OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sigmund Feist

Sigmund Feist (Mainz, 12 June 1865 – Copenhagen, 23 March 1943) was a German Jewish pedagogue and historical linguist. He was the author of the Germanic substrate hypothesis as well as a number of important works concerning Jewish ethnic and racial identity. Feist served as the director of the Jewish Reichenheim Orphanage in Berlin from 1906 to 1935. In 1907 he became a member of the Gesellschaft der Freunde society.
Feist emigrated to Denmark in 1939 where he died four years later.

## Correspondence with Jewish soldiers during World War I

As director of the Reichenheim Orphanage, Feist established and maintained close relationships with his wards, 77 of whom corresponded with him during their time of service in the First World War. The correspondence consists of 745 letters which Feist received between the years 1914 and 1918, and offers a glimpse into the lives of Jewish soldiers who served in World War I.
Several of the soldiers who wrote the letters later went on to attain notoriety in academic circles, an example being Hermann Teuchert.
The collected correspondence has been archived in the Centrum Judaicum of the New Synagogue in Berlin since 1995. The letters were published as a collection in 2002.

## Important works
### Works in historical linguistics

* Einführung in das Gotische (1922)
* Etymologisches Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache (1923)
* Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Gotischen Sprache mit Einschluss des Krimgotischen und sonstiger zerstreuter Überreste des Gotischen (1923)
* Indogermanen und Germanen (1924)
* Germanen und Kelten in der antiken Überlieferung (1925)

### Works in Jewish history and ethnicity

* Stammeskunde der Juden. Die jüdischen Stämme der Erde in alter und neuer Zeit. Historisch-anthropologische Skizzen. (1925)
* Die Ethnographie der Juden (with Lionel S. Reisz) (1926)
* Rassenkunde des jüdischen Volkes (1930)
* Ein Zeitgenosse Alexander des Großen über die Juden (?)

## Referenced in

* Bibliography for Wulfila database: Feist, Sigmund. Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der Gotischen Sprache Mit Einschluss des Krimgotischen und sonstiger zerstreuter Überreste des Gotischen. Dritte neubearbeitete und vermehrte Auflage E. J. Brill Leiden 1939
* An Analysis of *z loss in West Germanic
* "Studying the Jew"
* Listed in The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics

## Related literature

* Römer, Ruth: Sigmund Feist und die Gesellschaft fuer deutsche Philologie in Berlin. In: Muttersprache 103 (1993), 28-40
* Römer, Ruth: Sigmund Feist: Deutscher – Germanist – Jude. In: Muttersprache 91 (1981), 249-308.
# Notok

NOTOK is the eighth single by Japanese rock band Hitorie. The digital version was released on November 6, 2024, with the CD releasing on November 27. It is the first release since their fourth studio album, HOWLS, to feature wowaka's vocals, due to his death two months after its release. The cover art was created by Fullkawa Honpo, a close friend of wowaka who also created the cover art for his debut vocaloid album, Unhappy Refrain. The song is included on the band's seventh album, Friend Chord, with Shinoda as the vocalist.

## Production and release

NOTOK was first revealed on the book wowaka Lyrics Collection (wowaka歌詞集), released in May 11. It was performed for the first time at Hitorie's "HITORI-ESCAPE 2024 10-NEN-SAI ～日比谷超絶野音～ (Hibiya's Transcendent Wild Sounds)" concert at Tokyo's Hibiya Park Concert Hall on September 15. The band decided to complete the song, as well as daybreak seeker, also included on the single and composed by wowaka, to celebrate the band's 10th major debut anniversary.
They utilized wowaka's compositions, as well as vocal data from his demo recording, to finish and release the song. daybreak seeker was written during the production of HOWLS, and Shinoda wrote the lyrics. He recorded over 100 patterns for the guitar solo at the end of the song before arriving at the final version.
The single also features two covers of wowaka's vocaloid songs, World's End Dancehall and Tenohira, with the former being the fastest song ever performed by the band, reaching 171 BPM (Beats per Minute).
The album cover was designed and created by Fullkawa Honpo, a close friend of wowaka who was also a vocaloid producer.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by wowaka

## Personnel

Obtained from the NOTOK liner notes booklet and YouTube auto-generated music credits.
Hitorie
* All members – arrangement
* wowaka – composition, lyrics (#1-3), vocals (#1)
* Shinoda (シノダ) – electric guitar, vocals (#2-4), lyrics (#4)
* ygarshy (イガラシ) – bass guitar
* Yumao (ゆまーお) – drums
Personnel
* Shinjiro "Megane" Hirai (平井信二郎) – mixing engineer
* Yuki Ishida – recording assistant
* Yuhki Shirai – vocal direction & edit
* Atsuro Takada – drum engineer
* Tsubasa Yamazaki (山崎 翼) – mastering engineer (Flugel Mastering)
* Jun Otake – recording assistant (studio SUNSHINE)
* Akio Fukatani – recording assistant (SOUND CREW STUDIO)
* Fullkawa Honpo (古川本舗) – cover art

## Charts

Chart performance for NOTOK :
| Chart (2024) | Peak position |
| Top Japanese singles (Oricon) | 13 |
| Top Japanese Download singles (Billboard Japan) | 100 |
| Top Japanese Singles Sales (Billboard Japan) | 12 |
# Parched grain

Parched grain is grain that has been cooked by dry roasting. It is an ancient foodstuff and is thought to be one of the earliest ways in which the hunter gatherers in the Fertile Crescent ate grains. Historically, it was a common food in the Middle East, as attested by the following Bible quotes:
* "On the day after the Passover, on that very day, they ate some of the produce of the land, unleavened cakes, and parched grain."
* "Now Boaz said to her at mealtime, 'Come here, and eat of the bread, and dip your piece of bread in the vinegar.'" So she sat beside the reapers, and he passed parched grain to her; and she ate and was satisfied, and kept some back."
It is known in Hebrew as קָלִי (qālî). The grain has the same length of the normal grain, although somewhat thinner and darker with a green shade. It is served as a casserole hot dish, cooked with morsels of meat or poultry.

## Use as a camp ration

A variety of parched grains have been used historically as a camp ration, both for military troops on maneuvers and civilian travelers on extended overland journeys. Because parching both cooked the grains, and removed most of the water content, it was useful as a way to have pre-cooked meals which could be stored or carried for extended periods, and weighed the same or slightly less than the uncooked grains. It also had the advantage that it could be eaten without re-heating it, either dry or by soaking in water, and so would both reduce cooking time in the field and allow troops to travel without any campfires at all if needed.
In particular, parched rice was widely used in South and East Asia for troops well into the 20th century, including by the Imperial Japanese Army during the Sino-Japanese Wars and World War II. It was a primary staple of the People's Liberation Army of China during the Long March as well, being one of the few items they were able to carry a significant supply of while on the move.
Early European accounts of Native Americans record 'parched corn' as one of the many ways the Iroquoian peoples cooked maize. It was prepared by first scorching the corn and then pounding it to a fine meal. It was used in various recipes, but especially as emergency rations for travellers, usually eaten a spoonful at a time with a drink of water. According to Robert Beverley Jr. a local name for this food in Virginia was 'Rockahomonie'.
During the U.S. Civil War parched maize was used both as a grain itself and as a way to carry maize for grinding into cornmeal.
# Yangmaso Shaiza

Yangmaso Shaiza (1923 – 30 January 1984) was an Indian politician and the fourth Chief Minister of Manipur. He founded the Manipur Hills Union in 1974, and became the first chief minister from hill regions of the state. He is the first Chief Minister of Manipur from hill tribes of Manipur.

## Death

On 30 January 1984, Yangmaso was murdered by two assassins of the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) at Nagaram, Imphal.

## Legacy

As a far-sighted leader, Yangmaso and his policies has been considered as being highly visionary and cosmopolitan in nature. In a recent one-day seminar on "Yangmaso Shaiza and His Manipur" held on 9 March 2014 by the United All Communities Social Uplifters (UNACSU), Manipur, his legacy was summed up by Soso Shaiza as:
"As Chief Minister, he was convinced that the only way to maintain peace and harmony in the state was to reach out benefits to the remotest parts of the state and to bring development to both the hills and valleys, and to all tribes and communities. His vision was the accommodation and acceptance of all tribes and communities in Manipur. His dream was a rainbow concept of recognition and acceptance of the unique culture and character of all tribes and communities. For him, all human beings are brothers and sisters, since we are all children of God. His vision and ideals will be realised when all tribes and communities living in Manipur make his unity-rainbow concept a reality".

## Manipur Hills Union

He formed Manipur Hills Union in 1974, it formed government in coalition with Manipur Peoples Party, he served as the chief minister from July 1974 to December of that same year. The Government was takenover by Indian National Congress, however Shaiza reclaimed the majority when his party and several of PPM's MLAs joined Janata Party.
# Adele Tan

Adele Tan Qian Xiu OLY (born 31 March 1999) is a Singaporean Olympic shooter. She competed in the women's 10 metre air rifle event at the 2020 Summer Olympics.

## Sports career

Tan started practicing shooting at the age of 12 and was selected by the Singapore Sports School after she won a shooting competition.
In 2017, she finished fifth in the women's 10m air rifle at the Asian Shooting Championships in Wako, Japan. At the 2020 H&N Cup in Munich, she won a gold medal in women's 10m air rifle event scoring of 252.7 points and setting a new national record in the process.
In May 2021, the Singapore Shooting Federation announced that Tan would represent Singapore at the women's 10m air rifle at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo after an 18-month long Olympic Selection Trial where she emerged First. During the competition which was held on 24 July 2021 at the Asaka Shooting Range, she attained 21st position with a score of 625.3, making history by achieving Singapore's best finish in the Olympic Games.
In 2023, she graduated from the National University of Singapore.
# Fulgens radiatur

Fulgens radiatur (English: 'The Radiant Light') issued March 21, 1947 is an encyclical of Pope Pius XII on Saint Benedict. It was written in the context of the heavy destruction of the Benedictine Monte Cassino monastery during the Battle of Monte Cassino in World War II.
# Halchowk Stadium

Halchowk Stadium (also known as APF Stadium) is a multi-purpose stadium in Kathmandu in Bagmati Province of Nepal. The stadium holds 5,000 people.
It is mainly used for soccer matches and has a grass surface. The last major tournament hosted here was the 2019 SAFF U-18 Championship.

## Hosted events

* 2005 AFC President's Cup
* 2012 AFC Challenge Cup
* 2013 SAFF Championship
* 2017 SAFF U-15 Championship
* 2019 SAFF U-18 Championship
* regular matches of Martyr's Memorial A-Division League
* regular matches of Martyr's Memorial B-Division League
* selected matches of the Nepal national football team
# Ocoyoacac

Ocoyoacac is a municipality in the State of Mexico in Mexico. The municipal seat is the town of Ocoyoacac. The municipality covers an area of 134.71 km². It is one of the 17 municipalities that border Mexico City. It borders the Distrito Federal's western borough of Cuajimalpa.
As of the 2010 census, the municipality had a total population of 61,805 inhabitants.

## Towns and Villages

The largest localities (cities, towns, and villages) are:
| Name | 2010 Census Population |
| Ocoyoacac | 26,015 |
| San Pedro Cholula | 8,941 |
| San Jerónimo Acazulco | 4,827 |
| El Pedregal de Guadalupe Hidalgo | 4,534 |
| San Pedro Atlapulco | 4,288 |
| Colonia Juárez (Los Chirinos) | 1,300 |
| El Llano del Compromiso | 1,174 |
| Loma Bonita | 1,146 |
| Colonia el Pirame | 1,144 |
| San Antonio el Llanito | 1,102 |
| La Marquesa | 981 |
| Loma de los Esquiveles | 923 |
| Total Municipality | 61,805 |
# Paulina Shkreli

Paulina Shkreli (1922 – 30 May 2000), also known as Lina Shkreli, was an Albanian teacher from Kosovo, who laid the foundations of Albanian education in Kosovo during 1941–1944.

## Biography

Born in Mitrovica in 1922, in the well-known family of Simon Shkreli, she completed her primary school in Mitrovica. In the summer of 1942 she successfully completed the pedagogical course at the Normal School Sami Frashër in Prishtina. Immediately after the opening of the primary school Skënderbeg in Mitrovica she began teaching together with the teachers: Bedri Gjinaj, Melihate Deva-Nura, Ali Gaxha, Ahmet Efendia, Jorgji Shuteriqi and many others. She worked as a teacher, thus laying the foundations of Albanian education in this environment during the period 1941-1944. Paulina Shkreli together with the students and teachers of the "Skënderbeg" school and with the young people of the city, developed an intense cultural-educational and artistic activity.
The rich programs were shown not only in the municipalities that had remained in the German occupation zone (Vushtrri, Podujevë, Novi Pazar), but also in other centers. After the end of World War II, the victory of communism and the re-occupation of Kosovo, the Serbian regime imprisoned Paulina Shkreli and her two friends and collaborators, Melihate Deva and Zehra Zhubi. They were accused of inspiring young people with patriotic feelings, they were members of the Albanian Youth Organization and collaborators of Bedri Gjinaj and Abdyl Zhubi, etc.
After leaving prison, Paulina Shkreli was appointed a teacher in Gjakova. There she married the teacher Gjergj Martini, whom a year later the Yugoslav communist regime sentenced to execution, just because he was a member of the Albanian National-Democratic Organization. Shkreli died on May 30, 2000. She was buried in Prizren.

## Legacy

Lina Shkreli and many other teachers were recognized and publicly honored for their work in the field of education. The President of Albania, Sali Berisha, decorated her with Decree No. 811, dated 11.4.1944, for her great contributions to Albanian schools in Northern and Eastern Albania outside the political borders of the Albanian state of 1913 in the years 1941-1944. In addition, she also received posthumously the Medalja Presidenciale e Meritave by Atifete Jahjaga. Furthermore, a street in Mitrovica bears her name.
# Laurel Springs School

Laurel Springs School is a WASC-accredited K–12 distance learning private school in Ojai, California, United States. Laurel Springs School offers personalized resources, customizable curricula, individualized teacher services, college advising and other services to families attending public and private school.
Laurel Springs High School has previously received the United Nations Global 500 Roll of Honour Award and the President’s Youth Environmental Award.

## Notable alumni

Actors
* Jennifer Love Hewitt (born 1979), actress
* Elijah Wood (born 1981), actor
* Lindsay Lohan (born 1986), actress
* Evan Rachel Wood (born 1987), actress
* Emily Rios (born 1989), actress
* Hayden Panettiere (born 1989), actress
* Kristin Herrera (born 1989), actress
* Rory Culkin (born 1989), actor
* Kristen Stewart (born 1990), actress
* Emma Roberts (born 1991), actress
* Erin Sanders (born 1991), actress
* Emily Osment (born 1992), actress
* Cole Sprouse (born 1992), actor
* Dylan Sprouse (born 1992), actor
* Josh Hutcherson (born 1992), actor
* Malcolm David Kelley (born 1992), actor
* Sofia Vassilieva (born 1992), actress
* Miranda Cosgrove (born 1993), actress
* Makenzie Vega (born 1994), actress
* Sammi Hanratty (born 1995, actress
* Chloë Grace Moretz (born 1997), actress
* Kiernan Shipka (born 1999), actress
* Isabella Acres (born 2001), actress
Athletes
* Cade Cowell (born 2003), soccer player
* Kellen Damico (born 1989), tennis player
* Tyler Downs (born 2003), diver
* Megumi Field (born 2005), synchronized swimmer
* Madison Hubbell (born 1991), ice dancer
* Steele Johnson (born 1996), Olympic diver
* Asia Muhammad (born 1991), tennis player
* Noah Rubin (born 1996), tennis player
* Tanith Belbin White (born 1984), ice dancer
Musicians
* Bow Wow (born 1987), rapper
* Jordin Sparks (born 1989), singer
* Jewel Restaneo (born 1991), actress and musician
* Nicole Jung (born 1991), singer and former member of Kara
* Blaire Restaneo (born 1994), actress and musician
* Grace VanderWaal (born 2004), singer, songwriter, and actress
Other
* Jasper Soloff (born 1994), photographer and director
* Kendall Jenner (born 1995), model, socialite, reality television personality
* Kylie Jenner (born 1997), CEO of Kylie Cosmetics, socialite, reality television personality
* Flynn McGarry (born 1998), chef
# Thirachai Phuvanatnaranubala

Thirachai Phuvanatnaranubala (Thai: ธีระชัย ภูวนาถนรานุบาล, RTGS: Thirachai Phuwanatnaranuban; born December 21, 1951) is a Thai economist and politician. From 2003 to 2011 he was the Secretary-General of the Securities and Exchange Commission of Thailand and Chairman of the ASEAN Capital Markets Forum (ACMF). From 2011 to 2012 he was the Finance Minister of Thailand.

## Education

Thirachai Phuvanatnaranubala studied at Saint Gabriel's College and then studied economics at the London School of Economics (LSE), graduating with a bachelor's degree in 1974. After that he joined the London office of Price Waterhouse. He qualified as a fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales.

## Career

Thirachai returned to Thailand to work at the Bank of Thailand in 1977. During his 26 years career at the central bank, he has covered financial institution supervision, monetary policy and financial markets. Moreover, he occupied himself with the enactment of several laws related to financial services. In 2003, Thirachai was Deputy Governor of the Bank of Thailand. Other positions held by Thirachai Phuvanatnaranubala included member of the board of Experts for Interpretation of Tax Code, the Thai Institute of Directors, the Financial Institution Policy Board at the Bank of Thailand, the National Credit Bureau Co., Ltd. and the Insurance Commission. Additionally, he served on various government agencies' committees to study and recommend on policy issues.
In December 2003, Thirachai was appointed Secretary-General of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) of Thailand.

## Political career

After her success in the 2011 general election, Pheu Thai Party leader Yingluck Shinawatra chose him for Finance Minister after Siam Commercial Bank Pcl Chairman Vichit Suraphongchai declined to accept the position. He was appointed on August 9, 2011 and was later succeeded by Korn Chatikavanij.
After taking office, Mr Thirachai ruled out any near-term move to a balanced budget; the Finance Ministry had previously set a target to balance the budget by 2015. In a cabinet reshuffle on 18 January 2012, Thirachai was sacked from his position and was replaced by Deputy Prime Minister Kittiratt Na-Ranong, formerly Minister of Commerce.
Thirachai is married and has three children.
# Ben Vinson III

Ben Vinson III is an American historian, currently serving as the 18th president of Howard University since September 2023. He served as provost of Case Western Reserve University from 2018 to 2023 and as dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at George Washington University from 2013 to 2018.

## Biography
### Early life and education

Vinson is originally from Rapid City, South Dakota, and spent part of his childhood on military bases in Italy. His father was a master sergeant in the United States Air Force, and his mother was an elementary school teacher. He attended Bishop Ireton High School in Alexandria, Virginia, and graduated in 1988. He received his undergraduate degree summa cum laude from Dartmouth College in 1992. Vinson earned a Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1998.

### Career

Vinson served on the faculties of Barnard College and Pennsylvania State University before joining Johns Hopkins University as a professor of history and served as the Herbert Baxter Adams Professor of Latin American History and vice dean of centers, interdisciplinary studies and graduate education. He also helped found Johns Hopkins' Center for Africana Studies and served as its founding director.
In 2013, Vinson was appointed as dean of George Washington University's Columbian College of Arts and Sciences. As dean of GWU's Columbian College, he led the integration of the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design into the college and opened a $275 million interdisciplinary science and engineering building. He also spearheaded diversity initiatives including the Cisneros Hispanic Leadership Institute that provides funding for high school juniors from their undergraduate to post-doctoral studies.

### Reception

Vinson has been chairman of the board of the National Humanities Center since 2018. He is also a vice president of the American Historical Association and president of the Conference on Latin American History.
Vinson's scholarship focused on the African presence in colonial Mexico and has authored books on the African American experiences in Mexico and Afro-Mexican experiences in the United States. His book Before Mestizaje: The Frontiers of Race and Caste in Colonial Mexico, won the 2019 Howard Cline Book Prize in Mexican History for the best work on Mexico by the Latin American Studies Association.

## Personal
### Family

A resident of the Washington, DC area, Vinson is married to Yolanda M. Fortenberry, Ph.D. He has three children, Allyson, Ben IV, and Brandon Vinson. Two of his cousins are W. Toni Carter, former county commissioner of Ramsey County, Minnesota, and her son, Melvin Carter III, the first Black mayor of Saint Paul, Minnesota.
# Liolaemus montanezi

Liolaemus montanezi is a species of lizard in the family Iguanidae. It is found in Argentina.
# Vuilleminiaceae

The Vuilleminiaceae are a family of fungi in the order Corticiales. The family in its current sense is based on molecular research and contains just three genera of temperate corticioid fungi.

## Taxonomy
### History

The concept of the family was introduced by French mycologist René Maire in 1902, but the name "Vuilleminiacaeae" was not published till 1907 when Johannes Paulus Lotsy adopted Maire's concepts for his work on fungal systematics. As originally conceived, the family accommodated species within the corticioid fungi having "chiastic" basidia (basidia with nuclear spindles arranged transversely), thought to be a primitive character linking the Vuilleminiaceae with the Tulasnellaceae and the Tremellales. The family was not, however, widely adopted, most mycological texts preferring to place all corticioid fungi (including Vuilleminia species) in the Corticiaceae.
The latter name was, however, not published till 1910, making the Vuilleminiaceae an earlier name for the group, as noted by Jülich in 1981. As a result, the Corticiaceae was conserved against the Vuilleminiaceae under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, but this suppression of the name only applies if the two families are considered identical.

### Current status

Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has resurrected and redefined the Vuilleminiaceae for a small clade of corticioid fungi distinct from the Corticiaceae. At present, the family only contains species of the genera Australovuilleminia, Cytidia, and Vuilleminia.

## Habitat and distribution

All fungi within the family are wood-rotting saprotrophs, growing on dead attached branches of trees and shrubs. Distribution is exclusively temperate, Cytidia and Vuilleminia species being found in the northern hemisphere and Australovuilleminia species in the southern. Only 12 species are currently included within the family.