# List of antidepressants

This is a complete list of clinically approved prescription antidepressants throughout the world, as well as clinically approved prescription drugs used to augment antidepressants or mood stabilizers, by pharmacological and/or structural classification. Chemical/generic names are listed first, with brand names in parentheses. All drugs listed are approved specifically for major depressive disorder unless noted otherwise.

## Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors include:
* Citalopram (Celexa, Cipramil)
* Escitalopram (Lexapro, Cipralex)
* Fluoxetine (Prozac, Sarafem)
* Fluvoxamine (Luvox, Faverin)
* Paroxetine (Paxil, Seroxat)
* Sertraline (Zoloft, Lustral)

### Discontinued/withdrawn

* Indalpine (Upstene)
* Zimelidine (Normud, Zelmid)

## Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors include:
* Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)
* Duloxetine (Cymbalta)
* Levomilnacipran (Fetzima)
* Milnacipran (Ixel, Savella, Milnaneurax)
* Venlafaxine (Effexor, Trevilor)

## Serotonin–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SDRIs)

Serotonin–dopamine reuptake inhibitors include:
None currently marketed

### Discontinued/withdrawn

* Medifoxamine (Clédial, Gerdaxyl)

## Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors (SNDRIs)

Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors include:
* Toludesvenlafaxine (Ruoxinlin)
* Nefazodone (Serzone)

## Serotonin modulators and stimulators (SMSs)

Serotonin modulators and stimulators include:
* Vilazodone (Viibryd)
* Vortioxetine (Trintellix, Brintellix)

## Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors (SARIs)

Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors include:
* Nefazodone (Dutonin, Nefadar, Serzone) – withdrawn/discontinued in most countries
* Trazodone (Desyrel)

### Discontinued/withdrawn

* Etoperidone (Axiomin, Etonin)

## Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRIs)

Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors include:
* Reboxetine (Edronax)
* Teniloxazine (Lucelan, Metatone) – also a 5-HT$_{2A}$ receptor antagonist
* Viloxazine (Qelbree, formerly Vivalan) – also a 5-HT$_{2B}$ receptor antagonist and 5-HT$_{2C}$ receptor agonist

### Off-label only

* Atomoxetine (Strattera)

## Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs)

Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitors include:
* Bupropion (Wellbutrin, Elontril) – also a non-competitive antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

### Off-label only

* Amphetamines (Adderall, Vyvanse) – actually norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agents (NDRAs)
* Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta)

### Discontinued/withdrawn

* Amineptine (Survector, Maneon)
* Nomifensine (Merital, Alival)

## Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

Tricyclic antidepressants include:
* Amitriptyline (Elavil, Endep)
* Amitriptylinoxide (Amioxid, Ambivalon, Equilibrin)
* Amoxapine (Asendin)
* Clomipramine (Anafranil)
* Desipramine (Norpramin, Pertofrane)
* Dibenzepin (Noveril, Victoril)
* Dimetacrine (Istonil)
* Dosulepin (Prothiaden)
* Doxepin (Adapin, Sinequan)
* Imipramine (Tofranil)
* Lofepramine (Lomont, Gamanil)
* Melitracen (Dixeran, Melixeran, Trausabun)
* Nitroxazepine (Sintamil)
* Nortriptyline (Pamelor, Aventyl)
* Noxiptiline (Agedal, Elronon, Nogedal)
* Pipofezine (Azafen/Azaphen)
* Protriptyline (Vivactil)
* Trimipramine (Surmontil)
Opipramol (Insidon), tianeptine (Stablon, Coaxil) and amineptine (discontinued; formerly Survector, Maneon) are chemically TCAs but are pharmacodynamically atypical, and are therefore grouped elsewhere.

### Discontinued/withdrawn

* Butriptyline (Evadyne)
* Demexiptiline (Deparon, Tinoran)
* Fluacizine (Phtorazisin)
* Imipraminoxide (Imiprex, Elepsin)
* Iprindole (Prondol, Galatur, Tetran)
* Metapramine (Timaxel)
* Propizepine (Depressin, Vagran)
* Quinupramine (Kinupril, Kevopril)
* Tiazesim (Altinil) – actually not a TCA but a tricyclic-like antidepressant
* Tofenacin (Elamol, Tofacine) – actually not a TCA but a tricyclic-like antidepressant

## Tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs)

Tetracyclic antidepressants include:
* Maprotiline (Ludiomil)
* Mianserin (Tolvon)
* Mirtazapine (Remeron)
* Setiptiline (Tecipul)
Mianserin, mirtazapine, and setiptiline are also sometimes described as noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs).

## Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors include

### Irreversible
#### Non-selective

* Isocarboxazid (Marplan)
* Phenelzine (Nardil)
* Tranylcypromine (Parnate)
Discontinued/withdrawn
* Benmoxin (Neuralex)
* Iproclozide (Sursum)
* Iproniazid (Marsilid)
* Mebanazine (Actomol)
* Nialamide (Niamid)
* Octamoxin (Ximaol)
* Pheniprazine (Catron)
* Phenoxypropazine (Drazine)
* Pivhydrazine (Tersavid)
* Safrazine (Safra)

#### Selective for MAO-B

* Selegiline (Eldepryl, Zelapar, Emsam) – also a catecholaminergic activity enhancer and weak norepinephrine releasing agent (via metabolites)

### Reversible
#### Non-selective

Discontinued/withdrawn
* Caroxazone (Surodil, Timostenil)

#### Selective for MAO-A

* Metralindole (Inkazan)
* Moclobemide (Aurorix, Manerix)
* Pirlindole (Pirazidol)
These drugs are sometimes described as reversible inhibitors of MAO-A (RIMAs).
Discontinued/withdrawn
* Eprobemide (Befol)
* Minaprine (Brantur, Cantor)
* Toloxatone (Humoryl)

### Mixed
#### Non-selective

* Bifemelane (Alnert, Celeport) – RIMA, irreversible inhibitor of MAO-B, and weak NRI

## Atypical antipsychotics

Atypical antipsychotics include:
* Amisulpride (Solian) – approved in low doses as a monotherapy for persistent depression and major depressive disorder
* Levosulpiride – approved in low doses for major depressive disorder
* Lumateperone (Caplyta) – approved as a monotherapy for bipolar depression
* Lurasidone (Latuda) – approved as a monotherapy for bipolar depression
* Quetiapine (Seroquel) – approved as a monotherapy for bipolar depression
* Sulpiride – approved in low doses as a monotherapy for major depressive disorder

## Others
### Marketed

* D-Phenylalanine (DPA, D-Phe; Deprenon, Sabiben, Sabiden) – enkephalinase inhibitor
* Agomelatine (Valdoxan) – 5-HT$_{2C}$ receptor antagonist and MT$_1$ and MT$_2$ receptor agonist
* Brexanolone (allopregnanolone; Zulresso) – GABA$_A$ receptor positive allosteric modulator – approved for postpartum depression
* Esketamine (Spravato) – non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, other actions
* Gepirone (Exxua) – 5-HT$_{1A}$ receptor partial agonist and α$_2$-adrenergic receptor antagonist
* Opipramol (Insidon) — σ$_1$ receptor agonist, other actions
* Tianeptine (Stablon, Coaxil, Tianeurax) – weak and atypical μ-opioid receptor agonist, other actions

### Off-label only

* Ketamine (Ketalar) – non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist

### Discontinued/withdrawn

* α-Methyltryptamine [αMT] (Indopan) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist, serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA), and weak RIMA
* Etryptamine [α-Ethyltryptamine (αET)] (Monase) – non-selective serotonin receptor agonist, SNDRA, and weak RIMA
* Indeloxazine (Elen, Noin) – serotonin releasing agent (SRA), NRI, and NMDA receptor antagonist
* Oxaflozane (Conflictan) – 5-HT$_{1A}$, 5-HT$_{2A}$, and 5-HT$_{2C}$ receptor agonist
* Pivagabine (Tonerg) – unknown/unclear mechanism of action

### Over-the-counter

The following antidepressants are available both with a prescription and over-the-counter:
* Ademetionine [S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe)] (Heptral, Transmetil, Samyl) – cofactor in monoamine neurotransmitter biosynthesis
* Hypericum perforatum [St. John's Wort (SJW)] (Jarsin, Kira, Movina) – TRPC6 activator, and various other actions
* Oxitriptan [5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)] (Cincofarm, Levothym, Triptum) – precursor in serotonin biosynthesis
* Tryptophan (Tryptan, Optimax, Aminomine) – precursor in serotonin biosynthesis

## Adjunctive treatments
### Atypical antipsychotics

Atypical antipsychotics include:
* Aripiprazole (Abilify) – approved as an adjunct to antidepressant for major depression
* Brexpiprazole (Rexulti) – approved as an adjunct to antidepressant for major depression
* Lumateperone (Caplyta) – approved as an adjunct to mood stabilizer for bipolar depression
* Lurasidone (Latuda) – approved as an adjunct to mood stabilizer for bipolar depression
* Olanzapine (Zyprexa) – approved as an adjunct to antidepressant for major depression
* Quetiapine (Seroquel) – approved as an adjunct to antidepressant or mood stabilizer for major depression and bipolar depression

#### Off-label only

* Risperidone (Risperdal)

### Typical antipsychotics

Typical antipsychotics include:
None currently approved

#### Off-label only

* Trifluoperazine (Stelazine)

### Dopamine reuptake inhibitor

Dopamine reuptake inhibitors include:
None currently approved

#### Off-label only

* Modafinil (Provigil)
* Armodafinil (Nuvigil)

### Others
#### Off-label only

* Buspirone (Buspar) – 5-HT$_{1A}$ receptor partial agonist
* Lithium (Eskalith, Lithobid) – mood stabilizer (mechanism of action unknown/unclear)
* Thyroxine (T$_4$) – thyroid hormone (thyroid hormone receptor agonist)
* Triiodothyronine (T$_3$) – thyroid hormone (thyroid hormone receptor agonist)

## Combination products

* Amitriptyline/chlordiazepoxide (Limbitrol) – TCA and benzodiazepine combination
* Amitriptyline/perphenazine (Etafron) – TCA and typical antipsychotic combination
* Bupropion/dextromethorphan (Auvelity) – non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, σ$_1$ receptor agonist, SNRI, NDRI, other actions
* Flupentixol/melitracen (Deanxit) – TCA and typical antipsychotic combination
* Olanzapine/fluoxetine (Symbyax) – SSRI and atypical antipsychotic combination – approved as a monotherapy for bipolar depression and treatment-resistant depression
* Tranylcypromine/trifluoperazine (Parstelin, Parmodalin, Jatrosom N, Stelapar) – MAOI and typical antipsychotic combination