OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Racism in Hispanic and Latino American communities

Racism in Hispanic and Latino American communities often manifests as anti-Black and anti-Indigenous racism. White and lighter-skinned Hispanics and Latinos may harbor racist views towards Afro-Latinos and the Indigenous peoples of the Americas. Colorism in Hispanic and Latino communities may manifest as prejudice or discrimination against darker-skinned people by lighter-skinned Hispanics and Latinos. Native-born Hispanics and Latinos may exhibit xenophobic bias against immigrants from Latin America. Some Hispanic/Latino Americans have joined far-right political movements known for racism, xenophobia, and antisemitism.

## About

According to Pew Research Center data, over one-quarter of Hispanics/Latinos in the United States report that they have experienced prejudice or discrimination for having darker skin within the Hispanic/Latino community. Among foreign-born Hispanics/Latinos, 32% have experience discrimination from other Hispanics/Latinos and among darker-skinned Hispanics/Latinos over 40% reported discrimination from within the community.
The journalist Rachel Uranga has written that racism among Mexicans and Central American Latinos against people who are Black, Indigenous, and/or dark-skinned is "not ubiquitous" but "still runs deep in the community and is rooted in the colonial eras of Mexico and Central America."

### Anti-Black racism

The legal scholar Tanya Katerí Hernández has written that anti-Black racism has a lengthy and often violent history within the Hispanic/Latino community. According to Hernández, anti-Black racism is not an individual problem but rather a "systemic problem within Latinidad" and that myths exist within the community that "mestizaje" exempts Hispanics/Latinos from racism.
The 2012 killing of Trayvon Martin by George Zimmerman, an American of Peruvian descent, sparked widespread discussions about anti-Black racism in Hispanic/Latino communities.
Many Latinos, particularly Afro-Latinos, participated in the George Floyd protests of 2020.

### Anti-Indigenous racism

Hispanic/Latino racism against the Indigenous peoples of the Americas is rooted in the legacies of Spanish and Portuguese colonialism in Latin America.

### Far-right politics

Some Hispanic/Latino Americans have joined far-right movements, including white supremacist and Christian nationalist movements characterized by racism, xenophobia, and antisemitism. The journalist Paola Ramos, author of Defectors: The Rise of the Latino Far Right and What It Means for America, has written that racism and anti-communism among Hispanic/Latino Americans has led to the rise of Latino support for Trumpism. According to Ramos, Cuban Americans and Venezuelan Americans in particular join far-right racist movements in part due to "political trauma" from living under authoritarian governments.
# Laurits S. Swenson

Laurits Selmer Swenson (aka Selmer) (June 12, 1865–November 4, 1947) was an American diplomat who served as Ambassador (called Minister at the time) to Norway, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Denmark.

## Background

Laurits Selmer Swenson was born in New Sweden, Minnesota to Norwegian immigrant parents. His father, Swen Swenson (1836–1905) was a Minnesota State Representative. He graduated from Iowa's Luther College with bachelor's (1886) and master's (1889) degrees and became Principal of Lutheran Academy in Albert Lea, where he worked from 1888 to 1897. From 1895 to 1897 Swenson served on the University of Minnesota Board of Regents. Swenson also pursued a business career, serving as vice president of Union State Bank and president of the Wiprud Land & Colonization Company, an effort to attract European immigrants to settle in Minnesota.

## Diplomatic career

In 1897 Swenson started a diplomatic career when he was appointed Minister to Denmark. He served in Copenhagen until 1905. In this post Swenson negotiated the terms for the sale of the Danish West Indies (now the U.S. Virgin Islands).
In 1909 he was appointed Minister to Switzerland, where he served until 1911.
Swenson served as Minister to Norway from 1911 to 1913. In 1921 Swenson was again appointed Minister to Norway, and he held this position until 1930. Swenson was a popular diplomat, particularly in Norway, maybe due to his Norwegian ancestry. In 1929 Time Magazine wrote: "Europeans have always marveled that the diplomatic and consular representatives of the U. S. are so often of the same strain as the people to whom they are accredited".
In 1925 Swenson received the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo, on behalf of the US vice president Charles Gates Dawes. The prize was shared with the British secretary of state Austen Chamberlain.
In 1931 Swenson was named Ambassador to the Netherlands, where he served until 1934. He then retired and moved back to Norway where his only daughter lived.
Swenson died in Oslo on November 4, 1947.
# Greg Eckhardt

Gregory Eckhardt (born January 7, 1989, in Orange Park, Florida) is an American soccer player.

## Career

Eckhardt began his career with Clay County SC and joined for his Studium in 2006 to the Clemson University. He was a three-year starter for the Clemson Tigers soccer team. On February 11, 2011, he left Clemson University and signed with the Finnish Veikkausliiga club Vaasan Palloseura. On February 1, 2011, he left Finland.

## Post Soccer Career

Greg works as the director of operations at Unum Insurance. He is also pursuing his executive MBA at the prestigious Fuqua school of business, Duke University.
Greg is married and resides in Chattanooga, TN.

## International career

He is a former member of the United States men's national under-20 soccer team.
# Silver Lake (Kingsbury County, South Dakota)

Silver Lake is a reclaimed lake located immediately east of De Smet, on the north side of U.S. Highway 14. Big Slough is a marsh connected to the southwest end of Silver Lake.
44°22′54″N 97°31′18.1″W﻿ / ﻿44.38167°N 97.521694°W﻿ / 44.38167; -97.521694

## History

Silver Lake and Big Slough were written about extensively by Laura Ingalls Wilder in her novel By the Shores of Silver Lake. Caroline Ingalls named the lake for the silvery appearance of its surface. The Ingalls home (currently, a museum) and Surveyor's House are very close to it. The lake is a "prairie pothole," a depression in which rain and snow-melt collect without any outlet that regulates its level. A drainage ditch to nearby Lake Henry was built in the 1920s with the support of local land owners to prevent the lake from fluctuating and flooding the surrounding land. The dry lakebed was used as a rubbish dump, although a portion of the lake has since filled again with water.
A concrete walking path to the area of the lake was built in 2008 to allow visitors to DeSmet to experience it. As of 2023, an observation tower near Silver Lake is being constructed with the aid of the National Park Service and various local agencies to allow tourists to better observe the landscape described in Wilder's books. As of 2022, planning was underway for the construction of additional hiking trails and boardwalks in Big Slough.
# NASCAR Challenge

NASCAR Challenge is a 1999 video game for the Game Boy Color, developed by Morning Star Multimedia and published by Hasbro Interactive. The game is a NASCAR-licensed racing video game featuring three tracks from the NASCAR circuit. Upon release, the game received negative reviews, with publications criticizing the game's limited tracks, features, and poor attention to detail.

## Gameplay

NASCAR Challenge is an arcade racing game with two modes. In 'Practice Mode', players can select one of three tracks, the Topeka Raceway, Sonoma Raceway, and Seneca Raceway, and choose to race one to six laps in automatic and manual transmission. In 'Race Mode', players complete a qualifying run and complete races against nine opponents, with a display depicting a speedometer, clock, lap counter, race position, gear and tire gauge. Players are required to complete a pit stop to replace their tyres to avoid reduced speed and handling. The game's cartridge features a built-in Rumble Pak that vibrates when the player crashes. Players can also use a local Game Link Cable to complete races with another player.

## Development

Hasbro Interactive announced the release of a licensed NASCAR game for the Game Boy Color in August 1999, with six tracks planned for the game, eventually limited to three upon release. The game has been observed to feature code from the 1992 Game Boy racing title Ferrari Grand Prix Challenge, suggesting the game was modified from the title.

## Reception

Review scores :
| Publication | Score |
| AllGame | |
| GameSpot | 5/10 |
| IGN | 2/10 |
| Game Boy Xtreme | 38% |
NASCAR Challenge received a negative reception from reviewers upon release. Writing for GameSpot, Doug Trueman described the game as "dull" and "monotonous", finding the number of laps "much too long for a racer since there is little to do", and remarking that the "track is just too narrow" and the handling experiences "extreme deceleration when moving at anything less than top speed." Craig Harris of IGN dismissed the game as a "straight cash-in for name recognition only", observing the tracks feature a lack of detail with "not much variety" and a "plain and generic" graphics engine. Brad Cook of Allgame critiqued the lack of detail and depth, writing "there are a lot of little things that aren't done well in this game", citing problems with the game's interface, including the race position and speedometer. Cook stated "there isn't much potential for long-term play", noting the limited number of tracks in the championship and limited detail of the competing racers. Game Boy Xtreme described the game as "deathly dull", remarking "driving round in circles soon grates."
# Lansdown, Cheltenham

Lansdown is a district of the Regency town Cheltenham Spa in Gloucestershire, England. Situated in a conservation area, much of the architecture is listed, including the distinctive Lansdown Estate.

## Origins

Like Montpellier, and much of Regency Cheltenham, this was the work of two family groups: the Thompsons and later the Jearrads.
The first of these was financier and property developer Henry Thompson (d. 1824), then later his son Pearson Thompson (1794-1872). Henry purchased the Reverend de la Bere of Southam's estate in 1801 and by 1804 had constructed his own residence of Hygeia House The increasing fashion for 'taking the waters' encouraged him to develop Montpellier Spa, opening a wooden pavilion with landscaped gardens and promenades in 1809. In 1817 the pavilion was rebuilt in stone as the Pump Room.
Henry's next development was the residential Lansdown Estate, cut short by his death in 1824. After this, his son Pearson continued to develop the site. He engaged J.B. Papworth, a founder of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA), as architect for an elegant estate comprising villas and terraces as both high- and middle-price houses. In 1825, Pearson also had Papworth rebuild the Montpellier Pump Room with a domed rotunda that still stands today.
By 1830 though, Pearson Thompson was in financial difficulties and engaged the architect brothers Robert William and Charles Jearrad as co-developers. They were responsible for adding Lansdown Crescent, an immense crescent in the Georgian Classical style of town planning, to Papworth's designs. They also designed the large 2,000 seat Christ Church, built from 1837 and consecrated in 1840, to attract residents of the right quality to their new development.
# Quality Line

Quality Line was a bus company based in Epsom, England. A subsidiary of the RATP Group, Quality Line operated bus services throughout the South West London and Surrey area, with many under contract to Transport for London. It ceased operations on 2 July 2021, with all remaining routes transferring to RATP's London United subsidiary.

## History

In 1986, Epsom Coaches took advantage of the deregulation of the bus industry, and initially began operating hopper type services around the Epsom area.
In 1997, Epsom Buses expanded into the London Bus market initially winning the tenders for routes S1 and 413 which were operated with Optare MetroRiders later being replaced by Plaxton Pointer bodied Dennis Darts. Other London tenders were successfully tendered for including route 293.
In 2003, Epsom Coaches rebranded its bus division as Quality Line and repainted its vehicles from their traditional cream and brown into all over red to comply with Transport for London contractual requirements.
From July 2006 with the introduction of routes E15 and E16, Quality Line began to return to operating outside London with buses in their traditional cream and brown livery, however since the displacement of Alexander bodied Dennis Darts from route S1, buses outside London have been appearing in red once again. In late 2012 out of London buses were starting to appear in all over cream with burgundy flashes.
Until May 2007, the whole fleet consisted of only single decker buses. Since June 2007, Quality Line have operated Alexander Dennis Enviro400 double-deck vehicles on routes 406 and 418. A number of single decker Alexander Dennis Enviro200 Darts were delivered at the same time.
On 20 April 2012, Epsom Coaches was taken over by the RATP Group.
On 12 October 2012, Quality Line took over the commercial operation of Surrey County Council route 479 from Countryliner, who had gone into administration earlier in the week. On 15 October, a service registration by Sunray Travel was accepted by the Traffic Commissioner, while Quality Line's was not, so it ceased operating the route on 16 October 2012.
On 3 December 2016, the company took over route 413. It was previously operated by Go-Ahead London. The company purchased nine Citaro K buses for the route.
In June 2017 as part of a restructure of RATP's operations, Epsom Coaches ceased trading while the remaining operations continued under the Quality Line brand. It was brought under the same management as RATP's other London operations, London United and London Sovereign.
On 24 April 2020, routes 406, 418 and 465 were transferred to London United's Tolworth garage.
In January 2021, RATP announced that it was to close Quality Line. On 19 June 2021, routes 293, 404, 467 and 470 were transferred to London United. On 2 July 2021, All Quality Line operations ceased after remaining routes 413, 463 and S1 passed to Go-Ahead London at the end of their contracts.
# Jah Reid

Jah Reid (born July 21, 1988) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive tackle in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the Baltimore Ravens in the third round of the 2011 NFL draft. He played college football for the UCF Knights.

## Early life

Reid attended Haines City High School, where he played high school football for the Hornets.

## Professional career
### Baltimore Ravens

Reid was selected by the Baltimore Ravens in the third round of the 2011 NFL draft. On September 5, 2015, he was released by the Ravens.

### Kansas City Chiefs

On September 7, 2015, Reid was signed by the Kansas City Chiefs.
On August 31, 2017, Reid was released by the Chiefs.

### Houston Texans

On September 18, 2017, Reid was signed by the Houston Texans. He was released on October 10, 2017.

## Legal issues

Reid was arrested March 9, 2014, and charged with two misdemeanor counts of battery while at a South Florida stripclub. According to the arrest affidavit, security footage viewed by the arresting officer shows Reid being accidentally bumped into by Edmond Mussa, which triggered an argument. Reid then allegedly charged Mussa, head-butted and punched him causing Mussa to fall to the ground, Reid allegedly began kicking him once he was on the ground. When security guard David Smith intervened, police said Reid punched Smith in the face.
# No. 89 Squadron RAF

No. 89 Squadron was a Royal Air Force squadron, mainly active in the night fighter role during its existence.

## History
### Formation and World War I

No. 89 squadron was formed on 1 September 1917 as a training unit at Netheravon. The squadron was not used for operations and remained a training unit until it was disbanded on 4 July 1918.

### Re-formation and World War II

The squadron was formed again on 25 September 1941 at RAF Colerne, equipped with Bristol Beaufighter night fighters. The squadron moved out to the Middle East to defend the Nile delta and the Suez Canal. On 3 March 1942 the squadron scored its first victory when it shot down a German Luftwaffe Heinkel He 111. The squadron was active in the Mediterranean area, sending aircraft to Malta and Algiers, and in 1943 sought targets over Crete and later Sicily. With the withdrawal further north of the German night fighter units, the squadron moved first to Ceylon, then in the summer of 1944 to Burma on intruder missions. The aircraft withdrew from operations to convert to the de Havilland Mosquito. Apart from leaflet dropping from Singapore, there was little for the squadron to do and it was disbanded on 1 May 1946.

### 1950s

With the expansion of RAF Fighter Command in the mid-1950s, the squadron was re-formed on 15 September 1955 at RAF Stradishall and equipped with the de Havilland Venom NF.3. Two years later, these were replaced with the Gloster Javelin. It only flew for a year as an all-weather fighter squadron and was disbanded on 30 November 1957, when it was re-numbered as 85 Squadron.

## Aircraft operated

| From | To | Aircraft | Variant |
| Sep 1917 | Jul 1918 | Various, including Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5 | |
| Sep 1941 | Oct 1944 | Bristol Beaufighter | Mk.If |
| Jul 1942 | Apr 1945 | Bristol Beaufighter | Mk.VIf |
| Feb 1945 | Apr 1945 | de Havilland Mosquito | Mk.VI |
| Apr 1945 | Mar 1946 | de Havilland Mosquito | Mk.XIX |
| Mar 1946 | Apr 1946 | Supermarine Walrus | Mk.II |
| Dec 1955 | Nov 1957 | de Havilland Venom | NF.3 |
| Oct 1957 | Nov 1958 | Gloster Javelin | FAW.2 |
| Oct 1957 | Nov 1958 | Gloster Javelin | FAW.6 |

## Commanding officers

| From | To | Name |
| Oct 1941 | Sep 1942 | Wg Cdr G H Stainforth, AFC |
| Sep 1942 | Jun 1943 | Wg Cdr J A Leathart, DSO |
| Jun 1943 | Mar 1944 | Wg Cdr W D David, DFC & Bar, AFC |
| Mar 1944 | Nov 1944 | Wg Cdr A F McGhie |
| Nov 1944 | Jul 1945 | Wg Cdr F Collingridge |
| Jul 1945 | Sep 1945 | Sqn Ldr A E Browne |
| Sep 1945 | May 1946 | Sqn Ldr R J A Good |
| 1957 | Nov 1958 | Wg Cdr G A Martin, DFC, AFC |
# Tony Furst

Anthony Raymond Furst (April 26, 1918 – September 5, 2009) was an American football player. He played college football at the University of Dayton and professional football for the Detroit Lions during the 1940, 1941, and 1944 seasons. He also served in the military during World War II and saw combat action during the Guadalcanal campaign.

## Early years

Furst was born in Dayton, Ohio, in 1918 and attended Dayton's Chaminade High School. He played college football for the University of Dayton and was part of the Dayton squad that snapped Western Reserve's 27-game winning streak. After his senior season, he was selected to play in the Chicago College All-Star Game.

## Professional football and military service

After graduating from Dayton, he played professional football in the National Football League (NFL) as a tackle for the Detroit Lions. He appeared in 19 NFL games, 10 as a starter, during the 1940 and 1941 seasons. During the 1940 season, he played the full 60 minutes in six games. At 215 pounds, he was one of the lightest tackles in the NFL.
Furst had served in the Reserve Officers' Training Corps at the University of Dayton and was a military reservist. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, he was called to active duty and attained the rank of first lieutenant. He saw combat action in the Guadalcanal campaign, underwent surgery on his veins in New Zealand, and returned to Dayton at the end of 1943.
Furst returned to the Lions in 1944, but appeared in only two games, neither as a starter.

## Later years

After retiring from football, he operated a flower shop (Furst Florist) in North Dayton that had been established by his family in 1905. He ran unsuccessfully for Montgomery County Sheriff in 1960 and for the state legislature in 1964. He was inducted into the University of Dayton Hall of Fame in 1965. He died in 2009 at age 91. He was buried at Calvary Cemetery in Dayton.
# Chengdu railway station

Chengdu railway station (simplified Chinese: 成都火车站; traditional Chinese: 成都火車站; pinyin: Chéngdū Huǒchē Zhàn) is a major railway station in Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province. The station is located on North Second Ring Road, Jinniu District, to the North of the city centre. It is operated by China Railway Chengdu Group and is one of the most important hubs of the railway network in China.

## History

Opened in 1952, Chengdu railway station is commonly called by locals as "火车北站" (North railway station) for decades to distinguish from Chengdu South railway station opened in 1970, called as "火车南站" (South railway station). And the connecting Chengdu Metro station is called so. However, outsiders may get confused because there is another officially named Chengdu North railway station established in 2007, 17 km (11 mi) north of this station, which is a large freight marshalling area and handles no passengers.
Since 11 October 2022, the station has been closed for refurbishment with passenger services diverted to other stations in Chengdu. It will be served by Chengdu–Chongqing Central line high-speed railway when the renovation completed.

## Connections

Chengdu railway station is the terminus of the Baoji–Chengdu railway, Chengdu–Chongqing railway, Chengdu–Kunming railway, Chengdu–Dujiangyan high-speed railway, and Dazhou–Chengdu railway.
Chengdu railway station can be reached by taking Chengdu Metro Line 1 and Line 7 and the Chengdu BRT.

## Chengdu Metro

North Railway Station (Chinese: 火车北站) is a transfer station on Line 1 and Line 7 of the Chengdu Metro. It serves the Chengdu railway station.

### Gallery

* Concourse
* Line 1 platform
* Line 7 platform
# Paul Norman (scientist)

Paul Norman (September 1951 – 27 June 2004) was a British scientist who served as Chief Scientist for Detection and Protection at the Ministry of Defence's laboratory at Porton Down, Wiltshire. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 1997. Norman was considered a pioneer against the use of biological weapons and chemical weapons.
Norman was an experienced parachutist, having completed over 1200 dives, and was a parachute instructor. He died on 27 June 2004 when the light aircraft he was piloting crashed in Devon. Two others died on the scene of the accident, one other member of the party died later in hospital. His death was declared accidental in August 2007
# Stormling Studios

Stormling Studios is an independent game developer located in Istanbul, Turkey. One of the notable products they have developed is Darkness Within 2: The Dark Lineage and their proprietary panoramic game engine, CPAGE. The studio changed its name from Zoetrope Interactive to Stormling Studios before the release of their 2020 game, Transient.

## Games

* Darkness Within: In Pursuit of Loath Nolder (2007)
* Darkness Within 2: The Dark Lineage (2009)
* Conarium (2017)
* Transient (2020)
* Lunacy: Saint Rhodes (2023)
* Veil of Madness (2026)

## Team

* Galip Kartoğlu - Software
* Onur Şamlı - Graphics
* Oral Şamlı - Graphics