# Professor's Cube

The Professor's Cube (also known as the 5×5×5 Rubik's Cube and many other names, depending on manufacturer) is a 5×5×5 version of the original Rubik's Cube. It has qualities in common with both the 3×3×3 Rubik's Cube and the 4×4×4 Rubik's Revenge, and solution strategies for both can be applied.

## History

The Professor's Cube was invented by Udo Krell in 1981. Out of the many designs that were proposed, Udo Krell's design was the first 5×5×5 design that was manufactured and sold. Uwe Mèffert manufactured the cube and sold it in Hong Kong in 1983.
Ideal Toys, who first popularized the original 3x3x3 Rubik's cube, marketed the puzzle in Germany as the "Rubik's Wahn" (German: Rubik's Craze). When the cube was marketed in Japan, it was marketed under the name "Professor's Cube". Mèffert reissued the cube under the name "Professor's Cube" in the 1990s.
The early versions of the 5×5×5 cube sold at Barnes & Noble were marketed under the name "Professor's Cube" but currently, Barnes and Noble sells cubes that are simply called "5×5 Cube." Mefferts.com used to sell a limited edition version of the 5×5×5 cube called the Professor's Cube. This version had colored tiles rather than stickers. Verdes Innovations sells a version called the V-Cube 5.

## Workings

The original Professor's Cube design by Udo Krell works by using an expanded 3×3×3 cube as a mantle with the center edge pieces and corners sticking out from the spherical center of identical mechanism to the 3×3×3 cube. All non-central pieces have extensions that fit into slots on the outer pieces of the 3×3×3, which keeps them from falling out of the cube while making a turn. The fixed centers have two sections (one visible, one hidden) which can turn independently. This feature is unique to the original design.
The Eastsheen version of the puzzle uses a different mechanism. The fixed centers hold the centers next to the central edges in place, which in turn hold the outer edges. The non-central edges hold the corners in place, and the internal sections of the corner pieces do not reach the center of the cube.
The V-Cube 5 mechanism, designed by Panagiotis Verdes, has elements in common with both. The corners reach to the center of the puzzle (like the original mechanism) and the center pieces hold the central edges in place (like the Eastsheen mechanism). The middle edges and center pieces adjacent to them make up the supporting frame and these have extensions which hold the rest of the pieces together. This allows smooth and fast rotation and created what was arguably the fastest and most durable version of the puzzle available at that time. Unlike the original 5×5×5 design, the V-Cube 5 mechanism was designed to allow speedcubing. Most current production 5×5×5 speed cubes have mechanisms based on Verdes' patent.
* A disassembled Professor's Cube
* A disassembled V-Cube 5
* A disassembled Eastsheen cube

## Stability and durability

The original Professor's Cube is inherently more delicate than the 3×3×3 Rubik's Cube because of the much greater number of moving parts and pieces. Because of its fragile design, the Rubik's brand Professor's Cube is not suitable for Speedcubing. Applying excessive force to the cube when twisting it may result in broken pieces. Both the Eastsheen 5×5×5 and the V-Cube 5 are designed with different mechanisms in an attempt to remedy the fragility of the original design.

## Permutations

There are 98 pieces on the exterior of the cube: 8 corners, 36 edges, and 54 centers (48 movable, 6 fixed).
Any permutation of the corners is possible, including odd permutations, giving 8! possible arrangements. Seven of the corners can be independently rotated, and the orientation of the eighth corner depends on the other seven, giving 3$^7$ (or 2,187) combinations.
There are 54 centers. Six of these (the center square of each face) are fixed in position. The rest consist of two sets of 24 centers. Within each set there are four centers of each color. Each set can be arranged in 24! different ways. Assuming that the four centers of each color in each set are indistinguishable, the number of permutations of each set is reduced to 24!/(24$^6$) arrangements, all of which are possible. The reducing factor comes about because there are 4! (or 24) ways to arrange the four pieces of a given color. This is raised to the sixth power because there are six colors. The total number of permutations of all movable centers is the product of the permutations of the two sets, 24!$^2$/(24$^{12}$).
The 24 outer edges cannot be flipped due to the interior shape of those pieces. Corresponding outer edges are distinguishable, since the pieces are mirror images of each other. Any permutation of the outer edges is possible, including odd permutations, giving 24! arrangements. The 12 central edges can be flipped. Eleven can be flipped and arranged independently, giving 12!/2 × 2$^{11}$ or 12! × 2$^{10}$ possibilities (an odd permutation of the corners implies an odd permutation of the central edges, and vice versa, thus the division by 2). There are 24! × 12! × 2$^{10}$ possibilities for the inner and outer edges together.
This gives a total number of permutations of
    ${\frac {8!\times 3^{7}\times 12!\times 2^{10}\times 24!^{3}}{24^{12}}}\approx 2.83\times 10^{74}$
The full number is precisely 282 870 942 277 741 856 536 180 333 107 150 328 293 127 731 985 672 134 721 536 000 000 000 000 000 possible permutations (about 283 duodecillion on the long scale or 283 trevigintillion on the short scale).
Some variations of the cube have one of the center pieces marked with a logo, which can be put into four different orientations. This increases the number of permutations by a factor of four to 1.13×10$^{75}$, although any orientation of this piece could be regarded as correct. By comparison, the number of atoms in the observable universe is estimated at 10$^{80}$. Other variations increase the difficulty by making the orientation of all center pieces visible. An example of this is shown below.

## Solutions

Speedcubers usually favor the Reduction method which groups the centers into one-colored blocks and grouping similar edge pieces into solid strips. This allows the cube to be quickly solved with the same methods one would use for a 3×3×3 cube, just a stretched out version. As illustrated to the right, the fixed centers, middle edges and corners can be treated as equivalent to a 3×3×3 cube. As a result, once reduction is complete the parity errors sometimes seen on the 4×4×4 cannot occur on the 5×5×5, or any cube with an odd number of layers.
The Yau5 method is named after its proposer, Robert Yau. The method starts by solving the opposite centers (preferably white and yellow), then solving three cross edges (preferably white). Next, the remaining centers and last cross edge are solved. The last cross edge and the remaining unsolved edges are solved, and then it can be solved like a 3x3x3.
Another frequently used strategy is to solve the edges and corners of the cube first, and the centers last. This method is referred to as the Cage method, so called because the centers appear to be in a cage after the solving of edges and corners. The corners can be placed just as they are in any previous order of cube puzzle, and the centers are manipulated with an algorithm similar to the one used in the 4×4×4 cube.
A less frequently used strategy is to solve one side and one layer first, then the 2nd, 3rd and 4th layer, and finally the last side and layer. This method is referred to as Layer-by-Layer. This resembles CFOP, a well known technique used for the 3x3 Rubik's Cube, with 2 added layers and a couple of centers.
ABCube Method is a direct solve method originated by Sunshine Workman in 2020. It is geared to complete beginners and non-cubers. It is similar in order of operation to the Cage Method, but differs functionally in that it is mostly visual and eliminates the standardized notation. It works on all complexity of cubes, from 2x2x2 through big cubes (nxnxn) and only utilizes two easy to remember algorithms; one four twists, the other eight twists, and it eliminates long parity algorithms.

## World records

The world record for fastest 5×5×5 solve is 30.45 seconds, set by Tymon Kolasinski of Poland on November 4, 2024, at Rubik's WCA Asian Championship 2024, in Putrajaya, Malaysia.
The world record for fastest average of five solves (excluding fastest and slowest solves) is 34.76 seconds, set by Max Park of the United States on July 18, 2024, at NAC 2024, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, with the times of (39.71) 35.10 (33.55) 35.44, and 33.75
The record fastest time for solving a 5×5×5 cube blindfolded is 2 minutes, 4.41 seconds (including inspection), set by Stanley Chapel of the United States on November 10, 2023, at Virginia Championship 2023 in Richmond, Virginia.
The record for mean of three solves solving a 5x5x5 cube blindfolded is 2 minutes, 27.63 seconds (including inspection), set by Stanley Chapel of the United States on December 15, 2019, with the times of 2:32.48, 2:28.80, and 2:21.62.

### Top 5 solvers by single solve

| Name | Fastest solve | Competition |
| Tymon Kolasiński | 30.45s | WCA Asian Championship 2024 |
| Max Park | 32.23s | CubeChella 2024 |
| Seung Hyuk Nahm (남승혁) | 33.10s | Daegu Cold Winter 2024 |
| Kai-Wen Wang (王楷文) | 33.80s | Tokai Open PM 2024 |
| Đo Quang Hưng | 35.16s | Robinson Latkrabang Cubing 2024 |

### Top 5 solvers by average of 5 solves

| Name | Fastest average | Competition | Times |
| Max Park | 34.76s | NAC 2024 | (39.71), 35.10, (33.55), 35.44, 33.75 |
| Tymon Kolasiński | 34.79s | Olsztyn Open 2024 | 34.11, (33.03), (39.24), 35.05, 35.20 |
| Kai-Wen Wang (王楷文) | 37.33s | WCA Asian Championship 2024 | 39.34, 36.32, (34.27), 36.33, (44.48) |
| Seung Hyuk Nahm (남승혁) | 37.90s | Big Time Manila 2023 | (48.78), (34.53), 35.30, 38.97, 39.44 |
| Đỗ Quang Hưng | 38.23s | Hanoi Winter 2024 | (36.32), 38.04, (40.37), 36.57, 40.07 |

### Top 5 solvers by single solve blindfolded

| Name | Fastest solve | Competition |
| Stanley Chapel | 2:04.41s | Virginia Championship 2023 |
| Hill Pong Yong Feng | 2:18.78s | WCA World Championship 2023 |
| Ryan Eckersley | 2:28.53s | Cambridge Autumn - BBO 2024 |
| Kaijun Lin (林恺俊) | 2:39.12s | Selangor Cube Open 2019 |
| Ezra Hirschi | 2:45.73s | Sheffield Spring - BBO 2023 |

### Top 5 solvers by average of 3 solves blindfolded

| Name | Fastest solve | Competition | Times |
| Stanley Chapel | 2.27.63 | MCC Epsilon 2019 | 2:32.48, 2:28.80, 2:21.62 |
| Kaijun Lin (林恺俊) | 2:49.17 | Selangor Cube Open 2019 | 2:59.09, 2:39.12, 2:49.30 |
| Hill Pong Yong Feng | 3:09.05 | Slow and Easy Selangor 2024 | 3:15.00, 2:28.17, 3:43.99 |
| Ezra Hirschi | 3:13.43 | Glasgow Winter - SBO 2024 | 3:00.62, 3:24.37, 3:15.30 |
| Ryan Eckersley | 3:22.95 | Rubik's UK Championship 2024 | 3:24.64, 3:08.14, 3:36.07 |

## In popular culture

* A Filipino TV series from ABS-CBN Entertainment named Little Big Shots shows a 10-year old cuber named Franco, who solved a 5×5×5 cube in 1 minute and 47.12 seconds.
* In the movie Line Walker 2: Invisible Spy, two children are shown solving the 5×5×5 cube. They compete to solve multiple cubes consecutively, blindfolded, known as "5×5×5 multi-blind" by speedcubers.