# Margalla Hills National Park

Margalla Hills National Park (Urdu: مارگلہ پہاڑیاں قومی پارک) is a national park in Pakistan located in Islamabad Capital Territory, near its northern boundary with Haripur District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The park includes the Margalla Hills, which form the foothills of the Himalayas, along with Shakarparian Park and Rawal Lake.
Established in 1980, it is the third-largest national park in Pakistan with an area of 17,386 hectares (42,960 acres). Tilla Charouni, with a height of 1604 m, is tallest peak in the park. The Park is a major tourist destination, with Daman-e-Koh and Pir Sohawa serving as popular hill stations, while the Monal Restaurant, Shakarparian Cultural Complex, and Lake View Park are popular picnic spots.
The park is rich in biodiversity, especially rich in Sino-Himalayan fauna, most notably gray goral, barking deer and the leopard. Combined, MHNP is home to around 600 plant species, 402 bird varieties, 38 mammals, and 27 species of reptiles. PTDC is currently constructing a chairlift project in the park.

## Location

Instituted in 1980, the Margalla Hills National Park comprises the Margalla Hills (12605 hectares), the Rawal Lake, and Shakarparian Sports and Cultural complex. Located in Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan. The hill range nestles between an elevation of 685 meters at the western end and 1,604 meters on its east.

## Paleontology

Millions of years ago, these mountain peaks didn’t exist. The Asian continent was mostly intact, but the Indian subcontinent was an island floating off the coast of Australia. Around 220 million years ago, around the time that Pangaea was breaking apart, the subcontinent started to move northwards. It travelled some 6,000 kilometers before it finally collided with Asia around 40 to 50 million years ago. Then, part of the Indian landmass began to go beneath the Asian one, moving the Asian landmass up, which resulted in the rise of the Himalayas. It is thought that India’s coastline was denser and more firmly attached to the seabed, which is why Asia’s softer soil was pushed up rather than the other way around. The rock formations are 40 million years old, and fossils of marine life abound, it is a clear indication that before the content collision around 40 to 50 million years ago, these hills were the seabed of the ancient ocean. Fossils of seashells, plants, petrified wood and early sea life Yorgia waggoneri are abound.
These hills are the starting point of the Himalayas. The Himalayas, which stretch some 2,900 kilometers between Pakistan, India, China, and Nepal, is the world’s tallest mountain range.

## Flora and fauna

The vegetation of the southern slopes is short stuttered, comprising deciduous and evergreen trees with diverse shrub growth. In the north, stand pines and groves of oak. The fauna is mainly Indo Himalayan, with some overlapping of Palearctic species. The birds found here are residents as well as winter migrants from higher altitudes of the north, spring and summer visitor for breeding, and short day transit species arrive in spring.
Margalla Hills have a number of torrents which gush down in the monsoon. Natural springs are also present. Margalla has a variety of mammals, which include:
* Indian leopard
* Jungle cat
* Leopard cat
* Central Asian boar
* Golden jackal
* White-footed fox
* Rhesus macaque
* Grey goral
* Muntjac (barking deer)
* Chinkara
* Indian pangolin
* Indian crested porcupine
* Yellow-throated marten
* Fruit-bat
* Indian flying fox
* Indian grey mongoose
* Javan mongoose
* Indian hedgehog
* Masked palm civet
* Asian palm civet
* Northern palm squirrel
* Kashmir flying squirrel
* Murree vole (endemic to Margalla Hills, Murree and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa)
It is also home to a large number of birds such as Himalayan vulture, laggar falcon, peregrine falcon, common kestrel, Eurasian sparrowhawk, Egyptian vulture, white-eared bulbul, yellow-vented bulbul, paradise flycatcher, black partridge, cheer pheasant, kalij pheasant, golden oriole, spotted dove, Eurasian collared dove, Eurasian skylark, steppe grey shrike, desert wheatear, white-capped bunting, crested bunting, common reed bunting, and rock bunting.
Reptiles such as the Russell's viper, Indian cobra, Himalayan pit viper, and saw-scaled viper are found here.

### Flora

Margalla Hills in Islamabad have been declared as a National Park since 1980 to conserve the existing flora and fauna. The selection of trees and shrubs species for plantation in Margalla Hills is limited to natural trees and plants species which include:
* Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii)
* Olive (Olea ferruginea)
* Phulai (Senegalia modesta)
* Celtis (Celtis asustralis)
* Snatha (Dodonaea viscosa)
Major flowering trees include:
* Dhak (Butea frondosa)
* Punica (Punicum grantum)
* Pear (Pyrus pashia)
* Kachnar (Bauhinia variegate)
* Amaltas (Casia fistula)
* Jacarandra (Jacaranda mimosifolia)
* Woodfordia (Woodfordia fruticosa)
* Jasmine (Jasminum humile)
* Holmskioldia (Holmskiodia sanguine)

## Conservation campaigns

Himalayan Wildlife Foundation is running a project on a sustainable management strategy for the Margalla Hills National Park.
Margalla Hills Society, established in 1989, is a registered non-governmental organization with its head office in Islamabad. It is managed by an elected executive council. Its main objective is to preserve the natural environment of Margalla Hills National Park and prevent shrinkage of the green areas; to promote public interest in conservation, development and management of forests, wildlife and other natural resources of Margalla Hills National Park and to disseminate information about the Margalla Hills National park including its history, geography, flora, fauna culture and its benefits to the citizens of Islamabad.

## Tourism, trekking and sports

The National Park is the most accessible in Pakistan due to its close proximity to the national capital, Islamabad. It is a significant hub for bird lovers throughout the year. There are several hiking trails (Trail 1, Trail 2, Trail 3, Trail 4, Trail 5, Trail 6, Trail 7 (Shah Allah Dittah)), with the most frequented being Trail 3 and Trail 5.

### Rock climbing

There are many spots for rock climbing in Margalla Hills. Few crags have been developed but there is still a lot of potential available to explore virgin lines.
For beginner level climbers, the following crags are suggested:
| Name of crag | Number of Pitches | Difficulty Level | Average Height |
| Jasmine Corner (Margalla Hills) | 3 | Beginner Level | 15 meters |
| Musical Lounge | 2 | Beginner to Intermediate Level | 18 meters |
| Saidpur Village | 2 | Beginner Level | 15 meters |
| Shahdra Wall | 4 | Beginner to Intermediate Level | 13 meters |
| Shah Allah Dittah | 2 | Beginner to expert Level | 15 meters |
Although sport climbing is becoming increasingly popular among the youth of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, only few local climbers can climb at an advanced level. Therefore, most of the crags remain uncrowded.

### Illegal Construction

Considered the most attractive spot by many on the Margalla Hills National Park was the famous Monal and LaMontana restaurant ,which used to offers scenic view of Islamabad. Despite heavy public backlash, It was demolished in 2024 by order of Supreme Court of Pakistan.