# Fort-de-France

Fort-de-France (/ˌfɔːr də ˈfrɒ̃s/, US also /ˌfɔːrt də ˈfræns/, French: ; Martinican Creole: Fodfwans) is a commune and the capital city of Martinique, an overseas department and region of France located in the Caribbean.

## History

In 1638, Jacques Dyel du Parquet (1606–1658), nephew of Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc and first governor of Martinique, decided to have Fort Saint Louis built to protect the city against enemy attacks. The fort was soon destroyed, and rebuilt in 1669, when Louis XIV appointed the Marquis of Baas as governor general. Under his orders and those of his successors, particularly the Count of Blénac, the fort was built with a Vauban design.
Originally named Fort-Royal, the administrative capital of Martinique was over-shadowed by Saint-Pierre, the oldest city in the island, which was renowned for its commercial and cultural vibrancy as "The Paris of the Caribbean".
The name of Fort-Royal was changed to a short-lived "Fort-La-Republique" during the French Revolution, and finally settled as Fort-de-France sometime in the 19th century. The old name of Fort-Royal is still used today familiarly in its Creole language form of "Foyal", with the inhabitants of the city being "Foyalais".
The city was captured by a British expedition which captured Martinique in 1762, but the island was returned to French control in the Treaty of Paris. In 1839, the city was struck by a minor earthquake and 1890 saw an outbreak of fire which razed part of the city. The Hôtel de Ville (town hall) was completed in 1901.
By the turn of the 20th century, however, Fort-de-France became economically important after the volcanic eruption of Mount Pelée destroyed the town of Saint-Pierre in 1902.
Until 1918, when its commercial growth began, Fort-de-France had an inadequate water supply, was partly surrounded by swamps, and was notorious for yellow fever. Now the swamps are drained to make room for extensive suburbs.
On 3 August 1945, Fort-de-France's hydrobase became the site of Martinique's first fatal airliner crash. A Sikorsky S-43 (NC15066) on Pan Am Flight 216 arriving from Port of Spain at 10:11 was landed in poor weather conditions due to safety concerns by the crew and subsequently sank within 10 minutes, killing 4 of the 14 occupants.

## Geography

Fort-de-France, also known as the Fort of France, lies on Martinique's west coast at the northern entrance to the large Fort-de-France Bay, at the mouth of the Madame River. The city occupies a narrow plain between the hills and the sea but is accessible by road from all parts of the island.

## Climate

Fort-de-France has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af), characterised by very warm to hot and humid weather year-round. The wettest months are from July to November when hurricanes are a frequent threat, although substantial rainfall occurs in all months. The hottest month on average is September, and the coldest month on average is February.
Climate data for Fort-de-France (1991–2020 averages, extremes 1932–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 31.5 (88.7) | 32.1 (89.8) | 33.6 (92.5) | 33.0 (91.4) | 33.9 (93.0) | 33.6 (92.5) | 33.6 (92.5) | 33.0 (91.4) | 33.8 (92.8) | 33.0 (91.4) | 32.1 (89.8) | 31.3 (88.3) | 33.9 (93.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 27.7 (81.9) | 27.9 (82.2) | 28.5 (83.3) | 29.3 (84.7) | 29.8 (85.6) | 29.6 (85.3) | 29.7 (85.5) | 30.2 (86.4) | 30.5 (86.9) | 30.2 (86.4) | 29.2 (84.6) | 28.2 (82.8) | 29.2 (84.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 25.0 (77.0) | 24.9 (76.8) | 25.4 (77.7) | 26.2 (79.2) | 26.8 (80.2) | 27.0 (80.6) | 26.9 (80.4) | 27.3 (81.1) | 27.5 (81.5) | 27.2 (81.0) | 26.4 (79.5) | 25.6 (78.1) | 26.4 (79.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.2 (72.0) | 22.0 (71.6) | 22.3 (72.1) | 23.1 (73.6) | 23.6 (74.5) | 24.3 (75.7) | 24.2 (75.6) | 24.4 (75.9) | 24.5 (76.1) | 24.2 (75.6) | 23.7 (74.7) | 23.0 (73.4) | 23.5 (74.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 17.8 (64.0) | 17.3 (63.1) | 18.6 (65.5) | 18.9 (66.0) | 19.9 (67.8) | 20.0 (68.0) | 18.4 (65.1) | 19.5 (67.1) | 17.9 (64.2) | 20.2 (68.4) | 19.7 (67.5) | 17.4 (63.3) | 17.3 (63.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 113.9 (4.48) | 76.5 (3.01) | 70.5 (2.78) | 108.8 (4.28) | 133.0 (5.24) | 154.1 (6.07) | 205.6 (8.09) | 246.7 (9.71) | 213.9 (8.42) | 243.0 (9.57) | 236.7 (9.32) | 147.8 (5.82) | 1,950.5 (76.79) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 18.6 | 14.1 | 12.2 | 12.6 | 13.2 | 17.0 | 20.6 | 19.2 | 17.2 | 18.0 | 19.2 | 18.1 | 200.0 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 204.2 | 197.6 | 222.1 | 209.5 | 207.5 | 190.3 | 201.5 | 224.6 | 205.3 | 187.4 | 183.2 | 204.0 | 2,437 |
| Source 1: Météo France ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteociel.fr (sunshine 1981-2010) ||||||||||||||

## Naval port

Fort Saint Louis in Fort-de-France is a French naval base.

## Government

As of 27 June 2021, the Mayor of Fort de France is Serge Letchimy replacing Alfred Marie-Jeanne as the new mayor of the capitol. With a participation rate of little over 44% the Letchimy Party Alians Matinik received 37,72% of the votes, whereas Marie Jeanna who came in a close second with Gran Sanblé Pou Matinik acquired 35,27% of the votes. The commune of Fort-de-France makes up Martinique's 3rd constituency for the National Assembly.

## Main sights

* Fort Desaix
* Place de la Savane
* Jardin de Balata, a botanical garden
* Fort-de-France Cathedral
* A statue of Empress Joséphine, the wife of Napoleon in the gardens of La Savane was destroyed by anti-racist protestors in 2020.

## Transport

Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport is located in a suburb outside Fort-de-France.

## People

* Manon Tardon (1913–1989), Resistance fighter
* Frantz Fanon (1925–1961), psychiatrist, political philosopher and revolutionary
* Julienne Salvat (1932–2019), teacher, poet, femme de lettres, actress
* Karine Jean-Pierre (born 1974), organizer, activist, White House Press Secretary (since 2022)