# 1867 San Narciso hurricane

The San Narciso Hurricane was a extremely deadly and record breaking Atlantic hurricane that caused devastation to the British Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. After forming abnormally late for a Lesser Antilles hurricane, it went to be the costliest and deadliest storm of the 1867 Atlantic hurricane season. It's also the only hurricane on the official database to strike Puerto Rico after September, doing so over a month later then its runner-up. It's also the only known hurricane to strike the territory from the northwest.
The storm is infamous for striking just 20 days prior to the devastating 1867 Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami in the same region.
In a 2014 analysis, climate historian Michael Chenoweth suggested that the storm reached Category 4 intensity. In total, it caused at least 811 deaths in Saint Thomas (Danish West Indies) and Captaincy General of Puerto Rico and around $1 million (1867 USD) in damage.

## Meteorological history

On October 27, the storm developed northeast of the Lesser Antilles usually late into the season, in which the mail steamer Principe Alfonso skillfully avoided the storm. This tropical storm continued westward before intensifying to a hurricane the next day. It then reached category 3 status on October 29, before striking Sombrero, Anguilla near or at peak intensity. After 8 am local, a barometric pressure of 28.65 inches of mercury (97.0 kPa) accompanied by a half-hour calm occurred. The wind then shifted to a violent easterly until 11 am and then diminished through 1 pm. The hurricane reached its peak intensity of 125 miles per hour (201 km/h) at 1200 UTC near the island.
From 1:30 pm to 2:00 pm local, the eye passed over Sankt Thomas, Danish West Indies.
The hurricane made landfall on Puerto Rico late during October 29; less than 3 days from November. Despite its small size, it ranks among the most intense hurricanes recorded on the island. It passed near the city of Fajardo between 5 pm and 6 pm local, and later passed near Caguas. People sensed tremors in the towns of Humacao, Luquillo, and Peñuelas. The storm affected every towns on the island of Puerto Rico. It then struck the island of Hispaniola as a hurricane, to then dissipated over the high mountains on the 30th.

## Impact

At least 811 deaths occurred in total as a result of the hurricane, 600 on Saint Thomas (Danish West Indies - now Saint Thomas, the United States Virgin Islands) and 211 on Puerto Rico. On Saint Barthélemy, the cyclone destroyed crops and 55 homes while severely damaging 60 others.
On Tortola (British Virgin Islands), the storm reached its peak fury from noon to 2 pm and blew down one-third of the "miserable tenements." Deaths numbered 22 at Road Town, 2 on Peter Island, and 2 on Westland (now Soper's Hole).
On Saint Thomas, the hurricane drove ashore or otherwise wrecked 80 ships including the RMS Rhone where a barometric pressure reading of 965 mbar (28.5 inHg) & winds of 74 miles per hour (119 km/h) occurred. Roughly 600 people drowned.
All but one of the Puerto Rico's 67 towns were affected. A study led by Emery R. Boose, published by Ecological Monographs in 2004 indicated the hurricane produced damage equivalent to an F1 tornado on the Fujita scale in the eastern and central parts of the island. At San Juan, the storm wrecked the vessels Carmen, Josefina, and Rita and damaged many other ships, such as the Apolo, Fe, Joaquin, and Mary.$^{:43}$ Some towns experienced the destruction of or severe damage to every building and home, including at Aguas Buenas, Fajardo, and Humacao, while a correspondent to the New York Daily News described Maunabo as "a heap of ruins and the crops are all destroyed." New reports estimated that throughout the island, "one thousand houses have been laid in ruin and three thousand have been severely damaged.", sometimes including all dwellings on an entire street, "leaving the roadway hidden by the ruins." More than 3,600 families became destitute. The hurricane ruined agriculture of the island, with reportedly a loss of all coffee and sugar crops, causing a great economic crisis. Overall, 211 deaths and about 13 million Spanish escudos in damage occurred on Puerto Rico. The hurricane and various other factors contributed to the discontent on the island that erupted into the Grito de Lares of 1868.
It almost destroyed the city of Santo Domingo de Guzmán, Dominican Republic, where 200 persons died on that day.$^{:44}$ Winds and heavy rains removed thatch roofs of dwellings on some streets, leaving thousands of people homeless. Many trees also fell, blocking roads to the interior of the country. The government of the Dominican Republic allocated $25,000 for people impacted by the storm, but a New York Evening Post correspondent described this amount of monetarily aid as "but a drop, and government and people are now poor alike."

## Name

The hurricane was given the name of the date it struck Puerto Rico, which occurred on October 29 - the memorial day of Saint Narcissus of Jerusalem. This was a common practice prior to the introduction of standardized hurricane names in 1950. Other examples are the 1825 Santa Ana hurricane that made landfall on the Roman Catholic day of honor to Saint Anne, & the much similar 1932 San Ciprián hurricane that occurred on the feast day of Saint Cyprian.