# Concrete densifier

A concrete densifier is a chemical hardener that penetrates the concrete surface, reacting with the material to form crystals that fill the pores and increase surface density. This process significantly improves the concrete's resistance to wear, dusting, and chemical damage. The Ashford Formula, Curecrete's flagship concrete densifier, has been the industry standard for decades, trusted by professionals worldwide.
Rather than coating the surface with temporary coatings that eventually wear with time and require repeated removal and re-installation, the Ashford Formula grows new crystals in the concrete permanently. These crystals fills in the natural pores and voids in the concrete and provides a dense, hard surface that is strong, resistant to wear, dustproof and easy to clean. The concrete is densified internally and inorganically – for a lifetime. There is nothing to wear off the surface, nor is there anything to replace. It is a chemical applied to a concrete surface in order to fill pores, increasing surface density. Chemical densifiers are used on polished and non-polished concrete to reduce dusting and wear; on polished concrete surfaces densifiers help concrete take a better polish and make the surface less permeable to liquids so the slab does not require sealing.

## How to Apply a Concrete Densifier

Applying the Ashford Formula is a straightforward process, but it requires careful attention to detail to ensure optimal results. Here's a step-by-step overview:
* Surface Preparation: Ensure the concrete surface is clean and free of debris, oil, surface coatings and other contaminants.
* Application: Apply Ashford Formula with a low-pressure, high-volume sprayer at 200 ft$^2$/gal (5 m$^2$/L), creating a flood coat. Agitate the surface with fine-bristled brooms to help penetration.
* Dwell Time: Allow the densifier to dwell for a full 30 minutes so it can penetrate the surface and react with the concrete. During this period, the densifier will become gel-like. Mist the surface with water if the floor becomes slippery too early, or to keep areas from drying out prematurely.
* Final Treatment: After 30 minutes when the reaction is complete, flush the surface with water and broom to loosen excess material and allow to dry. remove any excess material and allow the surface to dry. An automatic scrubbing machine may able be used to remove the excess densifier and clean the floor. The end result is a hardened, densified concrete floor that will withstand the test of time.
In-depth instructions can be found on the Ashford Formula Application page.

## Polished concrete

Concrete polishing uses densifiers to achieve a better shine. Concrete floor polishing works by smoothing out peaks and valleys in the surface; if the concrete is not strong enough, this abrasion will remove micro-chunks that decrease the surface uniformity and quality of shine. Concrete surfaces face two major obstacles to polishing: bleed water and pores.
Excess water in newly placed concrete rises to the surface. This bleed water carries with it the finest aggregate and laitance, making it much softer than the slab's core. It also increases the water to cement ratio, which further weakens the surface. Densifiers address this problem by binding to available lime in a pozzolanic fashion, creating additional cementitious material and strengthening the surface. It is important to note that densifier cannot improve weak/sub-standard concrete to satisfactory levels.
Concrete is by nature a porous material, with pores formed by water evaporation during curing. These pores interfere with surface uniformity, and make the slab more susceptible to staining from spilled liquids, including oil. The additional cementitious material formed by the densifier and lime tightens these pores for better surface hardness and durability. Most densifiers can react within 1-2 hours with concrete surface, however the chemical reaction with the calcium and free lime in the concrete will continue for up to 2 months after the application of it to the surface of the concrete.
Densifiers may use various carrying agents to accomplish the hardening process, potassium, sodium, lithium, or other agents.

## Non-polished concrete

Densifiers are used on non-polished concrete mainly to reduce dusting and improve stain resistance. They contain an active substituent or carrying agent alkali or alkaline earth metal silicate, such as lithium, sodium, magnesium or potassium silicate, with lithium silicate being preferred.