OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1860 New England Shoemakers Strike

The New England Shoemakers Strike of 1860 or Lynn Shoeworkers Strike began on February 22, 1860 with 3,000 shoemakers walking off their jobs in Lynn, Massachusetts. It ended in April with modest gains for shoemakers, including pay increases and owner recognition of some labor unions. Approximately 20,000 workers went on strike across New England which made it the largest mass walkout in American history prior to the Civil War.

## Background

The Panic of 1857 resulted in the temporary loss of jobs for many shoemakers. Workers were also angry at the increasing mechanization of the shoemaking process. When companies began hiring again, the cost of shoes went up and wages declined significantly. Hours were long (16 hours of work per day) and wages were low; men were earning only $3 a week and women just $1. In early 1860, the Mechanics Association was formed and it demanded higher wages. The company owners refused to meet with committees of the association and workers decided to strike.

## Strike

The beginning date of the strike was intentionally chosen to coincide with the birthday of former U.S. President George Washington. Within a week, the strike had spread to 25 other New England towns, including towns in Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire and even New York. 20,000 more shoemakers refused to work while 20,000 others openly supported the shoemakers with marches, parades and opposition to the police. Women played a crucial role in the strike, including the leading of a 6,000 person process through a late winter blizzard in Lynn on March 8 with signs reading "American Ladies Will Not Be Slaves: Give Us a Fair Compensation and We Will Labour Cheerfully". The strike occurred during the 1860 presidential election and Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln voiced his support for the workers, saying "I am glad to see that a system of labor prevails in New England Under which laborers can strike when they want to, where they are not obliged to labor whether you pay them or not. I like a system which lets a man quit when he wants to, and wish it might prevail everywhere." At the time, it was one of the largest workers' protest in United States history, and the biggest strike in the United States up until then.
The strike, which had widespread community support, mostly ended on April 10 when 30 employers signed agreements to raise wages. The strike is considered a partial win for workers, as their newly recognized unions were recognized and most workmen received wage increases. A key leader of the strike was Alonzo G. Draper, who later became a Civil War General in the Union Army and died in 1865.
# Sorrow (Pink Floyd song)

"Sorrow" is a song by the English band Pink Floyd. Written by the band's singer and guitarist David Gilmour, it is the closing track on their thirteenth studio album, A Momentary Lapse of Reason, released in 1987.

## Lyrics and music

The piece was written and composed by singer and guitarist David Gilmour. He has stated that although words are not his strong point, the song is one of his best lyrical efforts, even as the opening lines were appropriated from John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath.
   Sorrow was a poem I'd written as a lyric before I wrote music to it, which is rare for me.
Drummer Nick Mason has since stated that the song was almost entirely written by Gilmour over the space of a weekend on his houseboat Astoria. When Mason returned from the weekend, only "some spit and polish", according to Mason, was needed. Gilmour has also mentioned that his solo at the end of "Sorrow" was done on the boat, his guitar going through a small Gallien-Krueger amplifier. As on many tracks from the album, Gilmour played a Steinberger GL "headless" guitar on this song. The guitar intro was recorded inside Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena and piped through Pink Floyd's large sound system, yielding an extremely deep, cavernous sound. The drum machine on the song was programmed by Gilmour – no real drums were used.

## Reception

Critic Mike Cormack said the song is "the great set piece of the album, but it is cold, synthetic, and tries too hard to convince you of its own greatness. It’s a cocaine song."

## Live Versions

The song was performed on the A Momentary Lapse of Reason Tour and the Division Bell Tour. Recordings of those performances are featured on its respective live albums, Delicate Sound of Thunder (1988) and Pulse (1995), with running times of 9:27 and 10:49 respectively, mostly taken up by extended guitar solos by Gilmour and an additional outro. A slightly shortened version of the song appears on Pink Floyd's greatest hits collection, Echoes: The Best of Pink Floyd, which is edited so that the song "Sheep" (also edited) segues into "Sorrow". David Gilmour played the song at the Strat Pack guitar concert, an event which commemorated the 50th anniversary of the Fender Stratocaster. Gilmour played the song on the second set of his Rattle That Lock Tour 2015/16.. The song was also performed in 1990 during the band's set at Knebworth for the Silver Clef Award Winners Concert. For many years, an official release of this performance was unavailable, but the 2019 boxset The Later Years included it as part of the complete set list on both Blu-Ray/DVD and CD.

## Personnel on studio version

Pink Floyd
* David Gilmour – lead and backing vocals, electric guitar, keyboards, drum machine, programming
Additional musicians
* Richard Wright – Kurzweil synthesiser
* Bob Ezrin – keyboards
* Tony Levin – bass guitar
* Darlene Koldenhoven – backing vocals
* Carmen Twillie – backing vocals
* Phyllis St. James – backing vocals
* Donny Gerrard – backing vocals
# Pasargad County

Pasargad County (Persian: شهرستان پاسارگاد) is in Fars province, Iran. Its capital is the city of Saadat Shahr.

## History

After the 2011 National Census, the village of Madar-e-Soleyman was elevated to the status of a city.

## Demographics
### Population

At the time of the 2006 census, the county's population was 29,825 in 7,100 households. The following census in 2011 counted 31,504 people in 8,364 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the county as 30,118 in 8,813 households.

### Administrative divisions

Pasargad County's population history and administrative structure over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table.
Pasargad County Population :
| Administrative Divisions | 2006 | 2011 | 2016 |
| Central District | 23,654 | 24,962 | 23,955 |
| Kamin RD | 5,522 | 6,229 | 5,399 |
| Sarpaniran RD | 2,185 | 1,857 | 1,425 |
| Saadat Shahr (city) | 15,947 | 16,876 | 17,131 |
| Pasargad District | 6,171 | 6,527 | 6,161 |
| Abu ol Verdi RD | 2,451 | 2,455 | 2,739 |
| Madar-e Soleyman RD | 3,720 | 4,072 | 1,876 |
| Madar-e Soleyman (city) | | | 1,546 |
| Total | 29,825 | 31,504 | 30,118 |
| RD = Rural District ||||
# Jim Smith

Jim Smith may refer to:

## Arts and entertainment

* Jim Smith (animator) (born 1954), Texan animator and co-writer on The Ren and Stimpy Show
* Jim Cooray Smith (born 1978), British writer of directorial critical biographies and television guides, also involved with the Kaldor City series
* Jim Field Smith (born 1979), British film director, comedy writer, and actor
* Jim Smith (author), British author, illustrator and designer
* Jim Smith (bassist), bass guitarist of Cardiacs

## Politics

* Jim Smith (Indiana politician), member of the Indiana State Senate
* Jim Smith (Nebraska politician) (born 1959), member of the Nebraska Legislature
* Jim Smith (New Mexico politician) member of the New Mexico Legislature and Bernalillo County Commission
* Jim Smith (Nova Scotia politician) (1935–2020), former MLA and cabinet minister in Nova Scotia, Canada
* Jim Smith Jr., state legislator in Alabama

## Sports
### Footballers

* Jim Smith (footballer, born 1863) (1863–1937), English football player
* Jim Smith (footballer, born 1937) (1937–2002), Scottish football player (Preston North End)
* Jim Smith (footballer, born 1940) (1940–2019), English football player and manager
* Jim Smith (Cavan Gaelic footballer) (1901–1970), Irish Gaelic footballer
* Jim Smith (Louth Gaelic footballer) (1887–1951), Irish Gaelic footballer
* Jim Smith (footballer, born 1887) (1887–?), Australian rules footballer who played with South Melbourne
* Jim Smith (footballer, born 1947), Australian rules footballer who played with Hawthorn
* Jim Ray Smith (born 1932), American football player
* Jim Smith (defensive back) (born 1946), former American football defensive back in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins

### Other sports

* Jim Smith (baseball coach) (died 2001), LSU Tigers baseball head coach 1966–1978
* Jim Smith (basketball coach) (born 1934), college basketball head coach
* Jim Smith (basketball, born 1958), former NBA player
* Jim Smith (catcher), Negro league baseball player
* Jim Smith (cricketer, born 1906) (1906–1979), English cricketer
* Jim Smith (cricketer, born 1940), New Zealand cricketer
* Jim Smith (ice hockey, born 1957), (born 1957), President of USA Hockey
* Jim Smith (ice hockey, born 1964), Canadian ice hockey player
* Jim Smith (second baseman), Negro league baseball player
* Jim Smith (shortstop) (born 1954), major league infielder who played for the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1982 season
* Jim Smith (wide receiver) (born 1955), former NFL and USFL wide receiver
* Jim Smith (runner) (born 1913), 1937 NCAA mile runner-up for the Indiana Hoosiers track and field team

## Others

* Jim Smith (racing businessman), owner of Ultra Motorsports
* Jim Smith (business executive), CEO of Thomson Reuters
* Jim Cuthbert Smith (born 1954), scientist
# WPPP-LP

WPPP-LP is a non-commercial low power FM radio station in Athens, Georgia, United States. Owned by the non-profit Athens Community Radio Foundation, Inc., the station reaches listeners within a 15-mile radius of its studios near the University of Georgia campus. WPPP's programming includes alternative and progressive rock, as well as "news reports and progressive political commentary produced free of corporate interests and government influence." The station is affiliated with the Pacifica Radio network.

## Station history

A group led by Xavier Elkins applied for a broadcast license after the Federal Communications Commission opened a filing window for LPFM licenses in 2000. The station went on the air in August 2004. Known for a wildly varying assortment of music, the station was cited by the Athens Banner-Herald as "the only radio station in the area that will play Pat Benatar right after a Drive-By Truckers song following a jazz lick - and all without commercial interruption." Elkins and co-host Jon Bird host a talk show called "The Daily Hangover Chronicles."

## Community affiliation

WPPP-LP is an affiliate of Common Ground Athens, a resource center offering meeting space, training programs, and management support to Athens community organizations.
# Manager (Gaelic games)

In Gaelic games, a manager or (in Irish) bainisteoir is involved in the direction and instruction of the on-field operations of a team. The role entails the application of sport tactics and strategies during the game itself, and usually entails substitution of players and other such actions as needed. At games, the manager may sometimes wear a bib with the word "manager" or "bainisteoir" adorning it. Many managers were former players themselves, and are assisted in coaching the team by a group of selectors (in Irish roghnóirí).

## History

The term "manager" emerged in the 1970s owing to the influence of the BBC programme Match of the Day. A portion of the east coast of Ireland, including Dublin, was able to receive the channel and programme, which showed coverage of association football, where "manager" was the common term used for the coach or supervisor of the team. This later played a role in changing the management structure of Gaelic Athletic Association teams as the Dublin football revival of the 1970s evolved. Throughout the history of the GAA clubs and teams and were often influenced by selection panels. By the early 1970s, the GAA began to take note of the merits of having an individual soccer-style manager accompanied by assistants. In 1973 the Dublin County Board appointed Kevin Heffernan to lead their football team. It was the first time in the GAA's history that a manager with substantial powers was appointed. Other counties later followed suit by having a single manager supported by a smaller selection panel. While the GAA's current management and coaching model was influenced by other sports (like soccer), several differences with those sports do remain.
During the 1970s and 1980s, a number of priests held the role of manager - though this is rare as of the 21st century.

## Appointment

The Gaelic Athletic Association publishes and maintains a set of guidelines for the appointment of managers. Managers of county teams can be appointed from within that county - though it is not uncommon for managers to be "brought in" from elsewhere.
As of 2016, GAA rules also allowed for a manager (in Irish bainisteoir) to be supported by a single assistant manager (in Irish maor foirne) during games. Under GAA rules, an assistant manager to a Gaelic football or hurling team could also be a member of the team's panel of selectors, but not be one of the team's panel of players. Changes to these rules, including the "effective eradication of the Maor Foirne role", were agreed following the 2021 GAA Congress.

## Notable managers

In inter-county football, Mick O'Dwyer managed 4 different inter-county teams, including leading Kerry to 8 All-Ireland Championship titles. Jim Gavin is the second-most successful inter-county manager, with 6 All-Ireland titles for Dublin - including a record-breaking 5 in a row between 2015 and 2019.
In inter-county hurling, the manager with the most championship wins is Kilkenny's Brian Cody, with 15 Provincial Championship and 11 All-Ireland Championship titles. Tommy Maher, also of Kilkenny, has the second-most All-Ireland hurling championship wins, with 7 titles.
# Newcastle Corporation Tramways

Newcastle Corporation Tramways operated a tramway service in Newcastle upon Tyne between 1901 and 1950.

## History

Services began on 16 December 1901. A fleet of twenty ‘A- Class’ tramcars built in 1901 by Hurst Nelson and Co. Ltd. of Motherwell were used in Newcastle. The main routes were complete by 1904. Newcastle Corporation built Manors Power Station to supply electricity to the new tramway system.
There were three depots, Byker, Haymarket and Wingrove Road. The Wingrove Road Depot was closed on 3 June 1944, followed by the Haymarket depot in April 1948.
Later extensions were made to Fenham in 1907, Shieldfield 1912, and Throckley 1914. The name was changed in 1915 to Newcastle Corporation Transport and Electricity Undertaking. Progress was limited during the First World War but the tramway eventually reached Forest Hall, Westmoor, and Gosforth Park in 1921. In 1925 it reached Westerhope and in 1926 it went to Denton Burn.
By 1928 there were 300 trams in service. The tram network was gradually converted to bus and trolleybus operations from the 1930s. By 1945 there were 220 trams still in use.

## Closure

The system finally closed on 4 March 1950. Some tram services continued to be operated until 4 August 1951 by the Gateshead and District Tramways Company.
# Stavros Konstantinou

Stavros Konstantinou (Σταύρος Κωνσταντίνου) (born 25 August 1984 in Nicosia, Cyprus) is a Greek Cypriot singer who rose to popularity after winning Super Idol, the Greek version of Pop Idol, shown by MEGA TV in 2004, in its only season under that name. The program was reintroduced as Greek Idol in 2010.

## Super Idol performances

Semi-finals: Dodeka
* Top 10: To party
* Top 9: Tha Pio Apopse To Feggari
* Top 8: Pali Tha Klapso
* Top 7: Kapies Anoites Agapes
* Top 6: Apopse
* Top 5: Conte Partiro
* Top 4: Apopse lew na min kimithoume
* Top 3: Mia anapnoi
* Grand Final: Den To Anteho
* Grand Final: Mi me ksipnas
* Grand Final: Apopse

## Discography

* 2004: Super Idol 2004
* 2005: To Koudouni
* 2006: Tha' Mai Zitas
* 2007: Fotia O Erotas
* 2009: I Agapi Mou Gia Sena

### Single

* 2011 – Den Boro Na Se Xehaso
* 2012 – Oso Yparheis Tha Yparho
* 2012 – Poso Na Ypokritho
* 2013 – Ponese Me
* 2014 – A Re Nyhta
* 2015 – Eho Thema Sovaro
* 2016 – Ta 'Spasa
* 2016 – Sta Asteria Ekane Premiera – Gia Ton Pantelo
* 2017 – Ston Theo Me Ftaneis
* 2018 – Savvato Vrady (duets: Giouri Do)
* 2018 – Eleges
* 2019 – Eheis Dyo Lepta
# Owen Evans

Owen Evans may refer to:
* Owen Evans (politician) (1876–1945), Liberal Party politician from Wales
* Jem Evans (Owen James Evans, 1867–1942), Welsh rugby union half-back
* Owen Evans (rugby union) (born 1989), Welsh rugby union prop forward
* Owen Evans (Australian footballer) (1916–1972), Australian rules footballer
* Owen Evans (priest) (1864–1937), Anglican priest and author
* Owen Evans (Welsh footballer) (born 1996), Welsh football goalkeeper
* Tom Owen-Evans (born 1997), English footballer
* Owen P. Evans (1927–2018), American football player and coach
* Owen Evans (civil servant), Welsh civil servant
* Owen Evans, former drummer for AJJ (band)
* Owen Richard Evans, musician known for his solo project Roar
# Janelle Billingslea

Janelle A. Billingslea (born 1980s) is best known for setting a world record (junior) in the women's 500 m dash. She is currently working on her first book as well as an assortment of other projects.

## Early life and education

Billingslea was born in Washington, D.C., but relocated to Juneau, Alaska, at an early age. Billingslea attended Juneau Douglas High School (JDHS) and after winning numerous state championships in track and basketball relocated to Washington, D.C. focus on track. Billingslea won all four of her events during the outdoor season and was named Gatorade Player of the Year for Washington D.C. She graduated from Georgetown University with a degree in political science and psychology.

## Work

Although invited to train with the Nike Farm Team, Billingslea sustained a potential career-ending injury to her left Achilles tendon. As a result, her career in track and field was sidelined. After graduating, Billingslea landed a position with the United States Department of Defense that took her all over the world. Here she traveled and met with high-ranking US and foreign officials. Currently she is working on her first book, which was scheduled to be released in 2008. After recovering from her injury, she has decided to resume training for world championships and future Olympic Games.
# WPSR (FM)

WPSR (90.7 FM) is a non-commercial radio station broadcasting a Variety format. Licensed to Evansville, Indiana, the station is currently owned by the Evansville Vanderburgh School Corporation as a high school radio station. The station is also broadcast on HD radio.
The station initially only broadcast from 6:45 a.m.–2:45 p.m. on school days when it went on the air in the 1950s. In the 1990s, broadcasts were expanded until midnight every night. During the non-school hours, the station would play automated 1980s music. Originally located in Central High School, the station is now a full 24/7 service broadcasting from the Southern Indiana Career & Technical Center in Evansville, Indiana.
# Bernard Ménétrel

Bernard Ménétrel (French pronunciation:; 22 June 1906 – 31 March 1947) was a French physician and political advisor to Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. He met with Helmut Knochen and tried to negotiate with Charles de Gaulle on Pétain's behalf.

## Early life

Bernard Ménétrel was born on 22 June 1906. His father, Louis, was the physician and personal friend of Philippe Pétain.

## Career

Like his father, Ménétrel became the physician and advisor to Marshal Philippe Pétain. In 1942 Ménétrel was named on a list of French collaborators with Germany to be killed during the war, or tried after it. According to renowned American political scientist Raul Hilberg in The Destruction of the European Jews, on June 18, 1943, Ménétrel met Helmut Knochen, the senior commander of the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police) and Sicherheitsdienst (Intelligence) in Paris. He told him Pétain agreed to keep French Jews from having access to good jobs. He added that he agreed with the Nazis' monstrous goal of ridding Europe of the Jews "forever". According to Annie Pétain, Philippe Pétain's wife, Ménétrel was one of the biggest antisemites in Pétain's inner circle.
In July 1942, Ménétrel and Paul Racine, Pétain's personal secretary, appreciated the "good work" that François Mitterrand was doing for the Vichy government. (Mitterrand later served as the President of France from 1981 to 1995).
In 1944, Ménétrel was asked by Pétain to contact General Charles de Gaulle and attempt to negotiate with him, to no avail.
Ménétrel made a point to portray Pétain as a weak man manipulated by Pierre Laval.

## Personal life

He was married to Aline Montcocol, the daughter of businessman Célestin Montcocol. Philippe Pétain was his best man. They resided on the Avenue Montaigne in the 8th arrondissement of Paris.

## Death

Ménétrel died in a car crash on 31 March 1947, after falling asleep at the wheel.
# Tricula bollingi

Tricula bollingi is a species of freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Pomatiopsidae. This species is common in Thailand.

## Parasites

Tricula bollingi is an intermediate host for Schistosoma ovuncatum.