OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1616 in science

The year 1616 in science and technology involved some significant events.

## Astronomy

* Galileo challenges the Catholic Church, saying Copernicus' heliocentric theory of the Solar System is correct. On February 24 he is forbidden to speak of Copernicus's theories. Tommaso Campanella writes The Defense of Galileo.
* March 5 – Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543) is forbidden by the Congregation of the Index for reading "until corrected" (this is done in 1620: nine sentences, in which the heliocentric system is represented as certain, have to be either omitted or changed).

## Biology

* William Harvey presents his views on the circulation of blood as Lumleian Lecturer at the College of Physicians, but will not publish them for a further dozen years.
* Fortunio Liceti publishes De Monstruorum Natura which marks the beginning of studies into malformations of the embryo.
* Fabio Colonna publishes Ekphrasis altera in Rome, including two appendices, De Purpura and De glossopetris dissertatio, where he argues that "tongue stones" are of organic origin, being shark teeth, glossopetrae.

## Exploration

* Robert Bylot and William Baffin, searching for the Northwest Passage, make a detailed exploration of Baffin Bay (March 26–August 30), discover Smith Sound, Lancaster Sound and Devon Island, and reach latitude 77° 45' North, a record for the Farthest North in America which holds for 236 years.

## Mathematics

* English mathematician Henry Briggs visits Edinburgh to show John Napier his efficient method of finding logarithms by the continued extraction of square roots.

## Technology

* Croatian mathematician Fausto Veranzio publishes Machinae novae, a book of mechanical and technological inventions, some of which are applicable to the solution of hydrological problems, and others concern the construction of water clocks, sundials, mills, presses, bridges and boats.
* Italian Giuliano Bossi invents a double-barreled gun.

## Publications

* Publication of the alchemical allegory The Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz (Chymische Hochzeit Christiani Rosencreutz anno 1459) anonymously (probably by Johannes Valentinus Andreae) in Strasbourg.

## Births

* October 18 – Nicholas Culpeper, English herbalist (died 1654)
* November 22 – John Wallis, English mathematician who makes important contributions to the development of algebra and analytical geometry (died 1703)
* November 23 (bapt.) – John Kersey, English mathematician (died 1677)
* Kamalakara, Indian astronomer and mathematician (died 1700)
* approx. date – John French, English physician and chemist (died 1657)

## Deaths

* March 3 – Matthias de l'Obel, Flemish-born physician and botanist (born 1538)
* March 19 – Johannes Fabricius, Frisian astronomer (born 1587)
* July 25 – Andreas Libavius, German physician (born 1555).
# José Luis Robles

José Luis Robles Canibe (20 May 1927 – 27 January 2007) was a Spanish politician of the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV).
Robles was born in the working-class Zabala neighbourhood of Bilbao, where his father was a railwayman. He worked as a captain in the Merchant Navy.
In 1980, Robles was voted to the Basque Parliament, where he served until 1983. He was a minister for industry, energy and fishing; and later transport, communication and maritime issues. In 1983, he led the PNV list for local elections in Bilbao, replacing mayor Jon Castañares whose popularity was waning. He won by 15,000 votes over the Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE-EE) nominee and became mayor. Three months into his tenure, the city was hit by floods. He led the recovery, later reflecting that "from the waters surged the new Bilbao".
Robles was also a Senator from 1983 to 1989, representing the constituency of Biscay. In 2004, he was awarded with a gala by the Spanish Federation of Municipalities and Provinces. He died of cancer at the age of 79. Bilbao declared three days of official mourning and posthumously awarded him the city's Gold Medal. His funeral took place at the Basilica of Begoña.
His niece Isabel Sánchez Robles was also a city councillor in Bilbao and a member of the Congress of Deputies, representing the same party.
# Lázaro Blanco (baseball)

Lázaro Blanco Matos (born February 23, 1986) is a Cuban professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has previously played for the Alazanes de Granma of the Cuban National Series.
Blanco played for the Cuba national baseball team at the 2015 Pan American Games and 2017 World Baseball Classic.

## Career
### Québec Capitales

Blanco signed with the Québec Capitales of the Can-Am League on May 20, 2017. He re-signed with the club for the 2018 season, and was later waived prior to the 2019 season.
Blanco signed with the Saraperos de Saltillo of the Mexican League for the 2020 season. Blanco did not play in a game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the Mexican League season because of the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, Blanco pitched for the Cuba national baseball team at the 2020 Summer Olympics Americas Qualifier in Florida. Following the event, he was set to fly to Mexico to join the Saraperos de Saltillo, but missed his flight and announced that he would defect to the United States.
On November 29, 2022, while playing for the Estrellas Orientales in the Dominican Winter League, Blanco was struck in the face by a comebacker off the bat of Gigantes del Cibao hitter Henry Urrutia. Blanco suffered multiple facial fractures and was forced to miss the remainder of the season. He had posted an 0–1 record and 5.40 ERA across 5 appearances (3 of them starts).

### Bravos de León

On January 20, 2023, Blanco signed with the Bravos de León of the Mexican League. He would go on to post a 1–3 record and 4.42 ERA across 14 appearances, all of which were starts.
After the season, he signed with the Venados de Mazatlan of the Mexican Pacific League. He was released by the Venados on December 15, but quickly signed with the Leones del Caracas of the Venezuelan Winter League.
On February 1, 2024, Blanco was released by León. However, on April 10, Blanco re–signed with the club. In nine appearances, he posted a 3–4 record with a 7.02 ERA and 29 strikeouts over 41 innings. On July 1, Blanco was waived by León.

### El Águila de Veracruz

On July 5, 2024, Blanco was claimed off waivers by El Águila de Veracruz of the Mexican League. In 5 games (3 starts) for the team, he posted a 2–1 record and 5.12 ERA with 14 strikeouts across 19+1⁄3 innings pitched. On December 2, Blanco was released by Veracruz.
# Olympic Arms OA-93

The OA-93 is an AR-15 derivative pistol manufactured by Olympic Arms. Lacking a buttstock or buffer tube, the OA-93 disperses recoil through a specially designed flat top upper receiver similar to the Armalite AR-18. However, the passage of the 1994 Crime Bill required Olympic Arms to perform modifications to the basic design to continue selling them:
The first revision to the OA-93 was the OA-96 in which a 30-round ammunition well is pinned and welded in place so that it cannot be detached. In addition, the OA-96 has a button in the rear which opens the upper receiver and can then be loaded via stripper clips.
The second revision followed two years later. OA-98 used a detachable magazine but the body was skeletonized to reduce the weight below the 50 ounce restriction to allow the OA-98 to have one more feature to be compliant with the 1994 Crime Bill.
A piston driven carbine based on the pistol was made in 1993 and after the expiration of the Federal Assault Weapons Ban from 2004 to 2007.
# Chaetocnema basalis

Chaetocnema basalis is a species of leaf beetle, family Chrysomelidae, in the subfamily Galerucinae. It is considered an agricultural pest, affecting both millets and sorghum in the Palearctic realm and continent of Asia. It is considered a synonym of Chaetocnema nigrica by some sources.
# Anders Håre

Anders Håre (born 7 December 1999) is a Norwegian ski jumper.
He made his FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup debut in December 2018, made his first top-10 with a 5th place in September 2019 in Stams and won his first race on home ground in December 2019 in Vikersund. Competing at the 2019 World Junior Championships, he placed 20th.
He made his FIS Ski Jumping World Cup debut in December 2019 in Engelberg. Barely missing out on the top 30, he was included in the Norwegian squad for the 2019-20 Four Hills Tournament. Here, he collected his first World Cup points with a 30th place in Bischofshofen.
He represents the sports club Vikersund IF. He hails from Skotselv and is a son of Frode Håre.
# Cocodona 250

The Cocodona 250 is an ultramarathon annually held in Flagstaff, Arizona, since 2021. The race was started by Jamil Coury, a self-described "fourth generation Arizonan." The 2024 Cocodona 250 was held from May 6 to May 11, 2024.
The record time for the completion of the Cocodona 250 is held by Joe McConaughy, who finished in 59 hours, 28 minutes, and 54 seconds in 2022. The recorder-holder for fastest time by a female is Annie Hughes, who finished in 71 hours, 10 minutes, and 22 seconds in 2022. The youngest person ever to finish the Cocodona 250 is 17-year-old Brady Chisholm from Salem, New Hampshire, who finished the 2024 Cocodona 250 on May 9, 2024, and the oldest is 73-year-old Michael Koppy from Duluth, Minnesota, who finished the 2024 Cocodona 250 on May 10, 2024.

## Record holders

Cocodona 250 in Flagstaff, Arizona :
| Year | Champion (m) | Nationality | Time (hh:mm:ss) | Year | Champion (f) | Nationality | Time (hh:mm:ss) |
| 2024 | Haroldas Subertas | American | 59:50:55 | 2024 | Rachel Entrekin | American | 73:31:25 |
| 2024 | Jeff Browning | American | 60:19:57 | 2024 | Manuela Vilaseca | Spaniard | 78:04:35 |
| 2024 | Arlen Glick | American | 61:46:57 | 2024 | Mika Thewes | American | 79:30:12 |
| 2023 | Michael McKnight | American | 69:41:31 | 2023 | Sarah Ostaszewski | American | 72:50:27 |
| 2023 | Josh Perry | English | 70:57:52 | 2023 | Alize Lapierre | American | 77:04:14 |
| 2023 | Michael Greer | American | 72:47:07 | 2023 | Mika Thewes | American | 78:27:13 |
| 2022 | Joe McConaughy | American | 59:28:54 | 2022 | Annie Hughes | American | 71:10:22 |
| 2022 | Michael McKnight | American | 65:39:16 | 2022 | Lauren Jones | American | 78:34:16 |
| 2022 | Matt Smith | American | 73:01:19 | 2022 | Sarah Ostaszewski | American | 84:21:24 |
| 2021 | Michael Versteeg | American | 72:50:25 | 2021 | Maggie Guterl | American | 85:30:38 |
| 2021 | Peter Mortimer | American | 77:16:14 | 2021 | Dawn Greenwalt | American | 90:08:33 |
| 2021 | Dax Hock | American | 79:13:43 | 2021 | Jesse Morton-Langehaug | American | 92:31:30 |
# Kigali International Peace Marathon

The Kigali International Peace Marathon is an annual road-based marathon hosted by Kigali, Rwanda, since 2005. It is a World Athletics Label Road Race and a member of the Association of International Marathons and Distance Races. During the race weekend, a half marathon and a 10K fun run are also offered. A night run is also associated with the event, though not held during the same weekend.

## History

In 2004, during the aftermath of the Rwandan genocide a decade earlier, Soroptimist International decided to organize a marathon to promote the development of peace through sports. The inaugural race was held on 15 May 2005.
The 2020 edition of the race was postponed twice before being cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic.

## Course

The marathon begins and ends in front of BK Arena. It consists of two loops, which half marathoners run once.

## Winners

| Ed. | Date | Male Winner | Time | Female Winner | Time |
| 1 | 2005.05.15 | Joseph Nsubuga (UGA) | 2:28:23 | Margaret Nakintu (UGA) | 3:18:06 |
| 2 | 2006 | Benjamin Itok (KEN) | 2:22:03 | Tabitha Kibet (KEN) | 2:57:27 |
| 3 | 2007 | Daniel Rotich (KEN) | 2:20:43 | Priscah Kiprono (KEN) | 2:52:24 |
| 4 | 2008 | Jacob Kipleting (KEN) | 2:18:06 | Risper Kimaiyo (KEN) | 2:55:22 |
| 5 | 2009 | Benjamin Kipkosgei (KEN) | 2:21:38 | Banuelia Katesigwa (TAN) | 2:47:49 |
| 6 | 2010 | Peter Limo (KEN) | 2:19:44 | Divina Jepkosgei (KEN) | 2:46:53 |
| 7 | 2011 | Felix Kandie (KEN) | 2:17:04 | Beatrice Rutto (KEN) | 2:51:45 |
| 8 | 2012 | Paul Kosgei (KEN) | 2:14:56 | Lilian Chelimo (KEN) | 2:48:17 |
| 9 | 2013 | Barnabas Kipyego (KEN) | n/a | Tigist Teshome (ETH) | n/a |
| 10 | 2014 | Wycliffe Biwott (KEN) | 2:17:55 | Sally Kimaiyo (KEN) | 2:44:02 |
| 11 | 2015 | Ezekiel Omullo (KEN) | 2:18:15 | Peris Toroitich (KEN) | 2:47:22 |
| 12 | 2016 | James Tallam (KEN) | 2:19:03 | Elizabeth Chemweno (KEN) | 2:38:20 |
| 13 | 2017 | Gilbert Chumba (KEN) | 2:19:49 | Beatrice Rutto (KEN) | 2:46:38 |
| 14 | 2018 | Elkana Yego (KEN) | 2:23:43 | Beatrice Rutto (KEN) | 2:54:01 |
| 15 | 2019 | Phillip Kiplimo (UGA) | 2:20:21 | Rebecca Korir (KEN) | 2:41:28 |
| — | 2020 | cancelled due to coronavirus pandemic | cancelled due to coronavirus pandemic | cancelled due to coronavirus pandemic | cancelled due to coronavirus pandemic |
| 16 | 2021.06.20 | Derseh Kindie (ETH) | 2:23:29 | Isgah Cheruto (KEN) | 2:51:43 |
| 17 | 2022.05.29 | Wilfred Kigan (KEN) | 2:16:36 | Margaret Agai (KEN) | 2:35:25 |
| 18 | 2023 | George Onyancha (KEN) | 2:17:41 | Muluhabt Tsega (ETH) | 2:35:17 |
| 19 | 2024 | Laban Korir (KEN) | 2:16:06 | Joan Kipyatich (KEN) | 2:33:27 |
# Clawson, Idaho

Clawson is an unincorporated community in Teton County, in the U.S. state of Idaho.

## History

A post office called Clawson was established in 1906, and remained in operation until 1915. The community was named after Rudger Clawson, a Mormon leader. A variant name was "Leigh". The current mayor is Bret Linsenmann.
# Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan

The Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан Коммунисттик партиясы) is a communist party in Kyrgyzstan. It was founded on 21 August 1999, following a split in the Party of Communists of Kyrgyzstan.
KPK did not participate in the 2000 parliamentary elections. It publishes Kommunisty Kyrgyzstana.
The party is affiliated to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union of Oleg Shenin.
# BBC Learning English

BBC Learning English is a department of the BBC World Service devoted to English language teaching.
The service provides free resources and activities for teachers and students, primarily through its website. It also produces radio programmes which air on some of the BBC World Service's language services and partner stations. It has won numerous awards, including two Eltons from the British Council and an English Speaking Union award for innovation in English language teaching.
The department was established in 1943. Since then, it has changed names multiple times, appearing as "English by Radio" (or ExR), "English by Radio and Television" and "BBC English", before arriving at "BBC Learning English". BBC World Service began broadcasting English language teaching programmes in 1943 for beginners, intermediate and advanced learners, for adult and children. There were number of series for teaching language comprehension with a help of song lyrics, such as Pop Words. It was usual for the major broadcasters in the 1950s to have a programme teaching the language of the country the broadcaster served.
In August 2007, BBC Learning English announced a partnership with Xinjiang's Tianshannet.
# Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz

Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz is a professor of astronomy and astrophysics at the University of California, Santa Cruz.

## Early life and education

Ramirez-Ruiz was born and raised in Mexico City. Ramirez-Ruiz completed his undergraduate studies in physics at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. He completed his doctoral studies at the University of Cambridge.

## Career

Ramirez-Ruiz holds the Vera Rubin Presidential Chair in Physics and Astronomy at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He was a NASA Chandra and Bahcall Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study. He was inducted to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2020 and the Mexican Academy of Sciences in 2010. In 2019, he received the HEAD Mid-Career Prize from the American Astronomical Society. In 2021, he was awarded the Dwight Nicholson Medal for Outreach by the American Physical Society. Ramirez-Ruiz is also the Niels Bohr professor at University of Copenhagen.
Ramirez-Ruiz founded the Lamat Institute at the University of California, Santa Cruz in 2009 to provide research opportunities in STEM for undergraduates who want to transfer to four-year universities and attend graduate school. The philosophy of the Lamat Institute is based on the promotion of effective mentorship and critical research project design. In February 2022, Ramirez-Ruiz received the Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics and Engineering Mentoring for creating the Lamat Institute and expanding research programs in STEM.
As a theoretical astrophysicist, Ramirez-Ruiz studies violent astrophysical processes relating to the growth of substances on neutron stars and black holes. He established a framework for organizing and analyzing new data from astronomical instruments, such as telescopes and surveys. Ramirez-Ruiz's work also includes the use of computer models that simulate the death of stars. His work has contributed to larger efforts relating to the universe's origin.

## Selected publications

* Kasen, D., Metzger, B., Barnes, J., Quataert, E., and Ramirez-Ruiz, E., "Origin of the heavy elements in binary neutron-star mergers from a gravitational- wave event." Nature, 551(7678):80–84, Oct 2017. doi: 10.1038/nature24453.
* Guillochon, J. and Ramirez-Ruiz, E., “Hydrodynamical Simulations to Determine the Feeding Rate of Black Holes by the Tidal Disruption of Stars: The Importance of the Impact Parameter and Stellar Structure” The Astrophysical Journal, 767(1):25, Mar 2013. doi: 10.1088/ 0004-637x/767/1/25.
* Gehrels, N., Ramirez-Ruiz, E., and Fox, D., "Gamma ray bursts in the iswift/i era. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 47(1): 567–617, Sep 2009. doi: 10.1146/annurev.astro.46. 060407.145147.
* Roberts, L. F., Kasen, D., Lee, W. H., and Ramirez-Ruiz, E., "Electromagnetic Transients Powered by Nuclear Decay in the Tidal Tails of Coalescing Compact Binaries". The Astrophysical Journal, 736(1):L21, jul 2011. doi: 10.1088/2041-8205/ 736/1/l21.
# FCM Aubervilliers

Football Club Municipal d'Aubervilliers (French pronunciation:; commonly referred to as Aubervilliers or simply Aubervilliers) is a French association football club based in Aubervilliers, a suburb of Paris. The club was founded in 1948 and currently plays in the Championnat National 2, the fourth level of French football following promotion at the end of the 2022–23 Championnat National 3 season. Aubervilliers plays its home matches at the Stade André Karman located within the city. The stadium is named after former French politician André Karman who was born in the commune. The team is presided over by Farid Maachi and managed by Rachid Yousef.

## Notable players

Below are the current notable players who have either started their careers at Aubervillers or represented the club in league and international competition since the club's foundation in 1948. To appear in the section below, a player must have started their career at the club and later went on to play for their respective national team or played in at least 80 official matches for the club.
For a complete list of Aubervilliers players, see Category:FCM Aubervilliers players.
* Abou Diaby
* Steve Marlet
* Warren Zaïre-Emery (youth)
* Sébastien Michalowski

## Honours

* Division 3
** Winners (1): 1993 (East Group)
* Championnat de France Amateur 2
** Winners (1): 2010 (Group B)
* Division d'Honneur (Paris Île-de-France)
** Champions (2): 1990, 2009
# Riley Amos

Riley Amos (/ˈeɪmoʊs/ AY-mohss; born March 2, 2002) is an American cyclist, who specializes in cross-country mountain biking. He was selected to compete in the cross-country race at the 2024 Summer Olympics.
He won five consecutive races in the 2024 UCI Under-23 Cross-country World Cup, after winning two rounds and finishing second overall the year before.

## Major results
### 2019

    2nd Team relay, UCI World Championships
    Pan American Championships
       2nd Junior cross-country
       2nd Team relay

### 2021

    UCI Under-23 XCO World Cup
       1st Leogang
       2nd Nové Město na Moravě
    2nd Team relay, UCI World Championships

### 2022

    3rd Team relay, UCI World Championships
    UCI Under-23 XCO World Cup
       3rd Vallnord
       4th Petrópolis

### 2023

    2nd Overall UCI Under-23 XCO World Cup
       1st Pal–Arinsal
       1st Mont-Sainte-Anne
       2nd Les Gets
       3rd Val di Sole
       3rd Snowshoe
    2nd Cross-country, National Championships
    3rd Overall UCI Under-23 XCO World Cup
       1st Snowshoe
       2nd Nové Město na Moravě
       2nd Leogang
       2nd Pal–Arinsal
       2nd Les Gets
       3rd Mont-Sainte-Anne
       4th Val di Sole
    4th Cross-country, UCI Under-23 World Championships

### 2024

    UCI Under-23 XCO World Cup
       1st Mairiporã
       1st Araxá
       1st Nové Město na Moravě
       1st Val di Sole
       1st Crans-Montana
    UCI Under-23 XCC World Cup
       1st Mairiporã
       1st Araxá
       1st Nové Město na Moravě
       1st Crans-Montana
       2nd Val di Sole
    Pan American Championships
       1st Cross-country short track
       1st Under-23 cross-country
       1st Team relay
# School bus yellow

School bus yellow is a color that was specifically formulated for use on school buses in North America in 1939. Originally officially named National School Bus Chrome, the color is now officially known in Canada and the U.S. as National School Bus Glossy Yellow.
The original pigment for this color was monoclinic lead(II) chromate ("chrome yellow") which had superior steel-protecting properties compared to other pigments. Due to lead chromate's toxicity, a result of both its lead and chromate content, and because of lead sulfide darkening after exposure to air, the pigment was initially replaced by a mixture of cadmium sulfide ("cadmium yellow") and enough cadmium orange or selenium pigments to produce the equivalent color. However, cadmium is also an expensive and toxic heavy metal, so now many saturated-color pigments are now azo-based organics.

## Origin

In April 1939, Frank W. Cyr, a professor at Teachers College, Columbia University, in New York, organized a conference that established 44 uniform national design, construction, and safety standards for school buses in America, including the exterior body color. The yellow-orange color was selected because black lettering on it was most legible in semi-darkness, and because it was conspicuous at a distance and unusual enough to become associated with school buses and groups of children en route.
Cyr became known as the "Father of the Yellow School Bus."
Transportation officials from each of the 48 states, representatives from bus chassis and body manufacturers, and paint experts from DuPont and Pittsburgh Paints participated in the conference, which was funded by a $5,000 grant (more than $100,000 in 2022) from the Rockefeller Foundation. The yellow-orange color, in three slight variants to allow for different paint formulations, was adopted by the National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards and Technology) as Federal Standard No. 595a, Color 13432.

## Outside North America

North American-style yellow school buses are being introduced in some parts of the United Kingdom, prompted by corporate links to the American industry, for example First Student UK, or a desire to re-brand school buses, such as West Yorkshire Metro's Mybus.
A similar shade of yellow was used in Santiago, Chile's bus lines between 1992 and 2007.
Yellow school buses are becoming more prevalent in Australia, e.g. in and around Adelaide.

## Examples

* Examples of buses in school bus yellow
* A typical school bus in the United States
* Swedish Scania-Vabis postbus from mid-1920s
* German postbus from 1925
* German Reichspost parcel delivery van from mid-1920s
* Nineteenth century German Reichspost mail coach for both passengers and mail
* German postbus (1980s)
* Swiss Saurer postbus from 1953
* A First Student UK school bus painted in American school bus yellow
* A Hong Kong nanny van in yellow