# Codex Bezae

The Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis is a bi-lingual Greek and Latin manuscript of the New Testament written in an uncial hand on parchment. It is designated by the siglum D$^{ea}$ or 05 in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts, and δ 5 in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts. It contains most of the four Gospels and Acts, with a small fragment of 3 John. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it is currently dated to the 5th century.
Codex Bezae is renowned for having a distinctive text of the four Gospels and Acts, and is a leading member of the "Western" recension. The manuscript has been studied extensively.
A digital facsimile of the codex is available from Cambridge University Library, which holds the manuscript.

## Description

The manuscript is a codex (the precursor to the modern book), containing the text of the four Gospels, Acts and 3 John written on 406 extant parchment leaves, from perhaps an original 534 (sized 26 x 21.5 cm). The text is written in one column per page, with the Greek text on the left face and the Latin text on the right. The text is written colometrically and is full of hiatus. The first three lines of each book are in red letters, with black and red ink alternating the title of books. As many as eleven correctors (designated as G, A, C, B, D, E, H, F, J$^1$, L, K) have amended the text of the manuscript between the sixth and twelfth centuries.$^{:35–43,123–163}$ The Greek text of the codex has some copying errors, e.g., errors of metathesis (the transposition of sounds or syllables in a word), such as seen in John 1:3, where εγενετο (egeneto) was changed into ενεγετο (enegeto); and in Acts 1:9, where υπελαβεν (hypelaben) transforms into υπεβαλεν (hypebalen).
The manuscript employs the following nomina sacra (sacred names/words considered sacred in Christianity); the ones cited here are only nominative case (subject case) examples: ΙΗΣ (Ιησους / Iēsous / Jesus), ΧΡΣ (Χριστος / Christos / Christ), ΠΑΡ (πατηρ / patēr / Father), ΣΤΗ (σταυρωθη / staurōthē / [he] was crucified). Other words which usually feature among the nomina sacra are written out in full: μητερ (mēter / Mother), υιος (huios / Son), σωτηρ (sōter / savior), ανθρωπος (anthrōpos / man), ουρανος (ouranos / sky), Δαυιδ (David), Ισραηλ (Israel), and Ιερουσαλημ (Iērousalēm 'Jerusalem').

## Codex contents

The manuscript presents the gospels in the so-called Western order of Matthew, John, Luke and Mark, of which only Luke is complete; after some missing pages the manuscript picks up with the Third Epistle of John (in Latin) and contains part of Acts.$^{:xiv}$

### Missing sections

    Matthew 1:1–20, 6:20–9:2, 27:2–12; John 1:16–3:26; Acts 8:29–10:14, 21:2–10, 21:16–18, 22:10–20, 22:29–end$^{:xiv–xv}$

### Omitted verses

    Matthew 5:20; 5:30; 9:34; 10:37b; 10:41b; 21:44; 23:14
    Mark 15:28
    Luke 5:39; Luke 11:32; Luke 11:36; 12:21; 19:25; 23:34; 24:5; 24:12; 24:40
    John 5:4

### Supplementations (by a later hand)

    Matthew 3:7–16; Mark 16:15–20; John 18:14–20:13$^{:xiv–xv}$

## Text type

The Greek text is unique, with many interpolations found in no other manuscript. It has several remarkable omissions, and a capricious tendency to rephrase sentences. Aside from this one Greek manuscript, the type of text is found in Old Latin (pre-Vulgate) versions — as seen in the Latin here — and in Syriac, and Armenian versions. Bezae is the principal Greek representative of the Western text-type.$^{:73}$
There is no consensus on the many problems the Greek text presents. Since the Latin text occasionally agrees with Codices Bobiensis and Vercellensis against all others, it "preserves an ancient form of the Old Latin", and is a witness to a text which was current no later than 250 CE.$^{:103}$ Issues of conformity have dogged the usage of the codex in biblical scholarship. "In general the Greek text is treated as an unreliable witness," but it is "an important corroborating witness wherever it agrees with other early manuscripts."
Some of the outstanding features: Matthew 16:2b–3 is present and not marked as doubtful or spurious. One of the longer endings of Mark is given. Luke 22:43f and Pericope Adulterae are present and not marked as spurious or doubtful. John 5:4 is omitted, and the text of Acts is nearly 8% longer than the generally received text. It also includes a story of a man working on the Sabbath placed after Luke 6:4 which is not found in any other manuscript.
Acts in Codex Bezae differs quite considerably from other manuscripts, which some argue possibly represents an earlier version directly from Luke.

## Notable readings

Codex Bezae Cantabrigiensis contains some extraordinary readings. Below is a selection of some of the more notable or unsupported readings, with text and translation.
    διὰ Ησαιου τοῦ προφήτου (through Isaiah the prophet) : D it$^{mss}$ vg$^{mss}$ syr sa$^{ms}$ arm Diatessaron Irenaeus$^{lat}$
    διὰ τοῦ προφήτου (through the prophet) : Majority Byz
Matthew 2:17
    ὑπὸ κυριου διὰ Ἰερεμίου (by the LORD through Jeremiah) : D it
    διὰ Ἰερεμίου (through Jeremiah) : א‎ B C al
    ὑπὸ Ἰερεμίου (by Jeremiah) : Majority Byz
Matthew 3:16
    καταβαίνοντα ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ὡς περιστερὰν (descending out of heaven like a dove) : D it vg$^{mss}$ syr
    καταβαῖνον ὡσεὶ περιστερὰν (deceding like a dove) : Majority Byz
Matthew 4:4
    ἐκπορευομένῳ διὰ στόματος (proceeds out through the mouth)
       Omit. : D it
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Matthew 5:4–5
    Matt 5:5, 4: D 17. 33. 130. lat syr Clement Origen Eusebius
    Matt 5:4,5 : Majority Byz
Matthew 5:11
    ψευδόμενοι (falsely)
       Omit. : D b c d g$^1$ h k syr Tertullian Augustine
       Incl. : Majority Byz
    ἕνεκεν δικαιοσύνης (for the sake of righteousness) : D it$^{mss}$
    ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ (for my sake) : Majority Byz
Matthew 5:19
    ὃς δʼ ἂν ποιήσῃ καὶ διδάξῃ, οὗτος μέγας κληθήσεται ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ τῶν οὐρανῶν (but whoever will do [them] and should teach [them], the same will be called great in the kingdom of the heavens)
       Omit. : D א‎* W bo$^{ms}$
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Matthew 5:32
    καὶ ὃς ἐὰν ἀπολελυμένην γαμήσῃ, μοιχᾶται (and whoever should marry her who is divorced, he commits adultery)
       Omit. : D it$^{a,b,d,k}$ Origen$^{mss}$
       Incl. : Majority Byz
    ὑπὲρ τῶν επηρεαζοντων υμας, καὶ διωκόντων ὑμᾶς : D L W Δ Θ 047 ƒ$^{13}$ 33. 118. 700. 892. Byz lat syr mae-1 goth Clement Eusebius
    ὑπὲρ τῶν διωκόντων ὑμᾶς : א‎ B ƒ$^1$ 22 279 660* 1192 2786* it$^k$ syr sa bo Irenaeus$^{lat}$ Origen Cyprian
Matthew 6:6
    πρόσευξαι τῷ πατρί σου ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ (shut the door and pray to your Father in secret) : D ƒ$^1$ ƒ$^{13}$ 700. syr bo$^{mss}$
    πρόσευξαι τῷ πατρί σου τῷ ἐν τῷ κρυπτῷ (shut the door and pray to your Father who is in secret) : Majority Byz
Matthew 6:8
    ἀνοῖξαι τὸ στόμα (open your mouth) : D it$^h$
    αἰτῆσαι αὐτόν (ask him) : Majority Byz
Matthew 10:3
    Λεββαῖος (Lebbaeus) : D it$^{k,μ}$ Origen$^{lat}$
    Θαδδαῖος (Thaddeus) : א‎ B 124 788. 892. 2211. f$^{13mss}$ 17. 130. 892. it$^{aur,c,ff1l}$ vg sa bo
    Λεββαῖος ὁ ἐπικληθεὶς Θαδδαῖος (Lebbaeus, called Thaddeus) : C$^2$ L W X Δ Θ ƒ$^1$ ƒ$^{13mss}$ 22. 33. 565. 579. 700. Byz it$^f$ syr arm
    Judas Zelotes (Judas the Zealot) : it$^{a,b,g1,h,q}$
    omit. : syr
Matthew 10:14
    τῆς οἰκίας ἢ (that house or)
       Omit. : D arm
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Matthew 10:18
    ἐπὶ ἡγεμόνων σταθήσεσθε (you shall be caused to stand before governors)
       Incl. : D 0171 it$^{mss}$ syr
       Omit. : Majority Byz
Matthew 10:19
    δοθήσεται γὰρ ὑμῖν ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ὥρᾳ τί λαλήσητε (for it will be given to you in that hour what you should speak)
       Omit. : D L it$^{mss}$ vg$^{mss}$ Epiphanius
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Matthew 11:3
    ἐργαζόμενος (Are you the one who is to labor) : D*
    ἐρχόμενος (Are you the one who is to come) : Majority Byz
Matthew 11:5
    καὶ χωλοὶ περιπατοῦσιν (and the lame are walking)
       Omit. : D
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Matthew 12:34
    λαλεῖ ἀγαθὰ (speaks good) : D* it$^d$
    λαλεῖ (speaks) : Majority Byz
Matthew 13:14
    Πορεύθητι, καὶ εἰπὲ τῷ λαῷ τούτῳ (Go, and tell the people this)
       Incl. : D it$^{mss}$ mae-1 Eusebius
       Omit. : Majority Byz
Matthew 13:33
    ἐλάλησεν αὐτοῖς (he spoke to them)
       Omit. : D it$^{d,(k)}$ syr
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Matthew 13:49
    κόσμου : (cosmos) D
    αἰῶνος τούτου (this age) : N co$^{sams,bo}$
    αἰῶνος (age) : Majority Byz
Matthew 14:2
    ὃν ἐγὼ ἀπεκεφάλισα (whom I beheaded)
       Incl. : D it$^{a,b,ff1,h}$ vg$^{mss}$
       Omit. : Majority Byz
Matthew 14:3
    Φιλίππου (of Philip)
       Omit. : D it$^{mss}$ vg$^{mss}$ Augustine
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Matthew 14:8 ἐπὶ πίνακι (on a platter)
       Omit. : D
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Matthew 15:26
    οὐκ ἔξεστιν (it is not permitted) : D it$^{mss}$ syr Origen
    οὐκ ἐστιν (it is not) : 1293. Tertullian Eusebius
    οὐκ καλὸν ἐστιν (right it is not) : 544. 1010. geo
    οὐκ ἔστιν καλὸν (it is not right) : Majority Byz
Matthew 15:30
    κωφούς (mute)
       Omit. : D
       Incl. : Majority Byz
    ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτούς πάντας (and he healed them all) : D it$^{mss}$ sa bo$^{ms}$
    ἐθεράπευσεν αὐτούς (and he healed them) : Majority Byz
Matthew 15:32
    μήποτε ἐκλυθῶσιν ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ (lest they should faint in the way)
       Omit. : D*
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Matthew 15:39
    Μαγαδάν (Magadan) : א‎* B D
    Μαγεδάν (Magedan) : א‎$^2$ Δ$^{lat}$ lat$^{mss}$ syr co$^{sa}$ Eusebius
    Μαγδαλάν (Magdalan) : C N W 33. 565. 579. it$^q$ mae-1 co$^{bo}$
    Μαγδαλά (Magdala) : L Δ$^{gr}$ Θ ƒ$^1$ ƒ$^{13}$ 22 892. Byz syr$^h$
Matthew 16:4
    καὶ μοιχαλὶς (and adulterous)
       Omit. : D it$^{mss}$
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Matthew 16:16
    ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ σῴζοντος (the son of the saving God) : D*
    ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ τοῦ ζῶντος (the son of the living God) : Majority Byz
Matthew 16:20
    ἐπετίμησεν (rebuked) : D B* it$^e$ syr Origen$^{mss}$
    διεστείλατο (ordered) : Majority Byz
Matthew 17:1
    ὄρος ὑψηλὸν λίαν (very high mountain) : D Eusebius
    ὄρος ὑψηλὸν κατʼ ἰδίαν (high mountain by themselves) : Majority Byz
Matthew 17:2
    λευκὰ ὡς χιών (white as snow) : D lat$^{mss}$ syr bo$^{mss}$
    λευκὰ ὡς τὸ φῶς (white as the light) : Majority Byz
Matthew 17:12b
    οὕτως καὶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου μέλλει πάσχειν ὑπʼ αὐτῶν (So also the Son of Man is about to suffer at their hands)
    Incl. in 17:12 : Majority Byz
    Place in 17:13 : D it$^{a,b,c,d,e,ff1,ff2,g1,n,r1}$
Matthew 18:10
    τῶν μικρῶν τούτων τῶν πιστευόντων εἰς ἐμέ (these little ones who believe in me) : D it$^{mss}$ vg$^{mss}$ syr co$^{samss}$
    τῶν μικρῶν τούτων (these little ones') : Majority Byz
Matthew 18:16
    μαρτύρων (witnesses) : Majority Byz
    omit : D
Matthew 18:18
    omit: D* it$^n$
    ἔσται δεδεμένα ἐν οὐρανῷ, καὶ ὅσα ἐὰν λύσητε ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς (will be bound in heaven, and whatever you should loosen upon the earth) : Majority Byz
Matthew 19:25
    ἐξεπλήσσοντο καὶ ἐφοβήθησαν σφόδρα (they were astonished and they were afraid exceedingly) : D it$^{mss}$ vg$^{mss}$ syr
    omit : Majority Byz
Matthew 19:29
    ἢ πατέρα (or father)
       Incl. : Majority Byz
       Omit. : D
    ἢ γυναῖκα (or wife)
       Incl. : Majority Byz
       Omit. : D
Matthew 20:28
   ὑμεῖς δὲ ζητεῖτε ἐκ μικροῦ αὐξήσαι καὶ ἐκ μείζονος ἔλαττον εἶναι εἰσερχόμενοι δὲ καὶ παρακληθέντες δειπνῆσαι μὴ ἀνὰκλινεσθε εἷς τοὺς ἐξἔχοντας τόπους μήποτε ἐνδοξότερον σου ἐπέλθῃ καὶ προσελθὼν ὁ δειπνοκλήτωρ εἴπῃ σοι ἔτι κάτω χὼρει καὶ καταισχυνθήσῃ ἐὰν δὲ αναπεσής εἷς τόν ἥττονα τόπον καὶ ἐπέλθῃ σου ἥττων ἐρεῖ σοι ὁ δειπνοκλήτωρ σύναγε ἔτι ἄνω καὶ ἔσται σοι τοῦτο χρήσιμον But seek to increase from that which is small, and to become less from that which is greater. When you enter into a house and are summoned to dine, do not sit down at the prominent places, lest perchance a man more honorable than you come in afterwards, and he who invited you come and say to you, "Go down lower"; and you shall be ashamed. But if you sit down in the inferior place, and one inferior to you come in, then he that invited you will say to you, "Go up higher"; and this will be advantageous for you.$^{:71}$
       Incl. : D Φ it vg$^{mss}$ syr$^{(c),pmshmg}$ Juvencus Hilary
       Omit. : Majority Byz
Matthew 21:44
    Omit. : D 𝔓$^{104}$ 33 it$^{a,b,d,e,ff1,ff2,r1}$ syr Irenaeus$^{lat}$ Origen Eusebius
    Incl. : Majority Byz
Matthew 22:13
    Ἄρατε αὐτόν ποδῶν καὶ χειρῶν καὶ Βάλετε αὐτόν εἰς τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτερον (Take him by his feet and his hands and cast him into the outer darkness) : D it$^{a,b,c,d,e,ff1,ff2,h,q,r1}$ syr Irenaeus$^{lat}$ Lucifer
    Δήσαντες αὐτοῦ πόδας καὶ χεῖρας ἐκβάλετε αὐτὸν εἰς τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτερον (After binding him by his feet and his hands, cast him into the outer darkness) : א‎ B L Θ 085 ƒ$^1$ 22 700. 892. it$^{aur,f,g1,l}$ vg syr co Didymus
    Δήσαντες αὐτοῦ πόδας καὶ χεῖρας ἄρατε αὐτόν καὶ ἐκβάλετε εἰς τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτερον (After binding him by his feet and his hands, take and cast him into the outer darkness) : C (M) W Δ (Φ) 0102 33. (565.)(579.) (1241.) (1424.) Byz it$^f$ syr
    Βάλετε εἰς τὸ σκότος τὸ ἐξώτερον (cast$^{pl}$ [him] into the outer darkness) : ƒ$^{13}$
Matthew 22:17
    Εἰπέ οὖν ἡμῖν (Therefore, tell us)
       Omit. : D it$^{a,b,d,e,ff1,ff2,q,r1}$ syr bo$^{ms}$
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Matthew 22:24
    τὴν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ (his wife)
       Omit. : D
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Matthew 22:46
    ἐκείνης τῆς ὥρας (from that hour) : D W ƒ$^1$ 1506 it$^{a,d,q}$ syr bo$^{mss}$ Origen
    ἐκείνης τῆς ἡμέρας (from that day) : Majority Byz
Matthew 23:26
    καὶ τῆς παροψίδος (and the plate)
       Omit. : D Θ ƒ$^1$ 2* 700. it$^{a,d,e,ff2,r1}$ syr Irenaeus$^{lat}$ Clement
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Matthew 23:34
    καὶ ἐξ αὐτῶν μαστιγώσετε ἐν ταῖς συναγωγαῖς ὑμῶν (and of them, ye will scourge in your synagogues)
       Omit. : D it$^a$ Lucifer
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Matthew 24:31
    ἀρχομένων δὲ τούτων γίνεσθαι ἀναβλέψατε καὶ ἐπάρατε τὰς κεφαλὰς ὑμῶν διότι ἐγγίζει ἡ ἀπολύτρωσις ὑμῶν (But when these things begin happening, look up and lift up your heads, because that your redemption is approaching)
       Incl. : D 1093. it$^{b,c,d,h,q,r1}$
       Omit. : Majority Byz
Matthew 24:41
    δύο ἐπὶ κλίνης μιᾶς εἷς παραλαμβάνεται καὶ εἷς ἀφίεται (two upon one bed; one taken, and one left)
       Incl. : D ƒ$^{13}$ it$^{mss}$ vg$^{mss}$ Origen$^{mss}$
       Omit. : Majority Byz
    καὶ ζώνην δερματίνην περὶ τὴν ὀσφὺν αὐτοῦ (and a leather belt roundabout his waist)
       Omit. : D it$^{a,b,d,ff2,r1,t}$ vg$^{ms}$
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Mark 1:7
    κύψας (stoop)
       Omit. : D Θ ƒ$^{13}$ 28.* 565. ℓ$^{844,2211}$ it$^{mss}$
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Mark 5:9
    απεκριτη : D
    λεγιων ονομα μοι : א‎ B C L Δ
    απεκριθη λεγων : E 565. 700.
    λεγεων : A W Θ ƒ$^1$ ƒ$^{13}$ Byz$^{:102}$
Mark 10
    Verse Order 23, 25, 24, 26 : D
    Verse Order 23, 24, 25, 26 : Majority Byz$^{:123}$
Mark 13:2
    και μετα τριων ημερων αλλος αναστησεται ανευ χειρων (and within three days another will arise without hands)
       Incl. : D W it$^{a,b,c,d,(e),ff2,i,(k),n,r1}$ Cyprian
       Omit. : Majority Byz
Mark 15:34 (see Psalms 22:2)
    ὠνείδισάς με (insult me) : D it$^{c,(i),k}$ syr
    ἐγκατέλιπές με (forsaken me) : א‎ B Ψ 059. vg Ptolemy Justin Martyr Eusebius
    με ἐγκατέλιπες (forsaken me) : Majority Byz
    ἁπτύξας (touched) : D*
    ἀναπτύξας (unrolled) : א‎ D$^c$ K Δ Θ Π Ψ ƒ$^1$ ƒ$^{13}$ 28. 565. 700. 1009. 1010. 1071. 1079. 1216. 1230. 1242. 1253. 1344. 1546. 1646. 2148. 2174. Byz
    ἀνοίξας (opened) : A B L W Ξ 33. 892. 1195. 1241. ℓ 547 syr bo sa
Luke 6:5
    τῇ αὐτῇ ἡμέρᾳ, θεασάμενός τινα ἐργαζόμενον τῷ σαββάτῳ, εἶπεν αὐτῷ· Ἄνθρωπε, εἰ μὲν οἴδας τί ποιεῖς, μακάριοις εἶ· εἰ δὲ μὴ οἴδας, ἐπικατάρατος καὶ παραβάτης εἶ τοῦ νόμου. (On that same day, seeing someone working on the Sabbath, he (Jesus) said to him, 'Man, if you know what you do, blessed are you; but if you do not know, you are cursed and a transgressor of the law.')
       Incl. : D
       Omit. : Majority Byz$^{:li}$
Luke 7:1
    και εγενετο οτε ετελεσεν ταυτα τα ρηματα λαλων ηλθεν : D (it syr
    επειδη επληρωσεν παντα τα ρηματα αυτου εις τας ακοας του λαου εισηλθεν : Majority Byz
Luke 7:2
    παις (boy servant) : D
    δουλος (slave) : Majority Byz$^{:175}$
Luke 9:55–56
    και ειπεν, Ουκ οιδατε ποιου πνευματος εστε (But He turned and rebuked them and He said: You do not know what manner of spirit you are of) : D (ℓ 1127$^m$) D geo Epiphanius
    καὶ εἶπεν, Οὐκ οἰδατε οἵου πνεύματός ἐστε ὑμεῖς : Byz
    Omit. : א‎ A B C L Δ Ξ 28. 33. 71. 157. al
Luke 11:2
    ἐφ ἡμᾶς ἐλθέτω σου ἡ βασιλεία (Let thine kingdom come upon us) : D
    ἐλθέτω τὸ πνεῦμα σου τὸ ἄγιον εφ ημας και καθαρισατω ημας (May your Holy Spirit come upon us and cleanse us) : 162. 700.
    ἐλθέτω ἡ βασιλεία σου (May your kingdom come) : Byz
    ἐλθάτω ἡ βασιλεία σου (May your kingdom come) : C P W Δ ƒ$^{13}$ 1241
    Omit. : geo
Luke 22:1
    ηγγισεν : D Codex Regius
    εγγιζεν : Majority Byz$^{:232}$
Luke 23:34
    ὁ δὲ Ἰησοῦς ἔλεγεν πάτερ, ἄφες αὐτοῖς, οὐ γὰρ οἴδασιν τί ποιοῦσιν (Then Jesus said, "Father, forgive them, for they know not what they are doing")
       Omit. : 𝔓$^{75}$ א‎$^a$ B D W Θ 0124 31.* 38. 435. 597.* 1241. 1808.* it syr co
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Luke 24:1
    ἀρώματα (aromatics)
       Omit. : D it$^{mss}$ syr co$^{sa}$
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Luke 24:2
    ἐλθοῦσαι δὲ εὗρον (Then, upon arriving, they found)
       Omit. : D 070 it$^c$ sa
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Luke 24:6
    τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ (the Lord Jesus)
       Omit. : D it$^{a,b,d,e,ff2,l,r1}$
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Luke 24:6
    οὐκ ἔστιν ὧδε, ἀλλὰ ἠγέρθη
       Omit. : D it$^{a,b,d,e,ff2,l,r1}$ arm$^{mss}$ geo$^{mss}$
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Luke 24:7
    ἁμαρτωλῶν (sinful)
       Omit. : D it$^{a,b,d,e,ff2,l,r1}$
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Luke 24:9
    ἀπὸ τοῦ μνημείου (from the tomb)
       Omit. : D it$^{a,b,d,e,ff2,l,r1}$ arm geo
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Luke 24:10
    ἦσαν δὲ (Now they were)
       Omit. : A D W Γ 788. 1241. ℓ$^{mss}$ it$^{d,e}$ syr
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Luke 24:17
    καὶ ἐστάθησαν (and they stood still)
       Omit. : D Cyril
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Luke 24:36
    καὶ λέγει αὐτοῖς εἰρήνη ὑμῖν (and said to them, "Peace be unto you")
       Omit. : D it$^{a,b,e,ff2}$,l,r$^1$
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Luke 24:37
    φαντασμα (phantasma) : D Marcion$^{Tert}$
    πνευμα (spirit) : Majority Byz$^{:245}$
Luke 24:42
    και απο μελισσιου κηριου (and honeycomb of the beehive)
       Omit. : 𝔓$^{75}$ א‎ A B D L W P 579. 1079. 1377.* 2411. it$^{d,e}$ syr sa bo$^{mss}$
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Luke 24:46
    ἐκ νεκρῶν (from the dead)
       Omit. : D sa
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Luke 24:49
    τοῦ πατρός (my Father)
       Omit. : D it$^e$
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Luke 24:51
    καὶ ἀνεφέρετο εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν (and he was being uplifted into the sky)
       Omit. : א‎* D it$^{a,b,d,e,ff2,l}$
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Luke 24:52
    προσκυνήσαντες αὐτὸν (upon worshiping him)
       Omit. : D it$^{a,b,d,e,ff2,l}$ syr
       Incl. : Majority Byz
Luke 24:53
    αἰνοῦντες (praising) D it$^{a,b,d,e,ff2,l,r1}$ vg$^{mss}$
    εὐλογοῦντες (eulogizing) 𝔓$^{75}$ א‎ B C* L syr$^{s,pal}$ sa bo geo
    αἰνοῦντες καὶ εὐλογοῦντες (praising and eulogizing) A C$^2$ W Δ Θ Ψ ƒ$^1$ ƒ$^{13}$ 33 157 579 Byz it$^{aur,c,f,q}$ vg$^{mss}$ syr$^{p,h}$ arm
    ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ἐστίν (in Him is life) : D א‎ it sa$^{mss}$
    ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ᾓν (in Him was life) : Majority Byz
John 4:51
    υιος σου : D$^{gr}$
    υιος αυτου : D$^{lat}$
John 4:9
    οὐ γὰρ συγχρῶνται Ἰουδαῖοι Σαμαρίταις (for Jews have no dealings with Samaritans)
       Omit. : *א‎ D it$^{a,b,d,e,j}$
       Incl. : Majority Byz
John 5:39
    καὶ ἐκεῖναί εἰσιν ἁμαρτάνουσαι περὶ ἐμοῦ· (and they are the ones who sin concerning Me) : D
    καὶ ἐκεῖναί εἰσιν αἱ μαρτυροῦσαι περὶ ἐμοῦ· (and they testify concerning Me) : Majority Byz
John 6:1
    της θαλασσης της Γαλιλαιας εις τα μερη της Τιβεριαδος : D Θ 892. 1009. 1230. 1253. it$^{b,d,e}$
    τῆς θαλάσσης τῆς Γαλιλαίας τῆς Τιβεριάδος : Majority Byz
John 7:8
    εγω ουκ αναβαινω (I am not going) : א‎ D K 1241.
    εγω ουπω αναβαινω (I am not yet going) : B L T W Θ Ψ 0105 0180 0250 ƒ$^1$ ƒ$^{13}$ Byz$^{:269}$
John 8:46
    Omit. : D
    Incl. : Majority Byz
John 11:54
    εἰς τὴν χώραν Σαμφουριν ἐγγὺς τῆς ἐρήμου (into the region of Sepphoris near the wilderness) : D
    εἰς τὴν χώραν ἐγγὺς τῆς ἐρήμου (into the region near the wilderness) : Majority Byz$^{:289}$
John 12:8
    Omit. : D
    Incl. : Majority Byz
John 17:11
    καὶ οὐκέτι εἰμὶ ἐν τῷ τούτῳ τῷ κόσμῳ (and no longer am I in this world) : D b c f ff$^2$ q
    καὶ οὐκέτι εἰμὶ ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ (and no longer am I in the world) : Majority Byz
    ουκετι ειμι εν τω κοσμω· και εν τω κοσμω ειμι (no longer am I in this world, and I am in the world)
       Incl. : 𝔓$^{107}$$^{(vid)}$ D (a c) r$^1$
       Omit. : Majority Byz
John 20:8
    και ιδεν και ουκ επιστευσεν (and saw and did not believe) : D
    και ιδεν και επιστευσεν (and saw and believed) : Majority Byz
    του κυριου (of the Lord) : D 𝔓$^{74}$ C* E Ψ 33. 36. 453. 945. 1739. 1891.
    του θεοῦ (of God) : א‎ B 614. 1175. 1505. vg syr bo$^{ms}$; Cyprian
    τοῦ κυρίου καὶ θεοῦ (of the Lord and of God) : C$^{c3}$ L 323 1241 Byz$^{:384}$

## History

The codex's place of origin is still disputed; both Gaul (France) and southern Italy have been suggested.$^{:261–276}$ Other proposed places of origin include Egypt, Palestine and Beirut.
The manuscript is believed to have been repaired at Lyon (France) in the ninth century, as revealed by a distinctive ink used for supplementary pages. It was closely guarded for many centuries in the monastic library of St Irenaeus at Lyon. The manuscript was consulted, perhaps in Italy, for disputed readings at the Council of Trent, and was at about the same time collated for Stephanus's edition of the Greek New Testament. During the upheavals of the Wars of Religion in the 16th century, when textual analysis had a new urgency among the Reformation's Protestants, the manuscript was stolen from the monastic library in Lyon when French Huguenots ransacked the library in 1562. It was delivered to the Protestant scholar Theodore Beza, the friend and successor of Calvin, who gave it in 1581 to the University of Cambridge, in the comparative security of England, which accounts for its double name. It remains in the Cambridge University Library (Nn. II 41).$^{:70–73}$
Scholar John Mill collated and biblical scholar Johann Jakob Wettstein transcribed (in 1716) the text of the codex. Both did their editions of the Greek Testament, but both did their work carelessly. A much better collation was made about 1732 by John Dickinson.
In 1787, the University of Cambridge appointed Dr Thomas Kipling to edit a facsimile edition which appeared in two volumes in 1793.
The English cleric Frederick H. A. Scrivener edited the text of the codex in 1864 (rewritten text of the codex) and published a photographic facsimile in 1899.
The importance of the manuscript is such that a colloquium held at Lunel, Hérault, in the south of France on 27–30 June 1994 was entirely devoted to it. Papers discussed the many questions it poses to our understanding of the use of the Gospels and Acts in early Christianity, and of the text of the New Testament.