OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Shambhavi Choudhary

Shambhavi Choudhary (born 15 June 1998) is an Indian politician from the Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas), and a Member of Parliament representing Samastipur (Lok Sabha constituency) in Bihar, India. She is one of the youngest MPs in the 18th Lok Sabha.

## Early life and education

Shambhavi is daughter of Ashok Choudhary, Cabinet Minister for the Building Construction Department in the government led by Nitish Kumar in Government of Bihar. She completed her bachelor's degree in sociology from Lady Shri Ram College for Women in 2019 and later earned her master's degree in sociology from the Delhi School of Economics in 2022.

## Personal life

Shambhavi married Sayan Kunal, son of Acharya Kishore Kunal in 2022.

## Literary works

* Choudhary, Ashok; Choudhary, Shambhavi (22 August 2024). Bihar Ke Gandhi Nitish Kumar: Ashok Choudhary [Author]; Shambhavi Choudhary's Bestseller & Famous Book. Prabhat Prakashan. ISBN 978-93-5562-216-7.

## Political career

Shambhavi has been elected as a Member of Parliament from Samastipur Lok Sabha constituency. She defeated Sunny Hazari of Indian National Congress by a margin of 187251 votes.

## Social works

Choudhary oversees Gyan Niketan School, a school in Patna that actively supports female education.
# Die Geschichte der Abderiten

Die Geschichte der Abderiten (English: The Story of the Abderites), subtitled Eine sehr wahrscheinliche Geschichte (English: A very probable story), is a satirical novel by the German poet and writer Christoph Martin Wieland. Written between 1773 and 1779, it was published in part in the periodical Der teutsche Merkur (The German Mercury) in 1774 and was first issued as a collection in book form in 1780. It satirises the pettiness of the inhabitants of small-town Germany, using the ancient Greek town of Abdera as a stand-in for the contemporary German towns which Wieland was critiquing. Abderit is a name for a 'Schildbürger', a naive and simple but also conceited person. The term likely targeted the often hypocritical citizens of Wieland's home town of Biberach.

## Synopsis

The book is set in the ancient Greek town of Abdera in Thrace and is divided into five chapters, each depicting a different aspect of the Abderites' foolishness. In the first, Demokritus unter der Abderiten, the philosopher Democritus returns to his hometown but finds that the inhabitants doubt his sanity. The second chapter, Hippocrates in Abdera, portrays the physician Hippocrates evaluating Democritus and finding him sane, but the townspeople are mad. Euripides in Abdera, the third chapter, is principally a literary satire that reflects the contemporary German enthusiasm for the theatre, while the fourth chapter, Der Prozeß um des Esels Schatten, depicts a legal battle between an ass driver and the animal's hirer, highlighting the extreme litigiousness of the Abderites. In the final part, Die Frösche der Latona, divisions between rival sects of frog-worshippers mean that the Abderites fail to take action against the town's sacred frogs and consequently find themselves being driven out of their homes. At the end of the book, Wieland makes his satirical intent clear with the statement that although Abdera had long since disappeared, the Abderites still exist and are to be found in every town and city in Germany.

## Background

Wieland intended the book to serve as a satire of the parochial and self-satisfied nature of provincial German life, using Abdera as the setting. The town was notorious in ancient times for the small-mindedness of its inhabitants, with the notable exception of Democritus. It was ridiculed by Cicero and described as a "republic of fools"; it became a symbol of folly to the ancient Greeks, where things happened in the opposite way to how they would normally be expected. Wieland sought not only to satirise the petty-minded and Philistine nature of the small-town German bourgeoisie but to attack the excessive enthusiasm for Classical ideals that he perceived at the time. Ironically, he had himself previously worked to promote Classical ideals but now felt that the populace had become too earnest and uncritical in adopting them.
# Nikola Hristov

Nikola Hristov (Bulgarian: Никола Христов; born 28 May 1951) is a former Bulgarian footballer who played as a forward from 1969 to 1982, notably for Dunav Ruse, where he made over 240 league appearances for the club and scored over 110 goals.
He also played for CSKA Sofia and Botev Vratsa, as well as for the Bulgarian national team. Hristov made his Bulgaria debut in 1973 and went on to win 7 caps for the national side.

## Honours
### CSKA Sofia

* Bulgarian League: 1979–80
# Hostilian

Hostilian (Latin: Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus; died c. July 251) was briefly Roman emperor in 251. Hostilian was born to Decius and Herennia Etruscilla at an unknown date and elevated to caesar in 250 by Decius. After Decius and Herennius Etruscus, Hostilian's brother, were killed at the Battle of Abritus, an ambush by the Goths, Trebonianus Gallus was proclaimed emperor by the legions. Almost immediately, he elevated Hostilian to co-emperor and his own son, Volusianus, to caesar. Hostilian died soon after, either due to plague or being murdered by Trebonianus Gallus.

## History

Hostilian was born at an unknown date, to Decius, a Roman general who later became Emperor, and his wife Herennia Etruscilla. He had a brother, Herennius Etruscus, and one sister. His full name based on coinage and inscriptions was Gaius Valens Hostilianus Messius Quintus, but to this the historian Aurelius Victor adds Perpenna or Perperna, a name of Etruscan origin.
In September 249 the army of Decius declared him emperor, in opposition to Philip the Arab. He defeated and killed Philip in a battle near Verona, after which the Roman Senate confirmed Decius's appointment and honoured him with the name Traianus, a reference to Emperor Trajan.
In or around September 250, Decius appointed both his sons caesars and in May 251 Herennius Etruscus was elevated to the rank of augustus, which made Decius and Etruscus co-emperors, with Hostilian as the heir of either or both of them. In June 251, Decius and Herennius Etruscus were killed by the Goths at the Battle of Abritus, and Trebonianus Gallus was declared emperor. To placate the public after this abrupt change of rulers, Gallus elevated Hostilian to augustus. After a short period as co-emperor, Hostilian died in circumstances which are still disputed. His death is sometimes dated to November, but contemporary sources indicate that he died in or before August, probably in July. Aurelius Victor and the author of the Epitome de Caesaribus say that Hostilian died of a plague. Zosimus claims that he was killed by Trebonianus Gallus. Gallus's son Volusianus became the new co-emperor.
Some historians identify Hostilian as the Roman general depicted in the Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus, but this is unlikely given that all of his coins depict him as a beardless young boy. It's possible that both Hostilian and Herennius Etruscus were still children or teenagers at the time of their death.

## Numismatics

The aurei of Hostilian fall into four types bearing the bust of Hostilian on the obverse, with the reverse showing: Mars walking to the right; priestly implements; Mercury standing; and Roma seated, holding Victoria.
# American College Counseling Association

The American College Counseling Association (ACCA) is a division of the American Counseling Association (ACA) for counselors working in higher education.

## History

ACCA was created in 1991, in response to the disaffiliation of the American College Personnel Association (ACPA), to ensure a continued place within ACA (then American Association for Counseling and Development) for those working in colleges and universities. ACPA’s decision reflected the “intent to serve those with a primary identity in student affairs. Consequently, individuals working in higher education who had a primary professional identity in counseling had to reevaluate their professional affiliations” (Davis, 1998, p. 7). Gene Meadows served as the first president of ACCA.
Visions, the organization’s newsletter, is published three times per year and is now disseminated electronically. The Journal of College Counseling was initiated in 1998 as a scholarly journal with an orientation to the work of practitioners.
Since 2002, ACCA has also sponsored a biennial national conference, co-hosted with one of its state divisions, in addition to its annual business meeting and other activities held at the ACA conference.
# Davud of the Maldives

Al-Sultan Davud Siri Sundhura Bavana Mahaa Radun (Dhivehi: އައްސުލްޠާން ދާވޫދު ކަލަމިންޖާ ސިރީ ސުންދުރަ ބަވަނަ މަހާރަދުން) was the Sultan of the Maldives from 1302 to 1307. He was a son of Sultan Yoosuf I and succeeded his brother to the throne. Sultan Davud was the 16th sultan to ascend the throne from the Lunar dynasty.
| Preceded bySalis | Sultan of the Maldives 1302–1307 | Succeeded byOmar I |
# Newburyport Harbor Rear Range Light

The Newburyport Harbor Rear Range Light is a historic lighthouse at 61½ Water St. near the Merrimack River in Newburyport, Massachusetts. It was built in 1873 as one of a pair of range lights for guiding ships up the river to the city's harbor.

## History

Range lights, or leading lights, are pairs of beacons used to guide ships and ensure safe passage. The beacons consist of two lights that are separated in distance and elevation, so that when they are aligned, with one above the other, they provide a bearing. The original range lights at Newburyport Harbor were maintained by private subscriptions. By 1872 Congress had appropriated funds to establish publicly maintained range lights after one of the previous pair was destroyed in a storm.
The rear light is a brick tower, 53 feet (16 m) in height, located close to Water Street near the Merrimack River Coast Guard Station. The tower was traditionally painted white on the upper third of the river-facing side, with a thick white stripe down the rest of the facade. That side is now painted entirely white, while the other three sides are unpainted. The tower is topped by an eight-sided lens room, which is surrounded by an iron balcony and railing.
When the range lights became active in 1873 local caretakers took responsibility for them. The job was later transferred to Plum Island lighthouse keepers.

### Decommissioning

In 1961 the range lights were decommissioned and the rear light became private property. Today it is available to rent for events and offers a view of the river and city.
The lighthouse, along with its mate, the Newburyport Harbor Front Range Light, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987, and included in the Newburyport Historic District in 1984.
# Harold Widom

Harold Widom (September 23, 1932 – January 20, 2021) was an American mathematician best known for his contributions to operator theory and random matrices. He was appointed to the Department of Mathematics at the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1968 and became professor emeritus in 1994.

## Education and research

Widom was born in Newark, New Jersey. He studied at Stuyvesant High School, graduating in 1949, and was a member of the school's math team along with his brother, physical chemist Benjamin Widom (1944, 1948). Widom attended City College of New York until 1951, during which he was one of the winners of the William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition (1951). At the University of Chicago he obtained an M.S. (1952) and Ph.D., the latter on a thesis Embedding of AW*-algebras advised by Irving Kaplansky (1955). He taught mathematics at Cornell University (1955–68) where he started his work on Toeplitz and Wiener-Hopf operators, partly inspired by Mark Kac.
Widom was appointed in the Department of Mathematics at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and became professor emeritus in 1994. His research areas were in integral equations and operator theory, in particular the determination of the spectra of a semi-infinite Toeplitz matrix and Wiener-Hopf operators, and the asymptotic behavior of the spectra of various classes of operators. The latter was looked at from the point of view of pseudodifferential operators (which generalize both integral and partial differential operators) on manifolds.
More recently, his mathematical contributions with his long-term collaborator Craig Tracy have been recognized through the award of several prizes for their joint work on Tracy–Widom distribution functions for random matrices. They used integral operators to obtain explicit representations, in terms of Painlevé transcendents, of the limiting distributions of the largest and smallest eigenvalues in many models of random matrices (see Fredholm determinants). These same distributions have since been shown to arise in numerous other physical models, in random growth models, and in asymptotic combinatorics.
He has been the author of two books and more than 120 journal articles, and was an associate editor of Asymptotic Analysis, Journal of Integral Equations and Applications and Mathematical Physics, Analysis, and Geometry. He was an honorary editor of Integral Equations and Operator Theory.
Widom died from complications of COVID-19 at home in Santa Cruz, California, on January 20, 2021, at age 88.

## Awards

* Fellow of the American Mathematical Society, 2012
* Norbert Wiener Prize in Applied Mathematics 2006, shared with Craig Tracy
* American Academy of Arts and Sciences elected, 2006
* George Pólya Prize 2002, shared with Craig Tracy, for their work on random matrices
* Guggenheim Fellow 1967 and 1972
* Sloan Fellowship 1964–65
* National Science Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship, 1959–60
# Broughton Mills

Broughton Mills is a village in Cumbria, England, located 2 miles (3.2 km) from the larger town of Broughton-in-Furness. The village consists of about 40 households, a phonebox (non-functional), church and a pub called the Blacksmiths Arms.

## History

Broughton Mills was formerly the place where the people of Broughton-in-Furness came to grind their corn, saw their timber, weave their cloth, malt their barley and burn lime. There was formerly a wool mill which later became a bobbin mill, a corn mill and a flax mill built along the River Lickle along with quarries, mines, bloomeries, charcoal burners, joiner's shop and a smithy, hatter, weaver and clogger.
# Levi Ball House

The Levi Ball House is a historic house located at Berkshire in Tioga County, New York.

## Description and history

It is a transitional Federal/Greek Revival style frame house built in about 1840. The house is a two-story, five bay center hall structure. Also on the property is a contributing group of farm buildings including a late 19th-century barn with silo, a chicken house, a garage, and a small shed.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 2, 1984.
# Chirp (magazine)

Chirp Magazine is a popular Canadian children's and science magazine founded in 1997 as a comic book. Aimed at young children, it is published 10 times per year.
Chirp is the youngest member in a family of magazines that includes OWL and Chickadee. Regular features include crafts, jokes, puzzles, fiction, and the comics "The Vole Brothers" and "Chirp and Friends," which features the adventures of the magazine's namesake, a large yellow bird.
Chirp, like OWL and Chickadee, is published by Owlkids and owned by Bayard Canada. Bayard also owns a number of French children's publications, including Les Débrouillards and Les Explorateurs.

## Television

In January 2012, Toronto-based animation studio Yowza announced that it was collaborating with Owlkids and the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation to develop a preschool television series based on the magazine. The show airs on CBC Kids.
# Doe

Doe, DoE, or DOE may refer to:

## Arts, entertainment and media

* Doe (band), a British indie rock band
* "Doe", a song by the Breeders from the 1990 album Pod
* Defying Ocean's End, a 2004 book and global agenda for action in marine conservation
* Dictionary of Old English, published by University of Toronto

## Businesses and organisations

* Dank of England (DOE), a record label, with accessories
* Democracy and Development through Unity (Democratie en Ontwikkeling in Eenheid, DOE), a political party in Suriname
* Department of Education, a government department
* Department of Energy, a government department
* Department of the Environment, a government department
* DoE, local expression for the Roads Service of Northern Ireland, now part of Department for Infrastructure

## People

* Doe (surname), including a list of people with the name
* Doe people, an ethnic and linguistic group in northern coastal Tanzania
* John Doe and Jane Doe, multiple-use placeholder names

## Science and technology

* Doe, an animal name for adult females of several species
* Diffractive optical element, such as a multifocal diffractive lens
* Distributed Objects Everywhere, a distributed computing project by Sun Microsystems
* Design of experiments, a design technique that aims to describe and explain how a system behaves

## Other uses

* Doe language, a Bantu language of the Pwani region of Tanzania
* Doe River, in Tennessee, U.S.
* Duke of Edinburgh (DoE), a dukedom associated with Edinburgh, UK
# James Russell Parsons

James Russell Parsons Jr. (February 20, 1861 – December 5, 1905) was an American educator, writer, and diplomat who served as consul general in Mexico City.

## Early life

Parsons was born on February 20, 1861 in Hoosick Falls, Rensselaer County, New York. He was one of five sons of James Russell Parsons (1830–1899) and Eliza Edgerton (née Hinsdill) Parsons (1835–1896). Among his siblings were Willard Pope Parsons (who married Lillian Tompkins), and Hinsdill Parsons, the general counsel for General Electric who also died in an automobile accident (he married Jessie Mary Burchard, a sister of Anson Wood Burchard).
He attended Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut, graduating as valedictorian of his class. Two years later the degree of A.B. was conferred on him and in, 1902, he was made an LLB.

## Career

From 1882 to 1883, he served as private secretary to Bishop John Williams of Connecticut, before he became School Commissioner of the First District, Rensselaer County from 1884 to 1887. At the same time, he was created Inspector of Teachers' Training Classes under the New York State Department of Public Instruction. In 1891, he became Inspector of Secondary Schools for the University of the State of New York.
When Theodore Roosevelt, a close friend of Parsons, became Governor of New York in 1899, he appointed him to the New York State Board of Regents.

### Diplomatic career

Parsons was known to be "extremely bright, and fluent in Greek and Hebrew". From 1888 to 1890, he was American consul to Aix-la-Chapelle (also known as Aachen) in Germany.
When Roosevelt became president in 1904, he made Parsons consul general to Mexico. In 1905, not long after the family had moved from Elk Nest, Albany, to Mexico City, he was killed when his carriage collided with a streetcar. His wife and son were with him during the accident. His son emerged unscathed but his wife sustained minor injuries.

## Personal life

On February 8, 1896 Parsons was married to author Frances Theodora (née Smith) Dana (1861–1952), the daughter of New York tea merchant Denton Smith and widow of naval officer William Starr Dana (who died during the 1890 flu epidemic). Before his early death, they were the parents of two children:
* James Russell Parsons III (1896–1970), who married Alice "Margaret" Chubb, a daughter of Hendon Chubb and granddaughter of Thomas Caldecot Chubb, founder of Chubb & Son.
* Dorothea Parsons (1900–1902), who died young.
Following his death in an automobile accident on December 5, 1905 in Mexico City, his body was returned to the United States, where he was buried at Albany Rural Cemetery in Menands, New York. His widow lived until 1952.
# 414

Year 414 (CDXIV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Constantius and Constans (or, less frequently, year 1167 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 414 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years

## Events
### By place
#### Roman Empire

* January 1 – Galla Placidia, half-sister of emperor Honorius, is married to the Visigothic king Ataulf at Narbonne. The wedding is celebrated with Roman festivities and magnificent gifts from the Gothic booty.
* July 4 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigns as regent and proclaims herself empress (Augusta) of the Eastern Roman Empire.
* Constantius III, Roman general (magister militum), begins a military campaign against the Visigoths in Gaul. He blockades the Gallic ports and besieges Marseille.
* Priscus Attalus is proclaimed rival emperor by the Visigoths for a second time at Bordeaux, in order to impose their terms on Honorius, who has his residence in Ravenna.

#### Asia

* The Southern Liang, a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin Dynasty, comes to an end.

### By topic
#### Religion

* Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk, returns from India and begins translating Buddhist works into Chinese.
* Abdas, bishop of Susa, burns down a Zoroastrian temple; in retaliation, King Yazdegerd I of Persia orders the destruction of churches.

## Deaths

* Synesius, bishop of Ptolemais (approximate date)
* Yujiulü Hulü, ruler of the Rouran Khaganate (Mongolia)
# Markes International

Markes International is a manufacturer and supplier of specialist analytical instrumentation that enhances the sensitivity and application scope of GC–MS. They also manufacture and supply complementary sampling devices, accessories, and consumables.
Markes International was founded in 1997. Their first thermal desorption instrument, the UNITY, was released shortly thereafter. The company has since updated and expanded their instrument portfolio, including a wider range of thermal desorbers, and Centri, a range of automated sample preparation and pre-concentration platforms.
Markes’ factory, technical centre and headquarters is in Bridgend, Wales, UK. In 2011, they expanded this and their US operations (Markes International, Inc.) - adding extra laboratory and demonstration facilities. In 2017 their US operations transferred from Cincinnati, Ohio, to a new office in Gold River, Sacramento, California.
In 2013, Markes became a company of the Schauenburg International Group, and opened a technical centre near Frankfurt as part of their German operations (Markes International GmbH).
The company has arrangements for distribution and market development with Agilent Technologies, ThermoFisher Scientific, and a number of other distributors.
Markes International holds patents for a number of technological innovations, including diffusion-locking caps and inserts for sorbent tubes, RFID tags for sorbent tubes, and a soft electron ionisation source.
The company received the Queen's Award for Enterprise in the 'International Trade' category in 2015 and 2019, and was also honoured in the 'Innovation' category in 2019.