# Offa of Angel

Offa (nickname for Wulf) is a semi-legendary king of the Angles in the genealogy of the kings of Mercia presented in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. He is the son of Wermund and the father of Angeltheow. His name is also mentioned in the Old English poem Widsith. He has been identified with Uffo (also Uffe, Uffi of Jutland), a legendary Danish king in the Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus, and the Gesta Danorum på danskæ.

## History

The Old English poem Widsith (8th century) refers briefly to his victorious single combat, a story which is related at length by the 12th-century Danish historians Saxo and Sven Aggesen.
Offa is also mentioned in the Annales Ryenses, Vita Offae Primi and Vitae duorum Offarum.
According to Widsith and the Danish sources, Offa successfully conquered the Myrgings, possibly a clan of Saxon origin, and incorporated their land into Angle or Danish lands, by slaying two Myrging princes in single combat and installing himself as their king.
It is possible that the Offa mentioned in Beowulf (lines 1949 and 1957) and married to Modþryð, a lady of murderous disposition, is the same person.

## Legend

In the narrative of Saxo, Uffi is said to have been dumb or silent during his early years. His aged and blind father, King Wermund believed him to be a simpleton and in order to preserve his son's position as king had him marry the daughter of Freawine (a neighbouring warlord/king) so that Freawine would assist Uffi when he became king. However, the plans did not come to pass, as Freawine was killed by a Myrging warlord called Eadgils. Wermund subsequently raised Freawine's sons Ket and Wig as his own. The two would eventually cause great dishonour to the Angles when they ambushed Eadgils in a forest as he walked alone and slew him.
The surrounding peoples began to mock the Angles, accusing them of cowardice and dishonour. Eventually the neighbouring Saxons decided that Wermund was too weak to resist their requests for him to surrender his kingdom, and they sent their emissaries to Wermund's court. There they proceeded to mock the blind man, prompting Wermund to challenge their king to a duel — but the king stated that he would not fight a blind man. It was then that Uffi regained his speech, and revealed that his silence had been caused by the great dishonour involved in Eadgil's death. He promptly challenged the prince of the Saxons and one of his champions to a duel in order to regain the honour of the Angles.
Uffi's combat took place at Rendsburg on an island in the Eider River at Fifeldore/Monster-Gate, and Uffi succeeded in killing both his opponents.
A somewhat corrupt version of the same story is preserved in the 13th-century Vitae duorum Offarum, where, however, the scene is transferred to England.
The family tree of legendary Kings of the Danes, according to the Gesta Danorum (Books I to VII) :
| | | | | $^{(1)}$ Humble | $^{(1)}$ Humble | $^{(1)}$ Humble | $^{(1)}$ Humble | $^{(1)}$ Humble | $^{(1)}$ Humble | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | KEY | KEY | KEY | KEY | KEY | KEY | | | | | | |
| $^{(1)}$ Angul | $^{(1)}$ Angul | $^{(1)}$ Angul | $^{(1)}$ Angul | $^{(1)}$ Angul | $^{(1)}$ Angul | | | $^{(1)}$ Dan* | $^{(1)}$ Dan* | $^{(1)}$ Dan* | $^{(1)}$ Dan* | $^{(1)}$ Dan* | $^{(1)}$ Dan* | | | $^{(1)}$ Grytha | $^{(1)}$ Grytha | $^{(1)}$ Grytha | $^{(1)}$ Grytha | $^{(1)}$ Grytha | $^{(1)}$ Grytha | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Marriage or coupling | Marriage or coupling | Marriage or coupling | Marriage or coupling | Marriage or coupling | Marriage or coupling | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Parent and child | Parent and child | Parent and child | Parent and child | Parent and child | Parent and child | | | | |
| The Angles | The Angles | The Angles | The Angles | The Angles | The Angles | | | $^{(1)}$ Humble* | $^{(1)}$ Humble* | $^{(1)}$ Humble* | $^{(1)}$ Humble* | $^{(1)}$ Humble* | $^{(1)}$ Humble* | | | $^{(1)}$ Lother* | $^{(1)}$ Lother* | $^{(1)}$ Lother* | $^{(1)}$ Lother* | $^{(1)}$ Lother* | $^{(1)}$ Lother* | | | $^{(1)}$ King of the Saxons | $^{(1)}$ King of the Saxons | $^{(1)}$ King of the Saxons | $^{(1)}$ King of the Saxons | $^{(1)}$ King of the Saxons | $^{(1)}$ King of the Saxons | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Succession by other or unclear means | Succession by other or unclear means | Succession by other or unclear means | Succession by other or unclear means | Succession by other or unclear means | Succession by other or unclear means | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(1)}$ Roar | $^{(1)}$ Roar | $^{(1)}$ Roar | $^{(1)}$ Roar | $^{(1)}$ Roar | $^{(1)}$ Roar | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | $^{(1)}$ Sigtryg, King of the Swedes† | $^{(1)}$ Sigtryg, King of the Swedes† | $^{(1)}$ Sigtryg, King of the Swedes† | $^{(1)}$ Sigtryg, King of the Swedes† | $^{(1)}$ Sigtryg, King of the Swedes† | $^{(1)}$ Sigtryg, King of the Swedes† | | | $^{(1)}$ Skiold* | $^{(1)}$ Skiold* | $^{(1)}$ Skiold* | $^{(1)}$ Skiold* | $^{(1)}$ Skiold* | $^{(1)}$ Skiold* | | | $^{(1)}$ Alfhild | $^{(1)}$ Alfhild | $^{(1)}$ Alfhild | $^{(1)}$ Alfhild | $^{(1)}$ Alfhild | $^{(1)}$ Alfhild | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(1)}$ daughter of Roar | $^{(1)}$ daughter of Roar | $^{(1)}$ daughter of Roar | $^{(1)}$ daughter of Roar | $^{(1)}$ daughter of Roar | $^{(1)}$ daughter of Roar | | | $^{(1)}$ Bess | $^{(1)}$ Bess | $^{(1)}$ Bess | $^{(1)}$ Bess | $^{(1)}$ Bess | $^{(1)}$ Bess | | |
| $^{(1)}$ sister of Gram | $^{(1)}$ sister of Gram | $^{(1)}$ sister of Gram | $^{(1)}$ sister of Gram | $^{(1)}$ sister of Gram | $^{(1)}$ sister of Gram | | | $^{(1)}$ Gróa | $^{(1)}$ Gróa | $^{(1)}$ Gróa | $^{(1)}$ Gróa | $^{(1)}$ Gróa | $^{(1)}$ Gróa | | | | | | | $^{(1)}$ Gram*† | $^{(1)}$ Gram*† | $^{(1)}$ Gram*† | $^{(1)}$ Gram*† | $^{(1)}$ Gram*† | $^{(1)}$ Gram*† | | | | | $^{(1)}$ Sumble, King of the Finns | $^{(1)}$ Sumble, King of the Finns | $^{(1)}$ Sumble, King of the Finns | $^{(1)}$ Sumble, King of the Finns | $^{(1)}$ Sumble, King of the Finns | $^{(1)}$ Sumble, King of the Finns | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(1)}$ Wagnhofde | $^{(1)}$ Wagnhofde | $^{(1)}$ Wagnhofde | $^{(1)}$ Wagnhofde | $^{(1)}$ Wagnhofde | $^{(1)}$ Wagnhofde | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(1)}$ Wagnhofde | $^{(1)}$ Wagnhofde | $^{(1)}$ Wagnhofde | $^{(1)}$ Wagnhofde | $^{(1)}$ Wagnhofde | $^{(1)}$ Wagnhofde | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(1)}$ Signe | $^{(1)}$ Signe | $^{(1)}$ Signe | $^{(1)}$ Signe | $^{(1)}$ Signe | $^{(1)}$ Signe | | | $^{(1)}$ Henry, King of the Saxons | $^{(1)}$ Henry, King of the Saxons | $^{(1)}$ Henry, King of the Saxons | $^{(1)}$ Henry, King of the Saxons | $^{(1)}$ Henry, King of the Saxons | $^{(1)}$ Henry, King of the Saxons | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(1)}$ Hakon, King of the Nitherians | $^{(1)}$ Hakon, King of the Nitherians | $^{(1)}$ Hakon, King of the Nitherians | $^{(1)}$ Hakon, King of the Nitherians | $^{(1)}$ Hakon, King of the Nitherians | $^{(1)}$ Hakon, King of the Nitherians | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(1)}$ Hardgrep | $^{(1)}$ Hardgrep | $^{(1)}$ Hardgrep | $^{(1)}$ Hardgrep | $^{(1)}$ Hardgrep | $^{(1)}$ Hardgrep | | | | | | | | |
| | | $^{(1)}$ Swipdag*†, King of Norway | $^{(1)}$ Swipdag*†, King of Norway | $^{(1)}$ Swipdag*†, King of Norway | $^{(1)}$ Swipdag*†, King of Norway | $^{(1)}$ Swipdag*†, King of Norway | $^{(1)}$ Swipdag*†, King of Norway | | | $^{(1)}$ sister of Guthorm | $^{(1)}$ sister of Guthorm | $^{(1)}$ sister of Guthorm | $^{(1)}$ sister of Guthorm | $^{(1)}$ sister of Guthorm | $^{(1)}$ sister of Guthorm | | | $^{(1)}$ Guthorm* | $^{(1)}$ Guthorm* | $^{(1)}$ Guthorm* | $^{(1)}$ Guthorm* | $^{(1)}$ Guthorm* | $^{(1)}$ Guthorm* | | | $^{(1,2,5)}$ Hadding* | $^{(1,2,5)}$ Hadding* | $^{(1,2,5)}$ Hadding* | $^{(1,2,5)}$ Hadding* | $^{(1,2,5)}$ Hadding* | $^{(1,2,5)}$ Hadding* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(1)}$ Ragnhild | $^{(1)}$ Ragnhild | $^{(1)}$ Ragnhild | $^{(1)}$ Ragnhild | $^{(1)}$ Ragnhild | $^{(1)}$ Ragnhild | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(1)}$ Asmund† | $^{(1)}$ Asmund† | $^{(1)}$ Asmund† | $^{(1)}$ Asmund† | $^{(1)}$ Asmund† | $^{(1)}$ Asmund† | | | $^{(1)}$ Gunnhild | $^{(1)}$ Gunnhild | $^{(1)}$ Gunnhild | $^{(1)}$ Gunnhild | $^{(1)}$ Gunnhild | $^{(1)}$ Gunnhild | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(1)}$ Guthorm | $^{(1)}$ Guthorm | $^{(1)}$ Guthorm | $^{(1)}$ Guthorm | $^{(1)}$ Guthorm | $^{(1)}$ Guthorm | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(1,2)}$ Ulfhild | $^{(1,2)}$ Ulfhild | $^{(1,2)}$ Ulfhild | $^{(1,2)}$ Ulfhild | $^{(1,2)}$ Ulfhild | $^{(1,2)}$ Ulfhild | | | $^{(2)}$ Ubbe* | $^{(2)}$ Ubbe* | $^{(2)}$ Ubbe* | $^{(2)}$ Ubbe* | $^{(2)}$ Ubbe* | $^{(2)}$ Ubbe* | | |
| | | $^{(1)}$ Henry | $^{(1)}$ Henry | $^{(1)}$ Henry | $^{(1)}$ Henry | $^{(1)}$ Henry | $^{(1)}$ Henry | | | $^{(1)}$ Uffe† | $^{(1)}$ Uffe† | $^{(1)}$ Uffe† | $^{(1)}$ Uffe† | $^{(1)}$ Uffe† | $^{(1)}$ Uffe† | | | $^{(1,2)}$ Hunding† | $^{(1,2)}$ Hunding† | $^{(1,2)}$ Hunding† | $^{(1,2)}$ Hunding† | $^{(1,2)}$ Hunding† | $^{(1,2)}$ Hunding† | | | $^{(2)}$ Thorhild | $^{(2)}$ Thorhild | $^{(2)}$ Thorhild | $^{(2)}$ Thorhild | $^{(2)}$ Thorhild | $^{(2)}$ Thorhild | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(2)}$ Scot | $^{(2)}$ Scot | $^{(2)}$ Scot | $^{(2)}$ Scot | $^{(2)}$ Scot | $^{(2)}$ Scot | | |
| | | | | | | $^{(1)}$ daughter of Uffe | $^{(1)}$ daughter of Uffe | $^{(1)}$ daughter of Uffe | $^{(1)}$ daughter of Uffe | $^{(1)}$ daughter of Uffe | $^{(1)}$ daughter of Uffe | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(2)}$ Ragnar† | $^{(2)}$ Ragnar† | $^{(2)}$ Ragnar† | $^{(2)}$ Ragnar† | $^{(2)}$ Ragnar† | $^{(2)}$ Ragnar† | | | $^{(2)}$ Swanhwid | $^{(2)}$ Swanhwid | $^{(2)}$ Swanhwid | $^{(2)}$ Swanhwid | $^{(2)}$ Swanhwid | $^{(2)}$ Swanhwid | | | $^{(2)}$ sisters of Swanhwid | $^{(2)}$ sisters of Swanhwid | $^{(2)}$ sisters of Swanhwid | $^{(2)}$ sisters of Swanhwid | $^{(2)}$ sisters of Swanhwid | $^{(2)}$ sisters of Swanhwid | | | $^{(2)}$ Handwan | $^{(2)}$ Handwan | $^{(2)}$ Handwan | $^{(2)}$ Handwan | $^{(2)}$ Handwan | $^{(2)}$ Handwan |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(2)}$ Thorwald | $^{(2)}$ Thorwald | $^{(2)}$ Thorwald | $^{(2)}$ Thorwald | $^{(2)}$ Thorwald | $^{(2)}$ Thorwald | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(2)}$ Thorwald | $^{(2)}$ Thorwald | $^{(2)}$ Thorwald | $^{(2)}$ Thorwald | $^{(2)}$ Thorwald | $^{(2)}$ Thorwald | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(2,5)}$ Frode* | $^{(2,5)}$ Frode* | $^{(2,5)}$ Frode* | $^{(2,5)}$ Frode* | $^{(2,5)}$ Frode* | $^{(2,5)}$ Frode* | | | | | | | $^{(2)}$ daughter of Handwan | $^{(2)}$ daughter of Handwan | $^{(2)}$ daughter of Handwan | $^{(2)}$ daughter of Handwan | $^{(2)}$ daughter of Handwan | $^{(2)}$ daughter of Handwan |
| | | | | | | $^{(2,3)}$ Hothbrodd† | $^{(2,3)}$ Hothbrodd† | $^{(2,3)}$ Hothbrodd† | $^{(2,3)}$ Hothbrodd† | $^{(2,3)}$ Hothbrodd† | $^{(2,3)}$ Hothbrodd† | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(2)}$ Halfdan* | $^{(2)}$ Halfdan* | $^{(2)}$ Halfdan* | $^{(2)}$ Halfdan* | $^{(2)}$ Halfdan* | $^{(2)}$ Halfdan* | | | $^{(2)}$ Ro | $^{(2)}$ Ro | $^{(2)}$ Ro | $^{(2)}$ Ro | $^{(2)}$ Ro | $^{(2)}$ Ro | | | $^{(2)}$ Skat | $^{(2)}$ Skat | $^{(2)}$ Skat | $^{(2)}$ Skat | $^{(2)}$ Skat | $^{(2)}$ Skat |
| | | | | | | $^{(2,3)}$ Hothbrodd† | $^{(2,3)}$ Hothbrodd† | $^{(2,3)}$ Hothbrodd† | $^{(2,3)}$ Hothbrodd† | $^{(2,3)}$ Hothbrodd† | $^{(2,3)}$ Hothbrodd† | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(2)}$ Halfdan* | $^{(2)}$ Halfdan* | $^{(2)}$ Halfdan* | $^{(2)}$ Halfdan* | $^{(2)}$ Halfdan* | $^{(2)}$ Halfdan* | | | $^{(2)}$ Ro | $^{(2)}$ Ro | $^{(2)}$ Ro | $^{(2)}$ Ro | $^{(2)}$ Ro | $^{(2)}$ Ro | | | $^{(2)}$ Skat | $^{(2)}$ Skat | $^{(2)}$ Skat | $^{(2)}$ Skat | $^{(2)}$ Skat | $^{(2)}$ Skat | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(2)}$ Thora | $^{(2)}$ Thora | $^{(2)}$ Thora | $^{(2)}$ Thora | $^{(2)}$ Thora | $^{(2)}$ Thora | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(2,3)}$ Helge* | $^{(2,3)}$ Helge* | $^{(2,3)}$ Helge* | $^{(2,3)}$ Helge* | $^{(2,3)}$ Helge* | $^{(2,3)}$ Helge* | | | $^{(2)}$ Ro* | $^{(2)}$ Ro* | $^{(2)}$ Ro* | $^{(2)}$ Ro* | $^{(2)}$ Ro* | $^{(2)}$ Ro* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | $^{(2,3)}$ Athisl† | $^{(2,3)}$ Athisl† | $^{(2,3)}$ Athisl† | $^{(2,3)}$ Athisl† | $^{(2,3)}$ Athisl† | $^{(2,3)}$ Athisl† | | | $^{(2)}$ Urse | $^{(2)}$ Urse | $^{(2)}$ Urse | $^{(2)}$ Urse | $^{(2)}$ Urse | $^{(2)}$ Urse | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | $^{(2,3)}$ King Gewar | $^{(2,3)}$ King Gewar | $^{(2,3)}$ King Gewar | $^{(2,3)}$ King Gewar | $^{(2,3)}$ King Gewar | $^{(2,3)}$ King Gewar | | | $^{(2,3)}$ Rolf*† Krage | $^{(2,3)}$ Rolf*† Krage | $^{(2,3)}$ Rolf*† Krage | $^{(2,3)}$ Rolf*† Krage | $^{(2,3)}$ Rolf*† Krage | $^{(2,3)}$ Rolf*† Krage | | | $^{(2)}$ Rute | $^{(2)}$ Rute | $^{(2)}$ Rute | $^{(2)}$ Rute | $^{(2)}$ Rute | $^{(2)}$ Rute | | | $^{(2)}$ Bjarke | $^{(2)}$ Bjarke | $^{(2)}$ Bjarke | $^{(2)}$ Bjarke | $^{(2)}$ Bjarke | $^{(2)}$ Bjarke | | | $^{(2)}$ Skulde | $^{(2)}$ Skulde | $^{(2)}$ Skulde | $^{(2)}$ Skulde | $^{(2)}$ Skulde | $^{(2)}$ Skulde | | | $^{(2,3)}$ Hiartuar†* | $^{(2,3)}$ Hiartuar†* | $^{(2,3)}$ Hiartuar†* | $^{(2,3)}$ Hiartuar†* | $^{(2,3)}$ Hiartuar†* | $^{(2,3)}$ Hiartuar†* | | | | | | |
| | | $^{(2,3)}$ Hother†* | $^{(2,3)}$ Hother†* | $^{(2,3)}$ Hother†* | $^{(2,3)}$ Hother†* | $^{(2,3)}$ Hother†* | $^{(2,3)}$ Hother†* | | | $^{(3)}$ Nanna | $^{(3)}$ Nanna | $^{(3)}$ Nanna | $^{(3)}$ Nanna | $^{(3)}$ Nanna | $^{(3)}$ Nanna | | | $^{(3)}$ Herlek | $^{(3)}$ Herlek | $^{(3)}$ Herlek | $^{(3)}$ Herlek | $^{(3)}$ Herlek | $^{(3)}$ Herlek | | | $^{(3)}$ Gerit | $^{(3)}$ Gerit | $^{(3)}$ Gerit | $^{(3)}$ Gerit | $^{(3)}$ Gerit | $^{(3)}$ Gerit | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| $^{(3)}$ former King of Britain | $^{(3)}$ former King of Britain | $^{(3)}$ former King of Britain | $^{(3)}$ former King of Britain | $^{(3)}$ former King of Britain | $^{(3)}$ former King of Britain | | | $^{(3)}$ mother of the King of Britain | $^{(3)}$ mother of the King of Britain | $^{(3)}$ mother of the King of Britain | $^{(3)}$ mother of the King of Britain | $^{(3)}$ mother of the King of Britain | $^{(3)}$ mother of the King of Britain | | | $^{(3)}$ a slave | $^{(3)}$ a slave | $^{(3)}$ a slave | $^{(3)}$ a slave | $^{(3)}$ a slave | $^{(3)}$ a slave | | | $^{(3)}$ a bondmaid | $^{(3)}$ a bondmaid | $^{(3)}$ a bondmaid | $^{(3)}$ a bondmaid | $^{(3)}$ a bondmaid | $^{(3)}$ a bondmaid | | | $^{(3)}$ Rorik* | $^{(3)}$ Rorik* | $^{(3)}$ Rorik* | $^{(3)}$ Rorik* | $^{(3)}$ Rorik* | $^{(3)}$ Rorik* | | | | | | | $^{(3)}$ Gerwendil | $^{(3)}$ Gerwendil | $^{(3)}$ Gerwendil | $^{(3)}$ Gerwendil | $^{(3)}$ Gerwendil | $^{(3)}$ Gerwendil | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(3,4)}$ King of Britain | $^{(3,4)}$ King of Britain | $^{(3,4)}$ King of Britain | $^{(3,4)}$ King of Britain | $^{(3,4)}$ King of Britain | $^{(3,4)}$ King of Britain | | | | | | | $^{(3,4)}$ Queen of Britain | $^{(3,4)}$ Queen of Britain | $^{(3,4)}$ Queen of Britain | $^{(3,4)}$ Queen of Britain | $^{(3,4)}$ Queen of Britain | $^{(3,4)}$ Queen of Britain | | | $^{(3,4)}$ Gerutha | $^{(3,4)}$ Gerutha | $^{(3,4)}$ Gerutha | $^{(3,4)}$ Gerutha | $^{(3,4)}$ Gerutha | $^{(3,4)}$ Gerutha | | | $^{(3,4)}$ Horwendil | $^{(3,4)}$ Horwendil | $^{(3,4)}$ Horwendil | $^{(3,4)}$ Horwendil | $^{(3,4)}$ Horwendil | $^{(3,4)}$ Horwendil | | | $^{(3,4)}$ Feng | $^{(3,4)}$ Feng | $^{(3,4)}$ Feng | $^{(3,4)}$ Feng | $^{(3,4)}$ Feng | $^{(3,4)}$ Feng | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | $^{(3,4)}$ foster sister of Amleth | $^{(3,4)}$ foster sister of Amleth | $^{(3,4)}$ foster sister of Amleth | $^{(3,4)}$ foster sister of Amleth | $^{(3,4)}$ foster sister of Amleth | $^{(3,4)}$ foster sister of Amleth | | | $^{(3,4)}$ daughter of the King of Britain | $^{(3,4)}$ daughter of the King of Britain | $^{(3,4)}$ daughter of the King of Britain | $^{(3,4)}$ daughter of the King of Britain | $^{(3,4)}$ daughter of the King of Britain | $^{(3,4)}$ daughter of the King of Britain | | | $^{(3,4)}$ Amleth | $^{(3,4)}$ Amleth | $^{(3,4)}$ Amleth | $^{(3,4)}$ Amleth | $^{(3,4)}$ Amleth | $^{(3,4)}$ Amleth | | | $^{(4)}$ Hermutrude, Queen of Scotland | $^{(4)}$ Hermutrude, Queen of Scotland | $^{(4)}$ Hermutrude, Queen of Scotland | $^{(4)}$ Hermutrude, Queen of Scotland | $^{(4)}$ Hermutrude, Queen of Scotland | $^{(4)}$ Hermutrude, Queen of Scotland | | | $^{(4)}$ Wiglek* | $^{(4)}$ Wiglek* | $^{(4)}$ Wiglek* | $^{(4)}$ Wiglek* | $^{(4)}$ Wiglek* | $^{(4)}$ Wiglek* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(4)}$ son of Amleth | $^{(4)}$ son of Amleth | $^{(4)}$ son of Amleth | $^{(4)}$ son of Amleth | $^{(4)}$ son of Amleth | $^{(4)}$ son of Amleth | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(4)}$ Wermund* | $^{(4)}$ Wermund* | $^{(4)}$ Wermund* | $^{(4)}$ Wermund* | $^{(4)}$ Wermund* | $^{(4)}$ Wermund* | | | | | | | $^{(4)}$ Frowin, governor of Sleswik | $^{(4)}$ Frowin, governor of Sleswik | $^{(4)}$ Frowin, governor of Sleswik | $^{(4)}$ Frowin, governor of Sleswik | $^{(4)}$ Frowin, governor of Sleswik | $^{(4)}$ Frowin, governor of Sleswik |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(4)}$ Uffe*, aka Olaf the Gentle | $^{(4)}$ Uffe*, aka Olaf the Gentle | $^{(4)}$ Uffe*, aka Olaf the Gentle | $^{(4)}$ Uffe*, aka Olaf the Gentle | $^{(4)}$ Uffe*, aka Olaf the Gentle | $^{(4)}$ Uffe*, aka Olaf the Gentle | | | $^{(4)}$ daughter of Frowin | $^{(4)}$ daughter of Frowin | $^{(4)}$ daughter of Frowin | $^{(4)}$ daughter of Frowin | $^{(4)}$ daughter of Frowin | $^{(4)}$ daughter of Frowin | | | $^{(4)}$ Ket | $^{(4)}$ Ket | $^{(4)}$ Ket | $^{(4)}$ Ket | $^{(4)}$ Ket | $^{(4)}$ Ket | | | $^{(4)}$ Wig | $^{(4)}$ Wig | $^{(4)}$ Wig | $^{(4)}$ Wig | $^{(4)}$ Wig | $^{(4)}$ Wig | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(4)}$ Dan* | $^{(4)}$ Dan* | $^{(4)}$ Dan* | $^{(4)}$ Dan* | $^{(4)}$ Dan* | $^{(4)}$ Dan* | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(4)}$ Hugleik* | $^{(4)}$ Hugleik* | $^{(4)}$ Hugleik* | $^{(4)}$ Hugleik* | $^{(4)}$ Hugleik* | $^{(4)}$ Hugleik* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(4)}$ Frode* the Vigorous | $^{(4)}$ Frode* the Vigorous | $^{(4)}$ Frode* the Vigorous | $^{(4)}$ Frode* the Vigorous | $^{(4)}$ Frode* the Vigorous | $^{(4)}$ Frode* the Vigorous | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(4)}$ Dan* | $^{(4)}$ Dan* | $^{(4)}$ Dan* | $^{(4)}$ Dan* | $^{(4)}$ Dan* | $^{(4)}$ Dan* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| $^{(5)}$ Kraka | $^{(5)}$ Kraka | $^{(5)}$ Kraka | $^{(5)}$ Kraka | $^{(5)}$ Kraka | $^{(5)}$ Kraka | | | $^{(5)}$ Ragnar | $^{(5)}$ Ragnar | $^{(5)}$ Ragnar | $^{(5)}$ Ragnar | $^{(5)}$ Ragnar | $^{(5)}$ Ragnar | | | $^{(5)}$ Brak | $^{(5)}$ Brak | $^{(5)}$ Brak | $^{(5)}$ Brak | $^{(5)}$ Brak | $^{(5)}$ Brak | | | $^{(4,5)}$ Fridleif* the Swift | $^{(4,5)}$ Fridleif* the Swift | $^{(4,5)}$ Fridleif* the Swift | $^{(4,5)}$ Fridleif* the Swift | $^{(4,5)}$ Fridleif* the Swift | $^{(4,5)}$ Fridleif* the Swift | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(5)}$ Hun, King of the Huns | $^{(5)}$ Hun, King of the Huns | $^{(5)}$ Hun, King of the Huns | $^{(5)}$ Hun, King of the Huns | $^{(5)}$ Hun, King of the Huns | $^{(5)}$ Hun, King of the Huns | | | $^{(5)}$ Hun | $^{(5)}$ Hun | $^{(5)}$ Hun | $^{(5)}$ Hun | $^{(5)}$ Hun | $^{(5)}$ Hun | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(5)}$ Gotar, King of Norway | $^{(5)}$ Gotar, King of Norway | $^{(5)}$ Gotar, King of Norway | $^{(5)}$ Gotar, King of Norway | $^{(5)}$ Gotar, King of Norway | $^{(5)}$ Gotar, King of Norway | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(5)}$ Westmar | $^{(5)}$ Westmar | $^{(5)}$ Westmar | $^{(5)}$ Westmar | $^{(5)}$ Westmar | $^{(5)}$ Westmar | | | $^{(5)}$ Koll | $^{(5)}$ Koll | $^{(5)}$ Koll | $^{(5)}$ Koll | $^{(5)}$ Koll | $^{(5)}$ Koll | | | $^{(5)}$ Gotwar | $^{(5)}$ Gotwar | $^{(5)}$ Gotwar | $^{(5)}$ Gotwar | $^{(5)}$ Gotwar | $^{(5)}$ Gotwar | | |
| $^{(5)}$ Roller | $^{(5)}$ Roller | $^{(5)}$ Roller | $^{(5)}$ Roller | $^{(5)}$ Roller | $^{(5)}$ Roller | | | $^{(5,6)}$ Erik† Shrewd-spoken | $^{(5,6)}$ Erik† Shrewd-spoken | $^{(5,6)}$ Erik† Shrewd-spoken | $^{(5,6)}$ Erik† Shrewd-spoken | $^{(5,6)}$ Erik† Shrewd-spoken | $^{(5,6)}$ Erik† Shrewd-spoken | | | $^{(5)}$ Gunwar the Fair | $^{(5)}$ Gunwar the Fair | $^{(5)}$ Gunwar the Fair | $^{(5)}$ Gunwar the Fair | $^{(5)}$ Gunwar the Fair | $^{(5)}$ Gunwar the Fair | | | $^{(5)}$ Alfhild | $^{(5)}$ Alfhild | $^{(5)}$ Alfhild | $^{(5)}$ Alfhild | $^{(5)}$ Alfhild | $^{(5)}$ Alfhild | | | $^{(5,6)}$ Frode* | $^{(5,6)}$ Frode* | $^{(5,6)}$ Frode* | $^{(5,6)}$ Frode* | $^{(5,6)}$ Frode* | $^{(5,6)}$ Frode* | | | $^{(5)}$ Hanund | $^{(5)}$ Hanund | $^{(5)}$ Hanund | $^{(5)}$ Hanund | $^{(5)}$ Hanund | $^{(5)}$ Hanund | | | $^{(5)}$ Grep (eldest of three) | $^{(5)}$ Grep (eldest of three) | $^{(5)}$ Grep (eldest of three) | $^{(5)}$ Grep (eldest of three) | $^{(5)}$ Grep (eldest of three) | $^{(5)}$ Grep (eldest of three) | | | | | | | $^{(5)}$ 11 other sons (two named Grep) | $^{(5)}$ 11 other sons (two named Grep) | $^{(5)}$ 11 other sons (two named Grep) | $^{(5)}$ 11 other sons (two named Grep) | $^{(5)}$ 11 other sons (two named Grep) | $^{(5)}$ 11 other sons (two named Grep) | | | | |
| | | | | $^{(6)}$ Hythin, King of Tellemark | $^{(6)}$ Hythin, King of Tellemark | $^{(6)}$ Hythin, King of Tellemark | $^{(6)}$ Hythin, King of Tellemark | $^{(6)}$ Hythin, King of Tellemark | $^{(6)}$ Hythin, King of Tellemark | | | | | | | $^{(5)}$ Alf | $^{(5)}$ Alf | $^{(5)}$ Alf | $^{(5)}$ Alf | $^{(5)}$ Alf | $^{(5)}$ Alf | | | $^{(5)}$ Eyfura | $^{(5)}$ Eyfura | $^{(5)}$ Eyfura | $^{(5)}$ Eyfura | $^{(5)}$ Eyfura | $^{(5)}$ Eyfura | | | $^{(5)}$ Arngrim | $^{(5)}$ Arngrim | $^{(5)}$ Arngrim | $^{(5)}$ Arngrim | $^{(5)}$ Arngrim | $^{(5)}$ Arngrim | | | $^{(6)}$ Grubb | $^{(6)}$ Grubb | $^{(6)}$ Grubb | $^{(6)}$ Grubb | $^{(6)}$ Grubb | $^{(6)}$ Grubb | | | | | | | $^{(6)}$ Hiarn* | $^{(6)}$ Hiarn* | $^{(6)}$ Hiarn* | $^{(6)}$ Hiarn* | $^{(6)}$ Hiarn* | $^{(6)}$ Hiarn* | | | $^{(6)}$ Amund, King of Norway | $^{(6)}$ Amund, King of Norway | $^{(6)}$ Amund, King of Norway | $^{(6)}$ Amund, King of Norway | $^{(6)}$ Amund, King of Norway | $^{(6)}$ Amund, King of Norway | | |
| | | | | $^{(6)}$ child of Hythin | $^{(6)}$ child of Hythin | $^{(6)}$ child of Hythin | $^{(6)}$ child of Hythin | $^{(6)}$ child of Hythin | $^{(6)}$ child of Hythin | | | $^{(6)}$ Halfdan† | $^{(6)}$ Halfdan† | $^{(6)}$ Halfdan† | $^{(6)}$ Halfdan† | $^{(6)}$ Halfdan† | $^{(6)}$ Halfdan† | | | | | | | $^{(5)}$ 12 sons, including Anganty | $^{(5)}$ 12 sons, including Anganty | $^{(5)}$ 12 sons, including Anganty | $^{(5)}$ 12 sons, including Anganty | $^{(5)}$ 12 sons, including Anganty | $^{(5)}$ 12 sons, including Anganty | | | $^{(6)}$ Ane | $^{(6)}$ Ane | $^{(6)}$ Ane | $^{(6)}$ Ane | $^{(6)}$ Ane | $^{(6)}$ Ane | | | $^{(6)}$ Juritha | $^{(6)}$ Juritha | $^{(6)}$ Juritha | $^{(6)}$ Juritha | $^{(6)}$ Juritha | $^{(6)}$ Juritha | | | $^{(6)}$ Fridleif* | $^{(6)}$ Fridleif* | $^{(6)}$ Fridleif* | $^{(6)}$ Fridleif* | $^{(6)}$ Fridleif* | $^{(6)}$ Fridleif* | | | $^{(6)}$ Frogertha | $^{(6)}$ Frogertha | $^{(6)}$ Frogertha | $^{(6)}$ Frogertha | $^{(6)}$ Frogertha | $^{(6)}$ Frogertha | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(6)}$ Hanef, King of Saxony | $^{(6)}$ Hanef, King of Saxony | $^{(6)}$ Hanef, King of Saxony | $^{(6)}$ Hanef, King of Saxony | $^{(6)}$ Hanef, King of Saxony | $^{(6)}$ Hanef, King of Saxony | | | $^{(6)}$ Swerting, King of Saxony | $^{(6)}$ Swerting, King of Saxony | $^{(6)}$ Swerting, King of Saxony | $^{(6)}$ Swerting, King of Saxony | $^{(6)}$ Swerting, King of Saxony | $^{(6)}$ Swerting, King of Saxony | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(6)}$ Olaf | $^{(6)}$ Olaf | $^{(6)}$ Olaf | $^{(6)}$ Olaf | $^{(6)}$ Olaf | $^{(6)}$ Olaf | | | $^{(6)}$ Frode* | $^{(6)}$ Frode* | $^{(6)}$ Frode* | $^{(6)}$ Frode* | $^{(6)}$ Frode* | $^{(6)}$ Frode* | | |
| | | | | | | | | $^{(6,7)}$ Siward† | $^{(6,7)}$ Siward† | $^{(6,7)}$ Siward† | $^{(6,7)}$ Siward† | $^{(6,7)}$ Siward† | $^{(6,7)}$ Siward† | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(6)}$ sons of Swerting | $^{(6)}$ sons of Swerting | $^{(6)}$ sons of Swerting | $^{(6)}$ sons of Swerting | $^{(6)}$ sons of Swerting | $^{(6)}$ sons of Swerting | | | $^{(6)}$ sister of the sons of Swerting | $^{(6)}$ sister of the sons of Swerting | $^{(6)}$ sister of the sons of Swerting | $^{(6)}$ sister of the sons of Swerting | $^{(6)}$ sister of the sons of Swerting | $^{(6)}$ sister of the sons of Swerting | | | $^{(6,7)}$ Ingild* | $^{(6,7)}$ Ingild* | $^{(6,7)}$ Ingild* | $^{(6,7)}$ Ingild* | $^{(6,7)}$ Ingild* | $^{(6,7)}$ Ingild* | | | $^{(6)}$ Helga | $^{(6)}$ Helga | $^{(6)}$ Helga | $^{(6)}$ Helga | $^{(6)}$ Helga | $^{(6)}$ Helga | | | $^{(6)}$ Helge | $^{(6)}$ Helge | $^{(6)}$ Helge | $^{(6)}$ Helge | $^{(6)}$ Helge | $^{(6)}$ Helge | | | $^{(6)}$ Asa | $^{(6)}$ Asa | $^{(6)}$ Asa | $^{(6)}$ Asa | $^{(6)}$ Asa | $^{(6)}$ Asa | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(6,7)}$ Frode | $^{(6,7)}$ Frode | $^{(6,7)}$ Frode | $^{(6,7)}$ Frode | $^{(6,7)}$ Frode | $^{(6,7)}$ Frode | | | $^{(6,7)}$ Fridleif | $^{(6,7)}$ Fridleif | $^{(6,7)}$ Fridleif | $^{(6,7)}$ Fridleif | $^{(6,7)}$ Fridleif | $^{(6,7)}$ Fridleif | | | $^{(6,7)}$ Ingild | $^{(6,7)}$ Ingild | $^{(6,7)}$ Ingild | $^{(6,7)}$ Ingild | $^{(6,7)}$ Ingild | $^{(6,7)}$ Ingild | | | $^{(6,7)}$ Olaf* | $^{(6,7)}$ Olaf* | $^{(6,7)}$ Olaf* | $^{(6,7)}$ Olaf* | $^{(6,7)}$ Olaf* | $^{(6,7)}$ Olaf* | | | $^{(7)}$ Karl, governor of Gothland | $^{(7)}$ Karl, governor of Gothland | $^{(7)}$ Karl, governor of Gothland | $^{(7)}$ Karl, governor of Gothland | $^{(7)}$ Karl, governor of Gothland | $^{(7)}$ Karl, governor of Gothland |
| | | | | | | | | $^{(7)}$ Ulfhild | $^{(7)}$ Ulfhild | $^{(7)}$ Ulfhild | $^{(7)}$ Ulfhild | $^{(7)}$ Ulfhild | $^{(7)}$ Ulfhild | | | $^{(7)}$ Frode* | $^{(7)}$ Frode* | $^{(7)}$ Frode* | $^{(7)}$ Frode* | $^{(7)}$ Frode* | $^{(7)}$ Frode* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(7)}$ Hather, a chief | $^{(7)}$ Hather, a chief | $^{(7)}$ Hather, a chief | $^{(7)}$ Hather, a chief | $^{(7)}$ Hather, a chief | $^{(7)}$ Hather, a chief | | | $^{(7)}$ Harald* | $^{(7)}$ Harald* | $^{(7)}$ Harald* | $^{(7)}$ Harald* | $^{(7)}$ Harald* | $^{(7)}$ Harald* | | | $^{(7)}$ Signe | $^{(7)}$ Signe | $^{(7)}$ Signe | $^{(7)}$ Signe | $^{(7)}$ Signe | $^{(7)}$ Signe | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(7)}$ Erik† | $^{(7)}$ Erik† | $^{(7)}$ Erik† | $^{(7)}$ Erik† | $^{(7)}$ Erik† | $^{(7)}$ Erik† | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(7)}$ Thorhild | $^{(7)}$ Thorhild | $^{(7)}$ Thorhild | $^{(7)}$ Thorhild | $^{(7)}$ Thorhild | $^{(7)}$ Thorhild | | | $^{(7)}$ Halfdan*† Biargramm | $^{(7)}$ Halfdan*† Biargramm | $^{(7)}$ Halfdan*† Biargramm | $^{(7)}$ Halfdan*† Biargramm | $^{(7)}$ Halfdan*† Biargramm | $^{(7)}$ Halfdan*† Biargramm | | | $^{(7)}$ Harald | $^{(7)}$ Harald | $^{(7)}$ Harald | $^{(7)}$ Harald | $^{(7)}$ Harald | $^{(7)}$ Harald | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | $^{(7)}$ Asmund | $^{(7)}$ Asmund | $^{(7)}$ Asmund | $^{(7)}$ Asmund | $^{(7)}$ Asmund | $^{(7)}$ Asmund | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Kings of Norway | Kings of Norway | Kings of Norway | Kings of Norway | Kings of Norway | Kings of Norway | | | | | | |