OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tongue map

The tongue map or taste map is a common misconception that different sections of the tongue are exclusively responsible for different basic tastes. It is illustrated with a schematic map of the tongue, with certain parts of the tongue labeled for each taste. The concept is taught in some schools, but is incorrect; every taste sensation can come from all regions of the tongue, though certain parts are more sensitive to certain tastes.

## History

The theory behind this map originated from a book written by Harvard psychologist Edwin Boring in 1942, which included a translation of a German paper, Zur Psychophysik des Geschmackssinnes (The Psychophysics of Taste), by Dirk P. Hänig, written in 1901. Boring replotted and normalized the graphs from the original paper, which were meant to show the taste thresholds of different parts of the tongue. The renormalized versions were interpreted incorrectly by other authors to indicate that there was no sensation where the curves showed a minimum, and maximum sensation where the curves showed a maximum, when the reality was a very small difference between the two. This misinterpretation suggested that each part of the tongue tastes exactly one basic taste.
The paper showed minute differences in threshold detection levels across the tongue, but these differences were later taken out of context and the minute difference in threshold sensitivity was misconstrued in textbooks as a difference in sensation. Into the late 1990s, tongue map experiments were a teaching tool in high school biology classes. Students were given strips of paper with different tastes on them and told where each taste should be more noticeable. They then were instructed to touch those taste strips on different areas of their lab partner's tongue and record the (proper) sensation result.
While some parts of the tongue may be able to detect a taste before the others do, all parts are equally capable of conveying the qualia of all tastes. Threshold sensitivity may differ across the tongue, but intensity of sensation does not.
The same paper included a taste bud distribution diagram that showed a "taste belt".
In 1974, Virginia Collings investigated the topic again, and confirmed that all the tastes exist on all parts of the tongue.

## Taste belt

The misinterpreted diagram that sparked this myth shows human taste buds distributed in a "taste belt" along the inside of the tongue.
Prior to this, A. Hoffmann had concluded in 1875 that the dorsal center of the human tongue has practically no fungiform papillae and taste buds, and it was this finding that the diagram describes.
# Chief Moccanooga

Chief Moccanooga was the former athletic mascot for the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, until 1996, when the university abandoned the mascot as potentially offensive at the request of the Chattanooga InterTribal Association. Chief Moccanooga was replaced with a mockingbird, the state bird of Tennessee, and the nickname for Chattanooga athletics was changed from 'Moccasins' to simply 'Mocs'.
Chattanooga's decision to remove Chief Moccanooga as mascot was similar to the actions of several other athletic franchises. In 1986, Chief Noc-A-Homa, the former drum-thumping mascot of Major League Baseball's the Atlanta Braves, was removed. The Cleveland Indians continued to employ a potentially offensive Native American mascot, Chief Wahoo until 2018.
# Mayfair (Jenkinsville, South Carolina)

Mayfair is a historic home located near Jenkinsville, Fairfield County, South Carolina. It was built about 1824, and is a two-story, weatherboarded Federal style frame residence with a hipped roof. The front façade features a central, two-story, polygonal pedimented portico. According to local tradition, Mayfair was the home of Burrell B. Cook, a moderately wealthy planter, who served in the Twenty-eighth General Assembly of South Carolina from 1828 to 1829.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
# Power Station of Art

The Power Station of Art (Chinese: 上海当代艺术博物馆; lit. 'Shanghai Contemporary Art Museum') is a municipal contemporary art museum in Huangpu, Shanghai, China. The museum is a public institution that is funded by the Shanghai City Culture and Tourism Bureau.
Housed in a former power station, the museum is China's first non-private contemporary art museum. Converting the building cost $64 million which was paid for by the Shanghai government.
The museum is on the site of the Expo 2010 and on the left bank of the Huangpu River. It opened in 2012 with an exhibition of contemporary art from Centre Pompidou, Paris's best-known contemporary art museum, entitled Electric Fields, Surrealism and Beyond.
The director is Li Xu. The deputy director is Gong Yan, who was formerly the editor in chief of the Chinese-language magazine Art World.
# German Workers' Party (Austria-Hungary)

The German Workers' Party (Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, DAP) in Austria-Hungary was the predecessor of the Austrian and Czechoslovak Deutsche Nationalsozialistische Arbeiterpartei (DNSAP), founded on 14 November 1903, in Aussig (Ústí nad Labem), Bohemia. Its founder was Ferdinand Burschofsky [es].
The German Workers' Party sought to defend German interests in the Czech lands. Its party program was founded on Pan-Germanism, and was vehemently anti-Slavic, anti-Catholic, anti-Marxist and anti-capitalist.
In the elections for the Imperial Council in 1905 and 1911, the party obtained 3 seats. Hans Knirsch was chosen as parliamentary chairman in 1912. At the end of the First World War, Walter Riehl would take over as leader of Austrian part of the party, which would be renamed the Deutsche Nationalsozialistische Arbeiterpartei (DNSAP). Concurrently, Hans Knirsch would take up the leadership of the Czechoslovak DNSAP, a forerunner of the Sudeten German National Socialist Party.
The party programs of the DAP were the Trautenau Programme [es] (1904) and the Iglau Programme [es] (1913).

## Election results

Imperial Council :
| Date | Votes | Votes | Votes | Seats | Seats | Position | Size |
| Date | No. | % | ± pp | No. | ± | Position | Size |
| 1907 | 3,486 | 0.08 | New | 0 / 259 | New | Extra-parliamentary | 49th |
| 1911 | 26,670 | 0.59 | 0.51 | 3 / 259 | 3 | Opposition | 35th |
# Ray Joseph

Ray Fitzpatrick Joseph was a Guyanese cricketer active during the late 1970s and early 1980s who played predominantly for Berbice and Guyana, with brief appearances for Northamptonshire (Northants) and Scotland. He was born in Berbice on 12 February 1961. He appeared in 28 first-class matches as a righthanded batsman who bowled right arm fast medium. He scored 137 runs with a highest score of 26 not out and took 49 wickets with a best performance of six for 114.
Joseph played one season in 1982 as overseas professional/coach with Scottish East League side, Kirkcaldy Cricket Club (now defunct). During his spell at Kirkcaldy, he gained a cap playing for the Scotland national cricket team.
# 1930 Rose Bowl

The 1930 Rose Bowl was the 16th Rose Bowl game, an American post-season college football game that was played on New Year's Day 1930 in Pasadena, California. It featured the Pittsburgh Panthers against the USC Trojans.

## Scoring
### First Quarter

* USC – Edelson, 55-yard pass from Saunders (Shaver kick good)
* USC – Erny Pinckert, 25-yard pass from Saunders (Shaver kick blocked)

### Second Quarter

* USC – Duffield, 1-yard run (Baker kick failed)
* USC – Duffield, 1-yard run (Baker kick good)

### Third Quarter

* USC – Russ Saunders, 16-yard run (Shaver kick good)
* Pitt – Walinchus, 28-yard pass from Baker (Parkinson kick good)
* USC – Edelson, 39-yard pass from Saunders (Baker kick good)

### Fourth Quarter

* Pitt – Collins, 36-yard pass from Williams (Parkinson kick good)
* USC – Wilcox, 57-yard pass from Duffield (Duffield dropkicked extra point)

## Game notes

By losing to the Trojans, the Panthers gave up the most points since 1903.
# Dennis Boyd (American football)

Dennis Boyd (born November 5, 1955) is an American former professional football for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL) from 1977 to 1982. He played college football for the Oregon State Beavers before being selected in the third round of the 1977 NFL draft with the 58th overall pick. He played for the Seahawks in 59 games over five seasons.
# Alberto Cianca

Alberto Cianca (1 January 1884 – 8 January 1966) was an Italian journalist and anti-fascist politician. He edited several significant publications, including Il Mondo, and served in the Parliament and Senate.

## Early life and education

Cianca was born in Rome on 1 January 1884. He had a bachelor's degree in law.

## Career

Cianca started his career as a journalist and worked as a parliamentary reporter for the Rome-based newspaper La Tribuna. Then he worked for Secolo in Milan and later, he served as the editor-in-chief of Il Messaggero in Roma from which he resigned in 1921. Then he worked for L'Ora.
Cianca was the director of Il Mondo from its start in 1922 to its closure in 1926. The paper was the most significant opposition publication against Fascist government of Benito Mussolini. Cianca also edited another anti-fascist publication, Il Becco Giallo, a weekly satirical magazine.

### Exile

In 1927 Cianca left Italy to avoid from being arrested and settled in Paris. There he edited some publications and involved in the establishment of an anti-Fascist resistance movement, Giustizia e Libertà. In the establishment of the Giustizia e Libertà he collaborated with Carlo Rosselli, Nello Rosselli, Emilio Lussu, Alberto Tarchiani, Fausto Nitti and Gaetano Salvemini. Cianca managed to resume the publication of Il Becco Giallo in Paris, and also, he and Carlo Rosselli edited a weekly publication of Giustizia e Libertà which was also entitled Giustizia e Libertà. In fact, Rosselli was the editor of the weekly between 1934 and his death in 1937, and Cianca succeeded him in the post.
When World War II broke out and France was occupied by Nazi German forces Cianca took refuge in the United States. He involved in the establishment of the Mazzini Society in New York City in 1940 which was one of the antifascist organizations founded by Italian political exiles in the United States. There he met his future wife, Carol Lunetta Cianca. Alberto Cianca and his close ally Alberto Tarchiani were very active in the society dealing with its administrative operations. Cianca was also named the president of the society's New York branch. Following the end of the Fascist rule, Cianca and other Italian exiles returned to Italy which led to the end of the Mazzini Society.

## Later years and death

Upon his return to Italy Cianca became the leader of the Action Party (PdA). He was a member of the National Council and a minister in the first cabinet of Alcide De Gasperi. Cianca was among the few elected members of the Action Party to the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and also, the last secretary of the Action Party before its closure. Then Cianca joined the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and was elected a senator on its lists in the elections in 1953 and 1958.
Cianca served several times as the president of the board of arbitrators of Italian journalists. He died in Rome on 8 January 1966.
# Mayfield Cottage

Mayfield Cottage is a historic plantation house located near the grounds of Central State Hospital near Petersburg, Dinwiddie County, Virginia. Believed to be the oldest existing brick house in Dinwiddie County, it was built around 1750 and the residence of Robert Ruffin until 1769, when he moved to King William County. From 1885, the property was used by the hospital for its headquarters. The house remained part of the hospital complex until 1969. It was moved from its original site about .5 miles (0.80 km) to the southeast of the present site in 1969.

## History

Built about 1750, the 1+1⁄2-story brick Colonial era mansion features a jerkin-head roof, distinctive interior woodwork, and classic Virginia style Flemish bond masonry.
Shortly after the American Revolutionary War, William Digges Sr. lived at Mayfield and advertised for overseers for his Denbigh Plantation downstream in Warwick County (which near Yorktown was damaged during that conflict). He advertized Mayfield plantation, described as including 400 acres, for sale in November 1784. The following year, William Digges Jr. and Dudley Digges Jr. advertised for sale between 600 and 800 acres near New-Port-News.
Although many Dinwiddie County records are lost, it was owned by Thomas Tabb Bolling who died in 1810. His son Thomas Radford Bolling, who had been born in the house in 1797, probably inherited it. However, in 1816 it was insured by Edward Osborne Goodwyn, who passed it to his sister, who died in 1847 and bequeathed it to her daughter Mrs. Eliza Whitworth Willson. In 1882, Henry Chamberlayne Willson and his wife Eliza sold the house and 290 acres including a granite quarry to the city of Petersburg. In accordance with special legislation passed by the Virginia General Assembly, it was accepted by the board of trustees of the Central Lunatic Asylum as the site of their future hospital.
During the Confederate Army's final attempts to defend Petersburg in 1865, defensive lines Fort Whitworth and Fort Gregg were on Mayfield property, and captured by Federal troops on April 2, 1865.
Although the Mayfield mansion lost some interior partitions in the intervening decades, much of architectural significance remained, although the building itself had been obscured by institutional buildings of the hospital complex until recent times.
Mayfield Cottage was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.
# Georgian Heights

Georgian Heights is a neighborhood in West Columbus, in Columbus, Ohio, United States. It neighbors Holly Hill. The two are bounded together by Sullivant Avenue on the north, Clime Road on the south, Georgesville Road on the west, and Demorest Road on the east. There is a 10.7 acre public park, Georgian Heights Park, in the center of the area. Georgian Heights has a youth travel football team called the Georgian Heights Packers. The neighborhood is generally lower-middle class.

## Schools

Children from Georgian Heights attend Georgian Heights Elementary, Eakin Elementary, Stiles Elementary, and Prairie Norton Elementary. From there they go to Wedgewood Middle School or Norton Middle School, and then to Franklin Heights High School, Briggs High School, Central Crossing High School or West High School.
# 1933 Rose Bowl

The 1933 Rose Bowl was the 19th Rose Bowl game, an American post-season college football game that was played on January 2, 1933, at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. While normally played on New Year's Day, the 1933 game was played on the second as New Year's Day was a Sunday. In the game, the undefeated 9–0 1932 USC Trojans football team defeated the 8–0–2 1932 Pittsburgh Panthers football team by a 35–0 score. The score had been 7–0 at halftime, but USC exploded for three touchdowns in the fourth quarter. The 35-point defeat was the most one-sided loss in Pittsburgh football history up to that time.
In the final Dickinson System rankings released in early December 1932, USC was ranked No. 2 behind 8–0 Michigan. Jack F. Rissman, a Chicago clothing merchant who had previously donated a trophy presented to the No. 1 team in the Dickinson rankings, had stated publicly that he expected USC to be ranked No. 1 by Dickinson if it defeated Notre Dame in the final game of the regular season. When the Dickinson rankings instead crowned Michigan as national champion, giving the Wolverines the Rockne Trophy, a "peeved" Rissman created a new national championship trophy (called the Rissman Trophy) and announced that it would be awarded to the victor of the Rose Bowl matchup between No. 2 USC and No. 3 Pittsburgh. One critic at the time parodied Rissman's proliferation of personal championship trophies, writing: "All that is needed now to make the football season a complete success is for someone to figure out a system to declare Colgate the undisputed national champion and to give the Red Raiders a trophy indicative of the same. [...] More national champions, more systems of picking them and more trophies to give them have long been the crying need of football. [...] It might even be worked out so Slippery Rock and Knox could have very fine trophies for their Y.M.C.A. trophy rooms. [...] Under the Beale system, I hereby award the national football championship to Bucknell (dear old alma mater)." With USC's decisive victory in the Rose Bowl, Rissman presented his trophy to USC on January 6th.

## Scoring
### First Quarter

* USC – Wehunt, 33-yard pass from Homer Griffith (Smith kick good) 8:24 7-0 USC

### Third Quarter

* USC – Homer Griffith, 1-yard pass from Bright (Smith kick good) 4:34 14-0 USC

### Fourth Quarter

* USC – Cotton Warburton, 1-yard run (Smith kick good) 13:21 21-0 USC
* USC – Warburton, 11-yard run (Smith kick good) 8:14 28-0 USC
* USC – Barber, 2-yard run (Lady kick good) 2:29 35-0 USC
# Chief Monze

Chief Monze is the spiritual leader of the Tonga people of southern Zambia. The chief's palace is south of the town of Monze named after him, near a place called Gonde, where a ceremony called Lwiindi takes place. This annual festival is a thanksgiving ceremony which attracts a lot of people from around Zambia. The current Chief Monze, Chief Magunza Monze who assumed this position in 1990, is descendant of a line dating back to the 1700s.
# Gilbert & Dean

Gilbert & Dean (1802–1823) was a banking and publishing firm in Boston, Massachusetts, run by Samuel Gilbert and Thomas Dean in the early 19th-century. As publishers, they produced works by Joseph Croswell, David Humphreys, Susanna Rowson, John Sylvester John Gardiner, Benjamin Dearborn and others, as well as the Boston Weekly Magazine. They kept an office on State Street.

## History

Samuel Gilbert (1777-ca.1867) and Thomas Dean (1779–1826) established their partnership in 1802. Both Dean and Gilbert had trained with Boston newspaperman Benjamin Russell, of the Columbian Centinel.
In 1802, they began publishing the Boston Weekly Magazine. Susanna Rowson served as editor, and also contributed serialised fiction and other pieces. "As an early attempt to describe the manners, reprehend the follies, cultivate the taste and soften the customs of the people, the Boston Weekly Magazine is not discreditable to American literature." The magazine ceased in 1805. Besides the weekly, the firm published numerous other titles. They kept an office at "no. 56, State-street, Boston, where printing in all its branches, is executed with neatness, accuracy and dispatch;" by 1804, they'd moved to "no.78, State-Street, corner of Wilson's Lane."
Meanwhile, in addition to printing, the firm's business also encompassed banking. Gilbert & Dean described themselves as "lottery, stock and exchange brokers." Among other activities, they notified the public of counterfeit currency, describing details by which people might recognize forgeries. One notorious counterfeiter, Stephen Burroughs, mocked Gilbert & Dean's anti-counterfeit efforts:
   "Gentleman, Having often seen your 'only sure guide to bank bills,' and admiring your kind labors for the public weal, in detecting the works of those 'ingenious rogues,' I have enclosed and forwarded to your Exchange Office, a bill on the Shipton Bank. ... I wish, Gentlemen, you would ... strictly examine all bills on the aforesaid bank, by the enclosed genuine bill; for such is the depravity of man, and such the success of counterfeiting, that I lately observed in one of your newspapers, that patent Buck Wheat Pancakes had been so exactly counterfeited in New-Jersey, that none except the Officers of the Pancake Exchange could distinguish them from the originals!!! -- I solicit your friendship gentlemen, in this important business..."
Gilbert & Dean invested in the gigantic, 7-story, arguably grandiose Exchange Coffee House, built in Boston in 1809. When the Exchange burnt to the ground in 1818, Gilbert & Dean, as major investors, lost thousands of dollars. However the firm regained its momentum, a tribute perhaps to the business skills of Dean and Gilbert. Around 1823 the firm kept its office in the Old State House.
The partnership ended "by mutual consent" in 1823. Gilbert formed a new financial business with his sons Benjamin R. Gilbert and Samuel Gilbert, Jr. (1801–1897). Dean also continued in the financial industry.
# Janice Walsh

Janice Walsh (born 17 December 1961) is an Irish former cricketer. She played fourteen Women's One Day International matches for Ireland women's cricket team. She was part of Ireland's squad for the 1988 Women's Cricket World Cup.
# 1936 Sun Bowl

The 1936 Sun Bowl was the second edition of the game, and the first Sun Bowl held between college teams, the idea devised by Dr. Charles M. Hendricks. The festivities included a parade and a Sun Court.

## Background

The Cowboys finished second in the Border Conference to Arizona, who gave the Aggies (then known as New Mexico A&M) their only loss of the season.

## Game summary

* Hardin Simmons – Scroggins 15-yard touchdown pass from Tyler (Calloway kick)
* New Mexico State – Spanogle 1-yard touchdown run (A. Apodaca kick)
* Hardin-Simmons – Cherry 1-yard touchdown run (Green kick)
* New Mexico State – L. Apodaca 35-yard touchdown run, lateral from A. Apodaca on pass from Lem Pratt (A. Apodaca kick)
Despite four touchdowns combined in the game, play was marred by 15 turnovers that had 10 fumbles and five interceptions. An NCAA record was set for most punts combined, with 29. It was a physical game that was only 7–7 at halftime. After Ed Cherry gave the Cowboys the lead again on a touchdown run, the Aggies went to work again. Despite four interceptions on the day, Lem Pratt managed to throw a pass to Hooky Apodaca that he lateraled to Lauro Apodaca, who ran 35 yards to score the tying touchdown. The game had no more points from that point on despite desperate efforts on both sides, clinching the first tie game in Sun Bowl history.

## Aftermath

The Cowboys would make four more appearances, the last in 1958. The Aggies would make two more appearances, the last in 1960. There would not be a tie Sun Bowl game again until the 1940 Sun Bowl.

## Statistics

| Statistics | New Mexico A&M | Hardin-Simmons |
| First Downs | 8 | 15 |
| Yards Rushing | 83 | 210 |
| Yards Passing | 121 | 92 |
| Total Yards | 204 | 302 |
| Fumbles-Lost | 3-1 | 7–5 |
| Interceptions | 4 | 1 |
| Penalties-Yards | 8-75 | 10–86 |
# Dan Jackson (American football coach)

Dan Jackson is an American football coach who is currently the head coach for the South Dakota State Jackrabbits.

## Playing career

Jackson played for the South Dakota State Jackrabbits from 2003 through 2005.

## Coaching career

Jackson got his first coaching job in 2012 at his alma mater South Dakota State Jackrabbits. Jackson would spend the next seven years with the Jackrabbits serving in multiple roles as the team's cornerbacks coach, special teams coordinator, recruiting coordinator, and assistant head coach. Jackson was hired by the Northern Illinois Huskies in 2020, where he served multiple roles for the team, serving as the cornerbacks coach, pass defense coordinator, and co-special teams coordinator. After spending two seasons with the Huskies, Jackson was hired as the secondary coach for the Vanderbilt Commodores. Then after two years with Vanderbilt, Jackson was hired by the Idaho Vandals as the team's defensive coordinator. Then after one season with the Vandals, Jackson got his first opportunity as a head coach as he was hired to be the South Dakota State Jackrabbits's next head coach on December 31, 2024.

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference |
| South Dakota State Jackrabbits (Missouri Valley Football Conference) (2025–present) ||||||||
| 2025 | South Dakota State | 0–0 | 0–0 |
| South Dakota State: | South Dakota State: | 0–0 | 0–0 |
| Total: | Total: | 0–0 | |