OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William Dundas of Fingask

William Dundas of Fingask (died 1599), was a Scottish courtier who wrote newsletters.
William Dundas was a son of Archibald Dundas of Fingask and Elizabeth Colville, daughter of Robert Colville of Cleish.
His sister Margaret Dundas married George Douglas of Mordington, a son of George Douglas of Parkhead. A niece, Nicholas Dundas, married Alexander Colville (d. 1597), commendator of Culross.
He married Margaret Carnegie, a daughter of David Carnegie of Colluthie in 1582.
In 1590 William Dundas wrote to Mr Archibald Douglas describing life at the Scottish court since the marriage of Anne of Denmark and James VI of Scotland and their return from Denmark on 1 May 1590. Dundas had been travelling in England, sightseeing in Cambridge and York, and wrote from Edinburgh on 11 June 1590. He thought the Scottish court was solitary, depleted by reformers who had reduced the number of paid attendants. Everything was arranged by the Lord Chancellor of Scotland, John Maitland of Thirlestane. He reported that the queen, Anna of Denmark, had not surrounded herself with ladies in waiting, but "carries a marvellous gravity, which with her partial solitariness, contrary to the humour of our people, has banished all our ladies clean from her". John Maitland urged Anna to receive an honorable company of ladies and gentlemen in her household in July 1590.
In May 1592, Dundas wrote a letter of recommendation for a young Swiss student, Johann Peter Hainzel von Degerstein, who wished to visit Andrew Melville at the University of St Andrews.
In May 1594 he went to London to the ambassador Edward Bruce. His kinsman John Colville shadowed the "young baron of Fingask" from Newcastle to Durham and reported his movements to the poet Henry Lok. Colville discovered the contents of letters carried by Dundas and sent his comments to Lok for Sir Robert Cecil. He returned on 30 May with Edward Bruce.
A letter of 20 July 1594 seems to refer to the emblems painted on Scottish ceilings which carry moral meanings. Dundas wrote to Sir Robert Cecil, mentioning that Henry Lok had told him in London that Cecil wanted "of suche toyis" for his new gallery in his London townhouse as he had seen painted in Edinburgh. Dundas enclosed some of these, presumably drawings of the "toys" or emblems. This letter was signed "William Dondas".
A letter from James Douglas of Spott in London to William Dundas of Fingask, from November 1594, praises his skill in the Latin language, and includes news of the injury of the Earl of Erroll at the Battle of Glenlivet.
William Dundas died in September 1599. His brother Archibald Dundas succeeded him as laird of Fingask.
There has been some confusion over the date of the death of William Dundas and the identity of the "baron of Fingask" in the letters of John Colville.
# Baeturia laureli

Baeturia laureli is a species of cicada named after comedian Stan Laurel. A similar species, B. hardyi, was named after his partner Oliver Hardy.
# Gulariya, Uttar Pradesh

Gulariya is a town and a nagar panchayat in Badaun district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.

## Demographics

As of the 2001 Census of India, Gulariya had a population of 4886. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Gulariya has an average literacy rate of 44%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 51%, and female literacy is 35%. In Gulariya, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age. There are two inter colleges in the town. Now the literacy rate has been increased. There is an English medium school named Vindhyan English School and many others. Agriculture and brick industries are the major occupations in Gulariya. Tara Devi is the current chairperson of the town.
# Abbeville, Dublin

Abbeville, formerly Abbeyville House, is an 18th century Georgian house in the townland of Abbeyville, civil parish of Kinsealy, within the traditional County Dublin, Ireland.
It is known for being designed by James Gandon as well as being the home of Charles Haughey during his years as Taoiseach. The grounds contain streams, a pond and the site of a long-closed brewery.

## History

Richard Montgomery (1738–1775) grew up in the original estate. His father Thomas Montgomery is recorded as leasing the estate as his Dublin residence in 1736. It was then under a different name.
The house was substanially altered and enlarged by James Gandon for John Beresford c.1790. It consists of two storeys over a basement; the front has seven bays, flanked by two wide curved bows, and is further prolonged by single-storey one-bay wings.
It is said the house was so named as Beresford's son was marrying a girl from Abbeville in France. Beresford's first wife was also French and had died in 1772.
For a period in the early 19th century the house was owned by the antiquarian Austin Cooper.
The house was owned by the Cusack family for over a century from the early 19th century (1830-1940).
In 1945, the architect Michael Scott is recorded as carrying out work on the house for Percy Reynolds, who bought the house in the 1940s.
In 1969 it was bought by Charles J Haughey, then a minister for finance, who became Taoiseach in 1979. Renovations works were carried out by Sam Stephenson.
In 2003, after his retirement and disgrace, Haughey sold it to Manor Park Homes, which intended to redevelop it after his death, which occurred in 2006. Manor Park Homes went bankrupt during the Irish financial crisis, and in 2012, the house was offered for sale at a guide price of €7.5 million, about a fifth of the 2003 price.
It was purchased in 2013 by the Japanese Nishida family, owners of the Toyoko Inn hotel group.
Parts of the Abbeville estate were separated to provide sites for homes for members of the Haughey family, including his widow, and these remain in family hands.

## Access

For most of recent history, the house and grounds were almost wholly private. Under the previous property tax regime, it was possible for Abbeville to be exempt if the house was open one day a year, a requirement fulfilled by events on the annual Irish Cancer Society Daffodil Day; the much more extensive opening required to avoid inheritance tax was not done.

### Emsworth House

The house contains a tunnel which connects with the James Gandon designed Emsworth House nearby which was constructed in 1794 for James Woodmason. Woodmason, a London stationer, had earlier joined Beresford as a partner in his Dublin banking operations at Beresford Place alongside Thomas Needham in 1793.

## Sources

* M. Bence-Jones, A guide to Irish country houses, Constable, 1990, p. 1
* B. De Breffny & R. ffolliot, The houses of Ireland, Thames & Hudson, 1984, p. 168
* J. O'Brien & D. Guinness, Great Irish houses and castles, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1992, pp. 106–107
# Edoardo Duca

Edoardo Duca (born 3 May 1997) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Serie B club Modena.

## Club career

Born in Milan, Duca was formed as a footballer in AlbinoLeffe youth sector. He played three Serie D seasons for Grumellese Calcio and one with OltrepòVoghera.
On 13 December 2018, he joined Serie D club Modena. Modena won the promotion this season, and Duca made his Serie C debut on 9 September 2019 against Calcio Padova.
On 16 January 2020, he was loaned to Pergolettese for a year.
# Baltimore (Parliament of Ireland constituency)

Baltimore was a potwalloper constituency represented in the Irish House of Commons from 1614 to 1801.

## Borough

This constituency was a parliamentary borough based in the town of Baltimore in County Cork.

### Potwalloper

A potwalloper (sometimes potwalloner or potwaller) is an archaic term referring to a borough constituency returning members to the British House of Commons before 1832 and the Reform Act created a uniform suffrage. Several potwalloper constituencies were also represented in the Irish House of Commons, prior to its abolition in 1801. A potwalloper borough was one in which a householder had the right to vote if he had, in his house, a hearth large enough to boil, or wallop, a cauldron, or pot. The electors for Baltimore were tenants at will of the Freke family.

## History

In the Patriot Parliament of 1689 summoned by King James II, Baltimore was represented with two members.

## Members of Parliament, 1613–1801

Baltimore, Incorporated 25 March 1613.
* 1613–1615
** 1613 Sir Thomas Crooke, 1st Baronet
** 1613 Henry Piers
* 1634–1635
** 1634 Lott Peere, absent in England and replaced 1634 by James Travers
** 1634 Edward Skipwith,
* 1639–1641
** 1639 Bryan Jones
** 1639 Henry Knyveton
* 1661–1666
** 1661 Sir Nicholas Purdon
** 1661 Richard Townsend

### 1689–1801

| Election | First member | First party | | Second member | Second party |
| 1689 Patriot Parliament | Daniel O'Donovan | | | Jeremiah O'Donovan | |
| 1692 | Thomas Beecher | | | Edward Richardson | |
| 1703 | Thomas Beecher | | | Percy Freke | |
| 1707 | Thomas Beecher | | | Edward Riggs | |
| 1709 | Francis Langston | | | Edward Riggs | |
| 1713 | Richard Barry | | | Michael Beecher | |
| 1715 | William Southwell | | | Michael Beecher | |
| 1721 | Sir Percy Freke, 2nd Bt | | | Michael Beecher | |
| 1727 | Sir Percy Freke, 2nd Bt | | | Richard Tonson | |
| 1728 | Sir John Freke, 3rd Bt | | | Richard Tonson | |
| 1761 | William Clements | | | Richard Tonson | |
| 1768 | Sir John Evans-Freke, 1st Bt | | | Richard Tonson | |
| 1771 | Sir John Evans-Freke, 1st Bt | | | Jocelyn Deane | |
| 1777 | William Evans | | | Jocelyn Deane | |
| 1781 | William Evans | | | James Chatterton | |
| 1783 | Viscount Sudley | | | Richard Longfield | |
| 1790 | Sir John Evans-Freke, 2nd Bt | | | Richard Grace | |
| 1798 | Sir John Evans-Freke, 2nd Bt | | | George Evans-Freke | |
| 1801 | Disenfranchised | Disenfranchised | Disenfranchised | Disenfranchised | Disenfranchised |
# Control of Poisons and Explosives Precursors Regulations 2023

The Control of Explosives Precursors and Poisons Regulations 2023 is a statutory instrument of the United Kingdom. It restricts the sale of a number of chemicals that are either poisons or explosives precursors without a valid Explosives Precursors and Poisons Licence.
Additionally it also regulates the possession of poisons and explosive precursors. Since 3 March 2016 the possession and use of such chemicals has been regulated.
It references the Poisons Act 1972 and the Control of Poisons and Explosives Precursors Regulations 2015.
Currently in the UK the following substances are regulated as explosives precursors.
Ammonium nitrate
Hexamine
Hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen peroxide
Nitromethane
Nitric acid
Phosphoric acid
Potassium chlorate
Potassium perchlorate
Sodium chlorate
Sodium perchlorate
Sulfuric acid
The following substances are reportable explosives precursors
Acetone
Aluminium powder
Calcium nitrate
Calcium ammonium nitrate
Magnesium nitrate hexahydrate
Magnesium powder
Potassium nitrate
Sodium nitrate
Sulfur
# The Pike: Gabriele D'Annunzio, Poet, Seducer and Preacher of War

The Pike: Gabriele d'Annunzio, Poet, Seducer and Preacher of War is a 2013 book by the writer Lucy Hughes-Hallett first published in London by Fourth Estate. The American edition, published by Knopf in 2013, is titled Gabriele d'Annunzio: Poet, Seducer, and Preacher of War. The book is a biography of Gabriele d'Annunzio, although it is written in a style more commonly seen in fiction, which echoes that of d'Annunzio's autobiography. Finding mere chronology insufficient for telling the story of her "extraordinary, unstoppable and in many ways quite ridiculous" subject, Hughes-Hallett "tries out a variety of cross-sections and settings, mosaics and micro-narratives," as Robert Gordon wrote in Literary Review.
It won the Samuel Johnson Prize, the Duff Cooper Prize, and the Costa Book Award for Biography.

## Reviews

On The Omnivore, based on British press, the book received an "omniscore" of 4.5 out of 5.
* The Economist book review
* The Financial Times book review
* The Guardian book review
* The Independent book review
* New York Times book review
* The Observer book review
* The Telegraph book review
* Times Higher Education book review
# School bus contractor

A school bus contractor is a private company or proprietorship that provides student transport services to a school district or non-public school. Of the 450,000 school buses operating in the United States, it is estimated that approximately 39% are operated by school bus contractors. In Canada (with some still operated by the school boards) and the United Kingdom, almost all school transportation is performed by contractors.
A school bus contractor may range in size from an individual driver with a single bus, to a small company serving a single school or district, to a large multi-national company with as many as 60,000 buses.
Major school bus contractors currently operating in the United States and Canada include First Student, National Express, and Student Transportation Inc.
# Gokulathil Seethai

Gokulathil Seethai (lit. 'Sita in Gokul' in Tamil) may refer to:
* Gokulathil Seethai (film), a 1996 Indian Tamil film by Agathiyan
* Gokulathil Seethai (2008 TV series), an Indian TV series on Kalaignar TV
* Gokulathil Seethai (2019 TV series), an Indian TV series on Zee Tamil
# Makam Diraja Johor Telok Blangah

Makam Diraja Johor Telok Blangah (Jawi: مقام دراج خوهر تاوق بلاڠه) is a royal mausoleum located within the grounds of Masjid Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim in Telok Blangah, Singapore. It is the resting place of Temenggong Abdul Rahman, his son Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim, and other relatives of the Bendahara dynasty.
The mausoleum is surrounded by a large cemetery as well. The land where the cemetery, mausoleum and adjacent mosque stands on is owned by the State of Johor.

## History

Temenggong Abdul Rahman was the first of the Bendahara dynasty to be buried at the site on 8 December 1825 after he had died in his residence, the Istana Lama. Afterwards, his son Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim was laid to rest beside him. The burial of Daeng Ibrahim was followed by other members of his family afterwards.
A mausoleum was built around the tombs of the Temenggongs in 1849, although at the time it was surrounded by at least a hundred older graves. The last person to be interred in the mausoleum was Ungku Muhammad Khalid, one of Daeng Ibrahim's sons and the brother of Sultan Abu Bakar, in 1900.

### Ownership

The land which the Makam Diraja Johor Telok Blangah stands on is owned by the State of Johor. The workers and staff at the mausoleum are citizens of Malaysia who have been sent to work full-time jobs there; the same applies to the adjacent mosque. In an article from 1989, it is stated that the royalty of Johor would embark on regular visits to the mausoleum to pay respects to their deceased ancestors.

## Burials

According to the Berita Harian newspaper, there were at least 32 graves in the cemetery belonging to royalty, including those of the Temenggongs buried in the mausoleum. In total, there are around 2,000 tombs in the whole cemetery.

### Notable burials

Interred in the mausoleum are:
* Temenggong Abdul Rahman (1755–1825), second Temenggong of Johor
* Tun Haji Abdullah (1809–1861), son of Temenggong Abdul Rahman
* Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim (1810–1862), fourth Temenggong of Johor
* Ungku Muhammad Khalid (1849–1900), son of Temenggong Daeng Ibrahim

## Gallery

* A view of the cemetery and mausoleum from outside of the gate.
* An old grave next to the mausoleum which has a "dapur" (cenotaph) atop it.
* A landscape view of the cemetery surrounding the mausoleum.
# Shubha Chacko

Shubha Chacko (born 26 August 1965) is an Indian feminist and gender-rights activist. She is the founder of Solidarity Foundation, a Bangalore-based not-for-profit organisation. She is also one of the founding board members of Sangama, a gender and sexual minority rights NGO in Bangalore along with Manohar Elavarthi.

## Early life and education

Shubha Chacko has her roots in Kerala but is born and resides in Bangalore. She did her schooling at St. Francis Xavier's Girls High School, Frazer Town, Bangalore. Later, she studied at Mount Carmel College, Bangalore, and did her master's degree in Social Work at Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai.

## Career

Chacko is one of the few feminist activists who is active fighting for the rights of gender and sexual minorities, and sex workers in India. She headed many NGOs, including Sangama, Aneka and Solidarity Foundation and supported in nurturing and developing sexual minority and sex worker community based organisations and collectives for over 25 years. From 2013, she is the executive director of Solidarity Foundation. She is a researcher interested in macro economics, NGO management, social justice issues including gender and sexual minorities and has published articles in peer-reviewed journals. She has been an invited as a speaker at many international conferences and published many reports. She has been instrumental in bringing jogappas into the mainstream and has supported a musical event with renowned T. M. Krishna. To support LGBTQIA+ community, she came up with the idea of Pride Cafe and Solidarity Foundation partnered with Amadeus and launched the cafe in Bangalore.

## Awards

She received the Times Ascent Award as global diversity leader at the World HRD Congress, Mumbai 2017.
# Gus Lee

Augustus Samuel Mein-Sun "Gus" Lee (born August 8, 1946) is an American author and ethicist. He was born in San Francisco, a place he recounts in his childhood memoir/novel China Boy (1991) about growing up in a broken, poverty-stricken immigrant family in an inner city ghetto.
Lee attended the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, did graduate study in East Asian History with Liu Kwangching and obtained a J.D. degree from the University of California, Davis School of Law (King Hall). While a graduate and law student at Davis, Lee served as an Assistant Dean of Students for the Educational Opportunity Program, project coordinator for Asian American Studies and ROTC Brigade Commander. He was an Army boxer, Army drill sergeant, paratrooper, Command Judge Advocate, U.S. Senate ethics investigator and legal adviser to the worldwide Connelly Investigation with tours in Asia. He became a multiple-event whistle blower, which involuntarily launched him into his work as an ethicist and character-based leadership consultant.
Lee worked as supervising deputy district attorney, acting deputy attorney general, FBI and law enforcement trainer, Deputy Director of the California District Attorneys Association. He was an adjunct leadership instructor at USC.
Lee recounts his life in autobiographical fiction. A challenging childhood in San Francisco's Panhandle is the subject of his book China Boy (1991), which became San Francisco's first One City One Book selection and a Colorado Springs' Pikes Peak Reads selection. Honor and Duty (1994) describes the tension between integrity, friendship and fidelity in an autobiographical tale about West Point. Tiger's Tail (1996) recounts Lee's role as an Army criminal investigator pursuing enemy secret agents, man-carried atomic devices and shaman prophets on the Korean DMZ. No Physical Evidence (2000) is a legal thriller that recounts a difficult trial as a deputy DA, involving a vulnerable teenage victim and a sociopathic child abuser, and recounts the simultaneous loss of their first daughter. Lee followed with a memoir, Chasing Hepburn (2004), in which his mother and three young sisters conduct a harrowing flight from wartime China to America. His 2007 book Courage: The Backbone of Leadership describes the measurable behaviors of integrity and courage. He has contributed to anthologies, written for Time and Encyclopædia Britannica and written op-eds. The death of his West Point mentor, General H. Norman Schwarzkopf caused him to write With Schwarzkopf: Life Lessons of the Bear (2015), which recalls their relationship.
# Jivani

Jivani (Armenian: Ջիվանի; 1846–1909), born Serob Stepani Levonian (Armenian: Սերոբ Ստեփանի Լևոնյան; also known as Serovbe Stepani Benkoyan, Armenian: Սերովբե Ստեփանի Բենկոյան), was an Armenian ashugh (bard) and poet.

## History

Jivani was born in Kartsakhi, near Akhalkalaki, Georgia. He became an orphan when he was 8, his uncle looked after him. He learned music composition and performance on kemanche and violin with the support of master Ghara-Ghazar (Armenian: Ղարա-Ղազար, Սիայի). In 1866 along with gusan Sazain (Aghajan) Jivani moved to Tbilisi, where he continued his musical activities. The further development of Jivani's art is connected to Alexandropol (Gyumri) and its musical culture. He lived and worked there in 1868–1895. In Alexandropol he headed a circle of fellow gusan-singers, and was awarded by the honorary title of ustabashi (leading master). Jivani had concerts all over Transcaucasia, including Batumi, Baku, Kars and Tbilisi. In 1895, he returned to Tbilisi.
Jivani was an author of more than 800 songs, written in romantic, ironical or realistic styles. He had the good knowledge of 19th century Armenian literature, and was influenced by it. He used clear forms of Armenian language, avoided of foreign transliterations. His songs were mainly devoted to the problems of social protest, poverty and lawlessness ("The Life in the Village", "Worker", etc.). In his songs Jivani condemned oppressors, represented the struggle of Armenian people against foreign rule, sang about the brotherhood of people. Many of Jivani's songs ("The Unhappy Days", "Mother", "At this night", "A good comrade", "I am an apricot tree", "Look at them") became popular.
The first compilation of Jivani's poems was published in 1885. His music was performed or used by Kristapor Kara-Murza, Komitas Vardapet, Aram Khachaturian, and many others, Maxim Gorky and Valery Bryusov were interested in his poetry. He is recognized as the "greatest Armenian ashugh of the 19th century".

## Memorials

Ashough Jivani's House-Museum opened in 2016 in Kartsakhi.
# New Haven City Hall and County Courthouse

The New Haven City Hall and County Courthouse is located at 161 Church Street in the Downtown section of New Haven, Connecticut. The city hall building, designed by Henry Austin, was built in 1861; the old courthouse building, now an annex, designed by David R. Brown, was built in 1871–73. They stand on the east side of the New Haven Green.
The pair of buildings was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places in 1975. They are significant early examples of High Victorian Gothic architecture in the United States. The city hall building's most striking feature used to be a clock tower that rose above. It is shown in historic drawing among the accompanying photographs. In 1992, a memorial to those involved in the Amistad incident, the Amistad memorial, was erected in front of city hall, facing the New Haven Green, as this was the site of the prison where the Africans aboard the Amistad were held and tried.
In January 2012, a PureCell Model 400 was dropped into place behind City Hall in the Millennium Plaza. The heat produced by the fuel cell will be used to heat and cool City Hall and the Hall of Records. It will supply 60 percent of the buildings' heating needs, and 30 percent of cooling needs. According to Giovanni Zinn of the city's Office of Sustainability, the PureCell can help the city save up to $1 million in energy costs over the next ten years.