OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Charles François Philibert Masson

Charles François Philibert Masson (1762 in Blamont – 1807 in Coblenz) was a Frenchman who is notable for the books that he published. His Secret Memoirs of the Court of St Petersburg described the court of Catherine the Great and Paul I of Russia. They are still in print.
Charles François Philibert Masson was a member of the Institut de France
The Frenchman started his career as an apprentice watchmaker in Neuchâtel, but he was more interested in the arts and traveled to Russia where he became the tutor of the children of Count Nikolai Saltykov, the Minister of War. The count made him his major domus. He made himself popular in the élite of Saint Petersburg through his wit, his taste in literature and his conversation.
He became private secretary to grandduke Alexander of Russia, the man who became Tsar Alexander I in 1805.
Charles François Philibert Masson was popular in the great houses of Saint Petersburg and at court but the tyrannical Tsar Paul I expelled him from Russia as an outspoken sympathiser of the French Revolution.
He lived in Germany for a while before returning to France where he published his Mémoires secrets sur la Russie.
At the time of his death he worked as a French government-official, "secrétaire-général de la préfecture", in Coblenz by the Rhine, in those days a French city.

## Some of the works by Charles François Philibert Masson

* Secret Memoirs of the Court of St Petersburg, published in 1800 or 1802, translated from the French into English in 1895
* les Helvétiens: En Huit Chants , poems, 1799
* La nouvelle Astrée, a novel about knights
* Ode sur la fondation de la république, a poem that won a prize from the Institut de France in 1802
* statistique du département de Rhin et Moselle, a work on geography
* les jardins de Samboursky, a poem
* Elmire ou la fleur qui ne se flétrit jamais, a story, Berlin 1790
* Cours mémorial de géographie Berlijn 1787 and St. Petersburg 1790. An instruction for pupils of the school for artillery
# Lunex Project

The Lunex Project was a US Air Force 1958 plan for a crewed lunar landing prior to the Apollo Program. The final lunar expedition plan in 1961 was for a 21-person underground Air Force base on the Moon by 1968 at a total cost of $7.5 billion. The primary distinction between the later Apollo missions and Lunex was the orbital rendezvous maneuver. The Lunex vehicle, composed of a landing module and a lifting body return/re-entry module, would land the entire vehicle and all astronauts on the surface, whereas the final Apollo mission involved a separate ascent module leaving the command module and service module connected in lunar orbit with a single astronaut. The original plan for Apollo was for direct ascent, similar to Lunex.

## Design details
### Associated vehicles (estimates)

Lunex Lunar Lander
* Crew Size: 3
* Length: 16.16 m (53.01 ft)
* Maximum Diameter: 7.62 m (24.99 ft)
* Span: 7.62 m (24.99 ft)
* Mass: 61 000 kg (134 000 lb)
* Agency: USAF

### Location

Selection of base sites were to be made by automated probes, with Kepler crater being a studied location.

## Background

Lunex planned to make its first lunar landing and return in 1967, in order to beat the Soviets and demonstrate conclusively that America could win future international competition in technology with the USSR. The Air Force felt that no achievement short of a lunar landing would have the required historical significance.
The use of the direct ascent profile was considered to be the most promising because it eliminated some of the complexities of the Lunar orbit rendezvous that would later be used by Apollo: in particular there would be no need to develop rendezvous techniques in space. The down side was that the Lunex spacecraft would be much heavier than Apollo to carry the extra fuel required to land the entire spacecraft on the Moon and return it to lunar orbit, and consequently a larger rocket would be required to send it to the Moon.

### Major "Prestige" milestones$^{:3.6}$

| Date | Milestone |
| April 1965 | First Manned Orbital Flight (3 Man Space Vehicle) |
| July 1966 | First Lunar landing (Cargo) |
| September 1966 | Manned Circumlunar Flight |
| August 1967 | Manned lunar landing and Return |
| January 1968 | Permanently Manned Lunar Expedition |

### Problems

The main problems to be solved were:$^{:1.7}$
* Re-entry at 11,000 m/s (37,000 ft/s), with the flight path within a two-degree angle to avoid overheating or skipping out of the Earth's atmosphere. The latter would not kill the crew directly, but would leave the Earth-return spacecraft in an elliptical orbit where they might be exposed to excessive radiation in the Van Allen belts before the next re-entry opportunity.
* Development of the lunar landing stage, which would have to make a precision landing tail-first on rocket thrust: something never previously tested.
* Development of the lunar launching stage, which had no backup capability, so must be extremely reliable and capable of automated checkout on the lunar surface, and capable of putting the crew into the correct orbit to return to Earth.
# Morris House (New Haven, Connecticut)

The Pardee-Morris House, also known as John Morris House, is a historic house museum at 325 Lighthouse Road in New Haven, Connecticut. Probably built in the late 17th century, it is one of New Haven's oldest surviving buildings, and a good example of First Period colonial architecture. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. It is now owned and operated by the New Haven Museum and Historical Society, and is open seasonally for events, classes and tours.

## Description and history

The Pardee-Morris House is located in New Haven's Morris Cove area, on the east side of New Haven Harbor. It is located at the southeast corner of Lighthouse Road and Morris Avenue. It is a large 2+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure, with stone end walls and chimneys, and a clapboarded exterior. The stone is laid in part with mortar of great antiquity, into which shells have been mixed. The main facade is seven bays wide, with sash windows arranged symmetrically about the main entrance. The entrance is sheltered by a modern shed-roof hood.
The oldest portions of the house are believed to date to the late 17th century, probably during the lifetime of Thomas Morris, the first colonial grantee of land in this area, or one of his sons. It was partially burned by the British in 1779. It remained in the Morris family until 1915, when it was sold to William Pardee. He only briefly occupied the house, and willed it to the historical society upon his death a few years later, along with an endowment for its care.
# DC Showcase: Sgt. Rock

DC Showcase: Sgt. Rock is an American animated short war superhero film based on the titular character, directed by Bruce Timm, written by Louise Simonson, Walter Simonson and Tim Sheridan, and produced by Warner Bros. Animation and DC Entertainment. The short was included as part of the home media release of Batman: Hush.
It is the first DC Showcase installment in eight years since DC Showcase: Catwoman.

## Plot

Waking up in a field hospital months after his squad, Easy Company, was killed in a fierce battle and recovering from his injuries, Sgt. Rock is tasked by Lt. Matthew Shrieve to capture a female German Nazi scientist with the aid of the top secret Creature Commandos, consisting of Pvt. Warren Griffith, a wolfman hybrid, Sgt. Vincent Velcoro, a vampire, and Pvt. Elliot "Lucky" Taylor, a Frankenstein-like monster. They quietly enter the castle and find the scientist and her assistant but are ambushed by Rock's archenemy, the Iron Major. The scientist activates a switch to a generator powering a "rumored doomsday weapon". Taylor destroys the generator, and the steel doors of a chamber burst open, releasing Rock's squad, the Easy Company, who were revived as undead soldiers. The Creature Commandos manage to kill five of the zombies but discover that the generator was meant to revive Rock's friend Bulldozer. Bulldozer was a physically equal match to Taylor and both Velcoro and Griffith could not stop him either. Sgt. Rock manages to get a hold of his Thompson submachine gun and kills Bulldozer with it. As the laboratory catches on fire, Iron Major and the scientists attempt to flee but Rock and the Commandos corner them. The Major gloats saying Rock will not shoot them because he has orders to take them alive so that the Americans can force them to build their own "army of the dead". Realizing this, Rock orders the Commandos to kill the Iron Major and the scientists and burn down the castle along with their research. Once outside, Rock orders the Commandos to fall in as he is about to make a statement. He says that Lt. Shrieve has been taking them for granted and for withholding information in the mission briefing, Rock has guaranteed he will do everything in his power so that never again will the Creature Commandos be deployed in battle in this manner and they will keep quiet about what happen in the castle. As they move out, Rock takes one last look at the burning castle knowing he has given Easy Company a proper cremation before he departs.

## Cast

* Karl Urban as Sgt. Rock
* Keith Ferguson as Lt. Matthew Shrieve
* William Salyers as The Iron Major
* Audrey Wasilewski as Nurse
# 1927 Volta a Catalunya

The 1927 Volta a Catalunya was the ninth edition of the Volta a Catalunya cycle race and was held from 28 August to 4 September 1927. The race started and finished in Barcelona. The race was won by Victor Fontan.

## Route and stages

List of stages :
| Stage | Date | Course | Distance | Winner |
| 1 | 28 August | Barcelona to Tortosa | 213 km (132 mi) | Maurice Ville (FRA) |
| 2 | 29 August | Tortosa to Reus | 204 km (127 mi) | Ferdinand Le Drogo (FRA) |
| 3 | 30 August | Reus to Igualada | 189 km (117 mi) | Victor Fontan (FRA) |
| 4 | 31 August | Igualada to Vic | 191 km (119 mi) | Georges Cuvelier (FRA) |
| 5 | 1 September | Vic to Banyoles | 122 km (76 mi) | Georges Cuvelier (FRA) |
| 6 | 2 September | Banyoles to Sant Feliu de Guíxols | 163 km (101 mi) | Ferdinand Le Drogo (FRA) |
| 7 | 3 September | Sant Feliu de Guíxols to Caldes d'Estrac | 121 km (75 mi) | Georges Cuvelier (FRA) |
| 8 | 4 September | Caldes d'Estrac to Barcelona | 130 km (81 mi) | Victor Fontan (FRA) |
| | Total | Total | 1,333 km (828 mi) | 1,333 km (828 mi) | 1,333 km (828 mi) |

## General classification

| Rank | Rider | Time |
| 1 | Victor Fontan (FRA) | 51h 03' 34" |
| 2 | Mariano Cañardo (ESP) | + 3' 01" |
| 3 | Georges Cuvelier (FRA) | + 12' 02" |
| 4 | Giuseppe Pancera (ITA) | + 23' 51" |
| 5 | Juan Mateu Ribé [ca] (ESP) | + 1h 02' 33" |
| 6 | Julio Borràs [ca] (ESP) | + 1h 05' 14" |
| 7 | Joan Juan Cañellas [ca] (ESP) | + 1h 25' 25" |
| 8 | Ferdinand Le Drogo (FRA) | + 1h 48' 46" |
| 9 | José Pons (ESP) | + 1h 59' 18" |
| 10 | José María Murcia (ESP) | + 1h 59' 46" |
# Tsege language

The Tsege language, Tchitchege, is a member of the Teke dialect continuum of the western Congo Basin.
# 1917 Danish local elections

Regional elections were held in Denmark in March 1917. 10166 municipal council members were elected.
# Anuradha Rana

Anuradha Rana (born 1993) is an Indian politician from Himachal Pradesh. She is the member of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly from Lahaul and Spiti. She is a member of Indian National Congress.

## Early life and education

Rana is from Lahaul and Spiti. Her father's name is Roshan Lal. She completed her M.A. in English in 2018 and M.A. in Political Science in 2023 from Indira Gandhi National Open University.

## Career

Rana won the 2024 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections from Lahaul and Spiti representing Indian National Congress.
# 1933 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship final

The 1933 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final was the 46th All-Ireland Final and the culmination of the 1933 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, an inter-county hurling tournament for the top teams in Ireland. The match was held at Croke Park, Dublin, on 3 September 1933, between Limerick and Kilkenny. The Munster champions lost to their Leinster opponents on a score line of 1-7 to 0-6.

## Match details

| Kilkenny | Limerick |
# The Reluctant Heroes

The Reluctant Heroes is a made-for-TV movie and war film set in the period of the Korean War. It was directed by Robert Day and starred Ken Berry, Jim Hutton, Trini López, Don Marshall, Ralph Meeker, Cameron Mitchell and Warren Oates.

## Plot

A tired platoon is about to be sent home, but is picked to hold an observation point. They are led by the inexperienced Lt. Parnell Murphy (Ken Berry), who is a military historian with no combat experience. In order to defend Hill 656, which has strategic importance, he uses military tactics of Napoleon and Alexander the Great, which he draws from his own studies in history.

## Cast

* Lt. Parnell Murphy ... Ken Berry
* Cpl. Bill Lukens ... Jim Hutton
* Pvt. Sam Rivera ... Trini López
* Pvt. Carver LeMoyne ... Don Marshall
* Capt. Luke Danvers ... Ralph Meeker
* Sgt. Marion Bryce ... Cameron Mitchell
* Cpl. Leroy Sprague ... Warren Oates
* Pvt. Golden ... Richard Young
* Cpl. Bates ... Michael St. George
* Korean Officer ... Soon-Tek Oh

## Production

The original title of the film was The Egghead on Hill 656 and was based on an original script by Herman Hoffman. Robert Mirsch signed to produce in February 1971.
It was filmed on a Paramount Studios back lot.
One of the issues addressed in the film is racism. Even though the film was lacking in some areas, its emphasis was correct on the strategic importance of bridges.

## Release

The Los Angeles Times said "there is nothing new in the movie" but it "has its entertaining moments mostly because the players on the screen are so easy to watch."
# Gleb Makarevich

Gleb Vasilyevich Makarevich (Russian: Глеб Васильевич Макаревич; 28 May 1920, Tiflis - 25 December 1999 Moscow) was a Soviet and Russian architect and chief architect of Moscow in 1980–1987. He was a member of the Union of Architects of the USSR, Honored Architect of the RSFSR, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Arts, Honorary Member of the International Academy of Architecture in Moscow and laureate of USSR State Prizes. He was also member of the Board of the Union of Architects, deputy of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR and deputy of the Moscow City Council.

## Biography

Gleb Makarevich was born on May 28, 1920, in Tiflis in the family of the architect Vasily Lvovich Makarevich (1893–1975), who worked in the KHRAMGESSTROY trust system in Tsalka from 1937 to 1946 during the construction of the Temple Hydroelectric Power Station.
In 1943 he graduated from the Kuybyshev Military Engineering Academy and in 1947 from the Moscow Architectural Institute. He participated in the Great Patriotic War.
From 1947 to 1961 he worked as an architect in one of the design institutes, and was a participant in the design and construction of the Palace of Congresses in the Kremlin as part of the Kremlin group of Mosproekt.
Since 1964, he worked as the head of the department for the Design of Public Buildings and Structures "Mosproekt-2" and then from 1967 as deputy head of the Main Architectural and Planning Department of Moscow.
In 1980-1987 he was the head of GlavAPU and the chief architect of Moscow. Then Makarevich Deputy Head of the Mosproekt-2 Department, Chief Architect of Workshop No. 11 for the design of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University complex. He was a member of the editorial board of the Moskovsky Rabochiy publishing house, the Moscow Architecture and Construction newspaper, and the Moscow encyclopedia.
He was married to Tatyana Andreevna Ganskaya-Reshetnikova (1920–1982), an artist. They had a son Igor Glebovich Makarevich (born 1943) who was also an artist.

## Selected works

* USSR KGB building (1982, Kuznetsky Most Street, 24)
* Monument to V. I. Lenin, sculptor L. E. Kerbel (1985, Kaluga Square)
* Monument-bust to N. S. Stroev, sculptor Lev Kerbel (1987, near house No. 59 on Leningradsky Prospekt)
# 1937 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship final

The 1937 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final was a hurling match played at Fitzgerald Stadium in Killarney, County Kerry on 5 September 1937 to determine the winners of the 1937 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship, the 51st season of the All-Ireland Senior Football Championship, a tournament organised by the Gaelic Athletic Association for the champions of the three hurling provinces of Ireland. The final was contested by Tipperary of Munster and Kilkenny of Leinster, with Tipperary winning by 3-11 to 0-3.
For the first time since 1909 the All-Ireland final was played at a venue other than Croke Park. Construction of the new Cusack Stand was eleven months behind schedule due to a strike by builders leaving Croke Park unusable.
The first half failed to live up to expectations as Tipperary, with a number of bright youngsters in their side, swept Kilkenny aside. Tommy Doyle, one of Tipperary's newcomers, had his side a point clear virtually from the throw-in. Kilkenny, with a somewhat veteran team, failed to match a speedier Tipperary and only managed two points in the first half. Tipperary finished the half with 2-8, with goals by Dinny Murphy and Jimmy Coffey.
After the interval Jimmy Cooney was a key player for Tipperary at midfield. Kilkenny introduced veteran Lory Meagher from the substitutes in a bid to improve matters, but Tipperary still dominated. Meagher recorded Kilkenny's solitary score of the second half, a point and the opening score of the half. Tipperary responded with another goal by Dinny Murphy to finally end the game as a contest.
Tipperary's All-Ireland victory was their first since 1930. The win gave them their 12th All-Ireland title over all and put them as outright leaders on the all-time roll of honour. It was their first championship defeat of Kilkenny since the 1916 All-Ireland final.
Kilkenny's All-Ireland defeat was their second successive after being beaten by Limerick in 1936. It was their first championship defeat by Tipperary since the 1913 All-Ireland final.

## Match details

| Tipperary | Kilkenny |
# 1938 UCI Track Cycling World Championships

The 1938 UCI Track Cycling World Championships were the World Championship for track cycling. They took place in Amsterdam, Netherlands from 27 August to 4 September 1938. Three events for men were contested, two for professionals and one for amateurs.

## Medal summary

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Men's Professional Events ||||
| Men's sprint details | Arie van Vliet Netherlands | Jef Scherens Belgium | Albert Richter Germany |
| Men's motor-paced details | Erich Metze Germany | Walter Lohmann Germany | Eduardo Severgnini Italy |
| Men's Amateur Events ||||
| Men's sprint details | Johan Van Der Vijver Netherlands | Bruno Loatti Italy | Jan Derksen Netherlands |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Netherlands (NED) | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| 2 | Germany (GER) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 3 | Italy (ITA) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 4 | Belgium (BEL) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Totals (4 entries) | Totals (4 entries) | 3 | 3 | 3 | 9 |
# Marcelo Daniel Colombo

Marcelo Daniel Colombo (born 27 March 1961) is an Argentine prelate of the Catholic Church who has been archbishop of Mendoza since 2018. He has been a bishop since 2009, serving as bishop of Orán from 2009 to 2013 and as bishop of La Rioja from 2013 to 2018.

## Biography

Marcelo Colombo was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 27 March 1961. He completed his early education at San Francisco de Sales school in Buenos Aires. He earned a law degree at the University of Buenos Aires in 1989. He completed his philosophy studies at the Faculty of Theology of the Catholic University of Argentina and theology studies at the Center for Philosophical and Theological Studies in Quilmes. He was ordained a priest by Jorge Novak, Bishop of Quilmes, on 16 December 1988. He earned a licentiate in canon law from the Pontifical Gregorian University in 1994 and obtained a doctorate in canon law from the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas in 1995.
He was parish vicar of the cathedral of Quilmes in 1988; parish administrator of Bernal in 1990; pastoral director of the parish of Our Lady of Itati in Berazategui in 1994; director of the Marriage Encounter Movement in 1997; a member of the Consiglio per gli Ordini in 2000; legal and technical assessor of the Curia in 2001; diocesan provicar for education in 2002; a member of the College of Cinsultors in 2004; assistant in the secretariat for the family in 2005; vicar for evangelization in 2007. At the Diocesan Seminary of Quilmes he was formator in 1988, vice rector in 1995 and rector in 1996. He served on the priests council from 1991 and the pastoral council from 1995. From 1996 to 2001 he was a judge on the Interdiocesan Church Tribunal for the La Plata region. He was parish priest and rector of the cathedral in Quilmes from 2004 to 2009.
On 8 May 2009, Pope Benedict XVI appointed him bishop of Orán. He received his episcopal consecration from Luis Teodorico Stöckler, the bishop of Quilmes, on 8 August. The co-consecrators were Mario Antonio Cargnello, archbishop of Salta, and Jorge Rubén Lugones, bishop of Lomas de Zamora. He was installed in his diocese on 22 August 2009.
On 9 July 2013, Pope Francis appointed him bishop of La Rioja. He celebrated his installation Mass there on 7 September.
On 22 May 2018, Pope Francis named him Archbishop of Mendoza. He was installed there on 11 August.
Within the Argentine Episcopal Conference he has been elected to a series of three-year terms: as second vice president on 7 November 2017, as first vice president on 10 November 2021, and as president on 13 November 2024.
# Lodge (company)

Lodge Manufacturing Company is an American manufacturer of cast-iron cookware based in South Pittsburg, Tennessee. Founded in 1896 by Joseph Lodge, Lodge Manufacturing is one of America's oldest cookware companies in continuous operation. It is still owned and managed by the descendants of the Lodge family. Most cast iron sold by Lodge is produced in its foundry in South Pittsburg, which has been in operation since the company was founded.

## History

Joseph Lodge traveled the US before going to work on the railroads in Cuba, before returning to Tennessee. Joseph built the Lodge Family home in 1877 and then open their first foundry in 1896 named the Blacklock Foundry.
In 1910, the Blacklock Foundry burned down and when Joseph Lodge rebuilt, he re-named the company, Lodge Manufacturing.
Lodge Manufacturing is one of America's oldest cookware companies in operation. Joseph Lodge and his wife settled in South Pittsburg, Tennessee, a town of 3,000 people along the Tennessee River beside the Cumberland Plateau. The Lodge family has kept in Marion County in Tennessee and employing its residents. The towns population at 3,100, 400 of which are employed by Lodge.
In the late 1950s–1965 Lodge transferred its molding and casting process to a revolutionary automated system. In 1973, their iconic recognizable logo was created and is still used today.
In 2002, Lodge became the first cast-iron cookware manufacturer to season their products in the foundry.
In 2013, Lodge started their carbon steel cookware line making high-quality carbon steel cookware. Lodge introduced a line of enameled cast-iron cookware in 2005; this was to match the ability of European manufacturers' abilities.
In 2017, Lodge opened their second foundry, increasing their manufacturing capacity by 75%. The facility is a 127,000-square-foot foundry, which increased production by 75%. The foundry is located in New Hope, Tennessee.
In July 2019, Lodge unveiled seven new cast-iron cookware products under the label Blacklock, a new lighter gourmet line of skillets and ovens. In August 2019, Lodge announced the acquisition of startup FINEX Cast Iron Cookware, based in Portland, Oregon.
The Lodge Museum of Cast Iron, built in collaboration with the Southern Foodways Alliance, opened in October 2022.

## Products

Original cast-iron cookware was made using sand and building the mold within the sand. Workers would then pour in iron.