OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Causal AI

Causal AI is a technique in artificial intelligence that builds a causal model and can thereby make inferences using causality rather than just correlation. One practical use for causal AI is for organisations to explain decision-making and the causes for a decision.
Systems based on causal AI, by identifying the underlying web of causality for a behaviour or event, provide insights that solely predictive AI models might fail to extract from historical data. An analysis of causality may be used to supplement human decisions in situations where understanding the causes behind an outcome is necessary, such as quantifying the impact of different interventions, policy decisions or performing scenario planning. A 2024 paper from Google DeepMind demonstrated mathematically that "Any agent capable of adapting to a sufficiently large set of distributional shifts must have learned a causal model". The paper offers the interpretation that learning to generalise beyond the original training set requires learning a causal model, concluding that causal AI is necessary for artificial general intelligence.

## History

The concept of causal AI and the limits of machine learning were raised by Judea Pearl, the Turing Award-winning computer scientist and philosopher, in 2018's The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect. Pearl asserted: “Machines' lack of understanding of causal relations is perhaps the biggest roadblock to giving them human-level intelligence.”
In 2020, Columbia University established a Causal AI Lab under Director Elias Bareinboim. Professor Bareinboim’s research focuses on causal and counterfactual inference and their applications to data-driven fields in the health and social sciences as well as artificial intelligence and machine learning. Technological research and consulting firm Gartner for the first time included causal AI in its 2022 Hype Cycle report, citing it as one of five critical technologies in accelerated AI automation.
One significant advance in the field is the concept of Algorithmic Information Dynamics: a model-driven approach for causal discovery using Algorithmic Information Theory and perturbation analysis. It solves inverse causal problems by studying dynamical systems computationally. A key application is causal deconvolution, which separates generative mechanisms in data with algorithmic models rather than traditional statistics. This method identifies causal structures in networks and sequences, moving away from probabilistic and regression-based techniques, marking one of the first practical Causal AI approaches using algorithmic complexity and algorithmic probability in Machine Learning.
# Pemagatsel

Pemagatsel, also transliterated as Pemagatshel, is a town in Pemagatshel District in eastern Bhutan.

## Climate

Climate data for Pemagatshel, elevation 1,618 m (5,308 ft), (1996–2017 normals, extremes 2005–2017) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 22.0 (71.6) | 24.0 (75.2) | 27.0 (80.6) | 27.0 (80.6) | 29.0 (84.2) | 30.0 (86.0) | 31.0 (87.8) | 28.5 (83.3) | 29.0 (84.2) | 28.5 (83.3) | 26.0 (78.8) | 22.0 (71.6) | 31.0 (87.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 15.9 (60.6) | 17.4 (63.3) | 20.1 (68.2) | 22.2 (72.0) | 24.0 (75.2) | 24.9 (76.8) | 25.2 (77.4) | 25.3 (77.5) | 25.1 (77.2) | 23.8 (74.8) | 20.7 (69.3) | 17.8 (64.0) | 21.9 (71.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 10.4 (50.7) | 12.0 (53.6) | 14.9 (58.8) | 17.4 (63.3) | 19.6 (67.3) | 21.1 (70.0) | 21.5 (70.7) | 21.4 (70.5) | 20.8 (69.4) | 18.4 (65.1) | 14.9 (58.8) | 12.1 (53.8) | 17.0 (62.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.8 (40.6) | 6.6 (43.9) | 9.7 (49.5) | 12.6 (54.7) | 15.1 (59.2) | 17.2 (63.0) | 17.8 (64.0) | 17.5 (63.5) | 16.5 (61.7) | 12.9 (55.2) | 9.0 (48.2) | 6.4 (43.5) | 12.2 (53.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −1.0 (30.2) | −1.5 (29.3) | 3.0 (37.4) | 8.0 (46.4) | 11.5 (52.7) | 14.0 (57.2) | 15.0 (59.0) | 14.7 (58.5) | 11.5 (52.7) | 7.0 (44.6) | 2.0 (35.6) | 2.5 (36.5) | −1.5 (29.3) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 8.7 (0.34) | 25.5 (1.00) | 94.2 (3.71) | 141.4 (5.57) | 150.9 (5.94) | 328.0 (12.91) | 427.3 (16.82) | 290.3 (11.43) | 188.8 (7.43) | 99.6 (3.92) | 6.1 (0.24) | 3.5 (0.14) | 1,764.3 (69.45) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 72.0 | 69.9 | 70.3 | 74.2 | 79.5 | 85.2 | 87.3 | 85.5 | 83.2 | 76.6 | 72.5 | 71.9 | 77.3 |
| Source: National Center for Hydrology and Meteorology ||||||||||||||
# Oscar McInerney

Oscar McInerney (born 10 July 1994) is a professional Australian rules footballer playing for the Brisbane Lions in the Australian Football League (AFL). He was drafted by Brisbane with pick 37 in the 2017 rookie draft. He made his debut in the loss to Greater Western Sydney at Sydney Showground Stadium in round 6 of the 2018 season.

## Early life and junior football

Oscar attended Ringwood Secondary College in Melbourne's east, graduating in 2012. After leaving school he played local football for Montrose in the Eastern Football League. McInerney was recruited to the VFL club Casey Scorpions for 2016, as a 204 cm ruckman, quickly making an impression with his ability to cover the ground, accurate tap work and clean hands below the knees. Winner of the A. Todd Medal for the best player in the VFL Development League, McInerney featured in the Scorpions’ VFL Finals campaign and attended the NAB AFL State Combine.

## AFL career

After being drafted to the Brisbane Lions, McInerny began playing in the NEAFL for the Brisbane Lions reserves. Making his debut in round 2 of the season, McInerney was impressive with 21 possessions and four inside 50s. In Round 10, McInerney managed 46 hitouts and four goals. Finishing second on the NEAFL ladder that year, McInereny was a crucial part of the Lions' finals campaign, being listed among the best players on the ground in their semi-final match up against Sydney University. McInerney was part of the Lions' NEAFL premiership, as the Lions went on to defeat Sydney by three points.

## AFL statistics

Updated to the end of the 2022 season.
| Season | Team | No. | Games | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) | Votes |
| Season | Team | No. | Games | G | B | K | H | D | M | T | H/O | G | B | K | H | D | M | T | H/O | Votes |
| 2017 | Brisbane Lions | 46 | 0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| 2018 | Brisbane Lions | 46 | 16 | 14 | 8 | 77 | 57 | 134 | 45 | 37 | 176 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 4.8 | 3.6 | 8.4 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 11.0 | 0 |
| 2019 | Brisbane Lions | 46 | 21 | 10 | 7 | 76 | 97 | 173 | 55 | 55 | 336 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 3.6 | 4.6 | 8.2 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 16.0 | 0 |
| 2020 | Brisbane Lions | 46 | 19 | 6 | 5 | 91 | 75 | 166 | 33 | 57 | 363 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 4.7 | 3.9 | 8.7 | 1.7 | 3.0 | 19.1 | 0 |
| 2021 | Brisbane Lions | 46 | 23 | 6 | 5 | 156 | 145 | 301 | 53 | 51 | 672 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 6.8 | 6.3 | 13.1 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 29.2 | 1 |
| 2022 | Brisbane Lions | 46 | 22 | 9 | 7 | 132 | 128 | 260 | 45 | 64 | 576 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 11.8 | 2.0 | 2.9 | 26.2 | 0 |
| Career | Career | Career | 101 | 45 | 31 | 532 | 502 | 1034 | 231 | 264 | 2123 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 10.2 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 21.0 | 1 |
Notes
* ↑ The 2020 season was played with 17 home-and-away matches per team (down from 22) and 16-minute quarters with time on (down from 20-minute quarters with time on) due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
# Lindsay Forde

Lindsay Forde (born 27 July 1954) is a New Zealand cricketer. He played in four first-class and three List A matches for Canterbury from 1975 to 1977.
# Statute Law Revision Act 2007

The Statute Law Revision Act 2007 is an Act of the Oireachtas of Ireland which repealed a large amount of pre-1922 legislation of Ireland, England, Great Britain and the United Kingdom while preserving a shorter list of statutes. The Act was the largest single Statute Law Revision Act or repealing measure ever enacted internationally.

## Background

Prior to the 2007 Act, statute law revision had been sporadic since Irish independence in 1922. The Statute Law Revision (Pre-Union Irish Statutes) Act 1962 was one major such Act which repealed obsolete legislation of the Parliament of Ireland, which had provided that the Kings of England should be Kings of Ireland (from 1951 called in Northern Ireland the Crown of Ireland Act 1542), together with certain others from 1459 to 1800. Following this, the Statute Law Revision Act 1983 was the last major Act repealing pre-1922 statutes before the current phase of statute law revision, which commenced in 2003 and which also saw the enactment of an initial Act, the Statute Law Revision (Pre-1922) Act 2005.

## Scope

The Attorney General of Ireland examined 26,370 public general statutes enacted before the creation of the Irish Free State in 1922. Of these 9,219 were already wholly repealed prior to 1 May 2007, and 12,562 were not applicable to Ireland. This left 4,589 statutes still in force, of which 3,225 were to be repealed by the Act and were listed in Schedule 2, some of which were in any case by then unconstitutional. The Act repealed all public general statutes enacted before 6 December 1922, listed or not, except for 1,364 explicitly in Schedule 1 of the Act; these were given short names where they did not already have them.
Private, local or personal Acts remained in force, with many of these repealed in the Statute Law Revision Act 2009.
The number of Acts repealed in this one piece of legislation exceeded the number of public general Acts passed after 6 December 1922 (the start of the Irish Free State) up to 1 May 2007 (3,189).

## Acts repealed

Among the numerous acts repealed were Poynings' Act 1495, the Government of Ireland Act 1920, the Irish Free State (Agreement) Act 1922 and the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922.

## Acts retained

Among the older acts retained were the Great Charter of Ireland (the Irish version of Magna Carta) and the Mayor of Dublin Act 1229. The Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543, which partitioned Meath in two, was also retained; as was the English Bill of Rights 1688, however it was partly repealed, including the provision that guaranteed Protestants the right to bear arms. The Marriage (No. 2) Act 1537 (28 & 29 Hen. 8. c. 17 (I)) was also retained and this retention has been the subject of academic criticism from Dr Maebh Harding.

## Subsequent statute law revision programme

Following the 2007 Act, the Oireachtas enacted further legislation dealing with Local and Personal and Private Acts enacted pre-1922, the Statute Law Revision Act 2009 and the Statute Law Revision Act 2012.
# Loux Covered Bridge

Loux Covered Bridge is a historic wooden covered bridge located on Wismer Road crossing Cabin Run (creek) upstream from the Cabin Run Covered Bridge in Bedminster Township and Plumstead Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. It was built in 1874 by David Sutton out of hemlock in the Town Truss style. This is one of the shorter covered bridges in Bucks County at only 60 feet (18 m) long.
The bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 1, 1980.
# SadBoi

Ebhoni Jade Cato-O'Garro, known by her stage name SadBoi and formerly known as Ebhoni, is a Canadian musician and model of Antiguan, Jamaican, and Indigenous descent. She released her debut EP Mood Ring (2017), at the age of 17. Her EP X was released on February 18, 2021.

## Early life

Ebhoni grew up in Toronto's Weston Road neighbourhood in a Jewish family, before moving to Oshawa with her mother and sister after her parents divorced. As of 2019, she lived in Parkdale. Ebhoni entered her first singing competition at the age of nine at the Canadian National Exhibition. She began recording music at age 10 and started writing songs at age 11. She started uploading videos to YouTube including covers of songs by artists such as Beyoncé and Keyshia Cole, as well as original songs. She has also modeled for Adidas and Rihanna's Savage X Fenty lingerie line.

## Musical career

In 2017, she released her EP Mood Ring on SoundCloud, where it would receive over 2 million streams. She then released an EP titled X in February 2021 and a mixtape titled Good Dick & Weed in July 2021.

## Discography
### Extended plays

* Mood Ring (2017)
* X (2021)
* Were All the Ig Girls Worth It? (2022)
* watch it all fall (2024)
* Baddies (2024)

### Mixtapes

* Good Dick & Weed (2021)

### Albums

* BARE CHAT (2024)
* DRY CRY (2024)
# Fred Russell (American football)

Fred Russell (born September 14, 1980) is an American former professional football player who was a running back for the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football for the Iowa Hawkeyes. He twice rushed for more than 1,000 yards in a season. He was a first-team All-Big Ten Conference selection in 2002 and voted the most valuable player in the 2004 Outback Bowl.

## High school

Russell played high school football at Romulus High School in Romulus, Michigan. He rushed for more than 5,000 yards and 85 touchdowns.

## Iowa

Russell was the starting running back for the 2002 Iowa Hawkeyes football team that tied for the Big Ten Conference championship, played in the Orange Bowl, and was ranked No. 8 in the final AP Poll. Russell rushed for 1,264 yards and nine touchdowns on 220 carries during the 2002 season. At the end of the season, Russell was selected by Big Ten coaches as a first-team running back on the 2002 All-Big Ten Conference football team.
In 2003, Russell was again the starting running back for an Iowa team that compiled a 10–3 record, defeated Florida in the Outback Bowl, and was ranked No. 8 in the final AP Poll. Russell rushed for 1,355 yards and seven touchdowns on 282 carries during the 2003 season. He was selected by both the coaches and media a second-team running back on the 2003 All-Big Ten Conference football team.
In the 2004 Outback Bowl, Russell's final game for Iowa, he rushed for 150 yards, scored a touchdown, and was named the game's most valuable player in a 37–17 victory over Florida. He was also named the most valuable player in the 2004 Hula Bowl.
At the end of his college career, and despite receiving significant playing time in only two seasons, Russell ranked third on the Iowa career rushing list. He also had two of the top five single-season rushing totals in Iowa history.

## Professional football

In 2004, Russell was part of the St. Louis Rams' practice squad. In 2007, Russell signed a contract with the Saskatchewan Roughriders of the CFL. He was released on July 3, 2007.
# Brandon Starcevich

Brandon Starcevich (born 24 July 1999) is a professional Australian rules footballer playing for the Brisbane Lions in the Australian Football League (AFL). Starcevich is the nephew of Brisbane AFL Women's coach Craig Starcevich.

## Early football

Starcevich is from Western Australia, and was a Fremantle Dockers fan in his youth. He originally played for Mt Lawley-Inglewood Junior Football Club. Starcevich joined West Australian Football League club East Perth, playing 20 colts games across 2016–17 and averaging 13 disposals. He also played B Grade cricket for the Stirling Hawks Cricket Club with Daniel Pryce, athletics and football for Trinity College. Starcevich played for Western Australia in the 2017 AFL Under 18 Championships and attended the AFL Draft Combine. However, he was limited by a quad injury. Starcevich tested at the WA State Draft Combine and won the 20 m (66 ft) sprint with a time of 2.87 seconds. He was drafted by Brisbane with pick 18 in the 2017 national draft, their third selection, and was described as a 'contested bull'.

## AFL career

In 2018, Starcevich recorded five tackles and nine disposals in his debut against North Melbourne in round 20 after strong form in the North East Australian Football League. Soon after, he signed a two-year contract extension, tying him to Brisbane until 2021. In the 13th round of the 2020 AFL season, he earned a 2020 AFL Rising Star nomination for his performance against St Kilda, where he collected 10 disposals and took four marks.
Starcevich was a member of the Lions squad narrowly defeated by Collingwood in the 2023 AFL Grand Final. The following year, he was part of the Brisbane Lions 2024 premiership winning team in a 60-point victory over the Sydney Swans.

## Statistics

Updated to the end of the 2022 season.
| Season | Team | No. | Games | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) | Averages (per game) |
| Season | Team | No. | Games | G | B | K | H | D | M | T | G | B | K | H | D | M | T |
| 2018 | Brisbane Lions | 37 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 20 | 16 | 36 | 5 | 8 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 5.0 | 4.0 | 9.0 | 1.3 | 2.0 |
| 2019 | Brisbane Lions | 37 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.0 | 0.0 | 7.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 |
| 2020 | Brisbane Lions | 37 | 18 | 1 | 2 | 125 | 43 | 168 | 57 | 29 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 6.9 | 2.4 | 9.3 | 3.2 | 1.6 |
| 2021 | Brisbane Lions | 37 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 216 | 82 | 298 | 90 | 41 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 9.0 | 3.4 | 12.4 | 3.8 | 1.7 |
| 2022 | Brisbane Lions | 37 | 24 | 3 | 0 | 268 | 90 | 358 | 107 | 49 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 11.2 | 3.8 | 14.9 | 4.5 | 2.0 |
| Career | Career | Career | 71 | 5 | 4 | 636 | 231 | 867 | 261 | 128 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 9.0 | 3.3 | 12.2 | 3.7 | 1.8 |
Notes
* ↑ The 2020 season was played with 17 home-and-away matches per team (down from 22) and 16-minute quarters with time on (down from 20-minute quarters with time on) due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Honours and achievements

Team
* AFL premiership player: 2024
Individual
* 22under22 team: 2021
* AFL Rising Star nominee: 2020 (round 13)
# Warren Linn

Warren Linn (born 10 September 1954) is a New Zealand former cricketer. He played first-class and List A cricket for Auckland and List A cricket for Central Districts.
# White's Falls

White's Falls is a waterfall in Gloucester Pool, Ontario. It is located near the town of Port Severn.
The upper portion of White's Falls has been modified by a dam to maintain water levels in Six Mile Lake (Ontario). As such, the flow through the falls is seasonally variable. It is located right off Muskoka Road 34, just a few minutes from Ontario Highway 400. The falls are located along the main road to the Big Chute Marine Railway. White's Falls is named after Joseph Arthur White Sr, who settled in the area in the mid-19th century.
The dam underwent construction in November of 2023, with plans to reopen in early 2025.
# Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase

Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR or FabI) (EC 1.3.1.9), is a key enzyme of the type II fatty acid synthesis (FAS) system. ENR is an attractive target for narrow-spectrum antibacterial drug discovery because of its essential role in metabolism and its sequence conservation across many bacterial species. In addition, the bacterial ENR sequence and structural organization are distinctly different from those of mammalian fatty acid biosynthesis enzymes.
At lower concentrations, Triclosan and Triclocarban provide a bacteriostatic effect by binding to ENR. Atromentin and leucomelone possess antibacterial activity, inhibiting the enzyme in the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae.
# Docking the Boat

Docking the Boat (Swedish: Att angöra en brygga, or sometimes: To Go Ashore) is a Swedish dark comedy film from 1965 directed by Tage Danielsson. The film stars Gösta Ekman, Monica Zetterlund, Hans Alfredson, Lars Ekborg and Birgitta Andersson. Monica Zetterlund also performed the theme song.

## Plot

A group of friends are to celebrate the summer on a small island in the Stockholm Archipelago. The plan is to eat crayfish and drink snaps, a quintessentially Swedish tradition.
Some are already in the house on the island (with the food) and the rest of the group arrives by boat (bringing the snaps), but they experience great difficulties while trying to come ashore. Their only neighbor on the island, an eccentric, Hollywood-obsessed, hot-tempered hermit doesn't make the situation better.

## Cast

* Monica Zetterlund as Berit
* Lars Ekborg as Kalle
* Birgitta Andersson as Mona
* Gösta Ekman as Lennart
* Katie Rolfsen as Inez
* Hans Alfredson as Garbo
* Hatte Furuhagen as Walter
* Tage Danielsson as Olsson
* Jim Hughes as Man finding message in bottle
# St. Gregory's Abbey (Oklahoma)

St. Gregory's Abbey is a Roman Catholic monastery of the American-Cassinese Congregation of the Benedictine Confederation. The monastery, founded by monks of the French monastery of Sainte-Marie de la Pierre-qui-Vire in 1876, was originally located in present-day Konawa, Oklahoma and called Sacred Heart Abbey. At present the community numbers around twenty-one monks who celebrate the Eucharist and Liturgy of the Hours. They used to staff various parishes but no longer do so, and their school, St. Gregory's University, was closed and filed for bankruptcy in 2017.
The abbey is located in Shawnee, Oklahoma.

## History

Benedictine monks first arrived from France in 1873, settling in Louisiana. They relocated to what was then Indian Territory in October 1875 at the suggestion of the Archbishop of New Orleans, Napoléon-Joseph Perché. He recruited his compatriots to provide pastoral care to the Native Americans of the region who had recently become a part of his ecclesiastical province. In 1876 the monks founded Sacred Heart Abbey in what today is Konawa, Oklahoma, led by the Rev. Dom Isidore Robot, O.S.B., who had been appointed Prefect Apostolic of the Indian Territory of Oklahoma by the Holy See upon the recommendation of Perché.
The monastic community grew steadily until 1901, when a fire destroyed much of the abbey. At the invitation of the city, the monks built their new monastery in Shawnee. At that time, they also established St. Gregory's College and High School, which was known as St. Gregory's University until it closed in 2017. The main building, known as Benedictine Hall, still stands (along with other former campus buildings), and is now owned by the Abbey after briefly being part of Oklahoma Baptist University's Green Campus. They Abbey and former college grounds are listed in the National Register of Historic Places listings in Pottawatomie County, Oklahoma.