# Napoleonic era

* This article is part of a series aboutNapoleon
Family
Wives
Joséphine de Beauharnais
Marie Louise
Children
Charles Léon
Alexandre Walewski
Napoleon II
Parents
Carlo Maria Buonaparte
Letizia Ramolino
Brothers
Joseph
Lucien
Louis
Jérôme
Sisters
Caroline
Pauline
Elisa
Life and career
Timeline
First French Empire
Client states
Coup of 18 Brumaire
Consulate
Assassination attempts
Constitutions
1799
1802
1804
1815
Napoleonic Wars
Coronation
Sale of Louisiana
Planned invasion of the United Kingdom
Holland
Mesures usuelles
Looting of art
Tactics
Weaponry and warfare
1st abdication
1st exile
Route Napoléon
2nd abdication
Death
mask
Battles and wars
French Revolutionary Wars
War of the First Coalition
French Revolution
Siege of Toulon
13 Vendémiaire
Italian Campaign of 1796-1797
Montenotte Campaign
Battle of Lodi
Battle of Castiglione
Battle of Bassano
Battle of Arcole
Battle of Rivoli
Siege of Mantua
Fall of Venice
French campaign in Egypt and Syria
Battle of the Pyramids
Battle of Mount Tabor
Siege of Acre
Battle of Aboukir
War of the Second Coalition
Marengo campaign
Battle of Marengo
Napoleonic Wars
War of the Third Coalition
Ulm Campaign
Battle of Ulm
Battle of Austerlitz
War of the Fourth Coalition
Battle of Jena-Auerstedt
Greater Poland Uprising
Battle of Eylau
Battle of Friedland
Peninsular War
Battle of Somosierra
War of the Fifth Coalition
Battle of Eckmühl
Battle of Aspern-Essling
Battle of Wagram
French invasion of Russia
Battle of Smolensk
Battle of Borodino
Battle of the Berezina
War of the Sixth Coalition
German campaign of 1813
Battle of Lützen
Battle of Bautzen
Battle of Dresden
Battle of Leipzig
Campaign of France
Battle of La Rothière
Six Days' Campaign
Battle of Vauchamps
Battle of Montereau
Battle of Laon
Battle of Reims
Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube
Hundred Days
Waterloo campaign
Battle of Ligny
Battle of Waterloo
Views
Catholic Church
Concordat of 1801
Tiara
Jewish people
Grand Sanhedrin
Infamous Decree
Protestants
Organic Articles
Slavery
Law of 20 May 1802
Saint-Domingue expedition
Homes and honours
Equestrian statue
Palace of Fontainebleau
Les Invalides
Longwood House
Maison Bonaparte
Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker
Milan
Warsaw monument
Legacy
Egyptology
Rosetta Stone
Mémoires sur l'Égypte
Description de l'Égypte
Institut d'Égypte
Bank of France
French Prefecture System
Legion of Honour
Napoleonic Code
Coinage
Public works
Pont d'Iéna
Simplon Pass
Arc de Triomphe
Column of the Grande Armée
Rue de la Victoire
Cultural depictions
Propaganda
Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)
Valentin Vodnik
Pan Tadeusz
War and Peace
Crime and Punishment
Napoleon complex
"Red Napoleon" term
German Romanticism
Bonapartism
"China is a sleeping giant" quote
Tomb
Retour des cendres
Penis
Studies :
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The Napoleonic era is a period in the history of France and Europe. It is generally classified as including the fourth and final stage of the French Revolution, the first being the National Assembly, the second being the Legislative Assembly, and the third being the French Directory. The Napoleonic era begins roughly with Napoleon Bonaparte's coup d'état on 18 Brumaire, overthrowing the Directory (9 November 1799), establishing the French Consulate, and ends during the Hundred Days and his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815).
The Congress of Vienna soon set out to restore Europe to pre-French Revolution days. Napoleon brought political stability to a land torn by revolution and war. He made peace with the Catholic Church and reversed the most radical religious policies of the National Convention. In 1804, Napoleon promulgated the Civil Code, a revised body of civil law, which also helped stabilize French society. The Civil Code affirmed the political and legal equality of all adult men and established a merit-based society in which individuals advanced in education and employment because of talent rather than birth or social standing. The Civil Code confirmed many of the moderate revolutionary policies of the National Assembly but retracted measures passed by the more radical Convention. The Civil Code restored patriarchal authority in the family, for example by making women and children subservient to male heads of households.
Whilst working to stabilise France, Napoleon sought to extend his authority throughout Europe. Napoleon's armies conquered the Iberian and Italian peninsulas, occupied lands, and he forced Austria, Prussia, and Russia to ally with him and respect French hegemony in Europe. The United Kingdom refused to recognize French hegemony and continued the war throughout.
The First French Empire began to unravel in 1812, when he decided to invade Russia. Napoleon underestimated the difficulties his army would have to face whilst occupying Russia. Convinced that the Tsar was conspiring with his British enemies, Napoleon led an army of 600,000 soldiers to Moscow. He defeated the Russian army at Borodino before capturing Moscow, but the Tsar withdrew and Moscow was set ablaze, leaving Napoleon's vast army without adequate shelter or supplies. Napoleon ordered a retreat, but the bitter Russian winter and repeated Russian attacks whittled down his army, and only a battered remnant of 30,000 soldiers managed to limp back to French territory. The allies then continued a united effort against Napoleon until they had seized Paris forcing his abdication in 1814. His return to power the next year was resisted by all the allies and his army was defeated by a Prussian and Anglo-Allied force at Waterloo.

## History

The Napoleonic era is a period in the history of France and Europe. It is generally classified as including the fourth and final stage of the French Revolution, the first being the National Assembly, the second being the Legislative Assembly, and the third being the Directory. The Napoleonic era from 1799 to 1815 was marked by Napoleon Bonaparte's rise to power in France. He became Emperor in 1804 and sought to expand French influence across Europe. Major events include the Napoleonic Wars, the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, and Napoleon's exile to Elba and later to Saint Helena. His legacy shaped European politics and military.

## Rulers

Heads and leaders of states affected by Napoleon's regime and the Napoleonic wars:
* Austria
** Archduchy of Austria: Francis II (1792–1835)
** Austrian Empire: Francis I (1804–1835)
* Confederation of the Rhine: Protector Napoleon I (1806–1813)
* Denmark–Norway: Christian VII (1766–1808), Frederick VI (Regent 1784–1808, King of Denmark 1808–1839, King of Norway 1808–1814)
* Duchy of Warsaw: Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, by personal arrangement with Napoleon, partial liberation (1806–1815) of the former Commonwealth of Poland–Lithuania
* Egypt: Muhammad Ali (1805–1848)
* Etruria: Louis (1801–03), Charles Louis (1803–1807)
* France
** French Republic: First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte (1799–1804)
** French Empire: Napoleon I (1804–1814, 1815)
** Kingdom of France: Louis XVIII (1814–15, 1815–1824)
* Great Britain
** Kingdom of Great Britain: King George III (1760–1801), Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger (1793–1801)
** United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland: King George III (1801–1820); Prince Regent George (1811–1820); Prime Ministers William Pitt the Younger (1801, 1804–06), Henry Addington (1801–04), The Lord Grenville (1806–07), The Duke of Portland (1807–09), Spencer Perceval (1809–1812), The Earl of Liverpool (1812–1827)
* Haiti: Jean-Jacques Dessalines (as Governor-General 1804, as Emperor Jacques I 1804–06), Henri Christophe (as President 1806–1811, as King Henri I 1811–1820)
* Holland: Louis I (1806–10), Louis II (1810)
* Holy Roman Empire: Francis II (1792–1806)
* Italy: Napoleon I (1805–1814)
* Naples: Ferdinand IV (1799–1806, 1815–16), Joseph Bonaparte (1806–08), Joachim Murat (1808–1815)
* Netherlands: William I (1815–1840)
* Montenegro: Petar I Petrović-Njegoš (1782–1830)
* Ottoman Empire: Selim III (1789–1807), Mustafa IV (1807–08), Mahmud II (1808–1839)
* Papal States: Pius VII (1800–1823)
* Portugal: Mary I (1777–1816), John VI (Regent 1799–1816, King 1816–1826)
* Prussia: Frederick William III (1797–1840)
* Russian Empire: Paul I (1796–1801), Alexander I (1801–1825)
* Sardinia: Charles Emmanuel IV (1796–1802), Victor Emmanuel I (1802–1821)
* Saxony: Frederick Augustus I (1763–1827)
* Serbia
** Revolutionary Serbia was in a state of rebellion against the Ottoman rule, de facto independent, led initially Karađorđe 1804–1813 who was succeeded by Miloš Obrenović from 1815 onwards.
* Sicily: Ferdinand III (1759–1816)
* Spain: Charles IV (1788–1808), Ferdinand VII (1808, 1813–1833), Joseph I (1808–1813)
* Sweden: Gustav IV Adolf (1792–1809), Charles XIII (1809–1818)
* United States: Presidents John Adams (1797–1801), Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809), James Madison (1809–1817)
* Württemberg: Frederick I (1797–1816)

## Wars

* French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802)
** Egyptian Campaign (1798–1801)
** War of the Second Coalition (1799–1802)
* Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815)
** War of the Third Coalition (1805)
** War of the Fourth Coalition (1806–1807)
** Gunboat War (1807–1814)
** Peninsular War (1808–1814)
** War of the Fifth Coalition (1809)
** French invasion of Russia (1812)
** War of the Sixth Coalition (1812–1814)
** Hundred Days (1815)
* Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
* Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)
* Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)
* Finnish War (1808–1809)
* War of 1812 (1812–1815)
* Swedish-Norwegian War (1814)

## Major battles

* Battle of Marengo – 14 June 1800
* Battle of Abukir – 8 March 1801
* Battle of Alexandria -21 March 1801
* Battle of Copenhagen – 2 April 1801
* Battle of Trafalgar – 21 October 1805
* Battle of Austerlitz – 2 December 1805
* Battle of Jena-Auerstedt – 14 October 1806
* Battle of Eylau – 7–8 February 1807
* Battle of Friedland – 14 June 1807
* Battle of Vimeiro – 21 August 1808
* Battle of Somosierra – 30 November 1808
* Battle of Eckmühl – 21–22 April 1809
* Battle of Aspern-Essling – 21–22 May 1809
* Battle of Wagram – 5–6 July 1809
* Battle of Talavera – 27–28 July 1809
* Battle of Salamanca – 22 July 1812
* Battle of Borodino – 7 September 1812
* Battle of Lützen – 2 May 1813
* Battle of Bautzen – 20–21 May 1813
* Battle of Vitoria – 21 June 1813
* Battle of Dresden – 26–27 August 1813
* Battle of Leipzig – 16–19 October 1813
* Battle of Paris – 30–31 March 1814
* Battle of Waterloo – 18 June 1815