# The Architects Collaborative

The Architects Collaborative (TAC) was an American architectural firm formed by eight architects that operated between 1945 and 1995 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The founding members were Norman C. Fletcher (1917–2007), Jean B. Fletcher (1915–1965), John C. Harkness (1916–2016), Sarah P. Harkness (1914–2013), Robert S. McMillan (1916–2001), Louis A. McMillen (1916–1998), Benjamin C. Thompson (1918–2002), and Walter Gropius (1883–1969). TAC created many successful projects, and was well respected for its broad range of designs, being considered one of the most notable firms in post-war modernism.

## History

Norman Fletcher, Louis McMillen, Robert McMillan, and Ben Thompson first laid the conceptual foundation for what became the Architects Collaborative while they were classmates at Yale University, where they discussed forming "the World Collaborative," which would be an ideal office combining painting, sculpture, and architecture.
Upon graduation, Norman Fletcher worked with John Harkness during the war at Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in New York, and later, John Harkness worked with Jean Fletcher for Saarinen and Swanson in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan the firm started by Eliel Saarinen. Jean Fletcher and Sarah Harkness had both studied at the Cambridge School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture.
This group of friends were committed to forming a collaborative practice. To help them navigate the professional world and lend notability to the firm, they sought to add a senior practitioner. John Harkness pitched the idea of joining the Architects' Collaborative to Walter Gropius, who had asked Harkness to teach a master's class at Harvard. Walter Gropius agreed and became the eighth member of the group. Other principals came to include Richard Brooker, Alex Cvijanović, Herbert Gallagher, William Geddis, Roland Kluver, Peter Morton and H. Morse Payne, Jr.

## Design philosophy and organization

The idea of "collaboration" was the basis of TAC. As described by McMillen, conforming to the ideal of anonymity helped bind the office together. It was carried out in that an entire group of architects have their input on a project, rather than putting an emphasis on individualism. There would be a "partner-in-charge", who would meet with clients and have the final decision of what goes into the design. Originally, each of the eight partners would hold weekly meetings on a Thursday to discuss their projects and be open to design input and ideas. However, as the firm grew larger there were many more people on a team and it was more difficult to consolidate into one group. Therefore, many other "groups" of architects within the firm were formed and carried out the same original objective. The position of the firm's president would be rotated amongst the senior partners.

## Work

TAC's initial work consisted of residential projects, mainly single-family houses. The most notable design was Six Moon Hill in Lexington, Massachusetts, a community dwelling in which several of the houses were the residences of the founding partners, excluding Gropius. Another one of TAC's specialties in this period was school buildings, which included many elementary and secondary public schools throughout Massachusetts and New England. TAC also designed many buildings for universities, among which was the Harvard Graduate Center, a small campus of dormitories and a building devoted to student activities.
King Faisal II had a bidding process for the redesign of the city of Bagdad in order to turn into a busting urban center, the process included many popular postwar architects including Frank Lloyd Wright, Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier, Josep Lluís Sert, and Alvar Aalto. Gropius, alongside The Architects Collaborative designed and planned the entire campus for the University of Baghdad, from 1958 to 1963. Only a few of Gropius' designs survived into the campus' final iteration, the faculty tower, a few classroom buildings, and the Open Mind monument. The project was met with both financial and political difficulties over several years which hampered a timely completion.
TAC's other work included many corporate, government, and recreational buildings in both the United States and internationally.
In its initial decades, TAC's architecture was mainly in the International Style, early examples of which had been created by Gropius and his colleagues at the Bauhaus and elsewhere. Starting in the 1970s, TAC's style largely shifted from modernism to postmodernism, which was generally coming into favor in the architectural field. Their postmodernist works included Copley Place, an enclosed shopping mall with a hotel, offices, and formerly a cinema; Heritage on the Garden, an upscale residential-retail complex facing the Boston Public Garden; and the Flagship Wharf Condominiums at the Charlestown Navy Yard.

## Later years and demise

As the firm's staff increased and the scope of the projects became more complex, an office in Rome was opened in the 1960s, which oversaw projects primarily in Europe and the Middle East. This was followed by the opening of an office in San Francisco in 1985.
Gropius was a part of TAC until his death in 1969 at age 86. The group continued on, but the firm fell into financial problems in the 1980s. This was largely due to TAC being unable to pay expenses which they owed to various financial institutions and other corporations. Among other things, the firm had been losing money in unbuilt designs, especially in the Middle East. TAC declared bankruptcy and closed in April 1995. In response, many archives and architectural libraries worked fast to retrieve TAC's drawings and records. The majority of these are now stored in the Rotch Library at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. While the innovative process the TAC architects believed so deeply was carried out successfully, it did not become the norm for architectural firms.

## Legacy

For the most part TAC functioned as a team rather than on an individual basis, which was considered a unique method of architectural practice, which reflected Gropius' philosophy of working collaboratively with others when he was a Bauhaus instructor in Germany prior to TAC.

## Notable works

| Years | Location | Notes |
| 1947–1950 | Six Moon Hill; Moon Hill Rd, Lexington, Massachusetts | |
| 1951–1959 | Five Fields; Lexington, Massachusetts | A neighborhood featuring plots of land for use by the community. |
| 1949 | Harvard Graduate Center; Cambridge, Massachusetts | |
| 1955 | Littleton Junior-Senior High School; Littleton, Massachusetts | In use as a high school, then middle school, from about 1957-2008. Demolished in 2008. |
| 1958–1963 | University of Baghdad; Baghdad, Iraq | The largest project with work by Walter Gropius, as of 2012 this school serves 30,000 students in 273 buildings. |
| 1958–1963 | Pan-American World Airways Building; New York, New York | with Emery Roth & Sons. |
| 1957 | Walter-Gropius-Haus; Händelallee 1-9, Berlin, Germany | also known as "Gropiushaus“ |
| 1960 | Wayland High School; Wayland, Massachusetts | demolished 2012. |
| 1961 | Embassy of the United States, Athens, Greece | with consulting architect Pericles A. Sakellarios. |
| 1961–1966 | John Fitzgerald Kennedy Office Building; Boston, Massachusetts | |
| 1962 | Parkside Elementary School; Columbus, Indiana | |
| 1965 | Rosenthal Porcelain Factory; Selb, Bavaria, Germany | |
| 1967 | IPS Building; Nairobi, Kenya | |
| 1969 | Tower East; Shaker Heights, Ohio | |
| 1973 | AIA Headquarters Building; Washington, D.C. | |
| 1973 | Amathus Beach Hotel; Limassol, Cyprus | The first hotel designed by TAC (in collaboration with the Cyprus-based firm Colakides and Associates). |
| 1974 | Health Sciences Expansion; University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota | |
| 1976 | San Francisco Tower; Kansas City, Missouri | |
| 1976–1979 | Bauhaus Archive; Berlin, Germany | |
| 1979–1984 | Corporate Headquarters for CIGNA; Bloomfield, Connecticut | |
| 1972 | Shirley S. Okerstrom Fine Arts Building; Traverse City, Michigan | |
| 1973 | Manton Research Center, Clark Art Institute, Williamstown, Massachusetts | |
| 1975 | Jubail Industrial Complex, Jubail, Saudi Arabia | An Industrial town and housing development joint project with Bechtel Group providing engineering. |
| 1984 | O'Neill Library; Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts | |
| 1984 | Copley Place; Boston, Massachusetts | A mixed-use retail, cinema, hotel, office building development |
| 1988 | Heritage on the Garden; Boston, Massachusetts | a condominium facing the Public Garden |
| 1982–1986 | Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences, Sharq area, Kuwait | |
| 1989 | Snell Library; Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts | |
| 1990 | Flagship Wharf Condominiums; Charlestown Navy Yard, Massachusetts | |