# Antakya

Antakya (Turkish pronunciation:), modern form of Antioch, is a municipality and the capital district of Hatay Province, Turkey. Its area is 703 km$^2$ (271 sq mi). Prior to the devastating 2023 earthquakes, its population was recorded at 399,045 (2022). It is in the Hatay Province, which is the southernmost region of Turkey. The city is located in a well-watered and fertile valley on the Orontes River, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the Levantine Sea.
Today's city stands partly on the site of the ancient Antiochia (also known as "Antioch on the Orontes"), which was founded in the fourth century BC by the Seleucid Empire. Antioch later became one of the Roman Empire's largest cities and was made the capital of the provinces of Syria and Coele-Syria. It was also an influential early center of Christianity; the New Testament asserts that the name "Christian" first emerged in Antioch. The city gained much ecclesiastical importance during the times of the Byzantine Empire. Captured by Umar ibn al-Khattab in the seventh century AD, the medieval Antakiyah was conquered or re-conquered several times: by the Byzantines in 969, the Seljuks in 1084, the Crusaders in 1098, the Mamluks in 1268, and eventually the Ottomans in 1517, who would integrate it to the Aleppo Eyalet then to the Aleppo Vilayet. The city joined the Hatay State under the French Mandate before joining the Turkish Republic.
On 6 February 2023, the city was heavily damaged by two powerful earthquakes with their epicenter in Kahramanmaraş. Some of the historical sites, including the Church of St Paul, were destroyed. The earthquakes destroyed several neighborhoods in the city and left thousands homeless. The death toll in Hatay Province, which includes Antakya, was estimated at over 20,000.

## History
### Antiquity

Humans have occupied the area of Antioch since the Chalcolithic (6th millennium BCE), as revealed by archaeological excavations of Alalakh, among others.
The Macedonian King Alexander the Great, after defeating the Achaemenid Empire in the Battle of Issus in 333 BC, followed the Orontes south into Syria and occupied the area. The city of Antioch was founded in 300 BC, after the death of Alexander, by the Seleucid emperor Seleucus I Nicator. It played an important role as one of the largest cities in the Seleucid, Roman, and Byzantine empires. The city swapped hands between the Romans and the Sasanian Empire in the 3rd century. It was the battleground for the siege of Antioch (253) when Shapur I defeated the Roman army and the later Battle of Antioch (613) where the Persians were successful at capturing the city for the last time. It was a key city during the early history of Christianity, in particular that of the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Antiochian Orthodox Church and the Maronite Church, as well as during the spread of Islam and the Crusades.

### Biblical era

From "The Acts of the Apostles", Chapter 11 Verse 26.
"And when he had found him, he brought him unto Antioch. And it came to pass, that a whole year they assembled themselves with the church, and taught much people. And the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch".

### Rashidun period

In 637, during the reign of the Byzantine emperor Heraclius, Antioch was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate during the Battle of the Iron Bridge. The city became known in Arabic as أنطاكية (ʾAnṭākiya). Since the Umayyad Caliphate was unable to penetrate the Anatolian plateau, Antioch found itself on the frontline of the conflicts between two hostile empires during the next 350 years, so that the city went into a precipitous decline. After the demise of Umayyad rule, Antioch became part of the Abbasid empire (except for a brief rule of the Tulunids), Ikhshidids and Hamdanids.
In 969, the city was reconquered for the Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas by Michael Bourtzes and the stratopedarches Peter. It soon became the seat of a dux, who commanded the forces of the local themes and was the most important officer on the Empire's eastern border, held by such men as Nikephoros Ouranos. In 1078, Philaretos Brachamios, an Armenian hero, seized power. He held the city until the Seljuk Turks captured it from him in 1084. The Sultanate of Rum held it only fourteen years before the Crusaders arrived.

### Crusader era

The Crusaders' Siege of Antioch between October 1097 and June 1098 during the First Crusade resulted in its fall. The Crusaders caused significant damage, including a massacre of its population, both Christian and Muslim. Following the defeat of Seljuk forces arriving with the aim to break the siege only four days after its capture by the crusaders, Bohemond I became its overlord. It remained the capital of the Latin Principality of Antioch for nearly two centuries.
In 1268 it fell to the Egyptian Mamluk Sultan Baybars after another siege. Baibars proceeded to massacre the Christian population. In addition to suffering the ravages of war, the city lost its commercial importance because trade routes to East Asia moved north following the 13th century Mongol conquests. Antioch never recovered as a major city, with much of its former role falling to the port city of Alexandretta (İskenderun). An account of both cities as they were in 1675 appears in the diary of the English naval chaplain Henry Teonge.

### Ottoman city

The city was initially the centre of the Sanjak of Antakya, part of the Damascus Eyalet. It was laterly centre of Sanjak of Antakya in Aleppo Eyalet. It was finally kaza centre in Sanjak of Aleppo, part of Aleppo Vilayet.
In 1822 (and again in 1872), Antakya was hit by an earthquake and damaged. When Egyptian general Ibrahim Pasha established his headquarters in the city in 1835, it had only some 5,000 inhabitants. Supporters hoped the city might develop thanks to the Euphrates Valley Railway, which was supposed to link it to the port of Sueida (now Samandağı), but this plan never came to fruition. This scheme is the subject of Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poem Antioch. (1836) in which she reflects of the superiority of trade and commerce over war and conflict. The city suffered repeated outbreaks of cholera due to inadequate infrastructure for sanitation. Later the city developed and rapidly resumed much of its old importance when a railway was built along the lower Orontes Valley.

### French Mandate and Turkish annexation

Antioch was part of the Sanjak of Alexandretta during the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, until it was made the Hatay State in 1938, after Turkish pressure. An Arab nationalist newspaper in the city, run by Zaki al-Arsuzi, was shut down by the Turks. On 30 May 1938, an Arab was killed during a riot by a Turkish crowd. On 7 July 1938, the Turkish army entered Antioch. The annexation of the Hatay State by Turkey in 1939, creating the Hatay Province, caused an exodus of Christians and Alawites from Antioch east to the French Mandate.
The district Antakya was created in 2013 from part of the former central district of Hatay.

## Demographics
### Language

A British traveller visiting Antakya in 1798 reported that generally, Turkish was spoken, while, by contrast, the prevalent language in Aleppo at the time was Arabic. Most Alawites and Armenians spoke Turkish as a second language.

### Religion

In 1935, Turkish and Arab Muslims made more than 80% of the population.
Census of 1935 :
| Religion | Population (Percentage) |
| Sunni Islam | 19,720 (58%) |
| Alawism | 8,670 (25.5%) |
| Christianity | 4,930 (14.5%) |
| Others | 680 (2%) |
| Total | 34,000 (100%) |
Antakya was home to one of the most ancient Jewish communities for over 2200 years.

## Recent history

Mount Habib-i Neccar and the city walls which climb the hillsides symbolise Antakya, making the city a formidable fortress built on a series of hills running north-east to south-west. Antakya was originally centred on the east bank of the river. Since the 19th century, the city has expanded with new neighbourhoods built on the plains across the river to the south-west, and four bridges connect the old and new cities. Many of the buildings of the last two decades are styled as concrete blocks, and Antakya has lost much of its classic beauty. The narrow streets of the old city can become clogged with traffic.
Antakya is a provincial capital of considerable importance as the centre of a large district. The draining of Lake Amik and development of land have caused the region's economy to grow in wealth and productivity. The town is a lively shopping and business centre with many restaurants, cinemas and other amenities. This district is centred on a large park opposite the governor's building and the central avenue Kurtuluş Caddesı. The tea gardens, cafes and restaurants in the neighbourhood of Harbiye are popular destinations, particularly for the variety of meze in the restaurants. The Orontes River can be malodorous when water is low in summer. Rather than formal nightlife, in the summer heat, people will stay outside until late at the night to walk with their families and friends, and munch on snacks.
Its location near the Syrian border makes Antakya more cosmopolitan than many cities in Turkey. It did not attract the mass immigration of people from eastern Anatolia in the 1980s and 1990s that radically swelled the populations of Mediterranean cities such as Adana and Mersin. Both Turkish and Arabic are still widely spoken in Antakya, although written Arabic is rarely used. A mixed community of faiths and denominations co-exist peacefully here. While almost all the inhabitants are Sunni Muslim, a substantial proportion adhere to the Alevi and Alawite traditions of Islam, in "Harbiye" there is a place to honour the saint Hızır. Numerous tombs of saints, of both Sunni and Alawite, are located throughout the city. Several small Christian communities are active in the city, with the largest church being St. Peter and St. Paul on Hürriyet Avenue. With its long history of spiritual and religious movements, Antakya is a place of pilgrimage for Christians. The Jewish community of Antakya had shrunk to 14 members in 2014. In 2023, the last Jew in the city announced that he was leaving the city after a devastating earthquake.
It has a reputation in Turkey as a place for spells, fortune telling, miracles and spirits. Local crafts include a soap scented with the oil of bay tree.

### 2023 earthquakes

On 6 February 2023, Antakya suffered heavy damage as a result of a major earthquake. Many parts of the city were totally destroyed. As of 7 February, the BBC reported that at least 1,200 buildings in the city center and the districts of Kırıkhan and İskenderun were razed. Officials said "almost all" houses in the Cebrail District had collapsed. Many historical sites, including churches and mosques, were destroyed, St. Paul's Church being one of them. The historic Antakya Synagogue and Hatay State Assembly Building were also destroyed.
In the aftermath, President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan promised to an immediate reconstruction of the affected areas. During a visit to the city in September 2023, The New York Times reported that heavily damaged buildings were still being demolished and no large-scale reconstruction works were observed. Many damaged buildings remained standing but abandoned while survivors continue to live in tents. Hatay's mayor, Lütfü Savaş, said only half of the estimated 38,000 buildings registered to be dismantled had been fulfilled. In Gülderen, there were ongoing works to build 2,300 apartment units in 122 blocks.

## Geography

Antakya is located on the banks of the Orontes River (Turkish: Asi Nehri), approximately 22 km (14 mi) inland from the Mediterranean coast. The city is in a valley surrounded by mountains, the Nur Mountains (ancient Amanos) to the northwest and Mount Keldağ (Jebel Akra) to the south, with the 440 m high Mount Habib-i Neccar (the ancient Mount Silpius) forming its eastern limits. The mountains are a source of a green marble. Antakya is at the northern edge of the Dead Sea Rift and vulnerable to earthquakes.
The plain of Amik to the north-east of the city is fertile soil watered by the Orontes, the Karasu and the Afrin rivers; the lake in the plain was drained in 1980 by a French company. At the same time channels were built to widen the Orontes and let it pass neatly through the city centre. The Orontes is joined in Antakya by the Hacı Kürüş stream to the north-east of the city near the church of St Peter, and the Hamşen which runs down from Habib-i Neccar to the south-west, under Memekli Bridge near the army barracks. Flora includes the bay trees and myrtle.

### Composition

There are 95 neighbourhoods in Antakya District:
* Açıkdere
* Akasya
* Akçaova
* Akcurun
* Akevler
* Akhisar
* Aksaray
* Alaattin
* Alahan
* Alazı
* Altınçay
* Anayazı
* Apaydın
* Arpahan
* Aşağıoba
* Avsuyu
* Aydınlıkevler
* Bağrıyanık
* Barbaros
* Biniciler
* Bitiren
* Boşin
* Bozhüyük
* Büyükdalyan
* Cebrail
* Cumhuriyet
* Demirköprü
* Derince
* Dikmece
* Doğanköy
* Dutdibi
* Ekinci
* Emek
* Esenlik
* Esentepe
* Fevziçakmak
* Gazi
* Gazipaşa
* General Şükrü Kanatlı
* Gökçegöz
* Gülderen
* Güllübahçe
* Günyazı
* Güzelburç
* Habib-i Neccar
* Hacı Ömer Alpagot
* Haraparası
* Hasanlı
* Havuzlar
* İplik Pazarı
* Kantara
* Karaali
* Karaalibölüğü
* Kardeşler
* Karlısu
* Kisecik
* Kışla Saray
* Kocaabdi
* Küçükdalyan
* Kuruyer
* Kuyulu
* Kuzeytepe
* Madenboyu
* Mansurlu
* Maraşboğazı
* Maşuklu
* Melekli
* Meydan
* Narlıca
* Odabaşı
* Oğlakören
* Orhanlı
* Ovakent
* Paşaköy
* Saçaklı
* Saraycık
* Saraykent
* Şehitler
* Serinyol
* Şeyhali
* Şirince
* Sofular
* Suvatlı
* Tahtaköprü
* Tanışma
* Üçgedik
* Ulucami
* Ürgenpaşa
* Üzümdalı
* Uzunaliç
* Yaylacık
* Yenicami
* Yeşilova
* Zenginler
* Zülüflühan

### Climate

Antakya's climate is classified as hot-summer Mediterranean (Köppen: Csa) or dry-summer humid subtropical (Trewartha: Cf or wet Cs). The city experiences hot, dry summers, and mild, wet winters; though its higher altitude allows for lower temperatures than the coast.
Highest recorded temperature:45.2 °C (113.4 °F) on 13 August 2023 Lowest recorded temperature:−11.8 °C (10.8 °F) on 14 January 1950
Climate data for Antakya (1991–2020, extremes 1940–2023) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.5 (68.9) | 26.6 (79.9) | 30.5 (86.9) | 37.5 (99.5) | 42.5 (108.5) | 43.2 (109.8) | 44.6 (112.3) | 45.2 (113.4) | 43.5 (110.3) | 39.2 (102.6) | 32.5 (90.5) | 25.1 (77.2) | 45.2 (113.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 12.5 (54.5) | 14.9 (58.8) | 19.0 (66.2) | 23.0 (73.4) | 27.0 (80.6) | 29.7 (85.5) | 31.6 (88.9) | 32.5 (90.5) | 31.4 (88.5) | 28.2 (82.8) | 20.3 (68.5) | 13.9 (57.0) | 23.7 (74.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 8.2 (46.8) | 9.9 (49.8) | 13.6 (56.5) | 17.4 (63.3) | 21.6 (70.9) | 25.1 (77.2) | 27.6 (81.7) | 28.3 (82.9) | 26.1 (79.0) | 21.5 (70.7) | 14.3 (57.7) | 9.5 (49.1) | 18.6 (65.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) | 5.9 (42.6) | 9.1 (48.4) | 12.6 (54.7) | 16.9 (62.4) | 21.3 (70.3) | 24.4 (75.9) | 25.2 (77.4) | 21.7 (71.1) | 16.2 (61.2) | 9.8 (49.6) | 6.2 (43.2) | 14.5 (58.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −11.8 (10.8) | −6.8 (19.8) | −4.2 (24.4) | 1.5 (34.7) | 7.7 (45.9) | 11.6 (52.9) | 15.9 (60.6) | 15.4 (59.7) | 7.9 (46.2) | 2.3 (36.1) | −3.0 (26.6) | −6.6 (20.1) | −11.8 (10.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 198.4 (7.81) | 165.2 (6.50) | 142.9 (5.63) | 101.9 (4.01) | 80.9 (3.19) | 30.9 (1.22) | 16.0 (0.63) | 17.5 (0.69) | 41.6 (1.64) | 76.6 (3.02) | 99.6 (3.92) | 182.0 (7.17) | 1,154.2 (45.44) |
| Average precipitation days | 15.11 | 13.21 | 13.17 | 8.98 | 5.54 | 2.15 | 0.6 | 0.64 | 3.35 | 7.2 | 8.93 | 13.5 | 92.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 74.0 | 69.9 | 67.4 | 67.1 | 66.7 | 67.3 | 69.7 | 69.9 | 66.0 | 64.0 | 66.5 | 74.8 | 68.6 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 105.4 | 130.0 | 186.0 | 219.0 | 282.1 | 321.0 | 344.1 | 319.3 | 276.0 | 217.0 | 150.0 | 102.3 | 2,652.2 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 3.4 | 4.6 | 6.0 | 7.3 | 9.1 | 10.7 | 11.1 | 10.3 | 9.2 | 7.0 | 5.0 | 3.3 | 7.3 |
| Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (humidity) ||||||||||||||

## Education

Mustafa Kemal University, abbreviated as MKU, has several faculties including Engineering and Medicine, while having a campus called Tayfur Sökmen located in Serinyol district 15 km (9.3 mi), north of Antakya (centrum). Established in 1992, currently more than 32,000 students enrolled at the university.
Besides the campus in Serinyol, MKU has its faculties spread out in all main districts of the province including Altınözü, Antakya, Belen, Dörtyol, Erzin, Hassa, İskenderun, Kırıkhan, Reyhanlı, Samandağ and Yayladağı.

## Main sights

The long and varied history has created many architectural sites of interest. There is much for visitors to see in Antakya, although many buildings have been lost in the rapid growth and redevelopment of the city in recent decades:
* Hatay Archaeology Museum has the second largest collection of Roman mosaics in the world;
* The rock-carved Church of St Peter, with its network of refuges and tunnels carved out of the rock, a site of Christian pilgrimage. There are also tombs cut into the rock face at various places along the Orontes valley;
* Old market district: It offers plenty of traditional shops, where you can explore what you have not seen before. It is exactly in the city centre, you are in when you see the sign Uzun Çarşı Caddesi;
* The seedy Gündüz cinema in the city centre was once used as parliament building of the Republic of Hatay;
* The waterfalls at the Harbiye / Daphne promenade;
* The Ottoman Habib'i Neccar Mosque, the oldest mosque in Antakya and one of the oldest in Anatolia;
* The labyrinth of narrow streets and old Antakya houses. This district is the oldtown in fact;
* Vespasianus Titus Tunnel-Samandagı. It is approximately 35 km (22 mi). far from the centre;
* Beşikli Cave and Graves (the antique city of Seleukeia Pierria);
* St. Simon Monastery;
* Bagras (Bakras) Castle, which was built in antiquity and restored many times in later centuries (particularly during the Crusades, when it was a stronghold of the Knights Templar), served as a watchtower on the 27 km (17 mi) mountain road from İskenderun (Alexandretta) to Antakya (Antioch);
* The panoramic view of the city from the heights of Mount Habib-i Neccar;
* St. Paul Orthodox Church.
With its rich architectural heritage, Antakya is a member of the Norwich-based European Association of Historic Towns and Regions. The Roman bridge (thought to date from the era of Diocletian) was destroyed in 1972 during the widening and channelling of the Orontes.
* Antakya Yeni Camii Exterior
* Antakya Habib-i Neccar Camii Interior
* Antakya Habib-i Neccar Camii Exterior
* Antakya Sarimiye Mosque Minaret
* Antakya Ulu Cami Entrance to courtyard
* Antakya Ulu Cami
* Antakya Ulu Cami
* View of the river in the 1780s, by Louis-François Cassas
* Medina gate in the 1780s, by Louis-François Cassas
* Ruins of the Seleucus palace in the 1780s, by Louis-François Cassas
* Mosaics of Eros are standing on the wings of two Psyches and whipping them on in Hatay Archaeology Museum
* Dionysus mosaic in Hatay Archaeology Museum

## Transport

The city is served from Hatay Airport.

## Sports

Antakya has one male professional football club, Hatayspor, which play in the Süper Lig. There is also a female professional team called Hatay Büyükşehir Belediyesi. Hatay Büyükşehir Belediyespor, a women's basketball team, is also present, and plays in the Turkish Women's Basketball League.

## Cuisine

The cuisine of Antakya is renowned. Its cuisine is considered Levantine rather than Turkish. The cuisine offers plenty of meals, where beef and lamb are mainly used. Popular dishes include the typical Turkish kebab, served with spices and onions in flat unleavened bread, with yoghurt as ali nazik kebab, oruk, kaytaz böreği and katıklı ekmek. Hot, spicy food is a feature of this part of Turkey, along with Turkish coffee and local specialties.
Here are some savoury foods:
* İçli köfte and other oruk varieties: varieties of the Arabic kibbeh, deep-fried balls of bulgur wheat stuffed with minced meat; or baked in ovens in cylinder-cone shape. Saç oruğu is made of the same ingredients, however in circular shape;
* Kaytaz böreği: It is patty that is made of wheat, beef, tomato and onion;
* Katıklı ekmek: Ingredients in Katıklı Ekmek usually consist of wheat, traditional pepper (paste), spices such as sesame and theme, çökelek or cheese. It looks like an ancestor of pizza. Not a lot of restaurants serve it, however it can be found in old-market that is located in the centre and Harbiye;
* Pomegranate syrup, used as a salad dressing, called debes ramman, a traditional Levantine Arabic dressing;
* Semirsek, a thin bread with hot pepper, minced meat or spinach filling;
* Spicy chicken, a specialty of Harbiye;
* Za'atar (Zahter) a traditional Levantine Arabic paste of spiced thyme, oregano, and sesame seeds, mixed with olive oil, spread on flat (called pide or in English pita) bread;
* Fresh chick peas, munched as a snack;
* Hirise, boiled and pounded wheat meal;
* Aşur, meat mixed with crushed wheat, chickpea, cumin, onion, pepper and walnut.

### Meze

* Hummus - the chick-pea dip;
* Pureed fava beans;
* Patlıcan salatası: Patlıcan salatası or babaganoush, made of baked and sliced aubergines that mixed with pepper and tomato. It is usually served with pomegranate syrup;
* Taratur: Known also as Tarator, made of walnuts, "tahin", yoghurt and garlic;
* Süzme yoğurt: A type of yoghurt that its water content is removed with traditional methods;
* Ezme biber: It is made of pepper and walnuts;
* Surke - dried curds served in spicy olive oil;
* Çökelek - the spicy sun-dried cheese;
* Eels from the Orontes, spiced and fried in olive oil.

### Sweets/desserts

* Künefe - a hot cheese, kadaif-based sweet. Antakya is Turkey's künefe capital; the pastry shops in the centre compete to claim being kings Turkish: kral of the pastry;
* Müşebbek - rings of deep fried pastry;
* Peynirli irmik helvası - Peynirli İrmik Helvası is a dessert that is made of semolina, sugar and traditional cheese that is the same as used in künefe. It is served warm, especially in restaurants in the region Harbiye, rather than künefe shops that are located in the centre.

## Twin towns

Antakya is twinned with:
* Aalen, Germany (since 1995).

## Notable people

* Alexandros (1st century BC) Greek sculptor
* George of Antioch
* Ignatius of Antioch, Patriarch of Antioch
* John Chrysostom (349–407) Patriarch of Constantinople
* Ṣidqī ismail (1924–1972), writer
* Saint Luke, first century A.D., Christian evangelist and author of the Gospel of St. Luke and Acts of the Apostles
* Yağısıyan, Seljukid governor of the city up to its capture by the Crusaders
* Selâhattin Ülkümen - Righteous among the nations
* Tayfur Sökmen - The president of the Republic of Hatay during its existence between the years 1938 and 1939.