OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sumner Sewall

Sumner Sewall (June 17, 1897 – January 25, 1965) was an American Republican politician and airline executive who served as the 58th governor of Maine from 1941 to 1945. He began his aviation career during World War I as a fighter ace.

## Life and career

A native of Bath, Maine, Sewall dropped out of Harvard College in 1917 to go to Europe to aid the Allies during World War I. Sewall served first in the American Ambulance Field Service from February through August 1917, then in the U.S. Army Signal Corps, then finally as a fighter pilot in the U.S. Army Air Service, becoming an ace by scoring seven victories.
He enlisted in the USAAS in Paris, underwent training, and reported to the 95th Aero Squadron in February 1918. He was promoted to Flight Commander, and went on to score five victories over enemy planes between 3 June and 18 September 1918, sharing a couple of them with future general James Knowles and Edward Peck Curtis. Sewall then became a balloon buster, shooting down an observation balloon each on 4 and 5 November. The only victory he did not receive credit for came when German pilot Leutnant Heinz Freiherr von Beaulieu-Marconnay mistakenly landed on the 95th Aero Squadron's airfield, and Sewall and a couple of other American pilots captured him at gunpoint.
Sewall returned home with the Distinguished Service Cross with oak leaf cluster, the French Legion of Honor, the Croix de Guerre and the Order of the Crown of Belgium.
After the war, he worked in a variety of jobs, including being an executive with Colonial Air Transport and a director of United Air Lines.
His political career began when he became an alderman in Bath in 1933. He was elected to the Maine state legislature as a representative in 1934, then as a senator in 1936 and 1938. After the latter election, he was named President of the State Senate. In 1940, he was elected governor, and served two terms. Sewall's administration was notable for cleaning up scandals in state government and passing a minimum wage law for state teachers.
After stepping down as governor, Sewall became president of American Overseas Airlines for a year, then served as the military governor of Württemberg-Baden from 1946 to 1947. In 1948, Sewall finished a distant third in the Republican primary for Maine's open United States Senate seat, which ended his political career.
Sewall became president of the Bath National Bank in the 1960s. He died on 25 January 1965.

## Family

Sewall's parents were William Dunning Sewall and Mary Locke Sumner of Shrewsbury, Massachusetts. Mary was the daughter of George Sumner and Sarah E. Richardson, and she was great-granddaughter of the Reverend Joseph Sumner of the First Congregational Church in Shrewsbury. William D. Sewall and Mary Locke Sumner lived at the Sewall Family Home in Bath, ME known as York Hall.
Sewall's grandfather, Arthur Sewall, was the Democratic candidate for vice president in 1896.
Sewall married Helen Ellena Evans in 1929. They had two sons, David and Nick, and a daughter Alexandria.
# Samadhi (shrine)

In Hinduism, Sikhism, and Sufism a samadhi (samādhi) or samadhi mandir is a temple, shrine, or memorial commemorating the dead (similar to a tomb or mausoleum), which may or may not contain the body of the deceased. Samadhi sites are often built in this way to honour people regarded as saints or gurus in Hindu religious traditions, wherein such souls are said to have passed into mahāsamādhi, or were already in samadhi (a state of meditative consciousness) at the time of death.
In Sikhism, the term "samadhi" is used for the mausoleums of eminent figures, both religious and political. Examples include the Samadhi of Ranjit Singh in Lahore, and that of Maharaja Sher Singh near Lahore. Hindu equivalents are usually called chatri, although those for Maratha Empire figures also often use "samadhi". The forms of structure called "samadhi" vary greatly. The word is sometimes used for a memorial stele, also called paliya, a type of hero stone once common in parts of Gujarat and Sindh. It may be used for small memorial buildings such as open chatri, often placed around a temple.
The tradition of India is cremation for most Hindu people at the time of death, while samadhi is generally reserved for very advanced souls, such as yogis and saints, who have already been "purified by the fire of yoga" or who are believed to have been in the state of samadhi at the time of death. Samadhi usually involves inhumation rather than cremation.

## Examples

One of the popular site of pilgrimage in India is the town of Alandi in the state of Maharashtra where the 13th century Varkari saint Dnyaneshwar took Sanjivan Samadhi, or entombed himself in the state of Samadhi. His devotees believe that he is still alive.
A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada (d. 1977) the founder of ISKCON (known as the "Hare Krishna Movement"), is commemorated with a large Samadhi Mandir in Mayapur, West Bengal.
* Samadhi of Sri Adi Shankaracharya
* Samadhi of the Maratha admiral Kanhoji Angre
* Small shrine for Appayya Dikshita, with lingam, Thiruvalangadu, Tamil Nadu
* Samadhi with image, Maharashtra
* Paliya memorials, Bhuj, Gujarat
* Samadhi of Jijabai, the mother of the Maratha emperor Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, Pachad, Raigadh, Maharashtra
# Pseudolycaena

Pseudolycaena is a genus of hairstreaks in the butterfly family Lycaenidae. There are at two described species in Pseudolycaena found in Mexico, Central America, and South America, according to research published in 2019.

## Species

These species belong to the genus Pseudolycaena:
* Pseudolycaena damo (H. Druce, 1875) (Mexico to Panama, else disjunct Ecuador to Peru)
* Pseudolycaena marsyas (Linnaeus, 1758) (South America)
From one to five species have been classified in this genus in the past, but phylogenetic analyses published in 2019 could not confirm the validity of more than two species, and excluded Pseudolycaena cybele, Pseudolycaena dorcas, and Pseudolycaena nellyae.
# Jamie Harry

Jamie Harry (born July 13, 1994) is a Canadian professional football defensive back who is a free agent. He most recently played for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL).

## University career

Harry played U Sports football for the Ottawa Gee-Gees from 2015 to 2018. He had 98 solo tackles and 14 interceptions. He was also named a U Sports First Team All-Canadian in 2017 and 2018.

## Professional career
### Toronto Argonauts (first stint)

Harry was drafted 38th overall in the 2019 CFL Draft by the Toronto Argonauts and signed with the team on May 16, 2019. He attended training camp with the Argonauts in 2019, but was released with the final cuts on June 7, 2019.

### BC Lions

On September 9, 2019, Harry signed a practice roster agreement with the BC Lions. He made his professional debut on October 18, 2019, against the Saskatchewan Roughriders, but reverted to the practice roster following the game. He re-signed with the Lions following the end of the season, but did not play in 2020 due to the cancellation of the 2020 CFL season.
In 2021, Harry played in 10 regular season games where he had six defensive tackles and two special teams tackles. To begin the 2022 season, he played in the team's first two regular season games, but was released on July 19, 2022.

### Edmonton Elks

Harry signed with the Edmonton Elks on July 29, 2022. He was featured prominently on defence as he played in nine regular season games and had 18 defensive tackles. He re-signed with the Elks on January 17, 2023. On May 28, 2023, Harry was released by the Elks.

### Toronto Argonauts (second stint)

On August 31, 2023, Harry signed a practice roster agreement with the Argonauts. In 2023, he played in five regular season games, starting in three, where he had 12 defensive tackles. He also made his post-season debut in the East Final, but the Argonauts were upset by the Alouettes.
In the 2024 season, Harry was on the injured list for the entire season, including in the Argonauts' victory in the 111th Grey Cup championship over the Winnipeg Blue Bombers. He became a free agent upon the expiry of his contract on February 11, 2025.
# Ljubljana Marshes Wheel

The Ljubljana Marshes Wheel is a wooden wheel that was found in the Ljubljana Marsh some 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, in 2002. Radiocarbon dating, performed in the VERA laboratory (Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator) in Vienna, showed that it was approximately 5,100 to 5,350 years old, which makes it the oldest wooden wheel yet discovered. It was discovered by a team of Slovene archeologists from the Ljubljana Institute of Archaeology, a part of the Research Center at the Slovene Academy of Arts and Sciences, under the guidance of Anton Velušček.

## The archaeological site

Remains of pile dwellings were discovered in the Ljubljana Marsh as early as in 1875. Since 2011, the site has been protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site as an example of prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps, a special form of dwellings in areas with lakes and marshes. The archaeologists at the excavation site identified over one thousand piles in the bed of the Iška River, near Ig. They reconstructed the dwellings of 3.5 by 7 metres (11 ft 6 in × 23 ft 0 in) in size, separated by approximately 2 to 3 metres (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in). The analyses of the piles revealed that the dwellings were repaired each year and that a new house had to be built on the same place in as little as 10 to 20 years.
The earliest inhabitants settled in the region as early as 9,000 years ago. In the Mesolithic, they built temporary residences on isolated rocks in the marsh and on the fringe, living by hunting and gathering. The permanent settlements were not built until the first farmers appeared approximately 6,000 years ago during the Neolithic.

## The wooden wheel

The wooden wheel belonged to a prehistoric two-wheel cart – a pushcart. Similar wheels have been found in the hilly regions of Switzerland and southwest Germany, but the Ljubljana Marshes wheel is bigger and older. It shows that wooden wheels may have appeared almost simultaneously in Mesopotamia and Europe, though finds of actual wheels from Mesopotamia date from significantly later.
It has a diameter of 72 centimetres (28+3⁄8 in) and is made of ash wood, and its 124-centimetre-long (48+7⁄8 in) axle is made of oak. The axle was attached to the wheels with oak wood wedges, which meant that the axle rotated together with the wheels. The wheel was made from a tree that grew in the vicinity of the pile dwellings and at the time of the wheel construction was approximately 80 years old.
It appears that the wheel itself is primarily made of two planks of wood which are held together with four cross braces. The cross braces appear to have been held in place simply by a tenon arrangement, the braces being fitted into tenoned slots carved into the two main wheel sections.
# General Union of Palestinian Students

The General Union of Palestine Students (GUPS; Arabic: الإتحاد العام لطلبة فلسطين, romanized: Alatahad Alaam Latalbah Falastin) is a Palestinian student organization. Created in the 1920's, it is generally considered one of the first Palestinian institutions. It was officially launched in Cairo in 1959 with chapters formed in universities all over the Arab world. Considered "the first Palestinian sectoral organization to re-emerge after the 1948 dispersal," the General Union of Palestine Students "came to play a leading role in Palestinian organizational life" and helped form a cohort of leaders that would play prominent roles later on in the Palestine Liberation Organization.
Following the Oslo Accords, the majority of GUPS chapters collapsed. Prior to the signing of the Accords, there were 60 GUPS chapters on US campuses. Today, only the San Francisco State University chapter remains operational in the United States. Several GUPS chapters remain operational in Europe and South America, including in Chile and the United Kingdom. The organization is a member of the World Federation of Democratic Youth.

## Notable individuals

Several Palestinian politicians, writers, journalists and militants have been members or leaders of the GUPS. They include Yasser Arafat, Hanan Ashrawi, Faisal Husseini, Walid Khalidi, Mahmoud Hamshari, Afif Safieh, Elias Sanbar, Ahmad Abdel Rahman and many others.
Nearing the end of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War Yasser Arafat moved to Cairo in order to re-enrol in the University of King Fuad I, later known as Cairo University, studying civil engineering and serving as chairman of the GUPS from 1952 until the year of his graduation of 1956 as well as the chairman of the Federation of Palestinian Students, both considered important positions in Palestinian politics. Abu Iyad served as Secretary General of GUPS whilst studying at Al Azhar University before being deported by Egyptian secret police to Gaza in 1983 during the last year of his studies. The pair along with Khaled Yashruti, the then head of GUPS in Beirut, and others later formed Fatah in 1959.

## Political significance

Drawing from the work of scholar Laurie Brand, the political scientist Khalil Shikaki summarizes the significance of the GUPS as follows:
   In the absence of a political 'center,' the Palestine Student Union (later GUPS) served as the major political forum in which Palestinian feelings and aspirations could be expressed, and in which independent Palestinian mobilization and organizing activities could be carried out. In 1959, long before the famous 1974 Rabat summit resolution recognizing PLO representation of the Palestinians, GUPS concluded an agreement with Jordanian student unions designating Palestinian students from the West Bank as the constituency of GUPS alone. During GUPS's second conference in Gaza in 1962, resolutions were approved calling for the establishment of a Palestinian entity, a Palestinian army, and a Palestinian liberation organization.
# Battle of Espinosa de los Monteros

The Battle of Espinosa de los Monteros took place during the Napoleonic Wars, on 10 and 11 November 1808 at the village of Espinosa de los Monteros in the Cantabrian Mountains. It resulted in a French victory under Marshal Victor against Lieutenant General Joaquín Blake's Army of Galicia.

## Background

The Dos de Mayo Uprising had put Iberia in revolt against French rule. The Spanish conventional warfare had started at El Bruch (June 1808), while the Battle of Bailen (July 1808) marked the first open-field defeat of a Napoleonic army. British intervention had started at Roliça (August 1808), and Napoleon's personal participation in the invasion of Spain started with the engagement of Joaquín Blake's forces at Zornoza.

## Battle

Victor launched a series of attacks on the first day that were thrown back with heavy losses by the disciplined regulars of General La Romana's Division of the North. By nightfall, Blake's positions still held. On the morning of 11 November, Victor regained his composure and coordinated a massive French attack that pierced Blake's left wing and drove the Spaniards from the field.
General Acevedo launched a counterattack, with two brigades of the Asturian division, some five thousand troops each, commanded by Cayetano Valdés y Flores and Gregorio Bernaldo de Quirós. The troops headed downhill into a barrage of musket-fire from Maison's brigade of fusiliers, resulting in the Spanish commanding officers, at the head of their raw recruits, bearing the brunt of the fire; General Quirós was killed and both Valdés and Acevedo were seriously wounded, the latter blinded. The defeated Army of the Left suffered over five thousand casualties.
Blake led his remaining men through a heroic retreat west through the mountains to escape Soult's pursuit. However, when Blake arrived at León on 23 November, only 20,000 of his men remained, in an extremely bad condition.

## Aftermath

Napoleon's invasion of Spain proceeded with the Battle of Tudela.

## In popular culture

* The Gun, by C. S. Forester (author of the Horatio Hornblower series), begins with the Spanish retreat from Espinoza.
# Düsseldorf rail freight bypass

The Düsseldorf freight bypass railway (Güterumgehungsbahn Düsseldorf) is a now-partly-disused railway line in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It connects the Düsseldorf-Reisholz freight yard and the Düsseldorf-Derendorf freight yard (near Düsseldorf-Derendorf station), both located on the Cologne–Duisburg railway, via the former Düsseldorf-Lierenfeld freight yard.
The freight bypass allows freight trains to avoid the busy Düsseldorf Hauptbahnhof using a separate and direct line.

## History

The Cologne-Minden Railway Company had already established a freight line between the then Lierenfeld junction and Wehrhahn in 1863, but this was closed in 1880. In 1932 the old line was returned to service and connected by a grade-separated junction with the Cologne–Duisburg railway.

## Current situation

The closing of the former Düsseldorf-Derendorf marshalling yard means that the bypass railway has lost most of its purpose. Of the three tracks passing under the main line, only the northernmost track at Rethel junction remains in operation. Concrete pillars have been erected for supporting overhead wire on the western ramp of the southernmost passage under the main line, which gave direct access to Lierenfeld.
# Zainiya

Az-Zainiya (Arabic: الزينيه, Coptic: ⲡⲓⲥⲟⲗⲥⲉⲗ pi-Solsel "the adornment") is a name given to two villages in the Luxor Governorate, Egypt – az-Zainiya Bahari (Arabic: الزينيه بحري, Coptic: ⲡⲓⲥⲟⲗⲥⲉⲗ ⲡⲉⲙϩⲓⲧ pi-Solsel Pemhit) and az-Zainiya Qibli (Arabic: الزينيه قبلي, Coptic: ⲡⲓⲥⲟⲗⲥⲉⲗ ⲫⲣⲏⲥ pi-Solsel Phres). The two villages were one of the last places where a variant of a colloquial Coptic language was spoken.
# James Donovan

James Donovan may refer to:
* James Donovan (Boston politician) (1859–1929), Democratic politician from Boston
* James B. Donovan (1916–1970), lawyer and US Navy officer
* James G. Donovan (1898–1987), Democratic politician, New York state senator and US congressman
* James H. Donovan (1923–1990), Republican politician, New York state senator
* James J. Donovan (1890–1971), mayor of Bayonne, New Jersey 1939–1943
* James F. Donovan (1902–1979), American businessman and industrialist
* James Donovan (forensic scientist) (1944/1945–2025), Irish forensic scientist
# EIILM-Kolkata

Eastern Institute for Integrated Learning in Management Kolkata or EIILM-Kolkata is an education institute in Kolkata, India. It was founded in 1995 and is affiliated with Vidyasagar University, Raiganj University, and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology.
EIILM-Kolkata is also a partner with Mingdao University (Taiwan), Rajamangala University of Technology (Thailand), Pathumthani University (Thailand), and 16 other Indonesian Universities.
In 2019, The Dun & Bradstreet Corporation called it one of the leading Business Schools in India. On 3 November 2022, it organised the Trans Asian Marketing Conclave in Bangkok, Thailand. EIILM-Kolkata also organised the charity match between the All-Stars Team of FC Bayern Munich Club and the ex-players of East Bengal Football Club. It annually conducts its cultural event called Apavrinu-Vayam.

## Courses

The institute offers various management courses:
* MBA (Master of Business Administration)
* BBA (Bachelor of Business Administration)
* BBA in Hospital Management (Hospital Management)
* BBA in Hotel & Hospitality Management
* BBA in Sports Management (Sport Management)
* B.Sc. in Media Management
* BCA (Bachelor of Computer Applications)
* BBA in Business Analytics (Business Analytics)
* Ph.D. as per UGC norms (PhD)
# Hurdle model

A hurdle model is a class of statistical models where a random variable is modelled using two parts, the first of which is the probability of attaining the value 0, and the second part models the probability of the non-zero values. The use of hurdle models is often motivated by an excess of zeroes in the data that is not sufficiently accounted for in more standard statistical models.
In a hurdle model, a random variable x is modelled as
    $\Pr(x=0)=\theta$
    $\Pr(x\neq 0)=p_{x\neq 0}(x)$
where $p_{x\neq 0}(x)$ is a truncated probability distribution function, truncated at 0.
Hurdle models were introduced by John G. Cragg in 1971, where the non-zero values of x were modelled using a normal model, and a probit model was used to model the zeros. The probit part of the model was said to model the presence of "hurdles" that must be overcome for the values of x to attain non-zero values, hence the designation hurdle model. Hurdle models were later developed for count data, with Poisson, geometric, and negative binomial models for the non-zero counts .

## Relationship with zero-inflated models

Hurdle models differ from zero-inflated models in that zero-inflated models model the zeros using a two-component mixture model. With a mixture model, the probability of the variable being zero is determined by both the main distribution function $p(x=0)$ and the mixture weight $\pi$. Specifically, a zero-inflated model for a random variable x is
    $\Pr(x=0)=\pi +(1-\pi )\times p(x=0)$
    $\Pr(x=h_{i})=(1-\pi )\times p(x=h_{i})$
where $\pi$ is the mixture weight that determines the amount of zero-inflation. A zero-inflated model can only increase the probability of $\Pr(x=0)$, but this is not a restriction in hurdle models.
# American College of Preventive Medicine

The American College of Preventive Medicine (ACPM) is an American non-profit organization focused on practice, research, publication, and teaching of evidence-based preventive medicine. It publishes the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, which is their official journal.
ACPM is a member of the Adult Vaccine Access Coalition (AVAC), the CDC Coalition and the Coalition for Health Funding, and a partner of the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases (NFID).

## Background

In 1954, ACPM was established to provide a supportive home for the increasing number of preventive medicine board-certified physicians. Two years later, it became chartered as a non-profit organization.
ACPM has more than 2,700 members who are working worldwide in science research, government and healthcare services. ACPM provides a vibrant platform for knowledge sharing among specialists in preventive medicine, and offers training programs for research, information, and opportunities for ongoing professional growth.
Preventive Medicine is a distinct medical specialty recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties. A specialist in Preventive Medicine focuses on the health of individuals and defined populations in order to protect, promote and maintain health and well-being, and to prevent disease, disability and premature death. They may be a specialist in Aerospace Medicine, Occupational Medicine, or Public Health & General Preventive Medicine.

### COVID-19

In the first quarter of 2021, ACPM received an $8,000 grant from Pfizer for a "vaccine confidence PSA".
# 1965 Liverpool Vickers Viscount crash

On 20 July 1965 a Vickers Viscount of Cambrian Airways crashed into a factory on approach to Liverpool International Airport, after a flight from Ronaldsway Airport, Isle of Man. Both crew were killed, as well as two persons on the factory.