# Underground mine ventilation

Underground mine ventilation provides a flow of air to the underground workers of a mine with sufficient volume to dilute and remove dust and noxious gases (typically NO$_x$, SO$_2$, methane, CO$_2$ and CO) and to regulate temperature. The source of these gases are equipment that runs on diesel engines, blasting with explosives, and the orebody itself. Regulations often require airflow to be distributed within mines to improve air quality.
The largest component of the operating cost for mine ventilation is electricity to power the ventilation fans, which may account for one third of a typical underground mine's entire electrical power cost.

## Types of ventilation

Flow-through ventilation is the main ventilation circuit for the mine. Air enters the mine from the surface via a shaft, ventilation raise or adit. The air is distributed through the mine via internal ventilation raises and ramps, and flows are controlled by regulators and permanently mounted ventilation fans. An auxiliary ventilation system takes air from the flow-through system and distributes it to the mine workings via temporarily mounted ventilation fans, Venturi tubes and disposable fabric or steel ducting. Auxiliary fan and duct systems may be either forcing systems, where fresh air is pushed into mine headings, or exhausting systems that draw out contaminated air.

## Ventilation control

Sufficient volume of air is required for proper ventilation. A bulk of electric power is required for driving fans. By installing variable speed control air quantity can be optimized hence the power. At every place in the mine where persons are required to work or pass, the air should not contain less than 19% of oxygen or more than 0.5% of carbon dioxide or any noxious gas in quantity likely to affect the health of any person. The percentage of inflammable gas does not exceed 0.75% in the general body of the return air of any ventilating district and 1.25% in any place in the mine.

## Regulations

The volume (expressed in cubic feet per minute or cubic meters per second) of air required to ventilate an underground mine is determined by mining engineers based on a wide variety of parameters. In most countries minimum requirements are outlined by law, regulation or standards. However, in some developing countries the mandated ventilation requirement may be insufficient, and the mining company may have to increase the ventilation flow, in particular where ventilation may be required to cool the ambient temperature in a deep hot mine, however auto-compression must also be taken into account. As per CMR 153-2-(i)(2017), in every ventilating district not less than six cubic meters per minute of air per person employed in the district on the largest shift or not less than 2.5 cubic meters per minute of air per daily tons output whichever is larger, passes along the last ventilation connection in the district which means the inbye-most gallery in the district along which the air passes.

## Heating

In temperate climates ventilation air may need to be heated during winter months. This will make the working environment more hospitable for miners, and prevent freezing of workings, in particular water pipes. In Arctic mines, where the mining horizon is above the permafrost, heating may not take place to prevent melting the permafrost. "Cold mines" such as Raglan Mine and Nanisivik Mine are designed to operate below 0 °C.
The wet bulb temperature in any working place does not exceed 33.5 °C and where the wet bulb temperature exceeds 30.5 °C arrangements are made to ventilate the same with a current of air moving at a speed of not less than one meter per second.

## Tunnels

In underground mining, long tunnels require efficient ventilation systems to protect miners' health and safety. Ventilation shafts are critical in these setups, as they introduce fresh air into deeper sections and expel contaminated air. These shafts are typically placed at regular intervals along the tunnel to ensure that airflow reaches all parts of the mine. This distribution of airflow is essential for diluting hazardous gases, such as methane and carbon monoxide, which can accumulate in confined spaces and pose serious risks of explosion or poisoning.
In addition to air quality, tunnel ventilation plays a key role in temperature regulation. Heat generated by mining equipment and geological factors can make underground conditions extremely hot. Effective ventilation helps to maintain a more manageable temperature, enabling miners to work in safer, more comfortable conditions. Modern mine ventilation systems often combine both natural ventilation (using pressure and temperature differences to create airflow) and mechanical ventilation methods (using fans to circulate air) to optimize performance.
Dust control is another important function of tunnel ventilation. Dust particles generated by drilling and blasting can impair visibility, clog equipment, and harm respiratory health. By directing fresh air through the tunnels, ventilation systems help to reduce dust concentration, improving air quality and visibility. Advanced ventilation designs are tailored to the specific layout and depth of the mine, ensuring that airflow requirements are met throughout the entire tunnel network.