OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mantle and pavilion (heraldry)

In heraldry, a mantle is a symbol of sovereign power and is generally reserved for royalty. In some cases, its use has also been granted to other nobles, in recognition of particular merits. In ordinary rendering, the mantle is usually crimson and lined with ermine.
Certain coats of arms may also display a pavilion (similar to a baldachin) surmounting the mantle. The pavilion is said to be the invention of the Frenchman Philip Moreau. Some republics have displayed a mantle and pavillon in their coats of arms, contemporarily Serbia.
While common in continental European heraldry, the mantle and pavilion is not found in English or Scottish heraldry.
Mantle and pavilion should not be confused with mantling.

## Gallery
### Mantles
#### Royal mantles

* Greater arms of Sweden, featuring a purple mantle but with no pavilion
* King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden's former arms as crown prince, with a blue mantle reflecting the Swedish princely mantle
* Royal Arms of the Kingdom of Denmark

#### Non-royal mantles

* Coat of arms of the House of Montmorency, from the era of the Bourbon Restoration, with a blue mantle and ducal coronet
* Coat of arms of the Prince of Lichenstein, with a purple princely mantle
* Coat of arms of the House of Gonzaga
* Coat of arms of the Princes Sułkowski, a Polish princely family
* Historical mantle and chapeau of a Scottish feudal baron
* Mantle and coronet of a Grandee of Spain
* Mantle and princely hat of a Russian prince

#### Mantles of chivalric orders

* Spanish monarch's arms with the mantle of the Order of Charles III (until 1931)
* Arms of Maximilian von Fürstenberg with the mantle of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre
* Arms of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
* Arms of the Order of Saint Lazarus

### Mantles with pavilions

* Grand coat of arms of the Kingdom of France
* Greater coat of arms of the Russian Empire
* Coat of arms of the Dutch monarch, with a mantle and pavilion
* Coat of arms of the Karadjordjevic dynasty
# Black-capped marmot

The black-capped marmot (Marmota camtschatica) is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is endemic to the Russian Far East, but its range is discontinuous and divided into three main parts, each with its own subspecies. The black-capped marmot lives in arctic tundra and alpine habitats from near sea-level to an altitude of 2,000 m (6,600 ft). Depending on exact subpopulation, they hibernate for 6–8 months each year, which is long for a marmot.

## Description

It is a relatively small marmot (head-and-body length c. 39.5–61.5 cm or 15.6–24.2 in, weight 1.65–5.4 kg or 3.6–11.9 lb) with a short tail. The dorsal pelage is a grizzled yellowish-grey while the underparts are cinnamon or rusty brown. The limbs are rather paler while the tail is brownish-black. The upper part of the head is brownish-black, and this colour continues to the mid-back as a dorsal stripe.

## Behaviour and ecology

Black-capped marmots feed on grasses, herbs and mosses. They live in colonies formed from many separate burrows, each occupied by an adult pair and their offspring. A litter consists of five or six young but these stay in the family group for at least three years. The marmots congregate in larger groups to hibernate. The sleeping chamber has large quantities of bedding material and the entrances are plugged.
The black-capped marmot hibernates from September to mid-May. It is a diurnal and sedentary mammal. It is subject to extreme conditions throughout the year. The solar altitude plays a significant role in the daily activity pattern of family groups of black-capped marmots. So, the terrestrial activity of black-capped marmots is dependent on daylight period. They usually eliminate heat by lying on rocks or by entering the burrows. It also alters the soil properties that affect the floral structure and distribution of the Arctic tundra by burrowing, hibernation, trampling and reproduction. The main area (center) where the marmots live are gathered in two larger rooms typically so the family can hibernate in these areas. This is usually where the females give birth.
# Chiroscience

Chiroscience Group Plc was a British-based biotech company, founded by Christopher Evans. The company was taken over by Celltech in 1999, which was acquired in 2004 by UCB.

## History

Chiroscience was born from the demise of the company Enzymatix, which was ultimately acquired by Genzyme, when Andrew Richards joined the company and convinced Evans and Peter Keen to launch Chiros, which name was quickly revised to Chrioscience. Seed funding for the company of £3 million was provided by Schroder Ventures, Apax and 3i. Chiroscience became one of the first biotechnology Initial Public Offerings in the United Kingdom in 1994.
In 1996, the company merged with the American biotech company Darwin Molecular Corporation, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, retaining Chiroscience as its name.
By the time of its merger with Celltech in 1999, both Chris Evans and Peter Keen had left the company, leaving Andrew Richards as the sole remaining founder and member of the original management board.
# Raisa Musina

Raisa Aleksandrovna Musina (Russian: Раиса Александровна Мусина; born March 31, 1998) is a Russian basketball player for UMMC Ekaterinburg and the Russian national team. She participated at the EuroBasket Women 2017.
# Western Deffufa

The Western Deffufa, located in pre historic city of Kerma, Sudan, is a temple dating back to circa 1750 BC. It is considered the oldest man made structure in Sub-Saharan Africa. Rising about 65 feet (20 meters) high, it was built entirely from sun-dried mudbricks. Inside, the structure consists of a series of chambers and courtyards, thought to have been used for religious activities, rituals, and ceremonies central to the Kerma civilization. The word "Deffufa" comes from the Nubian language, referring to buildings made of mudbrick, which were common Kerma’s architectural style.
The Western Deffufa has been the focus of significant archaeological interest since its discovery in the early 20th century. Excavations led by Charles Bonnet and his team have revealed much of the site's layout and have uncovered numerous artifacts, including pottery, religious icons, and tools, all of which offer insight into the daily and spiritual life of the Kerma civilization.
# Zlatko Poláček

Zlatko Poláček (born 17 February 1925) was a Czechoslovak sports shooter. He competed in the 25 m pistol event at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
# Mzaar Kfardebian

Mzaar Kfardebian (Arabic: مزار كفردبيان — formerly Faraya Mzaar) is a ski area in Lebanon and the largest ski resort in the Middle East. It is located one hour away from Beirut, the capital of Lebanon. It is also referred to as Ouyoune el Simane.

## History

In 1960, Sami Geammal, Emile Riachi and a group of pioneers installed the first ski lift imported from Switzerland, on the "refuge" hill and built the first four chalets in the region. One year later, they bought 160,000 square metres (40 acres) of property from Prosper Gay-Para in order to expand the resort area.
In 1963, the Faraya Mzaar - Tourism and Winter Sports Company acquired the concession to build and operate ski lifts on lands belonging to the Kesrouan district municipalities. In 1965, the Mzaar Hotel opened its doors, and the company installed the first chairlift on the Jabal Dib Hills. The junction between "Refuge" and "Jabal Dib" was achieved in 1968 through the installation of the resort's third lift which was named "Jonction".
In the 1980s, during the civil war, the Mzaar Company was taken over by the Saudi Group al Mabani. In 1993, after the Lebanese civil war ended, the new group started expansion of the resort. In 2012, the resort's number of lifts reached 20 with around 80 kilometres (50 mi) of slopes.

## Etymology

"Mzaar" is the Arabic word for shrine or sanctuary. The highest peak in Ouyoune el Simane was called "Jabal el Mzaar" (mountain of the shrine) after a small Roman temple built on its top. It is believed that the Romans were using fire as signals to communicate between the coastal area and Baalbeck, or Heliopolis, through Faqra and the Mzaar peak.
The official name of the area is Ouyoune el Simane, which means "Spring of the Common Quail", and it is administratively under the jurisdiction of the municipality of Kfardebian, which is also the case for the Faqra ski resort.

## Skiing area

Ski season usually stretches from early December to early April.
The peaks of the Mzaar-Kfardebian mountain range vary between heights of 1,913 and 2,465 metres (6,276 and 8,087 ft). The highest peak is Mzaar, followed by Wardeh and Jabal Dib (mountain of the wolf) Peak. Three other peaks are well suited for beginners, and even more are adapted to skier of intermediate level. In addition, there are a number of cross-country trails. Usually, opening hours during the week is from 8am to 3:30pm but it extends until 4pm during the weekend. A variety of other activities and excursions are also available.
Along with traditional alpine skiing, people can practice ski-doo, night skiing, snow boarding. Entertainment such as ski shows and fashion shows are organized to promote the resort.

## Natural and historical sites

On the way to the ruins of Qalaat Faqra, one can see a natural water-crafted bridge called "Jisr al-Hajar" or the "Stone Bridge" with an arch measuring 38 metres (125 ft).

## Ski clubs

Mzaar-Kfardebian is home to different ski clubs.
# Lognkosauria

Lognkosauria is a clade of giant long-necked sauropod dinosaurs within the clade Titanosauria. It includes some of the largest and heaviest dinosaurs known. They lived in South America and likely Asia during the Late Cretaceous period.

## Description

Lognkosaurians can be distinguished from other titanosaurs by the wide and unusually thick cervical rib loops on their neck vertebrae, the relatively narrow neural canal, and their huge vaulted neural arches. They also had very wide dorsal vertebrae with wing-like side processes, and extremely wide rib cages. Their dorsal side processes are also fairly in-line with the level of the neural canal.
Skull material from Malawisaurus, the sister taxon to Lognkosauria, indicates that lognkosaurians at least began with the big-nosed, rounded head shape of earlier titanosaurs and more basal macronarians.

## Classification

Lognkosauria was defined as the clade encompassing the most recent common ancestor of Futalognkosaurus dukei and Mendozasaurus neguyelap and all its descendants. Malawisaurus may be related to this group. Lognkosauria has been found to include other giant sauropods, such as Puertasaurus, Argentinosaurus, Patagotitan, Notocolossus, Drusilasaura and Traukutitan.
# Mkushi District

Mkushi District is a district of Zambia, located in Central Province. The capital lies at Mkushi. As of the 2022 Zambian Census, the district had a population of 208,635 people. The Great North Road and TAZARA railway run through Mkushi district, connecting Kapiri Mposhi with Serenje, Mpika, Kasama & Tanzania. The area is largely undeveloped and home to numerous natural attractions including Lunsemfwa Wonder Gorge, Changwena Falls, and historic Fort Elwes.
Bemba is the primary tribal affiliation of Mkushi district and the area is home to an annual harvest festival known as Chibwelamushi (translated as "return to the village"), bringing together the Bisa, Swaka, and Lala peoples, every September. Traditional crafts include clay pots, reed mats, and baskets and may still be found in the area, although increased access to manufactured goods has reduced production in recent decades. Mkushi district, like much of Central province, is mineral rich and manganese, gem, and gem deposits have attracted new mining development in the area, including the Fishtie copper project at Kashime.
Mkushi is known for its large commercial agricultural operations and boast a substantial population of expatriate farmers, the majority of whom are white Zambians. The prestigious Chengelo school is located in Mkushi.

## Notable Residents

* Dora Moono Nyambe
# (When You Gonna) Give It Up to Me

"(When You Gonna) Give It Up to Me" (known as "Give It Up to Me" in its solo version) is a song written by Jamaican rapper Sean Paul for his third album, The Trinity (2005). The single meant to be released after "Temperature" was "Breakout" but was switched to "Give It Up to Me" to promote the film Step Up (2006). It was the fourth US single to be taken from the album and the fifth UK single. The version released as a single ("(When You Gonna) Give It Up to Me") is a collaboration with Keyshia Cole and is from the Step Up film soundtrack. Despite The Trinity being re-released just before the single release, the version with Keyshia Cole does not appear on the album despite a "radio version" being added.
The solo version was released in the US on 6 June 2006 while the version with Cole was released two weeks later, on 20 June. It was later issued as a commercial single in Australia and the United Kingdom in October 2006. "(When You Gonna) Give It Up to Me" climbed to number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart upon its release, becoming Paul's sixth top-10 hit and Cole's first top-10 hit. Internationally, the song became a top-20 hit in Australia, the Czech Republic, Finland, Switzerland, and the Wallonia region of Belgium.

## Music video

The video was directed by Little X and filmed in a gym, which the director describes as "fun and exciting." Sean Paul and Keyshia Cole dance throughout the video, usually separate, and with their own dancers. Around the middle of the video, the three stars of the new dance film, Step Up, Channing Tatum, Jenna Dewan, Drew Sidora appear. Jon Cruz and Rufino Puno of Super Cr3w, from America's Best Dance Crew (Season 2) can be seen late in the video breakdancing.

## Track listings

US CD single
* "(When You Gonna) Give It Up to Me" (featuring Keyshia Cole) [radio version]
* "(When You Gonna) Give It Up to Me" [instrumental]
UK CD single
* "(When You Gonna) Give It Up to Me" (featuring Keyshia Cole) [radio version]
* "Get Busy" [Sessions at AOL version]
UK 12-inch single
* "(When You Gonna) Give It Up to Me" (featuring Keyshia Cole) [radio version]
* "(When You Gonna) Give It Up to Me" [instrumental]
* "Like Glue" [video mix]
* "Get Busy" (featuring Fatman Scoop & Crooklyn Clan) [Clap Your Hands Now remix - street club long version]

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Gold | 40,000$^‡$ |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 200,000$^‡$ |
| Ringtone |||
| Canada (Music Canada) | Platinum | 40,000$^*$ |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000$^*$ |
| $^*$ Sales figures based on certification alone. $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||

## Release history

| Region | Version | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) |
| United States | Solo | 6 June 2006 | Rhythmic contemporarycontemporary hit radio | AtlanticVP |
| United States | Keyshia Cole | 20 June 2006 | Rhythmic contemporarycontemporary hit radio | AtlanticVP |
| Australia | Keyshia Cole | 2 October 2006 | CD | AtlanticVP |
| United Kingdom | Keyshia Cole | 30 October 2006 | 12-inch vinylCD | AtlanticVP |
# Academic grading in Pakistan

Academic grading in Pakistan is based on a percentage system.

## Lower secondary education

Lower secondary education contains the Grade 6 to Grade 10 classes.
Grading Formula 45 Grading of Division
WES – World Education Services

## Upper secondary education

Upper secondary education includes the grades 11 and 12th classes. The exam are held by Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE).
| Percentile | WES Equivalency |
| 80–100 | A+ |
| 70–79 | A |
| 60–69 | B |
| 50–59 | C |
| 40–49 | D |
| 33–39 | E |
| 0–32 | F |

## Higher education

Higher education includes Bachelor degrees, Master degrees and Doctoral degrees. Higher education in Pakistan has seen significant development in recent years, with a growing number of universities and institutions offering diverse programs across various fields such as science, business, law, and technology. The Higher Education Commission (HEC) plays a crucial role in regulating and maintaining standards in academia. While top universities like Quaid-i-Azam University, LUMS, and Aga Khan University are known for their quality education and research, the overall system still faces challenges, including access to education in rural areas, gender disparity, and inconsistent quality across institutions. However, there has been a noticeable shift towards online education and international collaborations, providing students with more learning opportunities. Government initiatives, such as scholarships and financial aid programs, are helping to make higher education more accessible. Many students in Pakistan are now also focused on understanding how to GPA calculate effectively, as GPA plays a key role in academic performance evaluations and future opportunities. Despite the hurdles, the sector continues to grow, driven by increasing interest in STEM fields and a more competitive, globalized education system.
# Harry Oppenheim

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#REDIRECT List of Austria international footballers (1–24 caps)
# Père Louis Gaillard

Père Louis Gaillard (1850–1900) was a 19th-century French sinologist and Jesuit missionary who studied notably Nankin, Shandong (Yantai), Guangdong (Pearl River) and more generally China.
# Romane Bernies

Romane Bernies (born 27 June 1993) is a French basketball player for Basket Lattes and the French national team.

## Career

She participated at the 2018 FIBA Women's Basketball World Cup.

## Orders

* Chevalier in the French Order of Merit: 2024
# Charlie's Death Wish

Charlie's Death Wish is a 2005 action thriller film directed by Jeff Leroy and starring Ron Jeremy and Phoebe Dollar.

## Cast

* Phoebe Dollar as Charlie
* Ron Jeremy as Captain Al Rosenberg
* Lemmy as himself
* Dizzy Reed as Mumbles
* Tracii Guns as Roscoe
* John Clark as Dr. Pheifer
* Jennifer Burton as Desk Cop
* Randal Malone as Harry Niche
# 1917 East Clare by-election

The 1917 East Clare by-election was held on 10 July 1917. It followed the death of the incumbent MP, Willie Redmond of the Irish Parliamentary Party, who was killed in action during the First World War. The seat had been held since its creation in 1885 by constitutional nationalist MPs, and Redmond had been unopposed in every election since 1900. The result was announced on 11 July 1917.
It was won by the Sinn Féin candidate Éamon de Valera who had campaigned in military Irish Volunteers uniform. De Valera had recently been released from imprisonment as a result of his involvement in the 1916 Easter Rising and 'made it crystal clear that he stood by the events of Easter Week' and for an independent Irish Republic. Though he said that another armed insurrection was 'not feasible' at the present time. His election posters said a vote for de Valera was, ‘a vote for Ireland a Nation, a vote against Conscription, a vote against partition, a vote for Ireland’s language, and for Ireland’s ideals and civilisation’.
Patrick Lynch, his opponent was a barrister and Crown prosecutor. His campaign maintained that he was also against conscription, despite the IPP's support for Irish recruitment into British forces in the First World War. His party's energies were also distracted by another by-election Kilkenny.
David McCullough writes, 'There was a lot of violence during the campaign, much of it apparently coming from Lynch's supporters' and 150 British Army soldiers had to be drafted in to help the police maintain order.
Daith O Corrain writes, 'The East Clare by-election was a milestone for Sinn Féin because it secured a striking popular mandate which helped the organisation to continue its rapid growth ahead of the 1918 general election.
By-election 10 July 1917: Clare East :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Sinn Féin | Éamon de Valera | 5,010 | 71.1 | New |
| | Irish Parliamentary | Patrick Lynch | 2,035 | 28.9 | N/A |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 2,975 | 42.2 | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 7,045 | 77.2 | N/A |
| | Sinn Féin gain from Irish Parliamentary | Sinn Féin gain from Irish Parliamentary | Swing | N/A | |
# Cheyenne (1929 film)

Cheyenne is a lost 1929 American Synchronized sound Western film directed by Albert S. Rogell and written by Bennett Cohen, Marion Jackson and Don Ryan. While the film has no audible dialog, it was released with a synchronized musical score with sound effects using the Vitaphone sound-on-disc sound process. The film stars Ken Maynard, Gladys McConnell, James Bradbury Jr., Billy Franey and Slim Whitaker. The film was released by Warner Bros. on February 3, 1929.

## Cast

* Ken Maynard as Cal Roberts
* Gladys McConnell as Violet Wentworth
* James Bradbury Jr. as Slim
* Billy Franey as Judge Boggs
* Slim Whitaker as Klaxton
# Polar Bear (American band)

Polar Bear was an American alternative rock band that was active in the late 1990s, formed and led by bassist Eric Avery.

## History

After the 1991 break-up of Jane's Addiction, Eric Avery and guitarist Dave Navarro formed the band Deconstruction, which released its sole album in 1994. After that project ended, Avery formed Polar Bear with drummer/programmer Harold "Barefoot" Saunders, formerly of Ethyl Meatplow. Guitarists Dani Tull and Andy Troy also contributed to the band. They released two EPs in 1996 and 1997, and the full-length album Why Something Instead of Nothing? in 1999.

## Discography

* Polar Bear (EP, 1996)
* Chewing Gum (EP, 1997)
* Why Something Instead of Nothing? (1999)
# KEZX

KEZX (730 AM) was a radio station broadcasting a sports format. Licensed to Medford, Oregon, United States, the station served the Medford-Ashland area. The station was last owned by Opus Broadcasting Systems.
It was announced by All Access Radio Group on Friday, January 18, 2008, that KEZX was going to switch to "All Sports" on February 4, 2009. The station was then to be known as "Fox Sports Radio 730 AM," using programming from Fox Sports Radio, Premiere Radio Networks and The Jim Rome Show.
Opus Broadcasting surrendered KEZX's license to the Federal Communications Commission on May 22, 2023 and it was cancelled the same day.
# Leonard Dodson

Leonard Dodson (March 29, 1912 – January 14, 1997) was an American professional golfer.
One of four boys, Dodson was born in Mumford, Missouri, and grew up in the Springfield area.
Dodson won three times on the early PGA Tour between 1936 and 1941.
During his colorful life, Dodson was known for gambling with friend Titanic Thompson. He was posthumously inducted into the Ozarks Golf Hall of Fame in 2004.

## Professional wins (8)
### PGA Tour wins (3)

* 1936 St. Petersburg Open
* 1937 Philadelphia Open Championship
* 1941 Oakland Open

### Other wins (5)

* 1937 Iowa Open, Western Missouri-Eastern Kansas tournament, Hollywood Beach Hotel Open (Florida)
* 1946 Iowa Open
* 1948 Waterloo Open Golf Classic
# Siege of Maastricht (1748)

The siege of Maastricht took place in April–May 1748 during the War of the Austrian Succession. A French force under the overall command of Maurice de Saxe besieged and captured the Dutch city of Maastricht in the final few months of the campaign in the Low Countries. After a relatively long siege the garrison of Maastricht capitulated and marched out with the honours of war. Maastricht was returned along with France's conquests in the Austrian Netherlands according to the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle signed in 1748.
Among the defenders were the Austro-Walloon Regiment of Los Rios, commanded by its Colonel Jean Charles Joseph, Count of Merode, Marquis of Deynze ; Charles, 5th Duke of Arenberg (Jean Charles' brother-in-law)