OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mauritian Maroons

Mauritian maroons were African slaves who escaped from slavery in Mauritius. They are considered the first permanent population of Mauritius.

## History

Under governor Adriaan van der Stel in 1642, the early Dutch settlers of the Dutch East India Company brought 105 slaves from Madagascar and parts of Asia to work for them in Dutch Mauritius. However, 52 of these first slaves, including women, escaped into the wilderness of Dutch Mauritius. Only 18 of these escapees were caught. On 18 June 1695, a gang of maroons of Indonesian and Chinese origins, including Aaron d'Amboine, Antoni (Bamboes) and Paul de Batavia, as well as female escapees Anna du Bengale and Espérance, set fire to the Dutch settlers' Fort Frederick Hendryk (Vieux Grand Port) in an attempt to take over control of the island. They were all caught and decapitated. In February 1706 another revolt was organised by the remaining maroons as well as disgruntled slaves. When the Dutch abandoned Dutch Mauritius in 1710 the maroons stayed behind.
When representatives of the French East India Company landed on the island in 1715 they also had to face attacks by the Mauritian maroons. Significant events were the 1724 assault on a military outpost in the Savannah district, as well as the attack on a military barrack in 1732 at Poste de Flacq. Several deaths resulted from such attacks. Soon after his arrival in 1735, Mahé de La Bourdonnais assembled and equipped French militia groups, made up of both civilians and soldiers, to fight against the maroons. In 1739, maroon leader Sans Souci was captured near Flacq and was burnt alive by the French settlers. A few years later, a group of French settlers gave chase to Barbe Blanche, another maroon leader, but lost track of him at Le Morne. Other maroons included Diamamouve and Madame Françoise.

## Modern era

In 2008, Le Morne Brabant, a peninsula at the extreme southwestern tip of Mauritius where Maroons established small communities in the 19th century, was listed as a UNESCO Heritage Site. It represents a symbol of resistance to slavery. In 2009, a monument was unveiled on the island that included an inscription of this extract from the poem "Le Morne Territoire Marron" by Richard Sedley Assonne: "There were hundreds of them, but my people, the maroons, chose the kiss of death over the chains of slavery. Never must we forget their noble deeds, written in the pages of stories for the sake of humanity...".
The poem is referring to the legend that many maroons committed suicide when British soldiers arrived to Le Morne Brabant to announce the abolition of slavery. Maroons thought they had been sent to arrest and re-enslave them.
# NGC 4332

NGC 4332 is a barred spiral galaxy and a starburst galaxy located 128 million light-years away in the constellation Draco. The galaxy was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on March 20, 1790. NGC 4332 is host to a supermassive black hole with an estimated mass of 9.5×10$^7$ solar masses.
NGC 4332 is a member of the NGC 4256 Group, and is located in a subgroup surrounding the galaxy NGC 4210. The NGC 4256 Group is located within the Canes Venatici-Camelopardalis Cloud, which lies in the First Upper Plane of the Virgo Supercluster.

## SN 2009an

NGC 4332 has hosted one supernova, a Type Ia supernova designated as SN 2009an that had an apparent magnitude of 15.4. The supernova was discovered by Giancarlo Cortini and Stefano Antonellini with a 35-cm telescope at the Monte Maggiore Observatory in Predappio, Italy on February 27, 2009. It was independently discovered by Petri Kehusmaa of Hyvinkaa, Finland and Mikko Paivinen of Rajamaki, Finland on February 28, 2009, using a 28-cm Schmidt-Cassegrain reflector.
SN 2009an had absolute magntude of -18.841 ± 5 in the blue part of the spectrum. This makes it dimmer than a normal Type Ia supernova. Also, SN 2009an had a light curve that declined a lot faster than a normal Type Ia supernova. Additionally, the bolometric luminosity is estimated at 42.89 erg/s, implying that about 0.41 solar masses of were synthesized in the supernova. However, to account for additional flux lost from UV and NIR light bands, the estimate for the amount of nickel-56 thought to have formed in the supernova increases to 0.50 solar masses. Lastly, spectroscopic data show that SN 2009an has high-velocity features which are observed in the calcium triplet during its pre-maximum and early post-maximum phases. However, the post-maximum spectral evolution resembles a normal Type Ia supernovae, with SN 2009an containing broad Si II 6355 Å lines and Si II 5972 Å lines that are stronger than a normal Type Ia supernova.
These properties make Sn 2009an most similar to another Type Ia supernova known as SN 2004eo. It is thought that supernovae like SN 2009an and SN 2004eo form from the explosion of a white dwarf with lower amounts of kinetic energy than a normal Type Ia supernova and produce more stable elements from the Iron-Group of the periodic table such as iron, nickel and others. These types of Type Ia supernovae account for only 15% of all observed Type Ia supernovae known as non-standard or transitional Type Ia events.
# Armando Oropa

Armando Obet Oropa (born 31 August 2003) is an Indonesian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Liga 1 club PSBS Biak.

## International career

On 25 November 2024, Oropa received a called-up to the preliminary squad to the Indonesia national team for the 2024 ASEAN Championship.
# Sonata per archi

The String Sonata No. 1, commonly referred to by its original Italian name Sonata per archi, is a composition for string orchestra by German composer Hans Werner Henze. It was composed between 1957 and 1958.

## Composition

The sonata was commissioned by Paul Sacher for his own orchestra, the Collegium Musicum Zürich, together with his Double Concerto for Oboe, Harp and Strings, and was written between 1957 and early 1958. According to Henze, it was influenced by an earlier idea of Heinz von Cramer, the librettist of Henze's König Hirsch, for a ballet about the Embarquement pour Cythère. It was premiered by Paul Sacher in Zürich on March 21, 1958. It was dedicated to Paul Sacher and his wife, Maya Sacher and was later published by B. Schotts' Sohne.

## Structure

The sonata is in two movements and has a total duration of 15 minutes. The movement list is as follows:
* 1. Allegro
* 2. 32 Variations
** Thema. Mosso
** Variation I. Adagio
** Variation II. Più mosso
** Variation III. Lo stesso tempo
** Variation IV. Molto calmo
** Variation V. Lo stesso tempo, con tenerezza
** Variation VI. Assai mosso, con vigore
** Variation VII. Meno mosso, leggiero
** Variation VIII. Ancora meno
** Variation IX. Con moto
** Variation X. Più mosso
** Variation XI. Molto più mosso, appassionato
** Variation XII. Mesto
** Variation XIII. Un poco più mosso
** Variation XIV. Lo stesso tempo (estremamente piano)
** Variation XV. Ancora calmo
** Variation XVI. Con fuoco
** Variation XVII. Veloce
** Variation XVIII. Lo stesso tempo
** Variation XIX. Lo stesso tempo
** Variation XX. Ritardando
** Variation XXI. Di nuovo assai mosso
** Variation XXII. Di più
** Variation XXIII. Leggiero
** Variation XXIV. Meno mosso
** Variation XXV. Furioso
** Variation XXVI. Molto più lento
** Variation XXVII. Molto meno mosso ancora
** Variation XXVIII. Subito più mosso
** Variation XXIX. Sostenuto
** Variation XXX. Grave (Lamentandosi)
** Variation XXXI. ♩. = 76
** Variation XXXII. ♩ = 60
Its structure is nothing like a traditional sonata and displays the composer's distinctive serialist style. The first movement consists of a five-minute Stravinskian toccata, with plenty neo-classical features. It starts in E minor, but modulates in minor-third oscillations. The second movement is presumably influenced by Beethoven and consists of a set of attacca variations which are very difficult to distinguish by ear. It is scored for eight first violins, six second violins, four violas , four celli and two double basses.

## Notable recordings

* Paul Sacher conducted the Collegium Musicum Zürich in August 1967. The recording was released by Deutsche Grammophon both in LP and CD format.
# Héda Frost

Héda Frost (born 15 September 1936) is a French former freestyle swimmer. She competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 1960 Summer Olympics.
# Chippenham, Cambridgeshire

Chippenham is a village and civil parish in Cambridgeshire, England, part of East Cambridgeshire district around 4 miles (6.4 km) north-east of Newmarket and 10 miles (16 km) north-east of Cambridge.

## History

The parish of Chippenham covers 4,300 acres (1,700 ha) at the eastern end of Cambridgeshire. It is bordered by Suffolk to both the north (where the border follows the River Kennett) and the south (where the border follows the Icknield Way). To the east it is separated from Kennett, and to the west there are borders with Fordham and Snailwell, and a short border with Isleham. The present parish incorporates both the smaller medieval parish and the hamlet of Badlingham. Listed as Chipeham in the Domesday Book of 1086, the name "Chippenham" probably means "river meadow of a man called Cippa".
Chippenham Park is a large country estate created by Edward Russell, 1st Earl of Orford.

## Church

There has been a church in Chippenham since at least the 12th century which served both Chippenham and Badlingham. The present parish church has been dedicated to Saint Margaret of Antioch since 1279, and consists of a chancel with south chapel and north vestry, an aisled nave of seven bays, and a rectangular west tower. The oldest parts of the building date from the 12th century. The tower was rebuilt in the 15th century.
The church has four 15th-century wall paintings that were plastered over with psalms in the 17th century, and rediscovered in the late 19th century.
John Gauden, later Bishop of Exeter and Worcester, was vicar of Chippenham in the 1630s.

## Village life

The village has one pub, The Tharp Arms, which was opened in 1704 on the High Street. In the 18th century it was known as the New Goat Inn after which it was renamed The Angel and then The Hope Inn before receiving its present name in 1910. There was also an outdoor beer tent listed in the village in the 1850s.
The village's water pump which stands at the junction of the High Street and Snailwell Road was last used in 1948 and has an unusual cap.
Lord Orford founded the village's first school in 1708 and by 1712 a school building had been completed opposite the church (which survives today as a house). In 1821 additional space was added for junior children and children also attended from neighbouring Snailwell. In the mid-19th century the attendance was around 36, and after 1875 it rose steadily until there were 100 pupils in 1910. This then fell to 77 in 1919 and under 40 by the 1930s. In 1954 senior children were moved to Burwell and when numbers had fallen to only 25 juniors in 1978 the school closed, with the remaining children transferred to Isleham.
A playground was built behind Tharp Way in 1980.

## Chippenham Fen

Chippenham Fen is a National Nature Reserve and part of the Fenland Special Area of Conservation.
# Bhura Singh Valmiki

Bhura Singh Valmiki was an Indian freedom fighter and commander-in-chief of the army of the princely state of Ballabhgarh. He led the Ballabhgarh state's army in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and was hanged on 9 January 1858 in Delhi's Chandni Chowk along with two other leaders of the mutiny.
# Friedrich Pitzschky Tenement

The Friedrich Pitzschky Tenement (German: Mietshaus Friedrich Pitzschky; Polish: Kamienica Friedricha Pitzschky’ego), also known as the People's House (German: Volkshaus), was a tenement house, which was located at the corner of today's Wielka Odrzańska Street and New Market, in the Old Town, in the Centre district. It was destroyed in a bombardment in 1944.

## History

The design of the building was created in 1875 to order of Friedrich Emil Pitzschky, the owner of an insurance company. The building permit was granted in June 1875 and the construction work was carried out between 1876 and 1877. The tenement housed the offices of insurance and shipping companies, including the management of Pitzschky's company. On 14 June 1910 the building was sold for 192,500 marks to the society "Volkshaus". In 1939 the building became the property of the representation of workers and employers of the Deutsche Arbeitsfronts Gau Pommern. In 1944 the building was damaged in a bombardment and was never rebuilt. In the 1990s, as part of the revitalisation of Podzamcze (lower Old Town below the Ducal Castle), a post-modern building was erected on original foundation. Formally it is one building, but its façade consists of three different segments, imitating separate houses.

## Description

The tenement house was a three-storey building with a basement. The façade of the ground floor and the first floor was decorated with bossage. The windows of the upper floor separated Ionic pilasters. The corner of the building was distinguished by a bay window on the third floor. A frieze with small windows located between the third floor and the roof.
# Palace of the Pomeranian Landowners

The Palace of the Pomeranian Landowners (Polish: Pałac Ziemstwa Pomorskiego), also known as the General Landscape Administration of Pomerania Building (German: Gebäude der Pommersche Generallandschaftsdirektion), is a historical Baroque Revival palace in Szczecin, Poland, located at 40 Independence Avenue in the neighbourhood of Centrum. It was designed by Emil Drews, and constructed between 1893 and 1895, as the headquarters of the General Landscape Administration of Pomerania and the Pomeranian Rural Bank. Since 2016, it houses the Faculty of Music of the Szczecin Art Academy.

## History

The building was designed by Szczecin-based architect Emil Drews in the Baroque Revival style. It was constructed between 1883 and 1895, in place of the Royal Bastion, which was part of the city fortifications. The building became headquarters of the General Landscape Administration of Pomerania (German: Pommersche Generallandschaftsdirektion), an organization of the wealthy landowners of the Province of Pomerania. It also housed the Pomeranian Rural Bank (German: Pommersche Landschaft), a mortgage bank run by the organization.
Following the end of the Second World War, the building became regional headquarters of the Postal Savings Bank, which was replaced by the PKO Bank Polski in 1948. It remained there until 2014, afterwhich, it became faculty buildign of economic schools, before being acquired by the Szczecin Art Academy, to house its Faculty of Music.
In 1976, it received the status of a protected cultural property.

## Characteristics

The palace has richly-decorated Baroque Revival façade and two wings of different lengths on its sides. Its main entrace, located in the middle section, consists of decorative avant-corps with a porch, and a balcony above it, with two statues depicting a knight and a farmer. At the top is a tympanum, held by columns, featuring a coat of arms of Pomerania with nine fields in a shiled, held by three gladiators. Above it, is a sculpture of a griffin holding a shield with a ligature of letters F and R, representing Frederick the Great, the King of Prussia and the Elector of Brandenburg from 1740 to 1786. It stands of a pedestal with inscribed date 1781, referring to the founding of the General Landscape Administration of Pomerania. The façade of the first and second storeys are decorated with bossage. Many of the rooms maintain original decorations.

## Gallery

* The avant-corps.
* The tympanum.
* The sculpture of a knight.
* The sculpture of a farmer.
* The former main meeting hall.
# Hui Liangyu

Hui Liangyu (Chinese: 回良玉; pinyin: Huí Liángyù, Xiao'erjing: ﺧُﻮِ ﻟِﯿْﺎ ﻳُﻮْْ ; born October 1944) is a Chinese retired politician who served as a vice premier of China from 2003 to 2013, in charge of agriculture.
He previously served as the party secretary of Anhui from 1998 to 1999, and the party secretary of Jiangsu from 1999 to 2002.

## Biography

Hui was born in Yushu, Jilin in October 1944. He is a member of the Hui ethnic minority. Starting in 1969, he worked in a number of Chinese Communist Party and government positions, rising to full membership in the Politburo of the CCP Central Committee in November 2002. He was the CCP party chief in Jiangsu from 2000 to 2002. He served as a Vice Premier from 2003 to 2013.
# 2019 COTIF Women's Football Tournament

The 2019 L'Alcúdia International Football Tournament is a football competition which is being held from 1 August to 8 August 2019 at Els Arcs de, Alcúdia.

## Participating nations

All the five teams will play each other in a round robin phase and the top two teams will play the final.
Following national teams are participating :
* Bolivia U19 (CONMEBOL)
* Spain U19 (UEFA)
* India (AFC)
* Mauritania (CAF)
* Villarreal U20 (Spain)

## Group stage

* Times listed are UTC+02:00
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| 1 | Spain U19 (H) | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 1 | +17 | 12 | Final |
| 2 | Villarreal U20 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 13 | 4 | +9 | 9 | Final |
| 3 | India | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 5 | +5 | 6 | |
| 4 | Bolivia U19 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 8 | −2 | 3 | |
| 5 | Mauritania | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 29 | −28 | 0 | |

## Top scorers

    As of 8 August 2019
| Rank | Player | Country | Goals |
| 1 | María Colonques | Villarreal U20 | 4 |
| 1 | Irene López | Spain U19 | 4 |
| 3 | Doerksen | Bolivia U19 | 3 |
| 4 | Nongmaithem Ratanbala Devi | India | 2 |
| 4 | Dangmei Grace | India | 2 |
| 4 | Ngangom Bala Devi | India | 2 |
| 4 | Loitongbam Ashalata Devi | India | 2 |
| 4 | Asunción Martinez | Spain U19 | 2 |
| 4 | Ainhoa Marín | Spain U19 | 2 |
| 4 | Jessica Collado | Villarreal U20 | 2 |
| 4 | Sheila Gomez | Villarreal U20 | 2 |
| 4 | Veizaga | Bolivia U19 | 2 |
# Lesotho at the 2024 Summer Olympics

Lesotho competed at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris from 26 July to 11 August 2024. It was the nation's thirteenth appearance at the Olympics since its debut in 1972, except in 1976 in Montreal, where the nation joined the rest of the African nations to boycott.

## Competitors

The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
| Sport | Men | Women | Total |
| Athletics | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Taekwondo | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Total | 1 | 2 | 3 |

## Athletics

Lesotho track and field athletes achieved the entry standards for Paris 2024, either by passing the direct qualifying mark (or time for track and road races), by world ranking, or by receiving the universality spots, in the following events (a maximum of 3 athletes each):

### Key

* Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
* Q = Qualified for the next round
* q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
* NR = National record
* N/A = Round not applicable for the event
* Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round

### Track and road events

| Athlete | Event | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Result | Rank |
| Tebello Ramakongoana | Men's marathon | 2:07:58 NR | 7 |
| Mokulubete Blandina Makatisi | Women's marathon | 2:30:20 PB | 31 |

## Taekwondo

For the first time since 2004, Lesotho qualified one athlete to compete at the games. 2019 African games silver medalist, Michelle Tau, qualified for Paris 2024 following the triumph of her victory in semifinal round, and successfully obtained one of two available spots through 2024 African Qualification Tournament in Dakar, Senegal.
| Athlete | Event | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Repechage | Final / BM | Final / BM |
| Athlete | Event | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Rank |
| Michelle Tau | Women's −49 kg | Nematzadeh (IRI) L 0–3, 0–2 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
# Triptyq

Triptyq is a classical hip hop project consisting of Antoniette Costa (vocals, harp), Tara Kamangar (piano, violin), and Kevin Olusola (cello, beatboxing). The trio has performed at the Festival del Sole and the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Headquarters. Their first single, "Mr. Right," debuted at #2 on the Classical iTunes Chart.
# Manilal Chaturbhai Shah

Manilal Chaturbhai Shah was an Indian politician. He was a Member of Parliament representing Bombay State in the Rajya Sabha the upper house of India's Parliament as member of the Indian National Congress.
# Arthur Swinson

Arthur Horace Swinson (1915–1970) was a British Army officer, writer, playwright, and historian. A prolific playwright, he authored more than 300 works.
Swinson was born in St Albans, Hertfordshire, to Hugh Swinson and Lilla Fisher Swinson. He attended St Albans School. He enlisted in the Rifle Brigade in 1939 and in 1940 was commissioned into the Worcestershire Regiment. In the Far East, he fought at the 1944 Battle of Kohima as a staff captain with the British 5th Brigade, which commanded the 7th Battalion of his regiment. The diaries he kept during the battle are now lodged in the Imperial War Museum. He served until 1946, with postings in Malaya, Burma, Assam and India during World War II. In 1949, he subsequently became a writer and producer at the BBC where he produced a number of programmes for Richard Attenborough.
In 1965, Swinson wrote a book about the Jallianwala Bagh massacre entitled Six Minutes to Sunset: The Story of General Dyer and the Amritsar Affair which aimed to justify Reginald Dyer's actions, claiming they were influenced by a fear of an invasion from Afghanistan and a desire to protect European women.
In 1966, Swinson wrote and published "Kohima," an account of the Battle of Kohima which was fought from April to June 1944 and in which he was a participant. The preface states that Field Marshal William Slim directed Swinson to ensure that Kohima and Imphal are described as twin battles fought under Slim's 14th Army. This Swinson does. Ultimately, however, the book focuses on the experience of the British 2nd Infantry Division. The book is a good adjunct to Slim's "Defeat into Victory" and Masters' "Road Past Mandalay."
Swinson was the author of Scotch on the Rocks (1963 and 2005), which told the true story of the wartime wreck of the SS Politician, on which Compton Mackenzie's novel Whisky Galore (1947) – and the Ealing Comedy of the same title – were based.
He died in Spain while on vacation, aged 55. He was survived by his wife, Joyce Budgen, and their three children.
# Arlequin roi de Serendib

Arlequin roi de Serendib is a three-act farce by Alain-René Lesage. It was first performed at the Foire Saint-Germain in 1713.

## Plot summary

After being marooned on the island of Serendib, Pierrot and Mezzetin are separated from Arlequin. Pierrot and Mezzetin, being familiar with the customs of the island, disguise themselves as women to avoid being killed and are appointed priestesses by the natives. Arlequin, on the other hand, allows himself to be captured, and the natives crown him king. Arlequin enjoys some of the perks of kingship, including fancy meals, a formal portrait sitting, concubines, and a personal physician, before he discovers that the natives sacrifice their kings to their gods.
Before the sacrifice, however, Mezzetin creates a diversion, as he too would like to escape from Serendib where he is being courted by the Grand Visir. Mezzetin, Pierrot, and Arlequin escape to Paris.

## Characters

* Arlequin, king of Serendib
* Mezzetin, disguised as the grand priestess
* Pierrot, disguised as her confidente
* The Grand Visir
* The Grand Sacrificer
* A Painter
* A Doctor
* Harem girls
* A Greek girl