OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bogura Science and Technology University

Bogura Science & Technology University (Bengali: বগুড়া বিজ্ঞান ও প্রযুক্তি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়) is a government financed public university of Bangladesh.

## History

Ministry Cabinet approves the bills of Bogura Science & Technology University bill, 2020. The Bogura University of Science and Technology Act of 2001, Section 1, Subsection 2, sets the date of the Act's implementation as May 22, 2023.

## List of vice-chancellors

* VC ( joining date )
# Capital punishment in Greece

Capital punishment in modern Greece was carried out using the guillotine (until 1913) or by firing squad. It was last applied in 1972 during the military junta. The death penalty was abolished in stages between 1975 and 2005.

## History

Executions during the Greek War of Independence were carried out by firing squad, although when the monarchy introduced the Penal Code in 1834, beheading by guillotine became the only mode of execution. In 1847, difficulties in making the guillotine available for every execution made the government establish the firing squad as an alternative mode of execution. Both would be used until the firing squad was established as the only means of execution in 1929 (the last execution by guillotine took place in 1913). Over 3,000 executions took place between 1946 and 1949 during the Greek Civil War. The last execution took place on 25 August 1972, when the 27-year-old Vassilis Lymberis was shot by firing squad for the murder of his wife, mother-in-law and two children (he burned them alive inside their house) on the island of Crete.
The three leading members of the Greek junta, Georgios Papadopoulos, Stylianos Pattakos, and Nikolaos Makarezos were sentenced to death for mutiny during the Greek Junta Trials, but these sentences were commuted to life imprisonment by the Karamanlis government. The 1975 Constitution abolished the death penalty for non-complex political crimes under article 7, paragraph 3.
In 1993, Law 2172 removed the capital punishment from the Criminal Code. Until then, offenders could be sentenced to death (for example, Kyriakos Papachronis was twice sentenced to death in 1984) but in practice all death sentences were commuted to life imprisonment. Four years later, Greece ratified the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty; however, a reservation was made allowing for death penalty use for the most serious crimes, i.e. high treason, committed during wartime. Protocol No. 6 to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), providing for the abolition of the death penalty in peacetime, was ratified in 1998. The Greek constitutional amendment of 2001 amended article 7, abolishing the death penalty except in the cases provided by law for felonies perpetrated in time of war and related thereto.
In 2004, Law 3289 On the Ratification of Protocol No. 13 to of the ECHR, concerning the abolition of the death penalty in all circumstances removed all relevant provisions from the Military Penal code and the Regulation on the external service of troops (its article 17 concerning the carrying out of executions). In 2005, Greece ratified Protocol No. 13 to the ECHR, concerning the abolition of the death penalty under all circumstances.
The Golden Dawn party called in 2013 for the restoration of the death penalty for immigrants convicted of violent crimes.
# Colegrove, Los Angeles

Colegrove is a former settlement located near the present day intersection of Santa Monica Boulevard and Vine Street in Los Angeles, California.
In 1914 it was described as being south of Hollywood and north of Melrose Avenue.
The settlement was founded by Cornelius Cole on land deeded to him by Henry Hancock that had once been part of the Rancho La Brea. A post office was first built at Colegrove in 1884, predating the post office in Hollywood by several years. Colegrove was named for Cole's wife, Olive Colegrove Cole, and the Cole family gave their name to several streets in the Colegrove area, including Cole St., Willoughby Ave., Eleanor St. and Seward St.
In the 1890s, the Los Angeles Pacific Railroad came to Colegrove. This railroad was eventually incorporated in the Pacific Electric Railway's Owensmouth, San Fernando and Sherman lines.
Colegrove produced lemons, and asphaltum was mined from "wells on the Hancock ranch, near Colegrove."
Colegrove Addition was annexed to Los Angeles on October 22, 1909.
In 1912, a reading room opened in Colegrove; this library would be replaced by what is now the John C. Fremont Branch Library.
In more recent years, the area is known as Hancock Park.
# Pohlia nutans

Pohlia nutans, the nodding thread-moss, is a species of moss in the family Mniaceae. It has a cosmopolitan distribution, found on all seven continents; Europe, Iceland, Siberia, Japan, North America, Greenland, the Andes of South America, South Africa, Tasmania and nearby mainland Australia, New Zealand, and the Antarctic Peninsula and Mount Rittmann in Antarctica. An extremophile, it is resistant to cold, drought, salt, acid, heavy metals, and intense UV radiation.
Pohlia nutans is subject to fungal infections which cause fairy rings to appear. Some causative agents have been identified, including species of Cladosporium, Mortierella gamsii and Mortierella fimbricystis.

## Subtaxa

The following subtaxa are accepted:
* Pohlia nutans subsp. nutans
* Pohlia nutans subsp. schimperi (Müll. Hal.) Nyholm
* Pohlia nutans var. clavata Broth. ex Ihsiba
* Pohlia nutans var. nutans
# Konrad Matuszewski

Konrad Matuszewski (born 4 October 2001) is a Polish professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Ekstraklasa club Korona Kielce.

## Club career

On 15 July 2021, he joined Ekstraklasa side Warta Poznań on a three-year deal.
On 22 June 2024, Matuszewski joined another top-flight outfit Korona Kielce on a one-year contract, with an option for another 12 months.
# Romen (mencey)

Romen was a Guanche mencey king of Menceyato de Daute in times of the conquest of Tenerife in the fifteenth century.
Romen is remembered as one of the Guanche leaders who resisted the Spanish conquest of Tenerife.

## Reign

Upon arrival of Alonso Fernández de Lugo in 1494, Romen allied with Bencomo mencey against the Spanish invasion, and its menceyato one side of war. However, some historians based in Viana, refer to ally with Bencomo refused for not wanting to submit to the king of Taoro dirigiese the rest in the race. For its part, he indicates that Viera y Clavijo, Romen would not ally with Bencomo believing their domains of the danger of distant conquerors. Finally, after successive defeats and ordered major Guanche Kings (Bencomo, Tinguaro and Bentor), Romen gave his territory in the spring of 1496 in the act known as Paz de Los Realejos. After the surrender, Romen was brought to court to be presented to the Catholic Monarchs.
His end is unknown, although having belonged to a band of war the possibility he was reduced to slavery, it also being possible outside the mencey given to the Republic of Venice for the kings. Other authors believe that, although belonging to a faction of war, may well be released, under supervision and away from the island.
# Trzyrzecze

Trzyrzecze is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Suchowola, within Sokółka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 5 kilometres (3 mi) south of Suchowola, 31 km (19 mi) north-west of Sokółka, and 47 km (29 mi) north of the regional capital Białystok.
# Thomas E. Kauper

Thomas E. Kauper (September 25, 1935 – February 9, 2025) was an American lawyer and legal scholar. He was the Henry M. Butzel Professor of Law Emeritus at the University of Michigan Law School. Kauper was best known as a property law and antitrust expert. Kauper served as Assistant Attorney General for the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division from 1972 to 1976. Kauper's more recent work focuses on European Union antitrust and competition law.

## Life and career

Kauper was the son of Professor Paul G. Kauper, who graduated from the University of Michigan Law School in 1932. Kauper earned his A.B. from the University of Michigan in 1957 and his J.D. from the University of Michigan Law School in 1960. At Michigan Law, Kauper was editor-in-chief of the Michigan Law Review and was elected to the Order of the Coif. He was a law clerk for Justice Potter Stewart of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1962 to 1964. He practiced law in Chicago from 1962 to 1964 before joining the University of Michigan Law School faculty in 1964.
Kauper's work is mainly in the fields of property and antitrust law. He was the coauthor of Property: An Introduction to the Concept and the Institution, a leading property casebook. Kauper served for 14 years as a member of the American Bar Association Council of the Antitrust Section, and served for one year as vice-chairman of the Section. Kauper was the John M. Olin Visiting Professor of Business, Economics, and Law at Harvard Law School in winter 2002.
At Michigan Law, Kauper taught property, antitrust, unfair trade practices, trusts and estates, and other courses.
Kauper twice took leaves of absence from Michigan Law faculty to serve in U.S. Department of Justice posts: first as deputy assistant attorney general in the Office of Legal Counsel from 1969 to 1971, where he was deputy to William H. Rehnquist, and then as Assistant Attorney General for the Antitrust Division from 1972 to 1976.
Kauper retired as an active faculty member at Michigan Law and assumed emeritus status on May 31, 2008. He died on February 9, 2025, at the age of 89.
# Dip Top Peak

Dip Top Peak is a 7,291-foot-elevation (2,222-meter) mountain summit located in the Alpine Lakes Wilderness in eastern King County of Washington state. It is part of the Cascade Range and is set on land managed by Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest. The peak is situated 1.25 mi (2.01 km) north of Mount Daniel, and less than one mile south of Jade Lake. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into East Fork Foss River, which is a tributary of the Skykomish River. The summit saddle has two rock horns, of which the higher southwest peak is the true summit. The first ascent was made August 1950 by Bill and Gene Prater. In the early 1970s, brothers Gene and Bill Prater created the modern aluminum snowshoe known today, and sold them via Bill's "Sherpa Snowshoes" company, which proved very popular.

## Geology

The Alpine Lakes Wilderness features some of the most rugged topography in the Cascade Range with craggy peaks and ridges, deep glacial valleys, and granite walls spotted with over 700 mountain lakes. Geological events occurring many years ago created the diverse topography and drastic elevation changes over the Cascade Range leading to various climate differences.
The history of the formation of the Cascade Mountains dates back millions of years ago to the late Eocene Epoch. With the North American Plate overriding the Pacific Plate, episodes of volcanic igneous activity persisted. Glacier Peak, a stratovolcano that is 36.7 mi (59.1 km) north of Dip Top Peak, began forming in the mid-Pleistocene. During the Pleistocene period dating back over two million years ago, glaciation advancing and retreating repeatedly scoured and shaped the landscape. The last glacial retreat in the Alpine Lakes area began about 14,000 years ago and was north of the Canada–US border by 10,000 years ago. The U-shaped cross section of the river valleys is a result of that recent glaciation. Uplift and faulting in combination with glaciation have been the dominant processes which have created the tall peaks and deep valleys of the Alpine Lakes Wilderness area.

## Climate

Dip Top Peak is located in the marine west coast climate zone of western North America. Weather fronts originating in the Pacific Ocean travel northeast toward the Cascade Mountains. As fronts approach, they are forced upward by the peaks of the Cascade Range, causing them to drop their moisture in the form of rain or snow onto the Cascades (Orographic lift). As a result, the west side of the Cascades experiences high precipitation, especially during the winter months in the form of snowfall. Because of maritime influence, snow tends to be wet and heavy, resulting in avalanche danger. During winter months, weather is usually cloudy, but due to high pressure systems over the Pacific Ocean that intensify during summer months, there is often little or no cloud cover during the summer.
# Lív Bentsdóttir Zachariasen

Lív Bentsdóttir Zachariasen (born 28 June 2004) is a Faroese handball player for Ajax København and the Faroese national team.

## Career

In May 2024, she and her sister Var Bentsdóttir Zachariasen signed a 1 year-contract with Ajax København. participated in the Faroese national team's first ever appearance at a major international tournament; the 2024 European Women's Handball Championship in Hungary, Switzerland and Austria, placing 17th overall.

## Achievements

* Faroese Women's Handball League
** Winner (2) : 2022, 2023
* Faroe Islands Cup
** Winner (1) : 2023
** Runners-up (1) 2022
# Marc Pion

Marc-Antoine Pion-Frégeau (born 3 April 1996) is a Canadian former professional lacrosse player with the Philadelphia Wings of the National Lacrosse League (NLL). He played collegiately for Harvard University and Johns Hopkins University before being drafted by Philadelphia in the fourth round, 59th overall, in the 2020 NLL Entry Draft.

## Playing career
### Early career

Pion was born in Montréal, Quebec, and attended Collège Jean-de-Brebeuf. During international competition, he gained recognition as one of Canada's leading defensemen. He then spent two years at IMG Academy in Bradenton, Florida, where he was named a USA Lacrosse All-American and Under Armour All-American. In 2014, he committed to Harvard University.

### Collegiate

In 2015, Pion joined the Harvard Crimson, becoming the first Québécois NCAA Division I lacrosse player. He was ranked the #51 freshman and #13 defenseman in the nation. After suffering repeated season-ending injuries, he maintained three years of NCAA eligibility.
After Harvard, Pion played two seasons for the Johns Hopkins University Blue Jays, appearing in 14 games and winning the 2018 Big Ten Championship. At Johns Hopkins, he was named a two-time Academic All-Big Ten honoree and Presidential Fellow.

### Professional

Pion was selected in the fourth round, 59th overall by the Philadelphia Wings in the 2020 NLL Entry Draft. He signed an entry-level contract with the Wings in October 2020. He then re-signed with the Wings for a one-year contract in June 2021 and was selected to the Wings' final roster following training camp.
He has served as Assistant Coach of the McGill University men’s lacrosse team since 2023.

## Personal life

In 2024, it was announced that he was elected a Senior Researcher and Honourary Fellow of the Policy Insights Forum, a Canadian think tank. He also serves as Vice President of Corporate Affairs for NATO's Transatlantic Emerging Leaders program.
# Jasionowa Dolina

Jasionowa Dolina is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Janów, within Sokółka County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) north-west of Janów, 22 km (14 mi) north-west of Sokółka, and 41 km (25 mi) north of the regional capital Białystok.
# Robot Arena 2: Design and Destroy

Robot Arena 2: Design and Destroy is a robot combat action video game developed by Gabriel Entertainment and published by Infogrames. It is the sequel to Robot Arena, in the Robot Arena videogame series. Compared to its predecessor, it has many new features, such as the Havok physics engine and fully 3-D environments.
The player has the ability to completely design their own robot, including chassis design, weapon placement, mechanics and paint. Weapons are nearly completely customizable, including weapons that mount on various attachments, such as poles, disks, and tribars.
Although not well received from a marketing standpoint, this game has a dedicated fanbase and a community that, as of 2025, is still active today.

## Gameplay

Robot Arena 2: Design and Destroy is an Action game. The player controls a radio-controlled robot which battles it out with other robots in order to win. Ways to win a battle include destroying the opponent's control board, immobilizing the opponent (such as flipping them over), having the most points at the end or in some cases eliminating them by pushing them into pits.
Different types of arenas are available to play, either being a standard map, a tabletop map, or a "king of the hill" map.
Different game types are available in single player, where either the player can play against 1 opponent, 3 others in a Battle Royale, or a 2v2 team-based match.
The main game mode is League mode where the player competes against fifteen other teams in nine events. The winner is the team with the most points at the end of the season.
Multiplayer is also available, where up to four players can pit their designs against their opponents. Online play was also supported which was facilitated by GameSpy.
There is also an exhibition mode, where you can place any of your bots against any computer bot in the game in a match, with settings controlling time limit, match type & arena, and if the hazards are active.

## Reception

The game received very positive reviews from critics and fans alike, and is widely considered the best robot combat video game ever released, better even than the officially licensed Robot Wars games. The graphics were decent for its time, while the physics were much more realistic than the ones seen in the Robot Wars games. As of 2025, the game retains a cult following online, most notably on GameTechMods, which hosts frequent tournaments.
GameSpy gave it 77 out of 100 writing "A pleasant surprise. Whether you're going head-to-head against formidable AI bots or human opponents, it has plenty to offer both newcomers and bot-bashing aficionados alike".

## Sequel

A sequel, Robot Arena III, was released on 26 May 2016 on Steam.
# Esprit Barthet

Esprit Barthet (6 October 1919 – 4 July 1999) was an artist born in Valletta, Malta on 6 October 1919. Son of Camillo and Guzeppina Grixti.
He started art studies in Valletta, at the Government School of Arts. He went to Rome where he attended the Regia Accademia di Belle Arti and later to England, at the Academy of Arts in Bath. In the early 1950s he started experimenting with cubism and the abstract. Much of his work can be admired in public places, Government Departments and in many private collections in Malta and abroad.
In 1944, he married Teresa Borg and had six children.
He died on 4 July 1999.
There is a street named after him: 'Triq Esprit Barthet' in Swieqi, Malta. Triq means street in Maltese.

## Training

* 1932 - School of Arts, Malta 1932 Under Robert and Edward Caruana Dingli
* 1938-1939 - Accademia d'Belle Arti, Rome Under Carlo Siviero
* 1947 - Academy of Arts in Bath Corsham, Wiltshire, England

## Style

Portraits; Romantic Tradition; cubism; abstract

## Awards

He was awarded the title of Knight of the Italian Republic by the Italian Government and also invested as a member of the Order of St. John.

## Paintings
### Portraits

* Prime Minister of Malta Dr. Francesco Buhagiar 1923-1924 (Oil on Canvas - 127x100cm)
* Prime Minister of Malta Dr. Enrico Mizzi 1950 (Oil on Canvas - 122x92cm)
* Prime Minister of Malta Dr. Gorg Borg Olivier 1950-1955 and 1962-1971 (Oil on Canvas - 122x91cm)
* Prime Minister of Malta Dr. Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici (Oil on Canvas - 80x95cm)
* President of Malta Dr. Vincent Tabone (Oil on Canvas - 118x75cm)
* Attorney General of Malta Dr. Anthony Borg Barthet (Oil on Canvas - 100x75cm)
* Governor-General of Malta Sir Maurice Dorman (Oil on Canvas - 184x122cm)

### Rooftops

Barthet is also known for his abstract rooftops.

## National School of Art

Parliament established the National School of Art in the 1920s. During the reconstruction period that followed the Second World War, the emergence of the "Modern Art Group", whose members included Josef Kalleya (1898–1998), George Preca (1909–1984), Anton Inglott (1915–1945), Emvin Cremona (1919–1986), Frank Portelli (1922-2004), Antoine Camilleri (1922-2005) and Esprit Barthet (1919–1999) greatly enhanced the local art scene.
# Collins Park, Miami Beach

The Collins Park Neighborhood in Miami Beach sits on the north eastern point of the South Beach Historic District. Its boundaries are 17th street to the south, 25th Street to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and Washington Avenue, Dade County Boulevard and Pinetree Drive to the west.
The neighborhood is widely recognized as the cultural center of Miami Beach, hosting such institutions as The Bass Museum of Art, The Miami City Ballet, The SoBe Music Institute, The Holocaust Memorial, the Miami Design and Preservation League and most recently has seen the creation of the CANDO Art's Co-op. Due to the neighborhoods parks and relative proximity to the Miami Beach Convention Center, Collins Park is also a natural flow over for Art Basel Miami events and satellite exhibitions such as Design Miami.
Even though the neighborhood is located within the heart of the city, development of Collins Park has lagged behind the South Beach area just south. Private efforts in the late 1990s to redevelop the neighborhood met with resistance from the City of Miami Beach as expansions were planned for the Bass Museum and the ballet. In the early 2000s another neighborhood revitalization effort was made by private developers – most notably Ken Fields (The Creek South Beach), Alessandro Ferretti (Articity), The W Condo-Hotel and The Gansevoort/Perry.
The neighborhood which has become a major thoroughfare for traffic coming in to the beach from the mainland was to have a parking garage designed by Zaha Hadid, however when the costs were almost double the allocated budget, the City voted against the project.
# HMS P47

HMS P47 was a Royal Navy U-class submarine built by Vickers-Armstrong. She was transferred to the Royal Netherlands Navy before completion and renamed HNLMS Dolfijn.

## Career
### September 1942 ― February 1943

Dolfijn spent the time between September 1942 and January 1943 carrying out trials with the 3rd Flotilla, in Holy Loch. In January she was assigned to the 8th Flotilla, at Algiers, and between November and December 1943, to the 10th Flotilla, at Malta. Whilst on her first war patrol she attacked a so far unidentified German submarine but missed her. On 9 February 1943, she torpedoed and sank the Italian Perla-class submarine Malachite near Cape Spartivento, Sardinia, Italy. She went on to sink the Italian merchant ship Egle, the Italian auxiliary patrol vessel V50 / Adalia, the Italian sailing vessel Stefano Galleano and four other sailing vessels, including the Greek Hydrea and Theonie, as well as two small German vessels.
She also damaged the Italian merchantmen Humanitas and Sabia, and launched unsuccessful attacks against the German merchant vessels Oria and Leda (the former Italian Leopardi). The attack on Leda was foiled by the escorting German destroyer TA14. Dolfijn also torpedoed the wreck of the French merchant ship Dalny and attacked a small convoy with gunfire, firing 16 rounds and hitting the barge Vidi twice. Dolfijn was forced to break off the action and submerge due to swift return fire.

### December 1943 ― May 1952

Between December 1943 and March 1944, Dolfijn was part of the 1st Flotilla, at Beirut. She eventually returned to the UK with convoys and was refitted at Dundee. After the war, she became a training boat for the technische opleiding (TOKM) in Amsterdam between 1947 and 1952. She was decommissioned and nominally returned to the Royal Navy but was broken up in the Netherlands in May 1952.
# Burnham, Lincolnshire

Burnham is a village in North Lincolnshire, England. It forms part of the civil parish of Thornton Curtis.
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