interpreted the Church–Turing thesis as having implications for the philosophy of mind.

## P versus NP problem

The P versus NP problem is an unsolved problem in computer science and mathematics. It asks whether every problem whose solution can be verified in polynomial time (and so defined to belong to the class NP) can also be solved in polynomial time (and so defined to belong to the class P). Most computer scientists believe that P ≠ NP. Apart from the reason that after decades of studying these problems no one has been able to find a polynomial-time algorithm for any of more than 3000 important known NP-complete problems, philosophical reasons that concern its implications may have motivated this belief.
For instance, according to Scott Aaronson, the American computer scientist then at MIT:
   If P = NP, then the world would be a profoundly different place than we usually assume it to be. There would be no special value in "creative leaps", no fundamental gap between solving a problem and recognizing the solution once it's found. Everyone who could appreciate a symphony would be Mozart; everyone who could follow a step-by-step argument would be Gauss.
# Centennial High School (Corona, California)

Centennial High School (commonly referred to as CHS or CeHS) is a California Distinguished, public high school in the city of Corona, California. It is one of eight high schools in the Corona-Norco Unified School District and is the only high school in the district that provides the International Baccalaureate program of study.

## Campus

The school was constructed in 1989 and is Internet-connected throughout.
The campus covers an area of 1,742,200 square feet (161,860 m$^2$). It has the following facilities:
* 6 tennis courts
* 2 baseball fields, 2 softball fields, 2 soccer fields
* 4 outdoor volleyball courts
* 5 outdoor basketball courts
* A dance room
* A wrestling room
* A weight-lifting room
* A gymnasium and performing arts center which includes a Drama, choir and band room.
* A library/media center
* A football field
* Track and field facilities
* An outdoor pool
* A TV Studio

## Athletics

Centennial High was a member of the Mountain View League, however in the 2007–2008 school year the Mountain View League combined with another league and is now the Big VIII League.

### Football

The 2008 Centennial football team was undefeated and won its first State Championship.

## Notable alumni

* Lonie Paxton (1996) – long snapper for the Denver Broncos
* Robby Felix (2005) – former NFL center
* Brandon Magee (2008) – outside linebacker for the Cleveland Browns
* Matt Scott (2008) – quarterback for the Edmonton Elks
* Vontaze Burfict (2009) – middle linebacker for the Oakland Raiders
* Taylor Martinez (2009) – quarterback for the Philadelphia Eagles
* Amanda Nguyen (2009, valedictorian), drafted the Sexual Assault Survivors' Rights Act, astronaut
* Will Sutton (2009) – defensive tackle for the Chicago Bears
* Mike Caffey (2011) – professional basketball player
* Cameron Hunt (2013) - guard for the Oakland Raiders
* Khalil Ahmad (2015) – basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
* Sedrick Barefield (2015) – guard who plays professionally in the Philippines
* Ike Anigbogu (2016) – center for the Indiana Pacers
* Camryn Bynum (2016) – cornerback for the Minnesota Vikings
* Javon McKinley (2016) – NFL player for the Detroit Lions
* J. J. Taylor (2016) – running back for the New England Patriots
* Segun Olubi (2017) – linebacker for the San Francisco 49ers
* Tanner McKee (2018) – quarterback for the Philadelphia Eagles
* Drake Jackson (2019) – defensive end for the San Francisco 49ers
* Gary Bryant Jr. (2020) – wide receiver for the Oregon Ducks
* Jaylen Clark (2020) – shooting guard for the Minnesota Timberwolves
* Jake Retzlaff (2020) – college American football quarterback for the BYU Cougars
* Kylan Boswell (2022 - transferred) - Basketball player for the Illinois Fighting Illini
* Jared McCain (2023) – guard for the Philadelphia 76ers
* Carter Bryant (2024) - basketball player for the Arizona Wildcats
* Husan Longstreet (2025) - football player for the USC Trojans
# Edgewood High School (West Covina, California)

Edgewood High School is a secondary school located in West Covina, California and is serviced by West Covina Unified School District. Founded as a high school in 1958, it operated until 1988 and was later re-opened in 2010. The newly started high school's first graduating class was the class of 2014, which was the only class on campus when the school first opened in 2010. The school is part of the Freelance League.

## History

Edgewood High School was originally established in 1958 by the Covina Union High School District after they bought land from the Hurst Family Ranch. The purpose of the school was to ease the problems of overcrowding at West Covina High School's old campus. Its athletic teams were known as the Trojans.
It was announced that due to budget deficits, Edgewood High School would be closed after the 1987-88 academic year, leaving West Covina High School as the only high school in the entire district. The district initially planned to sell the campus and consolidate the grades 7 to 8 programs from three other elementary and intermediate schools all at one campus, generating much controversy among parents and stakeholders. Eventually the district decided to keep the Edgewood campus and open Edgewood Middle School. With West Covina High facing overcrowding problems, the district decided to re-open Edgewood High School on the middle school site. In 2010 the high school re-opened as an International Baccalaureate school.

## Demographics

The ethnicity of the school in 2021-2022 was:
    Hispanic/Latino: 632
    Asian: 156
    White: 29
    African American: 15
    American Indian/Alaska Native: 2
    Pacific Islander: 6
    Two or more races: 3
    Not reported: 12
    Total: 855

## Notable alumni

* Rick Aguilera, baseball player for the New York Mets, Minnesota Twins, Boston Red Sox and Chicago Cubs
* Debbie Bartlett, dancer and actress, known for The Love Boat
* Jeff Cook, basketball player for the Phoenix Suns, San Antonio Spurs, Cleveland Cavaliers, and Utah Jazz.
* Jay Johnstone, baseball player for the California Angels, Chicago White Sox, Oakland Athletics, Philadelphia Phillies, New York Yankees, San Diego Padres, Los Angeles Dodgers and Chicago Cubs
* Jim Maceda, Class of 1966, is a journalist and foreign correspondent for NBC News based in London
* Jim Merritt, baseball player for the Minnesota Twins, Cincinnati Reds, Texas Rangers, World Series 1965 and 1970
* Mike Powell, track and field athlete, holder of the long jump world record
* Gary Roenicke, baseball player for the Montreal Expos, Baltimore Orioles and New York Yankees
* Ron Roenicke, MLB player and coach, former Milwaukee Brewers manager

## Yearly API

| Year | API Base Data | API Growth Data | Growth Target | Actual Growth |
| 2010–2011 | — | 789 | — | — |
| 2011–2012 | 790 | 829 | 5 | 40 |
| 2012–2013 | 832 | 819 | — | -10 |