OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chiefdom of Ameca

The Chiefdom of Ameca (Spanish: Cacicazgo de Ameca) is the name given to a pre-Columbian state that encompassed the Valley of Ameca in central Jalisco, Mexico. The word Ameca is of Cazcan origin and means "above the water".

## History

Xoxouhqui Tequani (meaning "brave lion") was a feared indigenous chief from a far, unspecified coastal region who settled the area with his people circa 1325. He is attributed as the founder of the Chiefdom of Ameca and its dynasty which spanned five generations. Xoxouhqui Tequani never became a vassal of his powerful comrade Caltzoncin, chief of Pátzcuaro, because of his bravery and expert warfare. Xoxouhqui Tequani's sons, grandsons, great-grandsons, and great-great grandsons succeeded him as chiefs of Ameca, until 1522. Huitzil, Xoxouhqui Tequani's descendant, was the last of the chiefs of Ameca. His great-grandson, don Martín Cortés, became governor of Ameca during the late 16th century.

## Conquest

The seat of Amecatl was discovered by Juan de Añesta in 1522 who arrived barefoot and alone with a sword in his hand. The residents of Amecatl surrendered peacefully to the conquistador because they thought he was the son of the sun, as their ancestors had predicted that he would come to conquer and that all would be subject to him and pay tribute.
Until 1529, Fray Antonio de Cuélla along with other missionaries and Spaniards settled in the town of Amecatl and built an adobe chapel, royal house, plaza, jail, hotel, and houses in what is now central Ameca, Jalisco.
Though the population of Ameca spoke the Cazcan and Totonac languages, they generally used Nahuatl (mexicano).

## Gastronomy

Maize, which was either boiled or roasted, was the staple food of the Amecans; it was the main ingredient for their cuisine which included tamales (tamalli) and atole (cacalotl or izquitl). Their diet also included pumpkins, beans, chili peppers, and chives. They hunted deer, rabbits, fowl, small dogs (chichitones), snakes, mice, badgers, and big cats; the game meat was cooked in holes with many pebbles. Pulque, an intoxicating milk-like drink from the maguey plant, was a popular beverage. They gathered red and yellow plums, mezquites, zapotes, guamúchiles, avocados, guavas, and bananas.
# Ventral pallidum

The ventral pallidum (VP) is a structure within the basal ganglia of the brain. It is an output nucleus whose fibres project to thalamic nuclei, such as the ventral anterior nucleus, the ventral lateral nucleus, and the medial dorsal nucleus. The VP is a core component of the reward system which forms part of the limbic loop of the basal ganglia, a pathway involved in the regulation of motivational salience, behavior, and emotions. It is involved in addiction.
The VP contains one of the brain's pleasure centers, which mediates the subjective perception of pleasure that results from "consuming" certain rewarding stimuli (e.g., palatable food).

## Anatomy

The ventral pallidum lies within the basal ganglia, a group of subcortical nuclei. Along with the external globus pallidus, it is separated from other basal ganglia nuclei by the anterior commissure.
The ventral pallidum contains GABAergic neurons, glutamatergic neurons, and cholinergic neurons that are well conserved across mammals.

## Limbic loop

The limbic loop is a functional pathway of the basal ganglia, in which the ventral pallidum is involved. It (and the internal globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata) receives input from the temporal lobes, and the hippocampus via the ventral striatum. The information is relayed to the medial dorsal and ventral anterior nuclei of the thalamus.

## Role in addiction

It is unclear whether the ventral pallidum receives dopaminergic inputs from the ventral tegmental area. The ventral pallidum receives GABAergic inputs from the nucleus accumbens. It acts in part as a relay nucleus from the nucleus accumbens to the medial dorsal nucleus. The nucleus accumbens projects to the medial dorsal nucleus via GABAergic medium spiny neurons. The rewarding effects of addictive drugs are mediated in part through their effect on the VP.
# Naregal, Gadag

Naregal is a panchayat town in Gadag district in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is about 27 kilometers from Gajendragad and 28 kilometers from Gadag.

## Culture
### Dravidian temple

The vimana at the Padmabbarasi Basadi temple is a Dravidian-style shikhara type over the garbhagriha. Its main garbhagriha was meant for a Jina and is square. The other two garbhagrihas are rectangular and have rectangular pedestals from wall-to-wall with twenty four holes, each hole intended to house a Tirthankara sculpture. This became common in the 11th century.

### Narayana temple

Narayana temple at Naregal was built during the period of Krishna III, by Padmabbarasi, the queen of Ganga Permadi Bhutayya in 950 AD. It is the biggest Rashtrakuta temple in Karnataka.

## Education

Government and private schools offer primary, secondary, and college education.

## Demographics

As of the 2001 India census, Naregal had a population of 16,652. Males constituted 51%, and females constituted 49%. Naregal had an average literacy rate of 61%, which was higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy was 73%, and female literacy was 49%. 13% of the population was under 6 years of age.

## Transport

Naregal is well connected by road. A state highway connects it to Gadag and Kushtagi. The nearest railway station is Gadag.
# Isle Madame (Nova Scotia)

Isle Madame is an island off southeastern Cape Breton Island in Nova Scotia. It is part of the Municipality of the County of Richmond.
Once part of the French colony of Île-Royale, it may have been named for Françoise d'Aubigné, marquise de Maintenon. After the fall of Louisbourg in 1758, 4,000 inhabitants were deported. However, a group of 10 Acadian families from Port Toulouse fled to this Isle Madame where their descendants still live today.
It is separated from Cape Breton Island by the Lennox Passage, but connected by a causeway. The island is also connected by bridge to Petit-de-Grat Island, and by causeway and bridge to Janvrin Island. Since 1994, the island has been served by a community television station, CIMC-TV, also known as Telile.
Isle Madame is home to approximately 4,300 residents located mostly in the island's communities of Arichat, D'Escousse, and Petit de Grat.

## Demographics

According to the 2021 census, residents of Subdivision C of Richmond County, which comprises Isle Madame and its islets, had the following mother tongues:
65.4% reported English as a mother tongue, while 39.0% had French as a mother tongue.
The next most common mother tongue was German at 0.4%.
(Percentages sum to more than one hundred due to many residents claiming multiple mother tongues).

## Localities

* Pondville South
# Vanilla (Lightsum song)

"Vanilla" is a debut single recorded by South Korean girl group Lightsum. It was released by Cube Entertainment on June 10, 2021.

## Background and release

On April 15, 2021, Cube Entertainment announced that it would be debuting a new girl group, the first since (G)I-dle in 2018. On May 27, it was announced they would be releasing their debut single "Vanilla" on June 10. Four days later, the promotional schedule was released. On June 4, the audio snippet was released. The music video teaser was released on June 8 and 9.

## Composition

"Vanilla" was written by Jo Yoon-kyung, composed and arranged by Steven Lee, and J. Littlewood alongside Caroline Gustavsson for the composition. It was described as teen pop and dance-pop song with lyrics about "expressing the thrill of tension when starting something new with the sweetness of the moment you fall in love". "Vanilla" was composed in the key of A major with a tempo of 120 beats per minute.

## Commercial performance

"Vanilla" debuted at number 12 on South Korea's Gaon Album Chart in the chart issue dated June 6–12, 2021; on the monthly chart, the song debuted at number 28 in the chart issue for June 2021 with 27,897 copies sold. On the Gaon Download Chart, the song debuted at number 59 in the chart issue dated June 6–12, 2021. In United States, the song debuted at number eight on the Billboard World Digital Song Sales in the chart issue dated June 26, 2021.

## Promotion

Prior to the release of "Vanilla", Lightsum held an online showcase on the same day to introduce the song and to communicate with their fans. The group subsequently performed on three music programs in the first week: KBS's Music Bank on June 11, MBC's Show! Music Core on June 12, and SBS's Inkigayo on June 13.

## Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from Melon.
Studio
* Cube Studio – recording
* Klang Studio – mixing
* 821 Sound Mastering – mastering
Personnel
* Lightsum – vocals
* Lightsum (Juhyeon) – background vocals
* Jo Yoon-kyung – lyrics
* Steven Lee – composition, arrangement
* Caroline Gustavsson – composition, background vocals
* J. Littlewood – composition, arrangement
* Choi Ye-ji – recording
* Koo Jong-pil – mixing
* Jung Yu-ra – mixing (assistant)
* Kwon Nam-woo – mastering
* Jang Seung-ho – mastering (assistant)

## Sales

Overall sales for "Vanilla" :
| Region | Sales |
| South Korea | 41,143 |

## Release history

Release history for "Vanilla" :
| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| South Korea | June 10, 2021 | CD | CubeKakao |
| Various | June 10, 2021 | Digital downloadstreaming | CubeKakao |
# Rickey Claitt

Rickey Claitt (born April 12, 1957) is a former American football running back in the National Football League for the Washington Redskins in 1980 and 1981. He played college football at Bethune-Cookman College.
# Deterministic system

In mathematics, computer science and physics, a deterministic system is a system in which no randomness is involved in the development of future states of the system. A deterministic model will thus always produce the same output from a given starting condition or initial state.

## In physics

Physical laws that are described by differential equations represent deterministic systems, even though the state of the system at a given point in time may be difficult to describe explicitly.
In quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger equation, which describes the continuous time evolution of a system's wave function, is deterministic. However, the relationship between a system's wave function and the observable properties of the system appears to be non-deterministic.

## In mathematics

The systems studied in chaos theory are deterministic. If the initial state were known exactly, then the future state of such a system could theoretically be predicted. However, in practice, knowledge about the future state is limited by the precision with which the initial state can be measured, and chaotic systems are characterized by a strong dependence on the initial conditions. This sensitivity to initial conditions can be measured with Lyapunov exponents.
Markov chains and other random walks are not deterministic systems, because their development depends on random choices.

## In computer science

A deterministic model of computation, for example a deterministic Turing machine, is a model of computation such that the successive states of the machine and the operations to be performed are completely determined by the preceding state.
A deterministic algorithm is an algorithm which, given a particular input, will always produce the same output, with the underlying machine always passing through the same sequence of states. There may be non-deterministic algorithms that run on a deterministic machine, for example, an algorithm that relies on random choices. Generally, for such random choices, one uses a pseudorandom number generator, but one may also use some external physical process, such as the last digits of the time given by the computer clock.
A pseudorandom number generator is a deterministic algorithm, that is designed to produce sequences of numbers that behave as random sequences. A hardware random number generator, however, may be non-deterministic.

## Others

In economics, the Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans model is deterministic. The stochastic equivalent is known as real business-cycle theory.
As determinism relates to modeling in the natural sciences, a deterministic model uses existing data to model the future behavior of a system. The deterministic model is useful for systems that do not experience frequent or unexpected behavior - unless that behavior is already present in the system via existing data. This type of modeling is distinct from stochastic modeling or forward modeling. Stochastic modeling uses random data in the model while forward modeling uses a given model to predict future behavior in a system. Deterministic models are used across the natural sciences, including geology, oceanography, physics, and other disciplines.
# Elijah Green (baseball)

Elijah Joseph Green (born December 4, 2003) is an American professional baseball outfielder in the Washington Nationals organization. The Nationals selected Green with the fifth overall pick of the 2022 Major League Baseball draft.

## Career

Green attended the IMG Academy in Bradenton, Florida, and played for the school's baseball team. He committed to attend the University of Miami.
The Washington Nationals selected Green in the first round, with the fifth overall selection, of the 2022 MLB draft. He signed with the Nationals for a reported $6.5 million signing bonus. He made his professional debut with the Florida Complex League Nationals after signing. In 2023, Green played for the Single–A Fredericksburg Nationals, hitting .210/.323/.306 with four home runs, 36 RBI, and 30 stolen bases across 75 games.

## Personal life

Green is the son of Eric Green, who played in the National Football League. In his youth, Elijah played football as a quarterback in the Amateur Athletic Union.
# Sulayman ibn Ghalib al-Bajali

Sulayman ibn Ghalib ibn Jibril al-Bajali (Arabic: سليمان بن غالب بن جبريل البجلي) was a governor of Egypt for the Abbasid Caliphate, from 816 to 817.

## Career

Sulayman was a grandson of Jibril ibn Yahya al-Bajali, a Khurasani who had likely participated in the Abbasid Revolution. He was appointed to the head of the Egyptian shurta in 809 and 811 before being propelled to the governorship on the back of a troop mutiny which resulted in the deposition of al-Sari ibn al-Hakam in September 816. He did not remain in office for long before the troops turned on him as well, and he was forced aside in February 817 after a tenure of five months, while al-Sari was returned to power.
Sulayman's son Muhammad later acted as a head of the shurta in 851.
# Saint Marinus

Marinus (/məˈriːnəs/; Italian: San Marino) was an Early Christian and the founder of a chapel and monastery in 301 from whose initial community the state of San Marino later grew.

## Life

Tradition holds that he was a stonemason by trade who came from the island of Arba (today Rab), on the other side of the Adriatic Sea (in what is now part of modern-day Croatia, then part of the Roman Empire), fleeing persecution for his Christian beliefs in the Diocletianic Persecution.
Known only by the single name Marinus (lit. of the sea), he was ordained a deacon by Gaudentius of Rimini; later, he was recognised and accused by an insane woman of being her estranged husband, so he quickly fled to Monte Titano to build a chapel-monastery and live as a hermit.
Another version of the story says that hearing that the town of Rimini (Italy) was being rebuilt, he travelled there and was astonished to find among the workmen many Christians of formerly high position who had been sentenced to hard labour because of their refusal to sacrifice to the gods. He sought to comfort them and to alleviate their sufferings, so far as was in his power.
In his old age Marinus withdrew to a hermitage and decided to seclude himself on Mount Titano, living the life of a hermit in holy contemplation. As his reputation for his sanctity grew, others started to follow him there, until finally a lady from Rimini and the owner of Mount Titano decided to gift him the mountain.
Marinus was canonised as a saint, and later, the State of San Marino grew up from the centre created by the monastery. His feast day/memorial day is 3 September, commemorating the day, in 301, when he founded what became known as San Marino, which is also the state's national holiday. He is venerated in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox faiths.
According to legend, he died in the winter of 366 and his last words were: "Relinquo vos liberos ab utroque homine" ("I leave you free from both men"). This somewhat mysterious phrase is most likely to refer to the two "men" from whose oppressive power Marinus had decided to separate himself, becoming a hermit on Mount Titano: respectively the Emperor and the Pope. This affirmation of freedom (first and foremost fiscal franchise) from both the Empire and the Papal States, however legendary, has always been the inspiration of the tiny republic.

## Sources

The earliest manuscripts mentioning Marinus and his life date to the 10th century. Another principal source of the events of Marinus's life were compiled in the Acta Sanctorum.
# Port Phillip Prison

37°49′42″S 144°45′8″E﻿ / ﻿37.82833°S 144.75222°E﻿ / -37.82833; 144.75222 Port Phillip Prison is a maximum security prison located at Truganina, Victoria, Australia. It is Victoria's largest maximum security prison, able to accommodate up to 1117 prisoners. The prison is privately operated on behalf of the Government of Victoria by G4S Australia Pty Ltd. The prison is expected to close in December 2025, with prisoners to be relocated to the Western Plains Correctional Centre in Lara.

## History

Originally cited to be called Metropolitan Men's Prison the facility was renamed prior to its opening to Port Phillip Prison. The facility was the third privately-operated prison to open in Victoria. It received its first prisoners on 10 September 1997.
G4S confirmed that a prison officer resigned in April 2016 after 100 weapons were seized from his home by Victoria Police as part of an ongoing investigation into firearms offences.
In 2022, a 16 year old boy was held in maximum security for almost four months, against advice from the sentencing judge, during which time he was routinely held in isolation and confined to his cell for 23 hours a day.

## Accommodation units

The prison consists of 13 accommodation units including a youth unit named Penhyn for young adult inmates aged 18–25 who are first time offenders only with no criminal record. All other under 25 prisoners are sent to mainstream units. The induction unit named Matilda is divided into two and all prisoners spend time there before being located to other accommodation units. Cells within the units have a shower, hand basin, toilet, desk, chair, television, storage shelves, intercom and bed.
The prison operates a 20-bed inpatient hospital unit.

## Notable prisoners

* Julian Knight, perpetrator of the 1987 Hoddle Street massacre.
* Jason Joseph Roberts, convicted of the Silk-Miller police murders.
* Paul Denyer moved to Hopkins correctional centre in 2003 remains there today, the "Frankston Serial Killer".
* Blair Cottrell, Chairman of the United Patriots Front, convicted of stalking and arson.
* Peter Dupas, convicted serial killer.
# George McWhirter

George McWhirter (born September 26, 1939) is an Irish-Canadian writer, translator, editor, teacher and Vancouver's first Poet Laureate.
The son of a shipyard worker, George McWhirter was raised in a large extended family on the Shankill Road in Belfast. He and his extended family spent the war years and then weekends and the summers at their seaside bungalow in Carnalea, now a suburb of Bangor, County Down. In 1957 he began a "combined scholarship" studying English and Spanish at Queen's University, Belfast, and education at Stranmillis College, Belfast. His tutor at Queen's was the poet Laurence Lerner, and he was a classmate with the future literary critic Robert Dunbar and the poets Seamus Heaney and Seamus Deane. After graduating, McWhirter taught in Kilkeel and Bangor, County Down, Northern Ireland, and in Barcelona, Spain, before moving to Port Alberni, B.C. Canada. After receiving his M.A. from the University of British Columbia (UBC), where he studied under Michael Bullock and J. Michael Yates, he stayed on to become a full professor in 1982 and head of the Creative Writing Department from 1983 to 1993. He retired as a Professor Emeritus in 2005. He was associated with PRISM international magazine from 1968 to 2005. McWhirter is the author and editor of numerous books and the recipient of many awards. His first book of poetry, Catalan Poems, was a joint winner of the first Commonwealth Poetry Prize with Chinua Achebe's Beware, Soul Brother. He was made a life member of the League of Canadian Poets in 2005 and is also a member of the Writers' Union of Canada and PEN International. In March 2007, he was named Vancouver's inaugural Poet Laureate for a two-year term. He currently writes full-time and lives in Vancouver with his wife. They have two children and three granddaughters.
# 10 (Los Angeles Railway)

10 refers to two streetcar lines in Los Angeles, California. They operated by the Los Angeles Railway for a combined period from 1932 to 1946.

## First 10 (1932–1942)

The route started in 1932 as a combination of two former lines: the M on Arlington Avenue and the A Line Broadway segment. It ran from Vernon and Arlington in the south to Lincoln and Mission in Lincoln Heights. In 1939 the Broadway line was reassigned to the W and service was rerouted all the way to the Edgeware line in Angelino Heights, but this was cut back to 39th on New Year's Day 1943. At the time of its closure, the route ran from Grand Avenue and 39th Street to the intersection of Vernon and Arlington Avenues, by way of Grand Avenue, Santa Barbara Avenue, Dalton Avenue, and Vernon Avenue. The service ended on November 30, 1942; the Edgeware Road Line continued to operate as a shuttle, designated number 37, until mid-1946.

## Second 10 (1943–1946)

A wholly new route was assigned the number 10 on June 21, 1943, running over Vernon, Dalton, and Santa Barbara and extending to Vermont and 39th at rush hours. This 10 ran until January 27, 1946, when it was converted to bus operation.

## Sources

* ↑ H.P. Noordwal (1938). "Route Map Los Angeles Railway Electric Car and Bus Routes" (Map). Barry Lawrence Ruderman Antique Maps Inc. Los Angeles Railway. "Alternate link" (Map). via Google.
* 1 2 "'10'". Electric Railway Historical Association of Southern California. Retrieved September 19, 2020.
* ↑ "'37'-EDGEWARE ROAD SHUTTLE (1942-1946)". Electric Railway Historical Association of Southern California. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
* ↑ "New Vernon Avenue Bus Line Begins Service This Sunday". The Southwest Wave. January 24, 1946. p. 1. Retrieved December 21, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.