# Barbacoan languages

Barbacoan (also Barbakóan, Barbacoano, Barbacoana) is a language family spoken in Colombia and Ecuador.

## Genealogical relations

The Barbacoan languages may be related to the Páez language. Barbacoan is often connected with the Paezan languages (including Páez); however, Curnow (1998) shows how much of this proposal is based on misinterpretation of an old document of Douay (1888). (See: Paezan languages.)
Other more speculative larger groupings involving Barbacoan include the Macro-Paesan "cluster", the Macro-Chibchan stock, and the Chibchan-Paezan stock.

## Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Atakame, Cholon-Hibito, Kechua, Mochika, Paez, Tukano, Umbra, and Chibchan (especially between Guaymí and Southern Barbacoan branches) language families due to contact.

## Languages

Barbacoan consists of 6 languages:
* Barbacoan
** Northern
*** Awan (also known as Awa or Pasto)
**** Awa Pit (also known as Cuaiquer, Coaiquer, Kwaiker, Awá, Awa, Telembi, Sindagua, Awa-Cuaiquer, Koaiker, Telembí)
**** Pasto–Muellama
***** Pasto (also known as Past Awá) †
***** Muellama (also known as Muellamués, Muelyama) †
*** Coconucan (also known as Guambiano–Totoró)
**** Guambiano (also known as Mogües, Moguez, Mogés, Wam, Misak, Guambiano-Moguez, Wambiano-Mogés, Moguex)
**** Totoró (also known as Polindara)
**** Coconuco (also known as Kokonuko, Cauca, Wanaka) †
** Southern ? (Cayapa–Tsafiki)
*** Caranqui (also known as Cara, Kara, Karanki, Imbaya) †
*** Cha’palaa (also known as Cayapa, Chachi, Kayapa, Nigua, Cha’palaachi)
*** Tsafiki (also known as Colorado, Tsafiqui, Tsáfiki, Tsáchela, Tsachila, Campaz, Colima)
Pasto, Muellama, Coconuco, and Caranqui are now extinct.
Pasto and Muellama are usually classified as Barbacoan, but the current evidence is weak and deserves further attention. Muellama may have been one of the last surviving dialects of Pasto (both extinct, replaced by Spanish) — Muellama is known only by a short wordlist recorded in the 19th century. The Muellama vocabulary is similar to modern Awa Pit. The Cañari–Puruhá languages are even more poorly attested, and while often placed in a Chimuan family, Adelaar (2004:397) thinks they may have been Barbacoan.
The Coconucan languages were first connected to Barbacoan by Daniel Brinton in 1891. However, a subsequent publication by Henri Beuchat and Paul Rivet placed Coconucan together with a Paezan family (which included Páez and Paniquita) due a misleading "Moguex" vocabulary list. The "Moguex" vocabulary turned out to be a mix of both Páez and Guambiano languages (Curnow 1998). This vocabulary has led to misclassifications by Greenberg (1956, 1987), Loukotka (1968), Kaufman (1990, 1994), and Campbell (1997), among others. Although Páez may be related to the Barbacoan family, a conservative view considers Páez a language isolate pending further investigation. Guambiano is more similar to other Barbacoan languages than to Páez, and thus Key (1979), Curnow et al. (1998), Gordon (2005), and Campbell (2012) place Coconucan under Barbacoan. The moribund Totoró is sometimes considered a dialect of Guambiano instead of a separate language, and, indeed, Adelaar & Muysken (2004) state that Guambiano-Totoró-Coconuco is best treated as a single language.
The Barbácoa (Barbacoas) language itself is unattested, and is only assumed to be part of the Barbacoan family. Nonetheless, it has been assigned an ISO code, though the better-attested and classifiable Pasto language has not.

### Loukotka (1968)

Below is a full list of Barbacoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.
* Barbacoa group
** Barbácoa of Colima - extinct language once spoken on the Iscuandé River and Patia River, Nariño department, Colombia. (Unattested.)
** Pius - extinct language once spoken around the Laguna Piusbi, in the Nariño region. (Unattested.)
** Iscuandé - extinct language once spoken on the Iscuandé River in the Nariño region. (Unattested.)
** Tumaco - extinct language once spoken around the modern city of Tumaco, department of Nariño. (Unattested.)
** Guapi - extinct language once spoken on the Guapi River, department of Cauca. (Unattested.)
** Cuaiquer / Koaiker - spoken on the Cuaiquer River in Colombia.
** Telembi - extinct language once spoken in the Cauca region on the Telembi River. (Andre 1884, pp. 791–799.)
** Panga - extinct language once spoken near the modern city of Sotomayor, Nariño department. (Unattested.)
** Nulpe - extinct language once spoken in the Nariño region on the Nulpe River. (Unattested.)
** Cayápa / Nigua - language spoken now by a few families on the Cayapas River, Esmeraldas province, Ecuador.
** Malaba - extinct language once spoken in Esmeraldas province on the Mataje River. (Unattested.)
** Yumbo - extinct language once spoken in the Cordillera de Intag and the Cordillera de Nanegal, Pichincha province, Ecuador. The population now speaks only Quechua. (Unattested.)
** Colorado / Tsachela / Chono / Campaz / Satxíla / Colime - language still spoken on the Daule River, Vinces River, and Esmeraldas River, provinces of Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas and Los Ríos, Ecuador.
** Colima - extinct language once spoken on the middle course of the Daule River, Guayas province. (Unattested.)
** Cara / Caranqui / Imbaya - extinct language once spoken in the province of Imbabura and on the Guayllabamba River, Ecuador. The population now speaks Spanish or Quechua.
** Sindagua / Malla - extinct language once spoken on the Tapaje River, Iscuandé River, Mamaonde River, and Patia River, department of Nariño, Colombia. (H. Lehmann 1949; Ortiz 1938, pp. 543–545, each only a few patronyms and toponyms.)
** Muellama - extinct language of the Nariño region, once spoken in the village of Muellama.
** Pasta - extinct language once spoken in Carchi province, Ecuador, and in the department of Nariño in Colombia around the modern city of Pasto, Colombia.
** Mastele - extinct language once spoken on the left bank of the Guaitara River near the mouth, department of Nariño. (Unattested.)
** Quijo - once spoken on the Napo River and Coca River, Oriente province, Ecuador. The tribe now speaks only Quechua. (Ordónez de Ceballos 1614, f. 141–142, only three words.)
** Mayasquer - extinct language once spoken in the villages of Mayasquer and Pindical, Carchi province, Ecuador. The present population speaks only Quechua. (Unattested.)
* Coconuco group
** Coconuco - language spoken by a few families at the sources of the Cauca River, department of Cauca, Colombia.
** Guamíca / Guanuco - extinct language once spoken in the village of Plata Vieja in Colombia.
** Guambiana / Silviano - spoken in the villages of Ambató, Cucha and partly in Silvia.
** Totaró - spoken in the villages of Totoró and Polindara.
** Tunía - once spoken on the Tunía River and Ovejas River. (Unattested.)
** Chesquio - extinct language once spoken on the Sucio River. (Unattested.)
** Patia - once spoken between the Timbío River and Guachicono River. (Unattested.)
** Quilla - original and extinct language of the villages of Almaguer, Santiago, and Milagros. The present population speaks only a dialect of Quechua. (Unattested.)
** Timbío - once spoken on the Timbío River. (Unattested.)
** Puracé - once spoken around the Laguna de las Papas and Puracé Volcano. (Unattested.)
** Puben / Pubenano / Popayan - extinct language of the plains of Popayán, department of Cauca. (Unattested.)
** Moguex - spoken in the village of Quisgó and in a part of the village of Silvia.

## Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.
    glossCuaiquerTelembiCayápaColoradoCaraMuellama one marabashpátumunimainmanga two paspaspályopalugapala three kotiákokiapémapaiman ear kailpuːngipunki tongue maulchanigkaohula hand chitoéchʔtofiapapatädaʔé foot mitámitorapapamedaʔémit water pilpilpipibipi stone uʔúkshúpugachusupegrané maize piaʔápishupioxpisa fish shkarbrodrúkchangúkoguatságuasakuas house yaʔályalyayáya

## Proto-language

Proto-Barbacoan reconstructions and reflexes (Curnow & Liddicoat 1998):
    no.glossProto-BarbacoanGuambianoTotoróAwapitCha’palaachiTsafiqui 1be*i-i-i- 2blow*ut-utʂ-otʂ-us- 3come*ha-a-ha-ha- 4cook*aj-aj-(a-)aj- 5corn*pijopijapijo 6do*ki-ki-ki-ki- 7dry*purpurpul 8eye*kapkapkap-[tʂul](kasu)ka-[puka]ka-[’ka] 9feces*pipɨpepe 10firewood*tɨtʂɨsɨtete 11flower*uʃuouʃ 12fog*waniʃwaɲiwapiwaniʃ 13get up*kus-ku̥s-kuh-(ku’pa-) 14go*hi-i-hi-hi- 15go up*lo-nu-lu-lo- 16hair*aʃaʃa 17house*jajaja(jal)jaja 18I*lanananala 19land*tosututo 20lie down*tsotsutsututsutso 21listen*miina-mina-meena- 22louse*mũũ(mũi)muuŋmumu 23mouth*ɸitpitfiʔ-[paki]ɸi-[’ki] 24no/negative*tiʃiti 25nose*kim-ɸukimkimkimpu̥kinɸu 26path*miimiimi-[ɲu]mi-[nu] 27river, water*piipipipiipipi 28rock*ʃukʂukʂukukʃu-[puka]su 29smoke*iʃiʃiʃ 30sow*wah-waa-wah-wa’-[ke-] 31split*paa-paa-paa- 32tear ("eye-water")*kap pikappikappikapika’pĩ 33that*sunsunhunhun 34thorn*popupupupo 35tree, stick*tsiktsiktʃitsi-[de] 36two*paapapa(paas)paa(palu) 37what?*titʃi(tʃini)ʃiti-[n]ti 38who?*momumu-[n]mo 39wipe clean*kis-ki̥s-kih- 40yellow*lah-na-[tam]lah-[katata](la’ke) 41you (sg.)*nu(ɲi)(ɲi)nuɲunu 42armadillo*ʃul ?ʂuləʂolɨulam 43dirt*pil ?pirəpirɨpil 44moon*pɨ ?pəlpɨlpe 45suck*tsu- ?tuk-tsu- 46tail*mɨ ?məʃ, mətʂmɨʂmɨtame 47three*pɨ ?pənpɨnpemapemã 48tooth*tu ?tʂukultʂokolsula